Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2497 963955 963438 2026-10-06T17:48:14Z Zaujeel khair 49197 963955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Katsina State banner.jpg|thumb|Katsina_State_banner]] [[File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar jihar Katsina ]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina Emir ]] [[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|IBB Way]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina na dukko ]] [[File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT KSITM.jpg|thumb|KATSINA_STATE_INSTITUTE_OF_TECHNOLOGY_AND_MANAGEMENT_KSITM]] [[Fayil:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Katsina ]] [[Fayil:Gobarau Minaret Katsina.JPG|thumb|Hasumiyar Katsina [[File:Steel rolling rund-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel_rol]] [[File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|National_Museum_Katsina_State_03]]ling_round-about,_IBB_Way,_Katsina]] Katsina [[Karamar hukuma|Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce kuma babban birnine [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin]] [[Najeriya]]. Katsina tana da nisan kilomita dari biyu da sintin 260 km (160 mil) daga gabashin jahar [[Sokoto (birni)|Birnin Sokoto]], da kuma kilomita 135 Km (84 mil) daga Arewa Maso Yammacin [[Kano (birni)|Birnin Kano]], tana kusa da iyakar [[Ƙasar Wuta|ƙasar]] [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. An ƙiyasta cewa yawan mutanen dake cikin birnin Katsina a shekara ta (2016) da kimanin mutum 429,000.<ref>Katsina (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location, on March 21, 2016.</ref> Birnin akasarin mutanen birnin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne daga ƙabilar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] da [[Fulani]]. Tsohon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya kasance babban mutum ne daga Katsina.<ref>"Umaru Musa Yar'Adua | president of Nigeria". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</ref> Gwamna mai ci na yanzu a Jihar Katsina shi ne Umar Dikko Raɗɗa,<ref>"Buhari, Katsina governor meet inside Aso Rock". ''Punch Newspapers''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</ref> wanda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar a ranar ta 29 ga watan mayu shekara ta 2023 == Masarautar Katsina: == Fadar Sarkin Katsina wanda aka fi sani da "Gidan Korau" wani katafaren gini ne dake tsakiyar tsohon birnin na jahar Katsina. Fadar ta kasance muhimmiyar alama ce na daga al'adun, tarihi da kuma ɗabi'ar [[Katsinawa]]. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, [[Muhammadu Korau]] ya gina fadar a shekara ta (1348) [[Common Era|CE]], wanda ake tsammani cewa shi ne Sarkin musulmi na farko a jahar Katsina. Wannan ne yasa ake kiran masarautar da Gidan Korau. Fadar na ɗaya daga cikin gidan sarauta mafi tsufa kuma na farko-farko, tare da masarautun [[Daura]], [[Kano]] [[Zazzau]]. Masarutar zagaye take da ganuwa wato katangar gidan Sarki wanda a yanzu babu ita. Ƙofar da ke isa zuwa masarautar ita ce 'Ƙofar Soro' sannan kuma ƙofar da ke bayan ta ita ce 'Ƙofar Bai' (babu ita a yanzu). Fadar sarkin a cikin masarautar wani ƙayataccen gini ne mai ƙirar salo na gargajiya.<ref>"KATSINA EMIRATE COUNCIL". Retrieved 6 August 2015.</ref> Sarkin Katsina na yanzu shine Alhaji [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]], runbun ilimi daga dangin sarakunan Fulani. [[File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Fadar Sarkin Katsina]] [[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Gidan rodi]] == Tarihi: == Birnin na zagaye da ganuwa mai tsawon kilomita 21 (mil 13) wanda ake tsammani an gina ta a ƙarni na (1100).<ref>Katsina The Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved February 20, 2007.</ref> Kafin zuwan addinin musulunci, jagorar Katsina na musamman shi ne Sarki, wanda yake fuskantar kisa a duk lokacin da aka same shi baya mulki yadda ya kamata. Daga ƙarni na 17 zuwa ƙarni na 18, Katsina ta kasance cibiyar kasuwanci na [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]] kuma ta zamo mafi girma daga cikin ƙasashen [[Hausa Bakwai]]. Fulani sun mamaye Ƙatsina a lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani]] a shekarar (1807). A shekarar 1903 ne, sarkin Katsina na lokacin Abubakar ɗan Ibrahim ya miƙa wuya ga mulkin Turawa, wadda ta ci gaba har zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. [[File:Katsina, 1911.png|thumb|Katsina a shekarar 1911]] A lokacin kasuwancin yankunan kusa da Sahara na Afirka, birnin ya kasance mai albarka kuma muhimmin cibiyar kasuwanci, kuma ana ɗaukanta a matsayin mafi shahara ta fuskar cinikayya, kasuwanci da kuma baiwar sarrafe-sarrafe. Matafiyi ɗan kasar Jamus, [[Friedrich Hornemann]] ne bature na farko da ya fara isa birnin a ƙarni na 19. Tarihin birnin dangane da ilimin boko ya samo asali ne tun daga farkon shekarun 1950, a yayin da aka gina makaranta ta matsakaita ta farko a arewacin Najeriya. Akwai manyan makarantu a yanzu wanda suka haɗa da jami'oi guda biyu, [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua]] da kuma ta 'yan kasuwa wato [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]]; sannan kuma akwai politakanik wato [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]] da kuma [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]].Har wayau, birnin gida ne ga shahararren masallacin ƙarni na 18 wato [[Hasumiyar Gobarau]], hasumiya mai tsawon mita 15 (50 ft) wanda aka gina da laka da itacen dabino. ==== Al'amarin Boko Haram na 2020: ==== A cikin watan Disambar shekara na 2020, aka yi [[Garkuwa da yara ɗalibai a Kankara|garkuwa da yara 300 ƴan makaranta a Ƙanƙara]].<ref name=":0">"Nigeria school attack: Hundreds of boys". ''BBC News''. 2020-12-17. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-28.</ref> Amma daga bisani an maido da yara 344 mako ɗaya bayan hakan.<ref name=":0" /> [[Boko Haram|Ƙungiyar Boko Haram]] ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ta aikata hakan, amma jami'ai sun nuna rashin amincewa da hakan kasancewa babu ƙungiyar Boko Haram a yankin. kuma ita jahar katsina ta kasance cikin jerin jahohin nijeria guda talatin da shida 36.<ref>tabbaci gareni</ref> == : == * [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Jami'ar Umaru Musa yar,aduwa Katsina]] (UMYU). * [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]] ( a da Islamic University Katsina). * [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]]. * [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]]. * Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management (KTSITM). * National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). * Cherish Enterprises Institute. * Katsina Community College of Education [Affiliated to Ahmadu Bello University Zaria (A.B.U) suncais ground]. ==Hotunan Manyan wuraren garin Katsina tare da Makarantu:== ==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;== <gallery> File:Umaru Musa Yar'adua, University 01.jpg|thumb|Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT .jpg|thumb|Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management File:Hassan usman katsina polytechnic 15.jpg|thumb|Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic File:Outreach to Alqalam University Katsina.jpg|thumb|AlQalam University Katsina File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|Federal College of Education, Katsina State (FCE ) </gallery> ==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;== <gallery> File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Kofar Gidan Sarkin Garin Katsina File:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Biyan Haraji na Jihar Katsina File:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel Rolling Round About File:The view from peak of Gobarau Minaret.jpg|thumb|Makarantar dake da Hasumiyar Gobarau File:General hospital katsina 01.jpg|thumb|Asibitin Gwamnati na Jihar Katsina File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|Gidan Tarihin Jihar Katsina File:Places in Katsina City 05.jpg|thumb|Babbar Magudanar Ruwa dake Garin Katsina File:Roundabout in Katsina City 01.jpg|Round About na Katsina </gallery> == Labarin ƙasa: == === Yanayi; === Dangane da rabe-raben yanayi na Koppen, Katsina ta faɗa acikin yanayi na zafi wato ''semi-arid climate'', wanda ake rubuta wa a takaice da ''BSh a'' taswirorin yanayi na duniya.<ref>Climate Summary for Katsina.</ref> [[Fayil:Titin Dutsin-ma-road kusa da Central Market Katsina.jpg|thumb|karamar hukumar katsina]] === Ruwan sama; === Akwai ƙarancin ruwan sama a birnin Katsina, babu rikodin na ruwa kwata-kwata a tsakanin watannin Nuwamba zuwa March. {| class="wikitable" |+Jadawalin Ruwan Sama na Birnin Katsina: !S/N !Code !Shekaru !Junairu !Febreru !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Agusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disemba |- |1. |65028 |1990 |0 |0 |0 |0 |29.9 |57.9 |198.8 |220.2 |34.7 |0 |0 |0 |- |2. |65028 |1991 |0 |0 |10.8 |12.2 |73.5 |58.8 |71.5 |109.7 |21.1 |1.4 |0 |0 |- |3. |65028 |1992 |0 |0 |0 |0 |33.6 |19.9 |89.3 |119.4 |70.7 |0.2 |0 |0 |- |4. |65028 |1993 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.5 |42.3 |69 |94.5 |51.7 |0 |0 |0 |- |5. |65028 |1994 |0 |0 |0 |3.1 |12.3 |42.3 |107.9 |174.2 |113.1 |20.3 |0 |0 |- |6. |65028 |1995 |0 |0 |0 |10 |30 |70 |80 |120 |80 |10 |0 |0 |- |7. |65028 |1996 |0 |0 |0 |0 |42.6 |44.5 |38.1 |66.8 |67.8 |0 |0 |0 |- |8. |65028 |1997 |0 |0 |7.2 |9.5 |89.5 |30.4 |91.1 |153.7 |56.5 |8.3 |0 |0 |- |9. |65028 |1998 |0 |0 |0 |10.1 |11.4 |43.4 |114.1 |116.6 |135.2 |0.8 |0 |0 |- |10. |65028 |1999 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.2 |22.4 |149.2 |89.8 |132.3 |18.4 |0 |0 |- |11. |65028 |2000 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1.6 |106.8 |299.9 |160.2 |62.1 |45 |0 |0 |- |12. |65028 |2001 |0 |0 |0 |16.9 |83.9 |110.8 |176 |240.9 |70.6 |0 |0 |0 |- |13. |65028 |2002 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2.9 |141.3 |170.4 |71.3 |199.1 |9.8 |0 |0 |- |14. |65028 |2003 |0 |0 |0 |4 |52.8 |57.2 |118.2 |275.5 |75.1 |16.4 |0 |0 |- |15. |65028 |2004 |0 |0 |0 |0 |74.9 |151.2 |161.1 |268.8 |42 |0 |0 |0 |- |16. |65028 |2005 |0 |0 |0 |14.8 |18.4 |83.2 |173.7 |216.1 |194 |50.4 |0 |0 |- |17. |65028 |2006 |0 |0 |0 |0 |26.1 |69.9 |170.9 |314.9 |129.7 |15 |0 |0 |- |18. |65028 |2007 |0 |0 |0 |6.2 |84.9 |135.2 |117.4 |314.9 |45.5 |0 |0 |0 |- |19. |65028 |2008 |0 |0 |0 |16.6 |8.5 |63.3 |182.9 |213.9 |67.7 |4.2 |0 |0 |- |20. |65028 |2009 |0 |0 |0 |0 |95 |57.9 |96.5 |123.3 |38.3 |29 |0 |0 |- |21. |65028 |2010 |0 |0 |0 |85.6 |8.1 |118.8 |226.1 |448.9 |76.6 |48.6 |0 |0 |- |22. |65028 |2011 |0 |0 |0 |0 |38 |149.2 |116.6 |180.6 |67.3 |8 |0 |0 |- |23. |65028 |2012 |0 |0 |0 |0 |59.5 |135.2 |117.4 |314.9 |129.7 |15 |0 |0 |- |24. |65028 |2013 |0 |0 |0 |42.4 |36.7 |103.2 |89 |274.7 |107.6 |10.2 |0 |0 |- |25. |65028 |2014 |0 |0 |0 |0 |38.1 |39.5 |178.9 |178.7 |46.3 |0 |0 |0 |- |26. |65028 |2015 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |89.1 |178.9 |274.7 |46.3 |9 |0 |0 |- |27. |65028 |2016 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.5 |42.3 |69 |94.5 |59.5 |0 |0 |0 |- |28. |65028 |2017 |0 |0 |0 |10.1 |11.4 |62 |114.1 |16.6 |135.2 |0.8 |0 |0 |- |29. |65028 |2018 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2.9 |141.3 |170.4 |149.7 |199.1 |63.8 |0 |0 |- |30. |65028 |2019 |0 |0 |0 |11.6 |8.1 |118.8 |232.7 |359.1 |98.6 |26.6 |0 |0 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi, Katsina (NiMET) 2021. === Yanayin zafi ko sanyi; === Yanayi na nufin yanayi na zafi ko kuwa yanayin sanyi na wuri ===== Zafi; ===== Katsina na da yanayi na zafi sosai, tare da watan Aprelu a matsayin wata mafi zafi na kimanin 40.8 °C ko kuma 105.4 °F, tare da yanayi na matsakaicin zafi (31.4 °C or 88.5 °F) acikin watan December.<ref>Yu Media Group. "Katsina, Nigeria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2021-08-19.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !S/N !Code !Shekara !Junairu !Febrelu !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Juni !Juli !Augusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !December |- |1. |65028 |1985 |31.7 |29.7 |36.5 |36.5 |38.6 |35.9 |31.6 |31.3 |33.2 |35.5 |33.9 |28.2 |- |2. |65028 |1986 |38.9 |34.7 |37 |40.2 |39.2 |37 |31.5 |31.4 |32.2 |35.4 |33.3 |37.4 |- |3. |65028 |1987 |30.4 |33.6 |36 |37.6 |40.1 |36.6 |35.1 |32.6 |34.4 |35.7 |34.1 |30.1 |- |4. |65028 |1988 |28.4 |32 |36.7 |39 |39.2 |35.3 |31.9 |29.5 |31.9 |34.3 |33.7 |28.5 |- |5. |65028 |1989 |26 |28.4 |35.2 |39.3 |38.3 |36.2 |32.4 |30.9 |32.6 |33.6 |33.6 |29.6 |- |6. |65028 |1990 |32.2 |30.1 |33.5 |39.9 |38.1 |36.7 |31.7 |31.4 |33.9 |36.7 |35.5 |34 |- |7. |65028 |1991 |29.4 |35.9 |35.9 |39 |35.3 |35.1 |31 |30.5 |34.4 |36.4 |33.3 |28.9 |- |8. |65038 |1992 |29.1 |30.1 |36.4 |39 |36.5 |35.6 |31 |30.3 |32.4 |35.7 |31.5 |30.2 |- |9. |65028 |1993 |36.5 |32.5 |36.5 |39.3 |39.3 |36.5 |33.3 |31.5 |33.1 |36.9 |35.5 |29.5 |- |10. |65028 |1994 |29.5 |31.6 |38.2 |38.7 |38.9 |35.4 |31.8 |29.5 |31.4 |34.1 |32.3 |27.4 |- |11. |65028 |1995 |27.7 |31 |38.1 |38.8 |38.3 |36.1 |32.9 |30.9 |32.6 |35.4 |32.2 |31.7 |- |12. |65028 |1996 |32.1 |34.8 |37.6 |39.3 |38.3 |34.5 |33.6 |30.3 |32.3 |35.3 |31.2 |31.8 |- |13. |65028 |1997 |31.3 |28.5 |34.8 |38.3 |36.5 |35.1 |32.4 |31.7 |33.6 |36.5 |35.6 |30.4 |- |14. |65028 |1998 |29.4 |33.5 |33.9 |40.2 |39.3 |35.6 |32.1 |30.8 |31.6 |34.9 |34.9 |30.6 |- |15. |65028 |1999 |30.8 |34 |39 |39.5 |39.3 |38.1 |31.7 |29.5 |31.4 |33.4 |33.2 |29.7 |- |16. |65028 |2000 |31 |28.6 |35.2 |40.5 |39.6 |35.3 |31 |31 |32.9 |33.8 |33.8 |29.6 |- |17. |65028 |2001 |29.3 |30.4 |36.9 |38 |37.8 |34.3 |31.3 |30 |32 |34.8 |33.6 |31.9 |- |18. |65028 |2002 |26.3 |31.6 |37 |39.8 |40.8 |36 |32.5 |31.1 |32.2 |32.4 |33.8 |31 |- |19. |65028 |2003 |34.7 |35.3 |39.6 |39.4 |34.4 |35.6 |31.3 |30.8 |32.8 |33.8 |33.5 |31.7 |- |20. |65028 |2004 |32 |29.9 |40 |39 |36.5 |32 |30 |33 |36 |34 |33.9 |31.9 |- |21 |65028 |2005 |13.4 |19.4 |22 |24 |25.2 |24.2 |22.7 |21.6 |22.3 |20 |16.2 |14 |- |22. |65028 |2006 |15 |18.1 |20 |21.4 |26 |25 |23.2 |22 |22.2 |22 |15 |11.8 |- |23. |65028 |2007 |12.8 |13.6 |18.3 |22.7 |24.4 |23.8 |21.5 |20.3 |20.5 |17.6 |13.3 |10.7 |- |24. |65028 |2008 |9.5 |14.4 |20 |21.2 |23.2 |22.8 |21.1 |19.5 |19.8 |17.5 |13.3 |11.5 |- |25. |65028 |2009 |11.1 |14.2 |19.2 |23.4 |24.2 |22.4 |22.4 |21.1 |22.1 |21.5 |14.6 |13.6 |- |26. |65028 |2010 |14.5 |17 |19.7 |23.8 |23.7 |23.8 |22 |20.7 |21.9 |19.6 |14.3 |14.1 |- |27. |65028 |2011 |13.3 |17.9 |17.5 |22.3 |24.7 |23.8 |20.6 |20.5 |21.2 |21.2 |16.1 |12.2 |- |28. |65028 |2012 |12.6 |16.4 |18.6 |25.4 |26.3 |23.4 |21.3 |20.4 |21.8 |22.1 |19.0 |14.6 |- |29. |65028 |2013 |30.7 |34.3 |39.8 |37.8 |38.8 |35.6 |32.5 |29.9 |32.8 |34.9 |34.9 |31.1 |- |30. |65028 |2014 |30.8 |32.2 |37.5 |39.7 |37.6 |36.6 |33.4 |30.7 |32.5 |35.9 |34.8 |30.7 |- |31. |65028 |2015 |28.2 |35.1 |36.1 |37.5 |40.3 |37.4 |33.4 |33.1 |32.5 |35.9 |33.3 |36.1 |- |32. |65028 |2016 |28.2 |32.5 |38.5 |40.5 |39 |35.1 |32.2 |30.9 |32.3 |36.5 |35.5 |30.7 |- |33. |65028 |2017 |27.8 |31.6 |37.5 |39.5 |39 |34.7 |31.9 |31 |32.9 |35.7 |34.1 |30.2 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina (NiMET), 2021. ==== Sanyi; ==== Watan Janairu shi ne wata mafi sanyi a Katsina tare da kimanin 14.7 °C or 58.5 °F. {| class="wikitable" !S/N !Code !Shekara !Junairu !Febrelu !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Juni !Juli !Augusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !December |- |1. |65028 |1985 |16 |14.7 |22.6 |24.2 |26.7 |24.4 |22.2 |22.2 |22.6 |21 |17.5 |14.7 |- |2. |65028 |1986 |12.7 |18 |23.4 |26.2 |26.6 |25.2 |21.9 |21.8 |22.2 |20.8 |17.9 |12.8 |- |3. |65028 |1987 |13.1 |16.7 |21.4 |22.3 |25.2 |24.9 |23.9 |22.6 |23.6 |22.5 |17.5 |14.5 |- |4. |65028 |1988 |14.4 |16.4 |21.6 |26.6 |24.5 |24.5 |22.7 |21.2 |22.3 |19.6 |16.2 |13.5 |- |5. |65028 |1989 |11.1 |13.8 |18.9 |23.1 |25.1 |24.4 |22.2 |21.7 |22.8 |20.6 |15.8 |13.8 |- |6. |65028 |1990 |15.5 |14.3 |17 |25.7 |25.7 |25.1 |22.4 |25.8 |23.4 |21 |18.1 |17.4 |- |7. |65028 |1991 |13.7 |18.9 |21.7 |25.5 |24.5 |24.4 | | | | |16.2 |12.6 |- |8. |65028 |1992 |12.5 |13.9 |21.9 |24.4 |25.1 |23.7 |21.4 |21.1 |21.6 |20.3 |16.5 |12.7 |- |9. |65028 |1993 |11.3 |15 |19.7 |22.7 |24.9 |23.1 |21.1 |20.7 |21.1 |20.5 |17.5 |12.5 |- |10. |65028 |1994 |12.5 |13.5 |19.5 |23.7 |24.2 |22.1 |20 |19.1 |19.6 |20.7 |13.5 |10.5 |- |11. |65028 |1995 |11.2 |13 |19.1 |22.7 |23.5 |22.2 |20.5 |19.4 |19.7 |19.8 |14 |12.4 |- |12. |65028 |1996 |11.4 |14.2 |18.7 |20.8 |22.3 |20.6 |20 |18.8 |19 |18.7 |11.8 |12.2 |- |13. |65028 |1997 |14 |14.1 |21.1 |24.7 |24.6 |24 |22.9 |22.3 |23.1 |23.5 |18.9 |14.2 |- |14. |65028 |1998 |13.7 |17.5 |18.6 |25.8 |27.7 |24.5 |23.1 |21.8 |22.3 |21.3 |16.9 |13.3 |- |15. |65028 |1999 |12.6 |16 |20.2 |23.1 |24.7 |24.1 |20.8 |20.4 |20.7 |19 |15.1 |11.3 |- |16. |65028 |2000 |13 |11.2 |16.7 |19 |24.3 |23.5 |21 |21 |21.9 |19.9 |14.1 |11 |- |17. |65028 |2001 |20.2 |12.6 |16.5 |23 |24.6 |23.2 |22 |21 |21.9 |19.7 |14.6 |12.8 |- |18. |65028 |2002 |11.7 |13.5 |20 |25.6 |26 |24 |22.1 |21.9 |22.3 |19.8 |13.9 |12.8 |- |19. |65028 |2003 |16.5 |18.6 |24.4 |24 |23.6 |23.5 |22.2 |22.1 |22.5 |19.9 |14.5 |12.5 |- |20. |65028 |2004 |16 |17.5 |25 |25 |24.2 |22 |21 |22 |20 |17 |14.7 |12.3 |- |21 |65028 |2005 |13.4 |19.4 |22 |24 |25.2 |24.2 |22.7 |21.6 |22.3 |20 |16.2 |14 |- |22 |65028 |2006 |15 |18.1 |20 |21.4 |26 |25 |23.2 |22 |22.2 |22 |15 |11.8 |- |23. |65028 |2007 |12.8 |13.6 |18.3 |22.7 |24.4 |23.8 |21.5 |20.3 |20.5 |17.6 |13.3 |10.7 |- |24. |65028 |2008 |9.5 |14.4 |20 |21.2 |23.2 |22.8 |21.1 |19.5 |19.8 |17.5 |13.3 |11.5 |- |25. |65028 |2009 |11.1 |14.2 |19.2 |23.4 |24.2 |22.4 |22.4 |21.1 |21.1 |21.5 |14.6 |13.6 |- |26. |65028 |2010 |14.5 |17 |19.7 |23.8 |23.7 |23.8 |22 |20.7 |21.9 |19.6 |14.3 |14.1 |- |27. |65028 |2011 |13.3 |17.9 |17.5 |22.3 |24.7 |23.8 |20.6 |20.5 |21.2 |21.2 |16.1 |12.2 |- |28. |65028 |2012 |12.6 |16.4 |18.6 |25.4 |26.3 |23.4 |21.3 |20.4 |21.8 |22.1 |19.0 |14.6 |- |29. |65028 |2013 |14.3 |15.8 |22.1 |23.4 |24.3 |22.7 |21.9 |21 |22.3 |20.9 |18.3 |15.9 |- |30. |65028 |2014 |14.3 |16.7 |21.7 |25.8 |25.8 |26.7 |24.2 |22.1 |22.3 |20.7 |18.2 |14.2 |- |31. |65028 |2015 |12.3 |18.1 |20.8 |22.2 |26.6 |24.8 |22.7 | |22.3 |23.3 |17.6 |13.3 |- |32. |65028 |2016 |13.5 |16.5 |24.2 |27.1 |26.8 |24.9 |23.2 |22.2 |22 |22.3 |18.7 |13.1 |- |33. |65028 |2017 |13.4 |16.4 |19.9 |25 |27.1 |24.8 |23.1 |22.4 |23.1 |19.9 |16.6 |15.4 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina, (NiMET) 2021 ==Sanannun Mutane;== *[[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Fulani Al-Kishwani]] == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Palace of Katsina Emirate 05.jpg|palace of katsina File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|National museum Katsina state File:General Hospital Katsina 02.jpg|Katsina General Hospital File:Roundabout in Katsina City 02.jpg|katsina roundabout File:Cheryl Francisconi at Katsina Hospital.jpg|Cheryl Francisconi in Katsina File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|Gidan Sarkin katsina File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|Taswirar jahar katsina File:KSITM KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT.jpg|alt= File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|alt= File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|alt= File:Kofar Kwaya katsina state 02.jpg|alt= </gallery> == Demografi a Jihar Katsina == '''Demografi''' na nufin bincike ko nazari kan yawan jama’a, rabonsu ta jinsi, shekaru, addini, harshe, da ayyukan tattalin arziki. A Jihar '''Katsina''', demografi yana da muhimmanci wajen tsara ci gaban al’umma, ilimi, lafiya, da tsare-tsaren gwamnati. == Yawan Jama’a == A cewar kididdigar hukumar ƙididdiga ta ƙasa [[National Population Commission (NPC)]], Jihar Katsina tana da fiye da '''8.3 miliyan''' a ƙidayar shekara ta 2023, kuma ana sa ran yawan zai karu zuwa sama da '''9 miliyan''' a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. == Rabe-raben Jama’a == * **Maza:** kusan kashi 51% * **Mata:** kusan kashi 49% * **Matasa:** fiye da rabin jama’ar jihar suna ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda ke nuna cewa Katsina tana da matasa da yawa. * **Tsofaffi:** kashi 4–5% suna da shekaru sama da 60. == Addini == Yawancin jama’ar Jihar Katsina Musulmai ne, sai kuma ƙananan kabilu masu bin Kiristanci da wasu addinai na gargajiya. == Harsuna == Harshe mafi rinjaye a Katsina shi ne [[Hausa language|Hausa]], amma akwai kuma Fulfulde (na Fulani), da Turanci wanda ake amfani da shi a makarantu da hukumomi. == Kabilu == * Hausawa (mafi rinjaye) * Fulani * Gobirawa, Daurawa, Kurfayawa, da sauran ƙabilun ƙanana. == Ilimi == Katsina tana da makarantu da yawa daga firamare har zuwa jami’a. Mafi shahara daga cikin su sune: * [[Umaru Musa Yar’adua University (UMYU)]] * [[Federal University Dutsin-Ma (FUDMA)]] * [[Katsina State Polytechnic]] * Makarantu da sakandire masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati da dama. == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin Katsina ya dogara ne da: * Noma (irin su masara, gero, wake, da auduga) * Kiwo (shanu, awaki, da tumaki) * Sana’o’in hannu (ƙira, zane, da saka) * Ciniki a kasuwanni kamar Dutsin-ma, Daura, da Katsina. == Matsaloli da Kalubale == * Karuwar yawan jama’a ba tare da wadatattun ayyukan yi ba. * Matsalar rashin isasshen ruwa da lafiyar muhalli. * Kauracewar matasa zuwa manyan birane domin neman aiki. == Kammalawa == Demografi a Jihar Katsina na nuna cewa jihar na da matasa da yawa, kuma tana da damar ci gaba idan aka tsara tsare-tsaren ilimi da tattalin arziki yadda ya kamata. == Manazarta == * [[National Population Commission (Nigeria)]] * [[National Bureau of Statistics]] * Rahotanni daga [[United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)] {{reflist}} {{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}} jihar katsina tana da kananan hukuma 34 ifswtaegforxtg2sami01r3a14smtzo 963956 963955 2026-10-06T17:51:27Z Zaujeel khair 49197 963956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Katsina State banner.jpg|thumb|Katsina_State_banner]] [[File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar jihar Katsina ]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina Emir ]] [[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|IBB Way]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina na dukko ]] [[File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT KSITM.jpg|thumb|KATSINA_STATE_INSTITUTE_OF_TECHNOLOGY_AND_MANAGEMENT_KSITM]] [[Fayil:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Katsina ]] [[Fayil:Gobarau Minaret Katsina.JPG|thumb|Hasumiyar Katsina [[File:Steel rolling rund-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel_rol]] [[File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|National_Museum_Katsina_State_03]]ling_round-about,_IBB_Way,_Katsina]] Katsina [[Karamar hukuma|Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce kuma babban birnine [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin]] [[Najeriya]]. Katsina tana da nisan kilomita dari biyu da sintin 260 km (160 mil) daga gabashin jahar [[Sokoto (birni)|Birnin Sokoto]], da kuma kilomita 135 Km (84 mil) daga Arewa Maso Yammacin [[Kano (birni)|Birnin Kano]], tana kusa da iyakar [[Ƙasar Wuta|ƙasar]] [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. An ƙiyasta cewa yawan mutanen dake cikin birnin Katsina a shekara ta (2016) da kimanin mutum 429,000.<ref>Katsina (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location, on March 21, 2016.</ref> Birnin akasarin mutanen birnin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne daga ƙabilar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] da [[Fulani]]. Tsohon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya kasance babban mutum ne daga Katsina.<ref>"Umaru Musa Yar'Adua | president of Nigeria". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</ref> Gwamna mai ci na yanzu a Jihar Katsina shi ne [[Umar]] Dikko Raɗɗa,<ref>"Buhari, Katsina governor meet inside Aso Rock". ''Punch Newspapers''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</ref> wanda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar a ranar ta 29 ga watan mayu shekara ta 2023 == Masarautar Katsina: == Fadar Sarkin Katsina wanda aka fi sani da "Gidan Korau" wani katafaren gini ne dake tsakiyar tsohon birnin na jahar Katsina. Fadar ta kasance muhimmiyar alama ce na daga al'adun, tarihi da kuma ɗabi'ar [[Katsinawa]]. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, [[Muhammadu Korau]] ya gina fadar a shekara ta (1348) [[Common Era|CE]], wanda ake tsammani cewa shi ne Sarkin musulmi na farko a jahar Katsina. Wannan ne yasa ake kiran masarautar da Gidan Korau. Fadar na ɗaya daga cikin gidan sarauta mafi tsufa kuma na farko-farko, tare da masarautun [[Daura]], [[Kano]] [[Zazzau]]. Masarutar zagaye take da ganuwa wato katangar gidan Sarki wanda a yanzu babu ita. Ƙofar da ke isa zuwa masarautar ita ce 'Ƙofar Soro' sannan kuma ƙofar da ke bayan ta ita ce 'Ƙofar Bai' (babu ita a yanzu). Fadar sarkin a cikin masarautar wani ƙayataccen gini ne mai ƙirar salo na gargajiya.<ref>"KATSINA EMIRATE COUNCIL". Retrieved 6 August 2015.</ref> Sarkin Katsina na yanzu shine Alhaji [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]], runbun ilimi daga dangin sarakunan Fulani. [[File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Fadar Sarkin Katsina]] [[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Gidan rodi]] == Tarihi: == Birnin na zagaye da ganuwa mai tsawon kilomita 21 (mil 13) wanda ake tsammani an gina ta a ƙarni na (1100).<ref>Katsina The Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved February 20, 2007.</ref> Kafin zuwan addinin musulunci, jagorar Katsina na musamman shi ne Sarki, wanda yake fuskantar kisa a duk lokacin da aka same shi baya mulki yadda ya kamata. Daga ƙarni na 17 zuwa ƙarni na 18, Katsina ta kasance cibiyar kasuwanci na [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]] kuma ta zamo mafi girma daga cikin ƙasashen [[Hausa Bakwai]]. Fulani sun mamaye Ƙatsina a lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani]] a shekarar (1807). A shekarar 1903 ne, sarkin Katsina na lokacin Abubakar ɗan Ibrahim ya miƙa wuya ga mulkin Turawa, wadda ta ci gaba har zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. [[File:Katsina, 1911.png|thumb|Katsina a shekarar 1911]] A lokacin kasuwancin yankunan kusa da Sahara na Afirka, birnin ya kasance mai albarka kuma muhimmin cibiyar kasuwanci, kuma ana ɗaukanta a matsayin mafi shahara ta fuskar cinikayya, kasuwanci da kuma baiwar sarrafe-sarrafe. Matafiyi ɗan kasar Jamus, [[Friedrich Hornemann]] ne bature na farko da ya fara isa birnin a ƙarni na 19. Tarihin birnin dangane da ilimin boko ya samo asali ne tun daga farkon shekarun 1950, a yayin da aka gina makaranta ta matsakaita ta farko a arewacin Najeriya. Akwai manyan makarantu a yanzu wanda suka haɗa da jami'oi guda biyu, [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua]] da kuma ta 'yan kasuwa wato [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]]; sannan kuma akwai politakanik wato [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]] da kuma [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]].Har wayau, birnin gida ne ga shahararren masallacin ƙarni na 18 wato [[Hasumiyar Gobarau]], hasumiya mai tsawon mita 15 (50 ft) wanda aka gina da laka da itacen dabino. ==== Al'amarin Boko Haram na 2020: ==== A cikin watan Disambar shekara na 2020, aka yi [[Garkuwa da yara ɗalibai a Kankara|garkuwa da yara 300 ƴan makaranta a Ƙanƙara]].<ref name=":0">"Nigeria school attack: Hundreds of boys". ''BBC News''. 2020-12-17. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-28.</ref> Amma daga bisani an maido da yara 344 mako ɗaya bayan hakan.<ref name=":0" /> [[Boko Haram|Ƙungiyar Boko Haram]] ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ta aikata hakan, amma jami'ai sun nuna rashin amincewa da hakan kasancewa babu ƙungiyar Boko Haram a yankin. kuma ita jahar katsina ta kasance cikin jerin jahohin nijeria guda talatin da shida 36.<ref>tabbaci gareni</ref> == : == * [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Jami'ar Umaru Musa yar,aduwa Katsina]] (UMYU). * [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]] ( a da Islamic University Katsina). * [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]]. * [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]]. * Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management (KTSITM). * National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). * Cherish Enterprises Institute. * Katsina Community College of Education [Affiliated to Ahmadu Bello University Zaria (A.B.U) suncais ground]. ==Hotunan Manyan wuraren garin Katsina tare da Makarantu:== ==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;== <gallery> File:Umaru Musa Yar'adua, University 01.jpg|thumb|Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT .jpg|thumb|Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management File:Hassan usman katsina polytechnic 15.jpg|thumb|Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic File:Outreach to Alqalam University Katsina.jpg|thumb|AlQalam University Katsina File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|Federal College of Education, Katsina State (FCE ) </gallery> ==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;== <gallery> File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Kofar Gidan Sarkin Garin Katsina File:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Biyan Haraji na Jihar Katsina File:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel Rolling Round About File:The view from peak of Gobarau Minaret.jpg|thumb|Makarantar dake da Hasumiyar Gobarau File:General hospital katsina 01.jpg|thumb|Asibitin Gwamnati na Jihar Katsina File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|Gidan Tarihin Jihar Katsina File:Places in Katsina City 05.jpg|thumb|Babbar Magudanar Ruwa dake Garin Katsina File:Roundabout in Katsina City 01.jpg|Round About na Katsina </gallery> == Labarin ƙasa: == === Yanayi; === Dangane da rabe-raben yanayi na Koppen, Katsina ta faɗa acikin yanayi na zafi wato ''semi-arid climate'', wanda ake rubuta wa a takaice da ''BSh a'' taswirorin yanayi na duniya.<ref>Climate Summary for Katsina.</ref> [[Fayil:Titin Dutsin-ma-road kusa da Central Market Katsina.jpg|thumb|karamar hukumar katsina]] === Ruwan sama; === Akwai ƙarancin ruwan sama a birnin Katsina, babu rikodin na ruwa kwata-kwata a tsakanin watannin Nuwamba zuwa March. {| class="wikitable" |+Jadawalin Ruwan Sama na Birnin Katsina: !S/N !Code !Shekaru !Junairu !Febreru !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Agusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disemba |- |1. |65028 |1990 |0 |0 |0 |0 |29.9 |57.9 |198.8 |220.2 |34.7 |0 |0 |0 |- |2. |65028 |1991 |0 |0 |10.8 |12.2 |73.5 |58.8 |71.5 |109.7 |21.1 |1.4 |0 |0 |- |3. |65028 |1992 |0 |0 |0 |0 |33.6 |19.9 |89.3 |119.4 |70.7 |0.2 |0 |0 |- |4. |65028 |1993 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.5 |42.3 |69 |94.5 |51.7 |0 |0 |0 |- |5. |65028 |1994 |0 |0 |0 |3.1 |12.3 |42.3 |107.9 |174.2 |113.1 |20.3 |0 |0 |- |6. |65028 |1995 |0 |0 |0 |10 |30 |70 |80 |120 |80 |10 |0 |0 |- |7. |65028 |1996 |0 |0 |0 |0 |42.6 |44.5 |38.1 |66.8 |67.8 |0 |0 |0 |- |8. |65028 |1997 |0 |0 |7.2 |9.5 |89.5 |30.4 |91.1 |153.7 |56.5 |8.3 |0 |0 |- |9. |65028 |1998 |0 |0 |0 |10.1 |11.4 |43.4 |114.1 |116.6 |135.2 |0.8 |0 |0 |- |10. |65028 |1999 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.2 |22.4 |149.2 |89.8 |132.3 |18.4 |0 |0 |- |11. |65028 |2000 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1.6 |106.8 |299.9 |160.2 |62.1 |45 |0 |0 |- |12. |65028 |2001 |0 |0 |0 |16.9 |83.9 |110.8 |176 |240.9 |70.6 |0 |0 |0 |- |13. |65028 |2002 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2.9 |141.3 |170.4 |71.3 |199.1 |9.8 |0 |0 |- |14. |65028 |2003 |0 |0 |0 |4 |52.8 |57.2 |118.2 |275.5 |75.1 |16.4 |0 |0 |- |15. |65028 |2004 |0 |0 |0 |0 |74.9 |151.2 |161.1 |268.8 |42 |0 |0 |0 |- |16. |65028 |2005 |0 |0 |0 |14.8 |18.4 |83.2 |173.7 |216.1 |194 |50.4 |0 |0 |- |17. |65028 |2006 |0 |0 |0 |0 |26.1 |69.9 |170.9 |314.9 |129.7 |15 |0 |0 |- |18. |65028 |2007 |0 |0 |0 |6.2 |84.9 |135.2 |117.4 |314.9 |45.5 |0 |0 |0 |- |19. |65028 |2008 |0 |0 |0 |16.6 |8.5 |63.3 |182.9 |213.9 |67.7 |4.2 |0 |0 |- |20. |65028 |2009 |0 |0 |0 |0 |95 |57.9 |96.5 |123.3 |38.3 |29 |0 |0 |- |21. |65028 |2010 |0 |0 |0 |85.6 |8.1 |118.8 |226.1 |448.9 |76.6 |48.6 |0 |0 |- |22. |65028 |2011 |0 |0 |0 |0 |38 |149.2 |116.6 |180.6 |67.3 |8 |0 |0 |- |23. |65028 |2012 |0 |0 |0 |0 |59.5 |135.2 |117.4 |314.9 |129.7 |15 |0 |0 |- |24. |65028 |2013 |0 |0 |0 |42.4 |36.7 |103.2 |89 |274.7 |107.6 |10.2 |0 |0 |- |25. |65028 |2014 |0 |0 |0 |0 |38.1 |39.5 |178.9 |178.7 |46.3 |0 |0 |0 |- |26. |65028 |2015 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |89.1 |178.9 |274.7 |46.3 |9 |0 |0 |- |27. |65028 |2016 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.5 |42.3 |69 |94.5 |59.5 |0 |0 |0 |- |28. |65028 |2017 |0 |0 |0 |10.1 |11.4 |62 |114.1 |16.6 |135.2 |0.8 |0 |0 |- |29. |65028 |2018 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2.9 |141.3 |170.4 |149.7 |199.1 |63.8 |0 |0 |- |30. |65028 |2019 |0 |0 |0 |11.6 |8.1 |118.8 |232.7 |359.1 |98.6 |26.6 |0 |0 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi, Katsina (NiMET) 2021. === Yanayin zafi ko sanyi; === Yanayi na nufin yanayi na zafi ko kuwa yanayin sanyi na wuri ===== Zafi; ===== Katsina na da yanayi na zafi sosai, tare da watan Aprelu a matsayin wata mafi zafi na kimanin 40.8 °C ko kuma 105.4 °F, tare da yanayi na matsakaicin zafi (31.4 °C or 88.5 °F) acikin watan December.<ref>Yu Media Group. "Katsina, Nigeria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2021-08-19.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !S/N !Code !Shekara !Junairu !Febrelu !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Juni !Juli !Augusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !December |- |1. |65028 |1985 |31.7 |29.7 |36.5 |36.5 |38.6 |35.9 |31.6 |31.3 |33.2 |35.5 |33.9 |28.2 |- |2. |65028 |1986 |38.9 |34.7 |37 |40.2 |39.2 |37 |31.5 |31.4 |32.2 |35.4 |33.3 |37.4 |- |3. |65028 |1987 |30.4 |33.6 |36 |37.6 |40.1 |36.6 |35.1 |32.6 |34.4 |35.7 |34.1 |30.1 |- |4. |65028 |1988 |28.4 |32 |36.7 |39 |39.2 |35.3 |31.9 |29.5 |31.9 |34.3 |33.7 |28.5 |- |5. |65028 |1989 |26 |28.4 |35.2 |39.3 |38.3 |36.2 |32.4 |30.9 |32.6 |33.6 |33.6 |29.6 |- |6. |65028 |1990 |32.2 |30.1 |33.5 |39.9 |38.1 |36.7 |31.7 |31.4 |33.9 |36.7 |35.5 |34 |- |7. |65028 |1991 |29.4 |35.9 |35.9 |39 |35.3 |35.1 |31 |30.5 |34.4 |36.4 |33.3 |28.9 |- |8. |65038 |1992 |29.1 |30.1 |36.4 |39 |36.5 |35.6 |31 |30.3 |32.4 |35.7 |31.5 |30.2 |- |9. |65028 |1993 |36.5 |32.5 |36.5 |39.3 |39.3 |36.5 |33.3 |31.5 |33.1 |36.9 |35.5 |29.5 |- |10. |65028 |1994 |29.5 |31.6 |38.2 |38.7 |38.9 |35.4 |31.8 |29.5 |31.4 |34.1 |32.3 |27.4 |- |11. |65028 |1995 |27.7 |31 |38.1 |38.8 |38.3 |36.1 |32.9 |30.9 |32.6 |35.4 |32.2 |31.7 |- |12. |65028 |1996 |32.1 |34.8 |37.6 |39.3 |38.3 |34.5 |33.6 |30.3 |32.3 |35.3 |31.2 |31.8 |- |13. |65028 |1997 |31.3 |28.5 |34.8 |38.3 |36.5 |35.1 |32.4 |31.7 |33.6 |36.5 |35.6 |30.4 |- |14. |65028 |1998 |29.4 |33.5 |33.9 |40.2 |39.3 |35.6 |32.1 |30.8 |31.6 |34.9 |34.9 |30.6 |- |15. |65028 |1999 |30.8 |34 |39 |39.5 |39.3 |38.1 |31.7 |29.5 |31.4 |33.4 |33.2 |29.7 |- |16. |65028 |2000 |31 |28.6 |35.2 |40.5 |39.6 |35.3 |31 |31 |32.9 |33.8 |33.8 |29.6 |- |17. |65028 |2001 |29.3 |30.4 |36.9 |38 |37.8 |34.3 |31.3 |30 |32 |34.8 |33.6 |31.9 |- |18. |65028 |2002 |26.3 |31.6 |37 |39.8 |40.8 |36 |32.5 |31.1 |32.2 |32.4 |33.8 |31 |- |19. |65028 |2003 |34.7 |35.3 |39.6 |39.4 |34.4 |35.6 |31.3 |30.8 |32.8 |33.8 |33.5 |31.7 |- |20. |65028 |2004 |32 |29.9 |40 |39 |36.5 |32 |30 |33 |36 |34 |33.9 |31.9 |- |21 |65028 |2005 |13.4 |19.4 |22 |24 |25.2 |24.2 |22.7 |21.6 |22.3 |20 |16.2 |14 |- |22. |65028 |2006 |15 |18.1 |20 |21.4 |26 |25 |23.2 |22 |22.2 |22 |15 |11.8 |- |23. |65028 |2007 |12.8 |13.6 |18.3 |22.7 |24.4 |23.8 |21.5 |20.3 |20.5 |17.6 |13.3 |10.7 |- |24. |65028 |2008 |9.5 |14.4 |20 |21.2 |23.2 |22.8 |21.1 |19.5 |19.8 |17.5 |13.3 |11.5 |- |25. |65028 |2009 |11.1 |14.2 |19.2 |23.4 |24.2 |22.4 |22.4 |21.1 |22.1 |21.5 |14.6 |13.6 |- |26. |65028 |2010 |14.5 |17 |19.7 |23.8 |23.7 |23.8 |22 |20.7 |21.9 |19.6 |14.3 |14.1 |- |27. |65028 |2011 |13.3 |17.9 |17.5 |22.3 |24.7 |23.8 |20.6 |20.5 |21.2 |21.2 |16.1 |12.2 |- |28. |65028 |2012 |12.6 |16.4 |18.6 |25.4 |26.3 |23.4 |21.3 |20.4 |21.8 |22.1 |19.0 |14.6 |- |29. |65028 |2013 |30.7 |34.3 |39.8 |37.8 |38.8 |35.6 |32.5 |29.9 |32.8 |34.9 |34.9 |31.1 |- |30. |65028 |2014 |30.8 |32.2 |37.5 |39.7 |37.6 |36.6 |33.4 |30.7 |32.5 |35.9 |34.8 |30.7 |- |31. |65028 |2015 |28.2 |35.1 |36.1 |37.5 |40.3 |37.4 |33.4 |33.1 |32.5 |35.9 |33.3 |36.1 |- |32. |65028 |2016 |28.2 |32.5 |38.5 |40.5 |39 |35.1 |32.2 |30.9 |32.3 |36.5 |35.5 |30.7 |- |33. |65028 |2017 |27.8 |31.6 |37.5 |39.5 |39 |34.7 |31.9 |31 |32.9 |35.7 |34.1 |30.2 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina (NiMET), 2021. ==== Sanyi; ==== Watan Janairu shi ne wata mafi sanyi a Katsina tare da kimanin 14.7 °C or 58.5 °F. {| class="wikitable" !S/N !Code !Shekara !Junairu !Febrelu !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Juni !Juli !Augusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !December |- |1. |65028 |1985 |16 |14.7 |22.6 |24.2 |26.7 |24.4 |22.2 |22.2 |22.6 |21 |17.5 |14.7 |- |2. |65028 |1986 |12.7 |18 |23.4 |26.2 |26.6 |25.2 |21.9 |21.8 |22.2 |20.8 |17.9 |12.8 |- |3. |65028 |1987 |13.1 |16.7 |21.4 |22.3 |25.2 |24.9 |23.9 |22.6 |23.6 |22.5 |17.5 |14.5 |- |4. |65028 |1988 |14.4 |16.4 |21.6 |26.6 |24.5 |24.5 |22.7 |21.2 |22.3 |19.6 |16.2 |13.5 |- |5. |65028 |1989 |11.1 |13.8 |18.9 |23.1 |25.1 |24.4 |22.2 |21.7 |22.8 |20.6 |15.8 |13.8 |- |6. |65028 |1990 |15.5 |14.3 |17 |25.7 |25.7 |25.1 |22.4 |25.8 |23.4 |21 |18.1 |17.4 |- |7. |65028 |1991 |13.7 |18.9 |21.7 |25.5 |24.5 |24.4 | | | | |16.2 |12.6 |- |8. |65028 |1992 |12.5 |13.9 |21.9 |24.4 |25.1 |23.7 |21.4 |21.1 |21.6 |20.3 |16.5 |12.7 |- |9. |65028 |1993 |11.3 |15 |19.7 |22.7 |24.9 |23.1 |21.1 |20.7 |21.1 |20.5 |17.5 |12.5 |- |10. |65028 |1994 |12.5 |13.5 |19.5 |23.7 |24.2 |22.1 |20 |19.1 |19.6 |20.7 |13.5 |10.5 |- |11. |65028 |1995 |11.2 |13 |19.1 |22.7 |23.5 |22.2 |20.5 |19.4 |19.7 |19.8 |14 |12.4 |- |12. |65028 |1996 |11.4 |14.2 |18.7 |20.8 |22.3 |20.6 |20 |18.8 |19 |18.7 |11.8 |12.2 |- |13. |65028 |1997 |14 |14.1 |21.1 |24.7 |24.6 |24 |22.9 |22.3 |23.1 |23.5 |18.9 |14.2 |- |14. |65028 |1998 |13.7 |17.5 |18.6 |25.8 |27.7 |24.5 |23.1 |21.8 |22.3 |21.3 |16.9 |13.3 |- |15. |65028 |1999 |12.6 |16 |20.2 |23.1 |24.7 |24.1 |20.8 |20.4 |20.7 |19 |15.1 |11.3 |- |16. |65028 |2000 |13 |11.2 |16.7 |19 |24.3 |23.5 |21 |21 |21.9 |19.9 |14.1 |11 |- |17. |65028 |2001 |20.2 |12.6 |16.5 |23 |24.6 |23.2 |22 |21 |21.9 |19.7 |14.6 |12.8 |- |18. |65028 |2002 |11.7 |13.5 |20 |25.6 |26 |24 |22.1 |21.9 |22.3 |19.8 |13.9 |12.8 |- |19. |65028 |2003 |16.5 |18.6 |24.4 |24 |23.6 |23.5 |22.2 |22.1 |22.5 |19.9 |14.5 |12.5 |- |20. |65028 |2004 |16 |17.5 |25 |25 |24.2 |22 |21 |22 |20 |17 |14.7 |12.3 |- |21 |65028 |2005 |13.4 |19.4 |22 |24 |25.2 |24.2 |22.7 |21.6 |22.3 |20 |16.2 |14 |- |22 |65028 |2006 |15 |18.1 |20 |21.4 |26 |25 |23.2 |22 |22.2 |22 |15 |11.8 |- |23. |65028 |2007 |12.8 |13.6 |18.3 |22.7 |24.4 |23.8 |21.5 |20.3 |20.5 |17.6 |13.3 |10.7 |- |24. |65028 |2008 |9.5 |14.4 |20 |21.2 |23.2 |22.8 |21.1 |19.5 |19.8 |17.5 |13.3 |11.5 |- |25. |65028 |2009 |11.1 |14.2 |19.2 |23.4 |24.2 |22.4 |22.4 |21.1 |21.1 |21.5 |14.6 |13.6 |- |26. |65028 |2010 |14.5 |17 |19.7 |23.8 |23.7 |23.8 |22 |20.7 |21.9 |19.6 |14.3 |14.1 |- |27. |65028 |2011 |13.3 |17.9 |17.5 |22.3 |24.7 |23.8 |20.6 |20.5 |21.2 |21.2 |16.1 |12.2 |- |28. |65028 |2012 |12.6 |16.4 |18.6 |25.4 |26.3 |23.4 |21.3 |20.4 |21.8 |22.1 |19.0 |14.6 |- |29. |65028 |2013 |14.3 |15.8 |22.1 |23.4 |24.3 |22.7 |21.9 |21 |22.3 |20.9 |18.3 |15.9 |- |30. |65028 |2014 |14.3 |16.7 |21.7 |25.8 |25.8 |26.7 |24.2 |22.1 |22.3 |20.7 |18.2 |14.2 |- |31. |65028 |2015 |12.3 |18.1 |20.8 |22.2 |26.6 |24.8 |22.7 | |22.3 |23.3 |17.6 |13.3 |- |32. |65028 |2016 |13.5 |16.5 |24.2 |27.1 |26.8 |24.9 |23.2 |22.2 |22 |22.3 |18.7 |13.1 |- |33. |65028 |2017 |13.4 |16.4 |19.9 |25 |27.1 |24.8 |23.1 |22.4 |23.1 |19.9 |16.6 |15.4 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina, (NiMET) 2021 ==Sanannun Mutane;== *[[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Fulani Al-Kishwani]] == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Palace of Katsina Emirate 05.jpg|palace of katsina File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|National museum Katsina state File:General Hospital Katsina 02.jpg|Katsina General Hospital File:Roundabout in Katsina City 02.jpg|katsina roundabout File:Cheryl Francisconi at Katsina Hospital.jpg|Cheryl Francisconi in Katsina File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|Gidan Sarkin katsina File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|Taswirar jahar katsina File:KSITM KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT.jpg|alt= File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|alt= File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|alt= File:Kofar Kwaya katsina state 02.jpg|alt= </gallery> == Demografi a Jihar Katsina == '''Demografi''' na nufin bincike ko nazari kan yawan jama’a, rabonsu ta jinsi, shekaru, addini, harshe, da ayyukan tattalin arziki. A Jihar '''Katsina''', demografi yana da muhimmanci wajen tsara ci gaban al’umma, ilimi, lafiya, da tsare-tsaren gwamnati. == Yawan Jama’a == A cewar kididdigar hukumar ƙididdiga ta ƙasa [[National Population Commission (NPC)]], Jihar Katsina tana da fiye da '''8.3 miliyan''' a ƙidayar shekara ta 2023, kuma ana sa ran yawan zai karu zuwa sama da '''9 miliyan''' a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. == Rabe-raben Jama’a == * **Maza:** kusan kashi 51% * **Mata:** kusan kashi 49% * **Matasa:** fiye da rabin jama’ar jihar suna ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda ke nuna cewa Katsina tana da matasa da yawa. * **Tsofaffi:** kashi 4–5% suna da shekaru sama da 60. == Addini == Yawancin jama’ar Jihar Katsina Musulmai ne, sai kuma ƙananan kabilu masu bin Kiristanci da wasu addinai na gargajiya. == Harsuna == Harshe mafi rinjaye a Katsina shi ne [[Hausa language|Hausa]], amma akwai kuma Fulfulde (na Fulani), da Turanci wanda ake amfani da shi a makarantu da hukumomi. == Kabilu == * Hausawa (mafi rinjaye) * Fulani * Gobirawa, Daurawa, Kurfayawa, da sauran ƙabilun ƙanana. == Ilimi == Katsina tana da makarantu da yawa daga firamare har zuwa jami’a. Mafi shahara daga cikin su sune: * [[Umaru Musa Yar’adua University (UMYU)]] * [[Federal University Dutsin-Ma (FUDMA)]] * [[Katsina State Polytechnic]] * Makarantu da sakandire masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati da dama. == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin Katsina ya dogara ne da: * Noma (irin su masara, gero, wake, da auduga) * Kiwo (shanu, awaki, da tumaki) * Sana’o’in hannu (ƙira, zane, da saka) * Ciniki a kasuwanni kamar Dutsin-ma, Daura, da Katsina. == Matsaloli da Kalubale == * Karuwar yawan jama’a ba tare da wadatattun ayyukan yi ba. * Matsalar rashin isasshen ruwa da lafiyar muhalli. * Kauracewar matasa zuwa manyan birane domin neman aiki. == Kammalawa == Demografi a Jihar Katsina na nuna cewa jihar na da matasa da yawa, kuma tana da damar ci gaba idan aka tsara tsare-tsaren ilimi da tattalin arziki yadda ya kamata. == Manazarta == * [[National Population Commission (Nigeria)]] * [[National Bureau of Statistics]] * Rahotanni daga [[United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)] {{reflist}} {{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}} jihar katsina tana da kananan hukuma 34 6oildsxznhlu5wdt1awj5pikfu7y6is 963957 963956 2026-10-06T17:52:17Z Zaujeel khair 49197 963957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Katsina State banner.jpg|thumb|Katsina_State_banner]] [[File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar jihar Katsina ]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina Emir ]] [[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|IBB Way]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina na dukko ]] [[File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT KSITM.jpg|thumb|KATSINA_STATE_INSTITUTE_OF_TECHNOLOGY_AND_MANAGEMENT_KSITM]] [[Fayil:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Katsina ]] [[Fayil:Gobarau Minaret Katsina.JPG|thumb|Hasumiyar Katsina [[File:Steel rolling rund-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel_rol]] [[File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|National_Museum_Katsina_State_03]]ling_round-about,_IBB_Way,_Katsina]] Katsina [[Karamar hukuma|Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce kuma babban birnine [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin]] [[Najeriya]]. Katsina tana da nisan kilomita dari biyu da sintin 260 km (160 mil) daga gabashin jahar [[Sokoto (birni)|Birnin Sokoto]], da kuma kilomita 135 Km (84 mil) daga Arewa Maso Yammacin [[Kano (birni)|Birnin Kano]], tana kusa da iyakar [[Ƙasar Wuta|ƙasar]] [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. An ƙiyasta cewa yawan mutanen dake cikin birnin Katsina a shekara ta (2016) da kimanin mutum 429,000.<ref>Katsina (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location, on March 21, 2016.</ref> Birnin akasarin mutanen birnin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne daga ƙabilar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] da [[Fulani]]. Tsohon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya kasance babban mutum ne daga Katsina.<ref>"Umaru Musa Yar'Adua | president of Nigeria". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</ref> Gwamna mai ci na yanzu a Jihar Katsina shi ne [[Umar]] [[Dikko Umaru Radda|Dikko]] Raɗɗa,<ref>"Buhari, Katsina governor meet inside Aso Rock". ''Punch Newspapers''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</ref> wanda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar a ranar ta 29 ga watan mayu shekara ta 2023 == Masarautar Katsina: == Fadar Sarkin Katsina wanda aka fi sani da "Gidan Korau" wani katafaren gini ne dake tsakiyar tsohon birnin na jahar Katsina. Fadar ta kasance muhimmiyar alama ce na daga al'adun, tarihi da kuma ɗabi'ar [[Katsinawa]]. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, [[Muhammadu Korau]] ya gina fadar a shekara ta (1348) [[Common Era|CE]], wanda ake tsammani cewa shi ne Sarkin musulmi na farko a jahar Katsina. Wannan ne yasa ake kiran masarautar da Gidan Korau. Fadar na ɗaya daga cikin gidan sarauta mafi tsufa kuma na farko-farko, tare da masarautun [[Daura]], [[Kano]] [[Zazzau]]. Masarutar zagaye take da ganuwa wato katangar gidan Sarki wanda a yanzu babu ita. Ƙofar da ke isa zuwa masarautar ita ce 'Ƙofar Soro' sannan kuma ƙofar da ke bayan ta ita ce 'Ƙofar Bai' (babu ita a yanzu). Fadar sarkin a cikin masarautar wani ƙayataccen gini ne mai ƙirar salo na gargajiya.<ref>"KATSINA EMIRATE COUNCIL". Retrieved 6 August 2015.</ref> Sarkin Katsina na yanzu shine Alhaji [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]], runbun ilimi daga dangin sarakunan Fulani. [[File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Fadar Sarkin Katsina]] [[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Gidan rodi]] == Tarihi: == Birnin na zagaye da ganuwa mai tsawon kilomita 21 (mil 13) wanda ake tsammani an gina ta a ƙarni na (1100).<ref>Katsina The Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved February 20, 2007.</ref> Kafin zuwan addinin musulunci, jagorar Katsina na musamman shi ne Sarki, wanda yake fuskantar kisa a duk lokacin da aka same shi baya mulki yadda ya kamata. Daga ƙarni na 17 zuwa ƙarni na 18, Katsina ta kasance cibiyar kasuwanci na [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]] kuma ta zamo mafi girma daga cikin ƙasashen [[Hausa Bakwai]]. Fulani sun mamaye Ƙatsina a lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani]] a shekarar (1807). A shekarar 1903 ne, sarkin Katsina na lokacin Abubakar ɗan Ibrahim ya miƙa wuya ga mulkin Turawa, wadda ta ci gaba har zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960. [[File:Katsina, 1911.png|thumb|Katsina a shekarar 1911]] A lokacin kasuwancin yankunan kusa da Sahara na Afirka, birnin ya kasance mai albarka kuma muhimmin cibiyar kasuwanci, kuma ana ɗaukanta a matsayin mafi shahara ta fuskar cinikayya, kasuwanci da kuma baiwar sarrafe-sarrafe. Matafiyi ɗan kasar Jamus, [[Friedrich Hornemann]] ne bature na farko da ya fara isa birnin a ƙarni na 19. Tarihin birnin dangane da ilimin boko ya samo asali ne tun daga farkon shekarun 1950, a yayin da aka gina makaranta ta matsakaita ta farko a arewacin Najeriya. Akwai manyan makarantu a yanzu wanda suka haɗa da jami'oi guda biyu, [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua]] da kuma ta 'yan kasuwa wato [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]]; sannan kuma akwai politakanik wato [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]] da kuma [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]].Har wayau, birnin gida ne ga shahararren masallacin ƙarni na 18 wato [[Hasumiyar Gobarau]], hasumiya mai tsawon mita 15 (50 ft) wanda aka gina da laka da itacen dabino. ==== Al'amarin Boko Haram na 2020: ==== A cikin watan Disambar shekara na 2020, aka yi [[Garkuwa da yara ɗalibai a Kankara|garkuwa da yara 300 ƴan makaranta a Ƙanƙara]].<ref name=":0">"Nigeria school attack: Hundreds of boys". ''BBC News''. 2020-12-17. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-28.</ref> Amma daga bisani an maido da yara 344 mako ɗaya bayan hakan.<ref name=":0" /> [[Boko Haram|Ƙungiyar Boko Haram]] ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ta aikata hakan, amma jami'ai sun nuna rashin amincewa da hakan kasancewa babu ƙungiyar Boko Haram a yankin. kuma ita jahar katsina ta kasance cikin jerin jahohin nijeria guda talatin da shida 36.<ref>tabbaci gareni</ref> == : == * [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Jami'ar Umaru Musa yar,aduwa Katsina]] (UMYU). * [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]] ( a da Islamic University Katsina). * [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]]. * [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]]. * Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management (KTSITM). * National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). * Cherish Enterprises Institute. * Katsina Community College of Education [Affiliated to Ahmadu Bello University Zaria (A.B.U) suncais ground]. ==Hotunan Manyan wuraren garin Katsina tare da Makarantu:== ==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;== <gallery> File:Umaru Musa Yar'adua, University 01.jpg|thumb|Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT .jpg|thumb|Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management File:Hassan usman katsina polytechnic 15.jpg|thumb|Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic File:Outreach to Alqalam University Katsina.jpg|thumb|AlQalam University Katsina File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|Federal College of Education, Katsina State (FCE ) </gallery> ==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;== <gallery> File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Kofar Gidan Sarkin Garin Katsina File:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Biyan Haraji na Jihar Katsina File:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel Rolling Round About File:The view from peak of Gobarau Minaret.jpg|thumb|Makarantar dake da Hasumiyar Gobarau File:General hospital katsina 01.jpg|thumb|Asibitin Gwamnati na Jihar Katsina File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|Gidan Tarihin Jihar Katsina File:Places in Katsina City 05.jpg|thumb|Babbar Magudanar Ruwa dake Garin Katsina File:Roundabout in Katsina City 01.jpg|Round About na Katsina </gallery> == Labarin ƙasa: == === Yanayi; === Dangane da rabe-raben yanayi na Koppen, Katsina ta faɗa acikin yanayi na zafi wato ''semi-arid climate'', wanda ake rubuta wa a takaice da ''BSh a'' taswirorin yanayi na duniya.<ref>Climate Summary for Katsina.</ref> [[Fayil:Titin Dutsin-ma-road kusa da Central Market Katsina.jpg|thumb|karamar hukumar katsina]] === Ruwan sama; === Akwai ƙarancin ruwan sama a birnin Katsina, babu rikodin na ruwa kwata-kwata a tsakanin watannin Nuwamba zuwa March. {| class="wikitable" |+Jadawalin Ruwan Sama na Birnin Katsina: !S/N !Code !Shekaru !Junairu !Febreru !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Agusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disemba |- |1. |65028 |1990 |0 |0 |0 |0 |29.9 |57.9 |198.8 |220.2 |34.7 |0 |0 |0 |- |2. |65028 |1991 |0 |0 |10.8 |12.2 |73.5 |58.8 |71.5 |109.7 |21.1 |1.4 |0 |0 |- |3. |65028 |1992 |0 |0 |0 |0 |33.6 |19.9 |89.3 |119.4 |70.7 |0.2 |0 |0 |- |4. |65028 |1993 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.5 |42.3 |69 |94.5 |51.7 |0 |0 |0 |- |5. |65028 |1994 |0 |0 |0 |3.1 |12.3 |42.3 |107.9 |174.2 |113.1 |20.3 |0 |0 |- |6. |65028 |1995 |0 |0 |0 |10 |30 |70 |80 |120 |80 |10 |0 |0 |- |7. |65028 |1996 |0 |0 |0 |0 |42.6 |44.5 |38.1 |66.8 |67.8 |0 |0 |0 |- |8. |65028 |1997 |0 |0 |7.2 |9.5 |89.5 |30.4 |91.1 |153.7 |56.5 |8.3 |0 |0 |- |9. |65028 |1998 |0 |0 |0 |10.1 |11.4 |43.4 |114.1 |116.6 |135.2 |0.8 |0 |0 |- |10. |65028 |1999 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.2 |22.4 |149.2 |89.8 |132.3 |18.4 |0 |0 |- |11. |65028 |2000 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1.6 |106.8 |299.9 |160.2 |62.1 |45 |0 |0 |- |12. |65028 |2001 |0 |0 |0 |16.9 |83.9 |110.8 |176 |240.9 |70.6 |0 |0 |0 |- |13. |65028 |2002 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2.9 |141.3 |170.4 |71.3 |199.1 |9.8 |0 |0 |- |14. |65028 |2003 |0 |0 |0 |4 |52.8 |57.2 |118.2 |275.5 |75.1 |16.4 |0 |0 |- |15. |65028 |2004 |0 |0 |0 |0 |74.9 |151.2 |161.1 |268.8 |42 |0 |0 |0 |- |16. |65028 |2005 |0 |0 |0 |14.8 |18.4 |83.2 |173.7 |216.1 |194 |50.4 |0 |0 |- |17. |65028 |2006 |0 |0 |0 |0 |26.1 |69.9 |170.9 |314.9 |129.7 |15 |0 |0 |- |18. |65028 |2007 |0 |0 |0 |6.2 |84.9 |135.2 |117.4 |314.9 |45.5 |0 |0 |0 |- |19. |65028 |2008 |0 |0 |0 |16.6 |8.5 |63.3 |182.9 |213.9 |67.7 |4.2 |0 |0 |- |20. |65028 |2009 |0 |0 |0 |0 |95 |57.9 |96.5 |123.3 |38.3 |29 |0 |0 |- |21. |65028 |2010 |0 |0 |0 |85.6 |8.1 |118.8 |226.1 |448.9 |76.6 |48.6 |0 |0 |- |22. |65028 |2011 |0 |0 |0 |0 |38 |149.2 |116.6 |180.6 |67.3 |8 |0 |0 |- |23. |65028 |2012 |0 |0 |0 |0 |59.5 |135.2 |117.4 |314.9 |129.7 |15 |0 |0 |- |24. |65028 |2013 |0 |0 |0 |42.4 |36.7 |103.2 |89 |274.7 |107.6 |10.2 |0 |0 |- |25. |65028 |2014 |0 |0 |0 |0 |38.1 |39.5 |178.9 |178.7 |46.3 |0 |0 |0 |- |26. |65028 |2015 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |89.1 |178.9 |274.7 |46.3 |9 |0 |0 |- |27. |65028 |2016 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.5 |42.3 |69 |94.5 |59.5 |0 |0 |0 |- |28. |65028 |2017 |0 |0 |0 |10.1 |11.4 |62 |114.1 |16.6 |135.2 |0.8 |0 |0 |- |29. |65028 |2018 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2.9 |141.3 |170.4 |149.7 |199.1 |63.8 |0 |0 |- |30. |65028 |2019 |0 |0 |0 |11.6 |8.1 |118.8 |232.7 |359.1 |98.6 |26.6 |0 |0 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi, Katsina (NiMET) 2021. === Yanayin zafi ko sanyi; === Yanayi na nufin yanayi na zafi ko kuwa yanayin sanyi na wuri ===== Zafi; ===== Katsina na da yanayi na zafi sosai, tare da watan Aprelu a matsayin wata mafi zafi na kimanin 40.8 °C ko kuma 105.4 °F, tare da yanayi na matsakaicin zafi (31.4 °C or 88.5 °F) acikin watan December.<ref>Yu Media Group. "Katsina, Nigeria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2021-08-19.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !S/N !Code !Shekara !Junairu !Febrelu !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Juni !Juli !Augusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !December |- |1. |65028 |1985 |31.7 |29.7 |36.5 |36.5 |38.6 |35.9 |31.6 |31.3 |33.2 |35.5 |33.9 |28.2 |- |2. |65028 |1986 |38.9 |34.7 |37 |40.2 |39.2 |37 |31.5 |31.4 |32.2 |35.4 |33.3 |37.4 |- |3. |65028 |1987 |30.4 |33.6 |36 |37.6 |40.1 |36.6 |35.1 |32.6 |34.4 |35.7 |34.1 |30.1 |- |4. |65028 |1988 |28.4 |32 |36.7 |39 |39.2 |35.3 |31.9 |29.5 |31.9 |34.3 |33.7 |28.5 |- |5. |65028 |1989 |26 |28.4 |35.2 |39.3 |38.3 |36.2 |32.4 |30.9 |32.6 |33.6 |33.6 |29.6 |- |6. |65028 |1990 |32.2 |30.1 |33.5 |39.9 |38.1 |36.7 |31.7 |31.4 |33.9 |36.7 |35.5 |34 |- |7. |65028 |1991 |29.4 |35.9 |35.9 |39 |35.3 |35.1 |31 |30.5 |34.4 |36.4 |33.3 |28.9 |- |8. |65038 |1992 |29.1 |30.1 |36.4 |39 |36.5 |35.6 |31 |30.3 |32.4 |35.7 |31.5 |30.2 |- |9. |65028 |1993 |36.5 |32.5 |36.5 |39.3 |39.3 |36.5 |33.3 |31.5 |33.1 |36.9 |35.5 |29.5 |- |10. |65028 |1994 |29.5 |31.6 |38.2 |38.7 |38.9 |35.4 |31.8 |29.5 |31.4 |34.1 |32.3 |27.4 |- |11. |65028 |1995 |27.7 |31 |38.1 |38.8 |38.3 |36.1 |32.9 |30.9 |32.6 |35.4 |32.2 |31.7 |- |12. |65028 |1996 |32.1 |34.8 |37.6 |39.3 |38.3 |34.5 |33.6 |30.3 |32.3 |35.3 |31.2 |31.8 |- |13. |65028 |1997 |31.3 |28.5 |34.8 |38.3 |36.5 |35.1 |32.4 |31.7 |33.6 |36.5 |35.6 |30.4 |- |14. |65028 |1998 |29.4 |33.5 |33.9 |40.2 |39.3 |35.6 |32.1 |30.8 |31.6 |34.9 |34.9 |30.6 |- |15. |65028 |1999 |30.8 |34 |39 |39.5 |39.3 |38.1 |31.7 |29.5 |31.4 |33.4 |33.2 |29.7 |- |16. |65028 |2000 |31 |28.6 |35.2 |40.5 |39.6 |35.3 |31 |31 |32.9 |33.8 |33.8 |29.6 |- |17. |65028 |2001 |29.3 |30.4 |36.9 |38 |37.8 |34.3 |31.3 |30 |32 |34.8 |33.6 |31.9 |- |18. |65028 |2002 |26.3 |31.6 |37 |39.8 |40.8 |36 |32.5 |31.1 |32.2 |32.4 |33.8 |31 |- |19. |65028 |2003 |34.7 |35.3 |39.6 |39.4 |34.4 |35.6 |31.3 |30.8 |32.8 |33.8 |33.5 |31.7 |- |20. |65028 |2004 |32 |29.9 |40 |39 |36.5 |32 |30 |33 |36 |34 |33.9 |31.9 |- |21 |65028 |2005 |13.4 |19.4 |22 |24 |25.2 |24.2 |22.7 |21.6 |22.3 |20 |16.2 |14 |- |22. |65028 |2006 |15 |18.1 |20 |21.4 |26 |25 |23.2 |22 |22.2 |22 |15 |11.8 |- |23. |65028 |2007 |12.8 |13.6 |18.3 |22.7 |24.4 |23.8 |21.5 |20.3 |20.5 |17.6 |13.3 |10.7 |- |24. |65028 |2008 |9.5 |14.4 |20 |21.2 |23.2 |22.8 |21.1 |19.5 |19.8 |17.5 |13.3 |11.5 |- |25. |65028 |2009 |11.1 |14.2 |19.2 |23.4 |24.2 |22.4 |22.4 |21.1 |22.1 |21.5 |14.6 |13.6 |- |26. |65028 |2010 |14.5 |17 |19.7 |23.8 |23.7 |23.8 |22 |20.7 |21.9 |19.6 |14.3 |14.1 |- |27. |65028 |2011 |13.3 |17.9 |17.5 |22.3 |24.7 |23.8 |20.6 |20.5 |21.2 |21.2 |16.1 |12.2 |- |28. |65028 |2012 |12.6 |16.4 |18.6 |25.4 |26.3 |23.4 |21.3 |20.4 |21.8 |22.1 |19.0 |14.6 |- |29. |65028 |2013 |30.7 |34.3 |39.8 |37.8 |38.8 |35.6 |32.5 |29.9 |32.8 |34.9 |34.9 |31.1 |- |30. |65028 |2014 |30.8 |32.2 |37.5 |39.7 |37.6 |36.6 |33.4 |30.7 |32.5 |35.9 |34.8 |30.7 |- |31. |65028 |2015 |28.2 |35.1 |36.1 |37.5 |40.3 |37.4 |33.4 |33.1 |32.5 |35.9 |33.3 |36.1 |- |32. |65028 |2016 |28.2 |32.5 |38.5 |40.5 |39 |35.1 |32.2 |30.9 |32.3 |36.5 |35.5 |30.7 |- |33. |65028 |2017 |27.8 |31.6 |37.5 |39.5 |39 |34.7 |31.9 |31 |32.9 |35.7 |34.1 |30.2 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina (NiMET), 2021. ==== Sanyi; ==== Watan Janairu shi ne wata mafi sanyi a Katsina tare da kimanin 14.7 °C or 58.5 °F. {| class="wikitable" !S/N !Code !Shekara !Junairu !Febrelu !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Juni !Juli !Augusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !December |- |1. |65028 |1985 |16 |14.7 |22.6 |24.2 |26.7 |24.4 |22.2 |22.2 |22.6 |21 |17.5 |14.7 |- |2. |65028 |1986 |12.7 |18 |23.4 |26.2 |26.6 |25.2 |21.9 |21.8 |22.2 |20.8 |17.9 |12.8 |- |3. |65028 |1987 |13.1 |16.7 |21.4 |22.3 |25.2 |24.9 |23.9 |22.6 |23.6 |22.5 |17.5 |14.5 |- |4. |65028 |1988 |14.4 |16.4 |21.6 |26.6 |24.5 |24.5 |22.7 |21.2 |22.3 |19.6 |16.2 |13.5 |- |5. |65028 |1989 |11.1 |13.8 |18.9 |23.1 |25.1 |24.4 |22.2 |21.7 |22.8 |20.6 |15.8 |13.8 |- |6. |65028 |1990 |15.5 |14.3 |17 |25.7 |25.7 |25.1 |22.4 |25.8 |23.4 |21 |18.1 |17.4 |- |7. |65028 |1991 |13.7 |18.9 |21.7 |25.5 |24.5 |24.4 | | | | |16.2 |12.6 |- |8. |65028 |1992 |12.5 |13.9 |21.9 |24.4 |25.1 |23.7 |21.4 |21.1 |21.6 |20.3 |16.5 |12.7 |- |9. |65028 |1993 |11.3 |15 |19.7 |22.7 |24.9 |23.1 |21.1 |20.7 |21.1 |20.5 |17.5 |12.5 |- |10. |65028 |1994 |12.5 |13.5 |19.5 |23.7 |24.2 |22.1 |20 |19.1 |19.6 |20.7 |13.5 |10.5 |- |11. |65028 |1995 |11.2 |13 |19.1 |22.7 |23.5 |22.2 |20.5 |19.4 |19.7 |19.8 |14 |12.4 |- |12. |65028 |1996 |11.4 |14.2 |18.7 |20.8 |22.3 |20.6 |20 |18.8 |19 |18.7 |11.8 |12.2 |- |13. |65028 |1997 |14 |14.1 |21.1 |24.7 |24.6 |24 |22.9 |22.3 |23.1 |23.5 |18.9 |14.2 |- |14. |65028 |1998 |13.7 |17.5 |18.6 |25.8 |27.7 |24.5 |23.1 |21.8 |22.3 |21.3 |16.9 |13.3 |- |15. |65028 |1999 |12.6 |16 |20.2 |23.1 |24.7 |24.1 |20.8 |20.4 |20.7 |19 |15.1 |11.3 |- |16. |65028 |2000 |13 |11.2 |16.7 |19 |24.3 |23.5 |21 |21 |21.9 |19.9 |14.1 |11 |- |17. |65028 |2001 |20.2 |12.6 |16.5 |23 |24.6 |23.2 |22 |21 |21.9 |19.7 |14.6 |12.8 |- |18. |65028 |2002 |11.7 |13.5 |20 |25.6 |26 |24 |22.1 |21.9 |22.3 |19.8 |13.9 |12.8 |- |19. |65028 |2003 |16.5 |18.6 |24.4 |24 |23.6 |23.5 |22.2 |22.1 |22.5 |19.9 |14.5 |12.5 |- |20. |65028 |2004 |16 |17.5 |25 |25 |24.2 |22 |21 |22 |20 |17 |14.7 |12.3 |- |21 |65028 |2005 |13.4 |19.4 |22 |24 |25.2 |24.2 |22.7 |21.6 |22.3 |20 |16.2 |14 |- |22 |65028 |2006 |15 |18.1 |20 |21.4 |26 |25 |23.2 |22 |22.2 |22 |15 |11.8 |- |23. |65028 |2007 |12.8 |13.6 |18.3 |22.7 |24.4 |23.8 |21.5 |20.3 |20.5 |17.6 |13.3 |10.7 |- |24. |65028 |2008 |9.5 |14.4 |20 |21.2 |23.2 |22.8 |21.1 |19.5 |19.8 |17.5 |13.3 |11.5 |- |25. |65028 |2009 |11.1 |14.2 |19.2 |23.4 |24.2 |22.4 |22.4 |21.1 |21.1 |21.5 |14.6 |13.6 |- |26. |65028 |2010 |14.5 |17 |19.7 |23.8 |23.7 |23.8 |22 |20.7 |21.9 |19.6 |14.3 |14.1 |- |27. |65028 |2011 |13.3 |17.9 |17.5 |22.3 |24.7 |23.8 |20.6 |20.5 |21.2 |21.2 |16.1 |12.2 |- |28. |65028 |2012 |12.6 |16.4 |18.6 |25.4 |26.3 |23.4 |21.3 |20.4 |21.8 |22.1 |19.0 |14.6 |- |29. |65028 |2013 |14.3 |15.8 |22.1 |23.4 |24.3 |22.7 |21.9 |21 |22.3 |20.9 |18.3 |15.9 |- |30. |65028 |2014 |14.3 |16.7 |21.7 |25.8 |25.8 |26.7 |24.2 |22.1 |22.3 |20.7 |18.2 |14.2 |- |31. |65028 |2015 |12.3 |18.1 |20.8 |22.2 |26.6 |24.8 |22.7 | |22.3 |23.3 |17.6 |13.3 |- |32. |65028 |2016 |13.5 |16.5 |24.2 |27.1 |26.8 |24.9 |23.2 |22.2 |22 |22.3 |18.7 |13.1 |- |33. |65028 |2017 |13.4 |16.4 |19.9 |25 |27.1 |24.8 |23.1 |22.4 |23.1 |19.9 |16.6 |15.4 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina, (NiMET) 2021 ==Sanannun Mutane;== *[[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Fulani Al-Kishwani]] == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Palace of Katsina Emirate 05.jpg|palace of katsina File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|National museum Katsina state File:General Hospital Katsina 02.jpg|Katsina General Hospital File:Roundabout in Katsina City 02.jpg|katsina roundabout File:Cheryl Francisconi at Katsina Hospital.jpg|Cheryl Francisconi in Katsina File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|Gidan Sarkin katsina File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|Taswirar jahar katsina File:KSITM KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT.jpg|alt= File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|alt= File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|alt= File:Kofar Kwaya katsina state 02.jpg|alt= </gallery> == Demografi a Jihar Katsina == '''Demografi''' na nufin bincike ko nazari kan yawan jama’a, rabonsu ta jinsi, shekaru, addini, harshe, da ayyukan tattalin arziki. A Jihar '''Katsina''', demografi yana da muhimmanci wajen tsara ci gaban al’umma, ilimi, lafiya, da tsare-tsaren gwamnati. == Yawan Jama’a == A cewar kididdigar hukumar ƙididdiga ta ƙasa [[National Population Commission (NPC)]], Jihar Katsina tana da fiye da '''8.3 miliyan''' a ƙidayar shekara ta 2023, kuma ana sa ran yawan zai karu zuwa sama da '''9 miliyan''' a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. == Rabe-raben Jama’a == * **Maza:** kusan kashi 51% * **Mata:** kusan kashi 49% * **Matasa:** fiye da rabin jama’ar jihar suna ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda ke nuna cewa Katsina tana da matasa da yawa. * **Tsofaffi:** kashi 4–5% suna da shekaru sama da 60. == Addini == Yawancin jama’ar Jihar Katsina Musulmai ne, sai kuma ƙananan kabilu masu bin Kiristanci da wasu addinai na gargajiya. == Harsuna == Harshe mafi rinjaye a Katsina shi ne [[Hausa language|Hausa]], amma akwai kuma Fulfulde (na Fulani), da Turanci wanda ake amfani da shi a makarantu da hukumomi. == Kabilu == * Hausawa (mafi rinjaye) * Fulani * Gobirawa, Daurawa, Kurfayawa, da sauran ƙabilun ƙanana. == Ilimi == Katsina tana da makarantu da yawa daga firamare har zuwa jami’a. Mafi shahara daga cikin su sune: * [[Umaru Musa Yar’adua University (UMYU)]] * [[Federal University Dutsin-Ma (FUDMA)]] * [[Katsina State Polytechnic]] * Makarantu da sakandire masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati da dama. == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin Katsina ya dogara ne da: * Noma (irin su masara, gero, wake, da auduga) * Kiwo (shanu, awaki, da tumaki) * Sana’o’in hannu (ƙira, zane, da saka) * Ciniki a kasuwanni kamar Dutsin-ma, Daura, da Katsina. == Matsaloli da Kalubale == * Karuwar yawan jama’a ba tare da wadatattun ayyukan yi ba. * Matsalar rashin isasshen ruwa da lafiyar muhalli. * Kauracewar matasa zuwa manyan birane domin neman aiki. == Kammalawa == Demografi a Jihar Katsina na nuna cewa jihar na da matasa da yawa, kuma tana da damar ci gaba idan aka tsara tsare-tsaren ilimi da tattalin arziki yadda ya kamata. == Manazarta == * [[National Population Commission (Nigeria)]] * [[National Bureau of Statistics]] * Rahotanni daga [[United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)] {{reflist}} {{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}} jihar katsina tana da kananan hukuma 34 597incu3tigdib7b74uaxuyr5khpd0g 963962 963957 2026-10-06T17:55:14Z Zaujeel khair 49197 963962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Katsina State banner.jpg|thumb|Katsina_State_banner]] [[File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar jihar Katsina ]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina Emir ]] [[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|IBB Way]] [[Fayil:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Katsina na dukko ]] [[File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT KSITM.jpg|thumb|KATSINA_STATE_INSTITUTE_OF_TECHNOLOGY_AND_MANAGEMENT_KSITM]] [[Fayil:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Katsina ]] [[Fayil:Gobarau Minaret Katsina.JPG|thumb|Hasumiyar Katsina [[File:Steel rolling rund-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel_rol]] [[File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|National_Museum_Katsina_State_03]]ling_round-about,_IBB_Way,_Katsina]] Katsina [[Karamar hukuma|Ƙaramar hukuma]] ce kuma babban birnine [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin]] [[Najeriya]]. Katsina tana da nisan kilomita dari biyu da sintin 260 km (160 mil) daga gabashin jahar [[Sokoto (birni)|Birnin Sokoto]], da kuma kilomita 135 Km (84 mil) daga Arewa Maso Yammacin [[Kano (birni)|Birnin Kano]], tana kusa da iyakar [[Ƙasar Wuta|ƙasar]] [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. An ƙiyasta cewa yawan mutanen dake cikin birnin Katsina a shekara ta (2016) da kimanin mutum 429,000.<ref>Katsina (State, Nigeria) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location, on March 21, 2016.</ref> Birnin akasarin mutanen birnin [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] ne daga ƙabilar [[Hausawa|Hausa]] da [[Fulani]]. Tsohon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya kasance babban mutum ne daga Katsina.<ref>"Umaru Musa Yar'Adua | president of Nigeria". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</ref> Gwamna mai ci na yanzu a Jihar Katsina shi ne [[Umar]] [[Dikko Umaru Radda|Dikko]] Raɗɗa,<ref>"Buhari, Katsina governor meet inside Aso Rock". ''Punch Newspapers''. Retrieved 2018-12-03.</ref> wanda aka rantsar da shi a matsayin gwamnan jihar a ranar ta 29 ga watan mayu shekara ta 2023 == Masarautar Katsina: == Fadar Sarkin Katsina wanda aka fi sani da "Gidan Korau" wani katafaren gini ne dake tsakiyar tsohon birnin na jahar Katsina. Fadar ta kasance muhimmiyar alama ce na daga al'adun, tarihi da kuma ɗabi'ar [[Katsinawa]]. Kamar yadda tarihi ya nuna, [[Muhammadu Korau]] ya gina fadar a shekara ta (1348) [[Common Era|CE]], wanda ake tsammani cewa shi ne Sarkin musulmi na farko a jahar Katsina. Wannan ne yasa ake kiran masarautar da Gidan Korau. Fadar na ɗaya daga cikin gidan sarauta mafi tsufa kuma na farko-farko, tare da masarautun [[Daura]], [[Kano]] [[Zazzau]]. Masarutar zagaye take da ganuwa wato katangar gidan Sarki wanda a yanzu babu ita. Ƙofar da ke isa zuwa masarautar ita ce 'Ƙofar Soro' sannan kuma ƙofar da ke bayan ta ita ce 'Ƙofar Bai' (babu ita a yanzu). Fadar sarkin a cikin masarautar wani ƙayataccen gini ne mai ƙirar salo na gargajiya.<ref>"KATSINA EMIRATE COUNCIL". Retrieved 6 August 2015.</ref> Sarkin Katsina na yanzu shine Alhaji [[Abdulmumini Kabir Usman]], runbun ilimi daga dangin sarakunan Fulani. [[File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Fadar Sarkin Katsina]] [[Fayil:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Gidan rodi]] == Tarihi: == Birnin na zagaye da ganuwa mai tsawon kilomita 21 (mil 13) wanda ake tsammani an gina ta a ƙarni na (1100).<ref>Katsina The Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved February 20, 2007.</ref> Kafin zuwan addinin musulunci, jagorar Katsina na musamman shi ne Sarki, wanda yake fuskantar kisa a duk lokacin da aka same shi baya mulki yadda ya kamata. Daga ƙarni na 17 zuwa ƙarni na 18, Katsina ta kasance cibiyar kasuwanci na [[Hausa Bakwai|Ƙasar Hausa]] kuma ta zamo mafi girma daga cikin ƙasashen [[Hausa Bakwai]]. Fulani sun mamaye Ƙatsina a lokacin [[Jihadin Fulani]] a shekarar (1807). A shekarar 1903 ne, sarkin Katsina na lokacin Abubakar ɗan Ibrahim ya miƙa wuya ga mulkin Turawa, wadda ta ci gaba har zuwa samun 'yancin kai a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin 1960. [[File:Katsina, 1911.png|thumb|Katsina a shekarar 1911]] A lokacin kasuwancin yankunan kusa da Sahara na Afirka, birnin ya kasance mai albarka kuma muhimmin cibiyar kasuwanci, kuma ana ɗaukanta a matsayin mafi shahara ta fuskar cinikayya, kasuwanci da kuma baiwar sarrafe-sarrafe. Matafiyi ɗan kasar Jamus, [[Friedrich Hornemann]] ne bature na farko da ya fara isa birnin a ƙarni na sha tara19. Tarihin birnin dangane da ilimin boko ya samo asali ne tun daga farkon shekarun 1950, a yayin da aka gina makaranta ta matsakaita ta farko a arewacin Najeriya. Akwai manyan makarantu a yanzu wanda suka haɗa da jami'oi guda biyu, [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua]] da kuma ta 'yan kasuwa wato [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]]; sannan kuma akwai politakanik wato [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]] da kuma [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]].Har wayau, birnin gida ne ga shahararren masallacin ƙarni na 18 wato [[Hasumiyar Gobarau]], hasumiya mai tsawon mita sha biyar 15 (50 ft) wanda aka gina da laka da itacen dabino. ==== Al'amarin Boko Haram na 2020: ==== A cikin watan Disambar shekara nadubu biyu da ashirin 2020, aka yi [[Garkuwa da yara ɗalibai a Kankara|garkuwa da yara 300 ƴan makaranta a Ƙanƙara]].<ref name=":0">"Nigeria school attack: Hundreds of boys". ''BBC News''. 2020-12-17. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2021-02-28.</ref> Amma daga bisani an maido da yara 344 mako ɗaya bayan hakan.<ref name=":0" /> [[Boko Haram|Ƙungiyar Boko Haram]] ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ta aikata hakan, amma jami'ai sun nuna rashin amincewa da hakan kasancewa babu ƙungiyar Boko Haram a yankin. kuma ita jahar katsina ta kasance cikin jerin jahohin nijeria guda talatin da shida 36.<ref>tabbaci gareni</ref> == : == * [[Jami'ar Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Jami'ar Umaru Musa yar,aduwa Katsina]] (UMYU). * [[Jami'ar Al-Qalam Katsina]] ( a da Islamic University Katsina). * [[Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic]]. * [[Federal College of Education, Katsina]]. * Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management (KTSITM). * National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). * Cherish Enterprises Institute. * Katsina Community College of Education [Affiliated to Ahmadu Bello University Zaria (A.B.U) suncais ground]. ==Hotunan Manyan wuraren garin Katsina tare da Makarantu:== ==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;== <gallery> File:Umaru Musa Yar'adua, University 01.jpg|thumb|Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina File:KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT .jpg|thumb|Katsina State Institute of Technology and Management File:Hassan usman katsina polytechnic 15.jpg|thumb|Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic File:Outreach to Alqalam University Katsina.jpg|thumb|AlQalam University Katsina File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|Federal College of Education, Katsina State (FCE ) </gallery> ==Manyan Wuraren Garin Katsina;== <gallery> File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|thumb|Kofar Gidan Sarkin Garin Katsina File:Katsina State Inland Revenue Office, Katsina City.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Biyan Haraji na Jihar Katsina File:Steel rolling round-about, IBB Way, Katsina.jpg|thumb|Steel Rolling Round About File:The view from peak of Gobarau Minaret.jpg|thumb|Makarantar dake da Hasumiyar Gobarau File:General hospital katsina 01.jpg|thumb|Asibitin Gwamnati na Jihar Katsina File:National Museum Katsina State 03.jpg|thumb|Gidan Tarihin Jihar Katsina File:Places in Katsina City 05.jpg|thumb|Babbar Magudanar Ruwa dake Garin Katsina File:Roundabout in Katsina City 01.jpg|Round About na Katsina </gallery> == Labarin ƙasa: == === Yanayi; === Dangane da rabe-raben yanayi na Koppen, Katsina ta faɗa acikin yanayi na zafi wato ''semi-arid climate'', wanda ake rubuta wa a takaice da ''BSh a'' taswirorin yanayi na duniya.<ref>Climate Summary for Katsina.</ref> [[Fayil:Titin Dutsin-ma-road kusa da Central Market Katsina.jpg|thumb|karamar hukumar katsina]] === Ruwan sama; === Akwai ƙarancin ruwan sama a birnin Katsina, babu rikodin na ruwa kwata-kwata a tsakanin watannin Nuwamba zuwa March. {| class="wikitable" |+Jadawalin Ruwan Sama na Birnin Katsina: !S/N !Code !Shekaru !Junairu !Febreru !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Agusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disemba |- |1. |65028 |1990 |0 |0 |0 |0 |29.9 |57.9 |198.8 |220.2 |34.7 |0 |0 |0 |- |2. |65028 |1991 |0 |0 |10.8 |12.2 |73.5 |58.8 |71.5 |109.7 |21.1 |1.4 |0 |0 |- |3. |65028 |1992 |0 |0 |0 |0 |33.6 |19.9 |89.3 |119.4 |70.7 |0.2 |0 |0 |- |4. |65028 |1993 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.5 |42.3 |69 |94.5 |51.7 |0 |0 |0 |- |5. |65028 |1994 |0 |0 |0 |3.1 |12.3 |42.3 |107.9 |174.2 |113.1 |20.3 |0 |0 |- |6. |65028 |1995 |0 |0 |0 |10 |30 |70 |80 |120 |80 |10 |0 |0 |- |7. |65028 |1996 |0 |0 |0 |0 |42.6 |44.5 |38.1 |66.8 |67.8 |0 |0 |0 |- |8. |65028 |1997 |0 |0 |7.2 |9.5 |89.5 |30.4 |91.1 |153.7 |56.5 |8.3 |0 |0 |- |9. |65028 |1998 |0 |0 |0 |10.1 |11.4 |43.4 |114.1 |116.6 |135.2 |0.8 |0 |0 |- |10. |65028 |1999 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.2 |22.4 |149.2 |89.8 |132.3 |18.4 |0 |0 |- |11. |65028 |2000 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1.6 |106.8 |299.9 |160.2 |62.1 |45 |0 |0 |- |12. |65028 |2001 |0 |0 |0 |16.9 |83.9 |110.8 |176 |240.9 |70.6 |0 |0 |0 |- |13. |65028 |2002 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2.9 |141.3 |170.4 |71.3 |199.1 |9.8 |0 |0 |- |14. |65028 |2003 |0 |0 |0 |4 |52.8 |57.2 |118.2 |275.5 |75.1 |16.4 |0 |0 |- |15. |65028 |2004 |0 |0 |0 |0 |74.9 |151.2 |161.1 |268.8 |42 |0 |0 |0 |- |16. |65028 |2005 |0 |0 |0 |14.8 |18.4 |83.2 |173.7 |216.1 |194 |50.4 |0 |0 |- |17. |65028 |2006 |0 |0 |0 |0 |26.1 |69.9 |170.9 |314.9 |129.7 |15 |0 |0 |- |18. |65028 |2007 |0 |0 |0 |6.2 |84.9 |135.2 |117.4 |314.9 |45.5 |0 |0 |0 |- |19. |65028 |2008 |0 |0 |0 |16.6 |8.5 |63.3 |182.9 |213.9 |67.7 |4.2 |0 |0 |- |20. |65028 |2009 |0 |0 |0 |0 |95 |57.9 |96.5 |123.3 |38.3 |29 |0 |0 |- |21. |65028 |2010 |0 |0 |0 |85.6 |8.1 |118.8 |226.1 |448.9 |76.6 |48.6 |0 |0 |- |22. |65028 |2011 |0 |0 |0 |0 |38 |149.2 |116.6 |180.6 |67.3 |8 |0 |0 |- |23. |65028 |2012 |0 |0 |0 |0 |59.5 |135.2 |117.4 |314.9 |129.7 |15 |0 |0 |- |24. |65028 |2013 |0 |0 |0 |42.4 |36.7 |103.2 |89 |274.7 |107.6 |10.2 |0 |0 |- |25. |65028 |2014 |0 |0 |0 |0 |38.1 |39.5 |178.9 |178.7 |46.3 |0 |0 |0 |- |26. |65028 |2015 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |89.1 |178.9 |274.7 |46.3 |9 |0 |0 |- |27. |65028 |2016 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4.5 |42.3 |69 |94.5 |59.5 |0 |0 |0 |- |28. |65028 |2017 |0 |0 |0 |10.1 |11.4 |62 |114.1 |16.6 |135.2 |0.8 |0 |0 |- |29. |65028 |2018 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2.9 |141.3 |170.4 |149.7 |199.1 |63.8 |0 |0 |- |30. |65028 |2019 |0 |0 |0 |11.6 |8.1 |118.8 |232.7 |359.1 |98.6 |26.6 |0 |0 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi, Katsina (NiMET) 2021. === Yanayin zafi ko sanyi; === Yanayi na nufin yanayi na zafi ko kuwa yanayin sanyi na wuri ===== Zafi; ===== Katsina na da yanayi na zafi sosai, tare da watan Aprelu a matsayin wata mafi zafi na kimanin 40.8 °C ko kuma 105.4 °F, tare da yanayi na matsakaicin zafi (31.4 °C or 88.5 °F) acikin watan December.<ref>Yu Media Group. "Katsina, Nigeria - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2021-08-19.</ref> {| class="wikitable" !S/N !Code !Shekara !Junairu !Febrelu !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Juni !Juli !Augusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !December |- |1. |65028 |1985 |31.7 |29.7 |36.5 |36.5 |38.6 |35.9 |31.6 |31.3 |33.2 |35.5 |33.9 |28.2 |- |2. |65028 |1986 |38.9 |34.7 |37 |40.2 |39.2 |37 |31.5 |31.4 |32.2 |35.4 |33.3 |37.4 |- |3. |65028 |1987 |30.4 |33.6 |36 |37.6 |40.1 |36.6 |35.1 |32.6 |34.4 |35.7 |34.1 |30.1 |- |4. |65028 |1988 |28.4 |32 |36.7 |39 |39.2 |35.3 |31.9 |29.5 |31.9 |34.3 |33.7 |28.5 |- |5. |65028 |1989 |26 |28.4 |35.2 |39.3 |38.3 |36.2 |32.4 |30.9 |32.6 |33.6 |33.6 |29.6 |- |6. |65028 |1990 |32.2 |30.1 |33.5 |39.9 |38.1 |36.7 |31.7 |31.4 |33.9 |36.7 |35.5 |34 |- |7. |65028 |1991 |29.4 |35.9 |35.9 |39 |35.3 |35.1 |31 |30.5 |34.4 |36.4 |33.3 |28.9 |- |8. |65038 |1992 |29.1 |30.1 |36.4 |39 |36.5 |35.6 |31 |30.3 |32.4 |35.7 |31.5 |30.2 |- |9. |65028 |1993 |36.5 |32.5 |36.5 |39.3 |39.3 |36.5 |33.3 |31.5 |33.1 |36.9 |35.5 |29.5 |- |10. |65028 |1994 |29.5 |31.6 |38.2 |38.7 |38.9 |35.4 |31.8 |29.5 |31.4 |34.1 |32.3 |27.4 |- |11. |65028 |1995 |27.7 |31 |38.1 |38.8 |38.3 |36.1 |32.9 |30.9 |32.6 |35.4 |32.2 |31.7 |- |12. |65028 |1996 |32.1 |34.8 |37.6 |39.3 |38.3 |34.5 |33.6 |30.3 |32.3 |35.3 |31.2 |31.8 |- |13. |65028 |1997 |31.3 |28.5 |34.8 |38.3 |36.5 |35.1 |32.4 |31.7 |33.6 |36.5 |35.6 |30.4 |- |14. |65028 |1998 |29.4 |33.5 |33.9 |40.2 |39.3 |35.6 |32.1 |30.8 |31.6 |34.9 |34.9 |30.6 |- |15. |65028 |1999 |30.8 |34 |39 |39.5 |39.3 |38.1 |31.7 |29.5 |31.4 |33.4 |33.2 |29.7 |- |16. |65028 |2000 |31 |28.6 |35.2 |40.5 |39.6 |35.3 |31 |31 |32.9 |33.8 |33.8 |29.6 |- |17. |65028 |2001 |29.3 |30.4 |36.9 |38 |37.8 |34.3 |31.3 |30 |32 |34.8 |33.6 |31.9 |- |18. |65028 |2002 |26.3 |31.6 |37 |39.8 |40.8 |36 |32.5 |31.1 |32.2 |32.4 |33.8 |31 |- |19. |65028 |2003 |34.7 |35.3 |39.6 |39.4 |34.4 |35.6 |31.3 |30.8 |32.8 |33.8 |33.5 |31.7 |- |20. |65028 |2004 |32 |29.9 |40 |39 |36.5 |32 |30 |33 |36 |34 |33.9 |31.9 |- |21 |65028 |2005 |13.4 |19.4 |22 |24 |25.2 |24.2 |22.7 |21.6 |22.3 |20 |16.2 |14 |- |22. |65028 |2006 |15 |18.1 |20 |21.4 |26 |25 |23.2 |22 |22.2 |22 |15 |11.8 |- |23. |65028 |2007 |12.8 |13.6 |18.3 |22.7 |24.4 |23.8 |21.5 |20.3 |20.5 |17.6 |13.3 |10.7 |- |24. |65028 |2008 |9.5 |14.4 |20 |21.2 |23.2 |22.8 |21.1 |19.5 |19.8 |17.5 |13.3 |11.5 |- |25. |65028 |2009 |11.1 |14.2 |19.2 |23.4 |24.2 |22.4 |22.4 |21.1 |22.1 |21.5 |14.6 |13.6 |- |26. |65028 |2010 |14.5 |17 |19.7 |23.8 |23.7 |23.8 |22 |20.7 |21.9 |19.6 |14.3 |14.1 |- |27. |65028 |2011 |13.3 |17.9 |17.5 |22.3 |24.7 |23.8 |20.6 |20.5 |21.2 |21.2 |16.1 |12.2 |- |28. |65028 |2012 |12.6 |16.4 |18.6 |25.4 |26.3 |23.4 |21.3 |20.4 |21.8 |22.1 |19.0 |14.6 |- |29. |65028 |2013 |30.7 |34.3 |39.8 |37.8 |38.8 |35.6 |32.5 |29.9 |32.8 |34.9 |34.9 |31.1 |- |30. |65028 |2014 |30.8 |32.2 |37.5 |39.7 |37.6 |36.6 |33.4 |30.7 |32.5 |35.9 |34.8 |30.7 |- |31. |65028 |2015 |28.2 |35.1 |36.1 |37.5 |40.3 |37.4 |33.4 |33.1 |32.5 |35.9 |33.3 |36.1 |- |32. |65028 |2016 |28.2 |32.5 |38.5 |40.5 |39 |35.1 |32.2 |30.9 |32.3 |36.5 |35.5 |30.7 |- |33. |65028 |2017 |27.8 |31.6 |37.5 |39.5 |39 |34.7 |31.9 |31 |32.9 |35.7 |34.1 |30.2 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina (NiMET), 2021. ==== Sanyi; ==== Watan Janairu shi ne wata mafi sanyi a Katsina tare da kimanin 14.7 °C or 58.5 °F. {| class="wikitable" !S/N !Code !Shekara !Junairu !Febrelu !March !Aprelu !Mayu !Juni !Juli !Augusta !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !December |- |1. |65028 |1985 |16 |14.7 |22.6 |24.2 |26.7 |24.4 |22.2 |22.2 |22.6 |21 |17.5 |14.7 |- |2. |65028 |1986 |12.7 |18 |23.4 |26.2 |26.6 |25.2 |21.9 |21.8 |22.2 |20.8 |17.9 |12.8 |- |3. |65028 |1987 |13.1 |16.7 |21.4 |22.3 |25.2 |24.9 |23.9 |22.6 |23.6 |22.5 |17.5 |14.5 |- |4. |65028 |1988 |14.4 |16.4 |21.6 |26.6 |24.5 |24.5 |22.7 |21.2 |22.3 |19.6 |16.2 |13.5 |- |5. |65028 |1989 |11.1 |13.8 |18.9 |23.1 |25.1 |24.4 |22.2 |21.7 |22.8 |20.6 |15.8 |13.8 |- |6. |65028 |1990 |15.5 |14.3 |17 |25.7 |25.7 |25.1 |22.4 |25.8 |23.4 |21 |18.1 |17.4 |- |7. |65028 |1991 |13.7 |18.9 |21.7 |25.5 |24.5 |24.4 | | | | |16.2 |12.6 |- |8. |65028 |1992 |12.5 |13.9 |21.9 |24.4 |25.1 |23.7 |21.4 |21.1 |21.6 |20.3 |16.5 |12.7 |- |9. |65028 |1993 |11.3 |15 |19.7 |22.7 |24.9 |23.1 |21.1 |20.7 |21.1 |20.5 |17.5 |12.5 |- |10. |65028 |1994 |12.5 |13.5 |19.5 |23.7 |24.2 |22.1 |20 |19.1 |19.6 |20.7 |13.5 |10.5 |- |11. |65028 |1995 |11.2 |13 |19.1 |22.7 |23.5 |22.2 |20.5 |19.4 |19.7 |19.8 |14 |12.4 |- |12. |65028 |1996 |11.4 |14.2 |18.7 |20.8 |22.3 |20.6 |20 |18.8 |19 |18.7 |11.8 |12.2 |- |13. |65028 |1997 |14 |14.1 |21.1 |24.7 |24.6 |24 |22.9 |22.3 |23.1 |23.5 |18.9 |14.2 |- |14. |65028 |1998 |13.7 |17.5 |18.6 |25.8 |27.7 |24.5 |23.1 |21.8 |22.3 |21.3 |16.9 |13.3 |- |15. |65028 |1999 |12.6 |16 |20.2 |23.1 |24.7 |24.1 |20.8 |20.4 |20.7 |19 |15.1 |11.3 |- |16. |65028 |2000 |13 |11.2 |16.7 |19 |24.3 |23.5 |21 |21 |21.9 |19.9 |14.1 |11 |- |17. |65028 |2001 |20.2 |12.6 |16.5 |23 |24.6 |23.2 |22 |21 |21.9 |19.7 |14.6 |12.8 |- |18. |65028 |2002 |11.7 |13.5 |20 |25.6 |26 |24 |22.1 |21.9 |22.3 |19.8 |13.9 |12.8 |- |19. |65028 |2003 |16.5 |18.6 |24.4 |24 |23.6 |23.5 |22.2 |22.1 |22.5 |19.9 |14.5 |12.5 |- |20. |65028 |2004 |16 |17.5 |25 |25 |24.2 |22 |21 |22 |20 |17 |14.7 |12.3 |- |21 |65028 |2005 |13.4 |19.4 |22 |24 |25.2 |24.2 |22.7 |21.6 |22.3 |20 |16.2 |14 |- |22 |65028 |2006 |15 |18.1 |20 |21.4 |26 |25 |23.2 |22 |22.2 |22 |15 |11.8 |- |23. |65028 |2007 |12.8 |13.6 |18.3 |22.7 |24.4 |23.8 |21.5 |20.3 |20.5 |17.6 |13.3 |10.7 |- |24. |65028 |2008 |9.5 |14.4 |20 |21.2 |23.2 |22.8 |21.1 |19.5 |19.8 |17.5 |13.3 |11.5 |- |25. |65028 |2009 |11.1 |14.2 |19.2 |23.4 |24.2 |22.4 |22.4 |21.1 |21.1 |21.5 |14.6 |13.6 |- |26. |65028 |2010 |14.5 |17 |19.7 |23.8 |23.7 |23.8 |22 |20.7 |21.9 |19.6 |14.3 |14.1 |- |27. |65028 |2011 |13.3 |17.9 |17.5 |22.3 |24.7 |23.8 |20.6 |20.5 |21.2 |21.2 |16.1 |12.2 |- |28. |65028 |2012 |12.6 |16.4 |18.6 |25.4 |26.3 |23.4 |21.3 |20.4 |21.8 |22.1 |19.0 |14.6 |- |29. |65028 |2013 |14.3 |15.8 |22.1 |23.4 |24.3 |22.7 |21.9 |21 |22.3 |20.9 |18.3 |15.9 |- |30. |65028 |2014 |14.3 |16.7 |21.7 |25.8 |25.8 |26.7 |24.2 |22.1 |22.3 |20.7 |18.2 |14.2 |- |31. |65028 |2015 |12.3 |18.1 |20.8 |22.2 |26.6 |24.8 |22.7 | |22.3 |23.3 |17.6 |13.3 |- |32. |65028 |2016 |13.5 |16.5 |24.2 |27.1 |26.8 |24.9 |23.2 |22.2 |22 |22.3 |18.7 |13.1 |- |33. |65028 |2017 |13.4 |16.4 |19.9 |25 |27.1 |24.8 |23.1 |22.4 |23.1 |19.9 |16.6 |15.4 |} Tushe: Hukumar Kula da Yanayi Reshen Jihar Katsina, (NiMET) 2021 ==Sanannun Mutane;== *[[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] *[[Muhammadu Buhari]] *[[Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Al-Fulani Al-Kishwani]] == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Palace of Katsina Emirate 05.jpg|palace of katsina File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|National museum Katsina state File:General Hospital Katsina 02.jpg|Katsina General Hospital File:Roundabout in Katsina City 02.jpg|katsina roundabout File:Cheryl Francisconi at Katsina Hospital.jpg|Cheryl Francisconi in Katsina File:SAN 8439 (Katsina Emir Palace).jpg|Gidan Sarkin katsina File:Katsina State Nigeria.png|Taswirar jahar katsina File:KSITM KATSINA STATE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT.jpg|alt= File:National Museum Katsina State 02.jpg|alt= File:Federal Collage of Education katsina State.jpg|alt= File:Kofar Kwaya katsina state 02.jpg|alt= </gallery> == Demografi a Jihar Katsina == '''Demografi''' na nufin bincike ko nazari kan yawan jama’a, rabonsu ta jinsi, shekaru, addini, harshe, da ayyukan tattalin arziki. A Jihar '''Katsina''', demografi yana da muhimmanci wajen tsara ci gaban al’umma, ilimi, lafiya, da tsare-tsaren gwamnati. == Yawan Jama’a == A cewar kididdigar hukumar ƙididdiga ta ƙasa [[National Population Commission (NPC)]], Jihar Katsina tana da fiye da '''8.3 miliyan''' a ƙidayar shekara ta 2023, kuma ana sa ran yawan zai karu zuwa sama da '''9 miliyan''' a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa. == Rabe-raben Jama’a == * **Maza:** kusan kashi 51% * **Mata:** kusan kashi 49% * **Matasa:** fiye da rabin jama’ar jihar suna ƙasa da shekaru 25, wanda ke nuna cewa Katsina tana da matasa da yawa. * **Tsofaffi:** kashi 4–5% suna da shekaru sama da 60. == Addini == Yawancin jama’ar Jihar Katsina Musulmai ne, sai kuma ƙananan kabilu masu bin Kiristanci da wasu addinai na gargajiya. == Harsuna == Harshe mafi rinjaye a Katsina shi ne [[Hausa language|Hausa]], amma akwai kuma Fulfulde (na Fulani), da Turanci wanda ake amfani da shi a makarantu da hukumomi. == Kabilu == * Hausawa (mafi rinjaye) * Fulani * Gobirawa, Daurawa, Kurfayawa, da sauran ƙabilun ƙanana. == Ilimi == Katsina tana da makarantu da yawa daga firamare har zuwa jami’a. Mafi shahara daga cikin su sune: * [[Umaru Musa Yar’adua University (UMYU)]] * [[Federal University Dutsin-Ma (FUDMA)]] * [[Katsina State Polytechnic]] * Makarantu da sakandire masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati da dama. == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin Katsina ya dogara ne da: * Noma (irin su masara, gero, wake, da auduga) * Kiwo (shanu, awaki, da tumaki) * Sana’o’in hannu (ƙira, zane, da saka) * Ciniki a kasuwanni kamar Dutsin-ma, Daura, da Katsina. == Matsaloli da Kalubale == * Karuwar yawan jama’a ba tare da wadatattun ayyukan yi ba. * Matsalar rashin isasshen ruwa da lafiyar muhalli. * Kauracewar matasa zuwa manyan birane domin neman aiki. == Kammalawa == Demografi a Jihar Katsina na nuna cewa jihar na da matasa da yawa, kuma tana da damar ci gaba idan aka tsara tsare-tsaren ilimi da tattalin arziki yadda ya kamata. == Manazarta == * [[National Population Commission (Nigeria)]] * [[National Bureau of Statistics]] * Rahotanni daga [[United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)] {{reflist}} {{Ƙananan Hukumomin Jihar Katsina}} jihar katsina tana da kananan hukuma 34 hqjtoxw968tc66sqf0ebf8rdjdio8xf 0 2610 964012 963122 2026-10-06T19:21:58Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Belajar_Membaca_Al-Qur%27an.jpg |thumb| Wata yarinya a Karanta Alqur'ani Mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba Mirror like.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Allah-green-transparent.svg|thumb]]dakin Allah (S WA)]] [[Fayil:Modern Makkah.JPG|thumb|gurin ibadan musulmai]] <ref name=":0">https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref>'''Addinin Musulunci''' (Islama;<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, [[Turanci]]: Islam) Shi ne shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai [[Allah]], kuma [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S A W) bawan Allah ne kuma manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref><ref>https://www.islamic‑relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge‑base/five‑pillars‑of‑islam/shahada/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada</ref><ref>https://fredericksburgmuslimcommunity.org/shahada‑declaration‑of‑faith/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.quransheikh.com/shahada‑five‑pillars‑of‑islam/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.muhammadiah.com/en/shahada/</ref> Addinin yana da alaƙa da [[Annabi Ibrahim]] kuma ya ƙunshi hukunce-hukunce daga [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] da kuma koyarwar Manzon tsira Annabi Muhammad (s a w) wanda shine ya zo da littafin sannan akwai aƙalla mabiya addinin [[musulunci]] mutum biliyan ɗaya da ɗugo tara (1.9B). Addinin musulunci shine addini na biyu dangane da yawan mabiya bayan addinin [[Kirista]].<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/islam/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S AW) tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi,<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam</ref> shine manzo wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na ƙarshen/cikamakin annabawa a Duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk faɗin ƙasashen Duniya kuma mafiya yawa su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yankin Afirka ta arewa waɗanda mafi yawancinsu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai ɗinbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a faɗin duniya.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref> Ma'anar addinin Musulunci shine yarda da miƙa wuya da kaɗaita [[Allah]] Maɗaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) Manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/</ref><ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-24 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101205/https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.educaislam.com/basic/shahadah-declaration-of-faith/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa addinin Musulunci shine cikakken addini kuma addini na gaskiya wanda aka turo [[Annabi|Annabawa da manzanni]] da yawa a baya, wanda suka haɗa da kakanmu [[Adamu a Musulunci|Annabi Adamu]], Annabi Nuhu, [[Annabi Ibrahim]], [[Annabi Musa]] da kuma [[Annabi Isah]].<ref>https://qurantutorsacademy.com/islam/islam-and-prophets/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref><ref>https://islamic-invitation.com/article/details/English/155/Islam-Is-the-Religion-of-All-the-Prophets</ref><ref>https://americanislamicoutreach.org/islam-and-prophets/</ref> Addinin musulumci addinine dake wanzar da zaman lafiya nuna so ah jama'ah yakan numah hanyah mafi sauqi don gudanar da inadah domin samun rabauta aranar qarshen. Musulmai sunyi ittifaqi kan chewah musulumci itache hanyah mafi dachewah ga dukkan bayi subi domin rabauta dakumah bautar mahalinchi ta hanyar dayah dache. = Chikah chinkan musulumci guda biyarr ne 5 = ==== .shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskia sai allah annabi Muhammad bawansa be kumah manzon sane ==== . sannan ah tsaida sallah . kumah ayi azumin watan Ramadan .abada zakah gawanda allah yahorewa . dakumah ziyartar dakin ka'abah ga Wanda yake da hali = Hakah zalikah chikah chinkan Imani guda shida 6. = ==== .Imani da allah ==== .Imani da mala'ikuh .dalutafan da ubangiji ya sauqar .da duk manzannin daya aikoh .Daranar karshe ba shakku .Da kaddara intasauqo ( ta alkhairi koh sharri). Har wa yau, Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alqur'ani maganar Allah ne, kuma saƙon Ubangiji ne na ƙarshe wanda babu tawaya a cikin shi. Tare da Alqur'ani, Musulmai sunyi imani da sauran littattafan da aka turo kamar [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]], Zabura da Injila. Kuma Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammad (SAW)]] shine cikamakin Annabawan Musulunci, kuma ta shine addinin Musulunci ya cika. Koyarwarsa da umurninsa ana ƙiran su da [[Sunnah]] wanda aka rubuta a littattafai da ake ƙira [[Hadisi]], wanda ke koyar da tsarin mulki da rayuwa. ANNABAWA An yi imani da cewa Allah Ta’ala ne ya zaɓi [[annabawa]] (Larabci: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) domin su yi wa’azin saƙon Allah. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan annabawan kuma suna zuwa da sabon littafi, kuma ana kiran su “manzanni” (رسول, rasūl). Musulmai sun gaskata cewa annabawa mutane ne, ba alloli ba. An ce dukkan annabawan sun yi wa’azin saƙon Musulunci guda ɗaya – wato miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah – ga al’ummomi dabam-dabam a zamanin da suka gabata, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ake cewa ya haifar da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin addinai. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur’ani]] ya ambaci sunayen mutane da yawa waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin annabawa a Musulunci, ciki har da Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Dawuda da Isa, alaihimus salam, da sauransu. Labaran da suka shafi annabawan da suka wuce abin da Alqur’ani ya ambata an tattara su kuma an yi nazari a kansu a cikin [[:en:Qisas_al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]] (Labarun Annabawa).<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&redir_esc=y</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Allah Ya aiko Muhammadu (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) a matsayin annabi na ƙarshe (“Hatimin Annabawa”) domin ya isar da cikakken saƙon Musulunci. A Musulunci, misalin rayuwar Muhammadu (S.A.W.) wanda ya zama abin koyi shi ake kira [[sunnah]] (a zahiri “hanyar da aka bi”). Ana ƙarfafa Musulmai su yi koyi da ɗabi’un Muhammadu (S.A.W.) a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma ana ganin sunnah tana da muhimmanci wajen jagorantar fassarar Alqur’ani. Wannan misali an kiyaye shi a cikin hadisai da ake kira hadisi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ruwayoyin maganganunsa, ayyukansa, da halayensa. Hadisi Qudsi wani nau’i ne na hadisi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kalmomin Allah na zahiri da Muhammadu (S.A.W.) ya ruwaito, waɗanda ba sa cikin Alƙur’ani. Hadisi yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu: sarkar masu ruwaya, da ake kira sanad, da kuma ainihin lafazin, da ake kira matn. Akwai hanyoyi dabam-dabam na rarraba ingancin hadisai, inda ma’aunin da aka fi amfani da shi ya kasance: “sahihi” ko “ingantacce” (صحيح, ṣaḥīḥ); “hasan” ko “mai kyau” (حسن, ḥasan); ko “ɗa’if” ko “mai rauni” (ضعيف, ḍaʻīf), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books</ref>da sauransu. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] tarin littattafai ne guda shida, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantattun ruwayoyi a Musuluncin Ahlus-Sunnah. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]], wanda galibi Ahlus-Sunnah suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ingantattun madogara bayan Alƙur’ani. Wani sanannen tushen hadisai kuma shi ne Littattafai Huɗu [[:en:The_Four_Books|(Al-Kutub al-Arba’ah]]), waɗanda ‘yan Shi’a suke ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantaccen tushen hadisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah</ref> ==Manazarta.== == Etimology == A cikin Larabci, ''Musulunci'' ( Arabic ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> shine sunan magana na [[wiktionary:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] wanda ya samo asali daga fi'ilin {{Lang|ar|سلم}} ( {{Transl|ar|salama}} ), daga tushen triliteral {{Lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ( {{Transl|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}} ), wanda ke samar da babban rukuni na kalmomi waɗanda galibi suka shafi ra'ayoyin miƙa kai, aminci, da zaman lafiya. <ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{Cite book|last3=Edward William Lane}}</ref> A cikin mahallin addini, yana nufin mika wuya gaba ɗaya ga nufin [[Allah]] . ''[[Musulmi]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|مُسْلِم}} ), kalmar da ke nufin mai bin Musulunci, ita ce ɓangaren aiki na wannan nau'in fi'ili, kuma tana nufin "miƙa wuya (ga Allah)" ko "wanda ya miƙa wuya (ga Allah)". Duk da haka, masanin nazarin Alƙur'ani Mohsen Goudarzi ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin Alƙur'ani kalmar ''dīn'' tana nufin " bauta ", ''Musulunci'' yana nufin " tauhidi " kuma ''musulmi'' yana nufin "mai tauhidi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin Hadisin Jibra'ilu, an gabatar da ''Musulunci'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya haɗa da {{Transl|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (imani), da {{Transl|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (kyakkyawa). [ 19 ] Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. == Influences on other religions == Ko ƙungiyoyi irin su [[Druze]], Berghouata da Ha-Mim, ko dai sun fito ne daga Islama ko kuma sun zo su raba wasu imani tare da Islama, kuma ko kowannensu addini ne daban ko ƙungiyar Islama ra'ayoyi ne masu rikitarwa. Bangaskiyar Druze ta ci gaba da rabuwa da Isma'ili yayin da ta haɓaka koyarwarta ta musamman, kuma a ƙarshe ta rabu da Ismāʿīlīsm da Islama gaba ɗaya; waɗannan sun haɗa da imanin cewa Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh Allah ne mai jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryer |first=David R. W. |year=1975 |title=The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |journal=[[Der Islam]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–262 |doi=10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |issn=1613-0928 |s2cid=162363556 |url-access=subscription |ref={{harvid|Bryer|1975b}}}}</ref> Ana ganin Yazdânism a matsayin cakuda na imani na Kurdawa na gida da koyarwar Musulunci ta Sufi da Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya gabatar a [[Kurdistan]] a karni na 12. [[Bábi|Babism]] ya samo asali ne daga Shia goma sha biyu ya wuce ta [[Báb|Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] yayin da daya daga cikin mabiyansa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Bahá'u'lláh|Baha'u'llah]] ya kafa [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Ahl-e Haqq|Yarsanism]], [[Din-i Ilahi]], da Ali-Illahism ana ɗaukar su rabuwa da Islama.<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{Cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref>[511] Sikhism, wanda [[Guru Nanak]] ya kafa a Punjab a ƙarshen karni na 15, Musulunci ne ya rinjayi shi. ==Manazarta == rqfi1eohqy4uzrv42buyfvtnc2xts70 964013 964012 2026-10-06T19:24:25Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Belajar_Membaca_Al-Qur%27an.jpg |thumb| Wata yarinya a Karanta Alqur'ani Mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba Mirror like.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Allah-green-transparent.svg|thumb]]dakin Allah (S WA)]] [[Fayil:Modern Makkah.JPG|thumb|gurin ibadan musulmai]] <ref name=":0">https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref>'''Addinin Musulunci''' (Islama;<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, [[Turanci]]: Islam) Shi ne shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai [[Allah]], kuma [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S A W) bawan Allah ne kuma manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref><ref>https://www.islamic‑relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge‑base/five‑pillars‑of‑islam/shahada/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada</ref><ref>https://fredericksburgmuslimcommunity.org/shahada‑declaration‑of‑faith/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.quransheikh.com/shahada‑five‑pillars‑of‑islam/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.muhammadiah.com/en/shahada/</ref> Addinin yana da alaƙa da [[Annabi Ibrahim]] kuma ya ƙunshi hukunce-hukunce daga [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] da kuma koyarwar Manzon tsira Annabi Muhammad (s a w) wanda shine ya zo da littafin sannan akwai aƙalla mabiya addinin [[musulunci]] mutum biliyan ɗaya da ɗugo tara (1.9B). Addinin musulunci shine addini na biyu dangane da yawan mabiya bayan addinin [[Kirista]].<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/islam/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S AW) tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi,<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam</ref> shine manzo wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na ƙarshen/cikamakin annabawa a Duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai, [[mutum]] da Aljan. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk faɗin ƙasashen Duniya kuma mafiya yawa su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yankin Afirka ta arewa waɗanda mafi yawancinsu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai ɗinbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a faɗin duniya.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref> Ma'anar addinin Musulunci shine yarda da miƙa wuya da kaɗaita [[Allah]] Maɗaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) Manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/</ref><ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-24 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101205/https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.educaislam.com/basic/shahadah-declaration-of-faith/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa addinin Musulunci shine cikakken addini kuma addini na gaskiya wanda aka turo [[Annabi|Annabawa da manzanni]] da yawa a baya, wanda suka haɗa da kakanmu [[Adamu a Musulunci|Annabi Adamu]], Annabi Nuhu, [[Annabi Ibrahim]], [[Annabi Musa]] da kuma [[Annabi Isah]].<ref>https://qurantutorsacademy.com/islam/islam-and-prophets/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref><ref>https://islamic-invitation.com/article/details/English/155/Islam-Is-the-Religion-of-All-the-Prophets</ref><ref>https://americanislamicoutreach.org/islam-and-prophets/</ref> Addinin musulumci addinine dake wanzar da zaman lafiya nuna so ah jama'ah yakan numah hanyah mafi sauqi don gudanar da inadah domin samun rabauta aranar qarshen. Musulmai sunyi ittifaqi kan chewah musulumci itache hanyah mafi dachewah ga dukkan bayi subi domin rabauta dakumah bautar mahalinchi ta hanyar dayah dache. = Chikah chinkan musulumci guda biyarr ne 5 = ==== .shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskia sai allah annabi Muhammad bawansa be kumah manzon sane ==== . sannan ah tsaida sallah . kumah ayi azumin watan Ramadan .abada zakah gawanda allah yahorewa . dakumah ziyartar dakin ka'abah ga Wanda yake da hali = Hakah zalikah chikah chinkan Imani guda shida 6. = ==== .Imani da allah ==== .Imani da mala'ikuh .dalutafan da ubangiji ya sauqar .da duk manzannin daya aikoh .Daranar karshe ba shakku .Da kaddara intasauqo ( ta alkhairi koh sharri). Har wa yau, Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alqur'ani maganar Allah ne, kuma saƙon Ubangiji ne na ƙarshe wanda babu tawaya a cikin shi. Tare da Alqur'ani, Musulmai sunyi imani da sauran littattafan da aka turo kamar [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]], Zabura da Injila. Kuma Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammad (SAW)]] shine cikamakin Annabawan Musulunci, kuma ta shine addinin Musulunci ya cika. Koyarwarsa da umurninsa ana ƙiran su da [[Sunnah]] wanda aka rubuta a littattafai da ake ƙira [[Hadisi]], wanda ke koyar da tsarin mulki da rayuwa. ANNABAWA An yi imani da cewa Allah Ta’ala ne ya zaɓi [[annabawa]] (Larabci: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) domin su yi wa’azin saƙon Allah. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan annabawan kuma suna zuwa da sabon littafi, kuma ana kiran su “manzanni” (رسول, rasūl). Musulmai sun gaskata cewa annabawa mutane ne, ba alloli ba. An ce dukkan annabawan sun yi wa’azin saƙon Musulunci guda ɗaya – wato miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah – ga al’ummomi dabam-dabam a zamanin da suka gabata, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ake cewa ya haifar da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin addinai. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur’ani]] ya ambaci sunayen mutane da yawa waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin annabawa a Musulunci, ciki har da Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Dawuda da Isa, alaihimus salam, da sauransu. Labaran da suka shafi annabawan da suka wuce abin da Alqur’ani ya ambata an tattara su kuma an yi nazari a kansu a cikin [[:en:Qisas_al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]] (Labarun Annabawa).<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&redir_esc=y</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Allah Ya aiko Muhammadu (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) a matsayin annabi na ƙarshe (“Hatimin Annabawa”) domin ya isar da cikakken saƙon Musulunci. A Musulunci, misalin rayuwar Muhammadu (S.A.W.) wanda ya zama abin koyi shi ake kira [[sunnah]] (a zahiri “hanyar da aka bi”). Ana ƙarfafa Musulmai su yi koyi da ɗabi’un Muhammadu (S.A.W.) a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma ana ganin sunnah tana da muhimmanci wajen jagorantar fassarar Alqur’ani. Wannan misali an kiyaye shi a cikin hadisai da ake kira hadisi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ruwayoyin maganganunsa, ayyukansa, da halayensa. Hadisi Qudsi wani nau’i ne na hadisi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kalmomin Allah na zahiri da Muhammadu (S.A.W.) ya ruwaito, waɗanda ba sa cikin Alƙur’ani. Hadisi yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu: sarkar masu ruwaya, da ake kira sanad, da kuma ainihin lafazin, da ake kira matn. Akwai hanyoyi dabam-dabam na rarraba ingancin hadisai, inda ma’aunin da aka fi amfani da shi ya kasance: “sahihi” ko “ingantacce” (صحيح, ṣaḥīḥ); “hasan” ko “mai kyau” (حسن, ḥasan); ko “ɗa’if” ko “mai rauni” (ضعيف, ḍaʻīf), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books</ref>da sauransu. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] tarin littattafai ne guda shida, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantattun ruwayoyi a Musuluncin Ahlus-Sunnah. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]], wanda galibi Ahlus-Sunnah suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ingantattun madogara bayan Alƙur’ani. Wani sanannen tushen hadisai kuma shi ne Littattafai Huɗu [[:en:The_Four_Books|(Al-Kutub al-Arba’ah]]), waɗanda ‘yan Shi’a suke ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantaccen tushen hadisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah</ref> ==Manazarta.== == Etimology == A cikin Larabci, ''Musulunci'' ( Arabic ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> shine sunan magana na [[wiktionary:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] wanda ya samo asali daga fi'ilin {{Lang|ar|سلم}} ( {{Transl|ar|salama}} ), daga tushen triliteral {{Lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ( {{Transl|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}} ), wanda ke samar da babban rukuni na kalmomi waɗanda galibi suka shafi ra'ayoyin miƙa kai, aminci, da zaman lafiya. <ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{Cite book|last3=Edward William Lane}}</ref> A cikin mahallin addini, yana nufin mika wuya gaba ɗaya ga nufin [[Allah]] . ''[[Musulmi]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|مُسْلِم}} ), kalmar da ke nufin mai bin Musulunci, ita ce ɓangaren aiki na wannan nau'in fi'ili, kuma tana nufin "miƙa wuya (ga Allah)" ko "wanda ya miƙa wuya (ga Allah)". Duk da haka, masanin nazarin Alƙur'ani Mohsen Goudarzi ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin Alƙur'ani kalmar ''dīn'' tana nufin " bauta ", ''Musulunci'' yana nufin " tauhidi " kuma ''musulmi'' yana nufin "mai tauhidi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin Hadisin Jibra'ilu, an gabatar da ''Musulunci'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya haɗa da {{Transl|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (imani), da {{Transl|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (kyakkyawa). [ 19 ] Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. == Influences on other religions == Ko ƙungiyoyi irin su [[Druze]], Berghouata da Ha-Mim, ko dai sun fito ne daga Islama ko kuma sun zo su raba wasu imani tare da Islama, kuma ko kowannensu addini ne daban ko ƙungiyar Islama ra'ayoyi ne masu rikitarwa. Bangaskiyar Druze ta ci gaba da rabuwa da Isma'ili yayin da ta haɓaka koyarwarta ta musamman, kuma a ƙarshe ta rabu da Ismāʿīlīsm da Islama gaba ɗaya; waɗannan sun haɗa da imanin cewa Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh Allah ne mai jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryer |first=David R. W. |year=1975 |title=The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |journal=[[Der Islam]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–262 |doi=10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |issn=1613-0928 |s2cid=162363556 |url-access=subscription |ref={{harvid|Bryer|1975b}}}}</ref> Ana ganin Yazdânism a matsayin cakuda na imani na Kurdawa na gida da koyarwar Musulunci ta Sufi da Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya gabatar a [[Kurdistan]] a karni na 12. [[Bábi|Babism]] ya samo asali ne daga Shia goma sha biyu ya wuce ta [[Báb|Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] yayin da daya daga cikin mabiyansa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Bahá'u'lláh|Baha'u'llah]] ya kafa [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Ahl-e Haqq|Yarsanism]], [[Din-i Ilahi]], da Ali-Illahism ana ɗaukar su rabuwa da Islama.<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{Cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref>[511] Sikhism, wanda [[Guru Nanak]] ya kafa a Punjab a ƙarshen karni na 15, Musulunci ne ya rinjayi shi. ==Manazarta == eo6gnfq96edmt7o65ro7d5j5e5af459 964014 964013 2026-10-06T19:25:49Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Belajar_Membaca_Al-Qur%27an.jpg |thumb| Wata yarinya a Karanta Alqur'ani Mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba Mirror like.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Allah-green-transparent.svg|thumb]]dakin Allah (S WA)]] [[Fayil:Modern Makkah.JPG|thumb|gurin ibadan musulmai]] <ref name=":0">https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref>'''Addinin Musulunci''' (Islama;<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, [[Turanci]]: Islam) Shi ne shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai [[Allah]], kuma [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S A W) bawan Allah ne kuma manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref><ref>https://www.islamic‑relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge‑base/five‑pillars‑of‑islam/shahada/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada</ref><ref>https://fredericksburgmuslimcommunity.org/shahada‑declaration‑of‑faith/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.quransheikh.com/shahada‑five‑pillars‑of‑islam/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.muhammadiah.com/en/shahada/</ref> Addinin yana da alaƙa da [[Annabi Ibrahim]] kuma ya ƙunshi hukunce-hukunce daga [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] da kuma koyarwar Manzon tsira Annabi Muhammad (s a w) wanda shine ya zo da littafin sannan akwai aƙalla mabiya addinin [[musulunci]] mutum biliyan ɗaya da ɗugo tara (1.9B). Addinin musulunci shine addini na biyu dangane da yawan mabiya bayan addinin [[Kirista]].<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/islam/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S AW) tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi,<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam</ref> shine manzo wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na ƙarshen/cikamakin annabawa a Duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai, [[mutum]] da [[Aljan]]. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk faɗin ƙasashen Duniya kuma mafiya yawa su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yankin Afirka ta arewa waɗanda mafi yawancinsu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai ɗinbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a faɗin duniya.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref> Ma'anar addinin Musulunci shine yarda da miƙa wuya da kaɗaita [[Allah]] Maɗaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) Manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/</ref><ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-24 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101205/https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.educaislam.com/basic/shahadah-declaration-of-faith/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa addinin Musulunci shine cikakken addini kuma addini na gaskiya wanda aka turo [[Annabi|Annabawa da manzanni]] da yawa a baya, wanda suka haɗa da kakanmu [[Adamu a Musulunci|Annabi Adamu]], Annabi Nuhu, [[Annabi Ibrahim]], [[Annabi Musa]] da kuma [[Annabi Isah]].<ref>https://qurantutorsacademy.com/islam/islam-and-prophets/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref><ref>https://islamic-invitation.com/article/details/English/155/Islam-Is-the-Religion-of-All-the-Prophets</ref><ref>https://americanislamicoutreach.org/islam-and-prophets/</ref> Addinin musulumci addinine dake wanzar da zaman lafiya nuna so ah jama'ah yakan numah hanyah mafi sauqi don gudanar da inadah domin samun rabauta aranar qarshen. Musulmai sunyi ittifaqi kan chewah musulumci itache hanyah mafi dachewah ga dukkan bayi subi domin rabauta dakumah bautar mahalinchi ta hanyar dayah dache. = Chikah chinkan musulumci guda biyarr ne 5 = ==== .shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskia sai allah annabi Muhammad bawansa be kumah manzon sane ==== . sannan ah tsaida sallah . kumah ayi azumin watan Ramadan .abada zakah gawanda allah yahorewa . dakumah ziyartar dakin ka'abah ga Wanda yake da hali = Hakah zalikah chikah chinkan Imani guda shida 6. = ==== .Imani da allah ==== .Imani da mala'ikuh .dalutafan da ubangiji ya sauqar .da duk manzannin daya aikoh .Daranar karshe ba shakku .Da kaddara intasauqo ( ta alkhairi koh sharri). Har wa yau, Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alqur'ani maganar Allah ne, kuma saƙon Ubangiji ne na ƙarshe wanda babu tawaya a cikin shi. Tare da Alqur'ani, Musulmai sunyi imani da sauran littattafan da aka turo kamar [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]], Zabura da Injila. Kuma Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammad (SAW)]] shine cikamakin Annabawan Musulunci, kuma ta shine addinin Musulunci ya cika. Koyarwarsa da umurninsa ana ƙiran su da [[Sunnah]] wanda aka rubuta a littattafai da ake ƙira [[Hadisi]], wanda ke koyar da tsarin mulki da rayuwa. ANNABAWA An yi imani da cewa Allah Ta’ala ne ya zaɓi [[annabawa]] (Larabci: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) domin su yi wa’azin saƙon Allah. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan annabawan kuma suna zuwa da sabon littafi, kuma ana kiran su “manzanni” (رسول, rasūl). Musulmai sun gaskata cewa annabawa mutane ne, ba alloli ba. An ce dukkan annabawan sun yi wa’azin saƙon Musulunci guda ɗaya – wato miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah – ga al’ummomi dabam-dabam a zamanin da suka gabata, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ake cewa ya haifar da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin addinai. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur’ani]] ya ambaci sunayen mutane da yawa waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin annabawa a Musulunci, ciki har da Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Dawuda da Isa, alaihimus salam, da sauransu. Labaran da suka shafi annabawan da suka wuce abin da Alqur’ani ya ambata an tattara su kuma an yi nazari a kansu a cikin [[:en:Qisas_al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]] (Labarun Annabawa).<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&redir_esc=y</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Allah Ya aiko Muhammadu (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) a matsayin annabi na ƙarshe (“Hatimin Annabawa”) domin ya isar da cikakken saƙon Musulunci. A Musulunci, misalin rayuwar Muhammadu (S.A.W.) wanda ya zama abin koyi shi ake kira [[sunnah]] (a zahiri “hanyar da aka bi”). Ana ƙarfafa Musulmai su yi koyi da ɗabi’un Muhammadu (S.A.W.) a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma ana ganin sunnah tana da muhimmanci wajen jagorantar fassarar Alqur’ani. Wannan misali an kiyaye shi a cikin hadisai da ake kira hadisi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ruwayoyin maganganunsa, ayyukansa, da halayensa. Hadisi Qudsi wani nau’i ne na hadisi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kalmomin Allah na zahiri da Muhammadu (S.A.W.) ya ruwaito, waɗanda ba sa cikin Alƙur’ani. Hadisi yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu: sarkar masu ruwaya, da ake kira sanad, da kuma ainihin lafazin, da ake kira matn. Akwai hanyoyi dabam-dabam na rarraba ingancin hadisai, inda ma’aunin da aka fi amfani da shi ya kasance: “sahihi” ko “ingantacce” (صحيح, ṣaḥīḥ); “hasan” ko “mai kyau” (حسن, ḥasan); ko “ɗa’if” ko “mai rauni” (ضعيف, ḍaʻīf), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books</ref>da sauransu. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] tarin littattafai ne guda shida, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantattun ruwayoyi a Musuluncin Ahlus-Sunnah. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]], wanda galibi Ahlus-Sunnah suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ingantattun madogara bayan Alƙur’ani. Wani sanannen tushen hadisai kuma shi ne Littattafai Huɗu [[:en:The_Four_Books|(Al-Kutub al-Arba’ah]]), waɗanda ‘yan Shi’a suke ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantaccen tushen hadisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah</ref> ==Manazarta.== == Etimology == A cikin Larabci, ''Musulunci'' ( Arabic ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> shine sunan magana na [[wiktionary:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] wanda ya samo asali daga fi'ilin {{Lang|ar|سلم}} ( {{Transl|ar|salama}} ), daga tushen triliteral {{Lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ( {{Transl|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}} ), wanda ke samar da babban rukuni na kalmomi waɗanda galibi suka shafi ra'ayoyin miƙa kai, aminci, da zaman lafiya. <ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{Cite book|last3=Edward William Lane}}</ref> A cikin mahallin addini, yana nufin mika wuya gaba ɗaya ga nufin [[Allah]] . ''[[Musulmi]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|مُسْلِم}} ), kalmar da ke nufin mai bin Musulunci, ita ce ɓangaren aiki na wannan nau'in fi'ili, kuma tana nufin "miƙa wuya (ga Allah)" ko "wanda ya miƙa wuya (ga Allah)". Duk da haka, masanin nazarin Alƙur'ani Mohsen Goudarzi ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin Alƙur'ani kalmar ''dīn'' tana nufin " bauta ", ''Musulunci'' yana nufin " tauhidi " kuma ''musulmi'' yana nufin "mai tauhidi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin Hadisin Jibra'ilu, an gabatar da ''Musulunci'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya haɗa da {{Transl|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (imani), da {{Transl|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (kyakkyawa). [ 19 ] Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. == Influences on other religions == Ko ƙungiyoyi irin su [[Druze]], Berghouata da Ha-Mim, ko dai sun fito ne daga Islama ko kuma sun zo su raba wasu imani tare da Islama, kuma ko kowannensu addini ne daban ko ƙungiyar Islama ra'ayoyi ne masu rikitarwa. Bangaskiyar Druze ta ci gaba da rabuwa da Isma'ili yayin da ta haɓaka koyarwarta ta musamman, kuma a ƙarshe ta rabu da Ismāʿīlīsm da Islama gaba ɗaya; waɗannan sun haɗa da imanin cewa Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh Allah ne mai jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryer |first=David R. W. |year=1975 |title=The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |journal=[[Der Islam]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–262 |doi=10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |issn=1613-0928 |s2cid=162363556 |url-access=subscription |ref={{harvid|Bryer|1975b}}}}</ref> Ana ganin Yazdânism a matsayin cakuda na imani na Kurdawa na gida da koyarwar Musulunci ta Sufi da Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya gabatar a [[Kurdistan]] a karni na 12. [[Bábi|Babism]] ya samo asali ne daga Shia goma sha biyu ya wuce ta [[Báb|Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] yayin da daya daga cikin mabiyansa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Bahá'u'lláh|Baha'u'llah]] ya kafa [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Ahl-e Haqq|Yarsanism]], [[Din-i Ilahi]], da Ali-Illahism ana ɗaukar su rabuwa da Islama.<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{Cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref>[511] Sikhism, wanda [[Guru Nanak]] ya kafa a Punjab a ƙarshen karni na 15, Musulunci ne ya rinjayi shi. ==Manazarta == inl5nj9k3fhy18yf3goezpay5iy2voq 964016 964014 2026-10-06T19:33:04Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Belajar_Membaca_Al-Qur%27an.jpg |thumb| Wata yarinya a Karanta Alqur'ani Mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba Mirror like.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Allah-green-transparent.svg|thumb]]dakin Allah (S WA)]] [[Fayil:Modern Makkah.JPG|thumb|gurin ibadan musulmai]] <ref name=":0">https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref>'''Addinin Musulunci''' (Islama;<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, [[Turanci]]: Islam) Shi ne shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai [[Allah]], kuma [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S A W) bawan Allah ne kuma manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref><ref>https://www.islamic‑relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge‑base/five‑pillars‑of‑islam/shahada/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada</ref><ref>https://fredericksburgmuslimcommunity.org/shahada‑declaration‑of‑faith/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.quransheikh.com/shahada‑five‑pillars‑of‑islam/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.muhammadiah.com/en/shahada/</ref> Addinin yana da alaƙa da [[Annabi Ibrahim]] kuma ya ƙunshi hukunce-hukunce daga [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] da kuma koyarwar Manzon tsira Annabi Muhammad (s a w) wanda shine ya zo da littafin sannan akwai aƙalla mabiya addinin [[musulunci]] mutum biliyan ɗaya da ɗugo tara (1.9B). Addinin musulunci shine addini na biyu dangane da yawan mabiya bayan addinin [[Kirista]].<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/islam/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S AW) tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi,<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam</ref> shine manzo wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na ƙarshen/cikamakin annabawa a Duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai, [[mutum]] da [[Aljan]]. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk faɗin ƙasashen Duniya kuma mafiya yawa su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yankin Afirka ta arewa waɗanda mafi yawancinsu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai ɗinbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a faɗin duniya.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref> Ma'anar addinin Musulunci shine yarda da miƙa wuya da kaɗaita [[Allah]] Maɗaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) Manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/</ref><ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-24 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101205/https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.educaislam.com/basic/shahadah-declaration-of-faith/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa addinin Musulunci shine cikakken addini kuma addini na gaskiya wanda aka turo [[Annabi|Annabawa da manzanni]] da yawa a baya, wanda suka haɗa da kakanmu [[Adamu a Musulunci|Annabi Adamu]], [[Annabi Sulaiman|annabi sulaiman]] Nuhu, [[Annabi Ibrahim]], [[Annabi Musa]] da kuma [[Annabi Isah]].<ref>https://qurantutorsacademy.com/islam/islam-and-prophets/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref><ref>https://islamic-invitation.com/article/details/English/155/Islam-Is-the-Religion-of-All-the-Prophets</ref><ref>https://americanislamicoutreach.org/islam-and-prophets/</ref> Addinin musulumci addinine dake wanzar da zaman lafiya nuna so ah jama'ah yakan numah hanyah mafi sauqi don gudanar da inadah domin samun rabauta aranar qarshen. Musulmai sunyi ittifaqi kan chewah musulumci itache hanyah mafi dachewah ga dukkan bayi subi domin rabauta dakumah bautar mahalinchi ta hanyar dayah dache. = Chikah chinkan musulumci guda biyarr ne 5 = ==== .shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskia sai allah annabi Muhammad bawansa be kumah manzon sane ==== . sannan ah tsaida sallah . kumah ayi azumin watan Ramadan .abada zakah gawanda allah yahorewa . dakumah ziyartar dakin ka'abah ga Wanda yake da hali = Hakah zalikah chikah chinkan Imani guda shida 6. = ==== .Imani da allah ==== .Imani da mala'ikuh .dalutafan da ubangiji ya sauqar .da duk manzannin daya aikoh .Daranar karshe ba shakku .Da kaddara intasauqo ( ta alkhairi koh sharri). Har wa yau, Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alqur'ani maganar Allah ne, kuma saƙon Ubangiji ne na ƙarshe wanda babu tawaya a cikin shi. Tare da Alqur'ani, Musulmai sunyi imani da sauran littattafan da aka turo kamar [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]], Zabura da Injila. Kuma Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammad (SAW)]] shine cikamakin Annabawan Musulunci, kuma ta shine addinin Musulunci ya cika. Koyarwarsa da umurninsa ana ƙiran su da [[Sunnah]] wanda aka rubuta a littattafai da ake ƙira [[Hadisi]], wanda ke koyar da tsarin mulki da rayuwa. ANNABAWA An yi imani da cewa Allah Ta’ala ne ya zaɓi [[annabawa]] (Larabci: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) domin su yi wa’azin saƙon Allah. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan annabawan kuma suna zuwa da sabon littafi, kuma ana kiran su “manzanni” (رسول, rasūl). Musulmai sun gaskata cewa annabawa mutane ne, ba alloli ba. An ce dukkan annabawan sun yi wa’azin saƙon Musulunci guda ɗaya – wato miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah – ga al’ummomi dabam-dabam a zamanin da suka gabata, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ake cewa ya haifar da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin addinai. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur’ani]] ya ambaci sunayen mutane da yawa waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin annabawa a Musulunci, ciki har da Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Dawuda da Isa, alaihimus salam, da sauransu. Labaran da suka shafi annabawan da suka wuce abin da Alqur’ani ya ambata an tattara su kuma an yi nazari a kansu a cikin [[:en:Qisas_al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]] (Labarun Annabawa).<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&redir_esc=y</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Allah Ya aiko Muhammadu (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) a matsayin annabi na ƙarshe (“Hatimin Annabawa”) domin ya isar da cikakken saƙon Musulunci. A Musulunci, misalin rayuwar Muhammadu (S.A.W.) wanda ya zama abin koyi shi ake kira [[sunnah]] (a zahiri “hanyar da aka bi”). Ana ƙarfafa Musulmai su yi koyi da ɗabi’un Muhammadu (S.A.W.) a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma ana ganin sunnah tana da muhimmanci wajen jagorantar fassarar Alqur’ani. Wannan misali an kiyaye shi a cikin hadisai da ake kira hadisi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ruwayoyin maganganunsa, ayyukansa, da halayensa. Hadisi Qudsi wani nau’i ne na hadisi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kalmomin Allah na zahiri da Muhammadu (S.A.W.) ya ruwaito, waɗanda ba sa cikin Alƙur’ani. Hadisi yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu: sarkar masu ruwaya, da ake kira sanad, da kuma ainihin lafazin, da ake kira matn. Akwai hanyoyi dabam-dabam na rarraba ingancin hadisai, inda ma’aunin da aka fi amfani da shi ya kasance: “sahihi” ko “ingantacce” (صحيح, ṣaḥīḥ); “hasan” ko “mai kyau” (حسن, ḥasan); ko “ɗa’if” ko “mai rauni” (ضعيف, ḍaʻīf), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books</ref>da sauransu. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] tarin littattafai ne guda shida, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantattun ruwayoyi a Musuluncin Ahlus-Sunnah. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]], wanda galibi Ahlus-Sunnah suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ingantattun madogara bayan Alƙur’ani. Wani sanannen tushen hadisai kuma shi ne Littattafai Huɗu [[:en:The_Four_Books|(Al-Kutub al-Arba’ah]]), waɗanda ‘yan Shi’a suke ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantaccen tushen hadisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah</ref> ==Manazarta.== == Etimology == A cikin Larabci, ''Musulunci'' ( Arabic ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> shine sunan magana na [[wiktionary:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] wanda ya samo asali daga fi'ilin {{Lang|ar|سلم}} ( {{Transl|ar|salama}} ), daga tushen triliteral {{Lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ( {{Transl|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}} ), wanda ke samar da babban rukuni na kalmomi waɗanda galibi suka shafi ra'ayoyin miƙa kai, aminci, da zaman lafiya. <ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{Cite book|last3=Edward William Lane}}</ref> A cikin mahallin addini, yana nufin mika wuya gaba ɗaya ga nufin [[Allah]] . ''[[Musulmi]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|مُسْلِم}} ), kalmar da ke nufin mai bin Musulunci, ita ce ɓangaren aiki na wannan nau'in fi'ili, kuma tana nufin "miƙa wuya (ga Allah)" ko "wanda ya miƙa wuya (ga Allah)". Duk da haka, masanin nazarin Alƙur'ani Mohsen Goudarzi ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin Alƙur'ani kalmar ''dīn'' tana nufin " bauta ", ''Musulunci'' yana nufin " tauhidi " kuma ''musulmi'' yana nufin "mai tauhidi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin Hadisin Jibra'ilu, an gabatar da ''Musulunci'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya haɗa da {{Transl|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (imani), da {{Transl|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (kyakkyawa). [ 19 ] Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. == Influences on other religions == Ko ƙungiyoyi irin su [[Druze]], Berghouata da Ha-Mim, ko dai sun fito ne daga Islama ko kuma sun zo su raba wasu imani tare da Islama, kuma ko kowannensu addini ne daban ko ƙungiyar Islama ra'ayoyi ne masu rikitarwa. Bangaskiyar Druze ta ci gaba da rabuwa da Isma'ili yayin da ta haɓaka koyarwarta ta musamman, kuma a ƙarshe ta rabu da Ismāʿīlīsm da Islama gaba ɗaya; waɗannan sun haɗa da imanin cewa Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh Allah ne mai jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryer |first=David R. W. |year=1975 |title=The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |journal=[[Der Islam]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–262 |doi=10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |issn=1613-0928 |s2cid=162363556 |url-access=subscription |ref={{harvid|Bryer|1975b}}}}</ref> Ana ganin Yazdânism a matsayin cakuda na imani na Kurdawa na gida da koyarwar Musulunci ta Sufi da Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya gabatar a [[Kurdistan]] a karni na 12. [[Bábi|Babism]] ya samo asali ne daga Shia goma sha biyu ya wuce ta [[Báb|Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] yayin da daya daga cikin mabiyansa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Bahá'u'lláh|Baha'u'llah]] ya kafa [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Ahl-e Haqq|Yarsanism]], [[Din-i Ilahi]], da Ali-Illahism ana ɗaukar su rabuwa da Islama.<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{Cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref>[511] Sikhism, wanda [[Guru Nanak]] ya kafa a Punjab a ƙarshen karni na 15, Musulunci ne ya rinjayi shi. ==Manazarta == iwrzt9dpc64sadzfyvfft6jw3vfxv5y 964017 964016 2026-10-06T19:33:38Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Belajar_Membaca_Al-Qur%27an.jpg |thumb| Wata yarinya a Karanta Alqur'ani Mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba Mirror like.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Allah-green-transparent.svg|thumb]]dakin Allah (S WA)]] [[Fayil:Modern Makkah.JPG|thumb|gurin ibadan musulmai]] <ref name=":0">https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref>'''Addinin Musulunci''' (Islama;<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, [[Turanci]]: Islam) Shi ne shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai [[Allah]], kuma [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S A W) bawan Allah ne kuma manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref><ref>https://www.islamic‑relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge‑base/five‑pillars‑of‑islam/shahada/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada</ref><ref>https://fredericksburgmuslimcommunity.org/shahada‑declaration‑of‑faith/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.quransheikh.com/shahada‑five‑pillars‑of‑islam/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.muhammadiah.com/en/shahada/</ref> Addinin yana da alaƙa da [[Annabi Ibrahim]] kuma ya ƙunshi hukunce-hukunce daga [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] da kuma koyarwar Manzon tsira Annabi Muhammad (s a w) wanda shine ya zo da littafin sannan akwai aƙalla mabiya addinin [[musulunci]] mutum biliyan ɗaya da ɗugo tara (1.9B). Addinin musulunci shine addini na biyu dangane da yawan mabiya bayan addinin [[Kirista]].<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/islam/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S AW) tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi,<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam</ref> shine manzo wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na ƙarshen/cikamakin annabawa a Duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai, [[mutum]] da [[Aljan]]. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk faɗin ƙasashen Duniya kuma mafiya yawa su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yankin Afirka ta arewa waɗanda mafi yawancinsu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai ɗinbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a faɗin duniya.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref> Ma'anar addinin Musulunci shine yarda da miƙa wuya da kaɗaita [[Allah]] Maɗaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) Manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/</ref><ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-24 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101205/https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.educaislam.com/basic/shahadah-declaration-of-faith/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa addinin Musulunci shine cikakken addini kuma addini na gaskiya wanda aka turo [[Annabi|Annabawa da manzanni]] da yawa a baya, wanda suka haɗa da kakanmu [[Adamu a Musulunci|Annabi Adamu]], [[Annabi Sulaiman|annabi sulaiman]] annabiNuhu, [[Annabi Ibrahim]], [[Annabi Musa]] da kuma [[Annabi Isah]].<ref>https://qurantutorsacademy.com/islam/islam-and-prophets/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref><ref>https://islamic-invitation.com/article/details/English/155/Islam-Is-the-Religion-of-All-the-Prophets</ref><ref>https://americanislamicoutreach.org/islam-and-prophets/</ref> Addinin musulumci addinine dake wanzar da zaman lafiya nuna so ah jama'ah yakan numah hanyah mafi sauqi don gudanar da inadah domin samun rabauta aranar qarshen. Musulmai sunyi ittifaqi kan chewah musulumci itache hanyah mafi dachewah ga dukkan bayi subi domin rabauta dakumah bautar mahalinchi ta hanyar dayah dache. = Chikah chinkan musulumci guda biyarr ne 5 = ==== .shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskia sai allah annabi Muhammad bawansa be kumah manzon sane ==== . sannan ah tsaida sallah . kumah ayi azumin watan Ramadan .abada zakah gawanda allah yahorewa . dakumah ziyartar dakin ka'abah ga Wanda yake da hali = Hakah zalikah chikah chinkan Imani guda shida 6. = ==== .Imani da allah ==== .Imani da mala'ikuh .dalutafan da ubangiji ya sauqar .da duk manzannin daya aikoh .Daranar karshe ba shakku .Da kaddara intasauqo ( ta alkhairi koh sharri). Har wa yau, Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alqur'ani maganar Allah ne, kuma saƙon Ubangiji ne na ƙarshe wanda babu tawaya a cikin shi. Tare da Alqur'ani, Musulmai sunyi imani da sauran littattafan da aka turo kamar [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]], Zabura da Injila. Kuma Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammad (SAW)]] shine cikamakin Annabawan Musulunci, kuma ta shine addinin Musulunci ya cika. Koyarwarsa da umurninsa ana ƙiran su da [[Sunnah]] wanda aka rubuta a littattafai da ake ƙira [[Hadisi]], wanda ke koyar da tsarin mulki da rayuwa. ANNABAWA An yi imani da cewa Allah Ta’ala ne ya zaɓi [[annabawa]] (Larabci: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) domin su yi wa’azin saƙon Allah. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan annabawan kuma suna zuwa da sabon littafi, kuma ana kiran su “manzanni” (رسول, rasūl). Musulmai sun gaskata cewa annabawa mutane ne, ba alloli ba. An ce dukkan annabawan sun yi wa’azin saƙon Musulunci guda ɗaya – wato miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah – ga al’ummomi dabam-dabam a zamanin da suka gabata, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ake cewa ya haifar da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin addinai. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur’ani]] ya ambaci sunayen mutane da yawa waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin annabawa a Musulunci, ciki har da Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Dawuda da Isa, alaihimus salam, da sauransu. Labaran da suka shafi annabawan da suka wuce abin da Alqur’ani ya ambata an tattara su kuma an yi nazari a kansu a cikin [[:en:Qisas_al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]] (Labarun Annabawa).<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&redir_esc=y</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Allah Ya aiko Muhammadu (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) a matsayin annabi na ƙarshe (“Hatimin Annabawa”) domin ya isar da cikakken saƙon Musulunci. A Musulunci, misalin rayuwar Muhammadu (S.A.W.) wanda ya zama abin koyi shi ake kira [[sunnah]] (a zahiri “hanyar da aka bi”). Ana ƙarfafa Musulmai su yi koyi da ɗabi’un Muhammadu (S.A.W.) a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma ana ganin sunnah tana da muhimmanci wajen jagorantar fassarar Alqur’ani. Wannan misali an kiyaye shi a cikin hadisai da ake kira hadisi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ruwayoyin maganganunsa, ayyukansa, da halayensa. Hadisi Qudsi wani nau’i ne na hadisi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kalmomin Allah na zahiri da Muhammadu (S.A.W.) ya ruwaito, waɗanda ba sa cikin Alƙur’ani. Hadisi yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu: sarkar masu ruwaya, da ake kira sanad, da kuma ainihin lafazin, da ake kira matn. Akwai hanyoyi dabam-dabam na rarraba ingancin hadisai, inda ma’aunin da aka fi amfani da shi ya kasance: “sahihi” ko “ingantacce” (صحيح, ṣaḥīḥ); “hasan” ko “mai kyau” (حسن, ḥasan); ko “ɗa’if” ko “mai rauni” (ضعيف, ḍaʻīf), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books</ref>da sauransu. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] tarin littattafai ne guda shida, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantattun ruwayoyi a Musuluncin Ahlus-Sunnah. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]], wanda galibi Ahlus-Sunnah suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ingantattun madogara bayan Alƙur’ani. Wani sanannen tushen hadisai kuma shi ne Littattafai Huɗu [[:en:The_Four_Books|(Al-Kutub al-Arba’ah]]), waɗanda ‘yan Shi’a suke ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantaccen tushen hadisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah</ref> ==Manazarta.== == Etimology == A cikin Larabci, ''Musulunci'' ( Arabic ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> shine sunan magana na [[wiktionary:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] wanda ya samo asali daga fi'ilin {{Lang|ar|سلم}} ( {{Transl|ar|salama}} ), daga tushen triliteral {{Lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ( {{Transl|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}} ), wanda ke samar da babban rukuni na kalmomi waɗanda galibi suka shafi ra'ayoyin miƙa kai, aminci, da zaman lafiya. <ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{Cite book|last3=Edward William Lane}}</ref> A cikin mahallin addini, yana nufin mika wuya gaba ɗaya ga nufin [[Allah]] . ''[[Musulmi]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|مُسْلِم}} ), kalmar da ke nufin mai bin Musulunci, ita ce ɓangaren aiki na wannan nau'in fi'ili, kuma tana nufin "miƙa wuya (ga Allah)" ko "wanda ya miƙa wuya (ga Allah)". Duk da haka, masanin nazarin Alƙur'ani Mohsen Goudarzi ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin Alƙur'ani kalmar ''dīn'' tana nufin " bauta ", ''Musulunci'' yana nufin " tauhidi " kuma ''musulmi'' yana nufin "mai tauhidi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin Hadisin Jibra'ilu, an gabatar da ''Musulunci'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya haɗa da {{Transl|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (imani), da {{Transl|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (kyakkyawa). [ 19 ] Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. == Influences on other religions == Ko ƙungiyoyi irin su [[Druze]], Berghouata da Ha-Mim, ko dai sun fito ne daga Islama ko kuma sun zo su raba wasu imani tare da Islama, kuma ko kowannensu addini ne daban ko ƙungiyar Islama ra'ayoyi ne masu rikitarwa. Bangaskiyar Druze ta ci gaba da rabuwa da Isma'ili yayin da ta haɓaka koyarwarta ta musamman, kuma a ƙarshe ta rabu da Ismāʿīlīsm da Islama gaba ɗaya; waɗannan sun haɗa da imanin cewa Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh Allah ne mai jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryer |first=David R. W. |year=1975 |title=The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |journal=[[Der Islam]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–262 |doi=10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |issn=1613-0928 |s2cid=162363556 |url-access=subscription |ref={{harvid|Bryer|1975b}}}}</ref> Ana ganin Yazdânism a matsayin cakuda na imani na Kurdawa na gida da koyarwar Musulunci ta Sufi da Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya gabatar a [[Kurdistan]] a karni na 12. [[Bábi|Babism]] ya samo asali ne daga Shia goma sha biyu ya wuce ta [[Báb|Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] yayin da daya daga cikin mabiyansa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Bahá'u'lláh|Baha'u'llah]] ya kafa [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Ahl-e Haqq|Yarsanism]], [[Din-i Ilahi]], da Ali-Illahism ana ɗaukar su rabuwa da Islama.<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{Cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref>[511] Sikhism, wanda [[Guru Nanak]] ya kafa a Punjab a ƙarshen karni na 15, Musulunci ne ya rinjayi shi. ==Manazarta == ekc4b61c0j8l00u6b1j6ufaija7ae9a 964018 964017 2026-10-06T19:35:17Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Belajar_Membaca_Al-Qur%27an.jpg |thumb| Wata yarinya a Karanta Alqur'ani Mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba Mirror like.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Allah-green-transparent.svg|thumb]]dakin Allah (S WA)]] [[Fayil:Modern Makkah.JPG|thumb|gurin ibadan musulmai]] <ref name=":0">https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref>'''Addinin Musulunci''' (Islama;<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, [[Turanci]]: Islam) Shi ne shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai [[Allah]], kuma [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S A W) bawan Allah ne kuma manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref><ref>https://www.islamic‑relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge‑base/five‑pillars‑of‑islam/shahada/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada</ref><ref>https://fredericksburgmuslimcommunity.org/shahada‑declaration‑of‑faith/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.quransheikh.com/shahada‑five‑pillars‑of‑islam/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.muhammadiah.com/en/shahada/</ref> Addinin yana da alaƙa da [[Annabi Ibrahim]] kuma ya ƙunshi hukunce-hukunce daga [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] da kuma koyarwar Manzon tsira Annabi Muhammad (s a w) wanda shine ya zo da littafin sannan akwai aƙalla mabiya addinin [[musulunci]] mutum biliyan ɗaya da ɗugo tara (1.9B). Addinin musulunci shine addini na biyu dangane da yawan mabiya bayan addinin [[Kirista]].<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/islam/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S AW) tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi,<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam</ref> shine manzo wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na ƙarshen/cikamakin annabawa a Duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai, [[mutum]] da [[Aljan]]. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk faɗin ƙasashen Duniya kuma mafiya yawa su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yankin Afirka ta arewa waɗanda mafi yawancinsu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai ɗinbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a faɗin duniya.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref> Ma'anar addinin Musulunci shine yarda da miƙa wuya da kaɗaita [[Allah]] Maɗaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) Manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/</ref><ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-24 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101205/https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.educaislam.com/basic/shahadah-declaration-of-faith/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Musulmai don Darajar Ci gaba|Musulmai]] sun yi imani cewa addinin Musulunci shine cikakken addini kuma addini na gaskiya wanda aka turo [[Annabi|Annabawa da manzanni]] da yawa a baya, wanda suka haɗa da kakanmu [[Adamu a Musulunci|Annabi Adamu]], [[Annabi Sulaiman|annabi sulaiman]] annabiNuhu, [[Annabi Ibrahim]], [[Annabi Musa]] da kuma [[Annabi Isah]].<ref>https://qurantutorsacademy.com/islam/islam-and-prophets/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref><ref>https://islamic-invitation.com/article/details/English/155/Islam-Is-the-Religion-of-All-the-Prophets</ref><ref>https://americanislamicoutreach.org/islam-and-prophets/</ref> Addinin musulumci addinine dake wanzar da zaman lafiya nuna so ah jama'ah yakan numah hanyah mafi sauqi don gudanar da inadah domin samun rabauta aranar qarshen. Musulmai sunyi ittifaqi kan chewah musulumci itache hanyah mafi dachewah ga dukkan bayi subi domin rabauta dakumah bautar mahalinchi ta hanyar dayah dache. = Chikah chinkan musulumci guda biyarr ne 5 = ==== .shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskia sai allah annabi Muhammad bawansa be kumah manzon sane ==== . sannan ah tsaida sallah . kumah ayi azumin watan Ramadan .abada zakah gawanda allah yahorewa . dakumah ziyartar dakin ka'abah ga Wanda yake da hali = Hakah zalikah chikah chinkan Imani guda shida 6. = ==== .Imani da allah ==== .Imani da mala'ikuh .dalutafan da ubangiji ya sauqar .da duk manzannin daya aikoh .Daranar karshe ba shakku .Da kaddara intasauqo ( ta alkhairi koh sharri). Har wa yau, Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alqur'ani maganar Allah ne, kuma saƙon Ubangiji ne na ƙarshe wanda babu tawaya a cikin shi. Tare da Alqur'ani, Musulmai sunyi imani da sauran littattafan da aka turo kamar [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]], Zabura da Injila. Kuma Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammad (SAW)]] shine cikamakin Annabawan Musulunci, kuma ta shine addinin Musulunci ya cika. Koyarwarsa da umurninsa ana ƙiran su da [[Sunnah]] wanda aka rubuta a littattafai da ake ƙira [[Hadisi]], wanda ke koyar da tsarin mulki da rayuwa. ANNABAWA An yi imani da cewa Allah Ta’ala ne ya zaɓi [[annabawa]] (Larabci: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) domin su yi wa’azin saƙon Allah. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan annabawan kuma suna zuwa da sabon littafi, kuma ana kiran su “manzanni” (رسول, rasūl). Musulmai sun gaskata cewa annabawa mutane ne, ba alloli ba. An ce dukkan annabawan sun yi wa’azin saƙon Musulunci guda ɗaya – wato miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah – ga al’ummomi dabam-dabam a zamanin da suka gabata, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ake cewa ya haifar da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin addinai. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur’ani]] ya ambaci sunayen mutane da yawa waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin annabawa a Musulunci, ciki har da Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Dawuda da Isa, alaihimus salam, da sauransu. Labaran da suka shafi annabawan da suka wuce abin da Alqur’ani ya ambata an tattara su kuma an yi nazari a kansu a cikin [[:en:Qisas_al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]] (Labarun Annabawa).<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&redir_esc=y</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Allah Ya aiko Muhammadu (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) a matsayin annabi na ƙarshe (“Hatimin Annabawa”) domin ya isar da cikakken saƙon Musulunci. A Musulunci, misalin rayuwar Muhammadu (S.A.W.) wanda ya zama abin koyi shi ake kira [[sunnah]] (a zahiri “hanyar da aka bi”). Ana ƙarfafa Musulmai su yi koyi da ɗabi’un Muhammadu (S.A.W.) a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma ana ganin sunnah tana da muhimmanci wajen jagorantar fassarar Alqur’ani. Wannan misali an kiyaye shi a cikin hadisai da ake kira hadisi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ruwayoyin maganganunsa, ayyukansa, da halayensa. Hadisi Qudsi wani nau’i ne na hadisi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kalmomin Allah na zahiri da Muhammadu (S.A.W.) ya ruwaito, waɗanda ba sa cikin Alƙur’ani. Hadisi yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu: sarkar masu ruwaya, da ake kira sanad, da kuma ainihin lafazin, da ake kira matn. Akwai hanyoyi dabam-dabam na rarraba ingancin hadisai, inda ma’aunin da aka fi amfani da shi ya kasance: “sahihi” ko “ingantacce” (صحيح, ṣaḥīḥ); “hasan” ko “mai kyau” (حسن, ḥasan); ko “ɗa’if” ko “mai rauni” (ضعيف, ḍaʻīf), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books</ref>da sauransu. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] tarin littattafai ne guda shida, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantattun ruwayoyi a Musuluncin Ahlus-Sunnah. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]], wanda galibi Ahlus-Sunnah suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ingantattun madogara bayan Alƙur’ani. Wani sanannen tushen hadisai kuma shi ne Littattafai Huɗu [[:en:The_Four_Books|(Al-Kutub al-Arba’ah]]), waɗanda ‘yan Shi’a suke ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantaccen tushen hadisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah</ref> ==Manazarta.== == Etimology == A cikin Larabci, ''Musulunci'' ( Arabic ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> shine sunan magana na [[wiktionary:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] wanda ya samo asali daga fi'ilin {{Lang|ar|سلم}} ( {{Transl|ar|salama}} ), daga tushen triliteral {{Lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ( {{Transl|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}} ), wanda ke samar da babban rukuni na kalmomi waɗanda galibi suka shafi ra'ayoyin miƙa kai, aminci, da zaman lafiya. <ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{Cite book|last3=Edward William Lane}}</ref> A cikin mahallin addini, yana nufin mika wuya gaba ɗaya ga nufin [[Allah]] . ''[[Musulmi]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|مُسْلِم}} ), kalmar da ke nufin mai bin Musulunci, ita ce ɓangaren aiki na wannan nau'in fi'ili, kuma tana nufin "miƙa wuya (ga Allah)" ko "wanda ya miƙa wuya (ga Allah)". Duk da haka, masanin nazarin Alƙur'ani Mohsen Goudarzi ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin Alƙur'ani kalmar ''dīn'' tana nufin " bauta ", ''Musulunci'' yana nufin " tauhidi " kuma ''musulmi'' yana nufin "mai tauhidi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin Hadisin Jibra'ilu, an gabatar da ''Musulunci'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya haɗa da {{Transl|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (imani), da {{Transl|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (kyakkyawa). [ 19 ] Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. == Influences on other religions == Ko ƙungiyoyi irin su [[Druze]], Berghouata da Ha-Mim, ko dai sun fito ne daga Islama ko kuma sun zo su raba wasu imani tare da Islama, kuma ko kowannensu addini ne daban ko ƙungiyar Islama ra'ayoyi ne masu rikitarwa. Bangaskiyar Druze ta ci gaba da rabuwa da Isma'ili yayin da ta haɓaka koyarwarta ta musamman, kuma a ƙarshe ta rabu da Ismāʿīlīsm da Islama gaba ɗaya; waɗannan sun haɗa da imanin cewa Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh Allah ne mai jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryer |first=David R. W. |year=1975 |title=The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |journal=[[Der Islam]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–262 |doi=10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |issn=1613-0928 |s2cid=162363556 |url-access=subscription |ref={{harvid|Bryer|1975b}}}}</ref> Ana ganin Yazdânism a matsayin cakuda na imani na Kurdawa na gida da koyarwar Musulunci ta Sufi da Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya gabatar a [[Kurdistan]] a karni na 12. [[Bábi|Babism]] ya samo asali ne daga Shia goma sha biyu ya wuce ta [[Báb|Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] yayin da daya daga cikin mabiyansa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Bahá'u'lláh|Baha'u'llah]] ya kafa [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Ahl-e Haqq|Yarsanism]], [[Din-i Ilahi]], da Ali-Illahism ana ɗaukar su rabuwa da Islama.<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{Cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref>[511] Sikhism, wanda [[Guru Nanak]] ya kafa a Punjab a ƙarshen karni na 15, Musulunci ne ya rinjayi shi. ==Manazarta == rok09p9ta6dtxr664lu4cuwc3ojs8a7 964019 964018 2026-10-06T19:37:57Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Belajar_Membaca_Al-Qur%27an.jpg |thumb| Wata yarinya a Karanta Alqur'ani Mai girma]] [[Fayil:Kaaba Mirror like.jpg|thumb|[[Fayil:Allah-green-transparent.svg|thumb]]dakin Allah (S WA)]] [[Fayil:Modern Makkah.JPG|thumb|gurin ibadan musulmai]] <ref name=":0">https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref>'''Addinin Musulunci''' (Islama;<ref>{{cite web |title=English pronunciation of Islam |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |website=Cambridge Dictionary |access-date=19 Dec 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122222922/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam |url-status=live }}</ref> {{lang-ar|ٱلْإِسْلَام|al-Islām}}, [[Turanci]]: Islam) Shi ne shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskiya sai [[Allah]], kuma [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S A W) bawan Allah ne kuma manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref><ref>https://www.islamic‑relief.org.uk/resources/knowledge‑base/five‑pillars‑of‑islam/shahada/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahada</ref><ref>https://fredericksburgmuslimcommunity.org/shahada‑declaration‑of‑faith/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.quransheikh.com/shahada‑five‑pillars‑of‑islam/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.muhammadiah.com/en/shahada/</ref> Addinin yana da alaƙa da [[Annabi Ibrahim]] kuma ya ƙunshi hukunce-hukunce daga [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur'ani]] da kuma koyarwar Manzon tsira Annabi Muhammad (s a w) wanda shine ya zo da littafin sannan akwai aƙalla mabiya addinin [[musulunci]] mutum biliyan ɗaya da ɗugo tara (1.9B). Addinin musulunci shine addini na biyu dangane da yawan mabiya bayan addinin [[Kirista]].<ref name="www.pewresearch.org-2022">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2022 |title=Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project - Research and data from Pew Research Center |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205195540/https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/religion/religious-demographics/pew-templeton-global-religious-futures-project/ |archive-date=5 February 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>https://religionmediacentre.org.uk/factsheets/islam/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Annabi Muhammad]] (S AW) tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata a gareshi,<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/pronunciation/english/islam</ref> shine manzo wanda [[Allah]] ya aiko shi zuwa ga mutane baki ɗaya kuma na ƙarshen/cikamakin annabawa a Duniya domin ya sake jaddada addinin Allah, a yi imani da Allah wanda ya halicci kowa da komai, [[mutum]] da [[Aljan]]. Addinin musulunci na da mabiya a duk faɗin ƙasashen Duniya kuma mafiya yawa su na zaune ne a yankin gabas ta tsakiya, da yankin Afirka ta arewa waɗanda mafi yawancinsu Larabawa ne masu bin addinin musulunci, sai dai akwai ɗinbin mabiya addinin musulunci a ko'ina a faɗin duniya.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam</ref> Ma'anar addinin Musulunci shine yarda da miƙa wuya da kaɗaita [[Allah]] Maɗaukakin Sarki, wato shaidawa babu abin bautawa da gaskiya sai Allah kuma Annabi Muhammad (s.a.w) Manzon Allah ne.<ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/06/09/muslim-population-change/</ref><ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-24 |archive-date=2025-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124101205/https://religionsfacts.com/what-does-shahada-mean-in-islam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.educaislam.com/basic/shahadah-declaration-of-faith/</ref><ref>https://africame.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-357.html</ref> [[Musulmai don Darajar Ci gaba|Musulmai]] sun yi imani cewa addinin Musulunci shine cikakken addini kuma addini na gaskiya wanda aka turo [[Annabi|Annabawa da manzanni]] da yawa a baya, wanda suka haɗa da kakanmu [[Adamu a Musulunci|Annabi Adamu]], [[Annabi Sulaiman|annabi sulaiman]] annabiNuhu, [[Annabi Ibrahim]], [[Annabi Musa]] da kuma [[Annabi Isah]].<ref>https://qurantutorsacademy.com/islam/islam-and-prophets/{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://islamqa.info/en/answers/172775</ref><ref>https://islamic-invitation.com/article/details/English/155/Islam-Is-the-Religion-of-All-the-Prophets</ref><ref>https://americanislamicoutreach.org/islam-and-prophets/</ref> Addinin musulumci addinine dake wanzar da zaman lafiya nuna so ah jama'ah yakan numah hanyah mafi sauqi don gudanar da inadah domin samun rabauta aranar qarshen. Musulmai sunyi ittifaqi kan chewah musulumci itache hanyah mafi dachewah ga dukkan bayi subi domin rabauta dakumah bautar mahalinchi ta hanyar dayah dache. == [[Bautah]] == Bautar Allah shine abunda dukkan kowani musulmi yakeyi domin tsirah ah ranar gobe qiyamah. = Chikah chinkan musulumci guda biyarr ne 5 = ==== .shaidawa babu abun bautawa da gaskia sai allah annabi Muhammad bawansa be kumah manzon sane ==== . sannan ah tsaida sallah . kumah ayi azumin watan Ramadan .abada zakah gawanda allah yahorewa . dakumah ziyartar dakin ka'abah ga Wanda yake da hali = Hakah zalikah chikah chinkan Imani guda shida 6. = ==== .Imani da allah ==== .Imani da mala'ikuh .dalutafan da ubangiji ya sauqar .da duk manzannin daya aikoh .Daranar karshe ba shakku .Da kaddara intasauqo ( ta alkhairi koh sharri). Har wa yau, Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Alqur'ani maganar Allah ne, kuma saƙon Ubangiji ne na ƙarshe wanda babu tawaya a cikin shi. Tare da Alqur'ani, Musulmai sunyi imani da sauran littattafan da aka turo kamar [[Attaura a Musulunci|Attaura]], Zabura da Injila. Kuma Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammad (SAW)]] shine cikamakin Annabawan Musulunci, kuma ta shine addinin Musulunci ya cika. Koyarwarsa da umurninsa ana ƙiran su da [[Sunnah]] wanda aka rubuta a littattafai da ake ƙira [[Hadisi]], wanda ke koyar da tsarin mulki da rayuwa. ANNABAWA An yi imani da cewa Allah Ta’ala ne ya zaɓi [[annabawa]] (Larabci: أنبياء, anbiyāʾ) domin su yi wa’azin saƙon Allah. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan annabawan kuma suna zuwa da sabon littafi, kuma ana kiran su “manzanni” (رسول, rasūl). Musulmai sun gaskata cewa annabawa mutane ne, ba alloli ba. An ce dukkan annabawan sun yi wa’azin saƙon Musulunci guda ɗaya – wato miƙa wuya ga nufin Allah – ga al’ummomi dabam-dabam a zamanin da suka gabata, kuma wannan shi ne dalilin da ake cewa ya haifar da kamanceceniya da yawa tsakanin addinai. [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alqur’ani]] ya ambaci sunayen mutane da yawa waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin annabawa a Musulunci, ciki har da Adamu, Nuhu, Ibrahim, Musa, Dawuda da Isa, alaihimus salam, da sauransu. Labaran da suka shafi annabawan da suka wuce abin da Alqur’ani ya ambata an tattara su kuma an yi nazari a kansu a cikin [[:en:Qisas_al-Anbiya|Qisas al-Anbiya]] (Labarun Annabawa).<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=WNId86Eu4TEC&redir_esc=y</ref> Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Allah Ya aiko Muhammadu (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) a matsayin annabi na ƙarshe (“Hatimin Annabawa”) domin ya isar da cikakken saƙon Musulunci. A Musulunci, misalin rayuwar Muhammadu (S.A.W.) wanda ya zama abin koyi shi ake kira [[sunnah]] (a zahiri “hanyar da aka bi”). Ana ƙarfafa Musulmai su yi koyi da ɗabi’un Muhammadu (S.A.W.) a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum, kuma ana ganin sunnah tana da muhimmanci wajen jagorantar fassarar Alqur’ani. Wannan misali an kiyaye shi a cikin hadisai da ake kira hadisi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ruwayoyin maganganunsa, ayyukansa, da halayensa. Hadisi Qudsi wani nau’i ne na hadisi, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin kalmomin Allah na zahiri da Muhammadu (S.A.W.) ya ruwaito, waɗanda ba sa cikin Alƙur’ani. Hadisi yana ƙunshe da abubuwa biyu: sarkar masu ruwaya, da ake kira sanad, da kuma ainihin lafazin, da ake kira matn. Akwai hanyoyi dabam-dabam na rarraba ingancin hadisai, inda ma’aunin da aka fi amfani da shi ya kasance: “sahihi” ko “ingantacce” (صحيح, ṣaḥīḥ); “hasan” ko “mai kyau” (حسن, ḥasan); ko “ɗa’if” ko “mai rauni” (ضعيف, ḍaʻīf), <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912144702/https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol1-n12-3/outlines-development-science-hadith-dr-mustafa-awliyai/part-1#four-books</ref>da sauransu. [[Kutub al-Sittah]] tarin littattafai ne guda shida, waɗanda ake ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantattun ruwayoyi a Musuluncin Ahlus-Sunnah. Daga cikinsu akwai [[Sahi al-Bukhari|Sahih al-Bukhari]], wanda galibi Ahlus-Sunnah suke ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafiya ingantattun madogara bayan Alƙur’ani. Wani sanannen tushen hadisai kuma shi ne Littattafai Huɗu [[:en:The_Four_Books|(Al-Kutub al-Arba’ah]]), waɗanda ‘yan Shi’a suke ɗauka a matsayin mafiya ingantaccen tushen hadisi.<ref name=":1" /><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191319/https://www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith-allamah-sayyid-saeed-akhtar-rizvi/chapter-4-hadith#four-books-al-kutubul-arbah</ref> ==Manazarta.== == Etimology == A cikin Larabci, ''Musulunci'' ( Arabic ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Islam {{!}} Dictionary.com |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509110220/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/islam |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.dictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> shine sunan magana na [[wiktionary:أسلم#Arabic|Form IV]] wanda ya samo asali daga fi'ilin {{Lang|ar|سلم}} ( {{Transl|ar|salama}} ), daga tushen triliteral {{Lang|ar|س-ل-م}} ( {{Transl|ar|[[Š-L-M|S-L-M]]}} ), wanda ke samar da babban rukuni na kalmomi waɗanda galibi suka shafi ra'ayoyin miƙa kai, aminci, da zaman lafiya. <ref name="Lane-Lexicon-4">{{Cite book|last3=Edward William Lane}}</ref> A cikin mahallin addini, yana nufin mika wuya gaba ɗaya ga nufin [[Allah]] . ''[[Musulmi]]'' ( {{Lang|ar|مُسْلِم}} ), kalmar da ke nufin mai bin Musulunci, ita ce ɓangaren aiki na wannan nau'in fi'ili, kuma tana nufin "miƙa wuya (ga Allah)" ko "wanda ya miƙa wuya (ga Allah)". Duk da haka, masanin nazarin Alƙur'ani Mohsen Goudarzi ya yi jayayya cewa a cikin Alƙur'ani kalmar ''dīn'' tana nufin " bauta ", ''Musulunci'' yana nufin " tauhidi " kuma ''musulmi'' yana nufin "mai tauhidi". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=2023-08-01 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin Hadisin Jibra'ilu, an gabatar da ''Musulunci'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na uku wanda ya haɗa da {{Transl|ar|[[Iman (Islam)|imān]]}} (imani), da {{Transl|ar|[[Ihsan|ihsān]]}} (kyakkyawa). [ 19 ] Musulunci da kansa a tarihi ana kiransa da addinin Musulunci a duniyar da ke amfani da Turanci . Wannan kalmar ta daina amfani kuma wani lokacin ana cewa tana da ban haushi, domin tana nuna cewa mutum, maimakon Allah, shine ginshiƙin addinin Musulmai. == Influences on other religions == Ko ƙungiyoyi irin su [[Druze]], Berghouata da Ha-Mim, ko dai sun fito ne daga Islama ko kuma sun zo su raba wasu imani tare da Islama, kuma ko kowannensu addini ne daban ko ƙungiyar Islama ra'ayoyi ne masu rikitarwa. Bangaskiyar Druze ta ci gaba da rabuwa da Isma'ili yayin da ta haɓaka koyarwarta ta musamman, kuma a ƙarshe ta rabu da Ismāʿīlīsm da Islama gaba ɗaya; waɗannan sun haɗa da imanin cewa Imam Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh Allah ne mai jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poonawala |first=Ismail K. |date=July–September 1999 |title=Review: ''The Fatimids and Their Traditions of Learning'' by Heinz Halm |journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]] |publisher=[[American Oriental Society]] |volume=119 |issue=3 |page=542 |doi=10.2307/605981 |issn=0003-0279 |jstor=605981 |lccn=12032032 |oclc=47785421}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bryer |first=David R. W. |year=1975 |title=The Origins of the Druze Religion (Fortsetzung) |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |journal=[[Der Islam]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=239–262 |doi=10.1515/islm.1975.52.2.239 |issn=1613-0928 |s2cid=162363556 |url-access=subscription |ref={{harvid|Bryer|1975b}}}}</ref> Ana ganin Yazdânism a matsayin cakuda na imani na Kurdawa na gida da koyarwar Musulunci ta Sufi da Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir ya gabatar a [[Kurdistan]] a karni na 12. [[Bábi|Babism]] ya samo asali ne daga Shia goma sha biyu ya wuce ta [[Báb|Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad i-Shirazi al-Bab]] yayin da daya daga cikin mabiyansa Mirza Husayn 'Ali Nuri [[Bahá'u'lláh|Baha'u'llah]] ya kafa [[Baha'i|Bangaskiyar Bahá'í]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Justice |first=Universal |title=One Common Faith |url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/bic/OCF/ocf-8.html |access-date=1 April 2017 |website=reference.bahai.org}}</ref> [[Ahl-e Haqq|Yarsanism]], [[Din-i Ilahi]], da Ali-Illahism ana ɗaukar su rabuwa da Islama.<ref name="Z. Mir-Hosseini 1994, p.267">{{Cite journal |last=Mir-Hosseini |first=Z. |date=1994 |title=Inner Truth and Outer History: The Two Worlds of the Ahl-e Haqq of Kurdistan |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |volume=26 |pages=267–268}}</ref>[511] Sikhism, wanda [[Guru Nanak]] ya kafa a Punjab a ƙarshen karni na 15, Musulunci ne ya rinjayi shi. ==Manazarta == 09sbq6xgvt0pefk0tu4frrvzkjk7p4h 0 3039 963999 893683 2026-10-06T19:06:28Z Zaujeel khair 49197 963999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Zea mays - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Masara</span>]] [[File:Zea mays fraise MHNT.BOT.2011.18.21.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "fraise"'']] [[File:Dent Corn 'Oaxacan Green' (Zea mays) MHNT 2.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "Oaxacan Green"'']] [[File:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese''']] [[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|gasasshiyar masara]] [[File:09937jfFarm Resorts Adventure River Maize San Rafael Bulacanfvf 02.JPG|thumb|gonar masara tayi kyau ta fara fidda kai]] [[File:Zea mays 'vacquiers' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.37.jpg|thumb|sa hoto]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Masara]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|masara]] '''Masara''' (''Zea mays'') wani nau'in [[abinci]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.premiumtimesng.com/2024/06/shirin-samar-da-abinci-gwamnan-kano-zai-sayo-wa-manoman-kano-takin-zamani-na-naira-biliyan-5/&ved=2ahUKEwjB04XAi_eGAxW9T0EAHYWbCQoQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw33ahKAHlMMMWmYGM6UrmJc</nowiki></ref> ne da ake sarrafawa ta hanyoyi da dama. [[Fayil:Tsabobi na Masara.jpg|thumb|haka masara take]] Ita dai masara tana da ɗanɗano me gamsarwa, sannan kuma akan gasa ta domin aci, a kan kuma surfa ta agyarata domin ayi tuwon, koh adafah ta ajikin totuwarta dan achi [[masara]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiRsZXki_eGAxWgQUEAHRdzAw8QyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0sVkPdsdDmO8_lYpNdk9I9</nowiki></ref>, sannan akanyi gugguru mai [[sukari]] da mai [[gishiri]]. ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar mai da ta [[semonvita]], [[conflaks]], custard, da kuma abincin [[kaji]].<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#aoh=17217128545564&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Haka masara take in'andata]] [[Fayil:Masu gasa masara.jpg|thumb|Masara gasanshiya]] Ana kuma shuka masara a duk faɗin duniya; ana samar da nauyin masara mafi girma a kowace shekara fiye da kowane hatsi. A cikin shekarar (2020), samar da duniya ya kai tan biliyan 1.1. Yana fama da [[Kwayar cuta|kwari]] da [[Jerin cututtukan masara|cututtuka]] da yawa; manyan [[kwari]] guda biyu, masara na Turai da [[Diabrotica|Tushen masara]], kowannensu ya haifar da asarar shekara-shekara na dala biliyan a Amurka. Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani ya ƙara yawan fitarwa da halaye kamar abinci mai gina jiki, fari da kuma haƙuri ga kwari da cututtuka. Yawancin masara yanzu an canza su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. ==Asali== Masara<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17216372126292&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> tana buƙatar sa hannun mutum don ya bazu. Kwayoyin kakanninsu masu yaɗuwa na halitta sun faɗi daga cob da kansu, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin masara ba su da. Dukkanin masara sun fito ne daga gida daya a kudancin Mexico kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. Tsohon nau'ikan masara da suka tsira sune na tsaunuka na Mexico. Masara ta bazu daga wannan yankin zuwa kaskanci da kuma kasar Amurka tare da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu. Cibiyar domestication mai yiwuwa ita ce kwarin Kogin Balsas na kudu maso tsakiyar Mexico. Masara ta kai tsaunuka na Ecuador akalla shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. Ya kuma kai kananan Amurka ta tsakiya da shekaru 7600 da suka gabata, da kwarin Andes na Colombia tsakanin shekaru 7000 da 6000 da suka gabata<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ohcholi Sunul' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.10.jpg|thumb|masara ta konee]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 2osqo0gzd3z6sz9jmw5um4671k25evy 964000 963999 2026-10-06T19:07:35Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Zea mays - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Masara</span>]] [[File:Zea mays fraise MHNT.BOT.2011.18.21.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "fraise"'']] [[File:Dent Corn 'Oaxacan Green' (Zea mays) MHNT 2.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "Oaxacan Green"'']] [[File:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese''']] [[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|gasasshiyar masara]] [[File:09937jfFarm Resorts Adventure River Maize San Rafael Bulacanfvf 02.JPG|thumb|gonar masara tayi kyau ta fara fidda kai]] [[File:Zea mays 'vacquiers' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.37.jpg|thumb|sa hoto]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Masara]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|masara]] '''Masara''' (''Zea mays'') wani nau'in [[abinci]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.premiumtimesng.com/2024/06/shirin-samar-da-abinci-gwamnan-kano-zai-sayo-wa-manoman-kano-takin-zamani-na-naira-biliyan-5/&ved=2ahUKEwjB04XAi_eGAxW9T0EAHYWbCQoQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw33ahKAHlMMMWmYGM6UrmJc</nowiki></ref> ne da ake sarrafawa ta hanyoyi da dama. [[Fayil:Tsabobi na Masara.jpg|thumb|haka masara take]] Ita dai masara tana da ɗanɗano me gamsarwa, sannan kuma akan gasa ta domin aci, a kan kuma surfa ta agyarata domin ayi tuwon, koh adafah ta ajikin totuwarta dan achi [[masara]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiRsZXki_eGAxWgQUEAHRdzAw8QyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0sVkPdsdDmO8_lYpNdk9I9</nowiki></ref>, sannan akanyi gugguru mai [[sukari]] da mai [[gishiri]]. ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar mai da ta [[semonvita]], [[conflaks]], [[custard]], da kuma abincin [[kaji]].<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#aoh=17217128545564&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Haka masara take in'andata]] [[Fayil:Masu gasa masara.jpg|thumb|Masara gasanshiya]] Ana kuma shuka masara a duk faɗin duniya; ana samar da nauyin masara mafi girma a kowace shekara fiye da kowane hatsi. A cikin shekarar (2020), samar da duniya ya kai tan biliyan 1.1. Yana fama da [[Kwayar cuta|kwari]] da [[Jerin cututtukan masara|cututtuka]] da yawa; manyan [[kwari]] guda biyu, masara na Turai da [[Diabrotica|Tushen masara]], kowannensu ya haifar da asarar shekara-shekara na dala biliyan a Amurka. Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani ya ƙara yawan fitarwa da halaye kamar abinci mai gina jiki, fari da kuma haƙuri ga kwari da cututtuka. Yawancin masara yanzu an canza su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. ==Asali== Masara<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17216372126292&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> tana buƙatar sa hannun mutum don ya bazu. Kwayoyin kakanninsu masu yaɗuwa na halitta sun faɗi daga cob da kansu, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin masara ba su da. Dukkanin masara sun fito ne daga gida daya a kudancin Mexico kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. Tsohon nau'ikan masara da suka tsira sune na tsaunuka na Mexico. Masara ta bazu daga wannan yankin zuwa kaskanci da kuma kasar Amurka tare da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu. Cibiyar domestication mai yiwuwa ita ce kwarin Kogin Balsas na kudu maso tsakiyar Mexico. Masara ta kai tsaunuka na Ecuador akalla shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. Ya kuma kai kananan Amurka ta tsakiya da shekaru 7600 da suka gabata, da kwarin Andes na Colombia tsakanin shekaru 7000 da 6000 da suka gabata<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ohcholi Sunul' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.10.jpg|thumb|masara ta konee]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 0oiniqkn6u14d221kfx1jnq5p46y93h 964002 964000 2026-10-06T19:08:36Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Zea mays - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Masara</span>]] [[File:Zea mays fraise MHNT.BOT.2011.18.21.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "fraise"'']] [[File:Dent Corn 'Oaxacan Green' (Zea mays) MHNT 2.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "Oaxacan Green"'']] [[File:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese''']] [[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|gasasshiyar masara]] [[File:09937jfFarm Resorts Adventure River Maize San Rafael Bulacanfvf 02.JPG|thumb|gonar masara tayi kyau ta fara fidda kai]] [[File:Zea mays 'vacquiers' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.37.jpg|thumb|sa hoto]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Masara]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|masara]] '''Masara''' (''Zea mays'') wani nau'in [[abinci]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.premiumtimesng.com/2024/06/shirin-samar-da-abinci-gwamnan-kano-zai-sayo-wa-manoman-kano-takin-zamani-na-naira-biliyan-5/&ved=2ahUKEwjB04XAi_eGAxW9T0EAHYWbCQoQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw33ahKAHlMMMWmYGM6UrmJc</nowiki></ref> ne da ake sarrafawa ta hanyoyi da dama. [[Fayil:Tsabobi na Masara.jpg|thumb|haka masara take]] Ita dai masara tana da ɗanɗano me gamsarwa, sannan kuma akan gasa ta domin aci, a kan kuma surfa ta agyarata domin ayi tuwon, koh adafah ta ajikin totuwarta dan achi [[masara]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiRsZXki_eGAxWgQUEAHRdzAw8QyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0sVkPdsdDmO8_lYpNdk9I9</nowiki></ref>, sannan akanyi gugguru mai [[sukari]] da mai [[gishiri]]. ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar mai da ta [[semonvita]], [[conflaks]], [[custard]], da kuma [[abinci]] nah [[kaji]].<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#aoh=17217128545564&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Haka masara take in'andata]] [[Fayil:Masu gasa masara.jpg|thumb|Masara gasanshiya]] Ana kuma shuka masara a duk faɗin duniya; ana samar da nauyin masara mafi girma a kowace shekara fiye da kowane hatsi. A cikin shekarar (2020), samar da duniya ya kai tan biliyan 1.1. Yana fama da [[Kwayar cuta|kwari]] da [[Jerin cututtukan masara|cututtuka]] da yawa; manyan [[kwari]] guda biyu, masara na Turai da [[Diabrotica|Tushen masara]], kowannensu ya haifar da asarar shekara-shekara na dala biliyan a Amurka. Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani ya ƙara yawan fitarwa da halaye kamar abinci mai gina jiki, fari da kuma haƙuri ga kwari da cututtuka. Yawancin masara yanzu an canza su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. ==Asali== Masara<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17216372126292&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> tana buƙatar sa hannun mutum don ya bazu. Kwayoyin kakanninsu masu yaɗuwa na halitta sun faɗi daga cob da kansu, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin masara ba su da. Dukkanin masara sun fito ne daga gida daya a kudancin Mexico kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. Tsohon nau'ikan masara da suka tsira sune na tsaunuka na Mexico. Masara ta bazu daga wannan yankin zuwa kaskanci da kuma kasar Amurka tare da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu. Cibiyar domestication mai yiwuwa ita ce kwarin Kogin Balsas na kudu maso tsakiyar Mexico. Masara ta kai tsaunuka na Ecuador akalla shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. Ya kuma kai kananan Amurka ta tsakiya da shekaru 7600 da suka gabata, da kwarin Andes na Colombia tsakanin shekaru 7000 da 6000 da suka gabata<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ohcholi Sunul' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.10.jpg|thumb|masara ta konee]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} dr0b9spq2da15ti17gus0k2soamrbu0 964004 964002 2026-10-06T19:10:11Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Zea mays - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg|thumb|right|260px|<span style="color:grey;">Masara</span>]] [[File:Zea mays fraise MHNT.BOT.2011.18.21.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "fraise"'']] [[File:Dent Corn 'Oaxacan Green' (Zea mays) MHNT 2.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays "Oaxacan Green"'']] [[File:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|''Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese''']] [[File:Roasted maize in husks.jpg|thumb|gasasshiyar masara]] [[File:09937jfFarm Resorts Adventure River Maize San Rafael Bulacanfvf 02.JPG|thumb|gonar masara tayi kyau ta fara fidda kai]] [[File:Zea mays 'vacquiers' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.37.jpg|thumb|sa hoto]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Masara]] [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ottofile giallo Tortonese' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.1.jpg|thumb|masara]] '''Masara''' (''Zea mays'') wani nau'in [[abinci]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://hausa.premiumtimesng.com/2024/06/shirin-samar-da-abinci-gwamnan-kano-zai-sayo-wa-manoman-kano-takin-zamani-na-naira-biliyan-5/&ved=2ahUKEwjB04XAi_eGAxW9T0EAHYWbCQoQxfQBKAB6BAgFEAI&usg=AOvVaw33ahKAHlMMMWmYGM6UrmJc</nowiki></ref> ne da ake sarrafawa ta hanyoyi da dama. [[Fayil:Tsabobi na Masara.jpg|thumb|haka masara take]] Ita dai masara tana da ɗanɗano mai gamsarwa, sannan kuma akan gasa ta domin aci, a kan kuma surfa ta agyarata domin ayi tuwon, koh adafah ta ajikin totuwarta dan achi [[masara]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp&ved=2ahUKEwiRsZXki_eGAxWgQUEAHRdzAw8QyM8BKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw0sVkPdsdDmO8_lYpNdk9I9</nowiki></ref>, sannan akanyi gugguru mai [[sukari]] da mai [[gishiri]]. ana sarrafa ta ta hanyar mai da ta [[semonvita]], [[conflaks]], [[custard]], da kuma [[abinci]] nah [[kaji]].<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_js_v=a6&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#aoh=17217128545564&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'millette du Lauragais' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.8.jpg|thumb|Haka masara take in'andata]] [[Fayil:Masu gasa masara.jpg|thumb|Masara gasanshiya]] Ana kuma shuka masara a duk faɗin duniya; ana samar da nauyin masara mafi girma a kowace shekara fiye da kowane hatsi. A cikin shekarar (2020), samar da duniya ya kai tan biliyan 1.1. Yana fama da [[Kwayar cuta|kwari]] da [[Jerin cututtukan masara|cututtuka]] da yawa; manyan [[kwari]] guda biyu, masara na Turai da [[Diabrotica|Tushen masara]], kowannensu ya haifar da asarar shekara-shekara na dala biliyan a Amurka. Kiwon shuke-shuke na zamani ya ƙara yawan fitarwa da halaye kamar abinci mai gina jiki, fari da kuma haƙuri ga kwari da cututtuka. Yawancin masara yanzu an canza su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. ==Asali== Masara<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c97vdj952g6o.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17216372126292&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc97vdj952g6o</ref> tana buƙatar sa hannun mutum don ya bazu. Kwayoyin kakanninsu masu yaɗuwa na halitta sun faɗi daga cob da kansu, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin masara ba su da. Dukkanin masara sun fito ne daga gida daya a kudancin Mexico kimanin shekaru 9,000 da suka gabata. Tsohon nau'ikan masara da suka tsira sune na tsaunuka na Mexico. Masara ta bazu daga wannan yankin zuwa kaskanci da kuma kasar Amurka tare da manyan hanyoyi guda biyu. Cibiyar domestication mai yiwuwa ita ce kwarin Kogin Balsas na kudu maso tsakiyar Mexico. Masara ta kai tsaunuka na Ecuador akalla shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. Ya kuma kai kananan Amurka ta tsakiya da shekaru 7600 da suka gabata, da kwarin Andes na Colombia tsakanin shekaru 7000 da 6000 da suka gabata<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905</ref> [[Fayil:Zea mays 'Ohcholi Sunul' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.10.jpg|thumb|masara ta konee]] ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} j9szg8d08walmo9hv1k0ygvx8df0eht 0 5524 963978 955151 2026-10-06T18:24:10Z Jepsep43 49733 /* */ hi 963978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:A visit to the White House.jpg|thumb|white house, Amerika]] [[File:White-House.jpg|thumb|duroyin ɗin white house]] [[File:Organization of American States General Assembly.jpg|thumb|babban taron da shugaban Amurka da ya gabata ([[George W. Bush]]) ya shirya a shekara ta 2005]] [[Fayil:City Lights of the United States 2012.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Flag of the United States (DoS ECA Color Standard).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Confederate 100 Dollars.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Map of the American continent.svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:US Capitol Dome High Res Jan 2006.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dean Franklin - 06.04.03 Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:American bison in Yellowstone National Park.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Constitution of the United States - DPLA - 9ca804144bd5965e992ae3528bc3c6a3 (page 1).jpg|thumb]] '''Amurka''' ko '''Amurika''' ko '''Amirka''' [[Nahiya]] ce, Amurka ta kasu kashi biyu. Akwai kasar Amurka ta Arewa (North America) da kuma kasar Amurka ta Kudu wato (''South Americ''a). kuma amurka tanacikin kasashe masu karfin fada aji a duniya a fiyeda kowata [nahiya] a fadin [[Duniya mai sanyi|duniya]]. Please comment on my Reddit posts, it’ll help me very much, idc, here’s my accounthttps://www.reddit.com/u/Efficient_Ad5086/s/ymEpMgvTephttps://www.reddit.com/u/Efficient_Ad5086/s/ymEpMgvTephttps://www.reddit.com/u/Efficient_Ad5086/s/ymEpMgvTephttps://www.reddit.com/u/Efficient_Ad5086/s/ymEpMgvTephttps://www.reddit.com/u/Efficient_Ad5086/s/ymEpMgvTep [[Fayil:America blank map.png|thumb|amurca]] == Hotuna == [[Fayil:Map of the American continent.svg|thumb|america]] [[Fayil:America noviter delineata.jpg|thumb|Amuruka]] [[Fayil:South america tr.jpg|thumb|amuruka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, 1659 southeast.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, 1659 northwest.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, c.1590.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] [[Fayil:Indian Cultures of North and South America - NM Prague 20.JPG|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:Nord America.png|thumb|Nord]] [[Fayil:World maps - America -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:Shipwreck of the SS American Star on the shore of Fuerteventura.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] [[Fayil:South America - Blue Marble orthographic.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North america terrain 2003 map.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North America satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|amurka]] {{Stub}}Tarihin kafuwar United States of America 🇺🇸 🌍 Asalin farko (kafin Turawa) Kafin zuwan Turawa, yankin Amurka ya kasance cike da ƙabilun asali (Native Americans) waɗanda suka zauna a wurin tsawon dubban shekaru suna nan. Sun kasance da al’adu da tsarin rayuwa daban-daban. 🚢 Zuwa Turawa A shekarar 1492, Christopher Columbus ya isa nahiyar Amurka (duk da bai isa yankin USA kai tsaye ba). Daga baya Turawa daga ƙasashe kamar England, Spain da Faransa suka fara kafa mazauna a yankin. 🏘️ Mulkin mallaka (Colonies) Zuwa ƙarni na 17, Ingila ta kafa ƙasashe 13 (Thirteen Colonies) a gabashin Amurka. Waɗannan yankuna suna ƙarƙashin ikon sarautar Ingila. ⚔️ Yaƙin ‘Yancin Kai A shekarun 1770s, rikici ya tashi tsakanin mazauna yankin da Ingila saboda haraji da rashin ‘yanci. Wannan ya kai ga American Revolutionary War. 📜 Sanarwar ‘Yancin Kai A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1776, aka fitar da Declaration of Independence. Jagorori kamar Thomas Jefferson sun rubuta takardar. Wannan ya nuna cewa yankunan sun balle daga Ingila. 🏛️ Kafuwar ƙasa Bayan nasara a yaƙi, an kafa sabuwar ƙasa mai suna United States of America. A shekarar 1787, aka rubuta kundin tsarin mulki (Constitution). A 1789, George Washington ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko. 🌎 Faɗaɗa ƙasa Daga baya Amurka ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar saye da yaƙe-yaƙe. Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe acikin duniya. 📌 Kammalawa Kafuwar Amurka ta samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka na Ingila, zuwa yaƙin neman ‘yanci, sannan ta zama ƙasa mai cikakken iko. Yanzu tana daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarfi a duniya.[[Fayil:Sgt. Samuel Smith, African American soldier in Union uniform with wife and two daughters.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] == Manazarta == 36 U.S.C. § 302 "The Great Seal of the United States" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. (2003)Retrieved February (12)(2020) [[Category:Amurka]] g8s4uoa14xqhf84ut9m21l6qp52cqhf 963979 963978 2026-10-06T18:25:14Z Àncilu 17640 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Jepsep43|Jepsep43]] ([[User talk:Jepsep43|talk]]) to last revision by HK RIGASA2 (TwinkleGlobal) 963979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:A visit to the White House.jpg|thumb|white house, Amerika]] [[File:White-House.jpg|thumb|duroyin ɗin white house]] [[File:Organization of American States General Assembly.jpg|thumb|babban taron da shugaban Amurka da ya gabata ([[George W. Bush]]) ya shirya a shekara ta 2005]] [[Fayil:City Lights of the United States 2012.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Flag of the United States (DoS ECA Color Standard).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Confederate 100 Dollars.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Map of the American continent.svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:US Capitol Dome High Res Jan 2006.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dean Franklin - 06.04.03 Mount Rushmore Monument (by-sa).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:American bison in Yellowstone National Park.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Constitution of the United States - DPLA - 9ca804144bd5965e992ae3528bc3c6a3 (page 1).jpg|thumb]] '''Amurka''' ko '''Amurika''' ko '''Amirka''' [[Nahiya]] ce, Amurka ta kasu kashi biyu. Akwai kasar Amurka ta Arewa (North America) da kuma kasar Amurka ta Kudu wato (''South Americ''a). kuma amurka tanacikin kasashe masu karfin fada aji a duniya a fiyeda kowata [nahiya] a fadin [[Duniya mai sanyi|duniya]]. [[Fayil:America blank map.png|thumb|amurca]] == Hotuna == [[Fayil:Map of the American continent.svg|thumb|america]] [[Fayil:America noviter delineata.jpg|thumb|Amuruka]] [[Fayil:South america tr.jpg|thumb|amuruka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, 1659 southeast.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, 1659 northwest.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North and South America, c.1590.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] [[Fayil:Indian Cultures of North and South America - NM Prague 20.JPG|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:Nord America.png|thumb|Nord]] [[Fayil:World maps - America -- Smart-Servier.png|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:Shipwreck of the SS American Star on the shore of Fuerteventura.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] [[Fayil:South America - Blue Marble orthographic.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North america terrain 2003 map.jpg|thumb|amurka]] [[Fayil:North America satellite orthographic.jpg|thumb|amurka]] {{Stub}}Tarihin kafuwar United States of America 🇺🇸 🌍 Asalin farko (kafin Turawa) Kafin zuwan Turawa, yankin Amurka ya kasance cike da ƙabilun asali (Native Americans) waɗanda suka zauna a wurin tsawon dubban shekaru suna nan. Sun kasance da al’adu da tsarin rayuwa daban-daban. 🚢 Zuwa Turawa A shekarar 1492, Christopher Columbus ya isa nahiyar Amurka (duk da bai isa yankin USA kai tsaye ba). Daga baya Turawa daga ƙasashe kamar England, Spain da Faransa suka fara kafa mazauna a yankin. 🏘️ Mulkin mallaka (Colonies) Zuwa ƙarni na 17, Ingila ta kafa ƙasashe 13 (Thirteen Colonies) a gabashin Amurka. Waɗannan yankuna suna ƙarƙashin ikon sarautar Ingila. ⚔️ Yaƙin ‘Yancin Kai A shekarun 1770s, rikici ya tashi tsakanin mazauna yankin da Ingila saboda haraji da rashin ‘yanci. Wannan ya kai ga American Revolutionary War. 📜 Sanarwar ‘Yancin Kai A ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1776, aka fitar da Declaration of Independence. Jagorori kamar Thomas Jefferson sun rubuta takardar. Wannan ya nuna cewa yankunan sun balle daga Ingila. 🏛️ Kafuwar ƙasa Bayan nasara a yaƙi, an kafa sabuwar ƙasa mai suna United States of America. A shekarar 1787, aka rubuta kundin tsarin mulki (Constitution). A 1789, George Washington ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko. 🌎 Faɗaɗa ƙasa Daga baya Amurka ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar saye da yaƙe-yaƙe. Ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙasashe acikin duniya. 📌 Kammalawa Kafuwar Amurka ta samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka na Ingila, zuwa yaƙin neman ‘yanci, sannan ta zama ƙasa mai cikakken iko. Yanzu tana daga cikin ƙasashe mafi ƙarfi a duniya.[[Fayil:Sgt. Samuel Smith, African American soldier in Union uniform with wife and two daughters.jpg|thumb|Amurka]] == Manazarta == 36 U.S.C. § 302 "The Great Seal of the United States" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs. (2003)Retrieved February (12)(2020) [[Category:Amurka]] eel72s6a6t114nci2zpiaf35s5kvql4 0 5830 964248 961742 2026-10-07T10:41:40Z Hamza DK 12444 964248 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo== <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] 8xcfcp46mza6cicwysgxqzhweui6l4m 964250 964248 2026-10-07T10:47:11Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Salo */ 964250 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] ekp6zndp354yeeozyo9w43zl5l07n44 964251 964250 2026-10-07T10:49:52Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Salo waka */ 964251 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] mncdocdkxf3lsif2u2q5w8c4n9m8j21 964252 964251 2026-10-07T10:50:17Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Salo waka */ 964252 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh iri ɗaya ne da na Olamide, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] nigd1h2cpvuvhk5a6ivsp0odu17gord 964253 964252 2026-10-07T10:51:12Z Hamza DK 12444 964253 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh iri ɗaya ne da na Olamide,wanda ke yin waƙa da waƙa a cikin yaren yankinsa. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] cnjuob32cscueuefvr71wat5ta9j3a2 964254 964253 2026-10-07T10:52:19Z Hamza DK 12444 964254 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh iri ɗaya ne da na Olamide,wanda ke yin waƙa da waƙa a cikin yaren yankinsa.[5][6] Duk da haka, an soki shi da yawan yin amfani da kalaman batanci da kuma rashin samun daidaito a cikin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] ioh05gt4x8ixhnebtbkss501ho7pinm 964255 964254 2026-10-07T10:53:23Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Salo waka */ 964255 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh iri ɗaya ne da na Olamide,wanda ke yin waƙa da waƙa a cikin yaren yankinsa.[5][6] Duk da haka, an soki shi da yawan yin amfani da kalaman batanci da kuma rashin samun daidaito a cikin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa.[7] A wata hira da Naij, ya ce, "su waƙoƙi ne marasa aure ba kundin waƙoƙi ba, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] a73cda4xx3eznaodv07axpyjy3wep2d 964257 964255 2026-10-07T10:59:45Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Salo waka */ 964257 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh iri ɗaya ne da na Olamide,wanda ke yin waƙa da waƙa a cikin yaren yankinsa.[5][6] Duk da haka, an soki shi da yawan yin amfani da kalaman batanci da kuma rashin samun daidaito a cikin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa.[7] A wata hira da Naij, ya ce, "su waƙoƙi ne marasa aure ba kundin waƙoƙi ba,na san irin kasuwa da nake jagorantar <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] iq7gj185xv12ruyhhio7uhgm7a0nmjd 964259 964257 2026-10-07T11:01:39Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Salo waka */ 964259 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh iri ɗaya ne da na Olamide,wanda ke yin waƙa da waƙa a cikin yaren yankinsa.[5][6] Duk da haka, an soki shi da yawan yin amfani da kalaman batanci da kuma rashin samun daidaito a cikin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa.[7] A wata hira da Naij, ya ce, "su waƙoƙi ne marasa aure ba kundin waƙoƙi ba,na san irin kasuwa da nake jagorantar waƙoƙina zuwa gare su, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] 7ua2noaeo7b3j25i497ciuab1074jwh 964260 964259 2026-10-07T11:02:53Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Salo waka */ 964260 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh iri ɗaya ne da na Olamide,wanda ke yin waƙa da waƙa a cikin yaren yankinsa.[5][6] Duk da haka, an soki shi da yawan yin amfani da kalaman batanci da kuma rashin samun daidaito a cikin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa.[7] A wata hira da Naij, ya ce, "su waƙoƙi ne marasa aure ba kundin waƙoƙi ba,na san irin kasuwa da nake jagorantar waƙoƙina zuwa gare su, ni daga tituna ne, na san abin da mutanen titi ke son saurara... <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] 5ad6k1c1r3092fqiy2m4tz1033l9m3g 964261 964260 2026-10-07T11:04:16Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Salo waka */ 964261 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh iri ɗaya ne da na Olamide,wanda ke yin waƙa da waƙa a cikin yaren yankinsa.[5][6] Duk da haka, an soki shi da yawan yin amfani da kalaman batanci da kuma rashin samun daidaito a cikin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa.[7] A wata hira da Naij, ya ce, "su waƙoƙi ne marasa aure ba kundin waƙoƙi ba,na san irin kasuwa da nake jagorantar waƙoƙina zuwa gare su, ni daga tituna ne, na san abin da mutanen titi ke son saurara... su jira kundin waƙoƙina da ake sa ran zai faɗi zuwa <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] bpcjdpzt8kgqp78zk02u63rfqzkjthb 964262 964261 2026-10-07T11:04:59Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Salo waka */ 964262 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh iri ɗaya ne da na Olamide,wanda ke yin waƙa da waƙa a cikin yaren yankinsa.[5][6] Duk da haka, an soki shi da yawan yin amfani da kalaman batanci da kuma rashin samun daidaito a cikin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa.[7] A wata hira da Naij, ya ce, "su waƙoƙi ne marasa aure ba kundin waƙoƙi ba,na san irin kasuwa da nake jagorantar waƙoƙina zuwa gare su, ni daga tituna ne, na san abin da mutanen titi ke son saurara... su jira kundin waƙoƙina da ake sa ran zai faɗi zuwa ƙarshen shekara. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] h4184kse4rrvgw74e24ku9pziknv2t1 964265 964262 2026-10-07T11:10:41Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Salo waka */ 964265 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh iri ɗaya ne da na Olamide,wanda ke yin waƙa da waƙa a cikin yaren yankinsa. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-5 </ref>[5][6] Duk da haka, an soki shi da yawan yin amfani da kalaman batanci da kuma rashin samun daidaito a cikin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa.[7] A wata hira da Naij, ya ce, "su waƙoƙi ne marasa aure ba kundin waƙoƙi ba,na san irin kasuwa da nake jagorantar waƙoƙina zuwa gare su, ni daga tituna ne, na san abin da mutanen titi ke son saurara... su jira kundin waƙoƙina da ake sa ran zai faɗi zuwa ƙarshen shekara. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] iklx5s0i5wdfgvuy67khufosqmloiio 964267 964265 2026-10-07T11:12:40Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Salo waka */ 964267 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh iri ɗaya ne da na Olamide,wanda ke yin waƙa da waƙa a cikin yaren yankinsa. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-5 </ref>[6] Duk da haka, an soki shi da yawan yin amfani da kalaman batanci da kuma rashin samun daidaito a cikin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa.[7] A wata hira da Naij, ya ce, "su waƙoƙi ne marasa aure ba kundin waƙoƙi ba,na san irin kasuwa da nake jagorantar waƙoƙina zuwa gare su, ni daga tituna ne, na san abin da mutanen titi ke son saurara... su jira kundin waƙoƙina da ake sa ran zai faɗi zuwa ƙarshen shekara. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] lvm8nz5bj9u0q6zgzfmmhk4hhqo1k4s 964269 964267 2026-10-07T11:16:57Z Hamza DK 12444 /* Salo waka */ 964269 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{databox}} [[File:Sc.png|200px|right|thumbnail|]] [[File:Lil Kesh sings.png|right|thumb|250px|Lil Kesh]] '''Keshinro Ololade''' ko '''Lil Kesh''' mawaƙin ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] ne, koma yanacikin matasa masu tasowa ==Rayuwar farko da Ilimi== An haifi Ololade kuma ya girma a Bariga, wani yanki a Jihar Legas. Ya halarci Kwalejin Stockbridge don karatunsa na firamare da sakandare, sannan ya ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Legas, inda ya karanci harsuna. Daga baya, ya koma Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiya ta Ƙasa kuma ya karanci Mass Communication ta yanar gizo. ==Sana'a== Ya fara aikinsa na waƙa a shekarar 2012, lokacin da ya fara yin waƙar rap a abokan aikinsa a Bariga. Ba da daɗewa ba, a ranar 2 ga Janairu 2014, ya fitar da waƙar "Lyrically", wadda ta shahara a jami'o'in Najeriya. Viktoh, wani mawakin rap na Najeriya,ya ji waƙar kutsakaninma ya kunna ta ga Olamide. Olamide ya ji daɗin waƙar kuma ya sanya hannu kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, YBNL Nation. kan Kesh zuwa kamfanin waƙar sa, [[YBNL Nation]]. ==Salo waka== Salon kiɗan Lil Kesh iri ɗaya ne da na Olamide,wanda ke yin waƙa da waƙa a cikin yaren yankinsa. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-5 </ref> <ref https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-6 </ref>[6] Duk da haka, an soki shi da yawan yin amfani da kalaman batanci da kuma rashin samun daidaito a cikin waƙoƙin waƙoƙinsa.[7] A wata hira da Naij, ya ce, "su waƙoƙi ne marasa aure ba kundin waƙoƙi ba,na san irin kasuwa da nake jagorantar waƙoƙina zuwa gare su, ni daga tituna ne, na san abin da mutanen titi ke son saurara... su jira kundin waƙoƙina da ake sa ran zai faɗi zuwa ƙarshen shekara. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Kesh#cite_note-3</ref> {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lil Kesh}} [[Category:Mawaƙan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] 6utze75g620jn80x7ul8eoybdwhjabm 3 6214 964114 961871 2026-10-06T22:38:28Z ~2026-53877-71 49737 /* Kamilu tasiu */ sabon sashe 964114 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) :samaan :Hausa :@[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39981-47|&#126;2026-39981-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39981-47|talk]]) 13:46, 16 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40126-77|&#126;2026-40126-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40126-77|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) california se hamare saath ho raha hai hum kaise pata karengovernmenttaxforcecalifornia@gmail.com [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40691-12|&#126;2026-40691-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40691-12|talk]]) 17:32, 20 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Batu == safiya [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42392-57|&#126;2026-42392-57]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42392-57|talk]]) 18:07, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Auwal Abubakar == Auwal Abubakar Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42968-66|&#126;2026-42968-66]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42968-66|talk]]) 12:02, 4 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == mouhammadousirajo4@gmail.com == mouhammadou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-46209-95|&#126;2026-46209-95]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-46209-95|talk]]) 09:05, 24 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == Husaini Hassana Husaini == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47716-12|&#126;2026-47716-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47716-12|talk]]) 08:57, 1 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Yar abbanta == al ummata [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47594-41|&#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:25, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == مريم بنت سراج == Allah y karawa annabi daraja [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47594-41|&#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:30, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) allah gafarta malam Ina tambayane akan israi da mi iraji shin annabi yaga Allah wani malamin yace duk Wanda yace annabi yaga Allah hadisin shi nada rauni dan Allah muna son karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-48750-15|~2026-48750-15]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-48750-15|talk]]) 20:02, 9 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Sheikh == ibn [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51225-37|~2026-51225-37]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51225-37|talk]]) 22:54, 22 Satumba 2026 (UTC) Assalamualaikum warhamdullahi''akarmukalla ina dambaya wanne sahabine yace shine zakin Allah Kuma zakin Manzon Allah s a w<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51091-35|~2026-51091-35]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51091-35|talk]]) 05:26, 23 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Allah kasadamu Manzon Allah == Allah karama annabi daraja [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51091-35|~2026-51091-35]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51091-35|talk]]) 23:34, 23 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Aljanna makoma == Aljanna makoma [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51600-55|~2026-51600-55]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51600-55|talk]]) 05:55, 24 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Parsamet == parsamet [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51966-06|~2026-51966-06]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51966-06|talk]]) 15:39, 27 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Tambaya == wace shiya ce ake kira gidan dikko a cikin sokoto [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-53210-05|~2026-53210-05]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-53210-05|talk]]) 13:21, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) == Kamilu tasiu == 9031238946 [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-53877-71|~2026-53877-71]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-53877-71|talk]]) 22:38, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) k5mice23oyf9o5jh7grrp5qi3av9of0 0 8686 964138 847009 2026-10-07T02:19:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Masarautar Zazzau 08.jpg|thumb|Sarkin Zazzau Na 18]] [[File:Masarautar Zazzau 09.jpg|thumb|masarautar Zazzau 09]] [[Fayil:Masarautar Zazzau 07.jpg|thumb]] '''Shehu Idris''' (An haife shi a shekara ta 1936 ya rasu a shekara ta 2020), ya kasance shine [[Sarki]]n [[Zazzau]] na goma sha takwas 18 a jerin sarakunan [[Zaria|Zariya]] dake [[Jihar Kaduna]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=Buhari, N-Govs, others mourn as Emir of Zazzau, Shehu Idris dies at 84 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/buhari-n-govs-others-mourn-as-emir-of-zazzau-shehu-idris-dies-at-84/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> a sarakunan Fulani a karkashin Daular usmanniya ta [[Musulunci]] ta [[Sokoto]] [[Najeriya]].<ref name="breaking"/> Shehu idris shine da na biyar a wajen mahaifiyarsa kuma da na shida a cikin maza a wajen mahaifinsa. Shehu Idiris ya kasance shine mafi tsawon mulki a tarihin masarautar ƙasar Zazzau, ya kwashe tsawon shekaru arba'in da biyar 45 a akan karagar mulkin zazzau Ya hau karagar mulki tun a ranar takwas ga watan Fabrairu shekarar ta 1975 biyo bayan rasuwar Sarkin Zazzau na goma sha bakwai Muhammadu Aminu a sannan Idris yana da shekaru talatin da tara 39 a rayuwarsa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/168711-zazzau-emirate-council-member-shot-dead-in-kaduna.html|title=Zazzau Emirate Council Member shot dead in Kaduna|work= Premium|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|title=I Owe Long Life, Peaceful Coexistence To Almighty Allah – Shehu Idris|work=Leadership Newspaper|accessdate=10 November 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909064309/http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|archivedate=9 September 2015}}</ref> Mahaifinsa shine Malam Idris Auta, mahaifiyarsa kuma itace Hajiya Aminatu Idris.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/history-beckons-as-emir-of-zazzau-marks-45th-anniversary{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. == Farkon Rayuwa == Tarihin mai martaba sarkin [[zazzau]] Alhaji Shehu Idris ya fara ne daga Ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1936, wanda shine asalin ranar da aka haifawa malam Idiris Autan Sambo da malama Aminatu matarsa ta uku (mahaifan shehu Idris). Bayan sati daya da haihuwarsa an sanya ma yaron suna SHEHU USMAN kamar yadda addini da al’ada suka tanadar. An haifi Idris daga gidan malam Idiris Auta wanda akafi sani da Auta Sambo tare da matarsa Hajiya Aminatu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Emir Shehu Idris of Zazzau: Exit of a gentleman peacemaker|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust/20200921/281565178190492|website=www.pressreader.com|accessdate=21 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Adamu">{{cite web|url=http://www.kabidonews.com/hh-alhaji-dr-shehu-idris-the-fragrance-always-stays-in-the-hands-that-gives-the-rose/|title=HH Alhaji Shehi Idris|last1=Marshal|first1=Adamu|last2=|first2=|date=14 January 2015|website=Kabidonews.com|publisher=|access-date=30 April 2016|quote=|archive-date=7 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507115422/http://www.kabidonews.com/hh-alhaji-dr-shehu-idris-the-fragrance-always-stays-in-the-hands-that-gives-the-rose/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Karatu == Shehu ya fara karatu yana ɗan shekara biyar. A wannan shekarun ba’a aika shi makarantar nursery ko firamari ba sai dai an tura shi makarantar islamiyya inda ya koyo karatun Al-Qur’ani kamar yadda [[addini]] ya tanadar. Shehu ya kasance dalibi mafi kwazo a lokacin da yake zuwa makarantar Allo, saboda baya taba yin fashin ajin safe ko na yamma ba tare da wani dalili mai ƙarfi ba. Ranaku biyar ne ake zuwa Makarantar a sati watau daga Asabar zuwa laraba ƙarfe 7:30 zuwa 11:30 na safe, sai kuma 2:30 zuwa 6:00 na yamma.<ref name=":1">Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris,the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. p.p. 60-63 ISBN 978-2118-028</ref> A lokacin da ya kai shekara 11 an sanyashi makarantar zamani a nan garin Zariya  a shekara ta 1947. Duk da yana zuwa makarantar boko domin neman ilimin zamani, hakan bai hana shi cigaba da karatunsa na addini ba.<ref name=":1" />. [[File:Masarautar Zazzau 01.jpg|thumb|261x261px]] == Sarauta == Shehu Idris ya zama Sarki ne sanda Jihar take a matsayin Jihar Arewa ta Tsakiya a shekara ta 1975. A shekarar mai zuwa, Janar [[Murtala Mohammed]] lokacin yana Shugaban ƙasa ya canja mata suna zuwa [[Jihar Kaduna]]. Bayan an kwashe shekaru goma sha ɗaya, sai Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya raba jihar zuwa gida biyu [[Katsina]] da [[Jihar Kaduna]] a shekara ta 1987. Inda rabewar ya haifar da natsuwa akan tashin hankalin dake faruwa tsakanin Masarautar Katsina da Zazzau a sanda suke jiha ɗaya. Amma duk da wancan rabewar kuma, sai aka sake samo wata sabuwar rabuwa tsakanin mutanen dake rayuwa a kudancin Kaduna da Arewacin Kaduna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/168711-zazzau-emirate-council-member-shot-dead-in-kaduna.html|title=Zazzau Emirate Council Member shot dead in Kaduna|work=Premium|accessdate=10 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|title=I Owe Long Life, Peaceful Coexistence To Almighty Allah – Shehu Idris|work=Leadership Newspaper|accessdate=10 November 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909064309/http://leadership.ng/features/347820/owe-long-life-peaceful-coexistence-almighty-allah-shehu-idris|archivedate=9 September 2015}}</ref> Idris ya fara karatunsa ne daga samun koyarwa na addini a wurin malamai a Zariya da Kuma cigaba da karatun sa a makarantar Zariya Elementary School.<ref name="newswire">{{cite web|title=The Emir of Zazzau, His royal Highness Alh(Dr) Shehu Idris, is dead|url=https://newswirengr.com/2020/09/20/the-emir-of-zazzau-his-royal-highness-alhdr-shehu-idris-is-dead/|website=NewsWire NGR|accessdate=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004061302/https://newswirengr.com/2020/09/20/the-emir-of-zazzau-his-royal-highness-alhdr-shehu-idris-is-dead/|archive-date=4 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yana elementary school a shekarar 1947 zuwa shekara ta 1950, Inda a wannan lokacin ya rasa mahaifinsa yana da shekara 12.<ref name="newswire" /> Idris ya cigaba da karatun alkur’ani da na zamani har yakai ga Zariya Middle School a shekara ta 1950 sa'annan ya kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1955.<ref name="newswire" /> Sannan ya shiga Katsina Training College inda yazama malamin makaranta mai koyarwa.<ref name="Adamu" /> Wanda wannan rabuwa ta haifar da rashin jituwa da dama. Waɗanda suka shahara sune Rikicin Kafanchan a shekarar 1987, Faɗan Zangon Kataf sau biyu a shekarar 1992, faɗan Shari’a a 2000 da kuma faɗan bayan zaɓen shekara ta 2011 da shekara ta 2012. Lokacin sarautar Shehu Idris, yawancin dukkanin yankunan al'umma dake cikin garin Zazzau waɗanda ba Hausawa ba an basu cin gashin kansu kuma suka zama Masarautun kansu. Wannan yakamata ya baƙanta ma Idris rai. Biyo bayan ƙirƙiran wata sabuwar masarauta a 2001, wasu bangaren Musulmai dake Zazzau suma sun nemi a basu cin gashin kansu. Samun kaiwa shekaru 45 a sarauta ba ƙaramin abu bane, Kuma ya zamo mafi tsawon mulki a tarihin sarautar Zazzau. A yan' wannan karnin, an sha samun tsige-tsigen sarakunan gargajiya a masarautun Arewacin Najeriya. Sultan [[Ibrahim Dasuki]] an tsige shi a 1996, sarkin Gwandu Almustapha Jokolo an tsige shi a 2005 da Kuma Sarkin Kano [[Sanusi Lamido Sanusi|Muhammadu Sanusi]] na II shi ma an tsige shi a farkon shekarar 2020. Haka Kuma sarakunan a Muri, Suleja da Agaie. Sai dai Sarkin Zazzau ya kiyaye wa kansa duk wani abunda zai sanya asamu matsala tsakanin shi da wani Shugaba. ==Aiki == Idris nada shekaru 39 ne a sanda ya zama Sarkin Zazzau a watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1975. Gabanin hawan sa sarauta ya kasance hakimi Kuma malamin makaranta. Gwamnan Kaduna na wancan lokacin Birgediya [[Abba Kyari]] shine ya naɗa Shehu Idris a matsayin Sarkin Zazzau na sha takwas a shekara ta 1975. [[File:Masarautar Zazzau 06.jpg|thumb|233x233px|Shehu Idris a makarantar sakandiri]] == Dangi == Shehu shine ɗa na biyar a wajen mahaifiyarsa kuma ɗa na shida a cikin maza a wajen mahaifinsa. Shehu ƙarami ya kasance kyauta ne mai matuƙar rahama daga Allah wanda iyayensa suka yiwa Allah godiya akan samunsa da suka yi.<ref name=":0">Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris, the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. p.p. 57-59 ISBN 978-2118-028</ref> Shehu Idris ya taso ne a gidan yawa saboda mahaifinsa yana da mata har guda huɗu, kuma gidan ya kasance daga sashin mulkin katsinawa a zazzau. Shehu ya samu tarbiyya kai tsaye daga wajen iyayensa malam Idris Autan Sambo da malama Aminatu tare da taimakon sauran iyayensa mata na gida. Malama Suwaibatu, Malama Zainabu, Malama Raliyatu. Kuma dukkanin su sun karkatu ne akan tarbiyya ta addini da kuma al’adu na ƙwarai. Al’ada ne a ƙasar hausa uwa take ɓoye sunan ɗanta na farko ko na biyu saboda alkunya, amma malama Aminatu ta ɓoye gaba ɗaya sunayen yaranta guda biyar inda kowanne ta bashi laƙabi da take kiransa da shi, ya kasance shehu ya samu suna “Na Allah”. Kuma ta kanyi wasa dashi a matsayin yaronta na biyar.<ref name=":0" /> Shehu ƙarami ya kasance kyauta ne mai matuƙar rahama daga Allah wanda iyayensa suka yiwa [[Allah]] godiya akan samunsa da suka yi.<ref>Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris, the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. p.p. 57-59 ISBN 978-2118-028</ref> == Mutuwa == A yanzu bayan rasuwar Alhaji Shehu Idris gasar data daɗe a kwance ta tashi a tsakanin gidan Sabon sarkin da zai fito, Barebari, [[Mallawa]], [[Sullubawa]] ne ko kuma daga gidan Shehu Idris [[Katsinawa]]. Yarimomi sun daɗe tsawon shekaru arba'in da biyar (45) suna jiran wannan damar. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Masarautar Zazzau 09.jpg|Shehu Idris a Makarantar Jami'a dake Landan. File:Masarautar Zazzau 10.jpg File:Masarautar Zazzau 07.jpg </gallery> == Bibilyo == * Dalhatu, Ibrahim. Alhaji Shehu Idris, the 18th fulani emir of zazzau. Hassan, Musa. ISBN 978-2118-028 ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Idris, Shehu}} [[Category:Sarakunan Zazzau]] [[Category:Sarakunan Nijeriya]] 3bqnorru370zgycpioxrweqmulk3n4c 0 9309 963965 873466 2026-10-06T18:01:51Z Zaujeel khair 49197 963965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Umaru Musa Yar'aduwa.ogg|thumb|Umaru Musa Yar'adua]] [[Fayil:Umaru Musa Yar'adua University senate buildinh.jpg|thumb|'''Umaru Musa Yar'adua University senate building''']] [[Fayil:Umaru YarAdua 080630-F-1644L-111.jpg|thumb|tsowun shugaban kasar Nigerian]] [[Fayil:Umaruyaradua07052007.jpg|thumb|Umaru Musa Yar'adua tshon shugaban ƙasar Najeriya]] '''Umaru Musa Yar'aduaYar'adua,''' (an haife shi a ranar sha shida ga watan Augusta shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da ɗaya16 -8- 1951. Ya rasu a ranar biyar ga watan Mayu shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma, 5-5-2010) ya kasance ɗan [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasan]] [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne wanda ya kasance [[Shugaban Nijeriya|shugaban Najeriya]] mai gaskia da adalchidaga shekarar dubu biyu da bakwai, 2007 zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da goma 2010. An bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasar [[Najeriya]] da aka gudanar a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekarar dubu biyu da bakwai, 2007, kuma an rantsar dashi a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekara ta alif dubu biyu da bakwai, 2007. Ya taɓa zama [[Jerin gwamnonin jihar Katsina|gwamnan]] [[Katsina (jiha)|Jihar Katsina]] daga shekarar alif ɗari tara da chasa'in da tara, 1999 zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai, 2007; kuma [[Peoples Democratic Party|ɗan jam'iyyar PDP ne]]. A shekarar dubu biyu da tara, 2009, '''Ƴar'adua''' ya tafi [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] don neman magani na pericarditis. Ya dawo gida [[Najeriya]] a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, shekara ta dubu biyu da goma, 2010, inda ya rasu a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu na wannan shekarar. == Rayuwar Farko == An haifi Ƴar’aduwa a garin [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] ; mahaifinsa [[Musa Yar'Adua|Musa ’Yar’aduwa]], ya kasance Ministan [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a jamhuriyya ta farko kuma ya riƙe '''sarautar Matawalle''' [[Masarautar Najeriya|(]] mai kula da taskar sarauta) na [[Katsina (birni)|Masarautar Katsina]], laƙabin da Ƴar’adua ya gada kenan. Kakansa, Malam Umaru, shi ma ya taɓa rike mukamin '''Matawallen Katsinan''' yayin da kakarsa Binta, [[Fulani|Bafulatana]] ce daga ƙabilar [[Sulluɓawa|Sullubawa]], ta kasance gimbiya a [[Katsina (birni)|masarautar Katsina]], kuma ƙanwar Sarki [[Muhammadu Dikko]] . <ref name="dtn2">Daily Trust, Yar'Adua Interview, 3 March 2007</ref> Alhaji Umaru Ƴar’adua ya auri [[Turai Yar'Adua|Turai Umaru Yar’adua]] na [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] a shekara alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyar, 1975; sun haifi ƴaƴa bakwai (ƴaƴa mata biyar da maza biyu) da jikoki da dama. Ƴar su mai suna Zainab tana auren tsohon gwamnan [[Kebbi|jihar Kebbi]] [[Usman Saidu Nasamu Dakingari|Usman Saidu Nasamu Ɗakingari]] . Wata kuma, Nafisa tana auren [[Isa Yuguda]] tsohon gwamnan [[jihar Bauchi]] ; kuma Maryam ta auri [[Ibrahim Shema]] tsohon [[Jerin gwamnonin jihar Katsina|gwamnan jihar Katsina]] . Ƴar’adua ya auri Hauwa Umar Radda daga shekarar alif ɗari tara da chasa'in da biyu, 1992 zuwa shekara ta alif ɗari tara da chasa'in da bakwai, 1997, kuma ya haifi ƴaƴa biyu da ita . == Karatu == Ya fara karatun sa a makarantar firamare ta Rafukka a shekara ta alif 1958, sannan ya koma Dutsinma Primary School a shekara alif 1962. Ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnati da ke [[Keffi]] daga shekara ta 1965 zuwa shekara alif, 1969. A shekara ta 1971 ya sami takardar shadar Sakandare a [[Kwalejin Barewa]] . Ya halarci [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Zariya|ke Zariya]] daga shekara ta alif 1972 zuwa shekarar 1975, inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin Ilimi da hada magunguna, sannan ya dawo a shekara ta 1978 inda ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin haɗa magunguna . <ref name="biography" /> == Kafin Zama Shugaban Kasa == Aikin farko da Yar'adua ya fara yi shi ne a Holy Child College da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] (a shekara ya 1975 da 76). Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Fasaha, Kimiyya da Fasaha da ke [[Zariya]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], tsakanin shekara ta alif 1976 zuwa shekarar 1979. A cikin shekara ta 1979, ya fara aiki a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Fasaha, ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wannan matsayi har zuwa shekarar 1983, lokacin da ya fara aiki a fannin kamfanoni. 'Yar'adua ya yi aiki a Sambo Farms Ltd da ke [[Funtua]], [[Katsina (birni)|Jihar Katsina]], a matsayin babban Manaja a tsakanin shekara ta alif 1983 zuwa shekarar 1989. Ya taɓa zama mamba a kamfanin samar da kayan noma na jihar Katsina tsakanin shekara 1984 zuwa 1985, kuma memba a majalisar gudanarwa ta kwalejin fasaha ta Katsina [[Zariya]] da Katsina Polytechnic tsakanin 1978 zuwa 1983, shugaban hukumar zuba jari da raya kadarori ta jihar Katsina tsakanin shekara ta alif 1994 zuwa shekarar 1996. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darakta na kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Habib Nigeria [[Banki|Bank]] Ltd, a shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekarar 1999; Lodigiani Nigeria Ltd,a shekara ta 1987 zuwa shekarar 1999, Hamada Holdings, a shekara ta 1983 zuwa shekarar 1999; da Madara Ltd, Vom, Jos,a shekara ta 1987 zuwa shekarar 1999. Ya kasance Shugaban Kamfanin Jarida na Nation House, Kaduna, daga shekara ta a1995 zuwa shekarar 1999. === Siyasar jam'iyya === A lokacin [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriyya]] ta Biyu (a shekara ta 1979 da 83), ‘Yar’aduwa ya kasance memba na Jam’iyyar Fansa ta Jama’a ta hagu, yayin da mahaifinsa ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban [[Jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria|Jam’iyyar ta Kasa]] a takaice. A lokacin shirin mika mulki na Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] zuwa jamhuriya ta uku, Yar'adua na ɗaya daga cikin jiga-jigan jam'iyyar Peoples Front of Nigeria tare da wasu mambobi irin su [[Atiku Abubakar]], Baba Gana Kingibe, [[Bola Tinubu]], [[Sabo Bakin Zuwo]], Wada Abubakar. [[Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila]], [[Abubakar Koko]] and [[Rabi'u Musa Kwankwaso|Rabiu Musa Kwankwaso]], kungiyar siyasa ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban yayansa marigayi Manjo-Janar [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]] . Daga baya waccan Kungiyar ta hade ta kafa jam’iyyar Social Democratic Party . 'Yar'Adua ya kasance mamba ne a Majalisar Zartarwa ta shekarar al 1988. Ya kasance ɗan jam’iyyar APC na ƙasa kuma sakataren jam’iyyar SDP a jihar Katsina kuma ya tsaya takarar gwamna a shekarar 1991, amma ya sha kaye a hannun [[Saidu Barda]], dan takarar jam’iyyar Republican Convention kuma abokin Babangida. === Gwamnan Katsina === A shekarar 1999 Yar'Adua ya lashe zaben gwamnan jihar. <ref name="dtn2">Daily Trust, Yar'Adua Interview, 3 March 2007</ref> Shine gwamna na farko da ya bayyana kadarorin sa a bainar jama'a. Gwamnatin Yar’adua ta ga abubuwa daban-daban a jihar. Katsina ta zama jiha ta biyar a arewacin Najeriya da ta dauki [[shari'a]], ko kuma shari'ar Musulunci. An ba da fifiko ga ilimi kuma a gina makarantu da yawa a yankunan karkara. Yar'adua ya kuma cika alkawarinsa na gudanar da ingantacciyar gwamnati, tare da dakile cin hanci da rashawa. A shekara ta 2003, daga baya aka sake zaɓen shi a karo na biyu a kan mulki kuma wanda ya gaje shi shi ne [[Ibrahim Shema]] . === Zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 2007 ===   A ranakun 16 zuwa 17 ga watan Disamba,shekara ta 2006, an zabi ‘Yar’Adua a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa na jam’iyyar [[Peoples Democratic Party|People’s Democratic Party]] a zaben Afrilun shekarar 2007, inda ya samu kuri’u 3,024 daga wakilan jam’iyyar; Babban abokin hamayyarsa, Rochas Okorocha, ya samu kuri'u 372. Nasarar da 'Yar'adua ya samu a zaben fidda gwanin dai an alakanta shi da goyon bayan shugaban kasa mai ci [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ; <ref name="Ashby2" /> A lokacin da aka nada shi mutum ne da ba a sani ba a fagen kasa, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "dan tsana" na Obasanjo wanda ba zai iya lashe zaben ba a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi. <ref name="Bloomfield2" /> Jim kadan bayan lashe zaben, Yar'adua ya zabi [[Goodluck Jonathan]], gwamnan [[Bayelsa|jihar Bayelsa]], a matsayin dan takararsa na mataimakin shugaban kasa. <ref name="Ashby2" /> <ref name="Bloomfield2" /> Wani ra’ayi na goyon bayan da ya samu daga shugaban kasa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] shi ne, yana daya daga cikin gwamnonin da ba su da tabo, ba tare da wani tuhuma ko tuhume-tuhume na almundahana ba. <ref name="Bloomfield2" /> Ya kuma kasance dan jam'iyyar People's Democratic Movement (PDM)&nbsp;– wani katafaren siyasa mai karfi da dan uwansa, [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua|Shehu Musa Yar’adua ya]] kafa, wanda kuma shi ne mataimakin shugaban kasa na Obasanjo a lokacin mulkin soja . A zaben shugaban kasa da aka gudanar a ranar 21 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2007, 'Yar'Adua ya yi nasara da kashi 70% na kuri'u ( kuri'u 24.6 million ) bisa ga sakamakon da aka fitar a ranar 23 ga Afrilu. Zaben ya kasance mai cike da cece-kuce. An yi kakkausar suka daga masu lura da al’amura, da kuma ‘yan takarar jam’iyyar adawa guda biyu, [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na jam’iyyar ANPP da [[Atiku Abubakar]] na jam’iyyar Action Congress (AC), sakamakon da aka yi watsi da shi da cewa an tafka magudi a zaban ‘Yar’aduwa. . == Fadar shugaban kasa == Bayan zaɓen, 'Yar'adua ya ba da shawarar kafa gwamnatin haɗin kan ƙasa. A karshen watan Yunin shekarar 2007, jam’iyyun adawa biyu, ANPP da Progressive Peoples Alliance (PPA), sun amince su shiga gwamnatin Yar’adua. === Majalisar ministoci === An rantsar da sabuwar majalisar ministocin Yar'adua a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2007. Ya kunshi ministoci 39, ciki har da guda biyu na jam'iyyar ANPP. <ref name="APA" /> === Ajanda na kasa === A watan Agustan shekarar 2007, gwamnatin ta fitar da wani ajandar guda bakwai da za ta zama jigon warware matsalolin da gwamnatin ke fuskanta tare da bayyana burin daukaka Nijeriya ta kasance cikin ƙasashe ashirin mafi karfin tattalin arziki a duniya nan da shekarar 2020: * Kayan aiki, iko da makamashi * Samar da abinci * Habaka Tattalin arziki * Sufuri * Gyaran ƙasa * Tsaro * Ilimi Sakamakon rashin lafiya da mutuwarsa, gwamnati ta kasa fahimtar ajanda. <ref name=":02">Robert, Dr & Dode, Oghenedoro. (2019). Yar'adua 7-Point Agenda, the Mdgs and Sustainable Development in Nigeria.</ref> Ba'a samu isassun kuɗaɗe a fannin wutar lantarki ba, ba a rufe gibin ababen more rayuwa da kuma matsalar yin garambawul ga dokokin amfani da filaye ya kawo cikas ga sake fasalin dokar mallakar filaye. <ref name=":02" /> === Sauye Sauyen Dokokin Zabe === Umar Musa Yaradua ya kafa kwamitin sake fasalin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa domin duba al’amuran shari’a, cibiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa da kuma matsalolin tsaro da suka shafi inganci da ingancin zaɓe a ƙasar da kuma bayar da shawarwari kan inganta sahihancin zaɓe. Kwamitin garambawul ɗin ya kasance karkashin jagorancin [[Mohammed Uwais|Muhammadu Uwais]], tsohon babban alkalin [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|kotun koli]] . Daga cikin shawarwarin da kwamitin ya bayar akwai matakan da kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ya shimfida na tabbatar da hukumar zabe ta [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|INEC]] da gaske, tare da kawar da wasu ayyukan INEC tare da kafa hukumar zaɓe da hukumar rajistar jam’iyyu. Har ila yau, ta ba da shawarar a gaggauta warware kalubalen shari'a na zabuka, mai yiwuwa kafin bikin rantsar da wanda ya lashe kujerar da ake kalubalantarsa. === Rashin lafiya === Shugaba 'Yar'adua ya bar Najeriya ne a ranar 23 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 2009, kuma an ruwaito yana jinyar cutar sankarau a wani asibiti a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]] . Ba a sake ganinsa a bainar jama'a ba, kuma rashinsa ya haifar da rashin wutar lantarki wanda wata kabila ta kwace. A ranar 22 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2010, [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] ta yanke hukuncin cewa [[Majalisar ministocin Najeriya|Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya]] (FEC) ta ba da kwanaki goma sha hudu don yanke hukunci kan ko ‘Yar’Adua ba zai iya gudanar da ayyukan ofishinsa ba. Hukuncin ya kuma bayyana cewa ya kamata Majalisar Zartarwa ta Tarayya ta saurari shaidar likitoci biyar, daya daga cikinsu ya zama likitan Yar’adua. === Kayarwar Lalura === A ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2010, Majalisar Dattawa ta yi amfani da "rukunan zama dole" wajen mika wa mataimakin shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ikon shugabancin kasa, tare da ayyana shi a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban kasa, tare da dukkan madafun iko, har sai Yar'Adua ya dawo cikin koshin lafiya. Mika mulki da wasu ke ganin ya sabawa doka, lauyoyin ‘yan adawa da ‘yan majalisar dokoki sun kira juyin mulki ba tare da maganar ba. Duk da haka, akwai wasu da suke jin rashin ikon zai haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali da yiwuwar kwace sojoji. == Rayuwa ta sirri == === Lafiya === A shekarar 2007, Umaru ‘Yar’aduwa, wanda ya yi fama da ciwon koda, ya kalubalanci masu sukar sa da su yi watsi da cewa a kokarinsa na kawo karshen cece-kuce game da lafiyarsa. A ranar 6 ga watan Maris,shekara ta 2007 an kai shi Jamus don dalilai na likita, wanda ya kara haifar da jita-jita game da lafiyarsa. Mai magana da yawunsa ya ce hakan ya faru ne saboda damuwa kuma ya ruwaito Yar’adua na cewa yana cikin koshin lafiya kuma nan ba da jimawa ba zai dawo yakin neman zabe. Wani rahoto da mai magana da yawun 'Yar'adua ya ki amincewa da shi, ya ce 'Yar'adua ya fadi ne bayan ya samu bugun zuciya. === Dukiya === A ranar 28 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2007, Yar'adua ya fito fili ya bayyana kadarorinsa daga watan Mayu (wanda ya zama shugaban Najeriya na farko da ya yi haka), a cewarsa yana da ₦ [[Naira|856,452,892]] ( US $ 5.8 million ) na dukiya, ₦19 million ( $0.1 million ). wanda na matarsa ne. Ya kuma ci bashin ₦88,793,269.77 ( $0.5 million ). Wannan bayanin da ya cika alkawarin da ya dauka kafin zaben, an yi shi ne domin ya zama abin koyi ga sauran ‘yan siyasar Najeriya da kuma dakile cin hanci da rashawa. == Mutuwa da bayansa ==   A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010 Yar’adua ya koma [[Abuja]] cikin duhu. Ba a dai san halin lafiyarsa ba, amma akwai rade-radin cewa har yanzu yana kan injin taimakon rayuwa . Masana siyasa da addini daban-daban a [[Najeriya]] sun ziyarce shi a lokacin da yake jinya, inda suka ce zai samu sauki. Yar'Adua ya rasu ne a ranar 5 ga Mayu a [[Aso Rock Villa|fadar shugaban kasa ta Aso Rock]] . An yi jana'izar Musulunci a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu a mahaifarsa da ke [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]] . Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta ayyana zaman makoki na kwanaki bakwai. Mataimakin shugaban ƙasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya ce “Najeriya ta yi asarar kayan ado da ke kan rawanin ta, har ma sama da ƙasa suna makoki da al’ummar mu a daren yau. A matsayinmu na daidaiku da kasa baki daya mun yi addu’ar Allah ya ba shi lafiya. Ammah muna yin tawassuli da cewa Maɗaukakin Sarki shi ne mai bayarwa kuma mai ɗaukar rai gaba ɗaya.” Shugaban [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] [[Barack Obama]] ya yi ta'aziyya, yana mai cewa: "Ya himmatu wajen samar da dawwamammen zaman lafiya da wadata a cikin iyakokin Najeriya, da kuma ci gaba da wannan aiki zai kasance wani muhimmin bangare na girmama abin da ya bari." == Duba kuma ==   * [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua]], babban yayansa * [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] * [[Goodluck Jonathan]] == Nassoshi == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} {{Wikiquote-inline}} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KTGJqt3gmEg Umaru Musa 'Yar'Adua: Hankalin Gaba] {{S-start}} {{S-off}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[List of Governors of Katsina State|Governor of Katsina]]}} {{S-aft}} |- {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[President of Nigeria]]}} {{S-aft}} |- {{S-ppo}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party presidential nominee]]}} {{S-aft}} |- {{S-dip}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Economic Community of West African States|Chairperson of the Economic Community of West African States]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}}{{Governors of Katsina state}} [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] ezjstqfzhyiiin0i4r0bc4rwurccb0z 0 12101 963998 963432 2026-10-06T19:03:33Z Zaujeel khair 49197 963998 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tuwo da miya.jpg|thumb|hoton zazahen tuwon massara]] [[Fayil:Tuwo Miyan Kubewa.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kubewa]] [[Fayil:Tuwo and Miyar Kuka.jpg|thumb|Tuwo miyar kuka]] [[Fayil:Tuwo shinkafa.jpg|thumb]] '''Tuwo''' abinci ne da aka fi sani wanda [[Hausawa]] suke ci. Ana yin shi ne da [[masara]] ko [[Shinkafa]] ko kuma alkama ko dawa ko semo ko gero da sauran wasu nau'ika na hatsi. Haka kuma, tuwo abinci ne da ake yin shi daga [[masara]] ko gero, sai a tuka shi da tafasasshen ruwan zafi. Ana cin shine da miya. Akwai miya kala daban-daban kamar: [[Miyar kuka]] da [[miyar kubewa]] da [[miyar taushe]] da kuma [[miyan tafasa]] da dai sauransu.<ref>Miles, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''.p.47</ref> da farko dai za'a nuko gari sai a tankaɗe shi sai a ɗibo gari idan ruwan ya tausa a kwaɓa wannan garin ayi talge ma'ana akwaɓashi da kauri ba sosai ba a zuba a tukunyar a riƙa kaɗa yayi ƙullu. Bayan talge ya dahu sai a zuba sauran garin a hankali a hankali ana tuƙawa a barshi ya dahu sosai bayan ya dahu sosai sai a kwashe shi a kwanuka kokuma asakaya a guyleda. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Tuwo.jpg File:Tuwo with miyan kuka and fried fish.jpg </gallery> == Bibiliyo == * Milaes, William F. S. (1994). ''Hausaland divided : colonialism and independence in Nigeria and Niger''. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-8014-7010-3</nowiki>. OCLC 624196914. ==Manazrta== [[Category:Abinci]]. 0yktaw0p4a9ncy5n04qhbxqpvvbu7qe 0 14663 963972 922129 2026-10-06T18:13:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:2009 police truck Lagos Nigeria 4185115952.jpg|thumb|tankar ƴan sandar kasar Najeriya]] [[File:2014 12 05 Nigeria FPU Medal Ceremony-16 (15764573250).jpg|thumb|ƴan sandan kasar Najeriya a wani taro]] [[File:2016 01 06 Nigerian Police Contingent-7 (24211786875).jpg|thumb|ƴan sandan kasar Najeriya ]] [[File:2014 01 06 Nigeria Formed Police Unit Police Replacement and Rotation 24 (11798525496).jpg|thumb|Rundunar ƴan sandan kasar Najeriya tayi shirin ko ta kwana]] [[File:2015 04 27 AU UN Police Commissioners -11 (17090967577).jpg|thumb|ƴan sandan Najeriya da haɗin gwiwa ƴan sandan wasu ƙasashe]] [[File:2014 01 06 Nigeria Formed Police Unit Police Replacement and Rotation 14 (11798245774).jpg|thumb|ƴan sandan Najeriya nakan atisaye]] [[File:2014 01 06 Nigeria Formed Police Unit Police Replacement and Rotation 25 (11797754495).jpg|thumb|ƴan sandan Najeriya kan aiki]] [[File:Queen Elizabeth awarded Olufunwa a CPM (Colonial Police Medal) for meritorious service..JPG|thumb|sarauniyar engila ta ba wani ɗan sandan Najeriya lambar girma]] [[File:2014 01 06 Nigeria Formed Police Unit Police Replacement and Rotation 12 (11798584036).jpg|thumb|ƴan sandan Najeriya mata]] [[File:2012 10 27 AMISOM FOOT PATROL B (8134877172).jpg|thumb|ƴan sandan Najeriya]] '''Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Nijeriya''' Ita ce babbar hukumar da ke jagorantar jami’an tsaro a kasar dake Nijeriya tare da kimanin ma’aikata kusan 371,800. A yanzu haka akwai shirye-shiryen ƙara rundunar zuwa 650,000, tare da ƙara sabbin mayaka 280,000 zuwa 370,000 na yanzu. NPF kungiya ce mai girman gaske wacce ta kunshi daukacin jihohi 36 wadanda aka hada su zuwa shiyyoyi 12 da gabobin gudanarwa 7. IGP Alkali Usman Baba ne ke jagorantar hukumar a halin yanzu.[https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-56658976]. An bude police academy a wudil dake jahar kano nijeriya don Inganta tsaro a kasar Nijeriya kaba daya. == Tarihin Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Najeriya == An kafa rundunar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya a shekarar ta1820.   A cikin shekarar ta1879, aka kafa wata kungiya mai dauke da makamai 1,200. A shekarar ta 1896 an kafa 'yan sanda na Legas. An kafa makamancin wannan rundunar, mai suna Niger Coast Constabulary, wanda aka kafa a [[Kalaba|Kalabar]] a shekarar ta1894 a karkashin sabon sanarwar da aka bayar na kare yankin na tekun Niger . A arewa, Kamfanin Royal Niger Company ya kafa Royal Niger Company Constabulary a cikin shekarar ta1888 tare da hedkwata a Lokoja. Lokacin da aka ayyana masu kare Arewacin da Kudancin Najeriya a farkon shekarun 1900, wani ɓangare na Royal Niger Company Constabulary ya zama ƴan sandan Arewacin Najeriya, kuma wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Neja ta Kudu ta zama ƴan sandan Kudancin Najeriya. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, yawancin 'yan sanda suna da alaƙa da ƙananan hukumomi (ƙananan hukumomi). A cikin shekarun 1960, a karkashin Jamhuriya ta Farko, waɗannan rundunonin an fara sanya su a yanki sannan kuma suka zama ƙasashe. NPF ta yi aikin 'yan sanda na al'ada kuma tana da alhakin tsaron cikin gida gaba ɗaya; don tallafawa gidan yarin, shige da fice, da kuma ayyukan kwastan; da kuma yin aikin soja a ciki ko wajen Najeriya kamar yadda aka umurta. An sanar da shirye-shirye a tsakiyar shekarar 1980 don fadada rundunar zuwa 200,000. Zuwa shekara ta 1983, bisa ga kasafin kuɗin tarayya, karfin NPF ya kusan 152,000, amma wasu kafofin sun kiyasta tsakanin 20,000 zuwa 80,000. Ba da rahoto, akwai fiye da ofisoshin 'yan sanda 1,300 a duk faɗin ƙasar. Jami'an 'yan sanda galibi ba su da makamai amma ana ba su makamai lokacin da ake buƙata don takamaiman manufa ko yanayi. Sau da yawa ana tura su ko'ina cikin ƙasar, amma a cikin shekarar ta 1989 shugaban ƙasa a lokacin Babangida ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a tura manyan jami’ai zuwa yan kunansu don sauƙaƙa dangantakar ‘yan sanda da jama’ar gari. == Hukunci == Tsarin mulkin shekarar ta 1999 ya ayyana ‘Yan Sandan Nijeriya (NP) a matsayin‘ yan sanda na kasa na Najeriya tare da cikakken iko a duk fadin kasar. Akwai kuma tanadin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, don kafa rassan NPF daban "wadanda suka zama wani bangare na rundunar sojan Tarayya ko kuma kariya daga tashar jiragen ruwa, hanyoyin ruwa, hanyoyin jirgin kasa da filayen jiragen sama." Suchaya daga cikin irin wannan reshen, 'Yan sanda na Tsaro na Tsaro, an ba da rahoto ta hanyoyi daban-daban don samun ƙarfi a cikin shekarar 1990 daga tsakanin 1,500 zuwa 12,000. == Gudanarwa == Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Nijeriya tana kula da tsarin gudanarwa na sassa uku, na shiyya da na jihohi. '''Sassa''' {| class="wikitable" !TitleRanks ! Albashin Watanni ! Hakkin Albashin Shekara |- | Daukar Yan Sanda | N9,019.42 | N108,233 | Ma'aikatar Kudi da Gudanarwa | Kudi da Gudanarwa | Janar mulki da Kudi |- | Matsayi na Policean sanda Matsayi na 03 | N43,293.83 | N519,525.60 | Sashen Ayyuka | Ayyuka | Rigakafin laifi, Umurnin Jama'a, Tsaron Jama'a |- | Constan sanda na Matsayi na Levelan sanda 10 | N51,113.59 | N613,363.08 | Ma'aikatar kayan aiki da wadata | Kayan aiki da wadata | Ayyuka da Gudanar da Policeasar 'Yan Sanda |- | Kofur na 'yan sanda akan Mataki na Mataki na 04 (1) | N44,715.53 | N536,586.36 | Sashin binciken Laifuka | Sashin binciken manyan laifuka (FORCID) | Bincike |- | Kofur na 'yan sanda akan Mataki na Mataki na 04 (10) | N51,113.59 | N613,363.08 | Ma'aikatar Horarwa da Raya Kasa | Horarwa | Albarkatun mutane |- | Sajan dan sanda akan Mataki Na 05 (1) | N48,540.88 | N582,490.56 | Ma'aikatar Bincike da Tsare-tsare | Shiryawa, Bincike da Ci Gabanta | Isticsididdiga da Bayanai |- | Sajan dan sanda akan Mataki na Mataki na 05 (10) | N55,973.84 | N671,686.08 | Ma'aikatar Fasahar Sadarwa | Bayani da fasahar sadarwa | Gudanar da sadarwa |} Rundunar Ƴan Sandan Nijeriya tana ƙarƙashin babban aiki da kulawa na Sufeto Janar (IGP) wanda shugaban ƙasa ya nada kuma ke da alhakin kiyaye doka da oda. Mataimakin Sufeto Janar (DIG) ne ya tallafa masa a hedkwata a Legas kuma a kowace jiha daga kwamishinonin ’yan sanda. Tsarin mulki na shekarar 1979 ya tanadar wa Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Sanda wacce ke da alhakin manufofin NPF, tsarawa, gudanarwa, da harkokin kudi (ban da fansho). A watan Fabrairun shekarar 1989, [[Ibrahim Babangida|Babangida ya]] soke Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Ƴan Sanda kuma ya kafa Hukumar Ƴan sandan Nijeriya a madadin ta, karkashin ikon shugaban kasa kai tsaye. Sabon majalisar ya shugabanci shugaban; shugaban hafsan hafsoshin soja, ministan harkokin cikin gida, da babban sifeton ‘yan sanda mambobi ne. A wani bangare na sake tsarin gwamnati a watan Satumbar shekarar 1990, Alhajji Sumaila Gwarzo, tsohon daraktan SSS, ya zama sabon mukamin karamin minista, harkokin ‘yan sanda. A ƙarshen shekarar 1986, an sake tsara NPF a duk faɗin ƙasar zuwa cikin yankuna yanki bakwai, waɗanda ke maye gurbin tsarin kwamanda daidai da kowane [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jihohin Najeriya]] . Kowace kwamanda tana karkashin wani kwamishina ne na ‘yan sanda kuma an kara raba ta zuwa lardunan‘ yan sanda da rarrabuwa a karkashin jami’an gida. Hedikwatar NPF, wacce kuma ta kasance kwamandan yanki, tana kulawa tare da daidaita sauran umarnin yankin. Daga baya wadannan Area Dokokin aka harhada a karkashin Zone Dokokin kamar haka: Zone 1, cibiyarsa jihar [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], tare da Kano, [[Katsina (jiha)|Kastina]], da kuma [[Jigawa]] Dokokin Zone 2, wanda cibiyarsa [[Lagos (jiha)|ke Legas]], tare da [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos]], kuma [[Ogun]] umurtar Zone 3, cibiyarsa [[Yola]], tare da [[Adamawa]], da [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] Dokokin Sake fasalin NPF na shekarar 1986 ya kasance sakamakon fitowar jama'a cikin rikici tsakanin 'yan sanda da sojoji. An dakatar da wani Sufeto na wani lokaci saboda gurnani cewa sojoji sun kwace ayyukan ‘yan sanda kuma sun sa‘ yan sanda ba su biyan albashi, sannan an yi fada tsakanin ‘yan sanda da jami’an soja kan ikon sintiri a kan iyaka. Babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin ya sanar da sake tsarin NPF cikin sabbin kwamandojin yankuna bakwai da kuma shugabanni biyar (binciken laifuka, dabaru, kayayyaki, horo, da ayyuka) a karkashin mataimakin sufeto janar. Kimanin 'yan sanda 2,000 da manyan jami'an' yan sanda 400 ne aka kora daga tsakiyar shekarar 1987, suka bar manyan jami'an 'yan sanda cikin jin haushi. A tsakiyar shekarar ta 1989 an sake sanar da sake shirya kungiyar ta NPF bayan da AFRC ta amince da rahoton Rear Admiral Murtala Nyako. A cikin shekarar 1989 NPF kuma ta kirkiro Interungiyar Tattalin Arziki a cikin kowace jiha, ban da rukunin 'yan sanda masu motsi, musamman don sa ido kan al'amuran siyasa da kwantar da tarzoma yayin miƙa mulki zuwa mulkin farar hula. Kowane rukuni na tsakanin 'yan sanda 160 zuwa 400 an ba da umarnin ne ta hannun mataimakin mai kula da kulawa kuma an tanadar da motoci, kayan sadarwa, makamai, da kayan sarrafa jama'a, gami da garkuwar sanduna, sanduna, da hayaki mai sa hawaye. Ofishin Bincike da Leken Asiri na Tarayya (FIIB) ya kamata a kafa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Directorate na Leken Asiri da Bincike; an kafa shugabanni uku don aiki, gudanarwa, da kuma kayan aiki, kowannensu yana karkashin jagorancin mataimakin sufeto janar. [[File:Nigerian_female_police.jpg|thumb|Wata ‘yar sanda a lokacin bikin Eyo]] An rarraba Daraktan Ayyuka zuwa gida huɗu a ƙarƙashin mataimakin darakta — ayyuka, horo, sadarwa, da ƴan Sandan tafi da gidan ka . Daraktan Gudanarwa ya kasance ne daga sashin gudanarwa wanda ke karkashin jagorancin mataimakin sufeto janar (AIG), da na kasafin kudi da na ma'aikata karkashin kwamishinoni. Daraktan Lissafi yana da raka'a huɗu-siyayya, bitar / jigilar kayayyaki, samarwa, da aiki / kulawa-a ƙarƙashin AIGs. An riƙe tsare-tsaren shiyya. Koyaya, an ba AIGs izinin canja jami'ai har zuwa matsayin babban Sufeta, da kafa rukunin kwamitocin, da tura dakunan tafi-da-gidanka, da kuma inganta jami'ai tsakanin mukamin sajan da sufeto. Manyan Directorates guda uku da ke sama an sake musu suna zuwa sassan === Sashin binciken Laifuka === D Sashen Sashen Binciken Laifuka (CID) shi ne mafi girman sashin binciken manyan laifuka na 'yan sandan Nijeriya NPF. Sashin yana karkashin jagorancin Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar (DIG). Ayyukanta na farko sun haɗa da bincike da gurfanar da manyan laifuka masu rikitarwa a ciki da wajen ƙasar. Sashen kuma yana tsara binciken aikata laifuka a duk cikin NPF. CID din ya kasu kashi-kashi, tare da akasarin su Kwamishinonin ‘yan sanda (CPs) ke jagoranta. Sassan sune: * i Gudanarwa * ii. Sashin Yaki da Yaudara * iii. Babban rajista na Laifuka (CCR) * iv. Adungiyar Anti-fashi da -asa ta Musamman (SARS). Kungiyar matsa lamba End SARS ta soki ayyukanta. * v. X-tawagar * vi. Janar Bincike * vii. Ungiyar Musamman na Musamman (SFU) * viii. Sashin doka * ix. Laboratory Science Labour * x. Interpol Liaison * xi. Kisan kai * xii. Sashin Yaki da Mutane * xiii. Ofishin Leken Asirin (FIB) * cikawa. DCI Kaduna Annex * xv. Ungiyar Ta'addancin Ta'addanci (CTU) === Ƴan Sandan tafi da gidan ka === [[File:Mobile_Policeman.jpg|thumb|Ɗan Sandan tafi da gidan ka]] [[File:A_shed.jpg|thumb|Kan shatale-tale inda ƴan sanda suke tsayawa domin bayar da hannu.]] An kafa rundunar 'yan sanda tafi da gidan ka a matsayin yajin aiki ko kuma Anti-tarzoma a karkashin kulawar Sufeto-Janar na' yan sanda don magance rikice-rikicen jama'a. An keɓance shi don karɓar ayyukan babban rikici inda sassan 'yan sanda na al'ada ba za su iya jurewa ba. A yanzu haka akwai Dokokin MOPOL 12, MOPOLs 1 zuwa 12, suna kula da 'yan sanda 52' yan sanda wadanda suka yadu tsakanin Manyan [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jihohi]] 36 da Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT). == Kulawar 'Yan Sandan Najeriya == Manyan Hukumomin Gwamnati guda uku suna kulawa da kulawa da kulawar Ƴan Sandan Najeriya; ƴan sanda Service Commission, Najeriya' yan sanda Council da kuma ma'aikatar ciki. * '''Hukumar Kula da Yan Sanda (PSC)''' '''PSC''' ita ce ƙungiyar sa ido ta farar hula akan ƴan sanda. Tana da alhakin nadin, ci gaba, da ladabtar da dukkan jami'an ƴan sanda ban da Sufeto Janar na ƴan sanda. Ta hada hannu, aiki tare da aiki tare da duk masu ruwa da tsaki, watau majalisar 'yan sanda tare da [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]] a matsayin Shugaba, da dukkan gwamnonin Jihohin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Tarayyar Najeriya]], Ministan Cikin Gida da Sufeto-Janar na' yan sanda a matsayin mambobi don juyawa 'yan sanda a kusa da kuma ba ta damar fuskantar ƙalubalen ƙarni na 21. * '''Majalisar ƴan sanda ta Najeriya (NPC)''' * '''Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida''' == Matsayi a cikin Ƴan sandan Najeriya (cikin tsarin ƙasa) == * Sufeto Janar * Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na ’yan sanda * Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na ‘yan sanda * Kwamishinan 'yan sanda * Mataimakin Kwamishinan ‘yan sanda * Mataimakin Kwamishinan ‘yan sanda * Babban Sufeton ‘yan sanda * Sufeto Janar na ƴan sanda * Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na 'yan sanda * Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na ‘yan sanda * Sifeto 'yan sanda * Sajan Manjo * Sajan * Kofur * Lance Kofur * Mai tsaro == Kuɗaɗe == Kasafin kudin NPF tsakanin shekarar 1984 shekara ta 1988 ya kasance a cikin N360 miliyan zuwa N380 miliyan, kuma a shekarar 1988 ya karu zuwa N521 miliyan. Babban sanannen shine babban jarin kashe kudi na N206 miliyan a shekarar 1986 da N260.3 miliyan a 1988, wanda ya wakilci 3.5 da kashi 2.5 na jimlar kashe babban kuɗin tarayya a waɗannan shekarun. Anyi amfani da wadannan karin ne domin mallakar sabbin kayan aikin sadarwa, sufuri, da makamai domin yaki da karuwar aikata laifuka, kamar su motocin British British Leyland DAF Comet da aka kawo a shekara ta 1990 Duk da wadannan sayayya, wani binciken NPF a karshen shekara ta 1990 ya kammala cewa kasafin kudin rundunar dole ne ya ninka zuwa biyan bukatunta. == Tsarin albashi == Biyo bayan karin albashin na shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin tarayya karkashin jagorancin Goodluck Jonathan ta fadada kunshin albashi da alawus din ga rundunar sojoji, sojoji masu kama-karya, ‘yan sanda da kungiyoyin leken asiri, wadanda ba a cika biyansu irin wannan albashin a baya ba. Tsawaita karin jumbo ga sauran ma'aikatan gwamnati sabanin manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati, ya harzuka dukkan kudin albashin zuwa N267. Biliyan 4 a shekara ta 2010. Dangane da wannan tsarin albashin da ke ƙasa akwai cikakkun bayanai na albashi a kowane matsayi ko darajar jami'an 'yan sanda na Najeriya. Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya a karkashin jagorancin Shugaba M. Buhari a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2018 ta amince da sabon tsarin albashi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/nigerian-police-salary-structure-much-nigerian-police-officer-paid/ |access-date=2020-09-29 |archive-date=2018-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164411/https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/nigerian-police-salary-structure-much-nigerian-police-officer-paid/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://awajis.com/blog/nigerian-police-salary/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115033808/https://awajis.com/blog/nigerian-police-salary/ |archive-date=2019-11-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>https://nigerianfinder.com/nigeria-police-salary-scale-structure/</ref>, sai dai har yanzu ba a bayyana bayanan ba saboda haka ba a saka shi ko sabunta shi teburin da ke ƙasa. {| class="wikitable" !S/NO !Ranks !Monthly Salary !Annual Salary |- |1 |Police Recruit |N9,019.42 |N108,233 |- |2a |Police Constable Grade Level 03 |N43,293.83 |N519,525.60 |- |b |Police Constable Grade Level 10 |N51,113.59 |N613,363.08 |- |3a |Police Corporal on Grade Level 04 (1) |N44,715.53 |N536,586.36 |- |b |Police Corporal on Grade Level 04 (10) |N51,113.59 |N613,363.08 |- |4a |Police Sergeant on Grade Level 05 (1) |N48,540.88 |N582,490.56 |- |b |Police Sergeant on Grade Level 05 (10) |N55,973.84 |N671,686.08 |- |5a |Sergeant Major on Grade Level 06 (1) |N55,144.81 |N661,737.72 |- |b |Sergeant Major on Grade Level 06 (10) |N62,204.88 |N746,458.56 |- |6a |Cadet Inspector on Grade Level 07 (1) |N73,231.51 |N878,778.12 |- |b |Cadet Inspector on Grade Level 07 (10) |N87,135.70 |N1,045,628.40 |- |7a |Assistant Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 08 (1) |N127,604.68 |N1,531,256.16 |- |b |Assistant Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 08 (10) |N144,152.07 |N1,729,824.84 |- |8a |Assistant Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 09 (1) |N136,616.06 |N1,639,392.72 |- |b |Assistant Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 09 (10) |N156,318.39 |N1,875,820.68 |- |9a |Deputy Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 10 (1) |N148,733.29 |N1,784,799.48 |- |b |Deputy Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 10 (10) |N170,399.69 |N2,044,796.28 |- |10a |Superintendent of Police on Level 11 (1) |N161,478.29 |N1,937,739.49 |- |b |Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 11 (10) |N187,616 |N2,251,400.28 |- |11a |Chief Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 12 (1) |N172,089.06 |N2,065,068.72 |- |b |Chief Superintendent of Police on Grade Level 12 (08) |N199,723.96 |N2,396,687.52 |- |12a |Assistant Commissioner of Police on Grade Level 13 (1) |N183,185.73 |N2,198,228.76 |- |b |Assistant Commissioner of Police on Grade Level 13 (10) |N212,938.96 |N2,555,257.92 |- |13a |Deputy Commissioner of Police on Grade Level 14 (1) |N242,715.65 |N2,912,587.80 |- |b |Deputy Commissioner of Police on Grade Level 14 (07) |N278,852.79 |N3,346,233.48 |- |14a |Commissioner of Police on Grade Level 15 (1) |N266,777.79 |N3,201,333.48 |- |b |Commissioner for Police on Grade Level 15 (06) |N302,970.47 |N3,635,645.64 |- |15 |Assistant Inspector General of Police |N499,751.87 |N5,997,022.44 |- |16 |Deputy Inspector General of Police |N546,572.73 |N6,558,872.76 |- |17 |Inspector General of Police |N711,498 |N8,537,976 |} == Batutuwa == Kodayake ana ɗauka ɗaukakar aiki ne mai ban sha'awa, amma NPF ta fuskanci matsaloli masu yawa game da daukar ma'aikata, horo, rashin iya aiki, da rashin da'a, kuma ba ta da ƙwarewa a fannoni na musamman. Cin hanci da rashawa da rashin gaskiya sun yadu, suna haifar da ƙaramar amincewa da jama'a, rashin ba da rahoton laifuka, da sha'awar neman taimakon kai da kai. 'Yan sanda sun fi kwarewa a ayyukan tsaro da motsa jiki fiye da ayyukan sabis na al'umma ko rigakafin aikata laifuka, ganowa, da bincike. A lokacin mulkin tsohon shugaban kasa [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], an yi kokarin fadada NPF ta hanyar rage shekarun daukar ma’aikata daga goma sha tara zuwa goma sha bakwai da kuma yin rajistar sojoji, amma abin ya faskara. A tsakiyar shekara ta 1980 Ministan ‘yan sanda na tarayya na wancan lokacin ya yarda cewa‘ yan sanda sun kwato kaso 14 cikin 100 na dala miliyan 900 na kadarorin da aka ruwaito sun sace a cikin watanni shida da suka gabata, kuma kashi 20 cikin 100 ne kawai daga cikin mutane 103,000 da aka kama aka same su da laifi, a rikodin aiki game da irin wanda aka ruwaito a cikin shekarar 1960s. Amfani da tashin hankali da ya wuce kima wajen kawar da rikice-rikicen ɗalibai ya haifar da AFRC a watan Yunin shekara ta 1986 don umartar 'yan sanda da yin amfani da harsasai na roba kawai a cikin tarzomar ɗalibai. Rahotannin hadin gwiwar 'yan sanda da masu aikata laifuka sun zama gama gari, kamar yadda kuma roko a hukumance ga jami'an' yan sanda su canza halayensu game da jama'a, su kasance masu gaskiya da gaskiya, kuma su guji ayyukan cin hanci da rashawa. A kokarin rage cin hanci da rashawa da kuma saukaka masu gano wadanda suka aikata laifin, an hana jami’an ‘yan sanda bugun daga kai-komo da wuraren binciken ababen hawa dauke da fiye da N5 a kan mutumin nasu. A watan Satumbar 2005, Najeriya ta janye jami'an 'yan sanda 120 da ke aiki a ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Congo saboda zargin da ake musu na aikata lalata. Ana zargin NPF da bin wata manufa ta "Wuta don Wuta" inda yawancin wadanda aka kama suka mutu a hannun ‘yan sanda ko kuma“ a harbe su yayin da suke kokarin tserewa ” Shekaru da yawa na 'yan sanda da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati da ci gaba da gazawar horar da jami'an' yan sanda yadda ya kamata ya haifar da wani yanayi inda kisan gilla ya zama karbabben hanyar mu'amala da mutanen da 'yan sanda suka yi imanin masu laifi ne. Wanda aka kashe kwanan nan shi ne Yusuf Mohamed, shugaban kungiyar [[Boko Haram]] a Najeriya, yana raye lokacin da sojoji suka kama shi. HTun kafin tashin hankalin da ya dabaibaye rikicin Boko Haram a arewacin Najeriya, an yi tambayoyi kan yadda jami'an tsaron ke tafiyar da al'amuransu. A yanzu haka gwamnati na kokarin yiwa ‘yan sanda garambawul. Sun samar da farar Takarda mai dauke da shawarwari guda 79 domin inganta rundunar ‘yan sanda, wanda ya kamata majalisar kasa tayi la’akari da shi ya kuma zama Dokar garambawul ga‘ yan sanda. Babban sake fasali kamar: Ana biyan jami'an 'yan sanda kadan kamar $ 40 (£ 26) a wata, wannan ya kamata ya tashi zuwa $ 100 ga' yan sanda na 'yan sanda, A yi ma'amala da kimanin jami'ai 10,000 tare da bayanan aikata laifuka da aka yi hayar su tsakanin shekarar 2001 da shekara ta 2004, Kafa tsarin abin dogaro Jama'a su koka game da 'yan sanda, wadanda suka fi kowa daukar aiki ya kamata su sami wani matakin cancanta kafin a yi la’akari da su, ya kamata a gudanar da aikace-aikacen a bayyane, ‘yan sanda bai kamata su sayi na su ba,‘ yan sanda na cikin matukar bukatar wani aiki sadarwar sadarwar zamani, kuma yakamata a baiwa betteran sanda ingantattun kayan bincike da horo don amfani da su An sanya Thean sandan Najeriya a matsayin cibiyar da ake kallo a matsayin mafi rashawa a Najeriya, bisa ga binciken da aka yi a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] . A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, an bayar da rahoton cewa, jami'an 'yan sandan Nijeriya, na yawan samun karin ku] a] en, ta hanyar kar ~ ar mazauna garin. <ref>https://qz.com/africa/1543811/nigerias-corrupt-police-prompt-a-startup-for-on-call-lawyers/</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara 2019, an cafke wasu Jami’an ‘Yan Sandan Nijeriya uku daga Jihar Anambra bisa zargin su da karban mutane uku daga cikin su. <ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/343998-three-police-officers-arrested-for-extortion.html</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2019, Rundunar ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya ta fitar da sanarwa inda ta bayyana cewa an kama jami’in’ Yan Sintiri na Safer Highways Onuh Makedomu bayan an yi fim dinsa yana karbar cin hanci daga wani mai mota a Legas. <ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/361954-nigerian-police-arrest-officer-filmed-collecting-bribe.html</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2020, an cafke wasu jami’an ‘yan sandan Nijeriya biyu daga Legas, Mataimakin Sufeto Janar na’ yan sanda (ASP) Adebayo Ojo da Sajan Adeleke Mojisola dukkan su a kan zargin karbar wata mata. <ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/police-asp-sergeant-arrested-for-extortion/</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2020 an sake kama wani jami’in ‘Yan Sandan Nijeriya daga Legas, Sufeto Taloju Martins, bayan an kama shi a kyamara yana yi wa wani mai mota nasiha. <ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/387378-lockdown-police-officer-caught-on-camera-extorting-n40000-from-motorist.html</ref> <ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2020/04/12/police-inspector-arrested-for-extortion-in-lagos/</ref> A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2020, rundunar ‘yan sanda ta jihar Adamawa ta sanar da cewa an cafke wani jami’inta da laifin kisan wani mai babur da ya ki ba shi cin hanci. <ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/202006030573.html</ref> A watan Oktoba shekarar 2018, an cafke wasu ‘yan sanda Boipatong su takwas saboda azabtarwa sannan suka kashe wani dan Najeriya a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2017. <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5t2a5rGByuQ</ref> A ranar 2 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2019, wasu jami'ai biyu na rundunar 'yan sanda ta Anti-Cultism Squad, Insp. Ogunyemi Olalekan da Sgt. Godwin Orji, an cafke shi tare da tuhumar sa da laifin kisan wani mutum a yayin wani samame a Legas. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/04/02/nigeria-policemen-arrested-for-murder-after-stoppolicekilling-protest// |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-09-29 |archive-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727211802/https://www.africanews.com/2019/04/02/nigeria-policemen-arrested-for-murder-after-stoppolicekilling-protest// |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2019, an cafke wasu jami'ai hudu na sanannen rundunar 'yan sanda ta musamman da ke yaki da fashi da makami (SARS) tare da tuhumar aikata kisan kai bayan an kama su a yayin shirya fim sannan kuma suka harbe wasu mutum biyu da ake zargi barayin waya da rana tsaka. <ref name="sarsmurder">https://punchng.com/breaking-police-arrest-officers-who-killed-suspected-igando-phone-thieves/</ref> An harbe mutanen biyu da ake zargi barayin waya ne bayan an kama su. A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2020, an kame wasu jami’an ‘yan sandan Nijeriya uku bayan sun lakada wa fasinjan fasinja duka, wanda shi ma ya zama Alkalin Kotun Kolin Najeriya, Obasi, bayan ya ki bude wayar tasa. <ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2020/01/05/police-arrest-three-officers-for-assaulting-man-in-enugu/</ref> A ranar 3 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2020, an cafke wani jami’in ‘yan sanda na Najeriya saboda cin zarafin wani ma’aikacin tashar jirgin ruwa. <ref>https://www.adomonline.com/coronavirus-lockdown-nigerian-police-officer-arrested-for-assaulting-civilian/</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2020, Rundunar ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya ta ce an kame jami’anta biyu bayan an kama su a fim suna dukan wata mata a kasuwar Odo Ori da ke [[Iwo (Nijeriya)|Iwo, Osun]] . <ref>https://www.legit.ng/1322289-lockdown-police-arrest-officers-caught-beating-woman-osun-state.html</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2020, an bayar da rahoton cewa, Rundunar ’Yan sandan Jihar Ribas ta’ Yan Sandan Najeriya ta gurfanar da tsohon Sajan Bitrus Osaiah a kotu saboda harbe matar abokin aikinta, Lavender Elekwachi, har lahira, a yayin wani samame da ta kai kan cinikin tituna da wuraren shakatawa na motoci ba bisa doka ba a makon da ya gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://theportcitynews.com/2020/04/28/breaking-rivers-police-arraign-sergeant-bitrus-osaiah-in-court-for-killing-female-colleague/ |access-date=2020-09-29 |archive-date=2020-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727213750/https://theportcitynews.com/2020/04/28/breaking-rivers-police-arraign-sergeant-bitrus-osaiah-in-court-for-killing-female-colleague/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar da ta gabata ne aka kori Osaiah a matsayin dan sanda saboda kashe Elekwachi, wanda shi ma ya rike mukamin Sajan. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/04/27/police-dismiss-seargent-who-shot-female-colleague-dead-in-rivers/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-09-29 |archive-date=2020-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429203220/https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/04/27/police-dismiss-seargent-who-shot-female-colleague-dead-in-rivers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ruwaito cewa da gaske Osaiah ya kame kisan. <ref>https://www.operanewsapp.com/ng/en/main/police-arrests-sergeant-bitrus-osaiah-for-killing-colleague-in-rivers-state?news_id=f3894f4e5fb23ee743bd774b62a5395f&news_entry_id=17cf5e37200424en_ng&open_type=transcoded&request_id=DETAIL_EXPLORE_8926a2e6-88bc-4832-82df-4070c5933c7b&from=news</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2020, Yahaha Adeshina, Babban Jami’in ’Yan sanda na Sashen Hausa na Ilemba, an kame shi saboda taimaka wa Kehinde Elijah da Ezeh Joseph a kisan da aka yi wa sajan Onalaja Onajide a ranar 10 ga watan,Mayu, shejarar 2020. <ref name="violentarmy">https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/393982-police-dpo-arrested-over-sergeants-murder.html</ref> An bukaci Adeshina da sauran masu harbin saboda "laifukan ta'addanci." A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2020, an cafke wasu ’yan sanda biyu na Legas da harbe wata yarinya’ yar shekara 16 har lahira. <ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/395179-police-arrest-two-officers-for-shooting-teenager-in-lagos.html</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/nigeria-police-officer-who-allegedly-killed-16-year-old-girl-arrested/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-09-29 |archive-date=2020-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017051555/https://www.ghgossip.com/nigeria-police-officer-who-allegedly-killed-16-year-old-girl-arrested/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ƙididdigar 2008 === * 4% ragu a cikin rahoton aikata laifi * 36.8% raguwa akan laifuka akan Ayyukan Local * 18.8% raguwa a kan laifuka akan fularfin Doka * 3.6% raguwa a kan laifuka akan dukiya * An sace motoci 2,433, an dawo da 1,646 * 37% ragu a cikin Laifukan zirga-zirga * An dawo da Naira 66,522,000 (Kudin Nijeriya) * Manyan Jami'an 'Yan Sanda: 20,613 * Masu bincike: 28,175 * Matsayi da fayil: 263,425 ''Kwatancen nazarin Laifuka na shekarar 2008 da shekara ta 2009 ''' Bayanai da ke ƙasa suna nuna ƙididdigar aikata laifuka game da laifuffukan da aka yi wa Mutane, laifuka a kan Kadarorin ƙasa, laifukan da ke kan Authorityan doka da kuma laifukan da ke kan Ayyukan Localasa, na shekarar 2009 a duk Dokokin Jihohi {| |Laifi akan mutanen 2008 - 35,109 | 2009– 38,955 (aseara); Laifi akan Kadarori 2008– 47,626 | 2009-64, 286 (aseara) |- | Laifuka akan Hukuma 2008 - 5,938 | 2009– 7,878 (aseara); Laifi akan Ayyukan Gida na 2008 - 90,156 | 2009– 1,378 (Ragewa) |} Wani gidan yanar sadarwar mu'amala, kungiyar 'yan sanda ta' yan sanda ta Najeriya ta samar da rahoton aikata laifi da kuma yadda ake gudanar da ayyukan 'yan sanda cikin sauki ga jama'ar Najeriya ta hanyar kayan aiki daban-daban. Mujallar D + Z, wacce ta maida hankali kan ci gaba, rahotanni sun nuna cewa Freedom Radio, shiri ne da ake gabatarwa shekara uku na radiyo, shi ma yana taimakawa wajen dakile cin hanci da rashawa a jihohin Kano, Dutse, da Jigawa ta hanyar baiwa ‘yan kasa damar tofa albarkacin bakinsu da gogewarsu. Hakanan tana da wakili daga policean sanda a can don magance waɗannan ƙorafe-ƙorafe da magana game da sabbin ayyuka da ayyukan yau da kullun na policean sanda. Kodayake yawan cin hanci da rashawa da rahotannin take hakkin bil adama sun ragu, wannan alama ce mai kyau domin tana nuna cewa shirin yana da tasiri. == Horarwa == Mataimakin sufeto janar da aka nada a matsayin kwamanda ne ya jagoranci horon 'yan sanda daga hedkwatar. An horar da masu daukar aiki a '''kwalejojin ‘yan sanda da ke [[Kogin Oji|Oji River]], [[Maiduguri]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], da [[Ikeja]]''', wadanda su ma suka ba da horo ga sauran jami’an tsaro, kamar jami’an shige da fice na dauke da makamai. Kwalejin ‘yan sanda da ke Ikeja ta horar da mataimakan daraktocin mataimaka da masu kula da kananan yara. Har ila yau, akwai makarantun horo na cikin-aiki, ciki har da Makarantar Horar da Forcean sanda ta Waya da ke Guzuo, kudu maso yammacin Abuja, makarantar horas da 'yan ta'adda (CTU), Nonwa Tai, Jihar Ribas, Kwalejin' yan sanda masu bincike a Enugu, da Horon Sabis na Karnuka 'Yan Sanda Cibiyar, da Cibiyar Horar da Dutsen. A watan Agusta 1989, [[Ibrahim Babangida|Tsohon shugaban kasa, Janar Ibrahim Babangida]] (RTD) ya aza harsashin ginin makarantar horar da ‘yan sanda ta Najeriya (NPA) a jihar Kano. NPA ya kasance yana da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Bayero]] har sai an sami wadatattun kayan more rayuwa don gudanar da ayyukan kansu. Ya kamata a tsara izinin shiga ta hanyar cancanta, ta tsarin kidaya, da kuma halin tarayya. Kwamandan ya kasance aƙalla AIG kuma an taimaka masa tare da mai kula da shirin ilimi.  NPA wacce aka tsara bayan [[Jami'ar Tsaron Nijeriya|kwalejin tsaron Najeriya]] a Kaduna, NPA zata gabatar da wani shiri na shekaru biyar na ilimi da kuma digiri na kwararru don sabbin masu kwaleji da kuma kwas na tsawon watanni goma sha takwas ga daliban da suka kammala kwaleji da ke burin aikin dan sanda. Babangida ya kuma bayyana shirye-shiryen samun taimakon fasaha daga Burtaniya don kafa wani babban shiri na tsarawa da horarwa don zamanantar da inganta horon ‘yan sanda. == Rikicin addini a Najeriya na 2009 == Rikicin addini ya haifar da mutuwar a kalla 150 cikin kwanaki biyu bayan jerin hare-hare a ranar 26 ga Yulin 2009 a wasu biranen [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]] a [[Bauchi (jiha)|jihar Bauchi]], [[Maiduguri]] a [[Borno|jihar Borno]], [[Potiskum]] a [[Yobe|jihar Yobe]] da [[Wudil]] duk an kai musu hari. Shaidu yanzu sunce sama da mutane 250 sun mutu. Najeriya ta ce galibin wadanda suka mutu ‘yan bindiga ne. An fara yakin ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yuli lokacin da [[Boko Haram|kungiyar Boko Haram]], kungiyar masu kaifin kishin Islama, ta kai hari kan ofishin ‘yan sanda domin daukar fansar kame shugabanninsu. 'Yan sanda sun mayar da martani tare da ramuwar gayya kuma dokar hana yawo ta fadi a yankin. Hare-haren sun bazu kuma washegari akwai gawarwaki a ofisoshin ‘yan sanda, mutane suna ta tserewa daga gidajensu wasu kuma ana jan wasu daga motocinsu don a harbe su yayin da‘ yan sanda suka kone kurmus. Daga nan ne sojojin Najeriya suka kewaye gidan Mohammed Yusuf da ke Maiduguri a ranar 28 ga watan Yuli bayan mabiyansa sun killace ciki. Wannan shi ne rikici mafi muni na addini da kasar ta fuskanta tun a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2008. An ba da shawarar cewa siyasa, ba addini ba, ce ta haifar da rikicin. == Alamar take haƙƙin dan adam == Akwai rahotanni game da cin hanci da rashawa da kuma take hakkin bil adama da ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya suka yi. Publishedayan rahoto mafi lahani an buga shi a ranar 17 ga Agusta 2010 ta Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama (HRW). Wani rahoton na Amnesty International USA ya zargi NPF da cin zarafin [[Ɗan jarida|‘Yan Jarida]], korar su da karfi, da sauran take hakkin dan adam. A ranar 12 ga Mayu 2020, jaridar This Day ta kawo rahoto a kan mummunan cin zarafi da take hakkin bil adama da Rundunar ‘Yan Sandan Najeriya ta yi yayin kulle-kullen annobar COVID-19. Rahoton jaridar ya zargi rundunar 'yan sanda ta Najeriya da aikata karin kashe-kashe ba tare da izini ba da sauran take hakkin dan adam a lokacin tsawaita kulle-kullen a kasar, tana mai bayyana cewa wannan ya samar da kashi 59.6 cikin 100 na yawan laifukan. == Duba kuma == * [[Laifi a Najeriya]] * [[Man fetur a Najeriya]] * [[Rikici a yankin Neja Delta]] * [[Motsi don Rayuwar Mutanen Ogoni]] * [[Hukumar SARS]] '''Dokokin Najeriya:''' * 'Yan Sandan Waya Na Najeriya * Kungiyar Tsaro ta Kasa (NSO) * Hukumar Tsaron Jiha (SSS) * Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Kasa (NIA) * Hukumar hana sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta kasa == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}}54. ^ " [https://legitloaded.com/moment-ned-nwoko-humilated-delta-monarch-requested-police-to-dig-up-his-palace/ Lokacin da Sarkin Ned Nwoko Humilated, ya Nemi 'Yan Sanda Su tono Fadar sa]{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ". legitloaded.com. 15 Agusta 2020. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2020. == Sauran kafofin == == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://www.npf.gov.ng/ Tashar Tashar 'Yan Sandan Najeriya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203100839/https://www.npf.gov.ng/ |date=2019-12-03 }} * [http://www.npfdpk.gov.ng Ma'aikatar Kula da Zaman Lafiya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091010143704/http://www.africaaction.org/docs98/nig9803.aff.htm Jaridar Afirka ta E-Policy Journal] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1322017.stm Rahoton BBC: ''<nowiki/>'Yan sanda masu farin ciki a Najeriya''] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9ju4wr1eo9t30c17umyvdkkmyzw8wjc 0 16683 963864 899560 2026-10-06T13:35:30Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351604391|Dye]]" 963864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2019-11-22_Some_of_the_dyes_made_at_De_Kat.jpg|right|thumb| Rini da aka yi a De Kat, Zaandam]] '''Rini''' abu ne [[wiktionary:colored|mai launi]] wanda yake narkewa a cikin wani sinadari; akasin haka, launuka ba sa narkewa ko kusan haka a cikin dukkan sinadari. Saboda yadda suke narkewa, rini na iya ɗaurewa ta hanyar sinadarai ga abin da suke launi. Ana amfani da rini a cikin ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi wajen magance matsalar kuma yana iya buƙatar sinadarin mordant don inganta saurin rini a kan zare. Yawancin rini na halitta ana samun su ne daga tushen da ba na dabbobi ba kamar su saiwoyi, 'ya'yan itatuwa, bawon itace, ganye, itace, fungi da kuma lichens . Duk da haka, saboda yawan buƙata da ci gaban fasaha, yawancin rini da ake amfani da su a duniyar zamani ana samar da su ne ta hanyar roba daga abubuwa kamar su sinadarai masu guba. Ana cire wasu daga kwari da/ko ma'adanai . Ana samar da rini na roba daga sinadarai daban-daban. Ana samun yawancin rini ta wannan hanyar saboda tsadarsu, halayen gani (launi), da juriyarsu (sauri, da kuma juriyarsu). Rini da launukan suna da launi, domin suna shan wasu raƙuman [[haske]] ne kawai. Rini yawanci yana narkewa a cikin wani sinadari, yayin da launuka ba sa narkewa. Wasu rini za a iya sa su zama marasa narkewa idan aka ƙara gishiri don samar da launin tafki . <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Caroline R.}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Dyeing_British_Library_Royal_MS_15.E.iii,_f._269_1482.jpg|right|thumb| Rini a zanen ulu, 1482: daga fassarar Faransanci ta Bartolomaeus Anglicus]] Rini na yadi ya samo asali ne tun zamanin Neolithic . A tsawon tarihi, mutane sun rina masakunsu ta amfani da kayan da aka saba da su a yankin. Rini mai ƙarancin launuka waɗanda ke samar da launuka masu haske da na dindindin kamar rini na halitta masu launin shuɗi na Tyrian da jajayen kermes abubuwa ne masu matuƙar daraja a duniyar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da. Rini na tsire-tsire kamar su wiwi, indigo, saffron, da madder sun kasance muhimman kayayyaki na kasuwanci a tattalin arzikin Asiya da Turai. A faɗin Asiya da Afirka, an yi amfani da dabarun rini mai ƙarfi don sarrafa shan launi a cikin zane mai launi iri-iri. Rini daga Sabuwar Duniya kamar cochineal da woodwood an kawo su Turai ta hanyar jiragen ruwan [[Ispaniya|Spain]], <ref>{{Cite book|editor-first2=Ruiz}}</ref> kuma 'yan mulkin mallaka sun ɗauki rini na Turai zuwa Amurka. [[File:Childhood_Joy.jpg|right|thumb| Busar da zane mai launi]] An gano zare mai launin flax a [[Georgia|Jamhuriyar Georgia]] a cikin wani kogo na tarihi wanda aka kiyasta ya kai BP 36,000. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balter |first=Michael |date=11 September 2009 |title=Clothes Make the (Hu) Man |journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=5946 |pages=1329 |doi=10.1126/science.325_1329a |pmid=19745126}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kvavadze |first=Eliso |last2=Bar-Yosef |first2=Ofer |last3=Belfer-Cohen |first3=Anna |last4=Boaretto |first4=Elisabetta |last5=Jakeli |first5=Nino |last6=Matskevich |first6=Zinovi |last7=Meshveliani |first7=Tengiz |date=11 September 2009 |title=30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers |url=https://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4270521 |journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=5946 |pages=1359 |bibcode=2009Sci...325.1359K |doi=10.1126/science.1175404 |pmid=19745144 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Shaidun kayan tarihi sun nuna cewa, musamman a [[Indiya]] da [[Phoenicia]], an yi ta yin rini sosai tsawon sama da shekaru 5,000. An samo rini na farko daga tushen [[Dabba|dabbobi]], [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]] ko ma'adanai, ba tare da ƙarancin sarrafawa ba. Zuwa yanzu mafi girman tushen rini ya fito ne daga [[Shuka|daular shuka]], musamman saiwoyi, 'ya'yan itatuwa, bawon itace, ganye da itace, kaɗan ne kawai ake amfani da su a fannin kasuwanci. J. Pullar da Sons ne suka gudanar da farkon masana'antu a Scotland. Rini na farko da aka yi da roba, mauve, an gano shi ne ta hanyar William Henry Perkin a shekarar 1856. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hübner |first=Karl |date=August 2006 |title=150 Jahre Mauvein |journal=Chemie in unserer Zeit |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=274–275 |doi=10.1002/ciuz.200690054}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Travis |first=Anthony S. |date=1990 |title=Perkin's Mauve: Ancestor of the Organic Chemical Industry |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=51–82 |doi=10.2307/3105760 |jstor=3105760}}</ref> <ref name="Murray1999">{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray Lee |date=1999 |title=Problems Associated with the Dissemination of Synthetic Dyes in the Oriental Carpet Industry |journal=Icon |volume=5 |pages=138–159 |jstor=23786082}}</ref> Gano mauveine ya fara ƙaruwa a fannin rini na roba da kuma a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai gabaɗaya. Sauran rini na aniline sun biyo baya, kamar su fuchsine, safranine, da induline . An riga an shirya dubban rini na roba. Gano mauveine a shekarar 1856 ya haifar da ci gaban masana'antar rini ta roba. A Manchester, Ingila, mutane da yawa sun kafa masana'antar ƙera rini, ciki har da Ivan Levinstein, Levinstein Ltd, Charles Dreyfus, Clayton Aniline Company, <ref name="1908 Stock Exchange Year-Book" /> William Claus, Claus & co. Gano mauve ya kuma haifar da ci gaba a fannin ilimin rigakafi da kuma [[Chemotherapy|maganin chemotherapy]] . A shekarar 1863 aka kafa Bayer AG a wurin da ya zama [[Wuppertal]], [[Jamus]] . A shekara ta 1891, Paul Ehrlich ya gano cewa wasu ƙwayoyin halitta ko halittu suna ɗaukar wasu rini ta hanyar zaɓe. Sai ya yi tunanin cewa za a iya allurar allurar da ta isasshe don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, idan rini bai shafi sauran ƙwayoyin halitta ba. Ehrlich ya ci gaba da amfani da wani sinadari don magance [[Tunjere|cutar syphilis]], karo na farko da aka yi amfani da wani sinadari don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a jiki. Ya kuma yi amfani da methylene blue don kai hari ga plasmodium da ke da alhakin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] . == Rarraba rini == [[File:Shelve_with_various_hair_colours_(hair_dyes)_in_a_hairdresser_shop_in_Germany_(2023).jpg|thumb| Shiryayye mai rini iri-iri na gashi a shagon gyaran gashi]] Launin rini yana samuwa ne daga shakar haske a cikin yankin da ake iya gani na bakan lantarki (380–750)&nbsp;nm). Tsarin sinadarai yana ƙayyade ɗaukar haske kuma saboda haka shine tushen tsare-tsaren rarrabuwa da yawa. === Rarrabuwa bisa ga tsarin sinadarai === ==== Rini na Anthraquinone ==== Tsarin wannan rukunin rini shine anthraquinone . Ta hanyar canza abubuwan da aka maye gurbinsu, kusan dukkan launuka daga rawaya zuwa ja da kuma daga shuɗi zuwa kore za a iya samu, tare da rinayen anthraquinone ja da shuɗi suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. Ta hanyar ragewa, ana iya canza quinone zuwa hydroquinone mai narkewa cikin ruwa daidai, wanda hakan ke ba da damar amfani da rini na anthraquinone a matsayin [[Rini|rini na magudanar ruwa]] . Tare da madaidaitan abubuwan maye, ana iya amfani da fenti na anthraquinone azaman [[Rini|rini mai warwatse]] don rini zaruruwan roba. Ana amfani da fenti na anthraquinone mai narkewa cikin ruwa wanda ke ɗauke da rukunin sulfonic acid azaman [[Rini|fenti mai hana]] [[Rini|acid]] ko amsawa.<gallery widths="250"> File:Indanthren.svg|alt=Indanthrone| Kujerun Indanthrone File:Disperse_Blue_87.svg|alt=Disperse Blue 87| [[Disperse Blue 87|Watsa Shuɗi 87]] File:Acid_Blue_25_(2).svg|alt=Acid Blue 25| Shuɗin Acid 25 File:Reactive_Blue_19.svg|alt=Reactive Blue 19| Shuɗi mai amsawa 19 </gallery> ==== Rini na Azo ==== [[File:Azo_Group_Formula_V1.svg|thumb|180x180px| Ƙungiyar Azo, R ^1,2 =aryl / alkenyl]] Rini na Azo yana ɗauke da rukunin azo wanda aka maye gurbinsa da rukunin aryl ko ƙungiyar alkenyl a matsayin tushen tsarin su. Ana kiran rini na Azo da ke ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin azo da yawa da bisazo (kuma disazo), trisazo, tetrakisazo, da polyazo rednes. Abubuwan maye gurbin Aryl yawanci [[Benzene|benzene ne]] ko naphthalene, amma kuma suna iya haɗawa da tsarin heteroaromatic kamar pyrazoles ko pyridones . Ana amfani da ƙungiyoyin aliphatic masu iya canzawa, misali anilides na acetoacetic acid da aka maye gurbinsu, azaman madadin alkenyl. Ana haɗa rini ta hanyar diazotization na amines masu ƙanshi sannan a haɗa gishirin diazonium tare da aromatics masu arzikin electron ko mahadi β-dicarbonyl. Rini na Azo sune mafi mahimmanci kuma mafi faɗi a cikin nau'in rini kuma ana wakilta su a kusan dukkan nau'ikan rini masu alaƙa da aikace-aikace (→ [[Rini|Rarrabawa bisa ga fasahar aikace-aikace]] ). Ba a san wani nau'in rini na azo da ke faruwa a zahiri ba. Banda launin turquoise da [[kore]] mai haske, kusan dukkan launuka ana iya samun su ta amfani da rini na azo. Ƙungiyar azo tana da saurin kamuwa da sinadarai masu rage zafi ; tana da rauni, wanda ke haifar da canza launin rini. Wasu misalai na nau'ikan rini daban-daban na azo (rini mono- da bisazo / benzene, ragowar naphthalene / pyridone, abubuwan haɗin acetoacetanilide / rini mai rikitarwa na ƙarfe):<gallery widths="250"> File:ReactiveBlack5.svg|alt=C.I. Reactive Black 5| CI Mai amsawa Baƙi 5 File:Disperse_Yellow_241.svg|alt=Disperse Yellow 241| [[Disperse Yellow 241|Rawaya Rawaya 241]] File:Mordant_Black_9.svg|alt=Mordant Black 9| Mordant Baƙi 9 File:Solvent_Yellow_19.svg|alt=Solvent Yellow 19| [[Solvent Yellow 19|Ruwan da ke narkewa Rawaya 19]] </gallery> ==== Rini na Dioxazine ==== [[File:Triphenodioxazine.svg|thumb| [[Triphendioxazine]]]] Rini na Dioxazine, wanda aka fi sani da rini na triphendioxazine, yana ɗauke da [[triphendioxazine]] a matsayin tsarinsu na asali. Waɗannan rini masu launuka masu ƙarfi da haske suna nuna kyakkyawan juriyar launi, don haka suna haɗa fa'idodin rini na azo da anthraquinone. Rini na Dioxazine ana samun su a kasuwa a matsayin rini kai tsaye da kuma masu amsawa. <gallery widths="250"> File:Direct_Blue_106.svg|alt=Direct Blue 106| [[Direct Blue 106|Shuɗi Kai Tsaye 106]] File:Reactive_Blue_204.svg|alt=Reactive Blue 204| [[Reactive Blue 204|Mai amsawa Shuɗi 204]] </gallery> ==== Rini na Indigoid ==== [[File:Indigo_skeletal.svg|thumb| Tsarin sinadarai na rini na indigo, launin shuɗi na jeans mai launin shuɗi. Duk da cewa da zarar an cire shi daga tsirrai, yanzu kusan an haɗa shi ne kawai a masana'antu. ]] Rini na Indigoid na cikin rini na carbonyl kuma ana amfani da su azaman rini na magudanar ruwa. Mafi mahimmancin wakilci shine indigo, wanda aka cire daga tsire-tsire a matsayin rini na halitta a zamanin da kuma har yanzu ana samar da shi a masana'antu da yawa, musamman don rini wando jeans . Wani rini na halitta kuma shine tsohon [[Purple (dye)|launin shunayya]] ( ''CI Natural Violet 1'' / ''Dibromindigo'' ).<gallery widths="250"> File:Indigo_skeletal.svg|alt=C.I. Vat Blue 1 (Indigo)| CI Vat Shuɗi 1 (Indigo) File:Tyrian-Purple.svg|alt=C.I. Natural Violet 1| CI Natural Violet 1 File:Indirubin.svg| Indirubin </gallery> ==== Rini mai haɗakar ƙarfe ==== Rini mai rikitarwa na ƙarfe ya ƙunshi mahaɗan hadaddun abubuwa da aka samar daga [[ƙarfe]] da kuma ligands ɗaya ko fiye na rini waɗanda ke ɗauke da masu ba da wutar lantarki . Sinadaran tagulla da chromium sun fi yawa, kodayake ana amfani da hadaddun cobalt, nickel, da baƙin ƙarfe kaɗan. Galibanda galibi sune rini na azo, rini na methine, formazans, ko phthalocyanines . Rini mai rikitarwa na ƙarfe yana da kyawawan halaye masu ƙarfi. ===== Rini na Formazan ===== [[File:Triphenylformazan.svg|thumb|180x180px| Triphenylformazan]] Rini na Formazan suna da alaƙa da tsarin rini na azo. Tsarin su na asali shine [[triphenylformazan]] . Suna samar da [[Chelate complexes|hadaddun chelate]] tare da karafa masu canzawa kamar jan ƙarfe, nickel, ko cobalt . Dangane da abubuwan da aka maye gurbinsu, nau'ikan formazan marasa rikitarwa suna da launin lemu zuwa ja mai zurfi, yayin da nau'ikan formazan masu rikitarwa na ƙarfe suna da launin shuɗi, shuɗi, ko kore. Ana haɗa su ta hanyar haɗa gishirin diazonium tare da hydrazones . Muhimmancin kasuwanci sun haɗa da haɗakar jan ƙarfe mai launin shuɗi tetradentate na nau'ikan formazans daban-daban, waɗanda ake amfani da su galibi azaman rini mai amsawa ga auduga:<gallery widths="250"> File:Reactive_Blue_160.svg|alt=C.I. Reactive Blue 160| CI Mai amsawa Shuɗi 160 File:Reactive_Blue_235.svg|alt=C.I. Reactive Blue 235| CI [[Reactive Blue 235|Mai amsawa da shuɗi 235]] </gallery> ===== Rini na Phthalocyanine ===== Rini na Phthalocyanine hadaddun ƙarfe ne na tagulla ko nickel waɗanda suka dogara da tsarin phthalocyanine . Suna da alaƙa ta tsarin halitta da porphyrins kuma suna da alaƙa da sinadarin annulene . Ta hanyar gabatar da abubuwan da ke narkewa cikin ruwa - musamman ta hanyar sulfochlorination - ana iya samun turquoise zuwa launuka masu haske na kore. Ana bambanta fenti na Phthalocyanine ta hanyar haske mai kyau.<gallery widths="250"> File:Phtalocyanine_Aza(18)annulene.svg|alt=Phthalocyanine (Aza[18]annulene)| Phthalocyanine ( <span style="color:red">Aza[18]annulene</span> ) File:Reactive_Blue_7.svg|alt=C.I. Reactive Blue 7| CI Mai amsawa Shuɗi 7 </gallery> ==== Rini na Methine ==== [[File:Methine_Dyes.svg|thumb|360x360px| Ka'idar tsarin methylation]] Methine ko polymethine '''D''' sun'''A''' da haɗin kai biyu a matsayin tsarin chromophoric, tare da ƙungiyoyi biyu masu aiki a matsayin mai karɓar lantarki A da mai ba da gudummawar lantarki D. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ƙarshe, waɗanda yawanci suna ƙunshe da nitrogen ko ƙwayoyin oxygen, na iya zama ɓangare na heterocycle, kuma haɗin biyu na iya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙanshi. Idan an maye gurbin Ƙungiyoyin methine ɗaya ko fiye da ƙwayoyin nitrogen, ana kiran dyes din aza-analog methine dyes. Wannan yana haifar da ƙananan ɗalibai daban-daban: ''Cyanine dyes'', wanda haɗin haɗin biyu ke kewaye da Ƙungiyar amino ta uku da mahaɗan ammonium na quaternary. [1] Idan an maye gurbin ƙungiyoyin methine guda biyu da ƙwayoyin nitrogen kuma ɗayan rukuni na ƙarshe yana cikin ɓangaren heterocycle yayin da ɗayan yake buɗewa, ana samar da mahimman dyes na diazahemicyanine. Misali: Basic Red 22. ''Styryl dyes'': ta hanyar saka zobe na phenyl a cikin kashin baya na polyene, waɗannan dyes suna dauke da wani nau'in tsarin styrene. Misali: Yaduwar Yellow 31. Triarylmethine dyes, wanda kuma ake kira a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen a matsayin triphenylmethane dyes saboda an samo su ne daga triphenyl methane, wanda aƙalla biyu daga cikin zoben ƙamshi suna ɗauke da maye gurbin masu ba da wutar lantarki. Misali: Basic Green 4 (malachite green). <gallery widths="250"> File:Basic_Red_22.svg|C.I. Basic Red 22 File:Disperse_Yellow_31.svg|C.I. Disperse Yellow 31 File:Malachite_green_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg|C.I. Basic Green 4 (malachite green) </gallery> ==== Nitro da nitroso dyes ==== A cikin nitro dyes, 2" href="./Nitro_group" id="mwAdI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nitro group">ƙungiyar nitro tana kan zobe mai ƙamshi a cikin matsayi na ortho dangane da mai ba da gudummawar lantarki, ko dai hydroxy (-OH) ko ƙungiyar amino (-NH2). Tsohon wakilin wannan aji na dye shine picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol). Hydroxynitro dyes ba su da muhimmanci ga kasuwanci. Wannan ƙaramin launi ne amma yana da mahimmanci a tarihi, wanda wakilansa ke da saurin haske da samarwa mai sauƙi. Nitro dyes suna nuna launin rawaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa. Saboda ƙananan girman kwayoyin su, wani muhimmin aikace-aikace kamar yadda aka warwatsa dyes shine dyeing na fiber polyester. Ana kuma amfani da su azaman acid da pigment dyes. Rini na nitroso da ba kasafai ake samu ba suna da ƙamshi wanda ke ɗauke da rukunin nitroso. Ana amfani da rini na nitroso tare da rukunin hydroxy a matsayin ortho zuwa rukunin nitroso kawai a matsayin hadaddun ƙarfe. Wakilcin da aka saba wakilta shine kore naphthol B (CI Acid Green 1). <gallery widths="250"> File:Pikrinsäure.svg| Picric acid File:C.I._Acid_Orange_3.svg|alt=Acid Orange 3| [[Acid Orange 3|Ruwan Lemu Mai Acid 3]] File:Disperse_Yellow_42.svg|alt=Disperse Yellow 42| Rawaya Rawaya 42 File:Naphthol_Green_B.svg|alt=C.I. Acid Green 1| CI Acid Green 1 </gallery> ==== rini na sulfur ==== Rini na Sulfur (rini na Sulfin) rini ne na macromolecular wanda ba ya narkewa a ruwa, wanda ke ɗauke da gadoji na disulfide ko haɗin oligosulfide tsakanin ragowar ƙanshi. Ana samar da su ta hanyar narkewar benzene, naphthalene, ko anthracene tare da sulfur ko polysulfides kuma ba su da tsari mai kyau. Sun dace musamman don rini da zare na auduga . Kamar rini na vat, ana rage su zuwa siffa mai narkewa cikin ruwa ( leuco compound ) ta amfani da caustic soda da dithionites ko sodium sulfide, ana shafa su a kan zare, sannan a gyara su a cikin siffa mara narkewa ta hanyar oxidation . Saboda dalilai masu guba da muhalli, ana ƙara maye gurbin iskar shaka da chromates da dyes na sulfur mai ƙarancin sulfide da kuma abubuwan rage sulfide marasa sulfide. Saboda ƙarancin kuɗin da ake kashewa wajen samar da su, rini na sulfur yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin yawan amfani da su. Ana siffanta su da kyau wajen wankewa da kuma sauƙin tsaftacewa, kodayake galibi launukan ba sa yin haske. === Rarrabuwa bisa ga fasahar aikace-aikace === Duk da cewa launin rini yana da alaƙa da sinadarin chromophore, ana iya gyara halayen rini ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyoyin sinadarai masu dacewa don ba da damar rini na abubuwa daban-daban. Wannan yana haifar da rarrabuwar rini bisa ga tsarin rini. Ana amfani da wannan rarrabuwa ta hanyar Ma'aunin Launi, wani muhimmin ma'auni na yau da kullun a fannin ilmin sinadarai na rini. Ma'aunin Launi (CI) yana nuna nau'in rini, launi, da kuma asalin sinadarai. Ya lissafa rini sama da 10,000, sama da 50% daga cikinsu rini ne na azo. ==== Rini na Mordant ==== Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga rini mai launin ruwan kasa, inda ake shafa rini mai kyau a kan masaku ''masu launin ruwan kasa'', musamman ulu da siliki. Kafin a rina, ana shafa zare da gishirin [chromium], [ƙarfe], ko kuma gishirin aluminum . A lokacin tururi, ƙarfe hydroxides suna samuwa a kan zare. A lokacin rini, waɗannan hydroxides suna amsawa da rini na acid (yawanci na musamman) don samar da [[Rini|rini mai haɗakar ƙarfe]] . Tsarin da ke kan zare ya yi daidai da yin fenti . Idan ana amfani da gishirin chromium, ana kiran rini da rini na chromium. Dangane da nau'in rini, ana iya ƙara gishirin chromium—yawanci chromates ko dichromates—kafin, lokacin, ko bayan rini. Saboda haka, an bambanta hanyoyin rini na chromium kafin a yi amfani da shi, bayan an yi amfani da shi, da kuma rini na wanka ɗaya. An san rini na Chromium saboda kyawun juriyar da suke da shi ga danshi. Duk da haka, gurɓatar ƙarfe mai nauyi na zare da rini da ruwan sharar gida babban abin damuwa ne ga muhalli. Ana sanya fenti na Mordant a matsayin "CI Mordant Dyes" a cikin Ma'aunin Launi. Misalai:<gallery widths="250"> File:Mordant_Black_9.svg|alt=C.I. Mordant Black 9| CI Mordant Baƙi 9 File:Mordant_Yellow_8.svg|alt=C.I. Mordant Yellow 8| CI Mordant Rawaya 8 File:Mordant_Black_7.svg|alt=C.I. Mordant Black 7| CI Mordant Baƙi 7 File:Mordant_Red_60.svg|alt=C.I. Mordant Red 60| CI Mordant Ja 60 File:Mordant_Blue_9.svg|alt=C.I. Mordant Blue 9| CI Mordant Shuɗi 9 </gallery>A tarihi, ban da gishirin chromium, iron, da aluminum, an kuma yi amfani da mordants da aka yi da ammonium vanadate, tannic acid, aluminum oxide, antimony, barium, lead, cobalt, jan ƙarfe, manganese, nickel, tin, da [[Turkish red oil|man ja na Turkiyya]] . An yi amfani da gishirin antimony daban-daban kamar potassium antimony tartrate ko antimony (III) chloride, da kuma sodium silicate da sodium phosphate, har ma da najasar shanu, a matsayin maganin gyara. ==== Rini kai tsaye ==== Rini kai tsaye (ko rini mai mahimmanci ) ana sha kai tsaye daga ruwan da ke cikinsa zuwa zare saboda yawan [[Substantivity (textile chemistry)|sinadarin]] da ke cikinsa. Suna da kyau musamman ga zaruruwan cellulose . Haɗawa da zare yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗar jiki, galibi ƙarfin Van der Waals . Yawancin rini kai tsaye suna cikin rukunin rini na azo, musamman rini na polyazo. A cikin Ma'aunin Launi, an sanya su a matsayin ''CI Direct Dyes'' . Misalai:<gallery widths="250"> File:Direct_Blue_8_(free_acid).svg|alt=C.I. Direct Blue 8| CI Kai Tsaye Shuɗi 8 File:Direct_Orange_26_(free_acid).svg|alt=C.I. Direct Orange 26| CI Kai Tsaye Orange 26 File:Direct_Yellow_9_(free_acid).svg|alt=C.I. Direct Yellow 9| CI Kai Tsaye Rawaya 9 </gallery> ==== Warware rini ==== Rini mai warwatse, wanda kusan ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa, ana amfani da shi ne musamman don rini polyester mai hana ruwa da cellulose acetate . Ana niƙa su da kyau tare da sinadaran warwatsewa, wanda hakan ke ba da damar rini mai narkewar ƙwayoyin halitta ya bazu cikin zare yayin rini, inda yake samar da mafita mai ƙarfi. Wannan yana haifar da rini mai kyau da wankewa da kuma sauƙin tsaftacewa. Yawancin rini masu warwatse suna cikin rukunin rini na azo. Rini mai rarrabawa yana wakiltar ƙungiya mai matuƙar muhimmanci, musamman saboda yawan amfani da kuma aikin injiniya na zare na polyester. A shekarar 1999, jimillar tallace-tallace a Yammacin Turai ya kai Yuro miliyan 98. Dangane da Ma'aunin Launi, an sanya su a matsayin "Rinan Dindin CI". Misalai:<gallery widths="250"> File:Disperse_Orange_44.svg|alt=C.I. Disperse Orange 44| CI Warware Orange 44 File:Disperse_Blue_79.svg|alt=C.I. Disperse Blue 797| CI Disperse Shudi 797 File:Disperse_Red_177.svg|alt=C.I. Disperse Red 177| CI Disperse Ja 177 </gallery> ==== Rini ko haɓakawa ==== A cikin ƙirƙirar rini, rini mai narkewar ruwa yana samuwa kai tsaye a kan zare ta hanyar amsawar wani ɓangaren haɗuwa mai narkewar ruwa ( ''CI Azoic Coupling Component'' ) tare da ɓangaren diazo mai narkewar ruwa ( ''CI Azoic Diazo Component'' ). Ana amfani da wannan nau'in rini galibi don zaruruwan cellulose kuma ana siffanta shi da kyakkyawan juriyar danshi. Babban abin da ke haɗa launuka shine Naphthol AS .<gallery widths="250"> File:Azoic_Coupling_Component_2.svg|alt=C.I. Azoic Coupling Component 2 (naphthol AS)| CI Azoic Coupling Component 2 (naphthol AS) File:Azoic_Coupling_Component_35.svg|alt=C.I. Azoic Coupling Component 35 (naphthol AS-LG)| CI Azoic Coupling Component 35 (naphthol AS-LG) File:Azoic_Diazo_Component_3.svg|alt=C.I. Azoic Diazo Component 3 (Echt scarlet salt GG)| CI Azoic Diazo Component 3 (Echt gishiri mai launin ja GG) File:Azoic_Diazo_Component_35.svg|alt=C.I. Azoic Diazo Component 35 (Variamin blue salt B)| CI Azoic Diazo Component 35 (Variamin blue gishiri B) </gallery> ==== Rini na cationic ==== Rini na cationic sune mahaɗan cationic waɗanda ke samar da launuka masu haske da sauƙi, musamman akan zaruruwan polyacrylonitrile (PAN) da zaruruwan polyester da aka gyara ta anionically. Suna samar da haɗin ionic tare da ƙungiyoyin da ke da caji mara kyau akan zare. Ana iya amfani da nau'ikan chromophores daban-daban a cikin dyes na cationic; a cikin dyes na methine, ana cire cajin tabbatacce, sabanin sauran tsarin chromophoric. Duk da cewa an sanya rini na cationic a matsayin "CI Basic Dyes" a cikin Ma'aunin Launi, kalmar "basic dyes" ba a saba amfani da ita ba ga wannan ajin rini a cikin wallafe-wallafen baya-bayan nan. <gallery widths="250"> File:Basic_Orange_22.svg|alt=C.I. Basic Orange 22| CI Basic Orange 22 File:Basic_Blue_3.svg|alt=C.I. Basic Blue 3| CI Basic Shudi 3 File:Basic_Blue_54.svg|alt=C.I. Basic Blue 54| CI Basic Shudi 54 File:Basic_Red_18.svg|alt=C.I. Basic Red 18| CI Basic Ja 18 </gallery>  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bw64atqsv5g081pnvx0b5p9gtek7e95 963866 963864 2026-10-06T13:36:48Z Baffa ali 47435 963866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:2019-11-22_Some_of_the_dyes_made_at_De_Kat.jpg|right|thumb| Rini da aka yi a De Kat, Zaandam]] '''Rini''' abu ne [[wiktionary:colored|mai launi]] wanda yake narkewa a cikin wani sinadari; akasin haka, launuka ba sa narkewa ko kusan haka a cikin dukkan sinadari. Saboda yadda suke narkewa, rini na iya ɗaurewa ta hanyar sinadarai ga abin da suke launi. Ana amfani da rini a cikin ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi wajen magance matsalar kuma yana iya buƙatar sinadarin mordant don inganta saurin rini a kan zare. Yawancin rini na halitta ana samun su ne daga tushen da ba na dabbobi ba kamar su saiwoyi, 'ya'yan itatuwa, bawon itace, ganye, itace, fungi da kuma lichens . Duk da haka, saboda yawan buƙata da ci gaban fasaha, yawancin rini da ake amfani da su a duniyar zamani ana samar da su ne ta hanyar roba daga abubuwa kamar su sinadarai masu guba. Ana cire wasu daga kwari da/ko ma'adanai . Ana samar da rini na roba daga sinadarai daban-daban. Ana samun yawancin rini ta wannan hanyar saboda tsadarsu, halayen gani (launi), da juriyarsu (sauri, da kuma juriyarsu). Rini da launukan suna da launi, domin suna shan wasu raƙuman [[haske]] ne kawai. Rini yawanci yana narkewa a cikin wani sinadari, yayin da launuka ba sa narkewa. Wasu rini za a iya sa su zama marasa narkewa idan aka ƙara gishiri don samar da launin tafki . <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Caroline R.}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Dyeing_British_Library_Royal_MS_15.E.iii,_f._269_1482.jpg|right|thumb| Rini a zanen ulu, 1482: daga fassarar Faransanci ta Bartolomaeus Anglicus]] Rini na yadi ya samo asali ne tun zamanin Neolithic . A tsawon tarihi, mutane sun rina masakunsu ta amfani da kayan da aka saba da su a yankin. Rini mai ƙarancin launuka waɗanda ke samar da launuka masu haske da na dindindin kamar rini na halitta masu launin shuɗi na Tyrian da jajayen kermes abubuwa ne masu matuƙar daraja a duniyar da ta daɗe da kuma ta zamanin da. Rini na tsire-tsire kamar su wiwi, indigo, saffron, da madder sun kasance muhimman kayayyaki na kasuwanci a tattalin arzikin Asiya da Turai. A faɗin Asiya da Afirka, an yi amfani da dabarun rini mai ƙarfi don sarrafa shan launi a cikin zane mai launi iri-iri. Rini daga Sabuwar Duniya kamar cochineal da woodwood an kawo su Turai ta hanyar jiragen ruwan [[Ispaniya|Spain]], <ref>{{Cite book|editor-first2=Ruiz}}</ref> kuma 'yan mulkin mallaka sun ɗauki rini na Turai zuwa Amurka. [[File:Childhood_Joy.jpg|right|thumb| Busar da zane mai launi]] An gano zare mai launin flax a [[Georgia|Jamhuriyar Georgia]] a cikin wani kogo na tarihi wanda aka kiyasta ya kai BP 36,000. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balter |first=Michael |date=11 September 2009 |title=Clothes Make the (Hu) Man |journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=5946 |pages=1329 |doi=10.1126/science.325_1329a |pmid=19745126}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kvavadze |first=Eliso |last2=Bar-Yosef |first2=Ofer |last3=Belfer-Cohen |first3=Anna |last4=Boaretto |first4=Elisabetta |last5=Jakeli |first5=Nino |last6=Matskevich |first6=Zinovi |last7=Meshveliani |first7=Tengiz |date=11 September 2009 |title=30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers |url=https://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4270521 |journal=Science |volume=325 |issue=5946 |pages=1359 |bibcode=2009Sci...325.1359K |doi=10.1126/science.1175404 |pmid=19745144 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Shaidun kayan tarihi sun nuna cewa, musamman a [[Indiya]] da [[Phoenicia]], an yi ta yin rini sosai tsawon sama da shekaru 5,000. An samo rini na farko daga tushen [[Dabba|dabbobi]], [[Kayan Lambu|kayan lambu]] ko ma'adanai, ba tare da ƙarancin sarrafawa ba. Zuwa yanzu mafi girman tushen rini ya fito ne daga [[Shuka|daular shuka]], musamman saiwoyi, 'ya'yan itatuwa, bawon itace, ganye da itace, kaɗan ne kawai ake amfani da su a fannin kasuwanci. J. Pullar da Sons ne suka gudanar da farkon masana'antu a Scotland. Rini na farko da aka yi da roba, mauve, an gano shi ne ta hanyar William Henry Perkin a shekarar 1856. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hübner |first=Karl |date=August 2006 |title=150 Jahre Mauvein |journal=Chemie in unserer Zeit |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=274–275 |doi=10.1002/ciuz.200690054}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Travis |first=Anthony S. |date=1990 |title=Perkin's Mauve: Ancestor of the Organic Chemical Industry |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=51–82 |doi=10.2307/3105760 |jstor=3105760}}</ref> <ref name="Murray1999">{{Cite journal |last=Eiland |first=Murray Lee |date=1999 |title=Problems Associated with the Dissemination of Synthetic Dyes in the Oriental Carpet Industry |journal=Icon |volume=5 |pages=138–159 |jstor=23786082}}</ref> Gano mauveine ya fara ƙaruwa a fannin rini na roba da kuma a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai gabaɗaya. Sauran rini na aniline sun biyo baya, kamar su fuchsine, safranine, da induline . An riga an shirya dubban rini na roba. Gano mauveine a shekarar 1856 ya haifar da ci gaban masana'antar rini ta roba. A Manchester, Ingila, mutane da yawa sun kafa masana'antar ƙera rini, ciki har da Ivan Levinstein, Levinstein Ltd, Charles Dreyfus, Clayton Aniline Company, <ref name="1908 Stock Exchange Year-Book" /> William Claus, Claus & co. Gano mauve ya kuma haifar da ci gaba a fannin ilimin rigakafi da kuma [[Chemotherapy|maganin chemotherapy]] . A shekarar 1863 aka kafa Bayer AG a wurin da ya zama [[Wuppertal]], [[Jamus]] . A shekara ta 1891, Paul Ehrlich ya gano cewa wasu ƙwayoyin halitta ko halittu suna ɗaukar wasu rini ta hanyar zaɓe. Sai ya yi tunanin cewa za a iya allurar allurar da ta isasshe don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, idan rini bai shafi sauran ƙwayoyin halitta ba. Ehrlich ya ci gaba da amfani da wani sinadari don magance [[Tunjere|cutar syphilis]], karo na farko da aka yi amfani da wani sinadari don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a jiki. Ya kuma yi amfani da methylene blue don kai hari ga plasmodium da ke da alhakin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] . == Rarraba rini == [[File:Shelve_with_various_hair_colours_(hair_dyes)_in_a_hairdresser_shop_in_Germany_(2023).jpg|thumb| Shiryayye mai rini iri-iri na gashi a shagon gyaran gashi]] Launin rini yana samuwa ne daga shakar haske a cikin yankin da ake iya gani na bakan lantarki (380–750)&nbsp;nm). Tsarin sinadarai yana ƙayyade ɗaukar haske kuma saboda haka shine tushen tsare-tsaren rarrabuwa da yawa. === Rarrabuwa bisa ga tsarin sinadarai === ==== Rini na Anthraquinone ==== Tsarin wannan rukunin rini shine anthraquinone . Ta hanyar canza abubuwan da aka maye gurbinsu, kusan dukkan launuka daga rawaya zuwa ja da kuma daga shuɗi zuwa kore za a iya samu, tare da rinayen anthraquinone ja da shuɗi suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. Ta hanyar ragewa, ana iya canza quinone zuwa hydroquinone mai narkewa cikin ruwa daidai, wanda hakan ke ba da damar amfani da rini na anthraquinone a matsayin [[Rini|rini na magudanar ruwa]] . Tare da madaidaitan abubuwan maye, ana iya amfani da fenti na anthraquinone azaman [[Rini|rini mai warwatse]] don rini zaruruwan roba. Ana amfani da fenti na anthraquinone mai narkewa cikin ruwa wanda ke ɗauke da rukunin sulfonic acid azaman [[Rini|fenti mai hana]] [[Rini|acid]] ko amsawa.<gallery widths="250"> File:Indanthren.svg|alt=Indanthrone| Kujerun Indanthrone File:Disperse_Blue_87.svg|alt=Disperse Blue 87| [[Disperse Blue 87|Watsa Shuɗi 87]] File:Acid_Blue_25_(2).svg|alt=Acid Blue 25| Shuɗin Acid 25 File:Reactive_Blue_19.svg|alt=Reactive Blue 19| Shuɗi mai amsawa 19 </gallery> ==== Rini na Azo ==== [[File:Azo_Group_Formula_V1.svg|thumb|180x180px| Ƙungiyar Azo, R ^1,2 =aryl / alkenyl]] Rini na Azo yana ɗauke da rukunin azo wanda aka maye gurbinsa da rukunin aryl ko ƙungiyar alkenyl a matsayin tushen tsarin su. Ana kiran rini na Azo da ke ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin azo da yawa da bisazo (kuma disazo), trisazo, tetrakisazo, da polyazo rednes. Abubuwan maye gurbin Aryl yawanci [[Benzene|benzene ne]] ko naphthalene, amma kuma suna iya haɗawa da tsarin heteroaromatic kamar pyrazoles ko pyridones . Ana amfani da ƙungiyoyin aliphatic masu iya canzawa, misali anilides na acetoacetic acid da aka maye gurbinsu, azaman madadin alkenyl. Ana haɗa rini ta hanyar diazotization na amines masu ƙanshi sannan a haɗa gishirin diazonium tare da aromatics masu arzikin electron ko mahadi β-dicarbonyl. Rini na Azo sune mafi mahimmanci kuma mafi faɗi a cikin nau'in rini kuma ana wakilta su a kusan dukkan nau'ikan rini masu alaƙa da aikace-aikace (→ [[Rini|Rarrabawa bisa ga fasahar aikace-aikace]] ). Ba a san wani nau'in rini na azo da ke faruwa a zahiri ba. Banda launin turquoise da [[kore]] mai haske, kusan dukkan launuka ana iya samun su ta amfani da rini na azo. Ƙungiyar azo tana da saurin kamuwa da sinadarai masu rage zafi ; tana da rauni, wanda ke haifar da canza launin rini. Wasu misalai na nau'ikan rini daban-daban na azo (rini mono- da bisazo / benzene, ragowar naphthalene / pyridone, abubuwan haɗin acetoacetanilide / rini mai rikitarwa na ƙarfe):<gallery widths="250"> File:ReactiveBlack5.svg|alt=C.I. Reactive Black 5| CI Mai amsawa Baƙi 5 File:Disperse_Yellow_241.svg|alt=Disperse Yellow 241| [[Disperse Yellow 241|Rawaya Rawaya 241]] File:Mordant_Black_9.svg|alt=Mordant Black 9| Mordant Baƙi 9 File:Solvent_Yellow_19.svg|alt=Solvent Yellow 19| [[Solvent Yellow 19|Ruwan da ke narkewa Rawaya 19]] </gallery> ==== Rini na Dioxazine ==== [[File:Triphenodioxazine.svg|thumb| [[Triphendioxazine]]]] Rini na Dioxazine, wanda aka fi sani da rini na triphendioxazine, yana ɗauke da [[triphendioxazine]] a matsayin tsarinsu na asali. Waɗannan rini masu launuka masu ƙarfi da haske suna nuna kyakkyawan juriyar launi, don haka suna haɗa fa'idodin rini na azo da anthraquinone. Rini na Dioxazine ana samun su a kasuwa a matsayin rini kai tsaye da kuma masu amsawa. <gallery widths="250"> File:Direct_Blue_106.svg|alt=Direct Blue 106| [[Direct Blue 106|Shuɗi Kai Tsaye 106]] File:Reactive_Blue_204.svg|alt=Reactive Blue 204| [[Reactive Blue 204|Mai amsawa Shuɗi 204]] </gallery> ==== Rini na Indigoid ==== [[File:Indigo_skeletal.svg|thumb| Tsarin sinadarai na rini na indigo, launin shuɗi na jeans mai launin shuɗi. Duk da cewa da zarar an cire shi daga tsirrai, yanzu kusan an haɗa shi ne kawai a masana'antu. ]] Rini na Indigoid na cikin rini na carbonyl kuma ana amfani da su azaman rini na magudanar ruwa. Mafi mahimmancin wakilci shine indigo, wanda aka cire daga tsire-tsire a matsayin rini na halitta a zamanin da kuma har yanzu ana samar da shi a masana'antu da yawa, musamman don rini wando jeans . Wani rini na halitta kuma shine tsohon [[Purple (dye)|launin shunayya]] ( ''CI Natural Violet 1'' / ''Dibromindigo'' ).<gallery widths="250"> File:Indigo_skeletal.svg|alt=C.I. Vat Blue 1 (Indigo)| CI Vat Shuɗi 1 (Indigo) File:Tyrian-Purple.svg|alt=C.I. Natural Violet 1| CI Natural Violet 1 File:Indirubin.svg| Indirubin </gallery> ==== Rini mai haɗakar ƙarfe ==== Rini mai rikitarwa na ƙarfe ya ƙunshi mahaɗan hadaddun abubuwa da aka samar daga [[ƙarfe]] da kuma ligands ɗaya ko fiye na rini waɗanda ke ɗauke da masu ba da wutar lantarki . Sinadaran tagulla da chromium sun fi yawa, kodayake ana amfani da hadaddun cobalt, nickel, da baƙin ƙarfe kaɗan. Galibanda galibi sune rini na azo, rini na methine, formazans, ko phthalocyanines . Rini mai rikitarwa na ƙarfe yana da kyawawan halaye masu ƙarfi. ===== Rini na Formazan ===== [[File:Triphenylformazan.svg|thumb|180x180px| Triphenylformazan]] Rini na Formazan suna da alaƙa da tsarin rini na azo. Tsarin su na asali shine [[triphenylformazan]] . Suna samar da [[Chelate complexes|hadaddun chelate]] tare da karafa masu canzawa kamar jan ƙarfe, nickel, ko cobalt . Dangane da abubuwan da aka maye gurbinsu, nau'ikan formazan marasa rikitarwa suna da launin lemu zuwa ja mai zurfi, yayin da nau'ikan formazan masu rikitarwa na ƙarfe suna da launin shuɗi, shuɗi, ko kore. Ana haɗa su ta hanyar haɗa gishirin diazonium tare da hydrazones . Muhimmancin kasuwanci sun haɗa da haɗakar jan ƙarfe mai launin shuɗi tetradentate na nau'ikan formazans daban-daban, waɗanda ake amfani da su galibi azaman rini mai amsawa ga auduga:<gallery widths="250"> File:Reactive_Blue_160.svg|alt=C.I. Reactive Blue 160| CI Mai amsawa Shuɗi 160 File:Reactive_Blue_235.svg|alt=C.I. Reactive Blue 235| CI [[Reactive Blue 235|Mai amsawa da shuɗi 235]] </gallery> ===== Rini na Phthalocyanine ===== Rini na Phthalocyanine hadaddun ƙarfe ne na tagulla ko nickel waɗanda suka dogara da tsarin phthalocyanine . Suna da alaƙa ta tsarin halitta da porphyrins kuma suna da alaƙa da sinadarin annulene . Ta hanyar gabatar da abubuwan da ke narkewa cikin ruwa - musamman ta hanyar sulfochlorination - ana iya samun turquoise zuwa launuka masu haske na kore. Ana bambanta fenti na Phthalocyanine ta hanyar haske mai kyau.<gallery widths="250"> File:Phtalocyanine_Aza(18)annulene.svg|alt=Phthalocyanine (Aza[18]annulene)| Phthalocyanine ( <span style="color:red">Aza[18]annulene</span> ) File:Reactive_Blue_7.svg|alt=C.I. Reactive Blue 7| CI Mai amsawa Shuɗi 7 </gallery> ==== Rini na Methine ==== [[File:Methine_Dyes.svg|thumb|360x360px| Ka'idar tsarin methylation]] Methine ko polymethine '''D''' sun'''A''' da haɗin kai biyu a matsayin tsarin chromophoric, tare da ƙungiyoyi biyu masu aiki a matsayin mai karɓar lantarki A da mai ba da gudummawar lantarki D. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ƙarshe, waɗanda yawanci suna ƙunshe da nitrogen ko ƙwayoyin oxygen, na iya zama ɓangare na heterocycle, kuma haɗin biyu na iya zama wani ɓangare na tsarin ƙanshi. Idan an maye gurbin Ƙungiyoyin methine ɗaya ko fiye da ƙwayoyin nitrogen, ana kiran dyes din aza-analog methine dyes. Wannan yana haifar da ƙananan ɗalibai daban-daban: ''Cyanine dyes'', wanda haɗin haɗin biyu ke kewaye da Ƙungiyar amino ta uku da mahaɗan ammonium na quaternary. [1] Idan an maye gurbin ƙungiyoyin methine guda biyu da ƙwayoyin nitrogen kuma ɗayan rukuni na ƙarshe yana cikin ɓangaren heterocycle yayin da ɗayan yake buɗewa, ana samar da mahimman dyes na diazahemicyanine. Misali: Basic Red 22. ''Styryl dyes'': ta hanyar saka zobe na phenyl a cikin kashin baya na polyene, waɗannan dyes suna dauke da wani nau'in tsarin styrene. Misali: Yaduwar Yellow 31. Triarylmethine dyes, wanda kuma ake kira a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen a matsayin triphenylmethane dyes saboda an samo su ne daga triphenyl methane, wanda aƙalla biyu daga cikin zoben ƙamshi suna ɗauke da maye gurbin masu ba da wutar lantarki. Misali: Basic Green 4 (malachite green). <gallery widths="250"> File:Basic_Red_22.svg|C.I. Basic Red 22 File:Disperse_Yellow_31.svg|C.I. Disperse Yellow 31 File:Malachite_green_Structural_Formulae_V.1.svg|C.I. Basic Green 4 (malachite green) </gallery> ==== Nitro da nitroso dyes ==== A cikin nitro dyes, 2" href="./Nitro_group" id="mwAdI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nitro group">ƙungiyar nitro tana kan zobe mai ƙamshi a cikin matsayi na ortho dangane da mai ba da gudummawar lantarki, ko dai hydroxy (-OH) ko ƙungiyar amino (-NH2). Tsohon wakilin wannan aji na dye shine picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol). Hydroxynitro dyes ba su da muhimmanci ga kasuwanci. Wannan ƙaramin launi ne amma yana da mahimmanci a tarihi, wanda wakilansa ke da saurin haske da samarwa mai sauƙi. Nitro dyes suna nuna launin rawaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa. Saboda ƙananan girman kwayoyin su, wani muhimmin aikace-aikace kamar yadda aka warwatsa dyes shine dyeing na fiber polyester. Ana kuma amfani da su azaman acid da pigment dyes. Rini na nitroso da ba kasafai ake samu ba suna da ƙamshi wanda ke ɗauke da rukunin nitroso. Ana amfani da rini na nitroso tare da rukunin hydroxy a matsayin ortho zuwa rukunin nitroso kawai a matsayin hadaddun ƙarfe. Wakilcin da aka saba wakilta shine kore naphthol B (CI Acid Green 1). <gallery widths="250"> File:Pikrinsäure.svg| Picric acid File:C.I._Acid_Orange_3.svg|alt=Acid Orange 3| [[Acid Orange 3|Ruwan Lemu Mai Acid 3]] File:Disperse_Yellow_42.svg|alt=Disperse Yellow 42| Rawaya Rawaya 42 File:Naphthol_Green_B.svg|alt=C.I. Acid Green 1| CI Acid Green 1 </gallery> ==== rini na sulfur ==== Rini na Sulfur (rini na Sulfin) rini ne na macromolecular wanda ba ya narkewa a ruwa, wanda ke ɗauke da gadoji na disulfide ko haɗin oligosulfide tsakanin ragowar ƙanshi. Ana samar da su ta hanyar narkewar benzene, naphthalene, ko anthracene tare da sulfur ko polysulfides kuma ba su da tsari mai kyau. Sun dace musamman don rini da zare na auduga . Kamar rini na vat, ana rage su zuwa siffa mai narkewa cikin ruwa ( leuco compound ) ta amfani da caustic soda da dithionites ko sodium sulfide, ana shafa su a kan zare, sannan a gyara su a cikin siffa mara narkewa ta hanyar oxidation . Saboda dalilai masu guba da muhalli, ana ƙara maye gurbin iskar shaka da chromates da dyes na sulfur mai ƙarancin sulfide da kuma abubuwan rage sulfide marasa sulfide. Saboda ƙarancin kuɗin da ake kashewa wajen samar da su, rini na sulfur yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin yawan amfani da su. Ana siffanta su da kyau wajen wankewa da kuma sauƙin tsaftacewa, kodayake galibi launukan ba sa yin haske. === Rarrabuwa bisa ga fasahar aikace-aikace === Duk da cewa launin rini yana da alaƙa da sinadarin chromophore, ana iya gyara halayen rini ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyoyin sinadarai masu dacewa don ba da damar rini na abubuwa daban-daban. Wannan yana haifar da rarrabuwar rini bisa ga tsarin rini. Ana amfani da wannan rarrabuwa ta hanyar Ma'aunin Launi, wani muhimmin ma'auni na yau da kullun a fannin ilmin sinadarai na rini. Ma'aunin Launi (CI) yana nuna nau'in rini, launi, da kuma asalin sinadarai. Ya lissafa rini sama da 10,000, sama da 50% daga cikinsu rini ne na azo. ==== Rini na Mordant ==== Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga rini mai launin ruwan kasa, inda ake shafa rini mai kyau a kan masaku ''masu launin ruwan kasa'', musamman ulu da siliki. Kafin a rina, ana shafa zare da gishirin [chromium], [ƙarfe], ko kuma gishirin aluminum . A lokacin tururi, ƙarfe hydroxides suna samuwa a kan zare. A lokacin rini, waɗannan hydroxides suna amsawa da rini na acid (yawanci na musamman) don samar da [[Rini|rini mai haɗakar ƙarfe]] . Tsarin da ke kan zare ya yi daidai da yin fenti . Idan ana amfani da gishirin chromium, ana kiran rini da rini na chromium. Dangane da nau'in rini, ana iya ƙara gishirin chromium—yawanci chromates ko dichromates—kafin, lokacin, ko bayan rini. Saboda haka, an bambanta hanyoyin rini na chromium kafin a yi amfani da shi, bayan an yi amfani da shi, da kuma rini na wanka ɗaya. An san rini na Chromium saboda kyawun juriyar da suke da shi ga danshi. Duk da haka, gurɓatar ƙarfe mai nauyi na zare da rini da ruwan sharar gida babban abin damuwa ne ga muhalli. Ana sanya fenti na Mordant a matsayin "CI Mordant Dyes" a cikin Ma'aunin Launi. Misalai:<gallery widths="250"> File:Mordant_Black_9.svg|alt=C.I. Mordant Black 9| CI Mordant Baƙi 9 File:Mordant_Yellow_8.svg|alt=C.I. Mordant Yellow 8| CI Mordant Rawaya 8 File:Mordant_Black_7.svg|alt=C.I. Mordant Black 7| CI Mordant Baƙi 7 File:Mordant_Red_60.svg|alt=C.I. Mordant Red 60| CI Mordant Ja 60 File:Mordant_Blue_9.svg|alt=C.I. Mordant Blue 9| CI Mordant Shuɗi 9 </gallery>A tarihi, ban da gishirin chromium, iron, da aluminum, an kuma yi amfani da mordants da aka yi da ammonium vanadate, tannic acid, aluminum oxide, antimony, barium, lead, cobalt, jan ƙarfe, manganese, nickel, tin, da [[Turkish red oil|man ja na Turkiyya]] . An yi amfani da gishirin antimony daban-daban kamar potassium antimony tartrate ko antimony (III) chloride, da kuma sodium silicate da sodium phosphate, har ma da najasar shanu, a matsayin maganin gyara. ==== Rini kai tsaye ==== Rini kai tsaye (ko rini mai mahimmanci ) ana sha kai tsaye daga ruwan da ke cikinsa zuwa zare saboda yawan [[Substantivity (textile chemistry)|sinadarin]] da ke cikinsa. Suna da kyau musamman ga zaruruwan cellulose . Haɗawa da zare yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hulɗar jiki, galibi ƙarfin Van der Waals . Yawancin rini kai tsaye suna cikin rukunin rini na azo, musamman rini na polyazo. A cikin Ma'aunin Launi, an sanya su a matsayin ''CI Direct Dyes'' . Misalai:<gallery widths="250"> File:Direct_Blue_8_(free_acid).svg|alt=C.I. Direct Blue 8| CI Kai Tsaye Shuɗi 8 File:Direct_Orange_26_(free_acid).svg|alt=C.I. Direct Orange 26| CI Kai Tsaye Orange 26 File:Direct_Yellow_9_(free_acid).svg|alt=C.I. Direct Yellow 9| CI Kai Tsaye Rawaya 9 </gallery> ==== Warware rini ==== Rini mai warwatse, wanda kusan ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa, ana amfani da shi ne musamman don rini polyester mai hana ruwa da cellulose acetate . Ana niƙa su da kyau tare da sinadaran warwatsewa, wanda hakan ke ba da damar rini mai narkewar ƙwayoyin halitta ya bazu cikin zare yayin rini, inda yake samar da mafita mai ƙarfi. Wannan yana haifar da rini mai kyau da wankewa da kuma sauƙin tsaftacewa. Yawancin rini masu warwatse suna cikin rukunin rini na azo. Rini mai rarrabawa yana wakiltar ƙungiya mai matuƙar muhimmanci, musamman saboda yawan amfani da kuma aikin injiniya na zare na polyester. A shekarar 1999, jimillar tallace-tallace a Yammacin Turai ya kai Yuro miliyan 98. Dangane da Ma'aunin Launi, an sanya su a matsayin "Rinan Dindin CI". Misalai:<gallery widths="250"> File:Disperse_Orange_44.svg|alt=C.I. Disperse Orange 44| CI Warware Orange 44 File:Disperse_Blue_79.svg|alt=C.I. Disperse Blue 797| CI Disperse Shudi 797 File:Disperse_Red_177.svg|alt=C.I. Disperse Red 177| CI Disperse Ja 177 </gallery> ==== Rini ko haɓakawa ==== A cikin ƙirƙirar rini, rini mai narkewar ruwa yana samuwa kai tsaye a kan zare ta hanyar amsawar wani ɓangaren haɗuwa mai narkewar ruwa ( ''CI Azoic Coupling Component'' ) tare da ɓangaren diazo mai narkewar ruwa ( ''CI Azoic Diazo Component'' ). Ana amfani da wannan nau'in rini galibi don zaruruwan cellulose kuma ana siffanta shi da kyakkyawan juriyar danshi. Babban abin da ke haɗa launuka shine Naphthol AS .<gallery widths="250"> File:Azoic_Coupling_Component_2.svg|alt=C.I. Azoic Coupling Component 2 (naphthol AS)| CI Azoic Coupling Component 2 (naphthol AS) File:Azoic_Coupling_Component_35.svg|alt=C.I. Azoic Coupling Component 35 (naphthol AS-LG)| CI Azoic Coupling Component 35 (naphthol AS-LG) File:Azoic_Diazo_Component_3.svg|alt=C.I. Azoic Diazo Component 3 (Echt scarlet salt GG)| CI Azoic Diazo Component 3 (Echt gishiri mai launin ja GG) File:Azoic_Diazo_Component_35.svg|alt=C.I. Azoic Diazo Component 35 (Variamin blue salt B)| CI Azoic Diazo Component 35 (Variamin blue gishiri B) </gallery> ==== Rini na cationic ==== Rini na cationic sune mahaɗan cationic waɗanda ke samar da launuka masu haske da sauƙi, musamman akan zaruruwan polyacrylonitrile (PAN) da zaruruwan polyester da aka gyara ta anionically. Suna samar da haɗin ionic tare da ƙungiyoyin da ke da caji mara kyau akan zare. Ana iya amfani da nau'ikan chromophores daban-daban a cikin dyes na cationic; a cikin dyes na methine, ana cire cajin tabbatacce, sabanin sauran tsarin chromophoric. Duk da cewa an sanya rini na cationic a matsayin "CI Basic Dyes" a cikin Ma'aunin Launi, kalmar "basic dyes" ba a saba amfani da ita ba ga wannan ajin rini a cikin wallafe-wallafen baya-bayan nan. <gallery widths="250"> File:Basic_Orange_22.svg|alt=C.I. Basic Orange 22| CI Basic Orange 22 File:Basic_Blue_3.svg|alt=C.I. Basic Blue 3| CI Basic Shudi 3 File:Basic_Blue_54.svg|alt=C.I. Basic Blue 54| CI Basic Shudi 54 File:Basic_Red_18.svg|alt=C.I. Basic Red 18| CI Basic Ja 18 </gallery>  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == 7bar33xhg5zyr8z77x9xm4q34zogf8l 4 21908 964088 963622 2026-10-06T21:26:21Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 964088 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:DerFlieger|DerFlieger]] |[[Special:Contributions/DerFlieger|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 2 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |2 |[[User:LzerLive|LzerLive]] |[[Special:Contributions/LzerLive|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 2 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |3 |[[User:ShaunSha|ShaunSha]] |[[Special:Contributions/ShaunSha|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 2 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |4 |[[User:RealZeanon|RealZeanon]] |[[Special:Contributions/RealZeanon|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |5 |[[User:L'rd Of The Fish|L'rd Of The Fish]] |[[Special:Contributions/L'rd Of The Fish|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Ibrohim tijani|Ibrohim tijani]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ibrohim tijani|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Dollphenks|Dollphenks]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dollphenks|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 3 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |8 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|[[User:Mynetizen|Mynetizen]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mynetizen|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |101 |[[User:Adankong|Adankong]] |[[Special:Contributions/Adankong|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |102 |[[User:Communityupdater2847|Communityupdater2847]] |[[Special:Contributions/Communityupdater2847|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |103 |[[User:Mattmilligan13|Mattmilligan13]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mattmilligan13|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |104 |[[User:K.O.518|K.O.518]] |[[Special:Contributions/K.O.518|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |105 |[[User:Khaleel767|Khaleel767]] |[[Special:Contributions/Khaleel767|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |} fw218qbmujvegctkwwq41qg4lvdrmsx 0 23289 964163 565184 2026-10-07T04:37:18Z Ummujannah 49748 /* */ 964163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Al'adun Ghana|Al'adu]]''' Jam'i ne na [[al'ada]]. Mafi yawan mutane na danganta al'ada da ƙir ƙirarrun abubuwa. Al'adu ta ƙunshi addini, abinci, tufafi, yadda muke sanya tufafi, yare, aure, wakoƙi, bukukuwa da wasanni wayan'da da su ke chanjawa daga wurare daban daban a faɗin [[duniya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/|title=what-is-culture|author=Stephannie Pappas, Callum Mckelvie|date=December 15, 2021|}}</ref> ===Manazarta=== {{reflist}} f3gjmoqtdpjeb6jjz9f2fnm1iasfbeo 0 26047 963894 952418 2026-10-06T15:46:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Corona_vaccination_mechanism.webm|thumb|Yadda alluran COVID-19 ke aiki. Bidiyon yana nuna tsarin allurar rigakafin, daga allura tare da kuma RNA ko allurar rigakafin ƙwayar cuta, zuwa ɗauka da fassarar, kuma zuwa motsawar rigakafi da tasiri.]] [[File:World map of share of people who received all doses prescribed by the initial COVID-19 vaccination protocol.png|thumb| Taswirar da ke nuna rabon yawan mutanen da aka yiwa cikakken allurar rigakafin COVID-19 dangane da jimillar yawan ƙasar]] [[File:COVID-19_vaccine_map.svg|thumb|Taswirar ƙasashe ta matsayin yarda ]] [[Fayil:Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (2021) E.jpg|thumb|maganin korona]] [[Fayil:COVID-19 vaccines (2021) C.jpg|thumb|Maganin cutar korona virus]] '''Rigakafin COVID-(19), magani''' ne na alurar rigakafin '''Kovid(19)''' yana nufin samar da [[rigakafi]] da tsanani na numfashi ciwo [[COVID-19 pandemic in Angola|coronavirus]] 2 (SARS-CoV-2) da cutar da cewa yana sa coronavirus cuta (2019) ([[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]). Kafin cutar ta (COVID -19) kafaffen ilimin ya wanzu game da tsari da aikin ''corona viruses'' da ke haifar da [[Cututtukan jini|cututtuka]] kamar .<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-56885659.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17538754285292&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Flabarai-56885659</ref><ref>https://watch.immunizationacademy.com/ha/videos/364?%2Fha%2Fvideos%2F364=</ref>matsanancin ciwon numfashi (SARS) da ciwon numfashi na Gabas ta Tsakiya (MERS)<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-55918615.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17537994534599&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com</ref>. Wannan [[Ilimin muhalli na gargajiya|ilimin]] ya kuma hanzarta bunƙasa dandamali daban -daban na allurar rigakafi a farkon shekarar (2020).<ref name="pmid333411192">{{cite journal|vauthors=Li YD, Chi WY, Su JH, Ferrall L, Hung CF, Wu TC|date=December 2020|title=Coronavirus vaccine development: from SARS and MERS to COVID-19|journal=Journal of Biomedical Science|volume=27|issue=1|pages=104|doi=10.1186/s12929-020-00695-2|pmc=7749790|pmid=33341119}}</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/topics/cz74kjgr3nnt</ref> Farkon abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan alluran rigakafin (SARS-CoV-2) ya kasance kan hana alamun cutar, galibi rashin lafiya mai tsanani. kuma sannan allurar ta kuma kasance ana yinta zagaye biyu ne.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Subbarao K|date=July 2021|title=The success of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and challenges ahead|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=29|issue=7|pages=1111–1123|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2021.06.016|pmc=8279572|pmid=34265245}}</ref> A ranar (10)ga watan Janairu na shekarar (2020) an raba bayanan jerin kwayoyin halittar (SARS-CoV-2) ta hanyar GISAID, kuma zuwa (19) ga watan Maris, masana'antar magunguna ta duniya ta ba da sanarwar babban alƙawarin magance COVID-(19).<ref>{{cite news|date=24 February 2021|title=No one is safe unless everyone is safe|work=BusinessWorld|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/no-one-is-safe-unless-everyone-is-safe/|access-date=24 February 2021|vauthors=Padilla TB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223165007/https://www.bworldonline.com/no-one-is-safe-unless-everyone-is-safe/|archive-date=23 February 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alluran rigakafin (COVID-19) ana yaba su sosai saboda rawar da suka taka wajen rage yaduwar, tsananin, da mutuwar da (COVID-19) ya haifar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/danvergano/mrna-covid-vaccine-success|title=COVID-19 Vaccines Work Way Better Than We Had Ever Expected. Scientists Are Still Figuring Out Why.|date=5 June 2021|vauthors=Vergano D|website=[[BuzzFeed News]]|access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref> Ƙasashe da yawa sun aiwatar da tsare - tsaren rabe - raben matakai waɗanda ke ba da fifikon waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin rikitarwa, kamar tsofaffi, da kuma waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin kamuwa da watsawa, kamar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Beaumont2">{{cite news|vauthors=Beaumont P|date=18 November 2020|title=Covid-19 vaccine: who are countries prioritising for first doses?|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/18/covid-19-vaccine-who-are-countries-prioritising-for-first-doses|access-date=26 December 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Ana yin la'akari da amfani na wucin gadi kashi ɗaya don faɗaɗa allurar rigakafi ga mutane da yawa har zuwa samun allurar rigakafi.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Plotkin SA, Halsey N|title=Accelerate COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout by Delaying the Second Dose of mRNA Vaccines|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|date=January 2021|pmid=33502467|pmc=7929065|doi=10.1093/cid/ciab068}}</ref><ref>{{cite ssrn|title=Evidence For COVID-19 Vaccine Deferred Dose 2 Boost Timing|vauthors=Epperly D|date=January 2021|ssrn=3760833}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wang X|title=Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=384|issue=16|pages=1577–1578|date=April 2021|pmid=33596350|doi=10.1056/NEJMc2036242|type=letter|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://reallycorrect.com/ReallyCorrectWp1/evidence-for-covid-19-vaccine-deferred-dose-2-boost-timing/#More-Evidence|title=More Evidence: Evidence For COVID-19 Vaccine Deferred Dose 2 Boost Timing|website=ReallyCorrect.com|date=25 May 2021}}</ref> Yawatan zuwa ranar (4) ga watan Oktoba na shekarar (2021), an kuma gudanar da alluran biliyan (6.36) na (COVID -19) a duk duniya bisa rahotannin hukuma daga hukumomin lafiyar jama'a na ƙasa. <ref>{{cite journal|title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations – Statistics and Research|last5=Giattino|last10=Roser|first9=Diana|last9=Beltekian|first8=Bobbie|last8=MacDonald|first7=Joe|last7=Hasell|first6=Esteban|last6=Ortiz-Ospina|first5=Charlie|first4=Cameron|url=https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations|last4=Appel|first3=Lucas|last3=Rodés-Guirao|first2=Edouard|last2=Mathieu|first1=Hannah|last1=Ritchie|date=5 March 2020|journal=Our World in Data|access-date=7 February 2021|first10=Max}}</ref>AstraZeneca tana tsammanin samar da allurai biliyan 3 a cikin (2021), allurar Pfizer -BioNTech biliyan 1.3, da Sputnik V, Sinopharm, Sinovac, da Janssen biliyan 1 kowannensu. Moderna yana da niyyar samar da allurai miliyan (600) da allurar Convidecia miliyan (500) a cikin shekarar (2021).<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Buntz B|date=5 February 2021|title=Which companies will likely produce the most COVID-19 vaccine in 2021?|url=https://www.pharmaceuticalprocessingworld.com/which-companies-will-likely-produce-the-most-covid-19-vaccine-in-2021/|access-date=1 March 2021|website=Pharmaceutical Processing World}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=China can hit 500-mln-dose annual capacity of CanSinoBIO COVID-19 vaccine this year|url=https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/china-hit-500-mln-dose-103509138.html|access-date=1 March 2021|date=27 February 2021|agency=Reuters|website=[[Yahoo Sports]]|archive-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107122848/https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/news/china-hit-500-mln-dose-103509138.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Zuwa watan Disamba na shekarar (2020), sama da allurar rigakafin biliyan (10) ƙasashe sun riga sun rigaya,<ref name="mullard2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Mullard A|title=How COVID vaccines are being divvied up around the world|journal=Nature|date=November 2020|pmid=33257891|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03370-6|s2cid=227246811|doi-access=free}}</ref> tare da kusan rabin allurai da ƙasashe masu samun kuɗi suka saya wanda ya ƙunshi 14% na yawan mutanen duniya.<ref name="So2">{{cite journal|vauthors=So AD, Woo J|title=Reserving coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis|journal=BMJ|volume=371|pages=m4750|date=December 2020|pmid=33323376|pmc=7735431|doi=10.1136/bmj.m4750|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bayan Fage == [[File:COVID_Vaccine_(50745583447).jpg|thumb| Wani Ma'aikacin jirgin saman Amurka yana karbar allurar COVID-19, Disamba 2020]] Kafin (COVID -19) ba a taɓa yin allurar rigakafin cutar a ƙasa da shekaru da yawa ba{{Spaced en dash}}kuma babu allurar rigakafin cutar don hana kamuwa da cutar coronavirus a cikin mutane.<ref name="gates22">{{cite web|vauthors=Gates B|date=30 April 2020|title=The vaccine race explained: What you need to know about the COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514010012/https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccine|archive-date=14 May 2020|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2020|publisher=The Gates Notes}}</ref> Koyaya, an samar da alluran rigakafin cututtukan dabbobi da dama da coronaviruses ke haifarwa, gami da (kamar na 2003) cutar mashako a cikin tsuntsaye, coronavirus canine, da feline coronavirus .<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cavanagh D|date=December 2003|title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome vaccine development: experiences of vaccination against avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus|journal=Avian Pathology|volume=32|issue=6|pages=567–82|doi=10.1080/03079450310001621198|pmc=7154303|pmid=14676007|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan da suka gabata don haɓaka allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin dangin ''Coronaviridae'' wanda ke shafar mutane an yi niyya ne ga matsanancin ciwo na numfashi (SARS) da ciwon numfashi na Gabas ta Tsakiya (MERS). An gwada alluran rigakafin SARS<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Gao W, Tamin A, Soloff A, D'Aiuto L, Nwanegbo E, Robbins PD, Bellini WJ, Barratt-Boyes S, Gambotto A|date=December 2003|title=Effects of a SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in monkeys|journal=Lancet|volume=362|issue=9399|pages=1895–96|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14962-8|pmc=7112457|pmid=14667748|doi-access=free|title-link=doi}}</ref> da MERS<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Kim E, Okada K, Kenniston T, Raj VS, AlHajri MM, Farag EA, AlHajri F, Osterhaus AD, Haagmans BL, Gambotto A|date=October 2014|title=Immunogenicity of an adenoviral-based Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine in BALB/c mice|journal=Vaccine|volume=32|issue=45|pages=5975–82|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.058|pmc=7115510|pmid=25192975}}</ref> a cikin dabbobin da ba ɗan adam ba. Dangane da binciken da aka buga a shekarar (2005) da (2006) ganowa da haɓaka sabbin alluran rigakafi da magunguna don kula da SARS shine fifiko ga gwamnatoci da hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a a duniya a wancan lokacin.<ref name="PMID 156557732">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Greenough TC, Babcock GJ, Roberts A, Hernandez HJ, Thomas WD, Coccia JA, Graziano RF, Srinivasan M, Lowy I, Finberg RW, Subbarao K, Vogel L, Somasundaran M, Luzuriaga K, Sullivan JL, Ambrosino DM|date=February 2005|title=Development and characterization of a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody that provides effective immunoprophylaxis in mice|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=191|issue=4|pages=507–14|doi=10.1086/427242|pmc=7110081|pmid=15655773}}</ref><ref name="PMID 158858122">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Tripp RA, Haynes LM, Moore D, Anderson B, Tamin A, Harcourt BH, Jones LP, Yilla M, Babcock GJ, Greenough T, Ambrosino DM, Alvarez R, Callaway J, Cavitt S, Kamrud K, Alterson H, Smith J, Harcourt JL, Miao C, Razdan R, Comer JA, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Sanchez A, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, Anderson LJ|date=September 2005|title=Monoclonal antibodies to SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV): identification of neutralizing and antibodies reactive to S, N, M and E viral proteins|journal=Journal of Virological Methods|volume=128|issue=1–2|pages=21–28|doi=10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.03.021|pmc=7112802|pmid=15885812}}</ref><ref name="PMID 164532642">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Roberts A, Thomas WD, Guarner J, Lamirande EW, Babcock GJ, Greenough TC, Vogel L, Hayes N, Sullivan JL, Zaki S, Subbarao K, Ambrosino DM|date=March 2006|title=Therapy with a severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibody reduces disease severity and viral burden in golden Syrian hamsters|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2006-03-01_193_5/page/685|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=193|issue=5|pages=685–92|doi=10.1086/500143|pmc=7109703|pmid=16453264}}</ref> Babu wani magani ko allurar rigakafi da aka tabbatar yana da aminci da tasiri akan SARS a cikin mutane.<ref name="JiangFutureVirology2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Jiang S, Lu L, Du L|date=January 2013|title=Development of SARS vaccines and therapeutics is still needed|journal=Future Virology|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–2|doi=10.2217/fvl.12.126|pmc=7079997|pmid=32201503}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 March 2020|title=SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sars/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309174230/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sars/|archive-date=9 March 2020|url-status=live|access-date=31 January 2020|publisher=National Health Service}}</ref> Haka kuma babu wata allurar rigakafin cutar MERS.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Shehata MM, Gomaa MR, Ali MA, Kayali G|date=June 2016|title=Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: a comprehensive review|journal=Frontiers of Medicine|volume=10|issue=2|pages=120–36|doi=10.1007/s11684-016-0430-6|pmc=7089261|pmid=26791756}}</ref> Lokacin da MERS ta zama ruwan dare, an yi imanin cewa binciken SARS na yanzu na iya samar da samfuri mai amfani don haɓaka alluran rigakafi da warkewa daga kamuwa da cutar MERS-CoV.<ref name="JiangFutureVirology3">{{cite journal|vauthors=Jiang S, Lu L, Du L|date=January 2013|title=Development of SARS vaccines and therapeutics is still needed|journal=Future Virology|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–2|doi=10.2217/fvl.12.126|pmc=7079997|pmid=32201503}}</ref><ref name="Butler3oct20132">{{cite journal|vauthors=Butler D|date=October 2012|title=SARS veterans tackle coronavirus|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2012-10-04_490_7418/page/n27|journal=Nature|volume=490|issue=7418|pages=20|bibcode=2012Natur.490...20B|doi=10.1038/490020a|pmid=23038444|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tun daga watan Maris shekarar 2020, akwai allurar rigakafin MERS guda ɗaya (tushen DNA) wanda ya kammala Mataki{{Spaces}}I gwaji na asibiti a cikin mutane,<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Modjarrad K, Roberts CC, Mills KT, Castellano AR, Paolino K, Muthumani K, Reuschel EL, Robb ML, Racine T, Oh MD, Lamarre C, Zaidi FI, Boyer J, Kudchodkar SB, Jeong M, Darden JM, Park YK, Scott PT, Remigio C, Parikh AP, Wise MC, Patel A, Duperret EK, Kim KY, Choi H, White S, Bagarazzi M, May JM, Kane D, Lee H, Kobinger G, Michael NL, Weiner DB, Thomas SJ, Maslow JN|date=September 2019|title=Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine: a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation trial|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=19|issue=9|pages=1013–22|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30266-X|pmc=7185789|pmid=31351922|doi-access=free|title-link=doi}}</ref> da wasu uku da ke kan ci gaba, duk alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta ne: adenoviral-vectored (ChAdOx1-MERS, BVRS-GamVac) da MVA -vectored (MVA-MERS-S).<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Yong CY, Ong HK, Yeap SK, Ho KL, Tan WS|year=2019|title=Recent Advances in the Vaccine Development Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=10|pages=1781|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.01781|pmc=6688523|pmid=31428074|doi-access=free}}</ref> Alluran rigakafin da ke amfani da ƙwayar cuta mai rauni ko rauni wanda aka girma cikin ƙwai yawanci yana ɗaukar sama da shekaru goma don haɓakawa.<ref name="Moderna and Pfizer Are Reinventing Vaccines2">{{cite news|last1=Loftus|first1=Peter|last2=Hopkins|first2=Jared S.|last3=Pancevski|first3=Bojan|title=Moderna and Pfizer Are Reinventing Vaccines, Starting With Covid|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/moderna-and-pfizer-are-reinventing-vaccines-starting-with-covid-11605638892|access-date=October 4, 2021|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=November 17, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Omna|last2=Sultan|first2=Ali A.|last3=Ding|first3=Hong|last4=Triggle|first4=Chris R.|title=A Review of the Progress and Challenges of Developing a Vaccine for COVID-19|journal=Frontiers in Immunology|date=October 14, 2020|doi=10.3389/fimmu.2020.585354|url=https://internal-journal.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.585354/full|access-date=October 5, 2021|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005174937/https://internal-journal.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2020.585354/full|url-status=dead}}</ref>Sabanin haka, mRNA kwayar halitta ce da za a iya yin ta da sauri, kuma an fara bincike kan mRNA don yaƙar cututtuka shekaru da yawa kafin cutar ta COVID-19 ta masana kimiyya kamar Drew Weissman da Katalin Karikó, waɗanda suka gwada akan beraye. Moderna ya fara gwajin ɗan adam na rigakafin mRNA a cikin shekarar 2015. <ref name="Moderna and Pfizer Are Reinventing Vaccines">{{cite news|last1=Loftus|first1=Peter|last2=Hopkins|first2=Jared S.|last3=Pancevski|first3=Bojan|title=Moderna and Pfizer Are Reinventing Vaccines, Starting With Covid|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/moderna-and-pfizer-are-reinventing-vaccines-starting-with-covid-11605638892|access-date=October 4, 2021|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=November 17, 2020}}</ref> An kuma samar da allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta don cutar ta COVID-19 bayan an riga an share fasahar don Ebola. <ref name="Moderna and Pfizer Are Reinventing Vaccines" /> Kamar yadda aka ba da izini ko allurar rigakafi da yawa na COVID-19 ko lasisi don amfani, yanzu ana tantance ingancin allurar rigakafin cutar (RWE) ta amfani da sarrafa shari'ar da nazarin lura.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Bok K, Sitar S, Graham BS, Mascola JR|title=Accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons, and prospects|journal=Immunity|volume=54|issue=8|pages=1636–1651|date=August 2021|pmid=34348117|pmc=8328682|doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.017}}</ref> Wani bincike yana binciken kariya ta dindindin akan SARS-CoV-2 da alluran mRNA ke bayarwa.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Turner JS, O'Halloran JA, Kalaidina E, Kim W, Schmitz AJ, Zhou JQ, Lei T, Thapa M, Chen RE, Case JB, Amanat F, Rauseo AM, Haile A, Xie X, Klebert MK, Suessen T, Middleton WD, Shi PY, Krammer F, Teefey SA, Diamond MS, Presti RM, Ellebedy AH|display-authors=6|title=SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses|journal=Nature|volume=596|issue=7870|pages=109–113|date=August 2021|pmid=34182569|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03738-2|bibcode=2021Natur.596..109T|lay-url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/28/health/coronavirus-vaccines-immunity.html|doi-access=free}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Agusta na shekarar 2021, wani bincike ya nuna cewa cikakken adadin ɗaukar allurar rigakafin yana da alaƙa da juzu'in juzu'i na SARS-CoV-2 a cikin ƙasashe 16 (R-squared = 0.878).<ref>{{cite document|vauthors=Yeh TY, Contreras, GP|date=10 August 2021|title=Full vaccination suppresses SARS-CoV-2 delta variant mutation frequency|url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.08.08.21261768v2|doi=10.1101/2021.08.08.21261768|work=medRxiv|s2cid=236965312}}</ref> == Tsara == Tun daga watan Satumba shekara ta 2020, goma sha ɗaya daga cikin masu neman allurar rigakafin a cikin ci gaban asibiti suna amfani da masu talla don haɓaka rigakafi. [35] Adjuvant immunological abu ne da aka ƙera tare da allurar rigakafi don haɓaka martanin rigakafi ga antigen, kamar ƙwayar COVID -19 ko ƙwayar mura. [36] Musamman, ana iya amfani da wani adjuvant wajen tsara ɗan takarar rigakafin COVID -19 don haɓaka rigakafin rigakafi da ingancinsa don ragewa ko hana kamuwa da COVID -19 a cikin mutanen da aka yiwa allurar. [37] [38] Adjuvants da aka yi amfani da su a cikin allurar rigakafin COVID-19 na iya zama mai tasiri musamman ga fasaha ta amfani da ƙwayar COVID-19 mara aiki da recombinant protein-based ko vector-based vaccines. [39] Gishirin Aluminium, wanda aka sani da “alum”, shine farkon adjuvant da aka yi amfani da shi don allurar riga -kafi mai lasisi, kuma shine adjuvant na zaɓi a cikin kashi 80% na alluran rigakafi. [39] Alum adjuvant yana ƙaddamar da nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta da na salula don haɓaka rigakafin rigakafi, gami da sakin cytokines masu kumburi. == Binciken asibiti == Binciken asibiti na rigakafin COVID-19 shine binciken asibiti akan alluran COVID-19, gami da ingancin su, inganci da amincin su. Akwai alluran riga-kafi guda 22 da gwamnatocin kasashe suka ba da izini don amfani da su, tare da alluran rigakafi guda shida da aka amince da su don gaggawa ko cikakken amfani da akalla ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomin da WHO ta amince da su; kuma biyar daga cikinsu suna cikin Mataki na IV. 204 alluran rigakafi a ƙarƙashin gwajin asibiti wanda har yanzu ba a ba da izini ba. Hakanan akwai gwaje -gwaje na asibiti guda tara akan darussan allurar rigakafi daban -daban. A cikin gwaji na Mataki na III, alluran COVID -19 da yawa sun nuna inganci har zuwa 95% don hana kamuwa da cututtukan COVID -19. Aƙalla alluran rigakafin guda ashirin ne aƙalla ikon hukuma guda na ƙasa don amfanin jama'a: allurar DNA ɗaya (ZyCoV-D) alluran RNA guda biyu (Pfizer-BioNTech da Moderna), alluran rigakafi guda goma na al'ada (BBIBP-CorV, Kwalejin Kimiyya ta China, CoronaVac , Covaxin, CoviVac, COVIran Barekat, FAKHRAVAC, Minhai-Kangtai, QazVac, da WIBP-CorV), alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyar (Sputnik Light, Sputnik V, Oxford-AstraZeneca, Convidecia, da Janssen), da alluran subunit biyar (Abdala, EpiVacCorona, MVC-COV1901, Soberana 02, da ZF2001). Gabaɗaya, 'yan takarar allurar rigakafin 330 suna cikin matakai daban -daban na ci gaba, tare da 102 a cikin binciken asibiti, gami da 30 a gwajin Phase I, 30 a gwajin Phase I -II, 25 a gwajin Phase III, da 8 a ci gaban Phase IV. === Matsalolin bayan allurar rigakafi === Bayan allurar rigakafin embolic da abubuwan thrombotic, wanda kuma ake kira allurar rigakafin rigakafin thrombocytopenia (VIPIT), rigakafin thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), ko thrombosis tare da ciwon thrombocytopenia (TTS) wasu nau'ikan cututtukan da ke hana jini. adadi kaɗan ne na mutanen da a baya suka karɓi allurar rigakafin COVID-19 na Oxford-AstraZeneca (AZD1222) yayin barkewar COVID-19. Daga baya kuma an bayyana shi a cikin allurar rigakafin COVID-19 na Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) wanda ya kai ga dakatar da amfani da shi har sai an sake duba lafiyar sa. A cikin watan Afrilu na shekarar 2021, AstraZeneca da EMA sun sabunta bayanan su don ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya game da AZD1222, suna cewa "an yi la'akari da abin da ya dace" cewa akwai alaƙar alaƙa tsakanin alurar riga kafi da faruwar thrombosis a haɗe tare da thrombocytopenia da wancan, "kodayake irin wannan munanan halayen. ba su da yawa, sun wuce abin da ake tsammani a cikin yawan jama'a ". Sharuɗɗa daga ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru suna ba da shawarar magani tare da wasu magungunan kashe kuɗaɗen maye maimakon heparin, saboda akwai yuwuwar hakan na iya haɓaka abin da ke faruwa.{{excerpt|Embolic and thrombotic events after COVID-19 vaccination|nohat=yes|only=paragraphs}} == Nau'in rigakafi == [[File:Vaccine_candidate_mechanisms_for_SARS-CoV-2_(49948301838).jpg|thumb|300x300px| Tsarin zane wanda ke nuna nau'ikan alluran rigakafi guda uku don ƙirƙirar SARS -CoV -2 sunadarai don hanzarta mayar da martani: (1) RNA allura, (2) allurar subunit, (3) allurar rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta.]] [[File:Fimmu-11-579250-g004.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Ana amfani da dandamalin allurar rigakafi don SARS-CoV-2. Cikakkun alluran rigakafin ƙwayar cuta sun haɗa da naƙasassun ƙwayoyin cuta da marasa aiki . Protein da peptide subunit alluran yawanci a hade tare da wani adjuvant domin bunkasa immunogenicity. Babban fifikon ci gaban allurar rigakafin SARS-CoV-2 ya kasance akan amfani da furotin gaba ɗaya a cikin tsarinta, ko abubuwan da ke ciki, kamar yankin RBD . An samar da alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa waɗanda ba a sake yin su ba, musamman an mai da hankali kan adenovirus, yayin da ba a mai da hankali sosai kan kwararar ƙirar ƙwayoyin cuta. ]] Akalla dandamali fasaha daban -daban guda tara suna ƙarƙashin bincike da haɓakawa don ƙirƙirar ingantaccen allurar rigakafin COVID -19.<ref name="london2">{{cite web|date=12 July 2021|title=COVID-19 vaccine tracker (Refresh URL to update)|url=https://vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io/ncov_vaccine_landscape/|access-date=10 March 2021|publisher=[[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]]|website=vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io}}</ref><ref name="thanh223">{{cite journal|vauthors=Le TT, Cramer JP, Chen R, Mayhew S|date=October 2020|title=Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|journal=Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery|volume=19|issue=10|pages=667–68|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8|pmid=32887942|doi-access=free|s2cid=221503034}}</ref>Yawancin dandamali na 'yan takarar allurar rigakafi a cikin gwajin asibiti suna mai da hankali kan furotin na coronavirus da bambance -bambancensa a matsayin farkon antigen na COVID -19 kamuwa da cuta, <ref name="thanh22">{{Cite journal}}</ref> tunda furotin S yana haifar da martani na rigakafi.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Arbeitman|date=December 2021|arxiv=2103.12733|pmc=8437970|pmid=34518528|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-25478-7|pages=5407|issue=1|volume=12|journal=Nature Communications|first1=Claudia R.|title=The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is vulnerable to moderate electric fields|first4=Martin E.|last4=Garcia|first3=Pedro|last3=Ojeda-May|first2=Pablo|last2=Rojas|doi-access=free}}</ref> An samar da dandamali a cikin 2020 wanda ya haɗa da fasahar nucleic acid (RNA da DNA mai canza nucleoside ), ƙwayoyin cuta marasa cutarwa, peptides, sunadaran sake haɗawa, ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai, da ƙwayoyin cuta marasa aiki.<ref name="gates23">{{cite web|vauthors=Gates B|date=30 April 2020|title=The vaccine race explained: What you need to know about the COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514010012/https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccine|archive-date=14 May 2020|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2020|publisher=The Gates Notes}}</ref><ref name="thanh224">{{cite journal|vauthors=Le TT, Cramer JP, Chen R, Mayhew S|date=October 2020|title=Evolution of the COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|journal=Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery|volume=19|issue=10|pages=667–68|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00151-8|pmid=32887942|doi-access=free|s2cid=221503034}}</ref><ref name="thanh2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, Gómez Román R, Tollefsen S, Saville M, Mayhew S|date=May 2020|title=The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|journal=Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery|volume=19|issue=5|pages=305–06|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5|pmid=32273591|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="diamond2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Diamond MS, Pierson TC|date=May 2020|title=The Challenges of Vaccine Development against a New Virus during a Pandemic|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=27|issue=5|pages=699–703|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.021|pmc=7219397|pmid=32407708}}</ref> Yawancin fasahar allurar rigakafin da ake haɓakawa don COVID-19 ba kamar alluran riga-kafi bane da ake amfani da su don hana mura, amma suna amfani da dabarun “ƙarni na gaba” don yin niyya daidai da hanyoyin kamuwa da COVID-19. <ref name="thanh3">{{cite journal|vauthors=Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A, Gómez Román R, Tollefsen S, Saville M, Mayhew S|date=May 2020|title=The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape|journal=Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery|volume=19|issue=5|pages=305–06|doi=10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5|pmid=32273591|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="diamond3">{{cite journal|vauthors=Diamond MS, Pierson TC|date=May 2020|title=The Challenges of Vaccine Development against a New Virus during a Pandemic|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=27|issue=5|pages=699–703|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.021|pmc=7219397|pmid=32407708}}</ref> Da yawa daga cikin allurar rigakafi suna amfani da maye gurbi na 2P don kulle furotin mai ƙyalli a cikin saitin sa na farko, yana ƙarfafa amsawar rigakafin rigakafi ga ƙwayar cutar kafin ta shiga jikin ɗan adam. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cross R|date=29 September 2020|title=The tiny tweak behind COVID-19 vaccines|url=https://cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/vaccines/tiny-tweak-behind-COVID-19/98/i38|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|volume=98|issue=38}}</ref> Dandalin allurar rigakafi a cikin ci gaba na iya haɓaka sassauƙa don magudi na antigen, da tasiri don ƙulla dabarun kamuwa da COVID -19 a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu saukin kamuwa, kamar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, tsofaffi, yara, mata masu juna biyu, da mutanen da ke da rauni na rigakafi . <ref name="thanh22" /> <ref name="thanh">{{Cite journal}}</ref> === Alluran RNA ===   [[File:RNA_vaccine_illustration_(en).jpg|right|thumb|Siffar aikin allurar rigakafin RNA. Messenger RNA da ke cikin allurar rigakafin yana shiga sel kuma an fassara shi zuwa sunadaran waje, wanda ke haifar da amsawar rigakafi.]] Yawancin alluran COVID-19, gami da allurar Pfizer-BioNTech da Moderna, an yi amfani da su don amfani da RNA don tayar da martanin rigakafi. Lokacin da aka shigar da shi cikin jikin ɗan adam, RNA da ke cikin allurar tana aiki azaman manzo RNA (mRNA) don haifar da sel don gina furotin na SARS-CoV-2. Wannan yana koya wa jiki yadda ake ganewa da lalata ɓarnar da ta dace. Alluran RNA sau da yawa, amma ba koyaushe ba, suna amfani da RNA mai canza nucleoside . Ana isar da isar da mRNA ta hanyar haɗaɗɗiyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a cikin ƙwayoyin nanoparticles waɗanda ke kare ƙwayoyin RNA kuma suna taimakawa shaƙar su cikin sel.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Krammer F|date=October 2020|title=SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development|journal=Nature|volume=586|issue=7830|pages=516–27|bibcode=2020Natur.586..516K|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3|pmid=32967006|doi-access=free|s2cid=221887746}}</ref><ref name="pmid333406202">{{cite journal|vauthors=Park KS, Sun X, Aikins ME, Moon JJ|date=February 2021|title=Non-viral COVID-19 vaccine delivery systems|journal=Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews|volume=169|pages=137–51|doi=10.1016/j.addr.2020.12.008|pmc=7744276|pmid=33340620}}</ref><ref name="Kowalski2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kowalski PS, Rudra A, Miao L, Anderson DG|date=April 2019|title=Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery|journal=Molecular Therapy|volume=27|issue=4|pages=710–28|doi=10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.012|pmc=6453548|pmid=30846391}}</ref><ref name="Verbeke_20192">{{cite journal|vauthors=Verbeke R, Lentacker I, De Smedt SC, Dewitte H|date=October 2019|title=Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development|url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8628303|journal=Nano Today|volume=28|pages=100766|doi=10.1016/j.nantod.2019.100766|hdl=1854/LU-8628303|s2cid=202221207|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Alluran RNA sune alluran COVID -19 na farko da aka ba da izini a Burtaniya, Amurka da Tarayyar Turai.<ref>{{cite web|title=COVID-19 ACIP Vaccine Recommendations|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/vacc-specific/covid-19.html|access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/safe-covid-19-vaccines-europeans_en|title=Safe COVID-19 vaccines for Europeans|website=European Commission – European Commission|access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref> Alluran da aka ba da izini na irin wannan shine allurar Pfizer – BioNTech<ref name="hcreg2">{{cite web|date=9 December 2020|title=Regulatory Decision Summary – Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine|url=https://covid-vaccine.canada.ca/info/regulatory-decision-summary-detailTwo.html?linkID=RDS00730|access-date=9 December 2020|publisher=Health Canada, Government of Canada}}</ref><ref name="NCT043687282">{{cite web|title=Study to Describe the Safety, Tolerability, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of RNA Vaccine Candidates Against COVID-19 in Healthy Adults|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368728|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04368728|date=30 April 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084828/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368728/}}</ref><ref name="EudraCT-2020-001038-362">{{cite web|title=A Multi-site Phase I/II, 2-Part, Dose-Escalation Trial Investigating the Safety and Immunogenicity of four Prophylactic SARS-CoV-2 RNA Vaccines Against COVID-19 Using Different Dosing Regimens in Healthy Adults|url=https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001038-36/DE|website=EU Clinical Trials Register|publisher=European Union|id=[[EudraCT]] 2020-001038-36|date=14 April 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422111024/https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001038-36/DE|archive-date=22 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> da Moderna.<ref name="NCT044704272">{{cite web|title=A Study to Evaluate Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Adults Aged 18 Years and Older to Prevent COVID-19|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04470427|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04470427|date=14 July 2020|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084833/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04470427/}}</ref><ref name="palca2">{{cite news|date=27 July 2020|title=COVID-19 vaccine candidate heads to widespread testing in U.S.|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/27/895672859/us-vaccine-candidate-heads-to-widespread-testing-in-people|url-status=live|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084836/https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/27/895672859/us-vaccine-candidate-heads-to-widespread-testing-in-people/|archive-date=11 October 2020|vauthors=Palca J}}</ref> Allurar CVnCoV RNA daga CureVac ta gaza a cikin hanyoyin asibiti.<ref>{{cite press release|title=CureVac Final Data from Phase 2b/3 Trial of First-Generation COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate, CVnCoV, Demonstrates Protection in Age Group of 18 to 60|date=30 June 2021|url=https://www.curevac.com/en/2021/06/30/curevac-final-data-from-phase-2b-3-trial-of-first-generation-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-cvncov-demonstrates-protection-in-age-group-of-18-to-60/|access-date=2 July 2021|website=CureVac|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012213635/https://www.curevac.com/en/2021/06/30/curevac-final-data-from-phase-2b-3-trial-of-first-generation-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-cvncov-demonstrates-protection-in-age-group-of-18-to-60/|url-status=dead}}</ref> halayen rashin lafiyan suna da wuya. A watan Disambar 2020, 1,893,360 allurai na farko na Pfizer – BioNTech COVID -19 gudanar da allurar rigakafi ya haifar da lamuran 175 na mummunan rashin lafiyan, wanda 21 daga cikinsu anaphylaxis ne.<ref name="pmid335714632">{{cite journal|vauthors=Moghimi SM|title=Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis to LNP-Based COVID-19 Vaccines|journal=Molecular Therapy|volume=29|issue=3|pages=898–900|date=March 2021|pmid=33571463|pmc=7862013|doi=10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.030}}</ref> Domin 4,041,396 Moderna COVID ‑ 19 gwamnatocin allurar rigakafin cutar a watan Disamba na shekarar 2020 da watan Janairu na shekarar 2021, lokuta goma na anaphylaxis ne aka ruwaito. Kusan anoparticles<ref name="pmid335714633">{{cite journal|vauthors=Moghimi SM|title=Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis to LNP-Based COVID-19 Vaccines|journal=Molecular Therapy|volume=29|issue=3|pages=898–900|date=March 2021|pmid=33571463|pmc=7862013|doi=10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.030}}</ref> na lipid sun kasance masu alhakin halayen rashin lafiyan.<ref name="pmid335714634">{{cite journal|vauthors=Moghimi SM|title=Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis to LNP-Based COVID-19 Vaccines|journal=Molecular Therapy|volume=29|issue=3|pages=898–900|date=March 2021|pmid=33571463|pmc=7862013|doi=10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.01.030}}</ref> === Adenovirus vector alluran rigakafi === Waɗannan alluran rigakafin misalai ne na alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin cuta, ta amfani da harsashin adenovirus wanda ke ɗauke da DNA wanda ke haɗa furotin SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="vv-gavi2">{{cite web|title=What are viral vector-based vaccines and how could they be used against COVID-19?|url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-viral-vector-based-vaccines-and-how-could-they-be-used-against-covid-19|publisher=[[GAVI|Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance]] (GAVI)|access-date=26 January 2021|year=2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Understanding Viral Vector COVID-19 Vaccines|website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|date=13 April 2021|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/viralvector.html|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> Alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta na COVID-19 ba sa yin kwafi, ma'ana ba sa yin sabbin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, amma suna haifar da antigen ne kawai wanda ke haifar da martani na rigakafi. <ref name="vv-gavi">{{Cite web}}</ref> Alluran da aka ba da izini na irin wannan shine allurar COVID-19 na Oxford-AstraZeneca,<ref name="NCT044008382">{{cite web|title=Investigating a Vaccine Against COVID-19|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04400838|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04400838|date=26 May 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084750/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04400838/}}</ref><ref name="EudraCT-2020-001228-322">{{cite web|url=https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001228-32/GB|title=A Phase 2/3 study to determine the efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of the candidate Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19|website=EU Clinical Trials Register|publisher=European Union|id=[[EudraCT]] 2020-001228-32|date=21 April 2020|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005201654/https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2020-001228-32/GB}}</ref><ref name="ISRCTN899514242">{{cite journal|vauthors=O'Reilly P|date=26 May 2020|title=A Phase III study to investigate a vaccine against COVID-19|doi=10.1186/ISRCTN89951424|id=ISRCTN89951424|doi-access=free|website=ISRCTN}}</ref> allurar Sputnik V COVID-19, Convidecia, da Janssen COVID-19.<ref name=":22">{{cite web|title=A Study of Ad26.COV2.S in Adults|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04436276|access-date=23 August 2020|date=4 August 2020|archive-date=16 September 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916063346/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04436276}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{cite web|title=A Study of Ad26.COV2.S for the Prevention of SARS-CoV-2-Mediated COVID-19 in Adult Participants|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04505722|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926145744/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04505722|archive-date=26 September 2020|url-status=live|publisher=US National Library of Medicine}}</ref> Convidecia da Janssen COVID-19 duka alluran rigakafin guda ɗaya ne waɗanda ke ba da ƙarancin dabaru kuma ana iya adana su ƙarƙashin firiji na yau da kullun.<ref>{{cite news|title=Johnson & Johnson seeks emergency FDA authorization for single-shot coronavirus vaccine|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/02/04/jj-vaccine-fda/|vauthors=Johnson C, McGinley L}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=It's not just Johnson & Johnson: China has a single-dose COVID-19 vaccine that's 65% effective|url=https://fortune.com/2021/02/09/china-covid-vaccine-single-dose-cansino-johnson-johnson/|access-date=28 February 2021|website=Fortune}}</ref> Sputnik V yana amfani da Ad26 don kashi na farko, wanda yayi daidai da kashi ɗaya kawai na Janssen, da Ad5 don kashi na biyu, wanda yayi daidai da kashi ɗaya kawai na Convidecia.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Wu S, Zhong G, Zhang J, Shuai L, Zhang Z, Wen Z, Wang B, Zhao Z, Song X, Chen Y, Liu R, Fu L, Zhang J, Guo Q, Wang C, Yang Y, Fang T, Lv P, Wang J, Xu J, Li J, Yu C, Hou L, Bu Z, Chen W|date=August 2020|title=A single dose of an adenovirus-vectored vaccine provides protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge|journal=Nat Commun|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4081|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4081W|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17972-1|pmc=7427994|pmid=32796842}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Agustan 2021, masu haɓaka Sputnik V sun ba da shawara, dangane da karuwar shari<nowiki>'ar Delta cewa Pfizer ya gwada ɓangaren Ad26 (wanda ake kira sigar '' Haske ''</nowiki>)<ref>{{cite web|title=Single dose vaccine, Sputnik Light, authorized for use in Russia|url=https://sputnikvaccine.com/newsroom/pressreleases/single-dose-vaccine-sputnik-light-authorized-for-use-in-russia/|access-date=12 August 2021|website=sputnikvaccine.com}}</ref> azaman mai ɗaukar hoto:<blockquote>Laifukan Delta sun karu a Amurka & Isra’ila sun nuna alluran rigakafin mRNA suna buƙatar ƙarfafawa daban -daban don ƙarfafawa da tsawaita martanin rigakafi. #SputnikV ya fara ba da haɗin kai da daidaitawa, gwajin haduwa & nuna 83.1% inganci vs Delta. A yau RDIF tana ba Pfizer don fara gwaji tare da Sputnik Light azaman mai ƙarfafawa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Introducing a new member of the Sputnik family - a single dose Sputnik Light!|url=https://twitter.com/sputnikvaccine/status/1390274722487746563|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Twitter}}</ref></blockquote> === Alluran rigakafin ƙwayar cuta === Allurar da ba ta aiki ba ta ƙunshi ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda aka yi girma a cikin al'adu sannan kuma an kashe su ta amfani da hanyar kamar zafi ko formaldehyde don rasa ƙarfin samar da cuta, yayin da har yanzu ke motsa martani na rigakafi.<ref name="PetrovskyAguilar20042">{{cite journal|vauthors=Petrovsky N, Aguilar JC|title=Vaccine adjuvants: current state and future trends|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_immunology-and-cell-biology_2004-10_82_5/page/488|journal=Immunology and Cell Biology|volume=82|issue=5|pages=488–96|date=October 2004|pmid=15479434|doi=10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01272.x|s2cid=154670}}</ref> Alluran rigakafin wannan nau'in shine CoronaVac na China,<ref name="NCT043835742">{{cite web|title=Safety and Immunogenicity Study of Inactivated Vaccine for Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19) (Renqiu)|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04383574|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04383574|date=12 May 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084809/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04383574/}}</ref><ref name="NCname= nct04456595=2">{{cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04456595|title=Clinical Trial of Efficacy and Safety of Sinovac's Adsorbed COVID-19 (Inactivated) Vaccine in Healthcare Professionals (PROFISCOV)|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04456595|date=2 July 2020|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084811/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04456595/}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite journal|last=PT. Bio Farma|date=10 August 2020|title=A Phase III, observer-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of SARS-COV-2 inactivated vaccine in healthy adults aged 18–59 years in Indonesia|url=https://www.ina-registry.org/index.php?act=registry_trial_detail&code_trial=16202009080721WXFM0YX|journal=Registri Penyakit Indonesia|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084814/https://www.ina-registry.org/index.php?act=registry_trial_detail&code_trial=16202009080721WXFM0YX%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref> BBIBP-CorV,<ref name="ChiCTR20000347802">{{cite journal|vauthors=Chen W, Al Kaabi N|date=18 July 2020|title=A Phase III clinical trial for inactivated novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) vaccine (Vero cells)|url=http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=56651|journal=Chinese Clinical Trial Registry|access-date=15 August 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084800/http://www.chictr.org.cn/showprojen.aspx?proj=56651%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref> da WIBP-CorV ; Covaxin na Indiya; daga baya a wannan shekarar CoviVac na Rasha;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-russia-vaccine-idUSKBN2AK07H|title=Russia approves its third COVID-19 vaccine, CoviVac|vauthors=Ivanova P|date=20 February 2021|website=Reuters|access-date=11 April 2021}}</ref> allurar rigakafin Kazakhstani QazVac;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/kazakhstan-rolls-out-its-own-covid-19-vaccine-2021-04-27/|title=Kazakhstan rolls out its own COVID-19 vaccine|date=27 April 2021|website=Reuters|access-date=2 July 2021}}</ref> da Barekat na COVIran na Iran.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 June 2021|title=FarsNews Agency Iran Licenses Emergency Injection of Home-Made Anti-Coronavirus Vaccine|url=https://www.farsnews.ir/en/news/14000324000606/Iran-Licenses-Emergency-Injecin-f-Hme-Made-Ani-Crnavirs-Vaccine|url-status=live|access-date=25 August 2021|website=www.farsnews.ir}}</ref> Alluran rigakafi a cikin gwajin asibiti sun haɗa da allurar Valneva COVID-19 .<ref name="clinicaltrials-202012302">{{cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04671017|title=Dose Finding Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of an Inactiviated Adjuvanted Sars-Cov-2 Virus Vaccine Candidate Against Covid-19 in Healthy Adults|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine|date=30 December 2020|access-date=11 January 2021}}</ref> <ref name="precisionvaccinations-202012312">{{cite web|url=https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/vaccines/vla2001-covid-19-vaccine|title=VLA2001 COVID-19 Vaccine|website=Precision Vaccinations|date=31 December 2020|access-date=11 January 2021|archive-date=13 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113035455/https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/vaccines/vla2001-covid-19-vaccine|url-status=dead}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> === Subunit alluran rigakafi === Alluran subunit suna gabatar da antigens guda ɗaya ko fiye ba tare da gabatar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ba. Magungunan antigens da ke da alaƙa sau da yawa sunadaran furotin, amma suna iya zama kowane ƙwayar cuta wanda ke guntun ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Module 2 – Subunit vaccines|url=https://vaccine-safety-training.org/subunit-vaccines.html|website=WHO Vaccine Safety Basics|access-date=2021-10-09|archive-date=2021-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320163614/https://vaccine-safety-training.org/subunit-vaccines.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alluran rigakafin guda uku na irin wannan sune allurar peptide EpiVacCorona,<ref name="NCT045275752">{{cite web|title=Study of the Safety, Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of "EpiVacCorona" Vaccine for the Prevention of COVID-19 (EpiVacCorona)|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04527575|publisher=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04368988|date=22 September 2020|access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref> ZF2001,<ref name="london3">{{cite web|date=12 July 2021|title=COVID-19 vaccine tracker (Refresh URL to update)|url=https://vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io/ncov_vaccine_landscape/|access-date=10 March 2021|publisher=[[London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]]|website=vac-lshtm.shinyapps.io}}</ref> da MVC-COV1901.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MVC COVID-19 Vaccine Obtains Taiwan EUA Approval|url=https://www.medigenvac.com/public/en/news/detail/83?from_sort=2|access-date=2021-08-07|website=www.medigenvac.com|archive-date=2021-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009201715/https://www.medigenvac.com/public/en/news/detail/83?from_sort=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alluran rigakafin da ke da izini sun haɗa da allurar Novavax COVID-19,<ref name="NCT043689882">{{cite web|title=Evaluation of the Safety and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 rS (COVID-19) Nanoparticle Vaccine With/Without Matrix-M Adjuvant|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368988|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04368988|date=30 April 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714224741/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368988}}</ref> Soberana 02 ( allurar rigakafi ), da allurar Sanofi-GSK . Allurar V451 a baya tana cikin gwajin asibiti, wanda aka dakatar saboda an gano cewa allurar na iya haifar da sakamako mara kyau ga gwajin HIV na gaba.<ref name="NCT044959332">{{cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04495933|title=A Study on the Safety, Tolerability and Immune Response of SARS-CoV-2 Sclamp (COVID-19) Vaccine in Healthy Adults|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04495933|date=3 August 2020|access-date=4 August 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011085041/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04495933/}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{cite web|title=UQ-CSL V451 Vaccine|url=https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/vaccines/uq-csl-v451-vaccine|access-date=11 December 2020|website=precisionvaccinations.com|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219104227/https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/vaccines/uq-csl-v451-vaccine|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Intranasal === Alluran rigakafi na intranasal suna yin niyyar rigakafin mucosal a cikin mucosa na hanci wanda shine ƙofar don shigar da hoto a jikin mutum.<ref name="mudgal2">{{cite journal|last1=Mudgal|first1=Rajat|last2=Nehul|first2=Sanketkumar|last3=Tomar|first3=Shailly|title=Prospects for mucosal vaccine: shutting the door on SARS-CoV-2|journal=Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics|volume=16|issue=12|date=2020-09-15|issn=2164-5515|pmid=32931361|pmc=7544966|doi=10.1080/21645515.2020.1805992|pages=2921–2931}}</ref><ref name="rhee2">{{cite book|last=Rhee|first=Joon Haeng|title=Mucosal Vaccines|chapter=Current and New Approaches for Mucosal Vaccine Delivery|journal=Mucosal Vaccines|publisher=Elsevier|year=2020|pmid=|pmc=7149853|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00019-5|pages=325–356|isbn=9780128119242}}</ref> An tsara waɗannan allurar rigakafin don ƙarfafa abubuwan rigakafi na hanci, kamar IgA . <ref name="mudgal">{{Cite journal}}</ref> Bugu da kari ga inhibiting da cutar, hanci alluran samar da sauƙi na gwamnati saboda ba needles (da rakiyar allura phobia ) ne da hannu. <ref name="rhee">{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref name="cdc">{{Cite web}}</ref> An amince da allurar rigakafin hanci don wasu cututtuka, kamar mura . <ref name="rhee" /> <ref name="cdc" /> Tun daga shekarar 2021, allurar rigakafin hanci ɗaya kawai, <nowiki><i id="mwAgI">Flumist</i></nowiki> (Amurka); <nowiki><i id="mwAgM">Fluenz Tetra</i></nowiki> (Tarayyar Turai), an ba shi izini a Amurka da Turai don amfani da shi azaman rigakafin mura.<ref name="cdc2">{{cite web|title=Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine [LAIV] (The Nasal Spray Flu Vaccine)|url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevent/nasalspray.htm|publisher=US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=8 September 2021|date=3 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="ema2">{{cite web|title=Fluenz Tetra|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/fluenz-tetra|publisher=European Medicines Agency|access-date=8 September 2021|date=9 May 2016}}</ref> === Sauran iri === Ƙarin nau'ikan alluran rigakafin da ke cikin gwaji na asibiti sun haɗa da allurar ƙwayoyin cuta kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, allurar rigakafin ƙwayar cuta ta DNA da yawa,<ref name=":42">{{cite web|website=ctri.nic.in|publisher=Clinical Trials Registry – India|title=A prospective, randomized, adaptive, phase I/II clinical study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of Novel Corona Virus −2019-nCov vaccine candidate of M/s Cadila Healthcare Limited by intradermal route in healthy subjects|id=CTRI/2020/07/026352|url=http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=45306|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122022620/http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=45306|archive-date=22 November 2020|url-status=live|date=15 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="NCT043364102">{{cite web|title=Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of INO-4800 for COVID-19 in Healthy Volunteers|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04336410|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04336410|date=7 April 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084843/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04336410/}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{cite web|url=https://www.ivi.int/ivi-inovio-and-knih-to-partner-with-cepi-in-a-phase-i-ii-clinical-trial-of-inovios-covid-19-dna-vaccine-in-south-korea/|title=IVI, INOVIO, and KNIH to partner with CEPI in a Phase I/II clinical trial of INOVIO's COVID-19 DNA vaccine in South Korea|publisher=International Vaccine Institute|date=16 April 2020|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="NCT044634722">{{cite web|title=Study of COVID-19 DNA Vaccine (AG0301-COVID19)|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04463472|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04463472|date=9 July 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084854/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04463472/}}</ref><ref name="NCT044453892">{{cite web|title=Safety and Immunogenicity Study of GX-19, a COVID-19 Preventive DNA Vaccine in Healthy Adults|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04445389|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04445389|date=24 June 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084931/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04445389/}}</ref><ref name="gen-reut2">{{cite news|title=S. Korea's Genexine begins human trial of coronavirus vaccine|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-genexine-vaccine-idUSL4N2DW1T3|access-date=25 June 2020|publisher=Reuters|date=19 June 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084934/https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-genexine-vaccine-idUSL4N2DW1T3/}}</ref>aƙalla alluran rigakafin ƙwayar cuta na lentivirus guda biyu<ref name="NCT042997242">{{cite journal|title=Safety and Immunity of Covid-19 aAPC Vaccine|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04299724|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04299724|date=9 March 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084913/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04299724/|vauthors=Chang LJ}}</ref><ref name="NCT042768962">{{cite journal|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04276896|title=Immunity and Safety of Covid-19 Synthetic Minigene Vaccine|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04276896|date=19 February 2020|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011084923/https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04276896/}}</ref> allurar riga -kafi, da kwayar cutar stomatitis ta vesicular stomatitis wanda ke nuna furotin na SARS -CoV -2.<ref name="NCT046083052">{{cite journal|title=A Phase I/II Randomized, Multi-Center, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety, Immunogenicity and Potential Efficacy of an rVSV-SARS-CoV-2-S Vaccine (IIBR-100) in Adults|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04608305|website=[[ClinicalTrials.gov]]|id=NCT04608305|date=1 November 2020}}</ref> Masana kimiyya sun bincika ko alluran riga -kafi na yanayin da ba su da alaƙa na iya haɓaka tsarin garkuwar jiki da rage tsananin cutar COVID -19.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Johnson CY, Mufson S|date=11 June 2020|title=Can old vaccines from science's medicine cabinet ward off coronavirus?|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/06/11/can-old-vaccines-sciences-medicine-cabinet-ward-off-coronavirus/|access-date=31 December 2020|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Akwai shaidar gwaji cewa allurar rigakafin cutar tarin fuka ta BCG tana da tasiri na musamman akan tsarin garkuwar jiki, amma babu shaidar cewa wannan allurar tana da tasiri akan COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web|date=12 April 2020|title=Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination and COVID-19|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/bacille-calmette-gu%C3%A9rin-(bcg)-vaccination-and-covid-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430121126/https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/bacille-calmette-gu%C3%A9rin-(bcg)-vaccination-and-covid-19|archive-date=30 April 2020|url-status=live|access-date=1 May 2020|work=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> == Shiryawa da cigaba == Tun daga watan Janairun 2020, an hanzarta haɓaka allurar rigakafin ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar da ba a taɓa yin irinta ba a masana'antar magunguna da yawa tsakanin gwamnatoci. Ana kimanta matakai da yawa tare da duk hanyar ci gaba, gami da:<ref name="gates24">{{cite web|vauthors=Gates B|date=30 April 2020|title=The vaccine race explained: What you need to know about the COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514010012/https://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/What-you-need-to-know-about-the-COVID-19-vaccine|archive-date=14 May 2020|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2020|publisher=The Gates Notes}}</ref><ref name="simpson2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Simpson S, Kaufmann MC, Glozman V, Chakrabarti A|date=May 2020|title=Disease X: accelerating the development of medical countermeasures for the next pandemic|journal=The Lancet. Infectious Diseases|volume=20|issue=5|pages=e108–15|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30123-7|pmc=7158580|pmid=32197097|doi-access=free|title-link=doi}}</ref> * matakin yarda da guba na allurar (amincin sa), * kai hari ga jama'a masu rauni, * buƙatar ingantaccen tasirin allurar rigakafi, * tsawon lokacin kariyar rigakafi, * tsarin bayarwa na musamman (kamar na baka ko hanci, maimakon allura), * tsarin tsari, * kwanciyar hankali da halaye na ajiya, * izinin amfani da gaggawa kafin lasisi na yau da kullun, * mafi kyawun masana'antu don haɓakawa zuwa biliyoyin allurai, da * yada allurar rigakafi. === Kalubale === An sami ƙalubale na musamman da yawa tare da ci gaban allurar COVID -19. Gaggawar ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafin cutar ta COVID -19 ya haifar da jadawalin jadawalin da ya rage takamaiman lokacin haɓaka allurar rigakafin, a wasu lokuta haɗa matakan gwaji na asibiti sama da watanni, tsari wanda galibi ana yin sa a cikin shekaru.<ref name="sanger2">{{cite news|date=2 May 2020|title=With Pressure Growing, Global Race for a Vaccine Intensifies|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/02/us/politics/vaccines-coronavirus-research.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511003506/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/02/us/politics/vaccines-coronavirus-research.html|archive-date=11 May 2020|issn=0362-4331|vauthors=Sanger DE, Kirkpatrick DD, Zimmer C, Thomas K, Wee SL}}</ref> An bayyana shirye -shiryen kiwon lafiyar jama'a a cikin "tsere don yin allurar rigakafin mutane" tare da allurar rigakafin farko.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Zabaleta N, Dai W, Bhatt U, Hérate C, Maisonnasse P, Chichester JA, Sanmiguel J, Estelien R, Michalson KT, Diop C, Maciorowski D, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Cavarelli M, Gallouët AS, Naninck T, Kahlaoui N, Lemaitre J, Qi W, Hudspeth E, Cucalon A, Dyer CD, Pampena MB, Knox JJ, LaRocque RC, Charles RC, Li D, Kim M, Sheridan A, Storm N, Johnson RI, Feldman J, Hauser BM, Contreras V, Marlin R, Tsong Fang RH, Chapon C, van der Werf S, Zinn E, Ryan A, Kobayashi DT, Chauhan R, McGlynn M, Ryan ET, Schmidt AG, Price B, Honko A, Griffiths A, Yaghmour S, Hodge R, Betts MR, Freeman MW, Wilson JM, Le Grand R, Vandenberghe LH|display-authors=6|title=An AAV-based, room-temperature-stable, single-dose COVID-19 vaccine provides durable immunogenicity and protection in non-human primates|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|pages=1437–1453.e8|date=August 2021|volume=29|issue=9|pmid=34428428|pmc=8346325|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2021.08.002|s2cid=231676030}}</ref> Lokaci don gudanar da bincike na asibiti{{Spaced en dash}}yawanci tsari ne mai tsari wanda ke buƙatar shekaru{{Spaced en dash}}ana matsa su cikin aminci, inganci, da gwajin gwaji da ke gudana lokaci guda sama da watanni, mai yuwuwar ɓarna tabbacin tsaro.<ref name="sanger3">{{cite news|date=2 May 2020|title=With Pressure Growing, Global Race for a Vaccine Intensifies|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/02/us/politics/vaccines-coronavirus-research.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511003506/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/02/us/politics/vaccines-coronavirus-research.html|archive-date=11 May 2020|issn=0362-4331|vauthors=Sanger DE, Kirkpatrick DD, Zimmer C, Thomas K, Wee SL}}</ref><ref name="reuters2">{{cite news|date=27 April 2020|title=Special Report: Countries, companies risk billions in race for coronavirus vaccine|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-vaccine-idUSL2N2CF0JG|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515031817/https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-vaccine-idUSL2N2CF0JG|archive-date=15 May 2020|vauthors=Steenhuysen J, Eisler P, Martell A, Nebehay S}}</ref> A matsayin misali, masu haɓaka allurar rigakafin cutar Sinawa da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta China ta gwamnati sun fara ƙoƙarinsu a cikin Janairu 2020,<ref>{{cite news|date=26 January 2020|title=Chinese scientists race to develop vaccine as coronavirus death toll jumps|work=South China Morning Post|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3047676/number-coronavirus-cases-china-doubles-spread-rate-accelerates|url-status=live|access-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126073453/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3047676/number-coronavirus-cases-china-doubles-spread-rate-accelerates|archive-date=26 January 2020|vauthors=Jeong-ho L, Zheng W, Zhou L}}</ref> kuma zuwa Maris suna bin 'yan takara da yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, tare da burin nuna ƙarfin fasahar Sinawa kan waɗanda na. Amurka, kuma don sake kwantar da hankalin Sinawa game da ingancin allurar rigakafin da ake samarwa a China. <ref name="sanger">{{cite news|date=2 May 2020|title=With Pressure Growing, Global Race for a Vaccine Intensifies|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/02/us/politics/vaccines-coronavirus-research.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511003506/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/02/us/politics/vaccines-coronavirus-research.html|archive-date=11 May 2020|issn=0362-4331|vauthors=Sanger DE, Kirkpatrick DD, Zimmer C, Thomas K, Wee SL}}</ref><ref name="wee2">{{cite news|date=4 May 2020|title=China's coronavirus vaccine drive empowers a troubled industry|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/04/business/coronavirus-china-vaccine.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504175312/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/04/business/coronavirus-china-vaccine.html|archive-date=4 May 2020|issn=0362-4331|vauthors=Wee SL}}</ref> Saurin haɓakawa da hanzarin samar da allurar rigakafin cutar ta COVID -19 ana tsammanin zai ƙara haɗarin da gazawar isar da ingantaccen, allurar rigakafi. <ref name="diamond4">{{cite journal|vauthors=Diamond MS, Pierson TC|date=May 2020|title=The Challenges of Vaccine Development against a New Virus during a Pandemic|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|volume=27|issue=5|pages=699–703|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.021|pmc=7219397|pmid=32407708}}</ref><ref name="Thorp2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Thorp HH|date=March 2020|title=Underpromise, overdeliver|url=https://archive.org/details/science_2020-03-27_367_6485/page/1405|journal=Science|volume=367|issue=6485|pages=1405|bibcode=2020Sci...367.1405T|doi=10.1126/science.abb8492|pmid=32205459|doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bincike a jami'o'i yana toshewa ta hanyar [[Ba wa Juna Tazara|nesanta jiki]] da rufe dakunan gwaje -gwaje.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 April 2020|title=COVID-19 vaccine researchers say pandemic lockdown placing many serious obstacles to their work|work=National Post|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/covid-19-vaccine-researchers-say-pandemic-lockdown-placing-many-serious-obstacles-to-their-work|url-status=live|access-date=3 May 2020|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20200423082751/https://nationalpost.com/news/covid-19-vaccine-researchers-say-pandemic-lockdown-placing-many-serious-obstacles-to-their-work|archive-date=23 April 2020|vauthors=Blackwell T}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Chen J|date=4 May 2020|title=Covid-19 has shuttered labs. It could put a generation of researchers at risk|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/04/coronavirus-lab-shutdowns-impact-on-scientists-research-delays/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506072301/https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/04/coronavirus-lab-shutdowns-impact-on-scientists-research-delays/|archive-date=6 May 2020|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2020|work=[[Stat (website)|Stat]]}}</ref> Dole ne alluran rigakafin su ci gaba ta matakai da yawa na gwajin asibiti don gwada aminci, rigakafi, tasiri, matakan kashi da illolin allurar ɗan takarar.<ref name="Vaccines.gov2">{{cite web|title=Vaccine Safety – Vaccines|url=https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/safety|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422073442/https://www.vaccines.gov/basics/safety|archive-date=22 April 2020|url-status=live|access-date=13 April 2020|publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref><ref name="fda-ddp2">{{cite web|date=4 January 2018|title=The drug development process|url=https://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-about-drug-and-device-approvals/drug-development-process|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222182002/https://www.fda.gov/patients/learn-about-drug-and-device-approvals/drug-development-process|archive-date=22 February 2020|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2020|publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> Masu haɓaka allurar rigakafin dole ne su saka hannun jari a ƙasashen duniya don samun isasshen mahalarta don Mataki{{Spaces}}Gwaje -gwajen asibiti na II - III lokacin da kwayar cutar ta tabbatar da cewa " manufa ce mai motsi" na canza adadin watsawa a cikin da cikin ƙasashe, yana tilasta kamfanoni yin gasa don mahalarta gwaji.<ref name="cohen6-192">{{cite journal|vauthors=Cohen J|date=June 2020|title=Pandemic vaccines are about to face the real test|journal=Science|volume=368|issue=6497|pages=1295–96|bibcode=2020Sci...368.1295C|doi=10.1126/science.368.6497.1295|pmid=32554572|doi-access=free}}</ref> Masu shirya gwaji na asibiti kuma na iya haɗuwa da mutanen da ba sa son yin allurar rigakafi saboda jinkirin allurar<ref name="dube2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dubé E, Laberge C, Guay M, Bramadat P, Roy R, Bettinger J|date=August 2013|title=Vaccine hesitancy: an overview|journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics|volume=9|issue=8|pages=1763–73|doi=10.4161/hv.24657|pmc=3906279|pmid=23584253}}</ref> ko rashin yarda da ilimin fasahar rigakafin da ikon hana kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="howard-cnn2">{{cite news|date=18 June 2020|title=Fauci warns of 'anti-science bias' being a problem in US|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/18/politics/anthony-fauci-coronavirus-anti-science-bias/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621003117/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/18/politics/anthony-fauci-coronavirus-anti-science-bias/index.html|archive-date=21 June 2020|vauthors=Howard J, Stracqualursi V}}</ref> Yayin da ake haɓaka sabbin alluran rigakafi yayin bala'in COVID -19, lasisin 'yan takarar allurar rigakafin COVID -19 yana buƙatar ƙaddamar da cikakkun bayanai game da ci gaba da ingancin masana'anta.<ref name="ema-eau2">{{cite web|year=2020|title=Vaccines: The Emergency Authorisation Procedure|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/authorisation-procedures|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924065451/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/authorisation-procedures|archive-date=24 September 2020|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2020|publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)}}</ref><ref name="byrne10-192">{{cite web|vauthors=Byrne J|date=19 October 2020|title=Moderna COVID-19 vaccine under rolling review process in Canada, EU|url=https://www.biopharma-reporter.com/Article/2020/10/19/Moderna-COVID-19-vaccine-under-rolling-review-process-in-Canada-EU|access-date=25 November 2020|publisher=BioPharma-Reporter.com, William Reed Business Media Ltd|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075656/https://www.biopharma-reporter.com/Article/2020/10/19/Moderna-COVID-19-vaccine-under-rolling-review-process-in-Canada-EU|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="dangerfield2">{{cite news|date=20 November 2020|title=Pfizer files for emergency use of coronavirus vaccine in U.S. – what about in Canada?|work=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/7474273/pfizer-emergency-use-coronavirus-vaccine-canada/|access-date=25 November 2020|vauthors=Dangerfield K}}</ref> === Ƙungiyoyi === Kasashen duniya, Samun damar COVID-19 Kayan aikin hanzari shine G20 da shirin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) da aka sanar a watan Afrilu na shekarar 2020.<ref name="g20gm2">{{cite news|date=25 April 2020|title=G20 launches initiative for health tools needed to combat the coronavirus|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-g20-launches-initiative-for-health-tools-needed-to-combat-the-2/}}</ref><ref name="whopress2">{{cite web|date=24 April 2020|title=Access to COVID-19 Tools (ACT) Accelerator|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/access-to-covid-19-tools-(act)-accelerator-call-to-action-24april2020.pdf}}</ref> Tsarin tallafi ne na giciye don baiwa abokan tarayya damar raba albarkatu da ilimi. Ya ƙunshi ginshiƙai guda huɗu, kowannensu yana gudanar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa biyu zuwa uku: Alluran rigakafi (wanda kuma ake kira " COVAX "), Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Health Systems Connector. <ref name="act-faq2">{{cite web|year=2020|title=The ACT-Accelerator: frequently asked questions (FAQ)|url=https://www.who.int/initiatives/act-accelerator/faq|access-date=16 December 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> WHO ta watan Afrilu na shekarar 2020 "R&D Blueprint (don) coronavirus labari" ya rubuta "babban, na ƙasa da ƙasa, rukunin yanar gizo, gwajin gwajin asibiti daban-daban" don ba da damar "kimantawa na lokaci ɗaya na fa'idodi da haɗarin kowane alƙawarin ɗan takara mai alƙawarin a cikin 3- Watanni 6 ana ba da shi don fitina. " Hadin gwiwar allurar rigakafin na WHO zai ba da fifiko kan waɗanne alluran rigakafi ya kamata su shiga cikin Mataki{{Spaces}}II kuma{{Spaces}}III gwaje -gwaje na asibiti, da ƙayyade daidaiton Mataki{{Spaces}}Ka'idoji na III ga duk alluran rigakafin da suka kai matakin gwaji mai mahimmanci.<ref name="who-accel2">{{cite web|date=27 April 2020|title=Update on WHO Solidarity Trial – Accelerating a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-trial-accelerating-a-safe-and-effective-covid-19-vaccine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430185550/https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-trial-accelerating-a-safe-and-effective-covid-19-vaccine|archive-date=30 April 2020|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2020|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|quote=It is vital that we evaluate as many vaccines as possible as we cannot predict how many will turn out to be viable. To increase the chances of success (given the high level of attrition during vaccine development), we must test all candidate vaccines until they fail. [The] WHO is working to ensure that all of them have the chance of being tested at the initial stage of development. The results for the efficacy of each vaccine are expected within three to six months and this evidence, combined with data on safety, will inform decisions about whether it can be used on a wider scale.}}</ref> Haka kuma gwamnatocin kasa sun shiga cikin raya allurar rigakafi. Kanada ta ba da sanarwar bayar da kuɗaɗen ayyukan bincike na allurar bincike guda 96 a kamfanoni da jami'o'in Kanada, tare da shirye -shiryen kafa “bankin allurar rigakafi” wanda za a iya amfani da shi idan wani barkewar cutar coronavirus ta sake faruwa,<ref name="abedi2">{{cite news|date=23 March 2020|title=Canada to spend $192M on developing COVID-19 vaccine|work=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6717883/coronavirus-canada-vaccine-spending/|url-status=live|access-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409200638/https://globalnews.ca/news/6717883/coronavirus-canada-vaccine-spending/|archive-date=9 April 2020|vauthors=Abedi M}}</ref> da kuma tallafawa gwajin asibiti da haɓaka masana'antu da samar da sarƙoƙi don alluran rigakafi. .<ref name="can-research2">{{cite web|date=23 April 2020|title=Government of Canada's research response to COVID-19|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/covid-19-government-canada-research-response.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513135919/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/diseases-conditions/covid-19-government-canada-research-response.html|archive-date=13 May 2020|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2020|publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref> Kasar Sin ta ba da lamuni mai araha ga mai samar da allurar rigakafin ta hanyar babban bankin ta, kuma "cikin sauri ta samar da fili ga kamfanin" don gina tsire-tsire.<ref name="reuters3">{{cite news|date=27 April 2020|title=Special Report: Countries, companies risk billions in race for coronavirus vaccine|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-vaccine-idUSL2N2CF0JG|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515031817/https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-vaccine-idUSL2N2CF0JG|archive-date=15 May 2020|vauthors=Steenhuysen J, Eisler P, Martell A, Nebehay S}}</ref> Kamfanoni uku na allurar rigakafi da cibiyoyin bincike suna samun tallafi daga gwamnati don tallafawa bincike, gudanar da gwajin asibiti, da masana'antu.<ref name="takada2">{{cite news|date=2 May 2020|title=US and China unleash wallets in race for coronavirus vaccine|work=Nikkei Asian Review|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/US-and-China-unleash-wallets-in-race-for-coronavirus-vaccine|url-status=live|access-date=3 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510111134/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Coronavirus/US-and-China-unleash-wallets-in-race-for-coronavirus-vaccine|archive-date=10 May 2020|vauthors=Takada N, Satake M}}</ref> Burtaniya ta kafa kwamitin aikin rigakafin COVID -19 a cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 2020 don ƙarfafa ƙoƙarin cikin gida don hanzarta haɓaka rigakafin ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar masana'antu, jami'o'i, da hukumomin gwamnati. Ya ƙunshi kowane mataki na ci gaba daga bincike zuwa masana'antu.<ref name="morriss2">{{cite web|vauthors=Morriss E|date=22 April 2020|title=Government launches coronavirus vaccine taskforce as human clinical trials start|url=https://pharmafield.co.uk/pharma_news/government-launches-coronavirus-vaccine-taskforce-as-human-clinical-trials-start/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617213753/https://pharmafield.co.uk/pharma_news/government-launches-coronavirus-vaccine-taskforce-as-human-clinical-trials-start/|archive-date=17 June 2020|url-status=live|access-date=3 May 2020|publisher=Pharmafield}}</ref> A cikin Amurka, Hukumar Bincike da Ci gaban Biomedical (BARDA), wata hukumar tarayya da ke ba da tallafin fasahar yaƙi da cuta, ta ba da sanarwar saka hannun jari don tallafawa ci gaban allurar rigakafin COVID-19 na Amurka, da ƙera mafi kyawun 'yan takara.<ref name="reuters4">{{cite news|date=27 April 2020|title=Special Report: Countries, companies risk billions in race for coronavirus vaccine|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-vaccine-idUSL2N2CF0JG|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515031817/https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-vaccine-idUSL2N2CF0JG|archive-date=15 May 2020|vauthors=Steenhuysen J, Eisler P, Martell A, Nebehay S}}</ref><ref name="kuznia2">{{cite news|date=1 May 2020|title=In quest for vaccine, US makes 'big bet' on company with unproven technology|publisher=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/01/us/coronavirus-moderna-vaccine-invs/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513005730/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/01/us/coronavirus-moderna-vaccine-invs/index.html|archive-date=13 May 2020|vauthors=Kuznia R, Polglase K, Mezzofiore G}}</ref> A watan Mayu shekarar 2020, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar bayar da kuɗaɗe don wani shiri mai sauri da ake kira Operation Warp Speed . <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cohen J|date=May 2020|title=U.S. 'Warp Speed' vaccine effort comes out of the shadows|journal=Science|volume=368|issue=6492|pages=692–93|bibcode=2020Sci...368..692C|doi=10.1126/science.368.6492.692|pmid=32409451|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Sink J, Fabian J, Griffin R|date=15 May 2020|title=Trump introduces 'Warp Speed' leaders to hasten COVID-19 vaccine|publisher=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-15/trump-to-introduce-warp-speed-leaders-after-vaccine-criticism|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521231515/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-15/trump-to-introduce-warp-speed-leaders-after-vaccine-criticism|archive-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 2021, BARDA ta ba da kimanin kimanin dala biliyan 19.3 a ci gaban rigakafin COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=LaHucik K|date=17 June 2021|title=U.S. injects $3B-plus into COVID-19 research to develop antiviral pill within a year|url=https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/u-s-pledges-3b-plus-for-covid-19-antiviral-pill-within-a-year|access-date=11 July 2021|website=Fierce Biotech}}</ref> Manyan kamfanonin harhada magunguna da gogewa wajen yin allurar rigakafi a sikelin, ciki har da Johnson & Johnson, AstraZeneca, da GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), sun kulla kawance da kamfanonin fasahar kere -kere, gwamnatoci, da jami'o'i don hanzarta ci gaba zuwa alluran rigakafin.<ref name="reuters5">{{cite news|date=27 April 2020|title=Special Report: Countries, companies risk billions in race for coronavirus vaccine|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-vaccine-idUSL2N2CF0JG|url-status=live|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515031817/https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-vaccine-idUSL2N2CF0JG|archive-date=15 May 2020|vauthors=Steenhuysen J, Eisler P, Martell A, Nebehay S}}</ref> == Tarihi == Samfuran binciken rigakafin COVID -19 a cikin injin daskarewa na NIAID (a ranar 30 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2020) COVID-19's ya haifar da ƙwayar cuta, SARS-CoV-2 (matsanancin ciwon huhu na numfashi coronavirus 2), an ware shi a ƙarshen shekarar 2019. An buga jerin kwayoyin halittarsa ​​a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2020, yana haifar da martani na gaggawa na ƙasa da ƙasa don shirya don fashewa da hanzarta ci gaban. allurar rigakafin COVID-19. Tun daga shekarar 2020, an hanzarta haɓaka allurar rigakafin ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar da ba a taɓa yin irinta ba a masana'antun magunguna na ƙasashe da yawa tsakanin gwamnatoci. Zuwa watan Yuni na shekarar 2020, kamfanoni, gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya, da kungiyoyin bincike na jami'a sun saka gomomin biliyoyin daloli don samar da 'yan takarar allurar rigakafin da kuma shirye -shiryen shirye -shiryen rigakafin duniya don yin rigakafin kamuwa da cutar COVID -19. Dangane da Hadin gwiwar Innovations na Shirye -shiryen Cutar (CEPI), rabe -raben yanki na ci gaban rigakafin COVID -19 yana nuna ƙungiyoyin Arewacin Amurka suna da kusan 40% na aikin, idan aka kwatanta da 30% a Asiya da Ostiraliya, 26% a Turai, da 'yan ayyukan a Kudancin Amurka da Afirka. A watan Fabrairu shekarar 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ce ba ta tsammanin samun allurar rigakafin SARS -CoV ‑ 2 a cikin kasa da watanni 18. Masanin ilmin dabbobi Paul Offit yayi sharhi cewa, a hangen nesa, ci gaban allurar rigakafi mai inganci cikin watanni 11 abu ne mai ban mamaki. Yawan saurin kamuwa da cuta na COVID-19 a duk duniya yayin shekarar 2020 ya ƙarfafa ƙawancen ƙasashe da ƙoƙarin gwamnati don hanzarta shirya albarkatu don yin allurar rigakafi da yawa akan takaitaccen lokacin, tare da masu neman allurar rigakafin guda huɗu waɗanda ke shiga kimantawar ɗan adam a cikin Maris (duba allurar COVID-19 rial Gwaji da matsayin izini ). A ranar 24 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2020, China ta amince da allurar rigakafin CanSino don iyakance amfani a cikin sojoji, da alluran rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu don amfanin gaggawa cikin ayyukan haɗari. A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2020, Rasha ta ba da sanarwar amincewa da allurar rigakafin ta Sputnik V don amfanin gaggawa, kodayake bayan wata ɗaya kawai an raba ƙananan allurar don amfani da ita a wajen gwajin mataki na 3. Abokan hulɗa na Pfizer - BioNTech sun gabatar da buƙatar izinin Amfani da Gaggawa (EUA) ga Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) don allurar mRNA BNT162b2 (sinadarin aiki tozinameran) a ranar 20 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2020. A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba na shekarar 2020, Magunguna da Kula da Lafiya na Burtaniya. Hukumar Kula da Kayayyaki (MHRA) ta ba da izini na ɗan lokaci don allurar Pfizer -BioNTech, ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta amince da allurar kuma ƙasa ta farko a Yammacin duniya don amincewa da amfani da kowane allurar COVID -19. Tun daga ranar 21 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2020, ƙasashe da yawa da Tarayyar Turai sun ba da izini ko amincewa da allurar Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19. Bahrain da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun ba da izinin tallan gaggawa na BBIBP-CorV, wanda Sinopharm ya ƙera. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 2020, FDA ta ba da EUA don maganin Pfizer -BioNTech COVID -19. Mako guda bayan haka, sun ba da EUA don mRNA-1273 (elasomeran mai aiki), allurar Moderna. A ranar 31 ga watan Maris shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Rasha ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun yi rajistar rigakafin COVID -19 na farko ga dabbobi. Anyi wa lakabi da Carnivac-Cov, allurar rigakafi ce ga dabbobi masu cin nama, gami da dabbobin gida, da nufin hana maye gurbi da ke faruwa yayin watsawar SARS-CoV-2.{{Excerpt|History of COVID-19 vaccine development|nohat=yes}}A watan Yunin shekarar 2021, wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa allurar UB-612, wanda COVAXX na Amurka ya samar, wani kamfani ne wanda ya kafa kamfanin Blackwater Erik Prince . A cikin jerin saƙonnin rubutu ga Paul Behrends, babban abokin aikin da aka dauka don aikin COVAXX, Yarima ya bayyana damar samun riba a siyar da allurar COVID-19. COVAXX bai ba da bayanai daga gwajin asibiti kan aminci ko inganci ba. An ba da alhakin ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin sadarwa na rarrabawa ga wani yanki na Abu Dhabi, wanda aka ambata a matsayin "Windward Capital" akan harafin COVAXX amma a zahiri Windward Holdings ne. Babban mai hannun jarin kamfanin, wanda ke kula da "ayyukan ƙwararru, kimiyya da fasaha", shine Erik Prince. A cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2021, COVAXX ya tara dala biliyan 1.35 a cikin keɓaɓɓen wuri.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/exclusive-blackwater-founder-prince-takes-role-covid-vaccine-venture-2021-06-04/|title=EXCLUSIVE Blackwater founder Prince takes role in COVID vaccine venture|accessdate=4 June 2021|website=Reuters|date=4 June 2021}}</ref> == Inganci == Bayanai na baya-bayan nan daga karatu a Amurka da wasu ƙasashe sun gano cewa akwai allurar rigakafin COVID-19 daga Amurka “tana da matuƙar kariya daga rashin lafiya, asibiti, da mutuwa sakamakon COVID-19.” Idan aka kwatanta da cikakkun mutanen da aka yiwa allurar rigakafin, CDC ta gano cewa mutanen da ba su yi allurar rigakafin ba sun fi kamuwa da cutar sau 5, sau 10 mafi kusantar yin asibiti, kuma sau 11 sun fi mutuwa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin shekarar 2021, sama da kashi 96% na likitocin Amurka sun sami cikakkiyar rigakafin COVID-19. A ƙarshen watan Agusta shekarar 2021, bayan bambance-bambancen Delta ya zama mai rinjaye, bincike ya kammala cewa alluran COVID-19 sun ba da kariya 55 bisa ɗari daga kamuwa da cuta, kashi 80 daga kamuwa da alamomin cutar, kuma aƙalla kashi 90 cikin ɗari a kan asibiti. Bambancin na Delta, wanda kusan kashi 40 cikin ɗari ya fi kamuwa da alpha, ya zama mafi ƙarfi a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2021. Duk da haka, alluran rigakafin har yanzu suna da kariya daga mummunan rashin lafiya da asibiti tare da raguwar inganci. Hakazalika CDC ta gano cewa alluran rigakafin sun kai kashi 90 cikin ɗari a hana rigakafin asibiti. Sakamakon rahotannin CDC, Shugaba Joe Biden ya ce "kusan duka" asibitocin COVID-19 da mutuwa a Amurka suna cikin mutanen da ba a yi musu allurar rigakafi ba. Wani bincike a jihar Washington ya gano cewa mutanen da ba su yi allurar rigakafin ba sun fi saurin kamuwa da COVID-19 sau shida, sau 37 mafi kusantar yin asibiti, kuma sau 67 suna iya mutuwa, idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda aka yi wa allurar. Masu bincike sun lura cewa duk da cewa ba allurar rigakafin da ake yi a yanzu an tsara su ba ne akan bambancin Delta, duk da haka suna da inganci sosai, amma zuwa ƙaramin mataki: kariya ta faɗi daga 91% zuwa 66%. Wani kwararre ya bayyana cewa "wadanda suka kamu da cutar bayan allurar rigakafi har yanzu ba sa rashin lafiya kuma ba sa mutuwa kamar abin da ke faruwa kafin allurar." "Wannan kwayar cutar ita ce mafi inganci kwayar cutar don nemo sabbin rundunonin da ke da rauni," in ji Dokta Eric Topol, darekta kuma wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Fassara Binciken Scripps. A ƙarshen watan Agusta na shekarar 2021 bambancin Delta ya kai kashi 99 cikin 100 na lamuran Amurka kuma an same shi ya ninka haɗarin rashin lafiya mai tsanani da asibiti ga waɗanda ba a riga sun yi allurar ba. == Abubuwan da suka faru == Munanan abubuwan da suka faru masu alaƙa da karɓar sabbin alluran rigakafin COVID-19 suna da fa'ida ga jama'a. <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Montgomery J, Ryan M, Engler R, Hoffman D, McClenathan B, Collins L, Loran D, Hrncir D, Herring K, Platzer M, Adams N, Sanou A, Cooper LT|display-authors=6|title=Myocarditis Following Immunization With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military|journal=JAMA Cardiology|date=June 2021|pmid=34185045|pmc=8243257|doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2833|pmc-embargo-date=29 June 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk alluran rigakafin da ake gudanarwa ta allurar intramuscular, gami da alluran COVID-19, suna da illa masu alaƙa da rauni mai rauni da ke da alaƙa da hanya da shigar da wani abu na waje cikin jiki.<ref name="Polania2">{{cite document|vauthors=Polania Gutierrez JJ, Munakomi S|date=January 2020|title=Intramuscular Injection|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556121/|publisher=StatPearls|pmid=32310581}}</ref> Waɗannan sun haɗa da ciwon kai, jajaye, kurji, da kumburi a wurin allurar. Sauran illolin na kowa sun haɗa da gajiya, ciwon kai, myalgia (ciwon tsoka), da arthralgia (ciwon haɗin gwiwa) wanda gaba ɗaya ke warwarewa cikin 'yan kwanaki.<ref name="who-back2">{{cite report|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1330343/retrieve|title=Background document on the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna) against COVID-19|date=February 2021|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|id=WHO/2019-nCoV/vaccines/SAGE_recommendation/mRNA-1273/background/2021.1|hdl-access=free|lay-url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/background-document-on-the-mrna-1273-vaccine-(moderna)-against-covid-19|hdl=10665/339218}}</ref> Effectaya daga cikin abubuwan da ba su da yawa (wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa da 1 cikin mutane 1,000) shine rashin hankali (rashin lafiyan) ga ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin sinadaran rigakafin, wanda a wasu lokuta mawuyaci na iya haifar da anaphylaxis.<ref name="COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen EPAR2">{{cite web|title=COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen EPAR|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/covid-19-vaccine-janssen|publisher=[[European Medicines Agency]] (EMA)|date=5 March 2021|access-date=16 March 2021|archive-date=15 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315172052/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/covid-19-vaccine-janssen|url-status=live}} Text was copied from this source which is © European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2021|title=Information about the J&J/Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/janssen.html|access-date=4 October 2021|publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)|archive-date=7 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407000636/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/janssen.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine - United States, December 14-23, 2020|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=70|issue=2|pages=46–51|date=January 2021|pmid=33444297|pmc=7808711|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm7002e1|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/pdfs/mm7002e1-H.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2021|doi-access=free|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124080614/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/pdfs/mm7002e1-H.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2021|author1=CDC COVID-19 Response Team}}</ref><ref name="EU safety update2">{{cite web|date=28 January 2021|title=COVID-19 vaccine safety update: Comirnaty|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/covid-19-vaccine-safety-update/covid-19-vaccine-safety-update-comirnaty-january-2021_en.pdf|publisher=European Medicines Agency|access-date=4 October 2021|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213346/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/covid-19-vaccine-safety-update/covid-19-vaccine-safety-update-comirnaty-28-january-2021_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Haɗarin haɗarin haɗarin haɗarin haɗarin thrombosis mai alaƙa da haɗarin mutuwa yana da alaƙa da yawancin marasa lafiyar mata marasa lafiya, bayan gudanar da allurar Janssen (Johnson da Johnson)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janssenlabels.com/emergency-use-authorization/Janssen+COVID-19+Vaccine-HCP-fact-sheet.pdf|title=EUA fact sheet for healthcare providers administering vaccine|accessdate=4 October 2021|publisher=Janssen Therapeutics|date=27 August 2021|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929190213/https://www.janssenlabels.com/emergency-use-authorization/Janssen+COVID-19+Vaccine-HCP-fact-sheet.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Both Vaccines3">{{cite journal|last1=Cines|first1=Douglas B.|last2=Bussel|first2=James B.|title=SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine–Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=16 April 2021|volume=384|issue=23|pages=2254–2256|doi=10.1056/NEJMe2106315|pmid=33861524|pmc=8063912|doi-access=free}}</ref> da Oxford-AstraZenica COVID-19.<ref name="Both Vaccines2">{{cite journal|last1=Cines|first1=Douglas B.|last2=Bussel|first2=James B.|title=SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine–Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=16 April 2021|volume=384|issue=23|pages=2254–2256|doi=10.1056/NEJMe2106315|pmid=33861524|pmc=8063912|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Chih-Cheng|title=COVID-19 vaccines and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome|url-access=subscription|s2cid=235661210|doi=10.1080/14760584.2021.1949294|pmid=34176415|publisher=Taylor and Francis Group|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14760584.2021.1949294?journalCode=ierv20|pages=1027–1035|issue=8|volume=20|date=8 July 2021|journal=Expert Review of Vaccines|last7=Hsueh|last1=Lai|first7=Po-Ren|last6=Lee|first6=Ping-Ing|last5=Huang|first5=Yhu-Chering|last4=Chen|first4=Po-Yen|last3=Chen|first3=Chih-Jung|last2=Ko|first2=Wen-Chien|access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Greinacher|title=Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination|pmc=8095372|pmid=33835769|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2104840|pages=2092–2101|issue=22|volume=384|date=9 April 2021|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|first6=Sabine|first1=Andreas|last6=Eichinger|first5=Paul A.|last5=Kyrle|first4=Karin|last4=Weisser|first3=Theodore E.|last3=Warkentin|first2=Thomas|last2=Thiele|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Public Health Agency of Canada|first1=[Agence de la santé publique du Canada]|title=Use of AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine in younger adults|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/news/2021/03/use-of-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine.html|access-date=4 October 2021|agency=Government of Canada|date=29 March 2021|format=Utilisation du vaccin AstraZeneca contre la COVID-19 chez les jeunes adultes|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011194633/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/news/2021/03/use-of-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Al'umma da al'adu == === Rarraba === '''''Lura''' game da tebur zuwa dama: Adadi da yawan mutanen da suka karɓi aƙalla kashi ɗaya na allurar COVID-19 (sai dai in an lura in ba haka ba).'' ''Zai iya haɗawa da allurar rigakafin waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasa ba, wanda zai iya tura jimillar fiye da 100% na yawan jama'ar yankin.'' ''Ana sabunta tebur yau da kullun ta hanyar bot. <ref name="bot-note" group="note">The table this note applies to is updated daily by a bot. For more info see [[Template:COVID-19 data/Cite]].</ref>'' A cikin Tarayyar Turai, alluran COVID ‑ 19 suna da lasisi a ƙarƙashin Izinin Tallafi na Yanayi wanda baya keɓe masu ƙira daga iƙirarin alhakin farar hula da gudanarwa.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 December 2020|title=Questions and Answers: Conditional Marketing Authorisation of COVID-19 Vaccines in the EU|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2390|access-date=29 December 2020|publisher=European Commission|at=Question: What is the difference in liability between EU Conditional Marketing Authorisation vs Emergency Use Authorisations?}}</ref> Yayin da kwangilolin siye tare da masu kera allurar rigakafin suka kasance a asirce, ba su ƙunshi keɓancewar alhaki har ma da illolin da ba a sani ba a lokacin lasisi. <ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Haahr T|date=7 September 2020|title=COVID-19: MEPs want safe vaccines, full transparency and liability for companies|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200904IPR86419/covid-19-meps-want-safe-vaccines-full-transparency-and-liability-for-companies|access-date=29 December 2020|website=European Parliament|at=Ms. Gallina stressed negotiations with companies had been difficult but underlined that those companies developing and manufacturing COVID-19 vaccines would indeed be liable according to current laws and if something goes wrong they could be taken to court. This also goes for compensation for hidden defects.}}</ref> Ofishin Bincike na Jarida, wata ƙungiyar labarai mai zaman kanta, ta ba da rahoto a cikin binciken da jami'ai da ba a ambaci sunan su ba a wasu ƙasashe, kamar su Argentina da Brazil, suka ce Pfizer ya buƙaci garanti kan ƙarar shari'o'in shari'a sakamakon illa a cikin hanyar yin watsi da abin da ya dace. kadarori kamar ajiyar bankin tarayya, gine -ginen ofisoshin jakadanci ko sansanonin soji, suna wuce abin da ake tsammani daga wasu ƙasashe kamar Amurka.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 March 2021|title=Investigation: Drugmaker 'bullied' Latin American nations|work=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/11/investigation-pfizer-bullied-latin-american-nations|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Yayin binciken majalisar na barkewar cutar a Brazil, wakilin Pfizer ya ce sharuddansa na Brazil iri daya ne da sauran kasashen da ta kulla yarjejeniya da su.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Barcellos R|date=13 May 2021|title=Carlos Murillo diz que cláusulas criticadas pelo Brasil valem em 110 países|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Carlos Murillo says critical clauses for Brazil are valid in 110 countries|work=CNN Brasil|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/2021/05/13/carlos-murillo-diz-que-clausulas-criticadas-pelo-brasil-valem-em-110-paises|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Ya zuwa 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2021, an yi allurar rigakafin COVID-19 biliyan 6.47 a duk duniya, tare da kashi 46 na yawan mutanen duniya sun sami aƙalla kashi ɗaya. Yayin da ake gudanar da alluran rigakafin miliyan 23.6 a kullum, kashi 2.3 na mutanen da ke cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi sun sami aƙalla allurar farko zuwa Oktoba 2021, a cewar rahotannin hukuma daga hukumomin kiwon lafiya na ƙasa, wanda Duniyar Mu ta tattara. A yayin barkewar cutar kan lokaci mai sauri da sikelin shari'o'in COVID-19 a cikin shekarar 2020, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Hadin gwiwa don Innovations na Ciwon Cutar (CEPI), masu haɓaka allurar rigakafi, gwamnatoci, da masana'antu sun kimanta rarraba abubuwan da suka faru magungunan rigakafi). Ana iya shawo kan daidaikun ƙasashe da ke samar da allurar rigakafi don fifita babban mai siyarwa don kera ko samar da sabis na farko ga ƙasarsu. bukata. A cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 2020, an ba da rahoton cewa Burtaniya ta amince ta yi aiki tare da wasu ƙasashe 20 da ƙungiyoyin duniya ciki har da Faransa, Jamus da Italiya don nemo allurar rigakafi da raba sakamakon, kuma 'yan ƙasar Burtaniya ba za su sami fifikon fifiko ga kowane sabon COVID ba. Alluran rigakafi 19 da jami'o'in Burtaniya suka biya masu biyan haraji. Kamfanoni da yawa sun yi niyyar fara yin allurar rigakafin a kan farashi mai ƙima, sannan su ƙara farashin don riba daga baya idan ana buƙatar allurar rigakafin shekara -shekara kuma yayin da ƙasashe ke gina jari don buƙatun gaba. Rahoton CEPI na watan Afrilu shekarar 2020 ya ce: "Za a buƙaci haɗin kai da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashen duniya tsakanin masu haɓaka allurar rigakafi, masu tsara doka, masu tsara manufofi, masu ba da gudummawa, hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da gwamnatoci don tabbatar da cewa za a iya ƙera 'yan takarar allurar rigakafin cutar a cikin isasshen adadi da wadatar da su daidai. ga dukkan yankunan da abin ya shafa, musamman yankuna masu ƙarancin albarkatu. " WHO da CEPI suna haɓaka albarkatun kuɗi da jagororin don jigilar duniya da yawa, ingantattun allurar COVID -19, gane buƙatar ta bambanta a cikin ƙasashe da sassan jama'a. ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya da yawan jama'a waɗanda ke cikin haɗarin mafi girma na rashin lafiya mai tsanani da mutuwa daga kamuwa da cutar COVID-19, kamar tsofaffi ko talakawa masu yawan jama'a. == Samun dama == Kasashe sun yi alkawarin siyan allurar rigakafin COVID -19 kafin a samu allurar. Kodayake ƙasashe masu samun kuɗi masu girma suna wakiltar kashi 14% na yawan mutanen duniya, har zuwa ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2020, sun yi kwangilar siyan kashi 51% na duk allurar da aka riga aka sayar. Wasu ƙasashe masu samun kuɗin shiga sun sayi allurai fiye da yadda ya zama dole don allurar yawan alummar su.<ref name="So22">{{cite journal|vauthors=So AD, Woo J|title=Reserving coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines for global access: cross sectional analysis|journal=BMJ|volume=371|pages=m4750|date=December 2020|pmid=33323376|pmc=7735431|doi=10.1136/bmj.m4750|doi-access=free}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2021, Darakta Janar na WHO [[Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus|Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus ya]] yi gargadin matsaloli tare da rarraba daidai: “Fiye da allurai miliyan 39 yanzu an yi allurar rigakafin a cikin ƙasashe akalla 49 masu samun kuɗi. An ba da allurai 25 kawai a cikin ƙasa mafi ƙarancin kuɗi. Ba miliyan 25 ba; ba dubu 25 ba; kawai 25. "<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Adhanom Ghebreyesus T|date=18 January 2021|title=WHO Director-General's opening remarks at 148th session of the Executive Board|url=https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-148th-session-of-the-executive-board|access-date=25 January 2021|work=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> A watan Maris, an bayyana cewa Amurka ta yi kokarin shawo kan Brazil da kar ta sayi [[Allurar Sputnik V COVID-19|maganin Sputnik V]] COVID-19, saboda tsoron "tasirin Rasha" a Latin Amurka. <ref>{{cite web|date=15 March 2021|title=U.S. pressured Brazil to ditch Russia's Sputnik V vaccine|url=https://brazilian.report/coronavirus-brazil-live-blog/2021/03/15/us-pressured-brazil-ditch-russias-sputnik-v-vaccine/|access-date=21 March 2021|website=The Brazilian Report|archive-date=15 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315132124/https://brazilian.report/coronavirus-brazil-live-blog/2021/03/15/us-pressured-brazil-ditch-russias-sputnik-v-vaccine/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wasu ƙasashe da ke da hannu a rikicin yankin da aka daɗe ana ba da rahoton samun damar yin allurar rigakafi daga ƙasashe masu fafatawa; [[Jihar Falasdinu|Falasdinu]] ta zargi Isra’ila da hana isar da allurar rigakafi zuwa [[Zirin Gaza|Gaza]], yayin da [[Taiwan]] ta ba da shawarar cewa China ta kawo cikas ga kokarinta na siyan allurar rigakafi.<ref>{{cite news|date=16 February 2021|title=Israel blocked Covid vaccines from entering Gaza, say Palestinians|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/16/israel-blocked-covid-vaccines-from-entering-gaza-say-palestinians|access-date=17 February 2021|vauthors=Holmes O}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 February 2021|title=Israel's Vaccine Success Unleashes a Debate on Palestinian Inequities|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/04/world/middleeast/israel-palestinians-vaccine.html|access-date=17 February 2021|vauthors=Rasgon A}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Horton C|date=17 February 2021|title=Taiwan Concerned China May Have Blocked Vaccine Purchase|work=Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-17/taiwan-concerned-china-may-have-blocked-vaccine-purchase|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref> Guda guda na allurar COVID -19 ta [[AstraZeneca]] zai ci fam 47 na Masar (EGP) kuma hukumomi suna siyar da shi tsakanin 100 zuwa 200 EGP. Rahoton da Carnegie Endowment for Peace International ya yi nuni da ƙimar talauci a Masar kusan kashi 29.7 cikin ɗari, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan mutane miliyan 30.5, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa kusan miliyan 15 na Masarawa ba za su iya samun damar yin allurar rigakafi ba. Lauyan kare hakkin dan adam, Khaled Ali, ya kaddamar da karar gwamnati, inda ta tilasta musu bayar da allurar rigakafi kyauta ga dukkan jama'a.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/83933|title=Playing Politics with Poverty: Sisi's COVID-19 Vaccine Strategy|access-date=25 February 2021|website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}}</ref> A cewar likitan [[Immunology|rigakafi]] [[Anthony Fauci|Dr. Anthony Fauci]], ire -iren kwayoyin cutar da iyakancewar rarraba allurar rigakafin suna haifar da hadari kuma ya ce: "Dole ne mu yiwa duniya allurar rigakafi, ba kasar mu kadai ba."<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Strazewski L|date=9 February 2021|title=Dr. Fauci: Variants reveal COVID-19 vaccination as global job|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/dr-fauci-variants-reveal-covid-19-vaccination-global-job|access-date=4 March 2021|website=American Medical Association}}</ref> Edward Bergmark da [[Arick Wierson]] suna kira da a yi ƙoƙarin yin allurar rigakafin cutar a duniya kuma sun rubuta cewa ƙasashe masu wadatar <nowiki>''</nowiki> ni-farko <nowiki>''</nowiki> tunanin na iya haifar da koma baya, saboda yaduwar cutar a ƙasashe masu talauci zai haifar da ƙarin bambance-bambancen, wanda alluran rigakafin na iya zama kasa tasiri.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Bergmark E, Wierson A|date=26 February 2021|title=Opinion: Without a global vaccine plan, coronavirus variants could lead to untold number of deaths|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/26/perspectives/covid-variants-global-vaccination/index.html|access-date=4 March 2021|website=CNN}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga watan Maris shekarar 2021, Amurka, Burtaniya, kasashen Tarayyar Turai da sauran membobin WTO sun toshe wani yunkuri da kasashe sama da tamanin masu tasowa suka yi na watsi da hakkokin patent na COVID -19 a kokarin bunkasa samar da alluran rigakafin ga kasashe matalauta.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 March 2021|title=Rich, developing nations wrangle over COVID vaccine patents|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-wto-idUSKBN2B21V9|access-date=19 June 2021|vauthors=Blenkinsop P, Maclean W, Ellis A|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311110904/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-wto-idUSKBN2B21V9|archive-date=11 March 2021|url-status=live|website=Reuters}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2021, gwamnatin Biden ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana goyon bayan yin watsi da kariyar kadarorin ilimi don allurar COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Macias AM, Breuninger K, Franck|date=5 May 2021|title=U.S. backs waiving patent protections for Covid vaccines, citing global health crisis|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/05/us-backs-covid-vaccine-intellectual-property-waivers-to-expand-access-to-shots-worldwide.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=CNBC}}</ref> Membobin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai sun goyi bayan wani yunƙuri na buƙatar ɗaukar haƙƙin mallakar ilimi na ɗan lokaci don allurar COVID -19.<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Sánchez Nicolás E|date=11 June 2021|title=Pressure builds on EU to back WTO vaccine-patent waiver|url=https://euobserver.com/coronavirus/152109|access-date=14 June 2021|website=EUobserver}}</ref> Mataimakin shugaban hukumar [[Valdis Dombrovskis]], ya jaddada cewa yayin da Tarayyar Turai ta shirya tattaunawa kan batun yin watsi da dokar mallakar fasaha, shawarwarin da ta bayar sun hada da takaita takunkumin fitar da kaya, warware matsalolin samar da kayayyaki, duba lasisin tilas, saka hannun jari a karfin masana'antu a kasashe masu tasowa da kara ba da gudummawa ga tsarin COVAX.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 May 2021|title=MEPs split over waiver for COVID-19 vaccine patents|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/de/press-room/20210517IPR04116/meps-split-over-waiver-for-covid-19-vaccine-patents|access-date=26 May 2021|website=www.europarl.europa.eu}}</ref> [[File:COVID-19_mass_vaccination_in_Ratina,_Tampere,_Finland.jpg|left|thumb|Jerin allurar rigakafin COVID-19 a Finland, Yuni 2021.]] [[File:Iran_COVID19-Vaccination_center.jpg|left|thumb|Cibiyar rigakafin COVID-19 a Iran, Agusta 2021.]] A cikin wani taro a watan Afrilu na shekarar 2021, kwamitin gaggawa na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ya yi magana game da damuwar rashin adalci a cikin rarraba allurar rigakafi ta duniya.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 April 2021|title=WHO says against proof of Covid-19 vaccination for international travel|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3130249/who-says-against-proof-covid-19-vaccination-international-travel|access-date=17 May 2021|website=South China Morning Post}}</ref> Kodayake kashi 9 cikin ɗari na yawan mutanen duniya suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe 29 mafi talauci, waɗannan ƙasashe sun sami kashi 0.3% na duk alluran rigakafin da aka yi tun daga watan Mayu shekarar 2021.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Goodman PS, Mandavilli A, Robbins R, Stevis-Gridneff M|date=15 May 2021|title=What Would It Take to Vaccinate the World Against Covid?|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/15/world/americas/covid-vaccine-patent-biden.html|access-date=17 May 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Maris, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Brazil [[Agência Pública|Agência Pública ya ba da]] rahoton cewa ƙasar ta yi allurar kusan mutane biyu da ke bayyana kansu fari fiye da baƙi kuma sun lura cewa mace-mace daga COVID-19 ya fi yawa a cikin baƙar fata.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apublica.org/2021/03/brasil-registra-duas-vezes-mais-pessoas-brancas-vacinadas-que-negras/|title=Brasil registra duas vezes mais pessoas brancas vacinadas que negras|trans-title=Brazil registers twice as many white people vaccinated as black people|vauthors=Muniz B, Fonseca B, Fernandes L, Pina R|date=15 March 2021|accessdate=28 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315234311/https://apublica.org/2021/03/brasil-registra-duas-vezes-mais-pessoas-brancas-vacinadas-que-negras/|archive-date=15 March 2021|url-status=live|work=[[Agência Pública]]|language=pt-br}}</ref> A watan Mayun shekarar 2021, [[UNICEF|UNICEF ta]] yi kira da gaggawa ga ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana’antu da su tattara yawan allurar rigakafin COVID-19 don cike gibin kashi miliyan 125 a cikin shirin [[COVAX|COVAX.]] Shirin galibi ya dogara ne da [[allurar Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19]] da [[Cibiyar Magunguna ta Indiya|Cibiyar Serum ta Indiya ta samar]], wanda ya fuskanci manyan matsalolin samar da abinci saboda karuwar buƙatun rigakafin cikin gida a [[Indiya]] daga watan Maris zuwa watan Yuni shekarar 2021. Iyakar adadin alluran rigakafi ne kawai za a iya rarrabawa yadda yakamata, kuma karancin alluran rigakafin a [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] da wasu sassan [[Asiya|Asiya ya faru]] ne saboda ƙarancin gudummawar da ƙasashe masu arziki suka bayar. Kungiyoyin agaji na kasa da kasa sun yi nuni ga [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], da [[Maldives]] da [[Argentina]] da [[Brazil]], da wasu sassan yankin [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] a matsayin wuraren da ake fama da matsaloli, inda alluran rigakafin suka yi karanci. A tsakiyar watan Mayun shekarar 2021, UNICEF kuma ta soki gaskiyar cewa yawancin gudummawar da aka bayar na allurar rigakafin cutar Moderna da Pfizer ba a yi niyyar bayarwa ba har zuwa rabin rabin shekarar 2021, ko farkon shekarar 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2021/05/un-agencies-make-urgent-appeal-covax-vaccine-doses|title=UN agencies make urgent appeal for COVAX vaccine doses|date=17 May 2021|vauthors=Schnirring L|work=[[Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy|CIDRAP]]|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2021, shugabannin Bankin Duniya, Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya da Kungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya sun ce a cikin wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa: “Kamar yadda kasashe da yawa ke gwagwarmaya da sabbin bambance-bambancen ra'ayi da guguwar COVID-19 ta uku, suna hanzarta. samun alluran rigakafi ya zama mafi mahimmanci don kawo ƙarshen cutar a ko'ina kuma samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa. Mun damu matuka game da iyakance alluran rigakafi, warkewa, bincike, da tallafi don isar da wadatattun ƙasashe masu tasowa. ”<ref>{{cite web|date=30 June 2021|title=First Meeting of the Task Force on COVID-19 Vaccines, Therapeutics and Diagnostics for Developing Countries|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/30-06-2021-first-meeting-of-the-task-force-on-covid-19-vaccines-therapeutics-and-diagnostics-for-developing-countries|access-date=5 July 2021|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Tapper J, McKie R|date=3 July 2021|title=Vaccines 'outpaced by variants', WHO warns, as Delta now in 98 countries|url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jul/03/vaccines-outpaced-by-variants-who-warns-as-delta-now-in-98-countries|access-date=5 July 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A watan Yuli na 2021, ''[[BMJ da|BMJ ta ba da]]'' rahoton cewa ƙasashe sun fitar da alluran rigakafi sama da 250,000 yayin da samarwa ya wuce buƙata kuma tsauraran dokoki sun hana raba alluran.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Mahase E|title=Covid-19: Countries dump vaccines as demand slumps and sharing proves difficult|journal=BMJ|volume=374|pages=n1893|date=July 2021|pmid=34315725|doi=10.1136/bmj.n1893|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1893|url-status=live|access-date=10 August 2021|s2cid=236457553|doi-access=free|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808074846/https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1893|archive-date=8 August 2021}}</ref> Wani binciken da ''[[New York Times|The New York Times ta gudanar ya]]'' gano cewa sama da allurai miliyan ɗaya aka jefar a cikin jihohi goma na Amurka saboda dokokin tarayya sun hana tunawa da su, tare da hana sake rarraba su a ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Levin D|date=1 August 2021|title=The U.S. is wasting vaccine doses, even as cases rise and other countries suffer shortages.|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/01/us/covid-us-vaccine-wasted.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809193617/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/01/us/covid-us-vaccine-wasted.html|archive-date=9 August 2021}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, allurai da aka bayar kusa da ƙarewa galibi ƙasashe masu karɓa ba za su iya sarrafa su cikin sauri ba kuma ƙarshe ya zama dole a jefar da su.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 June 2021|title=Covid-19 vaccines: Why some African states can't use their vaccines|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/56940657|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] da [[Oxfam|Oxfam International]] sun soki tallafin tallafin alluran rigakafin da gwamnatocin kasashe ke samarwa, lura da cewa wannan yana kara hauhawar farashin kashi sau 5 kuma galibi da yawa, yana haifar da shingen tattalin arziki don isa ga ƙasashe matalauta.<ref>{{cite press release|title=G7 support for pharma monopolies is putting millions of lives at risk|date=10 June 2021|publisher=Amnesty International|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/06/g7-support-for-pharma-monopolies-putting-millions-of-lives-at-risk/|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Vaccine monopolies make cost of vaccinating the world against COVID at least 5 times more expensive than it could be|date=29 July 2021|publisher=Oxfam International|url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/vaccine-monopolies-make-cost-vaccinating-world-against-covid-least-5-times-more|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] (Likitoci ba tare da Iyakoki ba) sun kuma soki lamirin allurar rigakafin cutar kuma ta yi kira akai -akai daga dakatarwar su, tare da tallafawa [[TAFIYA TAFIYA|TRIPS Waiver]] . An fara ba da izini a watan Oktoba shekarar 2020, kuma yana da goyan baya daga yawancin ƙasashe, amma ƙungiyar EU (musamman Jamus), Burtaniya, Norway da Switzerland sun jinkirta. MSF ta yi kira da Ranar Aiki a watan Satumba na shekarar 2021 don matsa lamba kan taron [[WTO|Ministan WTO]] a watan Nuwamba, wanda ake sa ran zai tattauna batun kawar da [[Dukiyar hankali|IP na TRIPS.]]<ref name="TRIPS2">{{cite web|title=Countries must not let another opportunity slip by to advance the global waiver on overcoming COVID-19 medical-tool monopolies|url=https://www.msfindia.in/countries-must-not-let-another-opportunity-slip-by-to-advance-the-global-waiver-on-overcoming-covid-19-medical-tool-monopolies/|website=Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)/Doctors Without Borders|access-date=23 September 2021|date=13 September 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010113553/https://www.msfindia.in/countries-must-not-let-another-opportunity-slip-by-to-advance-the-global-waiver-on-overcoming-covid-19-medical-tool-monopolies/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="no_patents2">{{cite web|title=MSF calls for no patents or profiteering on COVID-19 drugs and vaccines / No profiteering on COVID-19 drugs and vaccines, says MSF|url=https://www.msf.org/no-profiteering-covid-19-drugs-and-vaccines-says-msf|website=Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International|language=en}}</ref><ref name="profiteering2">{{cite web|title=Governments must act fast on consensus supporting historic move to suspend monopolies during pandemic / COVID-19: Governments must build consensus around waiver|url=https://www.msf.org/covid-19-governments-must-build-consensus-around-waiver|website=Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) International|language=en}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2021, don rage rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ƙasashe masu arziki da matalauta, WHO ta yi kira da a [[Moratorium (doka)|dakatar]] da [[Booster kashi|amfani da maganin]] aƙalla aƙalla har zuwa ƙarshen Satumba. Koyaya, a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta, gwamnatin Amurka ta ba da sanarwar shirin bayar da allurai masu ƙaruwa watanni 8 bayan fara karatun farko ga yawancin jama'a, farawa daga ƙungiyoyin fifiko. Kafin sanarwar, WHO ta yi tir da irin wannan shawarar, inda ta nuna karancin shaidu na bukatar masu haɓakawa, ban da marasa lafiya da ke da takamaiman yanayi. A wannan lokacin, ɗaukar allurar rigakafin aƙalla kashi ɗaya ya kasance 58% a cikin ƙasashe masu samun kuɗi mai girma kuma kashi 1.3% kawai a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi, kuma Amurkawa miliyan 1.14 sun riga sun karɓi kashi mai ƙarfi mara izini. Jami'an Amurka sun yi jayayya cewa raguwar inganci a kan cutar mai sauƙi da matsakaici na iya nuna raguwar kariya daga kamuwa da cuta a cikin watanni masu zuwa. Isra’ila, Faransa, Jamus da Burtaniya suma sun fara shirye -shiryen ƙarfafawa ga takamaiman ƙungiyoyi.<ref>{{cite journal|date=17 August 2021|title=The WHO is right to call a temporary halt to COVID vaccine boosters|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02219-w|journal=Nature|volume=596|issue=7872|pages=317|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-02219-w|pmid=34404945|bibcode=2021Natur.596..317.|s2cid=237199262}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=WHO slams wealthy nations' rush towards Covid booster shots while millions worldwide lack first jab|url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210818-who-slams-wealthy-nations-rush-towards-covid-booster-shots-while-millions-worldwide-lack-first-jab|access-date=21 August 2021|work=France 24|agency=Agence France-Presse|date=18 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Kramer J|title=The U.S. plans to authorize boosters—but many already got a third dose|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/the-us-is-expected-to-authorize-boostersbut-many-already-got-a-third-dose|access-date=21 August 2021|work=National Geographic|date=18 August 2021}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2021, fiye da tsoffin shugabannin duniya 140, da masu ba da kyautar Nobel, ciki har da tsohon Shugaban Faransa [[François Hollande]], tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya [[Gordon Brown (dan siyasar Australia)|Gordon Brown]], tsohon Firayim Ministan New Zealand [[Helen Clark]], da Farfesa [[Hoton Joseph Stiglitz|Joseph Stiglitz]], sun yi kira 'yan takarar da za su zama shugabar gwamnatin Jamus ta gaba don ayyana kansu a cikin yarda da yin watsi da dokokin mallakar ilimi don alluran COVID-19 da canja fasahar fasahohi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-14|title=More than 140 former heads of state and Nobel laureates call on candidates for German chancellor to waive intellectual property rules for COVID-19 vaccines|url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/more-140-former-heads-state-and-nobel-laureates-call-candidates-german-chancellor|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Oxfam International|language=en}}</ref> A lokacin balaguron sa na farko na kasa da kasa, [[Shugaban kasar Peru]] [[Pedro Castillo ne adam wata|Pedro Castillo ya]] yi jawabi a zaman [[Zaman saba'in da shida na babban zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|saba'in da shida na Babban zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a ranar 21 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2021, inda ya ba da shawarar samar da wata [[yarjejeniya|yarjejeniya ta]] kasa da kasa da shugabannin duniya da [[Masana'antar magunguna|kamfanonin harhada magunguna suka]] sanya wa hannu don tabbatar da samun allurar rigakafi ta duniya baki daya, yana mai jayayya. "Yaki da cutar ya nuna mana gazawar al'ummomin kasa da kasa na yin hadin gwiwa a karkashin ka'idar hadin kai".<ref name=":162">{{Cite news|last=Psaledakis|first=Daphne|date=2021-09-22|title=Developing nations' plea to world's wealthy at U.N.: stop vaccine hoarding|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/developing-nations-plea-worlds-wealthy-un-stop-vaccine-hoarding-2021-09-22/|access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PERÚ|first=Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA|title=Peru: President suggests global agreement at UN ensuring universal access to vaccines|url=https://andina.pe/ingles/noticia-peru-president-suggests-global-agreement-at-un-ensuring-universal-access-to-vaccines-862568.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-29|website=[[Andina (news agency)|Andina]]|language=es}}</ref> [[File:Inside_view_of_the_vaccination_centre_2.jpg|thumb|A cikin cibiyar rigakafin cutar a [[Brussels]], Belgium, Fabrairu 2021.]] Asusun bada lamuni na duniya yana ganin allurar rigakafin ta raba tsakanin kasashe masu arziki da matalauta a matsayin babban cikas ga farfado da tattalin arzikin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Elliott|first=Larry|date=2021-10-05|title=IMF cuts global economic forecast as pandemic ‘hobbles’ growth|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/05/imf-cuts-global-economic-forecast-as-pandemic-hobbles-growth|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-06|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Inganta fa'idar allurar rigakafin jama'a na iya amfana daga dabarun da ya dace da yanayin barkewar cutar, ƙididdigar ƙasa, shekarun masu karɓa, samun alluran rigakafi, da haɗarin mutum ɗaya don mummunan cuta: A cikin Burtaniya, an tsawaita tsakanin firamare da ƙaruwa don yin allurar mutane da yawa da wuri -wuri,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Baraniuk C|title=Covid-19: How the UK vaccine rollout delivered success, so far|journal=BMJ|volume=372|pages=n421|date=February 2021|pmid=33602672|doi=10.1136/bmj.n421|s2cid=231946710|doi-access=free}}</ref> ƙasashe da yawa sun fara ba da ƙarin harbi mai ƙarfi ga masu rigakafi<ref>{{cite web|date=13 August 2021|title=Additional Dose of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine for Patients Who Are Immunocompromised {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/immunocompromised-patients.html|access-date=16 August 2021|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 August 2021|title=France plans rollout of Covid vaccine booster shots – but only for the vulnerable|url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20210804-france-plans-rollout-of-covid-vaccine-booster-shots-%E2%80%93-so-far-only-for-the-vulnerable|access-date=16 August 2021|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> da tsofaffi,<ref>{{cite web|date=29 July 2021|title=Israel to offer 3rd COVID booster shot to older citizens|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-health-israel-coronavirus-pandemic-775e772a7507bcab708e9eea4bdcc50a|access-date=16 August 2021|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> da bincike yayi hasashen ƙarin fa'ida na keɓance allurar rigakafin cutar a cikin saitin iyakancewar samun allurar rigakafin yayin da guguwar ƙwayar cuta ta Variants of Concern ta mamaye ƙasa.<ref name="Hunziker 805–8202">{{cite journal|vauthors=Hunziker P|date=24 July 2021|title=Personalized-dose Covid-19 vaccination in a wave of virus Variants of Concern: Trading individual efficacy for societal benefit|url=https://precisionnanomedicine.com/article/26101-personalized-dose-covid-19-vaccination-in-a-wave-of-virus-variants-of-concern-trading-individual-efficacy-for-societal-benefit|journal=Precision Nanomedicine|language=en|volume=4|issue=3|pages=805–820|doi=10.33218/001c.26101|doi-access=free}}</ref> Yayin da alluran rigakafin ke rage yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta, har yanzu yana yiwuwa ga cikakken allurar rigakafi don yin kwangila da yada COVID-19.<ref name="cdc-effectiveness2">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Thompson MG, Burgess JL, Naleway AL, Tyner HL, Yoon SK, Meece J, Olsho LE, Caban-Martinez AJ, Fowlkes A, Lutrick K, Kuntz JL, Dunnigan K, Odean MJ, Hegmann KT, Stefanski E, Edwards LJ, Schaefer-Solle N, Grant L, Ellingson K, Groom HC, Zunie T, Thiese MS, Ivacic L, Wesley MG, Lamberte JM, Sun X, Smith ME, Phillips AL, Groover KD, Yoo YM, Gerald J, Brown RT, Herring MK, Joseph G, Beitel S, Morrill TC, Mak J, Rivers P, Harris KM, Hunt DR, Arvay ML, Kutty P, Fry AM, Gaglani M|date=April 2021|title=Interim Estimates of Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential and Frontline Workers - Eight U.S. Locations, December 2020-March 2021|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/pdfs/mm7013e3-H.pdf|journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep|volume=70|issue=13|pages=495–500|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm7013e3|pmc=8022879|pmid=33793460}}</ref> Hukumomin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun ba da shawarar mutanen da aka yiwa allurar rigakafin su ci gaba da amfani da matakan kariya (sanya abin rufe fuska, nisantar zamantakewa, wanke hannu) don gujewa kamuwa da wasu, musamman masu rauni, musamman a yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a. Gwamnatoci sun nuna cewa za a rage irin waɗannan shawarwarin yayin da yawan allurar rigakafi ke ƙaruwa kuma yaduwar al'umma ke raguwa.<ref>{{cite web|last=CDC|date=11 February 2020|title=When You've Been Fully Vaccinated|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/fully-vaccinated.html|access-date=29 April 2021|website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> === Alhaki === Gwamnatoci da yawa sun amince su kare kamfanonin magunguna kamar [[Pfizer]] da [[Moderna]] daga [[Sakaci|iƙirarin sakaci da]] ke da alaƙa da alluran COVID-19 (da jiyya), [[Tattalin arzikin alluran rigakafi|kamar yadda a cikin annobar da ta gabata]], lokacin da gwamnatoci suma suka ɗauki alhakin irin wannan ikirarin. A cikin Amurka, waɗannan garkuwar alhaki sun fara aiki a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2020, lokacin da Sakataren Lafiya na Amurka da Ayyukan Jama'a [[Alex Azar|Alex Azar ya]] buga sanarwar sanarwa a ƙarƙashin [[Dokar Shirye -shiryen Jama'a da Dokar Ba da Gaggawa|Dokar Shirye -shiryen Jama'a da Dokar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa]] (Dokar PREP) don matakan rigakafin cutar kan COVID -19, rufe "kowane allurar rigakafi, da ake amfani da ita don magancewa, tantancewa, warkewa, hanawa, ko rage COVID-19, ko watsa SARS-CoV-2 ko kwayar cutar da ke canzawa daga ciki". Sanarwar ta hana "da'awar alhaki da ke zargin sakaci daga masana'anta wajen ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafi, ko sakaci daga mai ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya wajen rubuta allurar da ba daidai ba, rashin halarta da gangan". A takaice dai, ba a nan "rashin da'a" da gangan, waɗannan kamfanonin ba za a iya [[Lalacewar kuɗi|tuhumar su da diyyar kuɗi ba]] saboda duk wani raunin da ya faru tsakanin 2020 da 2024 daga gudanar da alluran rigakafi da jiyya da suka shafi COVID-19.<ref name="Preparedness Act3">{{cite web|url=https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/prepact/Pages/COVID19.aspx|title=Notice of Declaration under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for medical countermeasures against COVID-19|vauthors=Azar A|date=4 February 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425015411/https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/prepact/Pages/COVID19.aspx|archive-date=25 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Sanarwar tana da tasiri a cikin Amurka ta hanyar 1{{Spaces}}2024.<ref name="Preparedness Act2">{{cite web|url=https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/prepact/Pages/COVID19.aspx|title=Notice of Declaration under the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act for medical countermeasures against COVID-19|vauthors=Azar A|date=4 February 2020|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425015411/https://www.phe.gov/Preparedness/legal/prepact/Pages/COVID19.aspx|archive-date=25 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin Tarayyar Turai, alluran COVID ‑ 19 suna da lasisi a ƙarƙashin Izinin Tallafi na Yanayi wanda baya keɓe masu ƙira daga iƙirarin alhakin farar hula da gudanarwa.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 December 2020|title=Questions and Answers: Conditional Marketing Authorisation of COVID-19 Vaccines in the EU|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/qanda_20_2390|access-date=29 December 2020|publisher=European Commission|at=Question: What is the difference in liability between EU Conditional Marketing Authorisation vs Emergency Use Authorisations?}}</ref> Yayin da kwangilolin siye tare da masu kera allurar rigakafin suka kasance a asirce, ba su ƙunshi keɓancewar alhaki har ma da illolin da ba a sani ba a lokacin lasisi. <ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Haahr T|date=7 September 2020|title=COVID-19: MEPs want safe vaccines, full transparency and liability for companies|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200904IPR86419/covid-19-meps-want-safe-vaccines-full-transparency-and-liability-for-companies|access-date=29 December 2020|website=European Parliament|at=Ms. Gallina stressed negotiations with companies had been difficult but underlined that those companies developing and manufacturing COVID-19 vaccines would indeed be liable according to current laws and if something goes wrong they could be taken to court. This also goes for compensation for hidden defects.}}</ref> [[Ofishin Binciken Jarida|Ofishin Bincike na Jarida]], wata ƙungiyar labarai mai zaman kanta, ta ba da rahoto a cikin binciken da jami'ai da ba a ambaci sunan su ba a wasu ƙasashe, kamar su Argentina da Brazil, suka ce Pfizer ya buƙaci garanti kan ƙarar shari'o'in shari'a sakamakon illa a cikin hanyar yin watsi da abin da ya dace. kadarori kamar ajiyar bankin tarayya, gine -ginen ofisoshin jakadanci ko sansanonin soji, suna wuce abin da ake tsammani daga wasu ƙasashe kamar Amurka.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 March 2021|title=Investigation: Drugmaker 'bullied' Latin American nations|work=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/11/investigation-pfizer-bullied-latin-american-nations|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> Yayin [[COVID-19 CPI|binciken majalisar na barkewar cutar a Brazil]], wakilin Pfizer ya ce sharuddansa na Brazil iri daya ne da sauran kasashen da ta kulla yarjejeniya da su.<ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Barcellos R|date=13 May 2021|title=Carlos Murillo diz que cláusulas criticadas pelo Brasil valem em 110 países|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Carlos Murillo says critical clauses for Brazil are valid in 110 countries|work=CNN Brasil|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/2021/05/13/carlos-murillo-diz-que-clausulas-criticadas-pelo-brasil-valem-em-110-paises|access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> [[File:Brasileiro_tomando_vacina_contra_o_COVID-19.jpg|thumb|Wani dattijo yana karbar [[CoronaVac|allurar rigakafin CoronaVac]] na biyu a Brazil, Afrilu 2021.]] [[File:Fábrica_do_DF_produz_vacina_Sputnik_V_(50874839072).jpg|thumb|Samar da allurar Sputnik V a Brazil, Janairu 2021.]] === Misinformation da jinkirin === [[File:Antivax_protest_in_London_2.jpg|thumb| Zanga-zangar adawa da rigakafin COVID-19 a [[Landan|London]], United Kingdom]] Masu fafutukar hana allurar rigakafi da sauran mutane a cikin ƙasashe da yawa sun bazu dabaru iri-iri na maƙarƙashiya marasa tushe dangane da rashin fahimtar kimiyya, addini, da sauran abubuwa. Ka'idojin da suka haɗa da ikirarin wuce gona da iri game da illolin da ke tattare da su, labari game da COVID-19 da 5G ke watsawa, ɓarna game da yadda tsarin garkuwar jiki ke aiki, da kuma lokacin da yadda ake yin allurar COVID-19 sun bazu a tsakanin talakawa da ke hana su yin rigakafi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2020/04/covid-top-10-current-conspiracy-theories/|publisher=Alliance for Science|title=COVID: Top 10 current conspiracy theories|first=Mark|last=Lynas|date=20 April 2020|accessdate=4 October 2021|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805085257/https://allianceforscience.cornell.edu/blog/2020/04/covid-top-10-current-conspiracy-theories/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da gwamnatoci da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a duk duniya suna gabatar da matakai don ƙarfafa alurar riga kafi kamar caca,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Burakovsky|first=Arik|date=2021-08-28|title=Russia's COVID-19 response slowed by population reluctant to take domestic vaccine|url=https://www.krqe.com/health/coronavirus/russias-covid-19-response-slowed-by-population-reluctant-to-take-domestic-vaccine/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-09-20|website=KRQE|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921011759/https://www.krqe.com/health/coronavirus/russias-covid-19-response-slowed-by-population-reluctant-to-take-domestic-vaccine/}}</ref> umarni<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Covid pass takes France by storm|url=https://www.wlfi.com/content/national/575351212.html|access-date=2021-09-20|website=WLFI News|language=en|archive-date=2021-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212523/https://www.wlfi.com/content/national/575351212.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> da shiga kyauta zuwa abubuwan da suka faru, <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kron4.com/health/coronavirus/vaccinate-at-the-plate-mlb-offers-incentives-for-covid-vaccines/|title=MLB offers free tickets for COVID-19 vaccinations|date=4 June 2021|accessdate=4 October 2021|publisher=Kron4|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009195705/https://www.kron4.com/health/coronavirus/vaccinate-at-the-plate-mlb-offers-incentives-for-covid-vaccines/|url-status=dead}}</ref> wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin ɓarna game da halacci da tasirin wadannan matakan da kansu. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2021/05/exploring-the-legality-of-covid-19-vaccine-mandates/|publisher=factcheck.org|title=Exploring the legality of COVID-19 vaccine mandates|first=D'Angelo|last=Gore|accessdate=4 October 2021|date=10 May 2021}}</ref> Dangane da labarin New York Times na shekarar 2021, kashi 28 ne kawai na Baƙi New Yorkers masu shekaru 18 zuwa 44 ke yin cikakkiyar rigakafin, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 48 na mazaunan Latino da kashi 52 na mazaunan fararen fata a wannan rukunin. An ambaci rashin amana a cikin Gwamnati a matsayin ɗayan dalilan da kuma labarin kai tsaye yana cewa "yawancin rashin aminta da allurar rigakafin cutar coronavirus ya samo asali ne daga gogewar da suka samu tare da nuna wariya ko asalin su a matsayin Baƙin Amurkawa."<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Goldstein|first1=Joseph|last2=Sedacca|first2=Matthew|date=2021-08-12|title=Why Only 28 Percent of Young Black New Yorkers Are Vaccinated|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/12/nyregion/covid-vaccine-black-young-new-yorkers.html|access-date=2021-09-28|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Binciken asibiti na allurar COVID-19 * 2009 allurar rigakafin cutar murar aladu * Fasfo na rigakafin COVID-19 * Katin rigakafin COVID-19 * Ci gaban magunguna COVID-19 * COVID-19 binciken sake dawo da magani == Bayanan kula == Teburin da wannan bayanin ya shafi ana sabunta shi yau da kullun ta hanyar bot. Don ƙarin bayani duba Samfura: bayanan COVID-19/Cite. == Manazarta == {{reflist|6}} [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] <references /> j4yo1pri0rmuwiafmeili107lrf6jl4 0 26418 964241 449547 2026-10-07T09:56:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A cikin Islama, '''Tafkin Yalwa''' (Larabci: حوض الكوثر, romanized: Ḥawḍ al-Kawthar<ref name="Houtsma1993">{{cite book|first=M. Th.|last=Houtsma|title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA835|year=1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09790-2|page=835}}</ref>) yana nufin kandami ko kogi da ke wanzu a cikin Aljanna. Addinin Musulmai na gargajiya shi ne cewa a ranar alkiyama, lokacin da za a tayar da mutane, za su tashi cikin tsananin ƙishi kuma suna ɗokin kashe shi a cikin yanayi na hargitsi. Bayan haka, Muhammadu zai zama wanda Allah ya ba shi dama don amsa roƙon masu bi don kashe ƙishirwarsu ta hanyar ba su abin sha mai sanyi da wartsakewa daga kandami. [[File:Ibn_arabi_judgement_day.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibn_arabi_judgement_day.svg|alt=|thumb|Siffar “Filayen Taro” (''Ard al-Hashr'') a Ranar Kiyama, daga rubutun ''Futuhat al-Makkiyya'' na Sufi sufi da falsafa Ibn Arabi, ca. 1238. An Nuna Arshi (Al'arshin Allah), mimbari ga salihai (al-Aminun), sahu bakwai na mala'iku, Jibrilu (al-Ruh), A'raf (Shamaki), Tafkin Yawa, al- Maqam al-Mahmud (Tashar Godiya; inda Muhammad zai tsaya don yin ceto ga masu aminci), Mizan (sikelin), [[As-Sirāt]] (Gada), Jahannam (Jahannama) da Marj al-Jannat (Makiyayar Aljanna).<ref>Begley, Wayne E. The Garden of the Taj Mahal: A Case Study of Mughal Architectural Planning and Symbolism, in: Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects]'' Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C., {{ISBN|0884022358}}. pp. 229-231.</ref>]] == Asalin manufar == Alkur'ani yana magana kan halin da ake ciki a cikin Suratul Kawthar, amma masu tafsiri da yawa sun tabbatar da cewa ishara a cikin Surah tana nufin yawan yalwa da aka baiwa Muhammadu.<ref>[[Tadabbur-i-Quran]] by [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] - [http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=1091 exegesis available here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322033853/http://monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=1091 |date=2023-03-22 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=806#3 |title=Exegesis by Javed Ahmad Ghamidi |access-date=2021-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131130035/http://www.monthly-renaissance.com/issue/content.aspx?id=806#3 |archive-date=2023-01-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ko ta yaya, an gane manufar tare da girmama Muhammadu musamman idan aka kwatanta da sauran Annabawa da Manzannin Allah. Hakanan akwai wannan tunanin a cikin Kiristanci a cikin Yahaya 7: 37-38.<ref>https://www.biblehub.com/john/7-37.htm</ref> A rana ta ƙarshe, babbar ranar idi, Yesu ya tsaya ya yi kuka, yana cewa, 'Idan kowa yana jin ƙishi, bari ya zo wurina ya sha. Duk wanda ya gaskata da ni, kamar yadda nassi ya faɗa, daga cikinsa kogunan ruwan rai za su gudana. == Tasiri == Ma'anar tafkin gabaɗaya shine cewa yana motsa musulmai su kasance masu sanin ranar alƙiyama da tsananin ta don haka suke shirin inganta rayuwarsu ta lahira. Hakanan yana motsa su zuwa ƙaunar Muhammadu da haɓaka ra'ayin cewa abubuwan da ke faruwa a ranar Kiyama suna buƙatar imani da gaibi kuma suna da alaƙa da dabi'a. == Manazarta == [[Category: Musulunci]] dlxtdi37y0izllughb6e0g5qdcat0qm 0 29211 963895 953551 2026-10-06T15:46:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Australian_volunteer_Laura_Davidson_worked_to_boost_the_profile_of_the_Port_Moresby_Cancer_Relief_Society,_2011.jpg |thumb| Australian volunteer Laura Davidson worked to boost the profile of the Port Moresby Cancer Relief Society, 2011]] [[File:Kid_Chan_National_Cancer_Society.jpg |thumb| Kid Chan National Cancer Society]] [[Fayil:Gun Violence Prevention Town Hall, Louisville, Kentucky 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Figure 2, Tumor and non tumor cells are present in blood..png|thumb]] [[Fayil:You can play a role in cancer prevention exhibit.jpg|thumb]] '''Rigakafin Cutar Daji''' Ya kasan ce shi ne matakin farko da ake rage haɗarin [[Sankara|cutar sankara]] da mace-macen da akeyi ta sanadiyyar ta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cancer-prevention/CA00024|title=Cancer prevention: 7 steps to reduce your risk|date=27 September 2008|publisher=[[Mayo Clinic]]|access-date=30 January 2010}}{{medrs|date=May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Valle_20152" /> Rigakafin kuma ta dogara ne akan ƙoƙarin daidaita da kuma inganta salon rayuwa, da zamantakewar mutane da tattalin arziki ko manufofin jama'a<ref>https://powerfulpatients.org/ha/tag/cancer-patients/{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> masu alaƙa da rigakafin cutar kansa.<ref name=":022">{{cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-facts-and-figures/cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-facts-and-figures-2017.pdf|title=Cancer Prevention & Early Detection Facts & Figures 2017-18|date=April 1, 2017|website=Cancer.org}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar rigakafin cutar kansa ta duniya a matsayin muhimmin maƙasudi saboda zartar da shi ga ɗimbin jama'a<ref>https://cancerfax.com/ha/cancer-vaccine/</ref>, da kuma rage tasirin kansa na dogon lokaci ta hanyar haɓaka ayyuka da ɗabi'un kiwon lafiya masu fa'ida, da fa'idar ingancin farashi da yuwuwan sa.<ref name="Valle_20152" /> Yawancin cututtukan daji na farawa ne daga tarin gurɓataccen muhalli wanda yana afkuwa ne ta hanyar lalacewar epigenetic , amma ba duka ba ne ake kamuwa da cutar kansan ta hanyar gurɓataccen muhalli.<ref name="Danaei22">{{cite journal|author6=Comparative Risk Assessment collaborating group (Cancers)|vauthors=Danaei G, Vander Hoorn S, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Ezzati M|year=2005|title=Causes of cancer in the world: comparative risk assessment of nine behavioural and environmental risk factors|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_november-19-25-2005_366_9499/page/1784|journal=Lancet|volume=366|issue=9499|pages=1784–93|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67725-2|pmid=16298215|s2cid=17354479}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 75 cikin 100 na mace-macen cutar daji za a iya kiyaye su ta hanyar guje wa abubuwan haɗari da suka haɗa da: taba, [[kiba]], rashin isasshen abinci, rashin motsa jiki, barasa, da dai sauran su, [[Cutar da ake kamuwa ta jima'i|cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i]], da gurɓataccen iska.<ref name="Doll22">{{cite journal|vauthors=Doll R, Peto R|year=1981|title=The causes of cancer: quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-national-cancer-institute_1981-06_66_6/page/1191|journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst.|volume=66|issue=6|pages=1191–308|doi=10.1093/jnci/66.6.1192|pmid=7017215}}</ref><ref name="Anand22">{{cite journal|vauthors=Anand P, Kunnumakkara AB, Kunnumakara AB, Sundaram C, Harikumar KB, Tharakan ST, Lai OS, Sung B, Aggarwal BB|year=2008|title=Cancer is a preventable disease that requires major lifestyle changes|journal=Pharm. Res.|volume=25|issue=9|pages=2097–116|doi=10.1007/s11095-008-9661-9|pmc=2515569|pmid=18626751}}</ref> Ba duk cututtukan kansar za a iya sarrafawa ba, irin abubuwan da ke faruwa ta zahiri da kuma sauran lokuta na ciwon daji ana haifar da su ta hanyar gado.<ref>https://cancerfax.com/ha/how-to-treat-uterine-cancer/</ref> Dabarun gyara kwayoyin halitta na yanzu da ke ƙarƙashin haɓakawa na iya zama matakan kariya a nan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2017/crispr-immunotherapy|title=CRISPR Gene-Editing Tool May Help Improve Cancer Immunotherapy|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=2018-03-09|date=2017-03-20}}</ref> Hakanan za'a iya inganta matakan rigakafin nan gaba kuma ta hanyar ingan tashi da haɓaka ƙayyadaddun abubuwa ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsarin halittar mutum ɗaya, wanda kuma aka sani da cutar kansa ta tushe."<ref name="Valle_20152"/> == Mai da hankali == [[File:Malignant_neoplasms_world_map_-_Death_-_WHO2004.svg|thumb| Adadin mace-mace da aka daidaita don shekaru don cutar kansa mai cutarwa cikin 100,000&nbsp;mazauna a 2004. {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}} {{legend|#ffff65|≤&nbsp;55}} {{legend|#fff200|55–80}} {{legend|#ffdc00|80–105}} {{legend|#ffc600|105–130}} {{legend|#ffb000|130–155}} {{legend|#ff9a00|155–180}} {{Col-break}} {{legend|#ff8400|180–205}} {{legend|#ff6e00|205–230}} {{legend|#ff5800|230–255}} {{legend|#ff4200|255–280}} {{legend|#ff2c00|280–305}} {{legend|#cb0000|≥&nbsp;305}} {{Col-end}}]] Yayin da kowa zai iya kamuwa da cutar kansa,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcancer.org/cancer-prevention|title=Cancer Prevention|date=2014-02-12|access-date=2022-02-09|archive-date=2018-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617032729/https://www.mcancer.org/cancer-prevention/|url-status=dead}}</ref> shekaru na ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da za su iya sa mutum ya fi kamuwa da cutar kansa: 3 cikin 4 na ciwon daji ana samun su ne a cikin mutane masu shekaru 55 ko fiye.<ref>https://powerfulpatients.org/ha/tag/cancer-patients/{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Abincin abinci === [[File:Make_healthy_choices_poster.jpg|right|thumb|128x128px| Wannan tallan yana ba da shawarar cin abinci mai kyau don hana ciwon daji.]] Duk da yake an ba da shawara akan abincin da yake rage haɗarin ciwon daji, shaidar da za ta goyi bayan hakia kuma.<ref name="Kushi20122">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M|title=American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity|journal=CA Cancer J Clin|volume=62|issue=1|pages=30–67|year=2012|pmid=22237782|doi=10.3322/caac.20140|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Diet112">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wicki A, Hagmann J|title=Diet and cancer|journal=Swiss Medical Weekly|volume=141|pages=w13250|date=September 2011|pmid=21904992|doi=10.4414/smw.2011.13250|doi-access=free}}</ref> Abubuwan abinci na farko waɗanda ke haɓaka karin haɗarin cutar su ne [[kiba]] da shan barasa ; tare da kuma rage yawan cin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da jan nama mai yawa da akeci amma ba a tabbatar ba.<ref name="pmid222020452">{{cite journal|vauthors=Cappellani A, Di Vita M, Zanghi A, Cavallaro A, Piccolo G, Veroux M, Berretta M, Malaguarnera M, Canzonieri V, Lo Menzo E|title=Diet, obesity and breast cancer: an update|journal=Front Biosci|volume=4|pages=90–108|year=2012|pmid=22202045|doi=10.2741/253}}</ref><ref name="pmid211196632">{{cite journal|author=Key TJ|title=Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk|journal=Br. J. Cancer|volume=104|issue=1|pages=6–11|date=January 2011|pmid=21119663|pmc=3039795|doi=10.1038/sj.bjc.6606032}}</ref> Bincike na 2014 bai sami dangantaka tsakanin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da ciwon daji ba.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, Hu FB|title=Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies|journal=BMJ|volume=349|pages=g4490|date=July 2014|pmid=25073782|pmc=4115152|doi=10.1136/bmj.g4490}}</ref> Yin amfani da kofi yana hade da rage hadarin [[Ciwon daji na hanta|ciwon hanta]].<ref name="pmid174848712">{{cite journal|vauthors=Larsson SC, Wolk A|title=Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_gastroenterology_2007-05_132_5/page/n173|journal=Gastroenterology|volume=132|issue=5|pages=1740–5|date=May 2007|pmid=17484871|doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.044}}</ref> Nazarin ya danganta yawan amfani da jan naman da aka sarrafa yana kara haɗarin ciwon nono, [[Ciwon daji mai launi|ciwon hanji]], da ciwon daji na pancreatic, al'amari wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda kasancewar carcinogens a cikin naman da aka dafa.<ref name="pmid198389152">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zheng W, Lee SA|title=Well-done meat intake, heterocyclic amine exposure, and cancer risk|journal=Nutr Cancer|volume=61|issue=4|pages=437–46|year=2009|pmid=19838915|pmc=2769029|doi=10.1080/01635580802710741}}</ref><ref name="pmid203747902">{{cite journal|author=Ferguson LR|title=Meat and cancer|journal=Meat Sci.|volume=84|issue=2|pages=308–13|date=February 2010|pmid=20374790|doi=10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.06.032}}</ref> Shawarwari na abinci don rigakafin ciwon daji yawanci sun haɗa da girmamawa ga kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, hatsi gabaɗaya, da kifi, da kuma nisantar sarrafa jan nama (naman sa, naman alade, rago), kitsen dabba, da ingantaccen carbohydrates.<ref name="Kushi20122" /><ref name="Diet112" /> === Ayyukan jiki === Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa motsa jiki na yau da kullun yana taimakawa wajen rage kusan kashi 30%<ref name="Moore_20162">{{cite journal|vauthors=Moore SC, Lee IM, Weiderpass E, Campbell PT, Sampson JN, Kitahara CM, Keadle SK, Arem H, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Adami HO, Blair CK, Borch KB, Boyd E, Check DP, Fournier A, Freedman ND, Gunter M, Johannson M, Khaw KT, Linet MS, Orsini N, Park Y, Riboli E, Robien K, Schairer C, Sesso H, Spriggs M, Van Dusen R, Wolk A, Matthews CE, Patel AV|display-authors=6|title=Association of Leisure-Time Physical Activity With Risk of 26 Types of Cancer in 1.44 Million Adults|journal=JAMA Internal Medicine|volume=176|issue=6|pages=816–25|date=June 2016|pmid=27183032|pmc=5812009|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1548}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Kruk J, Czerniak U|title=Physical activity and its relation to cancer risk: updating the evidence|journal=Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention|volume=14|issue=7|pages=3993–4003|date=2013|pmid=23991944|doi=10.7314/APJCP.2013.14.7.3993|doi-access=free}}</ref> Na haɗarin nau'ikan ciwon daji iri-iri, kamar kansar hanji, kansar nono, kansar huhu da kansar endometrium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/exercise-linked-with-lower-risk-of-13-types-of-cancer.html|title=Exercise Linked With Lower Risk of 13 Types of Cancer|website=www.cancer.org|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304055317/https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/exercise-linked-with-lower-risk-of-13-types-of-cancer.html|archive-date=2018-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity/physical-activity-fact-sheet#q3|title=Physical Activity and Cancer|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=2018-03-03}}</ref> Har yanzu ba a fahimci hanyoyin ilimin halittu da ke ƙarƙashin wannan ƙungiyar ba<ref name=":03" /> amma an yi nazarin hanyoyin ilimin halitta daban-daban da ke tattare da cutar kansa wanda ke nuna cewa aikin jiki yana rage haɗarin kansa ta hanyar taimakawa sarrafa nauyi, rage hormones kamar estrogen da insulin, rage kumburi da ƙarfafa rigakafi.<ref name=":03" /> <ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Winzer BM, Whiteman DC, Reeves MM, Paratz JD|title=Physical activity and cancer prevention: a systematic review of clinical trials|journal=Cancer Causes & Control|volume=22|issue=6|pages=811–26|date=June 2011|pmid=21461921|doi=10.1007/s10552-011-9761-4|s2cid=8687281}}</ref> === Magunguna da kari === Ma'anar cewa ana iya amfani da magunguna don hana ciwon daji yana da kyau, kuma shaida ta goyi bayan amfani da su a cikin wasu ƙayyadaddun yanayi. <ref>Holland Chp.33</ref>  A cikin yawan jama'a, NSAIDs sun rage haɗarin [[Ciwon daji mai launi|ciwon daji]] na launi duk da haka saboda cututtukan zuciya da na gastrointestinal suna haifar da cutar gaba ɗaya lokacin amfani da rigakafi.<ref name="pmid173396232">{{cite journal|vauthors=Rostom A, Dubé C, Lewin G, Tsertsvadze A, Barrowman N, Code C, Sampson M, Moher D|title=Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=146|issue=5|pages=376–89|date=March 2007|pmid=17339623|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00010|author9=U.S. Preventive Services Task Force|doi-access=free}}</ref> An gano Aspirin yana rage haɗarin mutuwa daga cutar kansa da kusan kashi 7%.<ref name="pmid211445782">{{cite journal|vauthors=Rothwell PM, Fowkes FG, Belch JF, Ogawa H, Warlow CP, Meade TW|title=Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_january-1-7-2011_377_9759/page/31|journal=Lancet|volume=377|issue=9759|pages=31–41|date=January 2011|pmid=21144578|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62110-1|s2cid=22950940}}</ref> COX-2 inhibitor na iya rage adadin samuwar polyp a cikin mutanen da ke da polyposis na iyali adenomatous duk da haka suna da alaƙa da illa iri ɗaya kamar NSAIDs.<ref name="pmid205945332">{{cite journal|vauthors=Cooper K, Squires H, Carroll C, Papaioannou D, Booth A, Logan RF, Maguire C, Hind D, Tappenden P|title=Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation|journal=Health Technol Assess|volume=14|issue=32|pages=1–206|date=June 2010|pmid=20594533|doi=10.3310/hta14320|doi-access=free}}</ref> An nuna amfani da tamoxifen ko raloxifene a kullum don rage haɗarin kamuwa da [[Breast cancer|cutar kansar nono]] a cikin mata.<ref name="pmid190201892">{{cite journal|vauthors=Thomsen A, Kolesar JM|title=Chemoprevention of breast cancer|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-health-system-pharmacy_2008-12-01_65_23/page/2221|journal=Am J Health Syst Pharm|volume=65|issue=23|pages=2221–8|date=December 2008|pmid=19020189|doi=10.2146/ajhp070663}}</ref> Fa'idar cutarwa ga mai hana 5-alpha-reductase irin su finasteride bai bayyana ba.<ref name="pmid184259782">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wilt TJ, MacDonald R, Hagerty K, Schellhammer P, Kramer BS|title=Five-alpha-reductase Inhibitors for prostate cancer prevention|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|issue=2|pages=CD007091|year=2008|pmid=18425978|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD007091|editor1-last=Wilt|editor1-first=Timothy J}}</ref> An kuma yi wani binciken da ke nuna ƙa'idar hujja tare da sunadaran ɗan adam IFNalpha2a da macrophage-CSF, waɗanda kaji da aka gyara ta halitta suka samar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hen eggs with human proteins offer drug hope |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news/hen-eggs-human-proteins-drug-hope |access-date=2022-02-09 |archive-date=2020-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106155814/https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/news-events/latest-news/hen-eggs-human-proteins-drug-hope |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ba a gano bitamin suna da tasiri wajen hana ciwon daji ba,<ref name="pmid209394592">{{cite journal|title=Vitamins and minerals: not for cancer or cardiovascular prevention|journal=Prescrire Int|volume=19|issue=108|page=182|date=August 2010|pmid=20939459|url=http://english.prescrire.org/en/81/168/46461/0/2010/ArchiveNewsDetails.aspx?page=2}}</ref> ko da yake ƙananan matakan bitamin D suna da alaƙa da haɗarin ciwon daji.<ref name="pmid165957812">{{cite journal|vauthors=Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Rimm EB, Hollis BW, Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC|title=Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-national-cancer-institute_2006-04-05_98_7/page/451|journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst.|volume=98|issue=7|pages=451–9|date=April 2006|pmid=16595781|doi=10.1093/jnci/djj101|citeseerx=10.1.1.594.1654}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Vitamin_D_Has_Role_in_Colon_Cancer_Prevention.asp|title=Vitamin D Has Role in Colon Cancer Prevention|access-date=27 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061204052746/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Vitamin_D_Has_Role_in_Colon_Cancer_Prevention.asp|archive-date=4 December 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ko wannan dangantakar tana da sanadi kuma ƙarin bitamin D yana da kariya ba a ƙayyade ba.<ref name="pmid165957702">{{cite journal|vauthors=Schwartz GG, Blot WJ|title=Vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality: something new under the sun|journal=J. Natl. Cancer Inst.|volume=98|issue=7|pages=428–30|date=April 2006|pmid=16595770|doi=10.1093/jnci/djj127|doi-access=free}}</ref> An gano ƙarin beta-carotene yana ƙara yawan [[Ciwon huhun daji|ciwon huhu]] a cikin waɗanda ke da haɗari.<ref name="pmid217386142">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fritz H, Kennedy D, Fergusson D, Fernandes R, Doucette S, Cooley K, Seely A, Sagar S, Wong R, Seely D|title=Vitamin A and retinoid derivatives for lung cancer: a systematic review and meta analysis|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=6|pages=e21107|year=2011|pmid=21738614|pmc=3124481|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0021107|bibcode=2011PLoSO...6E1107F|editor1-last=Minna|editor1-first=John D|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ba a sami ƙarin folic acid mai tasiri a hana ciwon daji na hanji ba kuma yana iya ƙara polyps na hanji.<ref name="pmid175511292">{{cite journal|vauthors=Cole BF, Baron JA, Sandler RS, Haile RW, Ahnen DJ, Bresalier RS, McKeown-Eyssen G, Summers RW, Rothstein RI, Burke CA, Snover DC, Church TR, Allen JI, Robertson DJ, Beck GJ, Bond JH, Byers T, Mandel JS, Mott LA, Pearson LH, Barry EL, Rees JR, Marcon N, Saibil F, Ueland PM, Greenberg ER|title=Folic acid for the prevention of colorectal adenomas: a randomized clinical trial|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2007-06-06_297_21/page/2351|journal=JAMA|volume=297|issue=21|pages=2351–9|date=June 2007|pmid=17551129|doi=10.1001/jama.297.21.2351|doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani nazari na yau da kullum na 2018 ya kammala cewa selenium ba shi da wani tasiri mai amfani wajen rage hadarin ciwon daji bisa ga shaidar inganci.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vinceti|last8=Horneber|pmid=29376219|issn=1469-493X|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005195.pub4|pages=CD005195|volume=1|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|title=Selenium for preventing cancer|date=January 2018|first9=Roberto|last9=D'Amico|first8=Markus|first7=Maurice Pa|first1=Marco|last7=Zeegers|first6=Maree|last6=Brinkman|first5=Marcel|last5=Zwahlen|first4=Gabriele|last4=Dennert|first3=Cinzia|last3=Del Giovane|first2=Tommaso|last2=Filippini|pmc=6491296}}</ref> === Alurar riga kafi === Maganin rigakafin ciwon daji na iya zama / rigakafi ko kuma a yi amfani da shi azaman magani na warkewa.<ref name="Valle_20152"/> Duk irin waɗannan alluran suna haifar da rigakafi na daidaitawa ta hanyar haɓaka ƙimar cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) da kuma aikin antigens masu alaƙa ko ƙari (TAA da TSAs). An samar da alluran rigakafin da ke hana kamuwa da cuta daga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinogenic.<ref name="vacc_facts_nci32">{{cite web|url=http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancervaccine|title=Cancer Vaccine Fact Sheet|date=8 June 2006|publisher=[[National Cancer Institute|NCI]]|access-date=15 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025003130/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/cancervaccine|archive-date=25 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alurar rigakafin cutar papillomavirus ( Gardasil da Cervarix ) na rage haɗarin kamuwa da [[Ciwon daji na mahaifa|cutar kansar mahaifa]] .<ref name="vacc_facts_nci32" /> Alurar rigakafin ciwon hanta na B na hana kamuwa da cutar hanta ta B don haka yana rage haɗarin ciwon hanta.<ref name="vacc_facts_nci32" /> Ana ba da shawarar gudanar da maganin papillomavirus na ɗan adam da rigakafin hanta na B lokacin da albarkatu suka ba da izini.<ref name="pmid241765692">{{cite journal|author4-link=Ding-Shinn Chen|vauthors=Lertkhachonsuk AA, Yip CH, Khuhaprema T, Chen DS, Plummer M, Jee SH, Toi M, Wilailak S|year=2013|title=Cancer prevention in Asia: resource-stratified guidelines from the Asian Oncology Summit 2013|journal=Lancet Oncology|volume=14|issue=12|pages=e497–507|doi=10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70350-4|pmid=24176569}}</ref> Wasu allurar rigakafin cutar kansa yawanci tushen immunoglobulin ne kuma suna hari antigens musamman ga kansa ko ƙwayoyin ɗan adam mara kyau.<ref name="Valle_20152"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/immunotherapy/whats-new-in-immunotherapy-research.html|title=What's new in cancer immunotherapy research?|website=www.cancer.org|access-date=2018-03-09}}</ref> Ana iya ba da waɗannan alluran rigakafin cutar kansa don magance cutar kansa yayin ci gaban cuta don haɓaka ikon tsarin rigakafi na ganewa da kai hari kan antigens na cutar kansa a matsayin ƙasashen waje. Ana iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin rigakafin cutar kansa daga jikin majiyyaci (alurar rigakafi ta atomatik) ko daga wani majiyyaci (allogeneic alurar riga kafi).<ref name="vacc_facts_nci32"/> An sake fitar da wasu alluran rigakafi na autologous, irin su Oncophage don ciwon koda da Vitespen don ciwon daji iri-iri, ko dai an sake su ko kuma suna fuskantar gwaji na asibiti. Magungunan da FDA ta amince da su, irin su Sipuleucel-T don metastasizing kansar prostate ko Nivolumab don melanoma da kansar huhu na iya yin aiki ko dai ta hanyar yin niyya akan abubuwan da aka bayyana ko maye gurbi ta hanyar wuraren bincike na rigakafi ɗan lokaci don haɓaka ayyukan rigakafi.<ref name="Valle_20152" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Pardoll DM|title=The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy|journal=Nature Reviews. Cancer|volume=12|issue=4|pages=252–64|date=March 2012|pmid=22437870|pmc=4856023|doi=10.1038/nrc3239}}</ref> === Nunawa === Hanyoyin tantancewa, waɗanda aka fi nema don ƙarin kamuwa da cutar kansa, irin su hanji, nono, da mahaifa, sun inganta sosai a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata daga cigaban gano ƙwayoyin halitta da ganowa.<ref name="Valle_20152">{{cite journal|vauthors=Valle I, Tramalloni D, Bragazzi NL|title=Cancer prevention: state of the art and future prospects|journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene|volume=56|issue=1|pages=E21–7|date=June 2015|pmid=26789828|pmc=4718348}}</ref> Gano farkon ciwon daji na pancreatic biomarkers an cika shi ta amfani da tsarin rigakafi na tushen SERS.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal|last=Banaei|first=N|display-authors=etal|title=Multiplex detection of pancreatic cancer biomarkers using a SERS-based immunoassay|journal=Nanotechnology|volume=28|issue=45|pages=455101|date=September 2017|doi=10.1088/1361-6528/aa8e8c|pmid=28937361|bibcode=2017Nanot..28S5101B}}</ref> A SERS-base multiplex proteinbiomarker gano dandamali a cikin guntu microfluidic don ganowa ana amfani da shi don gano furotin biomarkers da yawa don tsinkayar nau'in cuta da masu mahimmancin halittu da haɓaka damar ganowa tsakanin cututtuka tare da masu siyar da halittu masu kama (PC, OVC, da pancreatitis).<ref name=":22">{{cite journal|last=Banaei|first=N|display-authors=etal|title=Machine learning algorithms enhance the specificity of cancer biomarker detection using SERS-based immunoassays in microfluidic chips|journal=RSC Advances|volume=9|issue=4|pages=1859–1868|date=January 2019|doi=10.1039/c8ra08930b|bibcode=2019RSCAd...9.1859B|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Ciwon mahaifa ==== Yawanci ana yin gwajin kansar mahaifa ta hanyar gwajin vitro na sel da mahaifa (misali Pap smear), colposcopy, ko duba kai tsaye na cervix (bayan aikace-aikacen dilute acetic acid), ko gwajin HPV, kwayar cutar oncogenic wanda shine dalilin da ya dace na ciwon daji na mahaifa. Ana ba da shawarar dubawa ga mata masu shekaru 21, da farko mata masu shekaru 21 zuwa 29 ana ƙarfafa su ta hanyar karɓan hoton Pap a kowace shekara uku, kuma waɗanda suka wuce 29 a kowace shekara biyar. <ref name="Valle_20152"/> Ga matan da suka girmi shekaru 65 kuma ba su da tarihin kansar mahaifa ko rashin daidaituwa, kuma tare da fifikon da ya dace na sakamakon gwajin Pap na iya dakatar da dubawa akai-akai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/ACOG-Departments/Annual-Womens-Health-Care/FOR-PATIENTS/Pt-Exams-and-Screening-Tests-Age-65-Years-and-Older|title=Ages 65 Years and Older: Exams and Screening Tests - ACOG|website=www.acog.org|access-date=2018-04-21|archive-date=2018-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428182329/https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/ACOG-Departments/Annual-Womens-Health-Care/FOR-PATIENTS/Pt-Exams-and-Screening-Tests-Age-65-Years-and-Older|url-status=dead}}</ref> Duk da haka, riko da tsare-tsaren tantancewa da aka ba da shawarar da ya dogara da shekaru kuma ana iya danganta shi da "matakin ilimi, al'adu, al'amurran da suka shafi tunanin mutum, da matsayin aure," yana kara jaddada mahimmancin magance waɗannan ƙalubalen dangane da gwajin cutar kansa.<ref name="Valle_20152"/> ==== Ciwon daji mai launi ==== An fi duba ciwon daji mai launi tare da gwajin jini na fecal occult (FOBT). Bambance-bambancen wannan gwajin sun haɗa da FOBT na tushen guaiac (gFOBT), gwajin rigakafi na fecal (FIT), da gwajin DNA (sDNA).<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Janz T, Lu K, Povlow MR, Urso B|title=A Review of Colorectal Cancer Detection Modalities, Stool DNA, and Fecal Immunochemistry Testing in Adults Over the Age of 50|journal=Cureus|volume=8|issue=12|pages=e931|date=December 2016|pmid=28097082|pmc=5235652|doi=10.7759/cureus.931}}</ref> Ƙarin gwaji ya haɗa da sassauƙan sigmoidoscopy (FS), jimlar colonoscopy (TC), ko ƙididdigar hoto (CT) idan TC bai dace ba. Shawarar shekarun da za a fara nunawa shine shekaru 50. Koyaya, wannan ya dogara sosai akan tarihin likita da fallasa abubuwan haɗari na CRC. An nuna ingantaccen tantancewa don rage haɗarin CRC da kashi 33% da ɗabi'a na CRC da kashi 43%.<ref name="Valle_20152"/> ==== Ciwon nono ==== An kiyasta adadin sabbin cutar sankarar nono a Amurka a cikin 2018 ya zarce miliyan 1.7, tare da mutuwar sama da dubu dari shida.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/annual-cancer-facts-and-figures/2018/cancer-facts-and-figures-2018.pdf|title=Cancer Facts & Figures 2018}}</ref> Abubuwa kamar girman nono, rage yawan motsa jiki, kiba da matsayi mai kiba, rashin haihuwa da rashin haihuwa, maganin maye gurbin hormone (HRT), da kwayoyin halitta sune abubuwan haɗari ga ciwon nono. <ref name="Valle_20152" /> Ana amfani da mammogram sosai don auna cutar kansar nono, kuma ana ba da shawarar ga mata masu shekaru 50-74 ta Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Kariya ta Amurka (USPSTF). Duk da haka, USPSTF ta ba da shawarar a kan mammographies ga mata masu shekaru 40-49 saboda yuwuwar kamuwa da cuta fiye da kima.<ref name="Valle_20152" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/breast-cancer-screening1?ds=1&s=breast%20cancer|title=Final Update Summary: Breast Cancer: Screening - US Preventive Services Task Force|website=www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org|access-date=2018-04-21|archive-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310170341/https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/UpdateSummaryFinal/breast-cancer-screening1?ds=1&s=breast%20cancer|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ake iya hana kamuwa da cutar daji == Kamar yadda na 2017, amfani da taba, abinci da abinci mai gina jiki, aikin jiki, kiba / kiba matsayi, cututtuka masu yaduwa, da sinadarai da carcinogens na jiki an ruwaito su zama manyan wuraren da za a iya yin rigakafin ciwon daji ta hanyar aiwatar da canje-canjen salon rayuwa, samun dacewa na yau da kullum. tantancewa, da yin allurar rigakafi. Ci gaban ciwon daji da yawa na kowa yana haifar da irin waɗannan abubuwan haɗari. Misali, shan taba da barasa, tarihin likitanci na warts da STDs, rigakafin rigakafi, jima'i mara kariya, da farkon lokacin jima'i da juna biyu duk na iya zama abubuwan haɗari ga kansar mahaifa. Kiba, jan nama ko cin nama da aka sarrafa, taba da barasa, da tarihin likitanci na cututtukan hanji masu kumburi duk abubuwan haɗari ne ga cutar kansar colorectal (CRC). A gefe guda, motsa jiki da cin kayan lambu na iya taimakawa rage haɗarin CRC.<ref name="Valle_20152" /> An bayyana wasu abubuwan da za a iya hana kamuwa da cutar sankara a cikin binciken Doll da Peto na 1981,<ref name="Doll22" /> da aka kiyasta cewa kashi 75 - 80% na cututtukan daji a Amurka za a iya kiyaye su ta hanyar guje wa abubuwa 11 daban-daban. Binciken 2013 na ƙarin wallafe-wallafen rigakafin ciwon daji na kwanan nan ta Schottenfeld et al., <ref name="Schottenfeld22">{{cite journal|vauthors=Schottenfeld D, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Buffler PA, Omenn GS|year=2013|title=Current perspective on the global and United States cancer burden attributable to lifestyle and environmental risk factors|journal=Annu Rev Public Health|volume=34|pages=97–117|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114350|pmid=23514316|doi-access=free}}</ref> taƙaita binciken da aka ruwaito tsakanin 2000 da 2010, yana nuna yawancin abubuwan da za a iya kaucewa daga Doll da Peto. Koyaya, Schottenfeld et al. an yi la'akari da ƙananan abubuwa (misali rashin haɗa da abinci) a cikin bita fiye da Doll da Peto, kuma sun nuna cewa guje wa waɗannan ƙananan abubuwan zai haifar da rigakafin 60% na mutuwar ciwon daji. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna adadin mutuwar ciwon daji wanda aka danganta da dalilai daban-daban, yana taƙaita abubuwan lura na Doll da Peto, Shottenfeld et al. da wasu marubuta da dama, kuma suna nuna tasirin manyan abubuwan rayuwa a kan rigakafin cutar kansa, kamar taba, abinci mara kyau, kiba da cututtuka. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Adadin mace-macen cutar sankara a Amurka an danganta shi da dalilai daban-daban ! Factor ! Doll da Peto <ref name="Doll22" /> ! Schottenfeld et al. ! Sauran rahotanni |- ! Taba | 30% | 30% | 38% maza, 23% mata, 30%, 25-30% |- ! Abinci mara kyau | 35% | - | 32%, 10%, 30-35% <ref name="Anand2" /> |- ! Kiba | <big>*</big> | 10% | 14% mata, 20% maza, a tsakanin wadanda ba shan taba ba, 10-20%, <ref name="Anand2" /> 19-20% [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], 16-18% Burtaniya, 13% [[Brazil]], 11-12% [[Sin|China]] |- ! Kamuwa da cuta † | 10% | 5-8% | 7-10%, 8% kasashe masu ci gaba, 26% kasashe masu tasowa, <ref name="Parsa" /> 10% babban kudin shiga, 25% na Afirka <ref name="Anand2" /> |- ! Barasa | 3% | 3-4% | 3.6%, <ref name="Parsa" /> 8% Amurka, 20% Faransa |- ! Bayyanar sana'a | 4% | 3-5% | 2-10%, na iya zama 15-20% a cikin maza |- ! Radiation (rana da ionizing) | 3% | 3-4% | har zuwa 10% <ref name="Anand2" /> |- ! Rashin aikin jiki | <big>*</big> | <5% | 7% |- ! Haihuwa da halayyar jima'i | 1-13% | - | - |- ! Gurbacewa | 2% | - | - |- ! Magunguna da hanyoyin likita | 1% | - | - |- ! Kayayyakin masana'antu | <1% | - | - |- ! Additives na abinci | <1% | - | - |} <big>*</big> Kunshe cikin abinci Cututtukan ciwon daji sun haɗa da: ga cervix na mahaifa (human papillomavirus [HPV]), hanta ([[hepatitis B]] virus [HBV] da cutar [[hepatitis C]] [HCV]), ciki ( ''Helicobacter pylori'' [ ''H pylori'' ]), ƙwayoyin lymphoid (Epstein-Barr). cutar [EBV]), nasopharynx (EBV), mafitsara urinary ( ''Schistosoma hematobium'' ), da biliary tract ( ''Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis'' ). == Tarihin rigakafin ciwon daji == An yi tunanin ciwon daji cuta ce da za a iya rigakafinta tun lokacin likitan Romawa Galen, wanda ya lura cewa cin abinci mara kyau yana da alaƙa da kamuwa da cutar kansa. A cikin 1713, likitan Italiyanci Ramazzini ya ɗauka cewa kauracewa ya haifar da ƙananan ciwon daji na mahaifa a cikin mata. Ci gaba da lura a cikin karni na 18 ya haifar da gano cewa wasu sinadarai, irin su taba, soot da kwalta (wanda ke haifar da ciwon daji a cikin masu shara, kamar yadda Percivall Pot ya ruwaito a 1775), na iya zama cutar kansa ga mutane. Ko da yake Potts ya ba da shawarar matakan kariya don share bututun hayaki (sanya tufafi don hana hulɗar jikin mutum tare da soot), shawarwarin nasa an aiwatar da su ne kawai a cikin Holland, wanda ke haifar da raguwar ƙwayar cutar kansar ƙwayar cuta a cikin bututun hayaki. Daga baya, karni na 19 ya kawo farkon rarrabuwa na sinadarai na carcinogens.<ref name="Bode_20092">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bode AM, Dong Z|title=Cancer prevention research - then and now|journal=Nature Reviews. Cancer|volume=9|issue=7|pages=508–16|date=July 2009|pmid=19536108|pmc=2838238|doi=10.1038/nrc2646}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, an gano cututtukan daji na zahiri da na halitta, irin su radiation na X ray ko Virus na Rous Sarcoma da aka gano a 1911. Duk da alaƙar yanayin muhalli ko abubuwan sinadarai tare da ci gaban kansa, an sami gazawar bincike na rigakafi na yau da kullun da canje-canjen salon rayuwa don rigakafin cutar kansa ba su yuwu a wannan lokacin.<ref name="Bode_20093">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bode AM, Dong Z|title=Cancer prevention research - then and now|journal=Nature Reviews. Cancer|volume=9|issue=7|pages=508–16|date=July 2009|pmid=19536108|pmc=2838238|doi=10.1038/nrc2646}}</ref> A Turai, a cikin 1987 Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ƙaddamar da dokar hana cutar daji ta Turai don taimakawa jama'a game da matakan da za su iya ɗauka don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa. <ref>Unspecified (1990) ''Europe against cancer programme: Report on the implementation of the first plan of action, 1987-1989.'' Communication from the European Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee. COM (90) 185 final, 8 May 1990. [EU Commission - COM Document] </ref> Sigar farko ta Code ɗin ta ƙunshi shawarwari guda 10 da suka shafi taba, barasa, abinci, nauyi, bayyanar rana, fallasa ga sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta, ganowa da wuri da shiga cikin shirye-shiryen tantancewar nono da cutar kansar mahaifa. <ref name="doi.org">Boyle, Peter et al. (1995) European School of Oncology Advisory Report to the European Commission for the “Europe Against Cancer Programme”, European Code Against Cancer. ''Eur J Cancer'' 31:1395‒1403 </ref> A farkon 1990s, Makarantar Kankara ta Turai ta jagoranci nazarin Code kuma ya kara dalla-dalla game da shaidar kimiyya a bayan kowane shawarwarin. <ref name="doi.org" /> Hukumar Bincike kan Ciwon daji ta Duniya ta haɗu da sabuntawa daga baya. Buga na huɗu na Code, [https://cancer-code-europe.iarc.fr/index.php/en/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230042458/https://cancer-code-europe.iarc.fr/index.php/en/ |date=2022-12-30 }}, wanda aka haɓaka a cikin 2012-2013, ya kuma haɗa da shawarwari game da shiga cikin shirye-shiryen rigakafin rigakafin cutar hepatitis B (jarirai) da papillomavirus na ɗan adam ('yan mata), ciyar da nono da maye gurbin hormone, da shiga cikin tsarin launi mai tsari. shirye-shiryen gwajin cutar kansa. == Duba kuma == * Microplastics ci ta hanyar abinci * Haɓaka halittar ɗan adam * Asusun Kariya da Magani * Ranar Cutar daji ta Duniya == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.mcancer.org/cancer-prevention Abin da za ku iya yi-YANZU-don rage haɗarin ciwon daji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617032729/https://www.mcancer.org/cancer-prevention/ |date=2018-06-17 }} == Manazarta == [[Category:Cutar daji]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] icvabn5crvfwqtxrl1xekjxjpav8y0h 0 29964 963834 906999 2026-10-06T12:29:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Freedom Riders National Monument''' wani abin tunawa ne na Ƙasar Amurka a Anniston, Alabama wanda Shugaba [[Barack Obama|Barack Obama ya]] kafa a cikin Janairu shekarata 2017, don kiyayewa da tunawa da Ƴancin 'a lokacin [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama]] . Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa ta kasa ce ke gudanar da wannan abin tunawa. Ƙungiyar Ƴancin Riders National Monument na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan tunawa na kasa guda uku da aka tsara ta hanyar shelar Shugaba Obama a ranar 12, ga Janairu, shekarar 2017. Na biyu shi ne abin tunawa na Ƙasar Haƙƙin Bil'adama na Birmingham kuma na uku, Gidan Tarihi na Zamani na Sake, an sake sanya shi azaman National Historical Park a ranar Maris 12, shekarata 2019. <ref name="Eversley">Melanie Eversley, [https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/01/12/obama-designates-3-civil-rights-sites-national-monuments/96515606/ Obama designates 3 civil rights sites as national monuments], ''USA Today'' (January 12, 2017).</ref> == Shafukan. == Abin tunawa na Ƴancin Riders na Kasa ya ƙunshi wurare biyu, ɗaya a cikin garin Anniston kanta da ɗayan a wajen gari. === Tashar Bus ta Greyhound. === Wurin farko da aka sanya a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin tunawa na ƙasa shine tsohon wurin ajiyar bas na Greyhound a 1031, Gurnee Avenue a Anniston, inda, a ranar 14, ga Mayu, shekarata 1961, ƴan zanga-zanga suka kai hari ga hadaddiyar ƙungiyar fararen fata da baƙi 'Yanci Riders waɗanda suka nemi kawo ƙarshen wariyar launin fata . a cikin bas ɗin tsakanin jahohi. ’Yan zanga-zangar sun sare tayar motar bas din, suka yi jifa da duwatsu, suka karya tagogin bas din, sannan suka bi motar bayan ta tashi daga ma’ajiyar. <ref name="NPSRelease">[http://www.annistonal.gov/uploadedFiles/File/final-News-release-Freedom-Riders-National-Monument-event-on-May-13-2.pdf Freedom Riders National Monument Celebration Set for May 13: Interim Visitor Center now open at Anniston City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016165647/http://www.annistonal.gov/uploadedFiles/File/final-News-release-Freedom-Riders-National-Monument-event-on-May-13-2.pdf |date=2020-10-16 }} (press release), National Park Service.</ref> <ref name="CF">[http://www.conservationfund.org/projects/freedom-riders-national-monument Freedom Riders National Monument], [[The Conservation Fund]] (last accessed April 28, 2017).</ref> A yau bangon ginin da ke kusa da tsohon ma'ajiyar ajiyar yana dauke da bangon da ke da alaƙa da bayanin abin da ya faru. An sanya irin wannan bangon bango kusa da tsohon tashar Trailways inda sauran 'Yan Riders na Freedom suka isa a 1961. Tsohon tashar Greyhound daga baya mallakin birnin Anniston ne kafin bayar da gudummawarsa ga gwamnatin Amurka. Yana ɗaya daga cikin shafuka tara waɗanda ke ɓangare na Anniston Civil Rights and Heritage Trail, <ref name="NPSRelease" /> kuma ana tunawa da shi tare da alamar tarihi, wanda aka gina a cikin shekarata 2016. Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa ta kasa, tare da haɗin gwiwar birnin Anniston, sun sanar da shirye-shiryen haɓaka ginin da buɗe shi ga jama'a, amma tun daga watan Mayu shekarata 2017, an rufe shi ga baƙi. === Wurin kona bas. === [[File:Burning_Bus_in_Alabama_-_Joe_Postiglione.jpg|right|thumb| Hoton Joe Postiglione na bas ɗin da ke kona]] Wuri na biyu da aka haɗa cikin sabon abin tunawa na ƙasa shine na bas ɗin da ke cin wuta, wanda ke wajen Anniston kusa da Old Birmingham Highway/ Hanyar Jiha 202, wasu {{Convert|6|mi|km}} nesa da tashar Greyhound. A nan ne motar bas din ta karye saboda tayoyin da ta tashi. ’Yan bangar da suka bi ta daga ma’ajiyar bas din, sun ci gaba da kai farmakin, inda suka jefa “wani dam din daurin wuta a cikin motar bas din da ta fashe bayan dakika kadan” lamarin da ya sa motar ta kone kurmus. <ref name="NPSRelease"/> Mutanen sun far wa fasinjojin ne yayin da suke kokarin guduwa. <ref name="CF"/> Mai daukar hoto mai zaman kansa Joseph "Little Joe" Postiglione ya dauki hoton bas din yayin da ta kone; Hoton da aka samu ya zama alamar motsin kare hakkin jama'a. <ref name="NPSRelease" /> <ref>Joe Postiglione, ''[https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/burning-bus-in-alabama Burning Bus in Alabama] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008233046/https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/objects/burning-bus-in-alabama |date=2021-10-08 }}'' (The LIFE Magazine Collection, 2005). [[International Center of Photography]].</ref> Alamar Tarihi ta Alabama, wacce aka gina a cikin shekarata 2007, a ƙarƙashin kulawar babin Theta Tau na Omega Psi Phi fraternity, alama ce ta wurin kona bas ɗin. <ref name="NPSRelease" /> An ba da sanarwar a cikin shekarata 2010, cewa an ba da gudummawar kadada biyar na ƙasar da ke kewaye da wurin da motar bas ɗin ta ƙone ga gundumar Calhoun don haɓaka wurin shakatawa; Shirye-shiryen farko sun yi kira ga shimfidar hanyar tafiya, tare da kafa allunan fassara a wurin. Abubuwan da za a iya yiwuwa a nan gaba sun haɗa da mutum-mutumi na Hank Thomas, wanda ya tsira daga lamarin, wanda mazaunin Janie Forsythe na kusa ya ba shi ruwa. Tun lokacin da aka nada abin tunawa na kasa, Ma'aikatar Parking ta Kasa, Calhoun County, da Kwamitin Tunawa da 'Yanci na Freedom Riders sun fara aiki tare don samar da wani shiri don fassara shafin; Alabama Power ya ba da kuɗi don ƙoƙarin a shekarata 2015. An kafa wata alamar da ke nuna kasancewar wurin shakatawa a nan gaba a cikin shekarata 2012. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sanya shi a wurin an lalata shi, amma an yi gyare-gyare cikin sauri. Gidan da aka kona a yau yana kewaye da gidaje masu zaman kansu. == Tarihin abin tunawa. == Zayyana abin tunawa na kasa ya biyo bayan ziyarar da Sakatariyar Harkokin Cikin Gida Sally Jewell da Daraktan Sabis na Parks Jonathan Jarvis suka kai wurin a watan Oktoba 2016. <ref name="Cunningham">Ben Cunningham, [https://www.annistonstar.com/news/anniston/the-anniston-greyhound-terminal-a-building-s-route-through-time/article_08cfe1ac-9a35-11e6-9de9-e3f95b177f8b.html The Anniston Greyhound terminal: A building's route through time], ''Anniston Star'' (October 24, 2016).</ref> Shugabannin gida a Anniston da Calhoun County, <ref name="NPSRelease"/> waɗanda suka yi fafutuka don ƙirƙirar abin tunawa. <ref name="Cunningham" /> Sauran wadanda suka goyi bayan kafa ta sun hada da Sanata Richard Shelby ; Wakili Mike Rogers, wanda ya gabatar da wani doka don zayyana wuraren tarihi na Freedom Riders National Park a Yuli shekarar 2016; da gwamna Robert J. Bentley . An gudanar da bikin sadaukarwa a ranar 13, ga Mayu, shekarata 2017, a cikin garin Anniston, a ranar da ke gaban bikin cika shekaru 56, da aukuwar lamarin; Wasu masu sauraro sun yi tafiya daga nesa zuwa [[Denmark]] . Tsohon Rider Freedom Hank Thomas, wanda shi ne mutun na karshe da ya tsira daga konawar bas, ya yi jawabi. <ref>Pat Byington, [https://bhamnow.com/index.php/2017/05/14/freedom-riders-2/ Freedom Riders National Monument Dedicated (photos and video)], ''Bham Now'' (May 14, 2017).</ref> <ref>Eddie Burkhalter, [https://www.annistonstar.com/news/anniston/freedom-riders-visitors-from-around-the-world-celebrate-anniston-monument/article_3edb9ff8-3845-11e7-9890-57b6a70ee1da.html Freedom Riders, visitors from around the world celebrate Anniston monument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731213835/https://www.annistonstar.com/news/anniston/freedom-riders-visitors-from-around-the-world-celebrate-anniston-monument/article_3edb9ff8-3845-11e7-9890-57b6a70ee1da.html |date=2020-07-31 }}, ''Anniston Star'' (May 14, 2017).</ref> Cibiyar baƙo ta wucin gadi, gami da tashar da baƙi za su iya siyan tambarin fasfo na National Parks, an kafa shi a yankin liyafar Anniston City Hall. A cikin shekarata 2017, Ma'aikatar Kula da Gandun Wuta ta Ƙasa ta nemi taimako daga jama'a game da tsarawa da fassarar Babban Monument na Ƙasa. Jami'an tarayya da na gida sun fara tsara tsare-tsare na yau da kullun na gudanarwa a ƙarshen shekarar 2017. A cikin Maris Na shekarata 2018, Majalisar Birnin Anniston ta ba da izini ga Jami'ar Jihar Jacksonville don gudanar da nazarin tasirin tattalin arziki don abin tunawa. <ref>Daniel Gaddy, [https://www.annistonstar.com/news/anniston/anniston-council-oks-economic-study-for-freedom-riders-monument/article_397cc25a-2ca8-11e8-a489-5b5411c70ee5.html Anniston council OKs economic study for Freedom Riders monument] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731205152/https://www.annistonstar.com/news/anniston/anniston-council-oks-economic-study-for-freedom-riders-monument/article_397cc25a-2ca8-11e8-a489-5b5411c70ee5.html |date=2020-07-31 }}, ''Anniston Star'' (March 20, 2018).</ref> == Duba wasu abubuwan. == * Babban abin tunawa na 'Yancin Bil'adama na Birmingham. * Abin tunawa na Gida na Medgar da Myrlie Evers. * Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya. * Rajista na Kasa na Lissafin Wuraren Tarihi a cikin Calhoun County, Alabama. * Jerin abubuwan tarihi na ƙasa na Amurka. == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.nps.gov/frri/index.htm Shafin Sabis na Kasa na hukuma] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nwb5qka8soyllakeop7enu6um96zzfz 0 32038 964129 889833 2026-10-07T00:27:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohamed Saïd Benrahma''' ( Arabic ; an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Agusta 1995) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudi Pro League Neom . Yawanci [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe ne na hagu]], kuma yana iya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya [[Mai buga tsakiya|na gaba]] ko [[Mai buga tsakiya|na hagu]] . Benrahma ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru ne da ƙungiyar Nice [[Ligue 1|ta Ligue 1]], daga baya ya yi zaman aro tare da sauran ƙungiyoyin Faransa kamar Angers, Gazélec da Châteauroux a farkon aikinsa. Ya shahara a gasar EFL bayan ya koma [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] a shekarar 2018, inda ya zira kwallaye 27 a wasanni 83 da ya buga wa ƙungiyar West London kafin ya koma ƙungiyar [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] ta Gabashin London a [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] a watan Oktoban 2020. Daga baya ya koma ƙungiyar har abada a watan Janairun 2021 bayan soke yarjejeniyar aro daga baya. A watan Yunin 2024, Lyon ta yi amfani da zaɓin siyansa ta kuma sanya hannu a kansa na dindindin bayan ya yi nasarar yin wasa a matsayin aro. == Aikin kulob == === Nice === [[Fayil:Said_benrahma_(cropped).png|left|thumb|Benrahma a shekarar 2015]] Benrahma, [[Mai buga tsakiya|wanda yake ɗan wasan gefe]], ya fara wasansa na matasa da ƙungiyar NRB [[Kwallon kafa a Aljeriya|ta Aljeriya]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=Benrahma : "Apprendre auprès de grands joueurs" |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/10/06/benrahma-je-suis-la-pour-apprendre-aupres-de-grand-joueurs-75236.php |access-date=14 October 2015 |publisher=DZFoot |language=fr |archive-date=18 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018162033/http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/10/06/benrahma-je-suis-la-pour-apprendre-aupres-de-grand-joueurs-75236.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> kafin ya koma Faransa ya koma Balma, Colomiers sannan ya koma ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]] ta Nice a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Fiche de Saïd Benrahma – Football algerien |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/iframe_include/joueur_iframe.php?id=2528 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024120016/http://www.dzfoot.com/iframe_include/joueur_iframe.php?id=2528 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=www.dzfoot.com}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar kwararru a ƙarƙashin kocin Claude Puel a kakar wasa [[2013–14 OGC Nice season|ta 2013-14]], amma ya buga mafi yawan ƙwallonsa a ƙungiyar tare da ƙungiyar da ke riƙe da kambun, inda ya buga wasanni 37 kuma ya zura kwallaye 11 tsakanin 2013 da 2016. Benrahma ya zura kwallo ɗaya a wasanni uku na farko da ya buga a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2014-15 kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu a 2015-16 . Raunin da ya samu a idon sawu da kuma zuwan manaja Lucien Favre ya sa Benrahma ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa na ƙarshe tare da ƙungiyar a waje a matsayin aro, a ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta Angers da ƙungiyoyin Ligue 2 na Gazélec da Châteauroux . Benrahma ya bar Stade de Nice a watan Yulin 2018, bayan ya buga wasanni 18 kuma ya zura kwallaye uku a lokacin da yake tare da ƙungiyar. === Brentford === A ranar 6 ga Yuli 2018, Benrahma ya koma Ingila don shiga kungiyar Championship [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] a kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu, tare da zabin karin shekara, akan kudin da ba a bayyana ba, an ruwaito cewa ya kai £2.7.&nbsp;miliyan. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga ƙungiyar a wasansa na uku, a wasan da suka yi da Southend United a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin EFL a ranar 14 ga Agusta 2018. Makonni shida bayan haka, an kori Benrahma a karon farko a rayuwarsa ta Bees bayan ya aikata laifuka biyu da za a iya cire masa beli a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Reading a ranar 29 ga Satumba. <ref name="Soccerbase1819" /> Bayan dawowa daga rauni a watan Disamba, Benrahma ya shiga cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko kuma ya fara taka rawar gani a tsakiyar Janairu 2019, inda ya zira kwallaye tara a wasanni 14 na lig. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Said Benrahma Player Profile |url=http://www.espnfc.com/player/194543/said-benrahma?season=2018 |access-date=5 February 2019 |website=ESPN FC}}</ref> An zaɓe shi don kyautar ɗan wasan PFA na watan Janairu da Fabrairu kuma an zaɓi ɗaya daga cikin kwallaye uku da ya zira a wasan da suka doke Hull City da ci 5-1 a matsayin Kwallon Zakarun Gasar na watan Fabrairu da kuma Kwallon Kafa ta Brentford a kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Benrahma and Henry nominated for PFA Player of the Month |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/february/pfa-player-of-the-month-jan19/ |access-date=5 February 2019 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Benrahma and Watkins POTM nominees |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/march/pfa-player-of-the-month-feb19/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saïd Benrahma wins Sky Bet Championship Goal of the Month award |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/march/said-benrahma-wins-sky-bet-championship-goal-of-the-month-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502100203/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/march/said-benrahma-wins-sky-bet-championship-goal-of-the-month-award/ |archive-date=2 May 2022 |access-date=15 March 2019 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maupay takes the honours at Player of the Year Dinner |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/may/award-winners-2019/ |access-date=6 May 2019 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}</ref> Raunin idon sawu da ya samu a farkon watan Afrilun 2019 ya kawo karshen kakar wasa ta Benrahma, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria forward Said Benrahma ruled out of Afcon with injury |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/algeria-forward-said-benrahma-ruled-out-of-afcon-with-injury/rh1mtebf4dal1cy77ow9yq3ix |access-date=5 May 2019 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> wanda a lokacin ya buga wasanni 45 kuma ya zura kwallaye 11. <ref name="Soccerbase1819" /> Benrahma bai buga dukkan shirye-shiryen Brentford na 2019-20 ba, kuma ya koma buga gasar a tsakiyar watan Agusta na 2019, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Lyall |date=29 July 2019 |title=Frank: Bees stars will be ready |url=https://www.westlondonsport.com/brentford/football-bees-boss-frank-gives-update-on-maupay-benrahma-watkins-henry-and-daniels |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=West London Sport}}</ref> kafin ya koma cikin jerin 'yan wasa a ƙarshen watan. A lokacin kakar wasa ta 2019-20, inda ayyukansa suka kai shi ga zaɓen ɗan wasan Brentford Supporters' Player of the Year, kuma aka sanya shi a cikin ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara ta Championship, <ref name="POTY">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2020 |title=Ollie Watkins and Said Benrahma share prizes at Virtual Awards Event |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/201920-awards-announced/ |access-date=23 August 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125110344/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/201920-awards-announced/ |archive-date=25 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="1920PFA">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2020 |title=De Bruyne named PFA Player of the Year |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54044861 |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Benrahma ya buga wasanni 46, ya kuma zira kwallaye 17, waɗanda suka haɗa da kwallaye uku biyu. Wasannin da ya yi a lokacin da Brentford ta kai wasan ƙarshe na gasar Championship na 2020, sun sa ya lashe kyautar ɗan wasan PFA Fans' Player of the Month na Janairu na 2020 da kuma kyautar ɗan wasan gasar Championship na Yuli na 2020 Player of the Month . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2020 |title=Brentford 1 Fulham 2 |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/match-report-for-brentford-vs-fulham-on-04-aug-20/ |access-date=4 August 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807125319/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/august/match-report-for-brentford-vs-fulham-on-04-aug-20/ |archive-date=7 August 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="PFAPOTM">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2020 |title=Said Benrahma wins PFA Bristol Street Motors Player of the Month |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/said-benrahma--pfa-january-award-win/ |access-date=5 February 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}</ref> <ref name="EFLCPOTY">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2020 |title=Sublime Said secures July Player of the Month prize |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/july/said-benrahma-named-championship-player-of-the-month/ |access-date=31 July 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an zaɓe shi don kyautar EFL Player of the Year ta London Football Awards ta 2020 da kuma kyautar 2019–20 PFA Fans' Championship Player of the Year. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2020 |title=Bees up for London Football Awards prizes |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/london-football-award-nominations/ |access-date=9 February 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502100202/https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/london-football-award-nominations/ |archive-date=2 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=PFA Player of the Month Awards |url=https://pfa-assets.snack-projects.co.uk/site/#!/nominees/3075 |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref> Bayan an sake yin hasashen yiwuwar canja wurin 'yan wasa a karo na biyu a jere, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Preece |first=Ashley |date=11 September 2020 |title=Brentford boss issues Aston Villa transfer demand for Benrahma |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/aston-villa-transfers-brentford-benrahma-18919322 |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=BirminghamLive}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Julian |date=19 September 2020 |title=Delighted Frank wants Brentford 'fortress' |url=https://www.westlondonsport.com/brentford/frank-wants-brentford-fortress-and-explains-benrahma-absence |access-date=3 October 2020 |website=West London Sport}}</ref> An cire Benrahma daga cikin 'yan wasan da kocin [[Thomas Frank]] ya nada a farkon kakar wasa ta 2020-21, <ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|316494}}</ref> kafin ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a kakar wasa a matsayin madadin Sergi Canós bayan mintuna 73 na wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Millwall a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2020. Ya fara wasan da ke tafe da abokan hamayyarsa na West London Fulham a gasar cin kofin EFL kuma an bai wa gwarzon dan wasa da kuma kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan zagaye na hudu da suka tashi 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2020 |title=Fans can't stop talking about Said Benrahma being given an unusual award |url=https://fanbanter.co.uk/fans-cant-stop-about-said-benrahma-being-given-an-unusual-award/ |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=Fan Banter}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2020 |title=Saïd wins Goal of the Round prize |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/october/benrahma-goal-of-the-round-win/ |access-date=7 October 2020 |publisher=Brentford F.C.}}</ref> === West Ham United === A ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2020, Benrahma ya koma ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] [[West Ham United FC|ta West Ham United]] a yarjejeniyar aro ta farko ta kakar wasa, tare da yarjejeniyar mayar da cinikin na dindindin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=West Ham United seal Saïd Benrahma loan deal |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2020/october/16-october/west-ham-united-seal-said-benrahma-loan-deal |access-date=16 October 2020 |publisher=West Ham United F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, ya fito daga benci kuma ya fara buga wasa a wasan da [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a wasan lig. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Inkersole |first=Sam |date=2 November 2020 |title=Said Benrahma reacts to West Ham debut in loss at Liverpool |url=https://www.football.london/west-ham-united-fc/players/said-benrahma-reacts-west-ham-19205991 |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=Football.London |language=en}}</ref> An sanya sunansa a cikin 'yan wasa 11 na farko a karon farko a wasan da suka doke [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] da ci 2-1 a ranar 11 ga Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Team news: Benrahma makes full debut at Leeds {{!}} West Ham United |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2020/december/11-december/team-news-benrahma-makes-full-debut-leeds |access-date=21 March 2021 |website=www.whufc.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Saïd_Benrahma_WHU.jpeg|right|thumb|Benrahma a shekarar 2021]] A ranar 29 ga Janairu 2021, an dakatar da yarjejeniyar aro da wuri yayin da West Ham ta sayi Benrahma a kan kwangilar dindindin domin yantar da Jesse Lingard mai zuwa daga gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=Saïd Benrahma completes permanent West Ham United transfer |url=https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2021/january/29-january/said-benrahma-completes-permanent-west-ham-united-transfer |access-date=29 January 2021 |publisher=West Ham United F.C.}}</ref> Kungiyar ta amince ta biya fam miliyan 25 tare da ƙarin fam miliyan 5. Kudin canja wurin ya sanya Benrahma West Ham ta zama ɗan wasa na uku mafi tsada bayan [[Sébastien Haller]] da [[Felipe Anderson]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Tom |date=27 January 2021 |title=West Ham to make Said Benrahma transfer permanent to free up space for Lingard |url=https://www.football.london/west-ham-united-fc/transfer-news/west-ham-transfer-jesse-lingard-19712146 |website=Football.London}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Mayu 2021, Benrahma ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a West Ham a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Brighton & Hove Albion FC|Brighton & Hove Albion]] . A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2022, ya zura kwallo a wasan da Crystal Palace ta sha kashi da ci 2-1, wanda aka auna a matsayin mafi karfin kwallaye a gasar Premier ta kakar wasa, tare da matsakaicin gudun {{Convert|107.17|km/h}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=Benrahma wins Oracle Most Powerful Goal award |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/3494656 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Yuni 2023, a lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA Europa League na 2023, Benrahma ya zura kwallon farko ta West Ham, bugun fenariti, a minti na 62, a kan Fiorentina . West Ham ta lashe kofinta na farko cikin shekaru 43 da nasara 2-1. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2024, West Ham ta amince da yarjejeniyar canja wurin Benrahma zuwa ƙungiyar [[Ligue 1]], Lyon . Matakin ya fara lalacewa ne jim kaɗan kafin rufe kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa, yayin da West Ham ta gaza mayar da takardun da ake buƙata zuwa gasar Premier, wanda hakan ya sa Lyon ta zargi West Ham da "nuna rashin girmamawa sosai daga ɓangaren West Ham ga ƙungiyar da ɗan wasan." <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2024 |title=Lyon blame West Ham as Benrahma move collapses |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68172772 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Duk da haka, bayan ɗaukaka ƙara daga Lyon wadda [[FIFA]] ta amince da ita, yarjejeniyar ta ci gaba kuma aka sanar da ita a hukumance washegari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Computer says no – but Lyon claim FIFA says yes to Said Benrahma move |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/premier-league/articles/computer-says-no--but-lyon-claim-fifa-says-yes-to-said-benrahma-move-2024-02-02 |publisher=beIN SPORTS}}</ref> === Lyon === A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2024, Benrahma ya koma Lyon a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Kulob ɗin ya biya fam miliyan 5.1 don aro, tare da zaɓin siyan €14 miliyan da kuma riba 10% na ribar jari idan akwai yuwuwar canja wurin a nan gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2024 |title=Benhrama join OL on loan until the end of the season |url=https://www.ol.fr/fr/actualites/said-benrahma-rejoint-l-ol-sous-la-forme-d-un-pret-avec-option-d-achat-jusqu-a-la-fin-de-saison |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=OL}}</ref> Ya kammala canja wurin dindindin zuwa kulob ɗin, akan kuɗin €14 miliyan, a watan Yunin 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2024 |title=West Ham transfer news: Said Benrahma completes move to Lyon for undisclosed fee |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/cg3j77x32v9o |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Neom SC === A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2025, Benrahma ya koma ƙungiyar Neom SC ta rukuni na biyu a gasar Saudiya a matsayin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Za a iya samun zaɓin siyan €12 miliyan tare da kari har zuwa €3 miliyan idan Neom SC ta sami ci gaba zuwa gasar Saudiya ta Pro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2025 |title=Saïd Benrahma joins Neom SC on loan in €15m deal |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/official-sa-d-benrahma-joins-185000859.html |access-date=31 January 2025}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Afrilun 2025, Benrahma ya koma Neom har abada bayan nasarar da suka samu a kan Al-Arabi da ci 3 da 0, sun tabbatar da ci gaba da gasar Saudiya ta Pro. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saïd |first=Issa |date=April 23, 2025 |title=Algerian forward Saïd Benrahma seals permanent switch to Saudi club Neom |url=https://africasoccer.com/algerian-forward-said-benrahma-seals-permanent-switch-to-saudi-club-neom/ |website=AfricaSoccer.com}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A watan Satumba na 2015, an kira Benrahma zuwa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|tawagar 'yan wasan Algeria]] don wasannin sada zumunci da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Guinea|Guinea]] da Senegal . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2015 |title=EN : Liste des sélectionnés pour la Guinée et le Sénégal |url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/09/30/en-liste-des-selectionnes-pour-la-guinee-et-le-senegal-74967.php |access-date=5 October 2015 |publisher=DZfoot |language=fr |archive-date=20 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720081426/http://www.dzfoot.com/2015/09/30/en-liste-des-selectionnes-pour-la-guinee-et-le-senegal-74967.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka yi da Senegal a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2015, lokacin da ya maye gurbin [[Baghdad Bounedjah]] bayan mintuna 70 da nasara 1-0. <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|60924|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> Wata daya bayan haka, an kira Benrahma cikin tawagar ' yan wasan da za su fafata a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2018 da Tanzania, amma bai buga wasa ba. An amince da kwazon Benrahma a Brentford a kakar wasa ta 2018-19 tare da kiransa don shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2019. Ya lashe gasarsa ta biyu ta kasa da kasa da fara wasa a wasan da suka doke Tunisia da ci 1-0 a ranar 26 ga Maris 2019. <ref name="NFT" /> An sanya shi cikin tawagar farko ta Algeria don gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2019, amma an tilasta masa ya janye saboda rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saïd Benrahma named in Algeria selection |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2019/september/said-benrahma-call-up/ |access-date=1 September 2019 |website=www.brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> Benrahma ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kasa da kasa a wasan da suka doke [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Djibouti|Djibouti]] da ci 4-0 a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2021 a wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti v Algeria |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/qatar2022/qualifiers/caf/match-center/400209469 |access-date=12 November 2021 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> An sanya sunansa a cikin tawagar Algeria da za ta fafata a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2022 |title=The full list of Premier League players set to miss fixtures due to Afcon |url=https://inews.co.uk/sport/football/africa-cup-of-nations-2021-premier-league-players-full-list-miss-fixtures-afcon-1268803 |website=inews.co.uk}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Benrahma a Aïn Témouchent kuma ya girma a [[Sidi Bel Abbès]] . Ya ƙaura zuwa [[Toulouse]], Faransa tare da iyayensa yana da shekaru 11 kuma yana da ɗan ƙasar Faransa. <ref name="Fisher" /> Mahaifin Benrahma ya rasu a watan Janairun 2020 kuma ya sadaukar da kowanne daga cikin kwallaye biyar da ya ci a gaba gare shi a bainar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title="I was pleased to be able to pay tribute to him because he was so proud of me and happy for me" |url=https://www.brentfordfc.com/news/2020/february/said-benrahma-interview-post-hull-city/ |access-date=3 February 2020 |website=www.brentfordfc.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brentford FC {{!}} 11 February 2020 – Leeds United – Home |url=https://officialbfcpics.co.uk/2002110/2002110043 |access-date=22 February 2020 |website=officialbfcpics.co.uk}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, an ci Benrahma tarar fam 12,000 bayan ya amsa laifinsa na mallakar karnukan da ba su da iko sosai. ' Yan bindigar XL sun raunata wani mutum kuma sun kai wa Golden Retriever hari bayan sun tsere daga gidan Benrahma da ke Hornchurch, Gabashin London. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2025 |title=Said Benrahma: Ex West Ham footballer fined for owning dangerous dogs |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cpq1ddxqvj7o |access-date=16 October 2025 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 11 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[FA Cup]], [[King's Cup (Saudi Arabia)|King's Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de la Ligue]], [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="5" |Nice II |2013–14 |CFA Group C |12 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |12 |3 |- |2014–15<ref name="Soccerway" /> |CFA Group C |13 |5 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |5 |- |2015–16<ref name="Soccerway" /> |CFA Group C |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- |2016–17<ref name="Soccerway" /> |CFA Group D |10 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !37 !11 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !37 !11 |- | rowspan="4" |Nice |2013–14 |[[Ligue 1]] |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |2014–15 |Ligue 1 |3 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |1 |- |2015–16 |Ligue 1 |9 |2 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |10 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !17 !3 !0 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !18 !3 |- |Angers (loan) |2015–16<ref name="Soccerway" /> |Ligue 1 |12 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |13 |1 |- |Angers II (loan) |2015–16<ref name="Soccerway" /> |CFA Group B |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |1 |- |Gazélec (loan) |2016–17<ref name="Soccerway" /> |Ligue 2 |15 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |3 |- |Châteauroux (loan) |2017–18<ref name="Soccerway" /> |Ligue 2 |31 |9 |3 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |34 |12 |- | rowspan="4" |[[Brentford FC|Brentford]] |2018–19 |Championship |38 |10 |4 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |45 |11 |- |2019–20 |Championship |43 |17 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |46 |17 |- |2020–21 |Championship |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !83 !27 !4 !0 !4 !3 !0 !0 !3 !0 !94 !30 |- |[[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] (loan) |2020–21{{Efn|Part of this season was spent on loan from Brentford}}<ref name="Soccerbase2021" /> |[[Premier League]] |30 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |33 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |West Ham United |2021–22 |Premier League |32 |8 |2 |0 |2 |0 |12{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |3 | colspan="2" |— |48 |11 |- |2022–23 |Premier League |35 |6 |3 |2 |1 |0 |13{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}} |4 | colspan="2" |— |52 |12 |- |2023–24 |Premier League |13 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |5{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |22 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |West Ham total !110 !15 !9 !2 !6 !0 !30 !7 !0 !0 !155 !24 |- |Lyon (loan) |2023–24 |Ligue 1 |12 |3 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |3 |- | rowspan="2" |Lyon |2024–25 |Ligue 1 |13 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— |7[g] |1 | colspan="2" |— |22 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Lyon total !25 !4 !5 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !7 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !37 !6 |- |Neom (loan) |2024–25 |Saudi First Division League |16 |7 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |16 |7 |- | rowspan="2" |Neom |2025–26 |Saudi Pro League |27 |10 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |10 |- ! colspan="2" |Nyom total !43 !17 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !44 !17 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !376 !91 !23 !6 !11 !3 !37 !8 !3 !0 !449 !108 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {{Updated|match played 8 September 2025}}<ref name="NFT"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="8" | [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya|Aljeriya]] | 2015 | 1 | 0 |- | 2019 | 2 | 0 |- | 2020 | 3 | 0 |- | 2021 | 8 | 1 |- | 2022 | 5 | 0 |- | 2023 | 6 | 0 |- | 2024 | 9 | 3 |- | 2025 | 6 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 40 ! 4 |} : ''Sakamakon da sakamakon ya nuna adadin kwallayen da Algeria ta ci da farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo da Benrahma ta ci.'' <ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|60924}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/60924.html "Saïd Benrahma"]. </cite></ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Saïd Benrahma ya ci a wasannin kasa da kasa ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar |- | align="center" | 1 | 12 Nuwamba 2021 | Filin Wasannin Kasa da Kasa na Alkahira, [[Kairo|Alkahira]], Masar |{{Fb|DJI}} | align="center" | 2–0 | align="center" | 4–0 | Canjin Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022 |- | align="center" | 2 | 10 Yuni 2024 | Filin Wasan Mandela na Ƙasa, [[Kampala]], Uganda |{{Fb|UGA}} | align="center" | 2–1 | align="center" | 2–1 | Gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2026 |- | align="center" | 3 | rowspan="2" | 10 Oktoba 2024 | rowspan="2" | 19 ga Mayu 1956 Filin wasa, [[Annaba]], Aljeriya | rowspan="2" |{{Fb|TOG}} | align="center" | 1–1 | rowspan="2" align="center" | 5–1 | rowspan="2" | Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka ta 2025 |- | align="center" | 4 | align="center" | 2–1 |} == Daraja == '''West Ham United''' * Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA Europa : 2022–23 '''Lyon''' * Coupe de France ya zo na biyu: 2023–24 '''Neom''' * Gasar rukuni na farko ta Saudiyya : 2024–25 <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2025 |title=Billions behind the badge: Neom join Saudi Arabia’s football revolution |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2025/apr/30/neom-saudi-arabia-football |access-date=28 August 2025 |publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Ɗan wasan PFA na Watan da ya fi kowanne a gasar: Janairu 2020 <ref name="PFAPOTM"/> * Ɗan Wasan Watan Gasar EFL : Yuli 2020 <ref name="EFLCPOTY"/> * Ɗan Wasan Shekara na Magoya Bayan Brentford : 2019–20 <ref name="POTY"/> * Ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara a Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai : 2019–20 <ref name="1920PFA"/> * Babban Burin Gasar Premier : 2022–23 <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=Benrahma wins Oracle Most Powerful Goal award |url=http://www.premierleague.com/news/3494656 |access-date=10 June 2023 |website=Premier League |language=}}</ref> === Rikodi === * Babban ɗan wasan Neom SC da kwallaye 17 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.whufc.com/player/44 Saïd Benrahma] a [[West Ham United FC]] ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20211109091541/https://www.whufc.com/teams/first-team/squad/said-benrahma#Profile taskar bayanai] ) * {{NFT player}} * Saïd Benrahma * {{Soccerway}} * Saïd Benrahma * {{UEFA player}} {{Neom SC squad}}{{Algeria squad 2021 Africa Cup of Nations}}{{navboxes|title=Awards|bg=gold|fg=navy|list1={{2019–20 EFL Championship PFA Team of the Year}} {{Brentford F.C. Player of the Year}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5jpfjxr1ht1bjf57bqarkph6ne45xx6 0 36909 963986 621299 2026-10-06T18:42:25Z Zaujeel khair 49197 963986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Al'amarin '''Dikko''' dai wani al amari ne ko ache wani yunkuri ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin [[Najeriya]] [[Isra'ila|da Isra'ila]] na sato Umaru Dikko, tsohon ministan gwamnatin farar hula na Najeriya dake zaune a [[Birtaniya|kasar Ingila]] a shekarar ta 1984, tare da maido shi zuwa Najeriya a cikin akwatin diflomasiyya a asirce. An yi nasarar sato shi din, amma ba'a yi nasarar maido shi ba. Bayan da shirin ya rushe, hakan ya janyo tabarbarewar dangantakar siyasa da ke tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da [[Burtaniya]] na tsawon shekaru. ==Asalin Labari == Dikko ya kasance ministan sufuri mai tasiri a gwamnatin farar hula ta tsohon shugaban ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] [[Shehu Shagari]], watau surukinsa.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jh3Q5F7BaB8C&q=Dikko+Incident&pg=PA161 |title=''An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996'' |author=John E. Jessup |year=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group (1998) |isbn=9780313281129 |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> Anyi watsi da gwamnatin ta farar hula a wani ku' da Jenar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya jagoranta, sannan an kafa sabuwar gwamnatin ak ƙarƙashin mulkin shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. A rana ta biyu na mulkin shugaba Buhari ya zayyano jerin ma'aikatan gwamnati da ake zargi da laifuka. Dikko, wanda yake a saman jadawalin wanda ake zargi da barnar biliyoyin kudade na dalar Amurka (wasu sunce dala biliyan shida) daga rarar man fetur da aka samu daga asusun gwamnati. Dikko yayi hijira zuwa [[Burtaniya]], inda ya zauna a London kuma ya zamo asalin dan adawar gwamnatin mai ci. Duk da cewa Izra'ila bata da dangantaka ta siyasa da Najeriya, akwai dan dangantaka da baza'a rasa ba a tsakanin kasashen. Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta kasance muhimmiyar tushen samar da man fetur ga Izra'ila, sannan kuma Kasar Izra'ila na taka muhimmin rawa wajen samar da kayany yaki ga Najeriya. An bukaci hukumar leben asiri ta Izra'ila Mossad da ta nemo mabuyar Dikko kuma ta maido shi gida Najeriya don ya fuskanci hukunci.<ref>"[[Max Siollun]] (January 20, 2008). "The Mossad Affair: The Kidnap Of Umaru Dikko (2)". nigeriansinamerica.com. Retrieved 2008-10-06.</ref> ==Hijira== A shekarar 1983 ne aka hambarar da gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] a juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi karkashin jagorancin Manjo-Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]], aka kafa sabuwar gwamnatin soja karkashin jagorancin Buhari. A rana ta biyu a kan karagar mulki, Buhari ya fitar da jerin sunayen tsoffin jami’an gwamnatin da ake zargi da aikata laifuka daban-daban. Dikko, wanda shi ne kan gaba a jerin sunayen, ana zarginsa da yin almubazzaranci da wasu makudan kuɗaɗe da suka kai dalar Amurka biliyan 6 (majiyoyin sun ce adadin ya kai kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 6) na ribar man fetur daga baitul malin kasar. Dikko ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya, ya zauna a birnin Landan, kuma ya zama mai sukar tsarin mulkin a sa inda yake gudun hijira. Duk da cewa a wancan lokacin Isra'ila ba ta da huldar diflomasiyya da [[Najeriya]], amma ba a samu alakar da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu ba. Musamman Najeriya ta kasance wata muhimmiyar hanyar samar da man fetur ga Isra’ila, kuma Isra’ila ta kasance babbar mai samar da makamai ga Najeriya. Hukumar leken asirin Isra’ila Mossad ce ta dora alhakin gano Dikko tare da dawo da shi Najeriya domin gurfanar da shi gaban kuliya. <ref name=Siollun2>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/2369/1/The-Mossad-Affair-The-Kidnap-Of-Umaru-Dikko-2/Page1.html |title=The Mossad Affair: The Kidnap Of Umaru Dikko (2) |author=Max Siollun |author-link=Max Siollun |publisher=nigeriansinamerica.com |date=January 20, 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> == Satar mutane == Majiyar (Mossad across Europe) ta kasa gano a ina Dikko yake. Sai dai Darakta-Janar na Mossad Nahum Admoni ya yanke shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa Dikko yana Landan, wanda ya zauna a mafakar ‘yan gudun hijirar Najeriya da ke sukar sabon tsarin mulki. Jami’an Mossad ( ''katsas'' ),tare da rakiyar jami’an tsaron Najeriya karkashin jagorancin tsohon sojan Najeriya Manjo Mohammed Yusufu, sun yi tattaki zuwa Landan. Tawagar ta Najeriya ta yi hayar wani gida a kan titin Cromwell kuma ta nuna a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira daga sabuwar gwamnatin. Ma'aikatan Mossad sun yi hayar dakuna a otal-otal da ke kula da masu yawon bude ido daga Afirka, kuma sun nuna a matsayin masu adawa da wariyar launin fata. Aiki daban-daban, kungiyoyin biyu sun koma cikin al'ummar Najeriya da ke London, a hankali sun taƙaita binciken su zuwa Yammacin London, zuwa yankin da ke kusa da Hyde Park, inda yawancin attajiran Najeriya da ke gudun hijira ke zaune. Sun yi tsegumin rajistar zaben da ake da su a cikin dakunan garin, amma ba su ga alamar Dikko ba. A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 1984, wani wakilin Mossad yana tuki a Queensway, a Bayswater, ya hango Dikko. Ya ajiye motarsa sannan yaje wajen Dikko a kafa zuwa gidansa da ke Porchester Terrace. Nan take aka sanar da Admoni, kuma ya ba da umarnin sanya ido a gidan. Tun daga wannan lokacin, gidan ya kasance ana sa ido a kai, yayin da ’yan Najeriya suka yi amfani da babban hukumarsu ta Landan a matsayin sansaninsu, suka shirya wani aikin garkuwa da mutane. A halin da ake ciki, Mossad ta dauki Levi-Arie Shapiro, likita dan Isra'ila wanda ya kasance mai ba da shawara kuma mai kula da sashin kulawa a Asibitin HaSharon. Zai tashi zuwa London kuma ya shiga cikin aikin. Aikin Shapiro zai kasance ya saka bututun endotracheal don hana shi Dikkon shakewa da kan sa yayin da ake jigilar shi a cikin akwati.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2019}} ===Faruwar Lamarin=== Da yammacin ranar 3 ga Yulin 1984, jirgin [[Nigeria Airways]] Boeing 707 ya isa filin jirgin saman Stansted daga [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. Jirgin dai ya iso babu kowa, kuma matukin jirgin ya sanar da hukuma cewa jirgin ya iso ne domin karɓar kayan diflomasiyya daga babbar hukumar Najeriya. A cikin jirgin akwai jami’an tsaron Najeriya da dama, wadanda suka bayyana kansu a fili tare da bayyana cewa sun je ne domin kare kayan. An bayar da rahoton kasancewarsu ga reshe na musamman na Scotland Yard. Washegari aka yi garkuwa da Dikko a kofar gidansa a lokacin da yake fita domin yawo, aka tafi da shi a cikin motar Yusufu. Daga nan sai Shapiro ya yi masa maganin maye.<ref name=Siollun3/> However, the abduction was witnessed by Dikko's secretary, Elizabeth Hayes, who quickly notified the authorities.<ref name=Siollun3>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/2400/1/Israel-And-Nigeria-The-Kidnap-Of-Umaru-Dikko-Conclusion/Page1.html |title=Israel And Nigeria: The Kidnap Of Umaru Dikko (Conclusion) |author=Max Siollun |publisher=nigeriansinamerica.com |date=January 20, 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref><ref name=JStor>{{cite Q|Q29039354}} p. 602</ref> Sai dai kuma sakatariyar Dikko [[Elizabeth Hayes]] ta shaida lamarin inda ta sanar da hukuma cikin gaggawa. An sanya Dikko da Shapiro a cikin akwati daya mai girman mita 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.6, yayin da wakilan Mossad Alexander Barak da Felix Abithol suka mamaye na biyu.<ref name=Siollun3/> However, proper documentation that would have ensured that the cargo could not be inspected was not provided.<ref name=JStor/> The crates were also not labeled as diplomatic bags, as required by Article 27(4) of the 1961 [[Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations]].<ref name=Hansard/> As a result, customs officials who had received an [[all-ports warning]] alerting them to the kidnapping while the crates were being processed at the airport<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20211380 |title=The foiled Nigerian kidnap plot |author=Alex Last |publisher=BBC World Service |date=12 November 2012}}</ref> Duk da haka, ba a ba da cikakkun takardun da za su tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya duba kayan ba. Har ila yau, ba a sanya akwatunan a matsayin jaka na diflomasiyya ba, kamar yadda doka ta 27(4) ta yarjejeniyar Vienna ta 1961 kan huldar diflomasiyya ta bukata. Hakan ya sa jami’an kwastam da suka soma gargadin dukkan tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke sanar da su yadda aka yi garkuwa da su a lokacin da ake sarrafa akwatunan a filin jirgin sama sun sami damar buɗe akwatunan ba tare da saba wa yarjejeniyar ba tare da dakile garkuwar. An kai Dikko asibiti; bai samu rauni ba. ===Bayan nan=== An kama maza goma sha bakwai;<ref name=Hansard>{{cite web |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1984/jul/06/mr-umaru-dikko-abduction |title=Mr. Umaru Dikko (Abduction) |publisher=[[Hansard#In the United Kingdom|Hansard]] report for the British House of Commons |date=6 July 1984 |accessdate=2008-10-06 |archive-date=2009-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629212043/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1984/jul/06/mr-umaru-dikko-abduction |url-status=dead }}</ref> four were convicted and sentenced to prison terms of 10 to 14 years: Shapiro, Barak, Abithol, and Yusufu.<ref name=Abegunrin>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_sDeDWCnnRAC&q=Dikko+Incident&pg=PA130 |title=''Nigerian foreign policy under military rule, 1966-1999'' |author=Olayiwola Abegunrin |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780275978815 |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> hudu an yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 10 zuwa 14: Shapiro, Barak, Abithol, da Yusufu. An saki dukkan mutanen hudu bayan sun yi aiki tsakanin shekaru shida zuwa takwas da rabi, kuma an kore su cikin nutsuwa. ==Ramuwar gayya== A wani mataki na ramuwar gayya, an kama wasu injiniyoyin Birtaniya biyu a Najeriya tare da yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru goma sha hudu bisa zargin satar wani jirgin sama mai zaman kansa.<ref name=Abegunrin/> The two British engineers had their charges overturned and were released after serving 25 months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/8ba31a7e0bd045c188f220b99deffc05|title=British Engineers Freed After 25 Months|website=AP NEWS|access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref> Injiniyoyi biyu na Burtaniya an soke tuhumar da ake musu kuma an sake su bayan sun shafe watanni 25 suna aiki. == Sakamakon == Gwamnatin Najeriya da Isra'ila ba su taba amincewa da wata alaka da lamarin ba. Duk da haka, nan da nan gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kori wasu mambobi biyu na Babban Hukumar Najeriya a Landan, ciki har da Babban Kwamishinan. An yanke huldar jakadanci da Najeriya tsawon shekaru biyu. An kusa kama shugaban kamfanin jiragen sama na [[Nigeria Airways]] a wani lokaci da ‘yan sandan Birtaniyya suka kama. Bayan al’amarin, Najeriya ta kai karar Dikko a hukumance, amma ta ki. Yakin da gwamnatin Najeriya ke yi da cin hanci da rashawa da gwamnatin da ta shude ya yi, ya kuma yi rauni, domin ita ma gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi watsi da bukatar Najeriya na mika wasu ‘yan siyasa da ake nema ruwa a jallo a Najeriya bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa da kuma zaman gudun hijira a Birtaniya.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/umaru-dikko-the-man-who-was-nearly-spirited-away-in-a-diplomatic-bag-8061664.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Max | last=Siollun | title=Umaru Dikko, the man who was nearly spirited away in a diplomatic bag | date=2012-08-20}}</ref> Daga karshe aka bukaci Dikko ya dawo Najeriya. Ya amsa gayyatar da aka yi masa ya kafa jam’iyyar siyasa mai suna Solidarity Group of Nigeria (SGN). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadin waje == * [http://www.ediplomat.com/nd/glossary.htm eDiplomat.com: Glossary of Diplomatic Terms] * {{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mdiplomaticpouch.html |title=Is there such a thing as a diplomatic pouch? |date=December 20, 2005 |publisher=[[Straight Dope]] |access-date=September 23, 2012 |archive-date=July 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720003632/http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mdiplomaticpouch.html |url-status=dead }} article with extensive detailed references. {{Bags}} {{Diplomacy}} [[Category:Bags]] [[Category:Cryptography]] [[Category:Diplomatic documents]] [[Category:Diplomatic immunity and protection]] r7osdxuou5nazi37kbtalfcn1leouzg 963987 963986 2026-10-06T18:43:24Z Zaujeel khair 49197 963987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Al'amarin '''Dikko''' dai wani [[al'amari]] ne ko ache wani yunkuri ne na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin [[Najeriya]] [[Isra'ila|da Isra'ila]] na sato Umaru Dikko, tsohon ministan gwamnatin farar hula na Najeriya dake zaune a [[Birtaniya|kasar Ingila]] a shekarar ta 1984, tare da maido shi zuwa Najeriya a cikin akwatin diflomasiyya a asirce. An yi nasarar sato shi din, amma ba'a yi nasarar maido shi ba. Bayan da shirin ya rushe, hakan ya janyo tabarbarewar dangantakar siyasa da ke tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da [[Burtaniya]] na tsawon shekaru. ==Asalin Labari == Dikko ya kasance ministan sufuri mai tasiri a gwamnatin farar hula ta tsohon shugaban ƙasar [[Nijeriya]] [[Shehu Shagari]], watau surukinsa.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jh3Q5F7BaB8C&q=Dikko+Incident&pg=PA161 |title=''An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996'' |author=John E. Jessup |year=1998 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group (1998) |isbn=9780313281129 |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> Anyi watsi da gwamnatin ta farar hula a wani ku' da Jenar [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya jagoranta, sannan an kafa sabuwar gwamnatin ak ƙarƙashin mulkin shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. A rana ta biyu na mulkin shugaba Buhari ya zayyano jerin ma'aikatan gwamnati da ake zargi da laifuka. Dikko, wanda yake a saman jadawalin wanda ake zargi da barnar biliyoyin kudade na dalar Amurka (wasu sunce dala biliyan shida) daga rarar man fetur da aka samu daga asusun gwamnati. Dikko yayi hijira zuwa [[Burtaniya]], inda ya zauna a London kuma ya zamo asalin dan adawar gwamnatin mai ci. Duk da cewa Izra'ila bata da dangantaka ta siyasa da Najeriya, akwai dan dangantaka da baza'a rasa ba a tsakanin kasashen. Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta kasance muhimmiyar tushen samar da man fetur ga Izra'ila, sannan kuma Kasar Izra'ila na taka muhimmin rawa wajen samar da kayany yaki ga Najeriya. An bukaci hukumar leben asiri ta Izra'ila Mossad da ta nemo mabuyar Dikko kuma ta maido shi gida Najeriya don ya fuskanci hukunci.<ref>"[[Max Siollun]] (January 20, 2008). "The Mossad Affair: The Kidnap Of Umaru Dikko (2)". nigeriansinamerica.com. Retrieved 2008-10-06.</ref> ==Hijira== A shekarar 1983 ne aka hambarar da gwamnatin [[Najeriya]] a juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi karkashin jagorancin Manjo-Janar [[Muhammadu Buhari]], aka kafa sabuwar gwamnatin soja karkashin jagorancin Buhari. A rana ta biyu a kan karagar mulki, Buhari ya fitar da jerin sunayen tsoffin jami’an gwamnatin da ake zargi da aikata laifuka daban-daban. Dikko, wanda shi ne kan gaba a jerin sunayen, ana zarginsa da yin almubazzaranci da wasu makudan kuɗaɗe da suka kai dalar Amurka biliyan 6 (majiyoyin sun ce adadin ya kai kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 6) na ribar man fetur daga baitul malin kasar. Dikko ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya, ya zauna a birnin Landan, kuma ya zama mai sukar tsarin mulkin a sa inda yake gudun hijira. Duk da cewa a wancan lokacin Isra'ila ba ta da huldar diflomasiyya da [[Najeriya]], amma ba a samu alakar da ke tsakanin kasashen biyu ba. Musamman Najeriya ta kasance wata muhimmiyar hanyar samar da man fetur ga Isra’ila, kuma Isra’ila ta kasance babbar mai samar da makamai ga Najeriya. Hukumar leken asirin Isra’ila Mossad ce ta dora alhakin gano Dikko tare da dawo da shi Najeriya domin gurfanar da shi gaban kuliya. <ref name=Siollun2>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/2369/1/The-Mossad-Affair-The-Kidnap-Of-Umaru-Dikko-2/Page1.html |title=The Mossad Affair: The Kidnap Of Umaru Dikko (2) |author=Max Siollun |author-link=Max Siollun |publisher=nigeriansinamerica.com |date=January 20, 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> == Satar mutane == Majiyar (Mossad across Europe) ta kasa gano a ina Dikko yake. Sai dai Darakta-Janar na Mossad Nahum Admoni ya yanke shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa Dikko yana Landan, wanda ya zauna a mafakar ‘yan gudun hijirar Najeriya da ke sukar sabon tsarin mulki. Jami’an Mossad ( ''katsas'' ),tare da rakiyar jami’an tsaron Najeriya karkashin jagorancin tsohon sojan Najeriya Manjo Mohammed Yusufu, sun yi tattaki zuwa Landan. Tawagar ta Najeriya ta yi hayar wani gida a kan titin Cromwell kuma ta nuna a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira daga sabuwar gwamnatin. Ma'aikatan Mossad sun yi hayar dakuna a otal-otal da ke kula da masu yawon bude ido daga Afirka, kuma sun nuna a matsayin masu adawa da wariyar launin fata. Aiki daban-daban, kungiyoyin biyu sun koma cikin al'ummar Najeriya da ke London, a hankali sun taƙaita binciken su zuwa Yammacin London, zuwa yankin da ke kusa da Hyde Park, inda yawancin attajiran Najeriya da ke gudun hijira ke zaune. Sun yi tsegumin rajistar zaben da ake da su a cikin dakunan garin, amma ba su ga alamar Dikko ba. A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 1984, wani wakilin Mossad yana tuki a Queensway, a Bayswater, ya hango Dikko. Ya ajiye motarsa sannan yaje wajen Dikko a kafa zuwa gidansa da ke Porchester Terrace. Nan take aka sanar da Admoni, kuma ya ba da umarnin sanya ido a gidan. Tun daga wannan lokacin, gidan ya kasance ana sa ido a kai, yayin da ’yan Najeriya suka yi amfani da babban hukumarsu ta Landan a matsayin sansaninsu, suka shirya wani aikin garkuwa da mutane. A halin da ake ciki, Mossad ta dauki Levi-Arie Shapiro, likita dan Isra'ila wanda ya kasance mai ba da shawara kuma mai kula da sashin kulawa a Asibitin HaSharon. Zai tashi zuwa London kuma ya shiga cikin aikin. Aikin Shapiro zai kasance ya saka bututun endotracheal don hana shi Dikkon shakewa da kan sa yayin da ake jigilar shi a cikin akwati.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2019}} ===Faruwar Lamarin=== Da yammacin ranar 3 ga Yulin 1984, jirgin [[Nigeria Airways]] Boeing 707 ya isa filin jirgin saman Stansted daga [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. Jirgin dai ya iso babu kowa, kuma matukin jirgin ya sanar da hukuma cewa jirgin ya iso ne domin karɓar kayan diflomasiyya daga babbar hukumar Najeriya. A cikin jirgin akwai jami’an tsaron Najeriya da dama, wadanda suka bayyana kansu a fili tare da bayyana cewa sun je ne domin kare kayan. An bayar da rahoton kasancewarsu ga reshe na musamman na Scotland Yard. Washegari aka yi garkuwa da Dikko a kofar gidansa a lokacin da yake fita domin yawo, aka tafi da shi a cikin motar Yusufu. Daga nan sai Shapiro ya yi masa maganin maye.<ref name=Siollun3/> However, the abduction was witnessed by Dikko's secretary, Elizabeth Hayes, who quickly notified the authorities.<ref name=Siollun3>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigeriansinamerica.com/articles/2400/1/Israel-And-Nigeria-The-Kidnap-Of-Umaru-Dikko-Conclusion/Page1.html |title=Israel And Nigeria: The Kidnap Of Umaru Dikko (Conclusion) |author=Max Siollun |publisher=nigeriansinamerica.com |date=January 20, 2008 |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref><ref name=JStor>{{cite Q|Q29039354}} p. 602</ref> Sai dai kuma sakatariyar Dikko [[Elizabeth Hayes]] ta shaida lamarin inda ta sanar da hukuma cikin gaggawa. An sanya Dikko da Shapiro a cikin akwati daya mai girman mita 1.2 × 1.2 × 1.6, yayin da wakilan Mossad Alexander Barak da Felix Abithol suka mamaye na biyu.<ref name=Siollun3/> However, proper documentation that would have ensured that the cargo could not be inspected was not provided.<ref name=JStor/> The crates were also not labeled as diplomatic bags, as required by Article 27(4) of the 1961 [[Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations]].<ref name=Hansard/> As a result, customs officials who had received an [[all-ports warning]] alerting them to the kidnapping while the crates were being processed at the airport<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20211380 |title=The foiled Nigerian kidnap plot |author=Alex Last |publisher=BBC World Service |date=12 November 2012}}</ref> Duk da haka, ba a ba da cikakkun takardun da za su tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya duba kayan ba. Har ila yau, ba a sanya akwatunan a matsayin jaka na diflomasiyya ba, kamar yadda doka ta 27(4) ta yarjejeniyar Vienna ta 1961 kan huldar diflomasiyya ta bukata. Hakan ya sa jami’an kwastam da suka soma gargadin dukkan tashoshin jiragen ruwa da ke sanar da su yadda aka yi garkuwa da su a lokacin da ake sarrafa akwatunan a filin jirgin sama sun sami damar buɗe akwatunan ba tare da saba wa yarjejeniyar ba tare da dakile garkuwar. An kai Dikko asibiti; bai samu rauni ba. ===Bayan nan=== An kama maza goma sha bakwai;<ref name=Hansard>{{cite web |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1984/jul/06/mr-umaru-dikko-abduction |title=Mr. Umaru Dikko (Abduction) |publisher=[[Hansard#In the United Kingdom|Hansard]] report for the British House of Commons |date=6 July 1984 |accessdate=2008-10-06 |archive-date=2009-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629212043/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1984/jul/06/mr-umaru-dikko-abduction |url-status=dead }}</ref> four were convicted and sentenced to prison terms of 10 to 14 years: Shapiro, Barak, Abithol, and Yusufu.<ref name=Abegunrin>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_sDeDWCnnRAC&q=Dikko+Incident&pg=PA130 |title=''Nigerian foreign policy under military rule, 1966-1999'' |author=Olayiwola Abegunrin |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780275978815 |accessdate=2008-10-06}}</ref> hudu an yanke musu hukuncin zaman gidan yari na shekaru 10 zuwa 14: Shapiro, Barak, Abithol, da Yusufu. An saki dukkan mutanen hudu bayan sun yi aiki tsakanin shekaru shida zuwa takwas da rabi, kuma an kore su cikin nutsuwa. ==Ramuwar gayya== A wani mataki na ramuwar gayya, an kama wasu injiniyoyin Birtaniya biyu a Najeriya tare da yanke musu hukuncin daurin shekaru goma sha hudu bisa zargin satar wani jirgin sama mai zaman kansa.<ref name=Abegunrin/> The two British engineers had their charges overturned and were released after serving 25 months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/8ba31a7e0bd045c188f220b99deffc05|title=British Engineers Freed After 25 Months|website=AP NEWS|access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref> Injiniyoyi biyu na Burtaniya an soke tuhumar da ake musu kuma an sake su bayan sun shafe watanni 25 suna aiki. == Sakamakon == Gwamnatin Najeriya da Isra'ila ba su taba amincewa da wata alaka da lamarin ba. Duk da haka, nan da nan gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kori wasu mambobi biyu na Babban Hukumar Najeriya a Landan, ciki har da Babban Kwamishinan. An yanke huldar jakadanci da Najeriya tsawon shekaru biyu. An kusa kama shugaban kamfanin jiragen sama na [[Nigeria Airways]] a wani lokaci da ‘yan sandan Birtaniyya suka kama. Bayan al’amarin, Najeriya ta kai karar Dikko a hukumance, amma ta ki. Yakin da gwamnatin Najeriya ke yi da cin hanci da rashawa da gwamnatin da ta shude ya yi, ya kuma yi rauni, domin ita ma gwamnatin Birtaniya ta yi watsi da bukatar Najeriya na mika wasu ‘yan siyasa da ake nema ruwa a jallo a Najeriya bisa zargin cin hanci da rashawa da kuma zaman gudun hijira a Birtaniya.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/umaru-dikko-the-man-who-was-nearly-spirited-away-in-a-diplomatic-bag-8061664.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Max | last=Siollun | title=Umaru Dikko, the man who was nearly spirited away in a diplomatic bag | date=2012-08-20}}</ref> Daga karshe aka bukaci Dikko ya dawo Najeriya. Ya amsa gayyatar da aka yi masa ya kafa jam’iyyar siyasa mai suna Solidarity Group of Nigeria (SGN). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadin waje == * [http://www.ediplomat.com/nd/glossary.htm eDiplomat.com: Glossary of Diplomatic Terms] * {{cite web |url=http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mdiplomaticpouch.html |title=Is there such a thing as a diplomatic pouch? |date=December 20, 2005 |publisher=[[Straight Dope]] |access-date=September 23, 2012 |archive-date=July 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720003632/http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mdiplomaticpouch.html |url-status=dead }} article with extensive detailed references. {{Bags}} {{Diplomacy}} [[Category:Bags]] [[Category:Cryptography]] [[Category:Diplomatic documents]] [[Category:Diplomatic immunity and protection]] 931oo5zy5ifog2sfkbeyf97hup5widt 0 41359 964055 874828 2026-10-06T20:50:56Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378875812|Apartheid]]" 964055 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Wariyar launin fata''' ( / ə ˈpɑːrt ( h ) aɪt / ə-SASHE -(h)yte, <small>musamman Turancin Afirka ta Kudu :&nbsp;</small>/ ə ˈpɑːr t ( h ) eɪt / ə-PART -(h) ayt ,{{IPA|af|aˈpart(ɦ)əit|lang}} ; transl. "raba", lit. ' ) wani tsari ne na [[Rarraba launin fata|wariyar launin fata]] da aka kafa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka {{Efn|South West Africa existed as a colonial territory under the control of the South African administration.}} (yanzu [[Namibiya|Namibia]] ) daga 1948 zuwa 1994 . {{Refn|The [[Population Registration Act, 1950]], the basis for most apartheid legislation, was abolished in 1991,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1/repeal-population-registration-act |title=Repeal of Population Registration Act |date=17 June 1991 |publisher=C-Span |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140800/https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1%2Frepeal-population-registration-act |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Abolished">{{cite news|title=South Africa ends racial classifications|last=Myre |first=Greg |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040 |agency=Associated Press|publisher=Southeast Missourian |location=Cape Girardeau |date=18 June 1991|access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608230005/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040 |url-status=live}}</ref> although the country's first non-racial government was not established until [[1994 South African general election|non-racial elections held under a universal franchise]] in 1994.<ref name=Jeffrey>{{cite book|last=Bartusis|first=Mark|editor1-last=Gomez|editor1-first=Edmund|editor2-last=Premdas|editor2-first=Ralph|title=Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict|date=2012|pages=126–132|publisher=Routledge Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0415627689}}</ref>}} An siffanta shi da al'adar siyasa mai kama da kama-karya wadda ta dogara da ''baasskap'' ( lit. 'boss-ship' ko 'boss-hood'), wanda ya tabbatar da cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta mamaye siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki ta hannun tsirarun fararen fata na ƙasar. A ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin mulkin kama-karya, fararen fata suna da matsayi mafi girma, yayin da sauran ƙungiyoyin aka rarraba su a matsayin 'yan Indiya / Asiya, [[Coloureds|Masu Launi]] da [[Bakar fata|Baƙar fata 'yan Afirka]], tare da haƙƙoƙi da gata daban-daban. <ref name="Mayne" /> A takaice dai, an rarraba wariyar launin fata zuwa ''ƙaramin wariyar launin fata'', wanda ya ƙunshi raba wuraren jama'a da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, da kuma ''babban wariyar launin fata'', wanda ya raba gidaje da damar aiki ta hanyar launin fata. Dokar wariyar launin fata ta farko ita ce Dokar Haramta Aure Mai Haɗaka, 1949, sannan Dokar Gyaran Fajirci ta 1950 ta biyo baya, wadda ta haramta wa yawancin 'yan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu yin aure ko kuma yin jima'i tsakanin launin fata daban-daban . Dokar Rijistar Jama'a ta 1950 ta rarraba dukkan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu zuwa ƙungiyoyin ƙabila bisa ga kamanni, asalinsu da aka sani, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da salon rayuwa na al'adu: " [[Bakar fata|Baƙi]] ", " Fari ", " [[Coloureds|Mai Launi]] ", da " Indiya ". An ƙayyade wuraren zama ta hanyar rarrabuwar launin fata. [1] Tsakanin 1960 da 1983, an kori 'yan Afirka Baƙaƙe miliyan 3.5 daga gidajensu aka kuma tilasta musu shiga unguwannin da aka ware sakamakon dokar wariyar launin fata, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman korar jama'a a tarihin zamani. [2] Yawancin waɗannan ƙaura da aka yi niyya an yi su ne don takaita yawan baƙar fata zuwa "ƙabilun gida goma", waɗanda aka fi sani da bantustans . [1] Wariyar launin fata ta haifar da adawa mai yawa a ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida, wanda ya haifar da wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa mafi tasiri a duniya a ƙarni na 20. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta yi Allah wadai da shi akai-akai, kuma ya haifar da [[Takunkumin kasa da kasa a lokacin wariyar launin fata|takunkumi mai yawa na kasa da kasa]], ciki har da takunkumin makamai da [[takunkumin tattalin arziki]] ga Afirka ta Kudu. [[Internal resistance to apartheid|Juyin juya hali na cikin gida ga wariyar launin fata]] ya ƙara zama mai tsauri a shekarun 1970 da 1980, wanda ya haifar da mummunan farmaki daga gwamnatin da jam'iyyar National Party ke jagoranta da kuma dogon rikicin addini wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar dubban mutane ko kuma a tsare su. An yi wasu gyare-gyare a tsarin wariyar launin fata, ciki har da ba da damar wakilcin siyasa na Indiya da Launuka a majalisar dokoki, amma waɗannan matakan sun kasa faranta wa yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka rai. Tsakanin 1987 da 1993, Jam'iyyar National Party ta shiga tattaunawa ta ɓangarorin biyu da Jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC), babbar ƙungiyar siyasa mai yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, don kawo ƙarshen wariya da kuma gabatar da mulkin rinjaye, [1] [2] wanda ya kai ga zaɓen da ba na launin fata ba a watan Afrilun 1994. [3] Tun bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, zaɓe ya kasance a buɗe kuma mai gasa, kuma rayuwar 'yan Afirka ta Kudu ta inganta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Gadon tattalin arziki da tasirin zamantakewa na wariyar launin fata ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa yau, musamman rashin daidaito . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moeti |first=Thato |date=27 April 2018 |title=Apartheid legacy haunts SA economy |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119000230/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/ |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=2 May 2018 |website=www.sabcnews.com |publisher=SABC News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Alan |date=6 April 2018 |title=Ramaphosa's tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201804060509.html |agency=AllAfrica}}</ref> == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Bayanan kula da Manazarta == === Karin bayani === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|group=note}} === Manazarta === === Littattafan tarihi === *   *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Naidoo |first=Josephine C. |last2=Rajab |first2=Devi Moodley |date=1 September 2005 |title=The Dynamics of Oppression |journal=Psychology and Developing Societies |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–159 |doi=10.1177/097133360501700204 |s2cid=145782935}} *   == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-ndELAPSd8 Wariyar launin fata: Bautar ƙarni na 20] Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1971 kan Wariyar launin fata. * – Ya haɗa da hotuna da yawa * Archived [http://www.apartheidmuseum.org/node/48 Littafin Fahimtar Masu Koyo game da Wariyar Launin Fata] – Jerin PDFs da Gidan Tarihi na Wariyar Launin Fata ya buga * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160112005600/https://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No81/Chap2.html Juyin halittar 'yan dama na fari] - ''Volk'', imani da ƙasar uba: Barazanar tsaro da 'yan dama na fari ke haifarwa, na Martin Schönteich da Henri Boshoff, 2003 * [http://www.sahistory.org.za/20th-century-south-africa/freedom-charter-1955 Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci ta 1955] - Game da [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci]] (Tarihin SA akan layi) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170903090730/http://www.districtsix.co.za/index.php Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar 6] – Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar Shida ta Cape Town, wanda ke duba korar da aka tilasta wa mutane * [http://ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/south-africa Cibiyar Shari'ar Canjin Mulki ta Duniya (ICTJ)] tana ba da albarkatu kan gadon mulkin wariyar launin fata da adalci na riƙon kwarya a Afirka ta Kudu bayan wariyar launin fata. * * [http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/our-collections/special-collections/archives-manuscripts/subject-guides-to-archives/apartheid/ Jagorar jigon tarihin wariyar launin fata] - Jami'ar London {{Political history of South Africa}}{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}{{Segregation by type|state=collapsed}}{{South Africa topics|state=collapsed}}{{South Africa year nav}}{{White people}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] smxe4yp4zbgfkdnys0m3bqarr2s6yr0 964056 964055 2026-10-06T20:53:06Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378875812|Apartheid]]" 964056 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Wariyar launin fata''' ( / ə ˈpɑːrt ( h ) aɪt / ə-SASHE -(h)yte, <small>musamman Turancin Afirka ta Kudu :&nbsp;</small>/ ə ˈpɑːr t ( h ) eɪt / ə-PART -(h) ayt ,{{IPA|af|aˈpart(ɦ)əit|lang}} ; transl. "raba", lit. ' ) wani tsari ne na [[Rarraba launin fata|wariyar launin fata]] da aka kafa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka {{Efn|South West Africa existed as a colonial territory under the control of the South African administration.}} (yanzu [[Namibiya|Namibia]] ) daga 1948 zuwa 1994 . {{Refn|The [[Population Registration Act, 1950]], the basis for most apartheid legislation, was abolished in 1991,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1/repeal-population-registration-act |title=Repeal of Population Registration Act |date=17 June 1991 |publisher=C-Span |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140800/https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1%2Frepeal-population-registration-act |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Abolished">{{cite news|title=South Africa ends racial classifications|last=Myre |first=Greg |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040 |agency=Associated Press|publisher=Southeast Missourian |location=Cape Girardeau |date=18 June 1991|access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608230005/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040 |url-status=live}}</ref> although the country's first non-racial government was not established until [[1994 South African general election|non-racial elections held under a universal franchise]] in 1994.<ref name=Jeffrey>{{cite book|last=Bartusis|first=Mark|editor1-last=Gomez|editor1-first=Edmund|editor2-last=Premdas|editor2-first=Ralph|title=Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict|date=2012|pages=126–132|publisher=Routledge Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0415627689}}</ref>}} An siffanta shi da al'adar siyasa mai kama da kama-karya wadda ta dogara da ''baasskap'' ( lit. 'boss-ship' ko 'boss-hood'), wanda ya tabbatar da cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta mamaye siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki ta hannun tsirarun fararen fata na ƙasar. A ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin mulkin kama-karya, fararen fata suna da matsayi mafi girma, yayin da sauran ƙungiyoyin aka rarraba su a matsayin 'yan Indiya / Asiya, [[Coloureds|Masu Launi]] da [[Bakar fata|Baƙar fata 'yan Afirka]], tare da haƙƙoƙi da gata daban-daban. <ref name="Mayne" /> A takaice dai, an rarraba wariyar launin fata zuwa ''ƙaramin wariyar launin fata'', wanda ya ƙunshi raba wuraren jama'a da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, da kuma ''babban wariyar launin fata'', wanda ya raba gidaje da damar aiki ta hanyar launin fata. Dokar wariyar launin fata ta farko ita ce Dokar Haramta Aure Mai Haɗaka, 1949, sannan Dokar Gyaran Fajirci ta 1950 ta biyo baya, wadda ta haramta wa yawancin 'yan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu yin aure ko kuma yin jima'i tsakanin launin fata daban-daban . Dokar Rijistar Jama'a ta 1950 ta rarraba dukkan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu zuwa ƙungiyoyin ƙabila bisa ga kamanni, asalinsu da aka sani, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da salon rayuwa na al'adu: " [[Bakar fata|Baƙi]] ", " Fari ", " [[Coloureds|Mai Launi]] ", da " Indiya ". An ƙayyade wuraren zama ta hanyar rarrabuwar launin fata. [1] Tsakanin 1960 da 1983, an kori 'yan Afirka Baƙaƙe miliyan 3.5 daga gidajensu aka kuma tilasta musu shiga unguwannin da aka ware sakamakon dokar wariyar launin fata, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman korar jama'a a tarihin zamani. [2] Yawancin waɗannan ƙaura da aka yi niyya an yi su ne don takaita yawan baƙar fata zuwa "ƙabilun gida goma", waɗanda aka fi sani da bantustans . [1] Wariyar launin fata ta haifar da adawa mai yawa a ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida, wanda ya haifar da wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa mafi tasiri a duniya a ƙarni na 20. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta yi Allah wadai da shi akai-akai, kuma ya haifar da [[Takunkumin kasa da kasa a lokacin wariyar launin fata|takunkumi mai yawa na kasa da kasa]], ciki har da takunkumin makamai da [[takunkumin tattalin arziki]] ga Afirka ta Kudu. [[Internal resistance to apartheid|Juyin juya hali na cikin gida ga wariyar launin fata]] ya ƙara zama mai tsauri a shekarun 1970 da 1980, wanda ya haifar da mummunan farmaki daga gwamnatin da jam'iyyar National Party ke jagoranta da kuma dogon rikicin addini wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar dubban mutane ko kuma a tsare su. An yi wasu gyare-gyare a tsarin wariyar launin fata, ciki har da ba da damar wakilcin siyasa na Indiya da Launuka a majalisar dokoki, amma waɗannan matakan sun kasa faranta wa yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka rai. Tsakanin 1987 da 1993, Jam'iyyar National Party ta shiga tattaunawa ta ɓangarorin biyu da Jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC), babbar ƙungiyar siyasa mai yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, don kawo ƙarshen wariya da kuma gabatar da mulkin rinjaye, [1] [2] wanda ya kai ga zaɓen da ba na launin fata ba a watan Afrilun 1994. [3] Tun bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, zaɓe ya kasance a buɗe kuma mai gasa, kuma rayuwar 'yan Afirka ta Kudu ta inganta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Gadon tattalin arziki da tasirin zamantakewa na wariyar launin fata ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa yau, musamman rashin daidaito . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moeti |first=Thato |date=27 April 2018 |title=Apartheid legacy haunts SA economy |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119000230/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/ |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=2 May 2018 |website=www.sabcnews.com |publisher=SABC News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Alan |date=6 April 2018 |title=Ramaphosa's tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201804060509.html |agency=AllAfrica}}</ref> == Masu gabatarwa == ''Wariyar launin fata'' kalma ce ta [[Afrikaans|'yan Afirka]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary.com entry for 'apartheid' |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221846/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> ma'ana "rabuwa", ko "yanayin kasancewa a ware", a zahiri "rabuwa" ko [[wiktionary:apart#English|rabuwa]] - [[wiktionary:-hood#English|hood]] " (daga ƙarin bayani na 'yan Afirka ''-heid'' '). An fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1929. Wariyar launin fata ga Baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu ta samo asali ne tun daga lokacin da Turawa suka mamaye Afirka ta Kudu, inda Kamfanin Dutch East India ya kafa wani wurin ciniki a [[Cape of Good Hope]] a shekarar 1652, wanda daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa zuwa Cape Colony na ƙasar Holland . Kamfanin ya fara Yaƙin Khoikhoi-Holland inda ya kori [[Khoekhoe|mutanen Khoikhoi]] na gida, ya maye gurbinsu da gonakin da fararen fata ke aiki, sannan ya shigo da bayi baƙaƙe daga faɗin Daular Holland . {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} A zamanin [[Bauta a Afirka ta Kudu|bauta]], bayi suna buƙatar izinin tafiya daga wurin masu su. A shekara ta 1797, jami'an ''Landdrost'' da <nowiki><i id="mw1g">Heemraden</i></nowiki>, na [[Swellendam]] da [[Gidan cin abinci|Graaff-Reinet,]] sun faɗaɗa dokokin da suka wuce bayi kuma suka ba da umarnin cewa duk Khoikhoi (wanda aka naɗa a matsayin ''Hottentots'' ) da ke yawo a cikin ƙasar don kowace manufa ya kamata ya ɗauki takardar izinin shiga. {{Sfn|Du Toit|Giliomee|1983}}{{Page needed|date=April 2026}} Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta tabbatar da wannan a shekarar 1809 ta hanyar sanarwar Hottentot, wadda ta yanke hukuncin cewa idan wani Khoikhoi zai ƙaura, zai buƙaci izinin wucewa daga mai shi ko wani jami'in yankin. {{Sfn|Du Toit|Giliomee|1983}}{{Page needed|date=April 2026}} Dokar da aka ba da lamba 49 ta 1828 ta tsara cewa za a ba wa baƙi 'yan ci-rani izinin shiga ƙasar don kawai neman aiki. {{Sfn|Du Toit|Giliomee|1983}}{{Page needed|date=April 2026}} An bayar da waɗannan takardun izinin ga masu launin fata da Khoikhoi amma ba ga sauran 'yan Afirka ba, waɗanda duk da haka aka tilasta musu ɗaukar katunan izinin. [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar kawar da bauta ta Burtaniya ta 1833]] ta tanadar da kawar da bauta a hankali a mafi yawan sassan Daular Burtaniya, kuma an haramta cinikin bayi a duk fadin Daular Burtaniya a shekarar 1837. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Northrup |first=David |date=September 2007 |title=A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/abs/a-e-afigbo-the-abolition-of-the-slave-trade-in-southeastern-nigeria-18851950-rochester-university-of-rochester-press-2006-rochester-studies-in-african-history-and-the-diaspora-xv-210-pp-maps-appendixes-bibliography-index-7500-cloth/7279CB1095BDD89AD84EACAA5AAA42CC |journal=[[African Studies Review]] |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=228–229 |doi=10.1353/arw.2007.0116 |issn=0002-0206 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dokar ta yi watsi da Dokar Ba da Lamuni ta Cape ta 1806, wadda ta tabbatar da girmama dokokin da aka kafa a baya a ƙarƙashin dokar Roman-Holland <ref name="Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law">{{Cite web |last=R.W Lee |title=Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00leeruoft |access-date=27 March 2011 |publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press}}</ref> kuma ta haifar da rabuwar dokar a Afirka ta Kudu da Dokar gama gari ta Ingila . Domin bin wannan doka, an faɗaɗa dokokin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa ga Dokar 1 a shekarar 1835, wadda ta canza matsayin bayi zuwa [[Bautar da aka yi wa bautar|ma'aikata masu lasisin aiki]] yadda ya kamata. Bayan haka, Dokar 3 ta biyo baya a shekarar 1848, wadda ta gabatar da tsarin bayar da diyya ga [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] wanda bai bambanta da bauta ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} Yankunan mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Kudu daban-daban sun zartar da dokoki a duk tsawon sauran karni na 19 don takaita 'yancin ma'aikata marasa ƙwarewa, don ƙara ƙuntatawa ga ma'aikatan da aka ba wa lasisin aiki da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin kabilu. Binciken lu'u-lu'u da zinariya a Afirka ta Kudu ya kuma haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin launin fata tsakanin fararen fata da baƙar fata. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} Wasu masana sun yi jayayya cewa akidar Apartheid za a iya nuna ta a cikin tsarin Afirkaner Calvinism, tare da al'adunsa masu kama da juna na wariyar launin fata; misali, tun farkon 1933; majalisar zartarwa ta Broederbond ta tsara shawarar wariyar launin fata. <ref name="SaulDubow" /> A yankin Cape Colony, wanda a da yake da kundin tsarin mulki mai sassaucin ra'ayi da kabilanci daban-daban da kuma tsarin ikon mallakar Cape Qualified Franchise wanda aka bude wa maza na dukkan kabilu, Dokar ikon mallakar Franchise da kuri'a ta 1892 ta daukaka cancantar ikon mallakar kadarori kuma ta kara wani bangare na ilimi, wanda ya hana adadin masu kada kuri'a na Cape wadanda ba fararen fata ba damar samun 'yancinsu, kuma Dokar Glen Grey ta 1894 da gwamnatin Firayim Minista [[Cecil Rhodes]] ta kafa ta takaita adadin filaye da 'yan Afirka za su iya mallaka. Hakazalika, a Natal, Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Natal ta 1894 ta hana 'yan Indiya 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a. A shekarar 1896, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ta gabatar da dokoki guda biyu da suka bukaci 'yan Afirka su ɗauki tambari. Waɗanda master ya ɗauka aiki ne kawai aka ba su izinin ci gaba da zama a Rand, kuma waɗanda suka shiga "yankin aiki" suna buƙatar takardar izinin shiga ta musamman. A lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, Daular Burtaniya ta ambaci cin zarafin launin fata da ake yi wa Baƙaƙe a matsayin dalilin yaƙin da ta yi da jamhuriyar Boer . Duk da haka, tattaunawar zaman lafiya don Yarjejeniyar Vereeniging ta buƙaci "fifikon fararen fata" a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin wani sharaɗi na haɗin kai tsakanin jamhuriyoyin Boer da Daular Burtaniya. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} A shekarar 1905, [[General Pass Regulations Act|Dokar Kafa Dokar Gabaɗaya]] ta hana Baƙar fata kaɗa ƙuri'a kuma ta takaita su ga yankuna da aka ƙayyade, kuma a shekarar 1906, Dokar Rijistar Asiya ta Transvaal Colony ta buƙaci duk 'yan Indiya su yi rijista da kuma ɗaukar takardun izinin shiga. Tun daga shekarar 1906, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin Godfrey Lagden ta fara aiwatar da wata manufa ta wariya a fili ga waɗanda ba fararen fata ba. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta soke na ƙarshe amma ta sake aiwatar da shi a shekarar 1908. A shekara ta 1910, an ƙirƙiri Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin mulkin kai, wanda ya ci gaba da shirin dokoki: Dokar Afirka ta Kudu (1910) ta bai wa fararen fata 'yancin yin mulki, tana ba su cikakken iko a siyasance kan duk sauran ƙungiyoyin launin fata yayin da take cire haƙƙin Baƙar fata na zama a majalisa; Dokar Ƙasa ta 'Yan Asalin (1913) ta hana Baƙar fata, ban da waɗanda ke Cape, sayen ƙasa a wajen "ma'ajiyar kaya"; <ref name="leach" /> Dokar 'Yan Asalin Birane (1918) an tsara ta ne don tilasta wa Baƙar fata shiga "wurare"; Dokar Yankin Birane (1923) ta gabatar da wariya a gidaje kuma ta samar da aiki mai araha ga masana'antu da fararen fata ke jagoranta; Dokar Launi ta Launi (1926) ta hana ma'aikatan ma'adinai baƙar fata yin sana'o'i masu ƙwarewa; Dokar Gudanar da 'Yan Asalin (1927) ta sanya Masarautar Burtaniya maimakon manyan shugabanni a matsayin babban shugaban duk harkokin Afirka; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khunou |first=Freddie |date=2009 |title=Traditional Leadership and Independent Bantustans of South Africa; Some Milestones of Transformative Constitutionalism Beyond Apartheid |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317904053_Traditional_Leadership_and_Independent_Bantustans_of_South_Africa_Some_Milestones_of_Transformative_Constitutionalism_beyond_Apartheid |journal=PER |volume=12 |issue=4}}</ref> Dokar Filaye da Amincewa ta 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa (1936) ta ƙara wa Dokar Filayen 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa ta 1913, kuma a wannan shekarar, Dokar Wakiltar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar ta cire tsoffin masu zaɓen Baƙar fata daga jerin sunayen masu zaɓen Cape kuma ta ba su damar zaɓar Fari uku zuwa Majalisar Dokoki.   Gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Hadin Kan Jan Smuts ta fara kaucewa tsauraran dokokin wariya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, amma ta fuskanci ƙara adawa daga masu ra'ayin kishin ƙasa na Afirkaner waɗanda ke son a ƙara tsaurara wariya. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} Bayan yaƙin, ɗaya daga cikin dokokin farko da gwamnatin Smuts ta kafa shine Dokar Kula da Filaye ta Asiya (1946), wadda ta haramta sayar da filaye ga 'yan Indiya da 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=E. S. |date=n.d. |title=Indian passive resistance in South Africa, 1946–1948 |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-passive-resistance-south-africa-1946-1948 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223214527/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-passive-resistance-south-africa-1946-1948 |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=23 February 2015 |website=sahistory.org.za |publisher=SA History}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, gwamnati ta kafa [[Kwamitin Fagan|Hukumar Fagan]] . A cikin fargabar cewa [[Haɗin kai na launin fata|haɗin kai]] zai haifar da haɗakar launin fata, jam'iyyar adawa ta Herenigde Nasionale (HNP) ta kafa Hukumar Sauer don bincika tasirin manufofin Jam'iyyar United. Kwamitin ya kammala da cewa hadewa zai kawo "rashin mutunci" ga dukkan kabilu. HNP ta haɗa sakamakon kwamitin a cikin dandalin yakin neman zaben Afirka ta Kudu na 1948, wanda ta yi nasara.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}} == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Bayanan kula da Manazarta == === Karin bayani === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|group=note}} === Manazarta === === Littattafan tarihi === *   *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Naidoo |first=Josephine C. |last2=Rajab |first2=Devi Moodley |date=1 September 2005 |title=The Dynamics of Oppression |journal=Psychology and Developing Societies |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–159 |doi=10.1177/097133360501700204 |s2cid=145782935}} *   == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-ndELAPSd8 Wariyar launin fata: Bautar ƙarni na 20] Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1971 kan Wariyar launin fata. * – Ya haɗa da hotuna da yawa * Archived [http://www.apartheidmuseum.org/node/48 Littafin Fahimtar Masu Koyo game da Wariyar Launin Fata] – Jerin PDFs da Gidan Tarihi na Wariyar Launin Fata ya buga * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160112005600/https://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No81/Chap2.html Juyin halittar 'yan dama na fari] - ''Volk'', imani da ƙasar uba: Barazanar tsaro da 'yan dama na fari ke haifarwa, na Martin Schönteich da Henri Boshoff, 2003 * [http://www.sahistory.org.za/20th-century-south-africa/freedom-charter-1955 Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci ta 1955] - Game da [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci]] (Tarihin SA akan layi) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170903090730/http://www.districtsix.co.za/index.php Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar 6] – Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar Shida ta Cape Town, wanda ke duba korar da aka tilasta wa mutane * [http://ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/south-africa Cibiyar Shari'ar Canjin Mulki ta Duniya (ICTJ)] tana ba da albarkatu kan gadon mulkin wariyar launin fata da adalci na riƙon kwarya a Afirka ta Kudu bayan wariyar launin fata. * * [http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/our-collections/special-collections/archives-manuscripts/subject-guides-to-archives/apartheid/ Jagorar jigon tarihin wariyar launin fata] - Jami'ar London {{Political history of South Africa}}{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}{{Segregation by type|state=collapsed}}{{South Africa topics|state=collapsed}}{{South Africa year nav}}{{White people}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fmbrsku87lm7p8wqjcz3ifm4eptfr8e 964059 964056 2026-10-06T20:54:25Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 964059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Wariyar launin fata''' ( / ə ˈpɑːrt ( h ) aɪt / ə-SASHE -(h)yte, <small>musamman Turancin Afirka ta Kudu :&nbsp;</small>/ ə ˈpɑːr t ( h ) eɪt / ə-PART -(h) ayt ,{{IPA|af|aˈpart(ɦ)əit|lang}} ; transl. "raba", lit. ' ) wani tsari ne na [[Rarraba launin fata|wariyar launin fata]] da aka kafa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka {{Efn|South West Africa existed as a colonial territory under the control of the South African administration.}} (yanzu [[Namibiya|Namibia]] ) daga 1948 zuwa 1994 . {{Refn|The [[Population Registration Act, 1950]], the basis for most apartheid legislation, was abolished in 1991,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1/repeal-population-registration-act |title=Repeal of Population Registration Act |date=17 June 1991 |publisher=C-Span |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140800/https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1%2Frepeal-population-registration-act |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Abolished">{{cite news|title=South Africa ends racial classifications|last=Myre |first=Greg |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040 |agency=Associated Press|publisher=Southeast Missourian |location=Cape Girardeau |date=18 June 1991|access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608230005/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040 |url-status=live}}</ref> although the country's first non-racial government was not established until [[1994 South African general election|non-racial elections held under a universal franchise]] in 1994.<ref name=Jeffrey>{{cite book|last=Bartusis|first=Mark|editor1-last=Gomez|editor1-first=Edmund|editor2-last=Premdas|editor2-first=Ralph|title=Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict|date=2012|pages=126–132|publisher=Routledge Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0415627689}}</ref>}} An siffanta shi da al'adar siyasa mai kama da kama-karya wadda ta dogara da ''baasskap'' ( lit. 'boss-ship' ko 'boss-hood'), wanda ya tabbatar da cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta mamaye siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki ta hannun tsirarun fararen fata na ƙasar. A ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin mulkin kama-karya, fararen fata suna da matsayi mafi girma, yayin da sauran ƙungiyoyin aka rarraba su a matsayin 'yan Indiya / Asiya, [[Coloureds|Masu Launi]] da [[Bakar fata|Baƙar fata 'yan Afirka]], tare da haƙƙoƙi da gata daban-daban. <ref name="Mayne" /> A takaice dai, an rarraba wariyar launin fata zuwa ''ƙaramin wariyar launin fata'', wanda ya ƙunshi raba wuraren jama'a da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, da kuma ''babban wariyar launin fata'', wanda ya raba gidaje da damar aiki ta hanyar launin fata. Dokar wariyar launin fata ta farko ita ce Dokar Haramta Aure Mai Haɗaka, 1949, sannan Dokar Gyaran Fajirci ta 1950 ta biyo baya, wadda ta haramta wa yawancin 'yan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu yin aure ko kuma yin jima'i tsakanin launin fata daban-daban . Dokar Rijistar Jama'a ta 1950 ta rarraba dukkan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu zuwa ƙungiyoyin ƙabila bisa ga kamanni, asalinsu da aka sani, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da salon rayuwa na al'adu: " [[Bakar fata|Baƙi]] ", " Fari ", " [[Coloureds|Mai Launi]] ", da " Indiya ". An ƙayyade wuraren zama ta hanyar rarrabuwar launin fata. [1] Tsakanin 1960 da 1983, an kori 'yan Afirka Baƙaƙe miliyan 3.5 daga gidajensu aka kuma tilasta musu shiga unguwannin da aka ware sakamakon dokar wariyar launin fata, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman korar jama'a a tarihin zamani. [2] Yawancin waɗannan ƙaura da aka yi niyya an yi su ne don takaita yawan baƙar fata zuwa "ƙabilun gida goma", waɗanda aka fi sani da bantustans . [1] Wariyar launin fata ta haifar da adawa mai yawa a ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida, wanda ya haifar da wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa mafi tasiri a duniya a ƙarni na 20. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta yi Allah wadai da shi akai-akai, kuma ya haifar da [[Takunkumin kasa da kasa a lokacin wariyar launin fata|takunkumi mai yawa na kasa da kasa]], ciki har da takunkumin makamai da [[takunkumin tattalin arziki]] ga Afirka ta Kudu. [[Internal resistance to apartheid|Juyin juya hali na cikin gida ga wariyar launin fata]] ya ƙara zama mai tsauri a shekarun 1970 da 1980, wanda ya haifar da mummunan farmaki daga gwamnatin da jam'iyyar National Party ke jagoranta da kuma dogon rikicin addini wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar dubban mutane ko kuma a tsare su. An yi wasu gyare-gyare a tsarin wariyar launin fata, ciki har da ba da damar wakilcin siyasa na Indiya da Launuka a majalisar dokoki, amma waɗannan matakan sun kasa faranta wa yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka rai. Tsakanin 1987 da 1993, Jam'iyyar National Party ta shiga tattaunawa ta ɓangarorin biyu da Jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC), babbar ƙungiyar siyasa mai yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, don kawo ƙarshen wariya da kuma gabatar da mulkin rinjaye, [1] [2] wanda ya kai ga zaɓen da ba na launin fata ba a watan Afrilun 1994. [3] Tun bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, zaɓe ya kasance a buɗe kuma mai gasa, kuma rayuwar 'yan Afirka ta Kudu ta inganta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Gadon tattalin arziki da tasirin zamantakewa na wariyar launin fata ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa yau, musamman rashin daidaito . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moeti |first=Thato |date=27 April 2018 |title=Apartheid legacy haunts SA economy |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119000230/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/ |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=2 May 2018 |website=www.sabcnews.com |publisher=SABC News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Alan |date=6 April 2018 |title=Ramaphosa's tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201804060509.html |agency=AllAfrica}}</ref> == Masu gabatarwa == ''Wariyar launin fata'' kalma ce ta [[Afrikaans|'yan Afirka]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary.com entry for 'apartheid' |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221846/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> ma'ana "rabuwa", ko "yanayin kasancewa a ware", a zahiri "rabuwa" ko [[wiktionary:apart#English|rabuwa]] - [[wiktionary:-hood#English|hood]] " (daga ƙarin bayani na 'yan Afirka ''-heid'' '). An fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1929. Wariyar launin fata ga Baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu ta samo asali ne tun daga lokacin da Turawa suka mamaye Afirka ta Kudu, inda Kamfanin Dutch East India ya kafa wani wurin ciniki a [[Cape of Good Hope]] a shekarar 1652, wanda daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa zuwa Cape Colony na ƙasar Holland . Kamfanin ya fara Yaƙin Khoikhoi-Holland inda ya kori [[Khoekhoe|mutanen Khoikhoi]] na gida, ya maye gurbinsu da gonakin da fararen fata ke aiki, sannan ya shigo da bayi baƙaƙe daga faɗin Daular Holland . {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} A zamanin [[Bauta a Afirka ta Kudu|bauta]], bayi suna buƙatar izinin tafiya daga wurin masu su. A shekara ta 1797, jami'an ''Landdrost'' da <nowiki><i id="mw1g">Heemraden</i></nowiki>, na [[Swellendam]] da [[Gidan cin abinci|Graaff-Reinet,]] sun faɗaɗa dokokin da suka wuce bayi kuma suka ba da umarnin cewa duk Khoikhoi (wanda aka naɗa a matsayin ''Hottentots'' ) da ke yawo a cikin ƙasar don kowace manufa ya kamata ya ɗauki takardar izinin shiga. {{Sfn|Du Toit|Giliomee|1983}}{{Page needed|date=April 2026}} Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta tabbatar da wannan a shekarar 1809 ta hanyar sanarwar Hottentot, wadda ta yanke hukuncin cewa idan wani Khoikhoi zai ƙaura, zai buƙaci izinin wucewa daga mai shi ko wani jami'in yankin. {{Sfn|Du Toit|Giliomee|1983}}{{Page needed|date=April 2026}} Dokar da aka ba da lamba 49 ta 1828 ta tsara cewa za a ba wa baƙi 'yan ci-rani izinin shiga ƙasar don kawai neman aiki. {{Sfn|Du Toit|Giliomee|1983}}{{Page needed|date=April 2026}} An bayar da waɗannan takardun izinin ga masu launin fata da Khoikhoi amma ba ga sauran 'yan Afirka ba, waɗanda duk da haka aka tilasta musu ɗaukar katunan izinin. [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar kawar da bauta ta Burtaniya ta 1833]] ta tanadar da kawar da bauta a hankali a mafi yawan sassan Daular Burtaniya, kuma an haramta cinikin bayi a duk fadin Daular Burtaniya a shekarar 1837. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Northrup |first=David |date=September 2007 |title=A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/abs/a-e-afigbo-the-abolition-of-the-slave-trade-in-southeastern-nigeria-18851950-rochester-university-of-rochester-press-2006-rochester-studies-in-african-history-and-the-diaspora-xv-210-pp-maps-appendixes-bibliography-index-7500-cloth/7279CB1095BDD89AD84EACAA5AAA42CC |journal=[[African Studies Review]] |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=228–229 |doi=10.1353/arw.2007.0116 |issn=0002-0206 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dokar ta yi watsi da Dokar Ba da Lamuni ta Cape ta 1806, wadda ta tabbatar da girmama dokokin da aka kafa a baya a ƙarƙashin dokar Roman-Holland <ref name="Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law">{{Cite web |last=R.W Lee |title=Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00leeruoft |access-date=27 March 2011 |publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press}}</ref> kuma ta haifar da rabuwar dokar a Afirka ta Kudu da Dokar gama gari ta Ingila . Domin bin wannan doka, an faɗaɗa dokokin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa ga Dokar 1 a shekarar 1835, wadda ta canza matsayin bayi zuwa [[Bautar da aka yi wa bautar|ma'aikata masu lasisin aiki]] yadda ya kamata. Bayan haka, Dokar 3 ta biyo baya a shekarar 1848, wadda ta gabatar da tsarin bayar da diyya ga [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] wanda bai bambanta da bauta ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} Yankunan mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Kudu daban-daban sun zartar da dokoki a duk tsawon sauran karni na 19 don takaita 'yancin ma'aikata marasa ƙwarewa, don ƙara ƙuntatawa ga ma'aikatan da aka ba wa lasisin aiki da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin kabilu. Binciken lu'u-lu'u da zinariya a Afirka ta Kudu ya kuma haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin launin fata tsakanin fararen fata da baƙar fata. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} Wasu masana sun yi jayayya cewa akidar Apartheid za a iya nuna ta a cikin tsarin Afirkaner Calvinism, tare da al'adunsa masu kama da juna na wariyar launin fata; misali, tun farkon 1933; majalisar zartarwa ta Broederbond ta tsara shawarar wariyar launin fata. <ref name="SaulDubow" /> A yankin Cape Colony, wanda a da yake da kundin tsarin mulki mai sassaucin ra'ayi da kabilanci daban-daban da kuma tsarin ikon mallakar Cape Qualified Franchise wanda aka bude wa maza na dukkan kabilu, Dokar ikon mallakar Franchise da kuri'a ta 1892 ta daukaka cancantar ikon mallakar kadarori kuma ta kara wani bangare na ilimi, wanda ya hana adadin masu kada kuri'a na Cape wadanda ba fararen fata ba damar samun 'yancinsu, kuma Dokar Glen Grey ta 1894 da gwamnatin Firayim Minista [[Cecil Rhodes]] ta kafa ta takaita adadin filaye da 'yan Afirka za su iya mallaka. Hakazalika, a Natal, Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Natal ta 1894 ta hana 'yan Indiya 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a. A shekarar 1896, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ta gabatar da dokoki guda biyu da suka bukaci 'yan Afirka su ɗauki tambari. Waɗanda master ya ɗauka aiki ne kawai aka ba su izinin ci gaba da zama a Rand, kuma waɗanda suka shiga "yankin aiki" suna buƙatar takardar izinin shiga ta musamman. A lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, Daular Burtaniya ta ambaci cin zarafin launin fata da ake yi wa Baƙaƙe a matsayin dalilin yaƙin da ta yi da jamhuriyar Boer . Duk da haka, tattaunawar zaman lafiya don Yarjejeniyar Vereeniging ta buƙaci "fifikon fararen fata" a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin wani sharaɗi na haɗin kai tsakanin jamhuriyoyin Boer da Daular Burtaniya. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} A shekarar 1905, [[General Pass Regulations Act|Dokar Kafa Dokar Gabaɗaya]] ta hana Baƙar fata kaɗa ƙuri'a kuma ta takaita su ga yankuna da aka ƙayyade, kuma a shekarar 1906, Dokar Rijistar Asiya ta Transvaal Colony ta buƙaci duk 'yan Indiya su yi rijista da kuma ɗaukar takardun izinin shiga. Tun daga shekarar 1906, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin Godfrey Lagden ta fara aiwatar da wata manufa ta wariya a fili ga waɗanda ba fararen fata ba. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta soke na ƙarshe amma ta sake aiwatar da shi a shekarar 1908. A shekara ta 1910, an ƙirƙiri Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin mulkin kai, wanda ya ci gaba da shirin dokoki: Dokar Afirka ta Kudu (1910) ta bai wa fararen fata 'yancin yin mulki, tana ba su cikakken iko a siyasance kan duk sauran ƙungiyoyin launin fata yayin da take cire haƙƙin Baƙar fata na zama a majalisa; Dokar Ƙasa ta 'Yan Asalin (1913) ta hana Baƙar fata, ban da waɗanda ke Cape, sayen ƙasa a wajen "ma'ajiyar kaya"; <ref name="leach" /> Dokar 'Yan Asalin Birane (1918) an tsara ta ne don tilasta wa Baƙar fata shiga "wurare"; Dokar Yankin Birane (1923) ta gabatar da wariya a gidaje kuma ta samar da aiki mai araha ga masana'antu da fararen fata ke jagoranta; Dokar Launi ta Launi (1926) ta hana ma'aikatan ma'adinai baƙar fata yin sana'o'i masu ƙwarewa; Dokar Gudanar da 'Yan Asalin (1927) ta sanya Masarautar Burtaniya maimakon manyan shugabanni a matsayin babban shugaban duk harkokin Afirka; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khunou |first=Freddie |date=2009 |title=Traditional Leadership and Independent Bantustans of South Africa; Some Milestones of Transformative Constitutionalism Beyond Apartheid |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317904053_Traditional_Leadership_and_Independent_Bantustans_of_South_Africa_Some_Milestones_of_Transformative_Constitutionalism_beyond_Apartheid |journal=PER |volume=12 |issue=4}}</ref> Dokar Filaye da Amincewa ta 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa (1936) ta ƙara wa Dokar Filayen 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa ta 1913, kuma a wannan shekarar, Dokar Wakiltar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar ta cire tsoffin masu zaɓen Baƙar fata daga jerin sunayen masu zaɓen Cape kuma ta ba su damar zaɓar Fari uku zuwa Majalisar Dokoki.   Gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Hadin Kan Jan Smuts ta fara kaucewa tsauraran dokokin wariya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, amma ta fuskanci ƙara adawa daga masu ra'ayin kishin ƙasa na Afirkaner waɗanda ke son a ƙara tsaurara wariya. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} Bayan yaƙin, ɗaya daga cikin dokokin farko da gwamnatin Smuts ta kafa shine Dokar Kula da Filaye ta Asiya (1946), wadda ta haramta sayar da filaye ga 'yan Indiya da 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=E. S. |date=n.d. |title=Indian passive resistance in South Africa, 1946–1948 |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-passive-resistance-south-africa-1946-1948 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223214527/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-passive-resistance-south-africa-1946-1948 |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=23 February 2015 |website=sahistory.org.za |publisher=SA History}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, gwamnati ta kafa [[Kwamitin Fagan|Hukumar Fagan]] . A cikin fargabar cewa [[Haɗin kai na launin fata|haɗin kai]] zai haifar da haɗakar launin fata, jam'iyyar adawa ta Herenigde Nasionale (HNP) ta kafa Hukumar Sauer don bincika tasirin manufofin Jam'iyyar United. Kwamitin ya kammala da cewa hadewa zai kawo "rashin mutunci" ga dukkan kabilu. HNP ta haɗa sakamakon kwamitin a cikin dandalin yakin neman zaben Afirka ta Kudu na 1948, wanda ta yi nasara.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}} == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Bayanan kula da Manazarta == === Karin bayani === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|group=note}} === Manazarta === === Littattafan tarihi === *   *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Naidoo |first=Josephine C. |last2=Rajab |first2=Devi Moodley |date=1 September 2005 |title=The Dynamics of Oppression |journal=Psychology and Developing Societies |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–159 |doi=10.1177/097133360501700204 |s2cid=145782935}} *   == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-ndELAPSd8 Wariyar launin fata: Bautar ƙarni na 20] Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1971 kan Wariyar launin fata. * – Ya haɗa da hotuna da yawa * Archived [http://www.apartheidmuseum.org/node/48 Littafin Fahimtar Masu Koyo game da Wariyar Launin Fata] – Jerin PDFs da Gidan Tarihi na Wariyar Launin Fata ya buga * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160112005600/https://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No81/Chap2.html Juyin halittar 'yan dama na fari] - ''Volk'', imani da ƙasar uba: Barazanar tsaro da 'yan dama na fari ke haifarwa, na Martin Schönteich da Henri Boshoff, 2003 * [http://www.sahistory.org.za/20th-century-south-africa/freedom-charter-1955 Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci ta 1955] - Game da [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci]] (Tarihin SA akan layi) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170903090730/http://www.districtsix.co.za/index.php Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar 6] – Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar Shida ta Cape Town, wanda ke duba korar da aka tilasta wa mutane * [http://ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/south-africa Cibiyar Shari'ar Canjin Mulki ta Duniya (ICTJ)] tana ba da albarkatu kan gadon mulkin wariyar launin fata da adalci na riƙon kwarya a Afirka ta Kudu bayan wariyar launin fata. * * [http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/our-collections/special-collections/archives-manuscripts/subject-guides-to-archives/apartheid/ Jagorar jigon tarihin wariyar launin fata] - Jami'ar London {{Political history of South Africa}}{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}{{Segregation by type|state=collapsed}}{{South Africa topics|state=collapsed}}{{South Africa year nav}}{{White people}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i0x5cvyotptfh334ignwd6k5gxihddu 0 45710 964020 844516 2026-10-06T19:41:34Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bisa ga Imanin Addinin Musulunci, Annabi '''Ibrahim''' ({{Lang-ar|إِبْرَاهِيْمُ|ʾIbrāhīm}}, Arabic pronunciation: [ʔɪbraːˈhiːm]) [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi ne kuma manzo]] [[Allah]],<ref name="Sajjadi 2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Farhad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Quran|87|19}}</ref> kuma Kaka ga Larabawa [[Isma'ilawa]] da Isra'ilawa.<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> Annabi Ibrahim ya bayar da babbar gudummuwa a matsayin misali na ban gaskiya cikin [[Yahudanci]], [[Kiristanci]], da [[Musulunci]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> A aƙidar [[musulmi]], Annabi Ibrahim ya cika dukkan dokoki da jarabawowin da Allah (SWT) ya raya shi a tsawon rayuwarsa. A sakamakon ban gaskiyar da yake da ita ga Allah, Allah ya yi wa Annabi Ibrahim alkawari cewa zai zama shugaba ga dukan al’ummai na duniya.<ref name="q2s124">{{Cite Quran|2|124}}</ref> [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] mai girma ya daukaka Annabi Ibrahim (AS) a matsayin abin koyi, mai biyayya ba mai bautar gumaka ba.<ref>{{Cite Quran|16|120}}</ref> A cikin wannan ma'ana, an kwatanta Annabi Ibrahim a matsayin wakiltar "mutum na farko a duniya ya mika wuya ga Haƙiƙanin Allahntaka kafin rarrabuwar ta zuwa addinan da suka rabu da juna ta hanyar bambance-bambancen tsari".<ref name="Glasse" /> {{Rp|18}}Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Annabi Ibrahim da dansa Annabi Isma'il ne suka gina [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] da ke garin [[Makkah|Makka]] a matsayin gidan ibada na farko a duniya. Ana gudanar da ranar [[Sallar Idi Babba|Idin Al-Adha]] mai tsarki a Musulunci don tunawa da yadda Annabi Ibrahim ya sadaukar da dansa bisa umarnin Allah, da kuma karshen aikin [[Aikin Hajji|hajji]] na Ka'aba. [[File:Timurid Anthology Zhertva.jpg|thumb|Sadaukarwar Annabi Ibrahim]] [[Musulmai]] sunyi imani cewa Annabi Ibrahim, wanda aka fi sani da ''Khalilullah'' (Larabci: خليل الله Trans: abokin Allah), ya zama shugaban salihai a zamaninsa kuma ta hanyarsa ne Adnaniyawa - [[Larabawa]] da [[Isra'ila|Isra'ilawa]] suka zo. Ibrahim, a akidar Musulunci, ya bada gudummuwa kwarai da gaske wajen tsarkake duniya daga bautar gumaka a lokacin. Annabi Ibrahim ya kawar da maguzanci a cikin [[Yankin Larabawa|ƙasashen Larabawa]] da mutanen Kan'ana. Ya tsarkake wurare biyu a [[ruhaniya]] tare da tsarkake gidajen ibada ta jiki. Annabi Ibrahim da [[Annabi|Annabi Isma'il]] (Isma'il) sun kara kafa ayyukan hajji,<ref>{{Cite Quran|2|128}}</ref> wanda har yanzu musulmai suke bi. Musulmai sun yi iƙirarin cewa Annabi Ibrahim ya ƙara roƙi Allah ya albarkaci zuriyarsa, Annabi Isma'il da [[Annabi Ishaq|Annabi Is'haq]] ([[Ishaaq|Ishak]]), kuma ya kiyaye zuriyarsa gaba ɗaya cikin tsarin Allah. == A cikin Alqur'ani == Alƙur'ani ya maimaita tabbatar da matsayin Ibrahim a matsayin uba kuma ya ambaci zuri'a masu muhimmanci da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyarsa, ciki har da Ishaku, Yakubu da Isma'ila. A cikin surori na baya na Alƙur'ani, rawar Ibrahim ta ƙara bayyana. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci cewa Ibrahim da Isma'ilu su ne masu gyara waɗanda suka kafa Ka'aba a Makka a matsayin cibiyar hajji don tauhidi. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci Musulunci a matsayin "Addinin Ibrahim" (millat Ibrahim) kuma an ba Ibrahim lakabi da Hanif (Mai tsarki, "mai gaskiya cikin Imani" ko "mutum mai adalci"). Alƙur'ani ya kuma ambaci Ibrahim a matsayin wanda Allah ya ɗauke shi a matsayin aboki (Khalil), don haka laƙabin Ibrahim a Musulunci, Khalil-Allah (Abokin Allah). Wasu suna ɗaukar kalmar a matsayin tushen laƙabin uba, Qal El. Wasu misalan a cikin Alƙur'ani waɗanda aka bayyana su a taƙaice sune ceto Ibrahim daga wutar da mutanensa suka jefa shi a ciki; roƙonsa ga mahaifinsa; jayayyarsa da sarki mara adalci da iko da mu'ujizar tsuntsaye matattu. An tattauna duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da ƙari dalla-dalla a cikin al'adun Musulmi, musamman ma a cikin Labarun Annabawa da ayyukan tauhidin Musulunci na duniya baki ɗaya. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar Ibrahim sun fi cikakken bayani a cikin rubutun Musulunci, kamar muhawara tsakanin [[Ibrahim]] da mugun sarki, Nimrod, kusantar hadayar ɗansa, da labarin Hajara da Isma'ila, waɗanda Musulmai ke tunawa da su lokacin da suke yin aikin hajji a Makka. Wani muhimmin hutu na addinin Musulunci, Eid al-Adha, yana tunawa da yardar [[Ibrahim]] na miƙa ɗansa Isma'ilu a matsayin biyayya ga Allah, kafin Allah ya shiga tsakani ya ba shi tumaki don yin hadaya a maimakon haka. A wasu lokuta, wasu suna ganin waɗannan tatsuniyoyi a cikin rubutun [[Musulunci]] na iya yin tasiri ga al'adar Yahudawa ta baya. == Tarihin Rayuwa a Littafin Musulunci == === A Matashi === Duba kuma: Daular Akkadian, Sumer, da addinin Sumer Kazamin tarihi a tsohuwar birnin Ur na Iraki, 2016, inda ake tsammanin an haifi Ibrahim, don haka ake kiransa "Gidan Ibrahim". An haifi Ibrahim a gidan masu bautar gumaka a tsohuwar birnin Ur na Kaldiyawa, wataƙila wurin da ake kira 'Ur' a Iraki ta yanzu, a wannan yanayin, masu bautar gumaka za su kasance masu bin addinin Mesopotamiya na zamanin da. [ana buƙatar ambato] Mahaifinsa Azar sanannen mai sassaka gumaka ne wanda mutanensa suka bauta wa. Tun yana ƙarami, Ibrahim ya kan kalli mahaifinsa yana sassaka waɗannan gumaka daga duwatsu ko itace. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya gama da su, Ibrahim zai tambayi mahaifinsa dalilin da yasa ba za su iya motsawa ko amsa duk wata buƙata ba sannan ya yi musu ba'a; saboda haka, mahaifinsa koyaushe zai tsawata masa saboda rashin bin al'adun kakanninsa da kuma yi wa gumakansu ba'a. Duk da adawarsa ga bautar gumaka, mahaifinsa Azar har yanzu zai aika Ibrahim ya sayar da gumakansa a kasuwa. A lokacin ɗaya daga cikin bukukuwa da yawa da ake yi a cikin birnin, mutane za su taru a haikalinsu su miƙa hadayu na abinci a gaban gumakansu. Babban haikalin Ur shine Babban Ziggurat, wanda ake iya gani a yau. Ibrahim zai tambaye su, "Me kuke bautawa? Shin waɗannan gumakan suna ji lokacin da kuka kira su? Za su iya taimaka muku ko su cutar da ku?" Mutane za su amsa, "Halin kakanninmu ne." Ibrahim ya ce "Na gaji da allolinku! Hakika ni maƙiyinsu ne." ==Manazarta== 4bxl3hukvdcnj9m9mikwgudxmczcadc 964022 964020 2026-10-06T19:42:44Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Bisa ga Imanin Addinin Musulunci, Annabi '''Ibrahim''' ({{Lang-ar|إِبْرَاهِيْمُ|ʾIbrāhīm}}, Arabic pronunciation: [ʔɪbraːˈhiːm]) [[Annabawa a Musulunci|Annabi ne kuma manzo]] [[Allah]],<ref name="Sajjadi 2015">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Farhad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Quran|87|19}}</ref> kuma Kaka ga Larabawa [[Isma'ilawa]] da [[Isra'ilawa]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> Annabi Ibrahim ya bayar da babbar gudummuwa a matsayin misali na ban gaskiya cikin [[Yahudanci]], [[Kiristanci]], da [[Musulunci]].<ref name="Sajjadi 2015" /> A aƙidar [[musulmi]], Annabi Ibrahim ya cika dukkan dokoki da jarabawowin da Allah (SWT) ya raya shi a tsawon rayuwarsa. A sakamakon ban gaskiyar da yake da ita ga Allah, Allah ya yi wa Annabi Ibrahim alkawari cewa zai zama shugaba ga dukan al’ummai na duniya.<ref name="q2s124">{{Cite Quran|2|124}}</ref> [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] mai girma ya daukaka Annabi Ibrahim (AS) a matsayin abin koyi, mai biyayya ba mai bautar gumaka ba.<ref>{{Cite Quran|16|120}}</ref> A cikin wannan ma'ana, an kwatanta Annabi Ibrahim a matsayin wakiltar "mutum na farko a duniya ya mika wuya ga Haƙiƙanin Allahntaka kafin rarrabuwar ta zuwa addinan da suka rabu da juna ta hanyar bambance-bambancen tsari".<ref name="Glasse" /> {{Rp|18}}Musulmai sun yi imani da cewa Annabi Ibrahim da dansa Annabi Isma'il ne suka gina [[Kaaba|Ka'aba]] da ke garin [[Makkah|Makka]] a matsayin gidan ibada na farko a duniya. Ana gudanar da ranar [[Sallar Idi Babba|Idin Al-Adha]] mai tsarki a Musulunci don tunawa da yadda Annabi Ibrahim ya sadaukar da dansa bisa umarnin Allah, da kuma karshen aikin [[Aikin Hajji|hajji]] na Ka'aba. [[File:Timurid Anthology Zhertva.jpg|thumb|Sadaukarwar Annabi Ibrahim]] [[Musulmai]] sunyi imani cewa Annabi Ibrahim, wanda aka fi sani da ''Khalilullah'' (Larabci: خليل الله Trans: abokin Allah), ya zama shugaban salihai a zamaninsa kuma ta hanyarsa ne Adnaniyawa - [[Larabawa]] da [[Isra'ila|Isra'ilawa]] suka zo. Ibrahim, a akidar Musulunci, ya bada gudummuwa kwarai da gaske wajen tsarkake duniya daga bautar gumaka a lokacin. Annabi Ibrahim ya kawar da maguzanci a cikin [[Yankin Larabawa|ƙasashen Larabawa]] da mutanen Kan'ana. Ya tsarkake wurare biyu a [[ruhaniya]] tare da tsarkake gidajen ibada ta jiki. Annabi Ibrahim da [[Annabi|Annabi Isma'il]] (Isma'il) sun kara kafa ayyukan hajji,<ref>{{Cite Quran|2|128}}</ref> wanda har yanzu musulmai suke bi. Musulmai sun yi iƙirarin cewa Annabi Ibrahim ya ƙara roƙi Allah ya albarkaci zuriyarsa, Annabi Isma'il da [[Annabi Ishaq|Annabi Is'haq]] ([[Ishaaq|Ishak]]), kuma ya kiyaye zuriyarsa gaba ɗaya cikin tsarin Allah. == A cikin Alqur'ani == Alƙur'ani ya maimaita tabbatar da matsayin Ibrahim a matsayin uba kuma ya ambaci zuri'a masu muhimmanci da yawa waɗanda suka fito daga zuriyarsa, ciki har da Ishaku, Yakubu da Isma'ila. A cikin surori na baya na Alƙur'ani, rawar Ibrahim ta ƙara bayyana. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci cewa Ibrahim da Isma'ilu su ne masu gyara waɗanda suka kafa Ka'aba a Makka a matsayin cibiyar hajji don tauhidi. Alƙur'ani ya ambaci Musulunci a matsayin "Addinin Ibrahim" (millat Ibrahim) kuma an ba Ibrahim lakabi da Hanif (Mai tsarki, "mai gaskiya cikin Imani" ko "mutum mai adalci"). Alƙur'ani ya kuma ambaci Ibrahim a matsayin wanda Allah ya ɗauke shi a matsayin aboki (Khalil), don haka laƙabin Ibrahim a Musulunci, Khalil-Allah (Abokin Allah). Wasu suna ɗaukar kalmar a matsayin tushen laƙabin uba, Qal El. Wasu misalan a cikin Alƙur'ani waɗanda aka bayyana su a taƙaice sune ceto Ibrahim daga wutar da mutanensa suka jefa shi a ciki; roƙonsa ga mahaifinsa; jayayyarsa da sarki mara adalci da iko da mu'ujizar tsuntsaye matattu. An tattauna duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da ƙari dalla-dalla a cikin al'adun Musulmi, musamman ma a cikin Labarun Annabawa da ayyukan tauhidin Musulunci na duniya baki ɗaya. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru daga rayuwar Ibrahim sun fi cikakken bayani a cikin rubutun Musulunci, kamar muhawara tsakanin [[Ibrahim]] da mugun sarki, Nimrod, kusantar hadayar ɗansa, da labarin Hajara da Isma'ila, waɗanda Musulmai ke tunawa da su lokacin da suke yin aikin hajji a Makka. Wani muhimmin hutu na addinin Musulunci, Eid al-Adha, yana tunawa da yardar [[Ibrahim]] na miƙa ɗansa Isma'ilu a matsayin biyayya ga Allah, kafin Allah ya shiga tsakani ya ba shi tumaki don yin hadaya a maimakon haka. A wasu lokuta, wasu suna ganin waɗannan tatsuniyoyi a cikin rubutun [[Musulunci]] na iya yin tasiri ga al'adar Yahudawa ta baya. == Tarihin Rayuwa a Littafin Musulunci == === A Matashi === Duba kuma: Daular Akkadian, Sumer, da addinin Sumer Kazamin tarihi a tsohuwar birnin Ur na Iraki, 2016, inda ake tsammanin an haifi Ibrahim, don haka ake kiransa "Gidan Ibrahim". An haifi Ibrahim a gidan masu bautar gumaka a tsohuwar birnin Ur na Kaldiyawa, wataƙila wurin da ake kira 'Ur' a Iraki ta yanzu, a wannan yanayin, masu bautar gumaka za su kasance masu bin addinin Mesopotamiya na zamanin da. [ana buƙatar ambato] Mahaifinsa Azar sanannen mai sassaka gumaka ne wanda mutanensa suka bauta wa. Tun yana ƙarami, Ibrahim ya kan kalli mahaifinsa yana sassaka waɗannan gumaka daga duwatsu ko itace. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya gama da su, Ibrahim zai tambayi mahaifinsa dalilin da yasa ba za su iya motsawa ko amsa duk wata buƙata ba sannan ya yi musu ba'a; saboda haka, mahaifinsa koyaushe zai tsawata masa saboda rashin bin al'adun kakanninsa da kuma yi wa gumakansu ba'a. Duk da adawarsa ga bautar gumaka, mahaifinsa Azar har yanzu zai aika Ibrahim ya sayar da gumakansa a kasuwa. A lokacin ɗaya daga cikin bukukuwa da yawa da ake yi a cikin birnin, mutane za su taru a haikalinsu su miƙa hadayu na abinci a gaban gumakansu. Babban haikalin Ur shine Babban Ziggurat, wanda ake iya gani a yau. Ibrahim zai tambaye su, "Me kuke bautawa? Shin waɗannan gumakan suna ji lokacin da kuka kira su? Za su iya taimaka muku ko su cutar da ku?" Mutane za su amsa, "Halin kakanninmu ne." Ibrahim ya ce "Na gaji da allolinku! Hakika ni maƙiyinsu ne." ==Manazarta== 2y4n7iooq3uokkri23k1fx2fzeu8by1 0 48185 963928 507798 2026-10-06T16:48:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:The forecourt of Rockview Auto Repairs, Lisaderg - geograph.org.uk - 5018827.jpg|thumb|rockview]] [[Fayil:Rockview Ikare2.jpg|thumb|ikere Rokview]] Dam din Rockview Dam nau'in dam ne mai cike da kasa / dutsen da ke kan kogin Palmiet kusa da Grabouw, Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu. An kafa shi a cikin 1986 kuma yana aiki galibi don ayyukan famfo (ajiya).<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockview_Dam</ref> == Tarihi == kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1986 a garin Grasbow a yankin Western Cape a kasar South Africa. An kafa dam din neh domin famfon ajiya, kuma yana daga cikin dam masu hadari.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040522023711/http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/gis_apps/dam/dams/index.htm |archive-date=2004-05-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dam din Rockview dam neh wanda ke cike da kasa kuma yana da tsayin mita 48(kafa 157) da kuma fadin mita 1300(kafa 4300). == Duba Kuma == *Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu *Jerin sunayen koguna na Afirka ta Kudu == Manazarta == dkg1zzl13cgw8oyoz29zrgq40ffulkd 0 53415 964153 960786 2026-10-07T03:45:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Agustin_Vásquez_Gómez,_chairperson_of_OPCW's_Fourth_Review_Conference,_2018.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Agustín Vásquez Gómez, wakilin [[Salvador|Jamhuriyar El Salvador]], shugabancin taron bita na huɗu na OPCW, Nuwamba 2018]] ''''''shugabar'''''', kuma '''shugaban''', shugaban, ko shugaban, shine shugaban kungiyar da aka shirya kamar [[Kwamiti|kwamitin]], kwamitin, ko taron tattaunawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chairperson {{!}} Definition, Roles, & Synonyms {{!}} Britannica Money |url=https://www.britannica.com/money//money/chairperson |access-date=2025-09-19 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mutumin da ke rike da ofishin, wanda yawanci membobin rukuni ko ƙungiyar ne ke zabarsa ko kuma ke nada shi, yana jagorantar tarurruka na rukuni, kuma ana buƙatar gudanar da kasuwancin rukuni cikin tsari.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> A wasu kungiyoyi, an kuma san kujera a matsayin ''shugaban kasa'' (ko wani lakabi <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011}}</ref>).<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Alice Sturgis}}</ref> A wasu, inda kwamitin ke nada shugaban kasa (ko wani lakabi), ana amfani da kalmomin biyu don matsayi daban-daban. Ana iya amfani da kalmar shugaban a hanyar tsaka-tsaki, ba kai tsaye yana nuna jinsi na mai riƙe ba. A cikin tarurruka ko tarurruka, "kujerar" wani abu (kujerar) yana nufin jagorantar taron. Sharuɗɗan ofishin da mai shi sun haɗa da ''''shugabar'''', ''shugaban'', ''shugaban kasa'', shugaban, ''mai shirya taron'', ''mai ba da gudummawa'', ''mai gudanarwa'', shugaban, da kuma ''shugaban jami'in''.<ref name="dictionary2">{{Cite web |title=Chairperson |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chairperson |access-date=2014-01-10 |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sturgis|2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=moderator |url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=Moderator&title=21st |website=[[Chambers 21st Century Dictionary]] via Search Chambers |publisher=[[Chambers Harrap]]}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana kiran kujera na majalisar dokoki ''mai magana'' da yawun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-02-01 |title=The many roles of the Speaker |url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/office-of-the-speaker/speeches-pre-2013/document/48Speakspeech010220061/the-many-roles-of-the-speaker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509034657/https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/office-of-the-speaker/speeches-pre-2013/document/48Speakspeech010220061/the-many-roles-of-the-speaker |archive-date=2019-05-09 |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=New Zealand Parliament |publisher=Office of the Speaker, [[Parliament of New Zealand]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Parliament: The Lord Speaker |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/principal/lord_speaker.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609075343/http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/principal/lord_speaker.cfm |archive-date=2008-06-09 |access-date=2008-10-23 |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |quote=... responsibilities of the Lord Speaker include chairing the Lords debating chamber,...}}</ref> An yi amfani da kujera don komawa ga wurin zama ko ofishin iko tun daga tsakiyar karni na 17; ambaton farko a cikin ''Oxford English Dictionary'' ya kasance a 1658-1659, shekaru hudu bayan ambaton farko na ''shugaban''. Masu sukar mata sun bincika ''Shugaban'' a matsayin misali mai yiwuwa na yaren [[Wariyar Jinsi|jima'i]], yana danganta jinsi na namiji tare da yin amfani da iko; wannan ya haifar da wasu amfani da "Shugaba". A cikin muhawara ta World Schools Style, tun daga shekara ta 2009, ''shugaban'' ko shugaban yana nufin mutumin da ke kula da muhawara; yana ba da shawarar amfani da ''Madam Chair'' ko Mr. Chairman don yin magana da shugaban. Jagoran salon FranklinCovey don Kasuwanci da Sadarwar Fasaha da Jagoran salon American Psychological Association suna ba da shawara ta amfani da ''kujera'' ko ''shugaban''. ''The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style'' (2000) ya ba da shawarar cewa siffofin da ba su da alaƙa da jinsi suna samun tushe; ya ba da shawara ga ''kujera'' ga maza da mata. Jagoran salon Daily Telegraph ya haramta amfani da ''kujera'' da ''shugaban''; matsayin jaridar, tun daga shekarar 2018, shine "shugaban daidai ne Turanci". Ƙungiyar 'yan majalisa ta ƙasa ta karɓi ƙuduri a cikin 1975 da ke hana amfani da ''shugaban'' kuma ta soke shi a cikin 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2017 |title=Chair, Chairperson, Chairman ... Which Should You Use? |url=https://www.parliamentarians.org/chairperson-resolution/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112012/https://www.parliamentarians.org/chairperson-resolution/ |archive-date=2019-02-21 |access-date=2019-02-20 |publisher=[[National Association of Parliamentarians]]}}</ref> [[File:Leena_Al-Hadid,_chairperson,_IAEA,_2018.jpg|thumb|Jakadan Leena Al-Hadid na Jordan tana jagorantar taron Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Duniya, 2018.]] Kalmar ''kujera'' na iya nufin wurin da mai rike da ofishin ke jagoranta, ko a kan kujera, a kan kujje, ko a wasu wurare.<ref name=":0" /> A lokacin tarurruka, an ce mutumin da ke jagorantar yana "a cikin kujera" kuma ana kiransa " kujera".<ref name=":0" /> Hanyar majalisa tana buƙatar membobin su yi magana da "shugaban" a matsayin "Mista (ko Madam) Shugaban (ko Shugaban) " maimakon amfani da suna - ɗaya daga cikin al'adu da yawa da aka nufa don kula da rashin son kai na shugaban da kuma tabbatar da manufa da rashin son rai.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011}}</ref> A cikin al'adar Gidan kiɗa na Burtaniya, shugaban shine mai kula da bukukuwan wanda ya sanar da wasan kwaikwayon kuma yana da alhakin sarrafa duk wani abu mai rikitarwa a cikin masu sauraro. An shahara da rawar a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 ta hanyar Leonard Sachs, shugaban wasan kwaikwayo iri-iri The Good Old Days . "Shugaba" a matsayin kusan lakabi ya sami murya ta musamman lokacin da jihohin gurguzu daga 1917 zuwa gaba suka guje wa alamun jagoranci na gargajiya kuma suka jaddada ikon hadin gwiwa na ''Soviets'' (kungiyoyi ko kwamitoci) ta hanyar fara komawa ga shugabanci zartarwa a matsayin "Shugaban Kwamitin X". [[Vladimir Lenin]], alal misali, ya yi aiki a hukumance a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin Soviet Rasha ba a matsayin Firayim Minista ko shugaban kasa ba, amma a matsayin "Shugaban Majalisar Kwamishinonin Jama'a". A lokaci guda, an fara kiran shugaban jihar "Shugaba na Kwamitin Zartarwa na Tsakiya" (har zuwa 1938) sannan kuma "Shugaban Presidium na Presidium na Soviet mafi girma". A kasar Sin, ana kiran [[Mao Zedong]] "Shugaba Mao", saboda shi ne Shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin da kuma shugaban hukumar Sojojin Tsakiya. == Matsayi da alhakin ==   Baya ga ayyukan gudanarwa ko zartarwa a cikin kungiyoyi, kujera tana jagorantar tarurruka.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011}}</ref> Irin waɗannan ayyuka a tarurruka sun haɗa da: * Kira taron zuwa tsari * Tabbatar idan akwai quorum * Sanar da abubuwa a kan "tsarin kasuwanci", ko ajanda, yayin da suke fitowa * Sanarwa membobin don samun bene * Tabbatar da dokokin kungiyar * Sanya tambayoyi (motsi jiki) zuwa kuri'a, wanda shine hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita don warware rashin jituwa bayan tattaunawar batutuwan * Ɗaukaka taron === Iko da Iko === Ikon kujera ya bambanta sosai a tsakanin kungiyoyi. A wasu kungiyoyi suna da ikon daukar ma'aikata da kuma yanke shawara na kudi. A wasu suna ba da shawarwari ne kawai ga kwamitin daraktoci, ko kuma ba su da ikon zartarwa, a wannan yanayin galibi su ne mai magana da yawun kungiyar. Ikon da aka bayar ya dogara da nau'in ƙungiyar, tsarin ta, da ka'idojin da ta kirkira don kanta. === Hanyoyin horo === Idan shugaban taro ('''Chair''') ya wuce iyakar ikonsa, ya aikata rashin da’a, ko kuma ya kasa sauke nauyin da ke kansa, ana iya ɗaukar matakan ladabtarwa a kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 20) |url=http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112102258/http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#20 |archive-date=2004-11-12 |access-date=2015-12-24 |website=The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site |publisher=The Robert's Rules Association}}</ref> Irin waɗannan matakan na iya haɗawa da: * '''Gargadi ko suka a hukumance (Censure)''' * '''Dakatar da shi daga aiki''' * '''Cire shi daga mukaminsa''' Dokokin ƙungiyar ne ke bayyana wanda yake da ikon ɗaukar irin waɗannan matakan ladabtarwa. A yawancin lokuta, wanda ya naɗa ko ya zaɓi shugaban taron shi ne yake da ikon ladabtar da shi. == Kamfanoni na jama'a == Akwai nau'ikan kujerun guda uku a cikin kamfanonin jama'a. === Shugaban da Shugaba === babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na iya riƙe taken kujera, a wannan yanayin kwamitin yana yawan kiran memba mai zaman kansa na kwamitin a matsayin jagora mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plouhinec |first=Marion |date=25 November 2018 |title=The Role of the Lead Independent Director |url=https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2018/11/25/the-role-of-the-lead-independent-director/ |access-date=19 May 2025 |website=The Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance |language=English}}</ref> Wannan matsayi ya yi daidai da matsayin shugaban kasa-darakta janar a Faransa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}} === Shugaban zartarwa === Kujerar Shugaban zartarwa ofishi ne daban daga na Shugaba, inda mai riƙe da taken ke da tasiri a kan ayyukan kamfanin, kamar Tim Cook na [[Apple|Apple Inc.]], Larry Ellison na Oracle, [[Douglas Flint]] na HSBC, Steve Case na [[WarnerMedia|AOL Time Warner]], [[Jeff Bezos]] na [[Amazon (kamfani)|Amazon]], [[:es:Ignacio_Galán|Ignacio Sánchez Galán]] na Iberdrola da [[Ana Botín]] na Banco Santander. Musamman, shugaban kungiyar na HSBC an dauke shi matsayi na farko na wannan ma'aikatar, wanda ya fi shugaban zartarwa, kuma yana da alhakin jagorantar kwamitin da wakiltar kamfanin a tarurruka tare da jami'an gwamnati. Kafin kirkirar kwamitin gudanarwa na rukuni a shekara ta 2006, shugaban HSBC ya gudanar da ayyukan shugaban zartarwa a wata ma'aikata mai kama da ita, yayin da shugaban zartaka na HSBC ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin. Bayan sake tsarawa na shekara ta 2006, masu gudanarwa sun gudanar da kasuwancin, yayin da kujera ke kula da kula da kasuwancin ta hanyar bin doka da kuma binciken da kuma jagorancin kasuwancin. === Ba shugaban zartarwa ba === Shugaban da ba na zartarwa ba kuma wani matsayi ne daban daga Shugaba; ba kamar shugaban zartarwa bane, shugaban da ba na gudanarwaba baya tsoma baki a cikin al'amuran yau da kullun. A duk faɗin duniya, kamfanoni da yawa sun raba matsayin kujera da Shugaba, suna cewa wannan matakin yana inganta shugabancin kamfanoni. Ayyukan shugaban da ba na zartarwa ba yawanci an iyakance su ne ga al'amuran da suka shafi kwamitin kai tsaye, kamar: * Gudanar da tarurrukan kwamitin. * Shiryawa da daidaita ayyukan hukumar, kamar ta hanyar saita ajanda ta shekara-shekara. * Bincike da kimanta aikin Shugaba da sauran mambobin kwamitin. === Misalan === [[File:Christina_Magnuson_group_2016.jpg|thumb|Christina Magnuson, as chairman,<ref>{{Cite web |title=We at Confidencen: Board and General Management |url=http://www.confidencen.se/en/vi-pa-confidencen/ |access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> presides over the 2016 annual meeting of the Friends of the Ulriksdal Palace Theater.]] Kamfanoni da yawa a Amurka suna da kujerar zartarwa; wannan hanyar tsarawa ana kiranta wani lokacin samfurin Amurka. Samun kujera wanda ba mai zartarwa ba ya zama ruwan dare a Burtaniya da Kanada; wannan wani lokacin ana kiransa samfurin Burtaniya. Ra'ayi na kwararru ya kasu daidai akan abin da ya fi dacewa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Behan |first=Beverly |date=10 January 2008 |title=Splitting the Chairman and CEO roles |url=http://www.businessweek.com/managing/content/jan2008/ca2008018_642807.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416101510/http://www.businessweek.com/managing/content/jan2008/ca2008018_642807.htm |archive-date=2011-04-16 |access-date=2011-04-03 |work=BusinessWeek}}</ref> . Akwai karuwar turawa daga masu saka hannun jari na kasuwa ga kamfanoni tare da kujerar zartarwa don samun jagora mai zaman kansa don samar da wasu bangarori na hangen nesa mai zaman kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMMONSENSE PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE |url=http://www.governanceprinciples.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/GovernancePrinciples_Principles.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporate Governance Principles for US Listed Companies |url=http://isgframework.org/corporate-governance-principles |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202204319/https://www.isgframework.org/corporate-governance-principles/ |archive-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> Matsayin kujera a cikin kwamitin da ke da goyon baya ya bambanta da rawar da yake takawa a cikin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ko kuma kungiyoyin da aka jera a fili a hanyoyi da yawa, gami da albashi, rawar da kuma abin da ke sa kujerar masu zaman kansu ta zama mai tasiri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-04 |title=What is the role of a chair of the board in a private equity company?\ |url=https://www.nurole.com/news_and_guides/role-of-a-chair-in-private-equity |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045919/https://www.nurole.com/news_and_guides/role-of-a-chair-in-private-equity |archive-date=2019-02-26 |access-date=2019-02-25 |website=www.nurole.com |language=en}}</ref> Kamfanoni tare da kujerar zartarwa da Shugaba sun hada da [[Ford]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=About Us |url=https://corporate.ford.com/company.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511112107/http://blog.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=141 |archive-date=2011-05-11 |access-date=2011-04-05 |website=Ford Motor Company |publisher=[[Ford Motor Company]]}}</ref> HSBC, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Leadership |url=https://www.hsbc.com/who-we-are/leadership |access-date=2011-04-05 |publisher=[[HSBC]]}}</ref> Alphabet Inc., <ref>{{Cite web |title=Board - Investor Relations |url=https://abc.xyz/investor/other/board/#nominating-and-corporate-governance-committee |access-date=2011-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203041815/https://abc.xyz/investor/other/board.html#nominating-and-corporate-governance-committee |archive-date=2019-02-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> da [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HP Investor Relations – Board of directors |url=http://h30261.www3.hp.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=71087&p=irol-govboard |access-date=2011-09-24 |publisher=[[Hewlett-Packard]]}}</ref> == Mataimakin shugaban da mataimakin shugaban == Mataimakin ko mataimakin shugaban, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kujera, wani lokacin ana zabarsa don taimakawa da kuma zama a kujera a lokacin da ba ya nan, ko kuma lokacin da ake tattauna wani yunkuri da ya shafi kujera.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011}}</ref> Idan babu kshugaban da mataimakin kujera, kungiyoyi wani lokacin sukan zabi shugaba pro tempore don cika rawar don taro guda ɗaya.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011}}</ref> A wasu kungiyoyin da ke da lakabi biyu, mataimakin shugaba yana da matsayi mafi girma fiye da mataimakin kujera, saboda sau da yawa akwai mataimakin kujerun amma mataimakin shugaba guda daya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://www.rbccm.com/about/cid-264063.html |access-date=8 October 2017 |website=Rbccm.com}}</ref> Wannan nau'in mataimakin shugaban kasa a kansa yawanci yana da matsayin mai ba da shawara kawai kuma ba na aiki ba (kamar Ted Turner a Time Warner). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-01-29 |title=Ted Turner quits as AOLTW Vice Chairman – TV News |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/ustv/news/a10201/ted-turner-quits-as-aoltw-vice-chairman.html |access-date=2011-12-31 |publisher=Digital Spy}}</ref> Ma'anar da ba ta da alaƙa da mataimakin kujerun shugabanni ta bayyana wani zartarwa wanda ke da matsayi mafi girma ko kuma yana da matsayi fiye da Mataimakin shugaban zartarwa (EVP). == Dubi kuma == * Babban darektan * Ba babban darektan ba * Hanyar majalisa a cikin duniyar kamfanoni * Shugaban kasa (sunan kamfani) == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] egfivhy6ddpxawfz9ptqls0cn2j1nfp 0 54332 964298 960298 2026-10-07T11:39:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tarila Emmanuel Thompson''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1968) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], darektan, mai shirya fina-finai, marubuci kuma mawaƙi. Thompson ya fara aikinsa a shekarar 1992 kuma an yaba shi da rawar da ya taka wajen kirkirar masana'antar fina-finai ta Turanci a [[Najeriya]] da ake kira [[Nollywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thomson as one of the pioneers of Nollywood in Nigeria |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20170225/282033326970800 |access-date=May 5, 2017}}</ref> An san Thompson da soyayya ba tare da Harshe ba (1993), ''Mutu Wata Rana'' (2004), Passion da Pain (2004) da Kasuwancin Ikilisiya (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson works |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> Bayan ya dauki hutu daga yin fim, Thompson ya dawo a shekarar 2012 don harba fim dinsa na baya-bayan nan In the Creek, fim din da aka lakafta shi mafi tsada a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson's break from filming |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/91-directors-producers-report/9243-bayelsa-new-haven-for-filmmakers-nollywood-director-tarila-thompson |access-date=May 5, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Fim din yana magana ne game da wahalar mutanen Nijar-Delta a Najeriya. A matsayinsa na mawaƙi, shi ne mai mallakar El-Montage Records, lakabin rikodin kiɗa. == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Thompson a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] . Ya fito ne daga [[Bayelsa|Jihar Bayelsa]], wata jiha a yankin Nijar-Delta . Thompson ta sami digiri na farko daga Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Port-Harcourt . Ya auri Funto Diseye Thompson kuma yana da 'ya'ya uku. == Ayyuka == Thompson ya fara aikinsa a 1993 a cikin Love without Language . Thompson ya ce game da fim din cewa a lokacin da mutane kawai suka yi fina-finai a cikin harshen asalin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila Thompson works |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/movie-news/91-directors-producers-report/9243-bayelsa-new-haven-for-filmmakers-nollywood-director-tarila-thompson |access-date=May 5, 2017}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Har zuwa yau, Thompson yana da fina-finai da yawa, a cikin gida da na duniya, gami da * ''Rayuwa cikin Duhu'' (1999) * ''Ikon Ƙauna'' (2002) * ''Ƙaunar da ke cikin Bondage (2002) '' * Ƙaunar da Ciwo (2003) * Kasuwancin Ikilisiya (2003) * ''Mutu Wata Rana'' (2004) * ''Budurwa Dare (2004) '' * ''Aikin da ba a tsammani ba (2005) '' * ''Squad Ashirin da Uku (2005) '' * ''Sama da kambin'' (2006) * ''Abuja Top Ladies (2006) '' * ''Up Creek'' (ba da daɗewa ba za a sake shi). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarila films |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2141940/bio |access-date=May 5, 2017 |website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lruutn5ha5gtbl4nfx1fgx0pf0oji19 0 60614 963844 724813 2026-10-06T12:52:20Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 963844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jadav Payeng (Mulai).jpg|thumb|jadav payeng]] [[Fayil:Jadav Payeng.jpg|thumb|jadav payeng]] '''Jadav''' " '''Molai''' " '''Payeng''' (an haife shi 31 Oktoba 1959) ɗan gwagwarmayar [[Gudanar da muhalli|muhalli]] ne kuma ma'aikacin gandun daji daga Majuli, wanda aka fi sani da ''mutumin daji na [[Indiya]]''. A cikin shekaru da dama da suka wuce, ya shuka da kuma kula da bishiyoyi a kan wani yashi na kogin Brahmaputra yana mai da shi wurin ajiyar gandun daji. Dajin, wanda ake kira dajin Molai a bayansa, yana kusa da Kokilamukh na Jorhat, Assam, Indiya kuma ya ƙunshi fili kimanin eka 1,360 / hekta 550. A cikin 2015, an karrama shi da Padma Shri, lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi girma ta farar hula a Indiya. An haife shi a cikin ƙabilar Bace na Assam. == Sana'a == A shekarar 1979, Payeng, ɗan shekara 19, yaci karo da dimbin macizai da suka mutu saboda tsananin zafi bayan da ambaliyar ruwa ta wanke su akan sandar yashi mara bishiya. Wato lokacin da ya dasa tsire-tsire na bamboo kusan 20 akan sandar yashi. Ba wai kawai ya kula da tsire-tsire ba, amma ya ci gaba da dasa bishiyoyi da kansa, a kokarinsa na mayar da yankin daji. Dajin, wanda aka fi sani da dajin Molai, yanzu yana da damisa na Bengal, rhinoceros na Indiya, da barewa da zomaye sama da 100. Dajin Molai kuma yana da gida ga birai da nau'in tsuntsaye iri-iri, gami da yawan ungulu. Akwai bishiyoyi dubu da yawa, ciki har da valcol, arjun (''Terminalia arjuna''), ejar (''Lagerstroemia speciosa''), goldmohur (''Delonix regia''), koroi (''Albizia procera'' ), moj (''Archidendron bigeminum'') da himolu (''Bombax ceiba''). Bamboo ya mamaye fili fiye da hekta 300. Garken giwaye kusan 100 na ziyartar daji akai akai a kowace shekara kuma galibi suna zama na kusan watanni shida. Sun haifi makiya guda 10 acikin dajin a shekarun baya-bayan nan. Yunkurin nasa ya bayyana ne ga hukuma a shekarar 2008, lokacin da jami’an sashen gandun daji suka je yankin domin neman giwaye 115 da suka koma cikin dajin bayan da suka lalata kadarori a ƙauyen Aruna Chapori mai kimanin kimanin 1.5.km daga dajin. Jami’an sunyi mamakin ganin irin wannan katafaren dajin mai yawa kuma tun daga lokacin sashen ke ziyartar wurin. A shekara ta 2013, mafarauta sunyi ƙoƙarin kashe karkandan da ke dajin amma suka kasa kokarinsu saboda Molai wanda ya sanar da jami’an sashen. Nan take jami’ai suka kama wasu kasidu da mafarauta ke amfani da su wajen damke dabbobin. Molai a shirye yake ya tafiyar da dajin ta hanya mai kyau da kuma zuwa wasu yankunan jihar domin fara irin wannan harkar. Yanzu manufarsa ita ce yada dajinsa zuwa wani shingen yashi acikin Brahmaputra. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Jadav Payeng na kabilar Bace ne a Assam, Indiya. Shi da matarsa da ’ya’ya 3 (’ya’ya 1 da ’ya’ya 2) sun kasance a gidan da ya gina acikin dajinsa. A cikin 2012, Jadav ya gina gida a No. 1 Mishing Gaon kusa da Kokilmukh Ghat kuma ya koma wannan gidan tare da danginsa. Tun daga nan suke zaune a gidan nan. Jadav, duk da haka, yana tafiya kullun zuwa dajinsa don kula da tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi. Yana da shanu da bawo a gonarsa, yana sayar da nonon don rayuwarsa, wadda ita ce kawai hanyar samun Kuɗin shiga. A wata hira da akayi da shi a shekara ta 2012, ya bayyana cewa yayi asarar shanun sa da ɓauna kusan 100 ga damisa a cikin dajin, amma ya zargi mutanen da ke aikata manyan laifuka da lalata dazuzzuka a matsayin musabbabin halin da namun daji ke ciki . == Girmamawa == [[File:The_President,_Shri_Pranab_Mukherjee_presenting_the_Padma_Shri_Award_to_Shri_Jadav_Payeng,_at_a_Civil_Investiture_Ceremony,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_in_New_Delhi_on_April_08,_2015.jpg|thumb| Jadav Payeng yana karbar kyautar Padma Shri daga Shugaba Pranab Mukherjee]] Jadav Payeng ya sami karramawa a wani taron jama'a da Makarantar Kimiyyar Muhalli ta shirya, Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru akan 22 Afrilu 2012 don nasararsa. Ya raba kwarewarsa na ƙirƙirar gandun daji a cikin taron tattaunawa, inda wanda ya lashe kyautar Magsaysay Award Rajendra Singh da mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar JNU Sudhir Kumar Sopory suka halarta. Sopory mai suna Jadav Payeng a matsayin "Mutumin daji na Indiya". Acikin watan Oktoba na 2013, an karrama shi a Cibiyar Kula da gandun daji ta Indiya yayin taron Coalescence na shekara-shekara. Acikin 2015, an karrama shi da Padma Shri, lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi girma ta farar hula a Indiya. Ya samu digirin girmamawa na digirin digirgir daga Jami’ar Aikin Gona ta Assam da Jami’ar Kaziranga bisa gudunmawar da ya bayar. == A cikin shahararrun al'adu == Payeng ya kasance batun batutuwa da dama acikin 'yan shekarun nan. Halinsa shine tushen fim ɗin ƙagaggen da wani darakta na Tamil Prabhu solaman ya yi yayin da ya shirya Rana Daggubati wanda aka saki a Tamil, Telugu, Hindi as Kaadan, Aranya and Haathi Mere Saathi (2018 film). Fim ɗin shirin fim na gida, wanda Jitu Kalita ya shirya a cikin 2012, ''[[The Molai Forest (film)|Dajin Molai]]'',<ref>{{IMDb title|2678376|The Molai forest|2012}}</ref> an nuna shi a Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru. Jitu Kalita, wanda ke zaune kusa da gidan Payeng, shi ma an nuna shi kuma an ba shi karramawa don kyakkyawan rahoto ta hanyar tsara rayuwar Payeng ta cikin shirinsa na gaskiya. Labarin fim na 2013 ''[[Foresting life|Rayuwar daji]],''<ref>{{IMDb title|3101404|Foresting life|2013}}</ref> wanda mai shirya fina-finai na Indiya Aarti Shrivastava ya jagoranta, yana murna da rayuwa da aikin Jadav Payeng a cikin dajin Molai. Waɗannan su ne kuma abin da [[William Douglas McMaster]] ya mayar da hankali kan shirin fim ɗin 2013 ''[[Forest Man (film)|na Forest Man]]''.<ref>{{IMDb title|2939244|Forest Man|2013}}</ref> Tare da dalar Amurka 8,327 da akayi alƙawarin a kan yaƙin neman zaɓe na Kickstarter, fim ɗin ya ƙare kuma an ɗauke shi zuwa wasu bukukuwan fina-finai. An ba shi kyautar Kyauta mafi kyawun Takardun Takardun Takaddun shaida a Fim ɗin Fina-Finan Fina-Finan da ke fitowa acikin Rukunin [[Amurka]] a 2014 Cannes Film Festival. Payeng shine batun littafin yara ''The Boy Who Grow A Forest: Gaskiyar Labari na Jadav Payeng'', wanda Sophia Gholz ya rubuta kuma Kayla Harren ya kwatanta. Buga ta Sleeping Bear Press, littafin ya lashe lambar yabo ta Crystal Kite, lambar yabo ta Sigurd F. Olson Nature Writing Award (SONWA) daga Kwalejin Northland, da lambar yabo ta Jihar Florida. An fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci da Faransanci,<ref name="North East Today" /> kuma an daidaita shi don mataki. Payeng kuma shine batun littafin yara ''na Jadav and the Tree-Place'', wanda Vinayak Varma ya rubuta kuma ya kwatanta. Budaddiyar hanyar dandali na wallafe- wallafen yara StoryWeaver, ne suka buga littafin kuma an sami tallafin samar da shi ta hanyar tallafi daga Ƙaddamarwa ta Oracle Giving Initiative. == Duba kuma == * Dake dazuzzuka * [[Tahir Qureshi]] * Njattyela Sreedharan == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == *   * [http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/man-creates-forest-on-brahmaputra-sand-bar_765997.html Man creates forest on Brahmaputra sand bar] *   [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p2tri3bghs07u98yb7siaan0z106qxf 0 62526 964132 876150 2026-10-07T01:07:35Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Edwards_08_run.png|Edwards_08_run.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:The Squirrel Conspiracy|The Squirrel Conspiracy]] because: [[:c:COM:CSD#F10|File 10]]: Personal photos by non-contributors. 964132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Edwards_Run_at_Edwards_Run_WMA.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Edwards Pond a yankin Edwards Run Namun daji]] '''Edwards Run''' yana da {{Convert|7.9|mi|km|-long}} <ref name=NHD>U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. [http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ The National Map] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329155652/http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ |date=2012-03-29 }}, accessed August 15, 2011</ref>[[Korama|[]] [[Tributary|rafi]] na [[kogin Cacapon]], mallakar [[kogin Potomac]] da [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanan ruwan]] [[Chesapeake Bay]].<ref>{{GNIS|1538564}}</ref> Rafin yana cikin [[Hampshire County, West Virginia|gundumar Hampshire]] a jihar [[West Virginia]] ta [[Gabashin Panhandle na West Virginia|Gabashin Panhandle]] na [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|ƙasar Amurka]] . Edwards Run ana kiransa ne don Joseph Edwards da danginsa, waɗanda shukar su ta ƙunshi galibin tafarkin rafi. [[George Washington]] ya bincika dukiyarsa a ƙarshen 1740s. Yana da babban tushen nau'ikan [[elodea]] iri-iri. == Headwater da kuma hanya == Tushen Edwards Run yana tsakanin Cooper (2,028&nbsp;ft) da Schaffenaker (1,493&nbsp;ft) Duwatsu, kudu maso yammacin Capon Bridge . Edwards Run yana gudana arewa maso gabas a karkashin Northwest Turnpike ( US Route 50 ) yana ci gaba da bin gefen yammacin Dutsen Schaffenaker. Edwards Run sannan ya ratsa ta yankin Edwards Run Namun daji inda aka lalata shi yana haifar da {{Convert|2|acre}} tafkin, Edwards Pond. Rafi yana gudana ƙarƙashin Cold Stream Road (Hanyar Ƙungiya 15) kuma zuwa cikin Kogin Cacapon kudu da Cold Stream . == Kamun kifi == Edwards Pond yana ba da kamun kifi don bass, sunfish, bluegill da catfish . Edwards Run da Pond suma suna cike da kiwo a watan Fabrairu zuwa Maris da Oktoba. == Duba kuma == * Jerin kogunan West Virginia == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|39|19|57|N|78|25|28|W|region:US-WV_source:GNIS_type:river}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8nzmwwf8to21sfqipk4k4jhm1l6n353 0 67337 963937 639329 2026-10-06T16:51:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rod Blago'''<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131318/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-134740268.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20090628095434/http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/blagojevich/1639552,w-blagojevich-trial-date-set-062509.article</ref><ref>http://nwitimes.com/articles/2005/10/24/news/lake_county/6c3cd574da6789fe862570a300741b96.txt {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1956)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southernillinoisan.com/articles/2008/09/20/opinions/guest_columns/25962532.txt |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903210236/http://www.southernillinoisan.com/articles/2008/09/20/opinions/guest_columns/25962532.txt |archive-date=2009-09-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>, sau da yawa ana kiransa da laƙabi "Blago", ɗan siyasan Amurka ne, mai sharhi na siyasa, kuma mai laifi wanda aka yanke masa hukunci wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin gwamnan Illinois na 40 daga 2003 zuwa 2009. An tsige shi, an cire shi daga ofishin, an yanke masa hukunci, kuma an tsare shi a kurkuku na tsawon shekaru takwas kan zargin tarayya na cin hanci da rashawa. Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat, Blagojevich a baya ya yi aiki a duka majalisun jihohi da tarayya.<ref>http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/votehistory/95/house/09500HR1671_01092009_002000.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/politics/ct-blagojevich-appeal-20150819-story.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20121025190107/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1599603.html</ref><ref>https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-commuted-sentence-illinois-gov-rod-blagojevich/story?id=69049748</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.audacy.com/podcasts/lightning-rod-with-rod-blagojevich-38401 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-17 |archive-date=2023-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211043048/https://www.audacy.com/podcasts/lightning-rod-with-rod-blagojevich-38401 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == <references />{{Stub}} fpuvuuwcqw51aiqxxe87famvxjqxdfm 0 68094 963890 844185 2026-10-06T15:30:48Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:La_Fouine_(Laouni_Mouhid)_at_OM_Seraing,_February_8,_2026.jpg|La_Fouine_(Laouni_Mouhid)_at_OM_Seraing,_February_8,_2026.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Infrogmation|Infrogmation]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion 963890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:La Fouine (rappeur) - Besançon.jpg|thumb|'''La Fouine''' a shagon kasina]] '''Laouni Muhid''' (Larabci; an haife shi ranar 25 ga watan Disamba, 1981) wanda aka fi sani da suna '''La Fouine''' (Faransa: [[la 'fwin] ]; lit. 'The beech marten'), tare da ƙarin sunayen da ake kira Fouiny Babe ko kawai Fouiny (/fwiːni/), mawaƙi ne na kasar Faransa kuma mawaƙi na zuriyar Maroko. Shi ne mai mallakar Banlieue Sale da layin tufafi "Street Swagg".  == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a Trappes a cikin iyali na yara bakwai ga iyaye yan asalin Maroko daga Casablanca, Laouni ya girma a wajen Paris a cikin Yvelines . Shi ne na karshe daga cikin 'yan uwansa maza da mata shida, Hakim (wanda aka fi sani da rapper Canardo), Kamel, Illham, Samira, Naima da Adil. La Fouine ya yi magana game da wannan a cikin "Je regarde là-haut". [[Fayil:La Fouine 10 Sep 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|La Fouine]] Ya bar makaranta yana da shekaru goma sha biyar don ya ba da kansa ga rap kuma ya ɗauki darussan kiɗa na farko. La Fouine, wanda ake kira "Forcené" memba ne mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar "GSP". Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ɗan gajeren ƙungiyar "FORS" tare da ''DJ RV'' (Hervé), Le ''Griffin'' (Tarek Medimegh) da ''LaylaD'' (Layla Melloni Forcé), wanda aka kirkira galibi don shiga cikin 2 R puissance ART a La Verrière, inda ya lashe kyautar ta biyu. A shekara ta 1998, an daure La Fouine. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Laouni ta yi aure, sannan ta sake aure bayan ta zama mahaifin wata yarinya, an haife ta a shekara ta 2002, mai suna Fatima, mai suna bayan mahaifiyar La Fouine. Mutuwar mahaifiyarsa a shekara ta 2005 ta yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙarsa "Je regarde là-haut" Ya kuma sami lokacin duhu a gidajen kula da gidaje da kurkuku. "Ina da shekaru goma sha biyar kawai lokacin da aka kore ni daga makaranta kuma aka sanya ni a gidajen kulawa. Na zama mai fama da rashin barci a mafi yawan lokuta. Amma bai dauki ni in kwana da ni ba, idan 'yan sanda suna neman ni kai tsaye. Na yi barci tare da mutane a cikin motoci, gidaje, da sauransu". Ya ce wa mujallar Planète Rap. Fouine mai sha'awar kulob din mai suna ESA Linas-Montlhéry ne. == Ayyuka == === 2005: An yi amfani da shi a cikin sauti''An bugu da shi'' === [[Fayil:La_Fouine_in_a_gym_with_boxing_gloves_and_four_other_people_in_Paris_Region_France.jpg|thumb|273x273px|'''La Fouine''' a lokacin zaman horo a dakin motsa jiki.]] Bayan ya saki takardar shaidarsa ta farko ta titin Planète Trappes wanda ya sa ya sami izini na farko a cikin rap, ya saki kundi na farko a shekara ta 2005 mai suna Bourré au Son wanda ke da alamar salon California. Waƙoƙin "L'unité" da "Quelque chose de spécial" sun sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma an watsa su a yawancin tashoshin rediyo na Faransa.<ref>http://hitparade.ch/artist/La_Fouine</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1981]] 61bbs65cda4m6feddfyav0kjxgbblyv 0 68279 963929 637691 2026-10-06T16:48:41Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Safavid_Flag.svg|Safavid_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country|capital1=[[Tabriz]] {{small|(1501–1555)}}{{-}}Qazvin {{small|(1555–1598)}}{{-}}[[Isfahan]] {{small|(1598–1736)}}|religio=[[Musulunci]] [[Shi'a]]|flag=|coat=Lion and Sun Emblem of Persia.svg|coat_caption=Rana da tambarin zaki|flag_caption=Tutar (1576-1732)|map=|native_name=ملک وسیع‌الفضای ایران (fa){{-}}'''Molke Vasi’ al-Fazâye Irân'''{{-}}Ƙasar mai faɗi Iran<hr>ممالک محروسهٔ ایران (fa){{-}}'''Mamâlek-e Mahruse-ye Irân'''{{-}}[[Masarautu masu tsaro Iran]]|image=Historical Atlas of Iran - Plate No. 21 (cropped).jpg|caption=Daular Safawiyya a mafi girman matsayi a zamanin Shah Abbas I; Daga littafin Historical Atlas of Iran, a daidai lokacin da ake gudanar da bukukuwan cika shekaru 2,500 na Daular Iran - Buga Jami'ar Tehran|admin1=* [[Ismail I]] (farko) * [[Abbas III]] (karshe)|admin_type1=[[Shah|Shahenshah]]|admin2=* Amir Zakariyya (farko) * [[Nader Shah]] (karshe)|admin_type2=Vazīr-e azam|organ_legislatiu=Majalisar Jiha|anterior=[[File: Timurid.svg|border|20px]] Daular Timuriyya<br>[[File: Flag of Ak Koyunlu.svg|border|20px]] Aq Qoyunlu|posterior=[[File: Nadir Shah Flag.svg|border|20px]] [[Daular Afsharid]]<br>[[File: Black flag.svg|border|20px]] Daular Hotak<br>[[File: Flag of Russia (1858–1896).svg|border|20px]] Daular Rasha<br>[[File: Flag of the Ottoman Empire (Thicker Crescent).svg|border|20px]] [[Daular Usmaniyya]]|nom_indicatiu1=|etiqueta_indicatiu1=}} '''Daular Safawiyya''' ([[Farisawa]]: شاهنشاهی صفوی ''Šāhanšāhi-ye Safavi'') ya kasance daya daga cikin manya-manyan dauloli na Iran wanda daular Safawiyya ta yi mulki daga shekara ta 1501 zuwa 1736.<ref>Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.</ref><ref>Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.</ref><ref>Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.</ref><ref>Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana la'akari da shi farkon [[tarihin Iran]] na zamani,<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220525211301/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids Safavid dynasty.]</ref> haka kuma daya daga cikin masarautun bindiga.<ref>Streusand, Douglas E., ''Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals'' (Boulder, Col : Westview Press, 2011) ("Streusand"), p. 135.</ref> [[Shah|Shāh]] Ismā'īl na farko ya kafa ɗarikar [[Shi'a|Shi'a Islama]] a matsayin addinin hukuma na daular, wanda ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman sauyi a tarihin Musulunci.<ref>[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-COM_0964 Safawids.]</ref> Daular safawiyya sun yi mulki daga 1501 zuwa 1722 (suna fuskantar ɗan gajeren sabuntawa daga 1729 zuwa 1736 da 1750 zuwa 1773) kuma, a tsayinsu, sun mallaki duk abin da ke yanzu [[Iran]], [[Azerbaijan|Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan]], [[Baharen]], [[Armeniya]], Gabashin Jojiya, sassan sassan. Arewacin Caucasus ciki har da [[Rasha]], [[Iraƙi]], [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwaiti]], da [[Afghanistan]], da kuma wasu sassan [[Turkiyya]], [[Siriya]], [[Pakistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], da [[Uzbekistan]]. Duk da rugujewar daular a shekara ta 1736 miladiyya, gadon da suka bari a baya shi ne sake farfado da Iran a matsayin matattarar tattalin arziki tsakanin gabashi da yamma, kuma kafa tsarin mulki mai aiki da tsarin mulki ya dogara ne akan (check and balances), abubuwan da suka kirkiro na gine-gine da nasu, sha'awa a cikin zane-zane.<ref name=":0" /> ==Manazarta== c4xf8fi8ns95ihu62tez9ce26t195xl 963954 963929 2026-10-06T17:48:09Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg|Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country|capital1=[[Tabriz]] {{small|(1501–1555)}}{{-}}Qazvin {{small|(1555–1598)}}{{-}}[[Isfahan]] {{small|(1598–1736)}}|religio=[[Musulunci]] [[Shi'a]]|flag=|coat=Lion and Sun Emblem of Persia.svg|coat_caption=Rana da tambarin zaki|flag_caption=Tutar (1576-1732)|map=|native_name=ملک وسیع‌الفضای ایران (fa){{-}}'''Molke Vasi’ al-Fazâye Irân'''{{-}}Ƙasar mai faɗi Iran<hr>ممالک محروسهٔ ایران (fa){{-}}'''Mamâlek-e Mahruse-ye Irân'''{{-}}[[Masarautu masu tsaro Iran]]|image=Historical Atlas of Iran - Plate No. 21 (cropped).jpg|caption=Daular Safawiyya a mafi girman matsayi a zamanin Shah Abbas I; Daga littafin Historical Atlas of Iran, a daidai lokacin da ake gudanar da bukukuwan cika shekaru 2,500 na Daular Iran - Buga Jami'ar Tehran|admin1=* [[Ismail I]] (farko) * [[Abbas III]] (karshe)|admin_type1=[[Shah|Shahenshah]]|admin2=* Amir Zakariyya (farko) * [[Nader Shah]] (karshe)|admin_type2=Vazīr-e azam|organ_legislatiu=Majalisar Jiha|anterior=[[File: Timurid.svg|border|20px]] Daular Timuriyya<br>[[File: Flag of Ak Koyunlu.svg|border|20px]] Aq Qoyunlu|posterior= [[Daular Afsharid]]<br>[[File: Black flag.svg|border|20px]] Daular Hotak<br>[[File: Flag of Russia (1858–1896).svg|border|20px]] Daular Rasha<br>[[File: Flag of the Ottoman Empire (Thicker Crescent).svg|border|20px]] [[Daular Usmaniyya]]|nom_indicatiu1=|etiqueta_indicatiu1=}} '''Daular Safawiyya''' ([[Farisawa]]: شاهنشاهی صفوی ''Šāhanšāhi-ye Safavi'') ya kasance daya daga cikin manya-manyan dauloli na Iran wanda daular Safawiyya ta yi mulki daga shekara ta 1501 zuwa 1736.<ref>Helen Chapin Metz, ed., Iran, a Country study. 1989. University of Michigan, p. 313.</ref><ref>Emory C. Bogle. Islam: Origin and Belief. University of Texas Press. 1989, p. 145.</ref><ref>Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.</ref><ref>Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, IB Tauris (March 30, 2006).</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana la'akari da shi farkon [[tarihin Iran]] na zamani,<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220525211301/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids Safavid dynasty.]</ref> haka kuma daya daga cikin masarautun bindiga.<ref>Streusand, Douglas E., ''Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals'' (Boulder, Col : Westview Press, 2011) ("Streusand"), p. 135.</ref> [[Shah|Shāh]] Ismā'īl na farko ya kafa ɗarikar [[Shi'a|Shi'a Islama]] a matsayin addinin hukuma na daular, wanda ke nuna ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman sauyi a tarihin Musulunci.<ref>[https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/*-COM_0964 Safawids.]</ref> Daular safawiyya sun yi mulki daga 1501 zuwa 1722 (suna fuskantar ɗan gajeren sabuntawa daga 1729 zuwa 1736 da 1750 zuwa 1773) kuma, a tsayinsu, sun mallaki duk abin da ke yanzu [[Iran]], [[Azerbaijan|Jamhuriyar Azerbaijan]], [[Baharen]], [[Armeniya]], Gabashin Jojiya, sassan sassan. Arewacin Caucasus ciki har da [[Rasha]], [[Iraƙi]], [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwaiti]], da [[Afghanistan]], da kuma wasu sassan [[Turkiyya]], [[Siriya]], [[Pakistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], da [[Uzbekistan]]. Duk da rugujewar daular a shekara ta 1736 miladiyya, gadon da suka bari a baya shi ne sake farfado da Iran a matsayin matattarar tattalin arziki tsakanin gabashi da yamma, kuma kafa tsarin mulki mai aiki da tsarin mulki ya dogara ne akan (check and balances), abubuwan da suka kirkiro na gine-gine da nasu, sha'awa a cikin zane-zane.<ref name=":0" /> ==Manazarta== mq63jzbaqb2vh3jjgzifxgz8i3pcti2 0 68301 963930 527040 2026-10-06T16:48:44Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Safavid_Flag.svg|Safavid_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|succession1=[[Shah|Shahanshah]]|image=ShahAbbasPortraitFromItalianPainter.jpg|reign1=1 Oktoba 1587 – 19 Janairu 1629|coronation1=16 Oktoba 1587|predecessor1=[[Muhammad Khodabanda]]|successor1=[[Safi]]|birth_place=[[Herat]], [[Daular Safawiyya]]|birth_date=27 ga Janairu, 1571|death_date=19 ga Janairu 1629 (shekaru 57)|death_place=Behshahr, Mazandaran, [[Daular Safawiyya]]|burial_place=Kabarin Shah Abbas I, Kashan, [[Iran]]|spouses=Oghlan Pasha Khanum<br>Yakhan Begum<br>Fakhr Jahan Begum<br>Gimbiya Marta<br>Fatima Sultan Begum<br>Tamar Amilakhori|issue=Muhammad Baqer Mirza{{-}}Soltan Hasan Mirza{{-}}Soltan Muhammad Mirza{{-}}Soltan Ismail Mirza{{-}}Imam Qoli Mirza{{-}}Shahzada Begum{{-}}Zubayda Begum{{-}}Agha Begum{{-}}Havva Begum{{-}}Shahr Banu Begum{{-}}Malik Nissa Begum|full name=Zellollah Abul Muzaffar Shah Abbas I al-Husaini al-Musawi al-Safawi Bahadur Khan|regnal name=Shah Abbas I ([[Farisawa]]: شاه عباس يكم)|module={{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Sāhansāh-i Irān<br>Ẓellollāh (Inuwar Allah)<br>Sāheb-i Qerān-i ʿAlā | honorific_suffix = Shah Abbas Mai Girma | signature = Lion and Sun Emblem of Persia.svg | signature_size = 90}}|dynasty=[[Daular Safawiyya|Gidan Safawiyya]]|father=[[Muhammad Khodabanda]]|mother=Khayr al-Nisa Begum|religion=[[Musulunci]] [[Shi'a|Shi'anci]]|reg-type1=Vazir-e A'zam|regent1=Mirza Shah Vali Isfahani{{-}}Mirza Lotfi{{-}}Mirza Muhammad Monshi{{-}}Mirza Lotfullah Shirazi{{-}}Hatem Beg Ordubadi{{-}}Mirza Taleb Khan Ordubadi{{-}}Salman Khan Ustajlu{{-}}Soltan al-Ulama|caption=Shah Abbas I a cikin hoton karni na 16 ko na 17|occupation=[[Ɗan siyasa]], sarki da [[gwamna]]|era name=Daulolin gunfoda|era dates=1500–1736|succession2=‌}} [[Fayil:Shah Abbas the Great receiving the Mughal ambassador Khan’Alam in 1618.jpg|thumb|Abbas I]] [[Fayil:Extract of Abbas the Great in the Chehel Sotoun painting.jpg|thumb|Abbas I]] [[Fayil:Shah Abbas I engraving by Dominicus Custos.jpg|thumb|Abbas I]] [[Fayil:Shah ʿAbbas I of Persia..jpg|thumb|Abbas I]] '''Abbas I''' ([[Farisawa]] عباس يكم ''ʿAbbās'') (An haifeshi ranar 27 ga Janairu 1571 - 19 ga Janairu 1629) wanda aka fi sani da '''Abbas Mai Girma''' ([[Farisawa]] عباس بزرگ ''ʿAbbās-e Bozorg'') Shi ne shah na biyar na Iran Safawiyya daga shekara ta 1588 zuwa 1629. Dan Shah [[Muhammad Khodabanda]] na uku,<ref>Savory 1982.</ref> ana masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan sarakunan tarihin Iran da [[Daular Safawiyya]]. == Manazarta == q6ywb944q5rkvygx38v7s73kobq7k68 0 68333 963931 422277 2026-10-06T16:48:47Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Safavid_Flag.svg|Safavid_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|birth_date=22 Fabrairu 1514|birth_place=Shahabad, [[Esfahan]], [[Daular Safawiyya]]|death_date=25 ga Mayu 1576 (shekaru 62)|death_place=Qazvin, [[Daular Safawiyya]]|full name=Abul Muzaffar Abul Fath Soltan Shah Tahmasp al-Husaini al-Musawi al-Safawi Bahadur Khan|father=[[Ismail I]]|mother=Tajlu Khanum|issue=[[Muhammad Khodabanda]]{{-}}[[Ismail II]]{{-}}Soltan Murad Mirza{{-}}Soltan Sulaiman Mirza{{-}}Soltan Haidar Mirza{{-}}Soltan Mustafa Mirza{{-}}Soltan Mahmoud Mirza{{-}}Soltan Imam Qoli Mirza{{-}}Soltan Ahmad Mirza{{-}}Gawhar Soltan Begum{{-}}Pari Khan Khanum{{-}}Khadija Soltan Begum{{-}}Zainab Begum{{-}}Maryam Begum{{-}}Khanish Begum{{-}}Fatima Soltan Begum{{-}}Shahrbanu Khanum|spouses=Soltanum Begum{{-}}Soltan-Agha Khanum{{-}}Soltanzada Khanum{{-}}Zahra Baji{{-}}Huri Khan Khanum{{-}}Farida Khanum{{-}}Khanparor Khaum{{-}}Aisha Begum{{-}}Zainab Khanum|succession1=[[Shah|Shahanshah]]|reign1=23 ga Mayu 1524 – 25 ga Mayu 1576|coronation1=2 ga Yuni 1524|predecessor1=[[Ismail I]]|successor1=[[Ismail II]]|regent1=Div Soltan Rumlu{{-}}Kopek Soltan{{-}}Chuha Soltan{{-}}Hoseyn Khan|signature=Khalili Collection Islamic Art TLS-2714-back.jpg|signature_type=Hatimi|reg-type2=Vazīr-e azam|regent2=Jalal al-Din Mohammad Tabrizi{{-}}Mirza Jafar Savaji{{-}}Ahmad Beg Nur Kamal{{-}}Mir Enayat Allah Khuzani{{-}}Kvajeh Mo'en Yazdi{{-}}Qadi Jahan Qazvini{{-}}Mir Sharif Shirazi{{-}}Ma'sum Beg Safavi{{-}}Jamal al-Din Ali Tabrizi{{-}}Sayyed Hasan Farahani{{-}}|image=Shah Tahmasp I in the mountains (cropped).jpg|regnal name=Abu'l-Fath Tahmasp I|dynasty=[[Daular Safawiyya|Gidan Safawiyya]]|religion=[[Musulunci]] [[Shi'a|Shi'anci]]|succession3=‌|module={{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = Sultan Jagoran Shah Tahmasp Bahadur Khan as-Safawi al-Husaini Allah ya dawwamar da mulkinsa da ikonsa | honorific_suffix = Sultan Adali Cikakken Jagoran Gwamna Abul Muzaffar Shah Tahmasp Bahadur Khan as-Safawi al-Husaini Allah ya dawwamar da mulkinsa da ikonsa<br>‌<br>Ghulam Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) Sultan Jogran Gwamna Abul Muzaffar Padshah Tahmasp al-Safawi | signature = Lion and Sun Emblem of Persia.svg | signature_size = 70}}|caption=Tahmasp I a cikin tsaunuka, na Farrukh Beg}}'''Tahmasp I''' ([[Farisawa]] طهماسب يكم ''Ṭahmāsb,'' ko تهماسب يكم ''Tahmâsb'') (An haife shi a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1514 - 14 ga Mayu 1576) shi ne shah na biyu na [[Daular Safawiyya|Iran Safawiyya]] daga shekara ta 1524 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1576. Shi ne babban dan [[Ismail I]] da babban matarsa, Tajlu Khanum.<ref>Mitchell 2009b.</ref> Da ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a ranar 23 ga Mayun 1524, shekarun farko na mulkin Tahmasp sun yi fama da yakin basasa tsakanin shugabannin Qizilbash har zuwa shekara ta 1532, lokacin da ya tabbatar da ikonsa kuma ya fara daula ta cika. Ba da dadewa ba ya fuskanci yaki mai dorewa da [[Daular Usmaniyya]], wanda ya kasu kashi uku, Sarkin Daular Usmaniyya, Suleiman Mai Girma, ya yi kokarin dora nasa 'yan takara a kan karagar Safawiyya. Yaƙin ya ƙare da Aminci na Amasya a 1555, tare da [[Daular Usmaniyya|Usmaniyyas]] sun sami ikon mallakar [[Iraƙi]], yawancin [[Kurdistan]], da yammacin Jojiya. Tahmasp kuma ya sami sabani da [[Uzbekistan|Uzbek]] na Bukhara akan Khorasan, tare da kai hari Herat akai-akai. A cikin 1528, yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, ya ci Uzbek a yakin Jam ta hanyar amfani da bindigogi. Tahmasp majibincin fasaha ne kuma ƙwararren mai zane ne da kansa.<ref>Streusand 2019, p. 191.</ref> Ya gina gidan sarauta na zane-zane, masu zane-zane da mawaƙa. Daga baya a mulkinsa, ya zo ya raina mawaƙa, yana guje wa da yawa, ya kwashe su zuwa kotun [[Mughal Empire|Mughal ta Indiya]]. Shah Tahmasp sananne ne da tsantsan addini da kishi ga reshen [[Musulunci]] na [[Shi'a]]. Ya ba malamai gata da yawa kuma ya ƙyale su su shiga cikin harkokin shari’a da gudanarwa. A shekara ta 1544 ya bukaci sarkin Mughal mai gudun hijira Humayun ya koma [[Shi'a]] don neman taimakon soja don kwato karagarsa a Indiya. An yi sabani a kan gadonsa kafin mutuwarsa. Lokacin da Tahmasp ya mutu, yakin basasa ya biyo baya, wanda ya kai ga mutuwar yawancin dangin sarki. Mulkin Tahmasp na kusan shekaru hamsin da biyu shine mafi tsayi a cikin kowane memba na [[Daular Safawiyya]]. == Gidan Hoto == [[File:Shah_Tahmasp_I_in_the_mountains_(cropped).jpg|alt=|center|320x320px|thumb|Shah Tahmasp I]] [[File:Tahmasp,_Humayun_Meeting.jpg|center|288x288px|thumb|Shah Tahmasp I tare da Mughal Sultan Humayun na Indiya.]] [[File:Iran, Qazvin, Safavid period - Shah Tahmasp I (1514-1576) Seated in a Landscape - 1917.1078 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|center|478x478px|thumb|Hoton Shah Tahmasp da aka zana a kusa da 1575.]] == Manazarta == it838qjzlh16j6jbldf08shwtmionib 0 68570 963953 513680 2026-10-06T17:48:03Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg|Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country|native_name=ممالک محروسهٔ ایران (fa){{-}}'''[[Masarautu masu tsaro Iran]]'''{{-}}''Mamâlek-e Mahruse-ye Irân''|flag=Zand Dynasty flag.svg|flag_caption=Tutar Daular Zand|coat_caption=Alamar daular|image=Mapofthezands1776.png|caption=Daular Zand a zenith karkashin Karim Khan.|religio=[[Shi'a|Shi'anci]]|llengua=[[Farisawa]]|forma_govern=[[Sarauta]]|admin1=* [[Karim Khan Zand]] {{small|(farko)}} * Lotf Ali Khan {{small|(karshe)}}|admin_type1=Vakil ol-Ra'aya|admin_type2=Sadr-e A'zam|admin2=* Mirza Aqil Alavi {{small|(farko)}} * [[Hajji Ebrahim Shirazi]] {{small|(karshe)}}|anterior= [[Daular Afsharid]]|posterior=[[File: Flag of Agha Mohammad Khan.svg|border|25px]] [[Daular Qajar]]}} [[Fayil:Map of the Zand dynasty-ar.png|thumb|Taswirar daular zand]] [[Fayil:Zand Dynasty flag.svg|thumb|Daular zand]] '''Daular Zand''' ([[Farisawa]]: دودمان زندیان, ''Dudemâne Zandiyân'') [[Jerin Daulolin Musulunci na Shi'a|daular Shi'a]] ce ta [[Iran]],<ref>[https://iranicaonline.org/articles/zand-dynasty ZAND DYNASTY.]</ref> wacce [[Karim Khan Zand]] ya kafa wacce ta fara mulkin kudanci da tsakiyar Iran a karni na 18. Daga baya ya zo da sauri ya faɗaɗa har ya haɗa da yawancin sauran [[Iran]] na zamani (sai dai lardunan [[Balochistan]] da Khorasan). Ƙasashen [[Armeniya]], [[Azerbaijan]], da Jojiya a yau suna ƙarƙashin ikon Khanates waɗanda ke cikin yankin Zand, amma yankin ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa.<ref>Perry, John R. (14 May 2015). Karim Khan Zand: A History of Iran, 1747-1779. University of Chicago Press.</ref> == Manazarta == 1y07x63nfrhotfdqgzm8rzcux3pj7az 0 68978 964133 385318 2026-10-07T01:19:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Sex, Okra and Salted Butter''''' (Sex), fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo da aka shirya shi a shekarar 2008 wanda aka samar da shi a talabijin. Fim ɗin yana mai da hankali kan dangin [[Mali|Malian]] da ke zaune a [[Bordeaux]], Faransa. == Labarin fim == Hortense (Mata Gabin), ma'aikaciyar jinya ce 'yar asalin Afirka a cikin shekaru arba'in, ta watsar da iyalinta don kasancewa tare da masoyinta, Jean-Paul mai noman oyster a Arcachon Bay. Mijinta, Malik (Marius Yelolo) ya kasance yana musantawa game da tafiyar matarsa yayin da aka bar shi yake kula da 'ya'yansu yara maza biyu masu shekaru 12 da 6. Yayin da Malik ke mafarkin komawa gida zuwa Mali, sauran danginsa (ciki har da ɗansa na fari Dani ([[Diouc Koma]]), wanda ba zato ba tsammani aka bayyana shi ga Malik) sun rungumi yin rayuwa a Faransa. Zuwan da ba zato ba tsammani na kyakkyawa mai ban mamaki wato Amina (Aïssa Maïga) ya kara rikitar da yanayin iyalin, tare da kyakkyawar dangantaka da ke tasowa tsakanin Malik da maƙwabcinsa mai kaɗaici Mme Myriam (Lorella Cravotta). An nuna fim ɗin a bikin Film Africa a 2012<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmafrica.org.uk/film/sex-okra-and-salted-butter | title=Sex, Okra and Salted Butter | author= | date=2013-11-06 | publisher=Film Africa | accessdate=2012-02-04 | archive-date=2012-11-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101022128/http://filmafrica.org.uk/film/sex-okra-and-salted-butter | url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma ana nuna shi a gidan talabijin na Burtaniya akan The Africa Channel International ( Sky 209 & Virgin Media 828).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/africa-picture-house-presents-sex-okra-salted-butter/ | title=Africa Picture House presents Sex, Okra and Salted Butter | author= | date=2013-11-06 | publisher=The Africa Channel | accessdate=2012-02-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122165821/http://www.theafricachannel.co.uk/africa-picture-house-presents-sex-okra-salted-butter/ | archive-date=2014-01-22 | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:fim]] ky3j8y0bzcobmqcbf77734fg5ex33aq 0 74548 964169 395295 2026-10-07T05:19:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Smangele Mathibeli''' (nee Mbatha) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu. An haifeta a KwaZulu Natal Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1982. An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin kamar; ''Imbewu'', ''Yizo Yizo'' and ''Zone 14''. Ita ce Shugabar Kamfanin Calvin da Family Group.<ref name="Yizo">{{Cite web |last=Sekudu |first=Bonolo |title=Former Yizo Yizo actress shares her journey from being actor to being a CEO |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/Money/former-yizo-yizo-actress-shares-her-journey-from-being-actor-to-being-a-ceo-20190913 |access-date=2021-11-28 |website=Drum |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LATEST NEWS – calvinandfamily |url=https://calvinandfamily.co.za/latest-news/ |access-date=2021-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Mbatha a cikin 1982 a Soweto, Diepkloof, Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Thriving |title=Sma Mathibeli : CEO of Calvin and family Group |url=https://www.thriving.network/top-50-thriving-female-founders/i/36292312/sma-mathibeli-ceo-calvin-and-family-group |access-date=2021-11-28 |website=www.thriving.network |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128151115/https://www.thriving.network/top-50-thriving-female-founders/i/36292312/sma-mathibeli-ceo-calvin-and-family-group |archive-date=2021-11-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet our Top 50 Thriving Female Founder for 2019 Edition |url=https://calvinandfamily.co.za/2020/02/24/meet-our-top-50-thriving-female-founder-for-2019-edition/ |access-date=2021-11-28 |website=calvinandfamily |language=en-US |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128165035/https://calvinandfamily.co.za/2020/02/24/meet-our-top-50-thriving-female-founder-for-2019-edition/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ta yi karatun sakandare a 1999. Sannan ta sami digiri a fannin sarrafa fasaha da sadarwa na audiovisual daga Jami'a. Ta auri Calvin Mathibeli, wani ɗan kasuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mpapu |first=Hopewell |title=Zone 14 actress Sma on being a business woman |url=https://www.news24.com/drum/news/zone-14-actress-sma-on-being-a-business-woman-20170728 |access-date=2021-11-28 |website=Drum |language=en-US |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128165103/https://www.news24.com/drum/news/zone-14-actress-sma-on-being-a-business-woman-20170728 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thriving Mama Summit |url=https://bayandagumede.co.za/thriving-mama-summit/ |access-date=2021-11-28 |website=Bayanda Gumede |language=en-ZA |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126060537/https://bayandagumede.co.za/thriving-mama-summit/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sun yi auren sirri, a cikin Phuhaditjhaba, Qwaqwa da aka yi bikin a watan Disamba 2014. == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Film !! Role !! Genre !! Ref. |- | 2002 || ''Gaz'lam'' || Foxy's Friend|| TV series|| |- | 2003 || ''Yizo Yizo'' || Nomsa|| TV series|| |- | 2005 || ''Zone 14'' || Madi|| TV series|| |- | 2006 || ''Heartlines: The Good Fight'' || Faith || TV series|| |- | 2012 || ''[[Scandal! (South African TV series)|Scandal!]]'' || Nomcebo || TV series|| |- | 2019 || ''Imbewu'' || Abigail Miya || TV series|| |} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== * [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2335116/ IMDb] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mathibeli, Sma}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] 8xhnxzpbucniub4ve4r66eqzvfidnpo 0 74815 964154 563870 2026-10-07T03:55:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shukri Toefy''' dan kasuwa ne, mai saka hannun jari, mai shirya fim, mai magana kuma dayan wadanda suka kafa kuma Shugaban <ref name="FORT">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fort.co/about/ |title=''FORT'': About |access-date=2024-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310134403/https://www.fort.co/about |archive-date=2024-03-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Fort. A halin yanzu yana zaune a birnin [[Johannesburg]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. == Sana'a == '''Shukri Toefy''' ta yi digiri a [[Doka|fannin Shari'a]] da [[Siyasa]] daga Jami'ar Cape Town, Babban MBA daga Makarantar Digiri ta Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Cape Town, kuma kwararre ne kan harkokin kasuwanci a Makarantar Kasuwancin Saïd, [[Jami'ar Oxford]] . <ref name="Said Business School">[https://www.sbs.ox.ac.uk/about-us/people/shukri-toefy ''Said Business School'': Shukri Toefy]</ref> [[Fayil:Shukri Toefy.jpg|thumb|Shukri Toefy]] Ya yi aiki a kan kwamitocin da dama, ciki har da The Cape Film Commission, Sizalo Investment Group da Kinza.org, kuma ya gabatar da batutuwan da suka hada da harkokin kasuwanci, kirkiro tsarin kasuwanci, ba da labari, ƙima mai mahimmanci, da manufofin ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. <ref name="shukritoefy">[http://www.shukritoefy.com/ ''Shukri Toefy'': About ]</ref> == Fina-finai == ===Fim=== *2016: ''Unwritten: A Visual Journey of Nepal'' === Commercials === * [[Lays]] – Endless Questions (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vimeo.com/13369775|title=Lays – Endless Questions}}</ref> * [[The Haven Night Shelter]] – Lets Get the Homeless Home (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vimeo.com/13371312|title=The Haven Night Shelter PSA}}</ref> * [[Women's Health (magazine)|Women's Health South Africa]] – Good To Be You (2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fortfilms.co.za/director|title=Fort Films Website}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Remia – Over the Fence (2009)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/13326511|title = Remia – over the Fence}}</ref> * [[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]] – Globacom Premier League (2008)<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/AzXE5IFgDHM Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160404180448/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzXE5IFgDHM Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzXE5IFgDHM| title = Globacom Premier League | via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ===Talabijin=== * ''Hamba Dompas Woza ID'' (2010) (producer)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediaupdate.co.za/default.aspx?IDStory=28612/|title=Women's Day special broadcast – Hamba Dompas Woza ID|access-date=2010-08-03|work=Media Update}}</ref> * ''Sudafrica 2010'' (2010) (producer)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vmetv.com/sudafrica2010/ |title=Vme - Sudáfrica 2010: Mas alla de la cancha |access-date=5 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724041244/http://www.vmetv.com/sudafrica2010/ |archive-date=24 July 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Music videos === * "First We Need the Love" – [[Zain Bhikha]] (2010) * "Who I Am" – [[Zain Bhikha]] (2009) * "What's Love" – HC (2008)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmcontact.com/south-africa/fort-films%E2%80%99-amr-singh-hits-high-notes-hc |title=Fort Films' Amr Singh Hits the High Notes for HC |access-date=5 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711001634/http://www.filmcontact.com/south-africa/fort-films%E2%80%99-amr-singh-hits-high-notes-hc |archive-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Kyaututtuka da Ayyanawa== {| class="wikitable sortable" width="99%" |- style="background:#ccc; vertical-align:bottom;" ! colspan="6" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"| List of awards and nominations |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! Year ! Award / Film Festival ! Category ! Work ! Result |- style="border-top:2px solid gray;" |rowspan="2"| 2016 |rowspan="1"| Amsterdam Film Festival | Van Gogh Award: World Cinema Doc |rowspan="2"| ''Unwritten: A Visual Journey of Nepal'' | {{won}} | |- | Hollywood International Independent Documentary Awards | Best Cultural Short | {{won}} |} == Other recognition == *2008, Cape Film Commission – Board of Directors ==Manazarta== <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Toefy, Shukri}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1984]] 48m0id4ao8ugulvb4vaw33acijtfdmp 0 75250 964189 404299 2026-10-07T06:51:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Stellenbosch''' Klob ne na Afirka da kudu ƙwararriyar ƙungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ce a Stellenbosch, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 2016 bayan komawar Vasco da Gama FC zuwa Stellenbosch, kungiyar ita ce kungiyar [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|kwallon kafa ta farko ta Premier]] daga yankin Cape Winelands kuma ta sami daukaka zuwa gasar Premier ta DStv a shekara ta 2019. Tawagar farko tana buga wasanninta na gida a filin wasa na Danie Craven .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home Venues: Stellenbosch Football Club|url=https://www.stellenboschfc.com/about/home-venues/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-19|publisher=Stellenbosch Football Club|archive-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705133313/https://www.stellenboschfc.com/about/home-venues/}}</ref> A cikin gida, kulob ɗin ya lashe gasar farko ta kasa a cikin shekara ta 2019, yana samun ci gaba zuwa matakin farko a karon farko a cikin wannan tsari, da kuma 2023 Carling Knockout Cup, wanda ya ga kungiyar ta zama zakara na farko na gasar da aka sabunta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sport/soccer/psl/stellenbosch-fc-to-play-home-games-at-historic-danie-craven-stadium-4d0997f8-82ec-4728-a552-1d8f2953e8c7 |title=Stellenbosch FC to play home games at historic Danie Craven Stadium |website=iol.co.za |date=24 October 2020 |access-date=5 November 2021 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106061821/https://www.iol.co.za/sport/soccer/psl/stellenbosch-fc-to-play-home-games-at-historic-danie-craven-stadium-4d0997f8-82ec-4728-a552-1d8f2953e8c7 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Stellenbosch a watan Agustan 2016 lokacin da kwamitin zartarwa na gasar Premier ya amince da bukatar kungiyar Vasco Da Gama ta National First Division, na neman canjin suna bayan komawar kungiyar daga Parow zuwa Kwalejin Wasanni ta Stellenbosch (SAS) a Stellenbosch. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendricks |first=By: Allan |last2=Sport |date=2019-07-29 |title=The new football champions of Stellenbosch |url=https://www.newframe.com/the-new-football-champions-of-stellenbosch/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=New Frame |archive-date=2023-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725180948/https://www.newframe.com/the-new-football-champions-of-stellenbosch/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An nada Sammy Troughton a matsayin koci kuma an buga wasan farko na rukunin farko na Stellies a ranar 28 ga Agusta 2016 lokacin da kungiyar ta sha kashi a hannun Mthatha Bucks da ci 3–1, tare da Stanley Muishond ya zura kwallo ta farko a kungiyar yayin haduwar. Kulob din ya kawo karshen kakar wasa ta farko a matsayi na uku a kan jadawalin tarihin, inda ya ci gaba da zama na karshe da maki daya, amma a karshe ya rasa ci gaba a gasar karamar gasar ta gaba. <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/2017-05-16-stellenbosch-fc-to-get-ball-rolling-in-psl-promotionrelegation-playoffs/|title=Stellenbosch FC to get ball rolling in PSL promotion/relegation playoffs|publisher=TimesLIVE|last=Strydom|first=Marc|date=16 May 2017|accessdate=27 February 2024}}</ref> Bayan yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba don samun ci gaba, kulob din ya rabu da Troughton kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Steve Barker, wanda a baya an nada shi a matsayin mataimakin kocin tsakiyar hanyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Laduma |first=Soccer |title=Stellenbosch FC Have Parted Ways With Sammy Troughton |url=https://www.snl24.com/soccerladuma/local/stellenbosch-fc-have-parted-ways-with-sammy-troughton-20170621 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Soccer Laduma |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://forwardzone.com/barker-adds-momentum-stellenbosch-fcs-cause/|title=Barker adds momentum to Stellenbosch FC's cause|publisher=ForwardZone|date=December 2017|accessdate=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227123531/https://forwardzone.com/barker-adds-momentum-stellenbosch-fcs-cause/|archive-date=27 February 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref> Daga baya kungiyar ta yi rikodin rarrabuwar kawuna na nasara 10, kunnen doki 10, da kuma rashin nasara 10, inda ta kare a matsayi na takwas a gasar, wanda hakan ya sa ta kasa samun tikitin shiga gasar. Wannan a ƙarshe ya haifar da canji a cikin ikon mallaka a cikin Agusta 2018 lokacin da Cibiyar Nazarin Wasanni ta Stellenbosch ta sayi kulob ɗin don kawo sabon zamani. [[File:Angelo_Kerspuy_of_Stellenbosch_F.C._lifts_the_2018-19_National_First_Division_Trophy.jpg|left|thumb| Angelo Kerspuy na Stellenbosch FC ya daga kofin 2018–19 National First Division .]] A kakar wasa ta gaba, kungiyar Barker ta samu nasarar zuwa gasar Premier ta DStv, babbar gasar kwallon kafa ta Afirka ta Kudu, a matsayin zakaran gasar rukunin farko na kasa bayan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0 da Maccabi FC a ranar karshe ta kamfen. Stellenbosch sun fara kamfen ɗin su na farko na gasar Premier da kunnen doki da Chippa United, kafin su ci gaba da ƙare kakar wasa a matsayi na 10 a cikin shekarar da cutar ta COVID-19 ta katse kuma ta shafa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-05 |title=Stellenbosch promoted to PSL |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/stellenbosch-fc-secure-promotion-to-psl-after-clinching-nfd-title/12ef87xmrunc11q8q6z3ccgmmf |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.goal.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=NFD>{{cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/stellenbosch-fc-secure-promotion-to-psl-after-clinching-nfd-title/12ef87xmrunc11q8q6z3ccgmmf|title=Stellenbosch FC secure promotion to PSL after clinching NFD title|last=Ditlhobolo|first=Austin|publisher=Goal|date=5 May 2019|accessdate=20 December 2023}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta gaba, kulob din ya fara buga wasanni na gida a filin wasa na Danie Craven, filin wasa na rugby-centric na al'ada, inda ya buga yawancin wasanni tun lokacin, yana canzawa a wani lokaci tare da filin wasa na Athlone a [[Cape Town]] . Stellenbosch sannan ya kare a matsayi na 14 a gasar cikin gida ta 2020-21, rikodin kulob na 4 a kakar 2021-22, wanda hakan ya samu damar shiga karon farko a gasar MTN 8, kuma na 6 a kamfen na 2022-23. A watan Disamba na 2023, kulob din ya lashe gasar cin kofinsa na farko bayan da aka nada shi zakaran gasar Carling Knockout na farko bayan bugun fanareti a kan TS Galaxy a filin wasa na Moses Mabhida a [[Durban]] . == Suna & lamba == Babban jami’in gudanarwa a kulob din, Rob Benadie ya ce “Sunan ‘Stellenbosch FC’ ya nuna aniyar samar da kulob din da ke wakiltar al’ummar Cape Winelands. Muna kan hanyar gina wani abu na musamman‚ kuma muna son daukar wannan al’umma da ita. mu." Ƙwararren kulob ɗin yana da tarin inabi, kamar yadda Stellenbosch ya samo asali ne a cikin gundumar Cape Winelands . == Tawagar ta yanzu == {{Updated|26 January, 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/south-africa/vasco-da-gama/10763/squad/|title=Stellenbosch FC&nbsp;– Squad|website=Soccerway|accessdate=10 April 2021|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410200725/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/south-africa/vasco-da-gama/10763/squad/|url-status=live}}</ref>  === Fita a kan aro ===   == Girmamawa == [[File:Stellenbosch_FC_players_celebrate_winning_the_2023_Carling_Knockout_trophy.jpg|thumb| Stellenbosch FC na murnar lashe kofin Carling Knockout na 2023.]] === Tawagar farko === * '''National First Division''' ** Masu nasara (1): 2018-19 * '''Kofin Knockout''' ** Masu nasara (1): 2023 === Wuraren ajiya (U-23) === * '''Kalubalen Diski DStv''' ** Masu nasara (1): 2021-22 * '''Gasar Premier League mai zuwa''' ** Masu nasara (1): 2022 ** Masu nasara (1): 2023 == Manazarta == kjr5p6y0qlzvetaxsq3ryg1369uf8wd 0 76813 964070 717782 2026-10-06T21:18:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Salimata Simporé''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1987) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Burkinabé wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba a kungiyar Firimiya ta Belarus [[FC Minsk (mata)|FC Minsk]] da ƙungiyar mata ta Burkina Faso . == Ayyukan kulob din == Simporé ya taka leda a Burkina Faso ga Princes a shekarar 2005 da 2015, ga USFA a 2016 da kuma Etincelles a 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tournoi des 5 nations |url=http://www.zedcom.bf/actualite/op413/sport.htm |access-date=3 May 2018 |language=French |archive-date=19 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070519060636/http://www.zedcom.bf/actualite/op413/sport.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hien |first=Ollo Aimé Césaire |date=1 September 2015 |title=3e édition du tournoi international de football féminin de Ouagadougou : Entrée triomphale des Princesses |url=http://www.sidwaya.bf/m-7787-3e-edition-du-tournoi-international-de-football-feminin-de-ouagadougou-entree-triomphale-des-princesses.html |access-date=3 May 2018 |publisher=Sidwaya |language=French |archive-date=4 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504090549/http://www.sidwaya.bf/m-7787-3e-edition-du-tournoi-international-de-football-feminin-de-ouagadougou-entree-triomphale-des-princesses.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hien |first=Ollo Aimé Césaire |date=9 September 2015 |title=3e édition du TIFFO : Princesses, 1re équipe burkinabé dans le palmarès |url=http://www.sidwaya.bf/m-7910-3e-edition-du-tiffo-princesses-1re-equipe-burkinabe-dans-le-palmares.html |access-date=3 May 2018 |publisher=Sidwaya |language=French |archive-date=4 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504010710/http://www.sidwaya.bf/m-7910-3e-edition-du-tiffo-princesses-1re-equipe-burkinabe-dans-le-palmares.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Compaoré |first=Alain Didier |date=8 August 2016 |title=Fasofoot: La nuit des lauréats ou la razzia du RCK |url=http://www.rtb.bf/2016/08/fasofoot-la-nuit-des-laureats-ou-la-razzia-du-rck/ |access-date=3 May 2018 |publisher=RTB |language=French |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706010013/https://www.rtb.bf/2016/08/fasofoot-la-nuit-des-laureats-ou-la-razzia-du-rck/ |archive-date=6 July 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2019 |title=Football : les soeurs Simporé entre prouesses et soupçons |url=https://www.studioyafa.org/et-aussi/173-football-salimata-et-balguissa-des-joueuses-pas-comme-les-autres.html |access-date=5 January 2021 |website=Studio Yafa |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2006, Simporé ya yi rajista a matsayin dan wasa a kungiyar Equatorial Guinea ta Las Vegas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2006 |title=5e CAN féminine: la sélection equato-guinéenne |url=http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/082/article_47110.asp |access-date=3 May 2018 |publisher=RFI |language=French}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Tsakanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2010, Simporé, wanda aka haifa a Burkinabé, ya yi wasa a Equatorial Guinea a matsayin dan wasa na asali, bayan ya haɗu da tawagar Equatorial Guine da ta lashe gasar zakarun mata ta Afirka ta 2008 kuma ta kai matsayi na biyu a gasar zakarar mata ta Afirka a 2010, wanda ya ba EquatorialGuinea damar samun cancanta ga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2011. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2011, an cire Simporé daga tawagar kasa ta hanyar kocin Brazil mai suna Marcelo Frigerio, wanda kwanan nan ya ɗauka, 'yan watanni kafin ya shiga gasar cin kofin duniya, cewa Simporé namiji ne.<ref name="Uol">{{Cite web |last=De Matos |first=José Edgar |last2=Bianchini |first2=Vladimir |date=11 September 2015 |title=Técnico do São Paulo conta como barrou dois homens em seleção feminina às vésperas de Copa |trans-title=São Paulo coach tells how he banned two men in women's national team on the World Cup eve |url=http://espn.uol.com.br/noticia/540582_tecnico-do-sao-paulo-conta-como-barrou-dois-homens-em-selecao-feminina-as-vesperas-de-copa |access-date=30 April 2018 |publisher=ESPN |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, Equatorial Guinea ba ta kira Simporé ba. Simporé ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta ƙasar Burkina Faso a 2007 (a matsayin kyaftin din su), inda ta zira kwallaye 8, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabore |first=Barthélemy |date=8 September 2007 |title=Burkina Faso: Finale tournoi international féminin - Etalons # Aiglettes, qui l'emportera ? |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Salimata+Simporé+site:http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200709100213.html |access-date=3 May 2018 |language=French}}</ref> da 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gnamesso |first=Ablam |date=7 April 2018 |title=Can féminine 2018: Salimata Simporé fait gagner le Burkina |url=http://sportdrome.com/voir-toute-l-actualit%C3%A9/item/1013-can-f%C3%A9minine-2018-salimata-simpor%C3%A9-fait-gagner-le-burkina.html |access-date=30 April 2018 |publisher=SPORTDROME |language=French |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122132329/http://sportdrome.com/voir-toute-l-actualit%C3%A9/item/1013-can-f%C3%A9minine-2018-salimata-simpor%C3%A9-fait-gagner-le-burkina.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Manufofin kasa da kasa === ''Sakamakon da sakamakon sun hada da burin Equatorial Guinea na farko'' {| class="wikitable" !No. !Date !Venue !Opponent !Score !Result !Competition |- | style="text-align:center;" |1 |18 November 2008 |Estadio de Malabo, [[Malabo]], [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] |{{Fbw|CGO}} | style="text-align:center;" |'''1'''–0 | style="text-align:center;" |5–2 |2008 African Women's Championship |- | style="text-align:center;" |2 |23 May 2010 |Sam Nujoma Stadium, [[Windhoek]], [[Namibiya|Namibia]] |{{Fbw|NAM}} | style="text-align:center;" |'''4'''–1 | style="text-align:center;" |5–1 |2010 African Women's Championship qualification |- | style="text-align:center;" |3 |8 November 2010 | rowspan="3" |Sinaba Stadium, Daveyton, [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]] |{{Fbw|GHA}} | style="text-align:center;" |'''2'''–1 | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |3–1 | rowspan="3" |2010 African Women's Championship |- | style="text-align:center;" |4 | rowspan="2" |11 November 2010 | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|RSA}} | style="text-align:center;" |'''1'''–0 |- style="text-align:center;" |5 |'''3'''–0 |} ''Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Burkina Faso na farko'' {| class="wikitable" !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- | style="text-align:center;" |1 |14 Fabrairu 2018 |Filin wasa na Robert Champroux, [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]] |{{Fbw|NIG}} | style="text-align:center;" |1–0 | style="text-align:center;" |5–1 | rowspan="2" |Kofin Mata na WAFU na 2018 |- | style="text-align:center;" |2 |16 Fabrairu 2018 |Gidan shakatawa na Treichville, Abidjan, Ivory Coast[[Ivory Coast]] |{{Fbw|CIV}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1–1 | style="text-align:center;" |1–1 |- | style="text-align:center;" |3 | rowspan="2" |7 ga Afrilu 2018 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na 4 ga Agusta, [[Ouagadougou]], [[Burkina Faso]] | rowspan="3" |{{Fbw|GAM}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2–1 | rowspan="3" |cancantar gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2018 |- style="text-align:center;" |4 |2–1 |- | style="text-align:center;" |5 |10 Afrilu 2018 |[[Bakau]])" id="mwuA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Independence Stadium (Bakau)">Filin wasa na Independence, Bakau, [[Gambiya]] | style="text-align:center;" |1–2 | style="text-align:center;" |1–2 |} == Rikici game da jinsi == Bayan tsarin da Equatorial Guinea ta sanya Simporé a matsayin ɗan ƙasa, babban gardama ya tashi game da ko Simporé mutum ne a zahiri. A cikin 2015, Frigerio, yanzu tsohon kocin ƙungiyar ƙasa na EquatorialGuinea, ya gaya wa manema labarai na Brazil Simporé hakika mutum ne. == Daraja da kyaututtuka == === Ƙungiyar ƙasa === ; Equatorial Guinea * Kofin Kasashen Mata na Afirka: 2008 == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1987]] f2vjywywb5jpoxofom32kpvaho4u2vw 0 77551 963875 960082 2026-10-06T14:24:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rebecca Root''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Ingila, mai wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai horar da murya. An fi saninta da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sitcom na BBC Two na shekarar 2015 Boy Meets Girl . Ta taka rawar Siobhan a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time . An sanya ta a matsayi na 18 a cikin The Independent on Sunday's Rainbow List na shekarar 2014, wanda ya ba ta suna a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mai tasiri a cikin talabijin na yau da kullun, tare da wasu kamar Alexandra Billings, [[Laverne Cox]] da Adele Anderson . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Root a Woking, Surrey, Ingila, an sanya shi namiji. Ita ce ta biyu ga mahaifiyar mataimakiyar likita, yayin da mahaifinta ya kasance ma'aikacin banki a Guildford . Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara 11, iyalinta sun koma karkara ta Oxfordshire inda ta halarci Makarantar Bartholomew a Eynsham . Tushen ya yi tare da kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na gida da kuma Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na matasa na Burtaniya, wanda tsofaffi suka hada da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar [[Lucy Briers]], Jonathan Cake, da [[Daniel Craig]]. <ref name="essentialsurrey.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=January 2015 |title=Interview: Transgender actress Rebecca Root |url=https://www.essentialsurrey.co.uk/lifestyle/celebrity-interview/rebecca-root/ |website=Essential Surrey & SW London}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da kammala karatu daga Royal Central School of Speech and Drama tare da Master of Arts a Nazarin Murya a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca Root acting profile |url=https://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/people/18661 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521084133/https://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/people/18661 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |website=[[Royal National Theatre|National Theatre]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta na shida a shekarar 1987, Root ta koma London cikakken lokaci don horar da ita a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo a Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts ta shafe shekaru goma masu zuwa a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo, <ref name="essentialsurrey.co.uk" /> tana aiki a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da wasan kwaikwayo, musamman a cikin shirye' yankan talabijin kamar Keeping Up Appearances da Casualty, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo kamar The Lady's Not For Burning, ''Hamlet'', da ''Tartuff'' . Kafin ta samu ci gaba a shekarar 2015 tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fim din da ya lashe kyautar The Danish Girl (ta fara fitowa a fim) da kuma rawar da ta taka a cikin fim din soyayya na BBC Two Boy Meets Girl, Root ta yi la'akari da cewa ta taka rawar da aka bayyana a matsayin "shugaban soyayya, debonair, jarumi, soja - yawanci kuma 'na al'ada.'"<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Trans Actress Rebecca Root Is Changing History in The Sisters Brothers—Or Maybe Just Revealing It |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/09/rebecca-root-the-sisters-brothers |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2015, Root ya kuma fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Radio 4 na shekarar ''1977'', game da shahararren mawaƙa mai canza launin fata Angela Morley wanda ya zama sunan gida ga masu sauraron rediyo na Burtaniya a matsayin Wally Stott . Ya biyo bayan shekarar da aka sanya Morley don kammala waƙoƙin sauti na fim din Watership Down a cikin makonni uku.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2015 |title=About so much more than 'a transgender woman in the 1970s' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/writers/blog/writing-1977-for-bbc-radio-4-and-why-its-about-so-much-more-than-a-transgender-woman-in-the-1970s |website=BBC/blogs/writersroom}}</ref> Tushen ya kuma bayyana a cikin jerin sauti na Doctor Who Stranded, wani ɓangare na Eighth Doctor Adventures, yana wasa da Tania Bell, abokin Doctor na farko, kuma mai aiki na Torchwood yana sa ido kan Eighth doctor lokacin da ya makale a Duniya saboda lalacewar TARDIS.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Paul McGann comes down to Earth with a bump in Doctor Who - Stranded - News - Big Finish |url=https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/paul-mcgann-comes-down-to-earth-with-a-bump-in-doctor-who-stranded |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=www.bigfinish.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220211814/https://www.bigfinish.com/news/v/paul-mcgann-comes-down-to-earth-with-a-bump-in-doctor-who-stranded |archive-date=2019-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Root kuma mai horar da murya ce, tana koyarwa a Makarantar Ayyuka ta Gabas 15 kuma daga gidanta a Highgate, London. Ta fara wannan aikin ne bayan ta sauya daga namiji zuwa mace a shekara ta 2003 kuma aikin wasan kwaikwayo ya zama da wuya a samu. <ref name="essentialsurrey.co.uk" /> Root kuma tana tallata darussan maganin murya musamman ga mutanen da suka canza jinsi don taimaka musu "suna muryar da suke ji ta dace da jinsi". <ref name="Thesis">{{Cite journal |last=Root |first=Rebecca |year=2009 |title=There and Back Again: Adventures in Genderland |journal=Voice and Speech Review |publisher=Voice and Speech Trainers Association |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=144–155 |doi=10.1080/23268263.2009.10761517 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Root mace ce mai canza launin fata.<ref name="essentialsurrey.co.uk" /> Har ila yau, ita ce mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] kuma mai kula da ayyukan agaji Diversity Role Models da Liberate Jersey . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Patrons |url=https://www.diversityrolemodels.org/about-us/patrons |access-date=2024-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124234750/https://www.diversityrolemodels.org/about-us/patrons |archive-date=2020-01-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jersey |first=Liberate |date=2017-07-08 |title=Liberate has its first patron |url=https://liberate.je/2017/07/08/liberate-has-its-first-patron/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=Liberate |language=en-US}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1995 |''Ci gaba da Bayyanawa'' |Injiniya |Fim: "Hyacinth yana jin tsoro" |- |1997 |''Wadanda suka mutu'' |SHO na kwakwalwa |Abubuwa 2 |- |2012 |''Al'ada: Labarai na Gaskiya daga Masana'antar Jima'i'' |Cynthia |Fim din da aka fara a bikin fina-finai na Raindance na 2012 <ref name="RootProjects">{{Cite web |last=Root |first=Rebecca |title=News and upcoming events |url=http://www.rebeccaroot.co.uk/page2.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910232822/http://www.rebeccaroot.co.uk/page2.htm |archive-date=10 September 2015 |access-date=9 September 2015 |website=Rebecca Root}}</ref> |- |2015–2016 |''Yaro ya sadu da Yarinya'' |Judy |Shirye-shiryen talabijin na BBC |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''1977'' |Angela Morley |Wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Radio 4 <ref name=":1" /> |- |''Yarinyar Danish'' |Ma'aikaciyar jinya ta Lili |Root ya saurari rawar da [[Lili Elbe]] ke takawa, amma an ba da rawar ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Eddie Redmayne, tare da Root da aka ba shi matsayin ma'aikacin jinya na Lili |- |2017 |''Dokta Wanene: Zaltys'' |Yashi |Babban Dokta Mai Ƙarshe Wanda wasan kwaikwayo na sauti <ref>{{Cite web |title=223. Doctor Who: Zaltys - Doctor Who - The Monthly Adventures - Big Finish |url=https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/doctor-who-zaltys-1253 |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=www.bigfinish.com}}</ref> |- |2017–2018 |''Likitoci'' |Samantha Eustace |Abubuwa 4 |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Colette'' |Rachilde | |- |''<nowiki/>'Yan uwa'uwa'' |Mayfield | |- |''Romawa'' |Dana |Fim: "Wanda ke riƙe da komai" |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''Moominvalley'' |Misabel (murya) |Kashi na #1.1 |- |''Rashin ƙarfi'' |Allie Gregs |Kashi: "Dan" |- |''Gallifrey: Yaƙin Lokaci na 2'' |Waƙar |Babban akwatin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na ƙarshe <ref>{{Cite web |title=10. Gallifrey: Time War 2 - Gallifrey - Big Finish |url=https://www.bigfinish.com/releases/v/gallifrey-time-war-2-1794 |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=www.bigfinish.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Dokta Wanene: Ya yi mamaki'' |Tania Bell |Babban Dokta Mai Ƙarshe Wanda akwatin wasan kwaikwayo na sauti <ref name=":0" /> |- |''Gambit na Sarauniya'' |Miss Lonsdale |Abubuwa 2 |- |2021 |''Labaran Halitta''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creation Stories review: Alan McGee biopic - The Skinny |url=https://www.theskinny.co.uk/film/new-releases/creation-stories |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=www.theskinny.co.uk}}</ref> |Victoria | |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Wannan Kirsimeti ne'' |Miranda |Fim <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaya Scodelario and Alfred Enoch to star in Sky rom-com This Christmas |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/movies/kaya-scodelario-alfred-enoch-sky-this-christmas-newsupdate/ |website=Radio Times}}</ref> |- |''Tashin hankali'' |DS Diana Aird | |- |2023–2024 |''Mai dakatar da zuciya'' |Babban Edwards |Abubuwa 3 |- |2024 |''Mista Spade'' |Cynthia Fitzsimmons |Abubuwa 6 |- |2026 |''Mai dakatar da Zuciya Har abada'' |Babban Edwards |Cameo (Fim din Talabijin) |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 69ypf46neyzd65bdifgkz48xwb1vfha 0 78207 963932 524436 2026-10-06T16:48:50Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Safavid_Flag.svg|Safavid_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|module={{Infobox royalty | name = [[Shah]] | image = Lion and Sun Emblem of Persia.svg | image_size = 80 | reign1 = 22 ga Agusta 1576 - 24 Nuwamba 1577 | coronation1 = 22 ga Agusta 1576 | predecessor1 = [[Tahmasp I]] | successor1 = [[Muhammad Khodabanda]] | regent1 = Mirza Shokrollah Isfahani | reg-type1 = Vazir-e A'zam | full name = Abul Muzaffar Shah Ismail bin Shah Tahmasp Safawi al-Husayni al-Musawi }}|image=Shah Ismayil I.jpg|birth_date=31 ga Mayu 1537|birth_place=[[Qom]], [[Daular Safawiyya]]|death_date=24 Nuwamba 1577 (shekaru 40)|death_place=Qazvin, [[Daular Safawiyya]]|burial_place=Husayn ar-Reza kushewar wali, Qazvin, [[Iran]]|family=[[Daular Safawiyya|Gidan Safawiyya]]|mother=Sultanum Begum|father=[[Tahmasp I]]|birth_name=Ismail Mirza|image caption=Hoton Ismail II daga wani shafi na sigarsa ta Shahnameh|spouse=Safiye Begum|children=Abul Fawaris Shuja'ul-Din{{-}}Safiya Sultan Begum{{-}}FakhrJahan Begum{{-}}Gawhar Soltan Begum|honorific suffix=[[Shah|Shahanshah]]}} [[Fayil:Ensemble de gravures de costumes de Turquie du XVIe siècle.f067.jpg|thumb|Ismail II]] [[Fayil:IranianShahIsmail2.jpg|thumb|Ismail II]] '''Ismail II''' ([[Farisawa]]: اسماعیل دوم ''Ismāʿīl II'') (31 Mayu 1537 – 24 Nuwamba 1577<ref>هینتس، والتر (۱۳۷۱). شاه اسماعیل دوم صفوی. ترجمهٔ کیکاوس جهانداری. تهران: شرکت انتشارات علمی و فرهنگی.</ref>) An haife shi a matsayin '''Ismail Mirza''' ([[Farisawa]]: اسماعیل میرزا ''Ismāʿī‌‌l Mirza'') Shi ne Shah na biyu na [[daular Safawiyya]] kuma ya yi mulki daga 1576<ref>پارسادوست، شاه اسماعیل دوم شجاع تباه شده، ۶۹.</ref><ref>https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids </ref> zuwa 1577. Mahaifinsa shine [[Tahmasp I|Shah Tahmasp I]]. == Manazarta == csu0li107s0q13fq0yq4wcgowoxuk3t 0 78208 963933 494818 2026-10-06T16:48:53Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Safavid_Flag.svg|Safavid_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|succession1=[[Shah]]|reign1=11 ga Fabrairu 1578 – Oktoba 1587|predecessor1=[[Ismail II]]|successor1=[[Abbas I]]|image=Illustration of the Safavid shah Mohammad Khodabandeh.jpg|caption=Zanen Muhammad Khodabandeh na Ahmed Manshi Qomi|regent1=Mirza Salman Jaberi{{-}}Mirza Hedayatollah{{-}}Mirza Muhammad Monshi|reg-type1=Vazir-e A'zam|spouses=Khayr al-Nisa Begum{{-}}Farkhunda Begum|issue=Hamza Mirza{{-}}Abu Talib Mirza{{-}}[[Abbas I]]{{-}}Hasan Mirza{{-}}Tahmasp Mirza{{-}}Shah Begum|full name=Abul Muzaffar Soltan Muhammad Khudabanda al-Husaini al-Musawi al-Safawi Bahadur Khan|regnal name=Shah Muhammad Khodabandeh|dynasty=[[Daular Safawiyya|Gidan Safawiyya]]|father=[[Tahmasp I]]|mother=Sultanum Begum|religion=[[Musulmi]] [[Shi'a]]|birth_date=1531|birth_place=[[Tabriz]], [[Daular Safawiyya]]|death_date=1595 (shekaru 64)|death_place=Alamut Kagara, Qazvin, [[Daular Safawiyya]]|burial_place=Haramin [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Imam Alhusain]], [[Karbala]], [[Iraki]]}} [[Fayil:Shah Mohammad Khodabandeh and Prince Hamzeh Mirza celebrate reunion.jpg|thumb|Muhammad Khodabanda]] '''Muhammad Khodabanda''' ([[Farisawa]]: شاه محمد خدابنده) (1531 - 21 Yuli 1595 ko 10 Yuli 1596)<ref>https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids</ref> Shi ne Shah na hudu a [[daular Safawiyya]] ya yi mulki daga shekara ta 1578 zuwa 1587, ya kasance makaho. Mahaifinsa [[Tahmasp I|Shah Tahmasp I]],<ref>Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran, I.B.Tauris, 2004, p.42</ref> ɗan'uwansa [[Ismail II|Shah Ismail II]], dansa kuwa [[Abbas I|Shah Abbas I]]. == Manazarta == 2c63frczdluvqeln37a5w4fedmlxc2x 0 78209 963927 489522 2026-10-06T16:48:31Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Safavid_Flag.svg|Safavid_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|succession1=[[Shah|Shahanshah]]|reign1=28 ga Janairu 1629 – 12 Mayu 1642|coronation1=29 ga Janairu 1629|predecessor1=[[Abbas I]]|successor1=[[Abbas II]]|image=Shah Safi I of Persia on Horseback Carrying a Mace- Sahand Ace.png|birth_name=Sam Mirza|birth_date=1611|death_date=12 ga Mayu 1642 (shekaru 30–31)|death_place=Kashan, [[Daular Safawiyya]]|burial_place=Haramin Fatima Masumeh, [[Qom]], [[Iran]]|spouses=Anna Khanum{{-}}Sauran|issue=[[Abbas II]]{{-}}Maryam Begum{{-}}Sauran 'ya'ya maza|full name=Abul Muzaffar Shah Safi bin Faizi Mirza al-Husaini al-Musawi al-Safawi Bahadur Khan|regnal name=Shahzada Abul Nasir Sam Mirza|mother=Dilaram Khanum|dynasty=[[Daular Safawiyya|Gidan Safawiyya]]|father=Muhammad Baqer Mirza|caption=Shah Safi na Farisa a kan doki yana ɗauke da sanda|module={{Infobox person | honorific_prefix = [[File:Lion and Sun Emblem of Persia.svg|40px]]<br>Mai Martaba Inuwar Allah Soltan | name = Shah Safi I | honorific_suffix = Sarkin sarakuna<br>Shugaba mai hadewa<br>Nawab Mfi Tsarki<br>Nawab Khaqan<br>Ma'abocin Alqur'ani}}}} [[Fayil:Shah Safi- Sahand Ace.jpg|thumb|Safi]] '''Shah Safi''' ([[Farisawa]]: شاه صفی) (1611‌‌‌ – 12 ga Mayu 1642)‌ An haife shi da sunan '''Sam Mirza''' ([[Farisawa]]: سام میرزا) Shi ne Shah na shida na [[daular Safawiyya]] kuma ya yi mulki na tsawon shekaru 14 daga 1629 zuwa 1642.<ref>التاريخ الاسلامي، التاريخ المعاصر، ايران وافغانستان (1416 هـ / 1995). محمود شاكر. المكتب الاسلامي. ص 12</ref> Ya karbi mulki ya gaji kakansa [[Abbas I|Shah Abbas I]].<ref>Matthee 2021, p. 144.</ref> == Manazarta == subuddnahy2ptdymmnd17c8u6hig964 0 78210 963926 816677 2026-10-06T16:48:29Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Safavid_Flag.svg|Safavid_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|image=Shah Abbas II, (ruled 1642-1666), Aga Khan trust of culture (painting dated to 17-18th century).png|caption=Shah Abbas II a 1663|succession1=[[Shah|Shahanshah]]|reign1=15 ga Mayu 1642 – 26 ga Oktoba 1666|coronation1=15 ga Mayu 1642, Kashan|predecessor1=[[Safi]]|successor1=[[Sulaiman I]]|reg-type1=Vazir-e A'zam|regent1=Saru Taqi<br>Soltan al-Ulama<br>Muhammad Beg<br>Mirza Muhammad Karaki|birth_name=Soltan Muhammad Mirza|birth_date=30 ga Agusta 1632|death_date=26 Oktoba 1666 (shekaru 34)|birth_place=Qazvin, [[Daular Safawiyya]]|death_place=Behshahr, [[Daular Safawiyya]]|burial_place=Haramin Fatima Masumeh, [[Qom]], [[Iran]]|religion=[[Musulunci]] [[Shi'a|Shi'anci]]|spouses=Nakihat Khanum<br>Gimbiya Anuka|issue=[[Sulaiman I]]<br>Hamza Mirza|father=[[Safi]]|mother=Anna Khanum|dynasty=[[Daular Safawiyya|Gidan Safawiyya]]|signature=Tughra Abbas II.jpg|signature_type=Tughra|full name=Abul Muzaffar Shah Abbas II al-Husaini al-Musawi al-Safawi Bahadur Khan}} [[Fayil:Shah Abbas II.jpg|thumb|Abbas II]] [[Fayil:Abbas II of Persia, Palace of Chehel Sotoun. Painted circa 1647.jpg|thumb|Abbas II]] [[Fayil:Shah Abbas II Safavi.jpg|thumb|Abbas II]] '''Abbas II''' ([[Farisawa]]: عباس دوم ''ʿAbbās II'') (30 ga Agusta 1632 – 26 Oktoba 1666) An haife shi a matsayin '''Soltan Muhammad Mirza''' ([[Farisawa]]: سلطان محمد میرزا) Shi ne [[Shah]] na bakwai na [[daular Safawiyya]], kuma ya yi mulki daga 1642 zuwa 1666.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20170516233058/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abbas-ii </ref> An nada shi yana da shekaru tara bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, [[Safi|Shah Safi]].<ref>غير معروف (1835). "Аббасъ I". Энциклопедический лексикон. Том 1, 1835 (بالروسية). 1: 11–12.</ref> Farkon mulkinsa yana karkashin kulawar vazîr-i aʾzam Saru Taqi. Har shah ya iya kawo karshen wa'adinsa yana da shekara goma sha biyar ya fara mulkinsa cikakkiya. == Manazarta == gwt6z8umiu06h404j76iuysp35nzrg6 0 78212 963923 489524 2026-10-06T16:48:02Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Safavid_Flag.svg|Safavid_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|image=Shah Suleiman I.jpg|full name=Zellollah Abul Muzaffar Abul Mansour Shah Sulaiman al-Husaini al-Musawi al-Safawi Bahadur Khan|regnal name=Shah Safi II ([[Farisawa]]: شاه صفی دوم)<br>Shah Sulaiman I ([[Farisawa]]: شاه سلیمان یکم)|succession1=[[Shah|Shahanshah]]|reign1=1 Nuwamba 1666 - 29 Yuli 1694|cor-type1=Nadin sarauta na farko|coronation1=1 Nuwamba 1666|cor-type2=Nadin sarauta na biyu|coronation2=20 Maris 1668|predecessor2=[[Abbas II]]|successor2=[[Soltan Hoseyn]]|regent2=Mirza Muhammad Karaki<br>Shaykh Ali Khan Zanganeh<br>Muhammad Taher Qazvini|reg-type2=Vazir-e A'zam|birth_name=Sam Mirza|birth_date=Fabrairu/Maris 1648|death_date=29 ga Yuli 1694 (shekaru 46)|death_place=[[Esfahan]], [[Daular Safawiyya]]|burial_place=Haramin Fatima Masumeh, [[Qom]], [[Iran]]|issue=[[Soltan Hoseyn]]{{-}}Zobeydeh Khanum{{-}}Shahrbanu Begum{{-}}Soltan Safi Mirza{{-}}Soltan Haidar Mirza{{-}}Soltan Abbas Mirza{{-}}Soltan Murtaza Mirza{{-}}Soltan Mustafa Mirza{{-}}Soltan Hamza Mirza{{-}}Soltan Ebrahim Mirza{{-}}Soltan Ahmad Mirza|spouses=Fathiyya Khanum{{-}}Helen Khatun|dynasty=[[Daular Safawiyya|Gidan Safawiyya]]|father=[[Abbas II]]|mother=Nakihat Khanum|religion=[[Musulunci]] [[Shi'a|Shi'anci]]|image_size=280|caption=Suleiman I, wanda Aliquli Jabbadar ya zana a 1670}} [[Fayil:Portrait of a ruler of Persia, painted by a follower of Ali Quli Jabbadar, Safavid Iran.jpg|thumb|Sulaiman I]] [[Fayil:Titulyarnik - Suleiman I.png|thumb|Sulaiman I]] '''Sulaiman I''' ([[Farisawa]]: شاه سلیمان یکم ''Shah Solayman'') wanda a baya aka nada sarautar '''Safi II''' ([[Farisawa]]: شاه صفی دوم) An haife shi da sunan '''Sam Mirza''' ([[Farisawa]]: سام میرزا). Shi ne Shah na takwas na [[daular Safawiyya]] kuma ya yi mulki daga 1666 zuwa 1694. An nada shi sarauta a matsayin ''Shah Safi II''<ref>Matthee 2015.</ref> bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa [[Abbas II|Shah Abbas II]], kuma aka sake nada shi a matsayin ''Shah Suleiman II'', a ranar idin Nowruz a ranar 20 ga Maris 1668.<ref>Matthee 2011, p. 52.</ref> == Manazarta == gxc375fffe0ry42g7vj0yxqrr393jdm 0 78213 963924 773751 2026-10-06T16:48:05Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Safavid_Flag.svg|Safavid_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|succession1=[[Shah|Shahanshah]]|reign1=10 ga Nuwamba 1722 – 1732|coronation1=24 ga Nuwamba 1722|predecessor1=[[Soltan Hoseyn]]|successor1=[[Abbas III]]|birth_date=3 ga Disamba 1704|birth_place=[[Esfahan]], |death_date=11 ga Fabrairu 1740 (shekaru 35–36)|death_place=Sabzevar, [[File:Nadir Shah Flag.svg|border|25px]] [[Daular Afsharid]]|burial_place=Haramin Imam Reza, [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]|spouse=Shahpari Begum|issue=[[Abbas III]]<br/>[[Soltan Hoseyn II]]<br/>Esmat-nesa Begum|full name=Sultan na Sultans Abul Muzaffar Shah Tahmasp II al-Husaini al-Musawi al-Safawi Bahadur Khan|regnal name=Shah Tahmasp II|dynasty=[[Daular Safawiyya|Gidan Safawiyya]]|mother=Shahbanu Halima Sultan|father=[[Soltan Hoseyn|Shah Soltan Hosyen]]|regent1=Rajab Ali Beg<br/>Mohammad Ali Khan Mokri<br/>Mortezaqoli Khan<br/>Mirza Abdul-Karim<br/>Farajollah Khan Abdollah<br/>Mirza Muhammad Husain<br/>Mirza Abdollah<br/>Mirza Mo'men Qazvini<br/>Mirza Muhammad Rahim<br/>Rajab Ali Khan|reg-type1=Vazīr-e Azam|image=Nadir at the court of Shah Tahmasp II.jpg|caption=Wurin kotu tare da Tahmasp II a tsakiya, kuma [[Nader Shah|Nader]] a hagunsa. Daga wani kwafin Indiya na Jahangosha-ye Naderi, mai kwanan wata 1757/58}} [[Fayil:Ardashir II (The Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp).png|thumb|Tahmasp II]] [[Fayil:Tahmasp II of Persia.jpg|thumb|Tahmasp II]] '''Tahmasp II''' ([[Farisawa]]: شاه تهماسب دوم ''Ṭahmāsb II'') (1704 – 11 Fabrairu 1740) Shi ne Shah na goma na [[daular Safawiyya]] ya yi mulki daga 1722 zuwa 1732. Bayan mamayar da Hotakians ta yi wa Isfahan tare da kashe mahaifinsa [[Soltan Hoseyn|Shah Soltan Hoseyn]], Tahmasp na biyu ya mulki wani ɓangare na [[Iran]] na wani ɗan lokaci.<ref>Roemer 1986, p. 326.</ref> Bayan cin nasarar [[Isfahan]] da [[Nader Shah]] ya yi, Shah Tahmasab II ya shiga babban birnin [[Daular Safawiyya|kakanninsa]]. == Manazarta == tiepzcbjv9nu48oti7grut5w3hwvvvh 963952 963924 2026-10-06T17:48:00Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg|Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty|succession1=[[Shah|Shahanshah]]|reign1=10 ga Nuwamba 1722 – 1732|coronation1=24 ga Nuwamba 1722|predecessor1=[[Soltan Hoseyn]]|successor1=[[Abbas III]]|birth_date=3 ga Disamba 1704|birth_place=[[Esfahan]], |death_date=11 ga Fabrairu 1740 (shekaru 35–36)|death_place=Sabzevar, [[Daular Afsharid]]|burial_place=Haramin Imam Reza, [[Mashhad]], [[Iran]]|spouse=Shahpari Begum|issue=[[Abbas III]]<br/>[[Soltan Hoseyn II]]<br/>Esmat-nesa Begum|full name=Sultan na Sultans Abul Muzaffar Shah Tahmasp II al-Husaini al-Musawi al-Safawi Bahadur Khan|regnal name=Shah Tahmasp II|dynasty=[[Daular Safawiyya|Gidan Safawiyya]]|mother=Shahbanu Halima Sultan|father=[[Soltan Hoseyn|Shah Soltan Hosyen]]|regent1=Rajab Ali Beg<br/>Mohammad Ali Khan Mokri<br/>Mortezaqoli Khan<br/>Mirza Abdul-Karim<br/>Farajollah Khan Abdollah<br/>Mirza Muhammad Husain<br/>Mirza Abdollah<br/>Mirza Mo'men Qazvini<br/>Mirza Muhammad Rahim<br/>Rajab Ali Khan|reg-type1=Vazīr-e Azam|image=Nadir at the court of Shah Tahmasp II.jpg|caption=Wurin kotu tare da Tahmasp II a tsakiya, kuma [[Nader Shah|Nader]] a hagunsa. Daga wani kwafin Indiya na Jahangosha-ye Naderi, mai kwanan wata 1757/58}} [[Fayil:Ardashir II (The Shahnama of Shah Tahmasp).png|thumb|Tahmasp II]] [[Fayil:Tahmasp II of Persia.jpg|thumb|Tahmasp II]] '''Tahmasp II''' ([[Farisawa]]: شاه تهماسب دوم ''Ṭahmāsb II'') (1704 – 11 Fabrairu 1740) Shi ne Shah na goma na [[daular Safawiyya]] ya yi mulki daga 1722 zuwa 1732. Bayan mamayar da Hotakians ta yi wa Isfahan tare da kashe mahaifinsa [[Soltan Hoseyn|Shah Soltan Hoseyn]], Tahmasp na biyu ya mulki wani ɓangare na [[Iran]] na wani ɗan lokaci.<ref>Roemer 1986, p. 326.</ref> Bayan cin nasarar [[Isfahan]] da [[Nader Shah]] ya yi, Shah Tahmasab II ya shiga babban birnin [[Daular Safawiyya|kakanninsa]]. == Manazarta == dzxbnnna5kjlvpycfbv6fq5zsz8533g 10 78742 963925 811563 2026-10-06T16:48:08Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Safavid_Flag.svg|Safavid_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Iran | flag alias = Flag of Iran.svg | flag alias-official = Flag of Iran (official).svg | flag alias-1502 = | flag alias-1576 = | flag alias-1665 = Flag of Persia (1665).svg | flag alias-1736 = Nadir Shah Flag.svg | flag alias-1760 = Zand Dynasty flag.svg | border-1760 = | flag alias-1796 = Qajar Naval Ensign.svg | flag alias-1849 = Amir Kabir Flag.svg | flag alias-1907 = Flag of Persia (1907).svg | flag alias-1910 = Flag of Persia (1910-1925).svg | flag alias-1925 = State Flag of Iran (1925).svg | flag alias-1964 = State Flag of Iran (1964).svg | flag alias-air force = Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force.svg | flag alias-army = Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces.svg | link alias-army = Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces | flag alias-navy=Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy.svg | link alias-navy=Islamic Republic of Iran Navy | link alias-naval = Islamic Republic of Iran Navy | flag alias-military=Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.svg | link alias-military=Islamic Republic of Iran Army | link alias-air force = Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = official | var2 = 1502 | var3 = 1576 | var4 = 1665 | var5 = 1736 | var6 = 1760 | var7 = 1796 | var8 = 1849 | var9 = 1907 | var10 = 1910 | var11 = 1925 | var12 = 1964 | redir1 = IRN | redir2 = IRI </noinclude> | related1 = Persia | related2 = Pahlavi Iran | related3 = Qajar Iran }} eq1pwutw7bc8yznes2sworoz3n5h59l 963951 963925 2026-10-06T17:47:57Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg|Nadir_Shah_Flag.svg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Jameslwoodward|Jameslwoodward]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by ConflictFan|]]. 963951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Iran | flag alias = Flag of Iran.svg | flag alias-official = Flag of Iran (official).svg | flag alias-1502 = | flag alias-1576 = | flag alias-1665 = Flag of Persia (1665).svg | flag alias-1736 = | flag alias-1760 = Zand Dynasty flag.svg | border-1760 = | flag alias-1796 = Qajar Naval Ensign.svg | flag alias-1849 = Amir Kabir Flag.svg | flag alias-1907 = Flag of Persia (1907).svg | flag alias-1910 = Flag of Persia (1910-1925).svg | flag alias-1925 = State Flag of Iran (1925).svg | flag alias-1964 = State Flag of Iran (1964).svg | flag alias-air force = Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force.svg | flag alias-army = Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces.svg | link alias-army = Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces | flag alias-navy=Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Navy.svg | link alias-navy=Islamic Republic of Iran Navy | link alias-naval = Islamic Republic of Iran Navy | flag alias-military=Flag of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.svg | link alias-military=Islamic Republic of Iran Army | link alias-air force = Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = official | var2 = 1502 | var3 = 1576 | var4 = 1665 | var5 = 1736 | var6 = 1760 | var7 = 1796 | var8 = 1849 | var9 = 1907 | var10 = 1910 | var11 = 1925 | var12 = 1964 | redir1 = IRN | redir2 = IRI </noinclude> | related1 = Persia | related2 = Pahlavi Iran | related3 = Qajar Iran }} r0eumxblybgfv2hd6kv3utf8e4ml2sy 0 79256 963860 953266 2026-10-06T13:18:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman,''' [[Shinkafar Ofada|shine]] wakilci [[Maradi|mara]] [[Daidaito a Fuskar Doka|daidaito]] na wasu kungiyoyin [[Jama'are|jama'a]] a cikin ƙuntataccen [[Matsayi na jami'o'i a Afirka ta Kudu|matsayi]] da horo, musamman a cikin tsarin makarantar jama'a ta Amurka. Sau da yawa ana nuna rashin daidaituwa a matsayin wakilci na ƙarancin launin fata, kabilanci, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, ko al'adu da harshe daban-daban (CLD) a cikin ilimi na musamman idan aka kwatanta da kasancewarsu a cikin yawan ɗalibai. Yankin yaro da kabilanci na iya yin tasiri sosai ga yiwuwar kuskuren ganewa kamar yadda yake buƙatar sabis na [[ilimi]] na musamman, yana haifar da damuwa game da adalci, daidaito, da kuma yiwuwar tasiri ga sakamakon ilimi na ɗalibai.<ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/shirye-shirye/kimiya-da-fasa/</ref> == Bayyanawa == Akwai damuwa daban-daban game da gano dalibai a cikin ilimi na musamman. Bayyana yawan ɗalibai yana nufin damuwa cewa ɗaliban launi, musamman ɗaliban Afirka na Amirka, ana sanya su cikin ilimi na musamman a mafi girma fiye da takwarorinsu na fararen ɗalibai, wanda zai iya haifar da yiwuwar zargi da mummunar tasiri ga abubuwan da suka faru a ilimi.<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Core principles: Disproportionality in identification for special education |url=https://ldaamerica.org/core-principle-disproportionality-in-identification-for-special-education/#:~:text=Disproportionality%20in%20special%20education%20placement,be%20placed%20in%20segregated%20settings |access-date=November 12, 2023 |website=Learning Disabilities Association of America}}</ref> Rashin ganewar dalibai yana nufin halin da ake ciki inda daliban launi ba su da damar ganowa kuma su sami sabis na ilimi na musamman fiye da takwarorinsu masu farin da ke nuna irin wannan hali, wanda zai iya haifar da dalibai ba su sami tallafin da suke bukata don samun nasara a makaranta ba.[1]<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020" /> Dalibai masu launi suna cikin haɗari don kuskuren ganewa don ilimi na musamman saboda an gano su ba daidai ba kamar suna da rarrabuwa da ba a so a cikin al'umma kamar rikicewar motsin rai da nakasa ta hankali lokacin da suke da nakasa da ba a gano su ba, wanda ke haifar da tsoma baki da tallafi ga waɗannan ɗalibai.<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020"/> == Kulawa == Sashe na 300.646 na Sashe na B na Dokar Ilimi ta Mutum da ke da nakasa (IDEA) an tsara shi don tabbatar da cewa ana buƙatar kowace jiha da ke karɓar kuɗi don ƙayyade idan akwai rashin daidaituwa bisa ga launin fata ko kabilanci da ke faruwa a cikin Jiha da Hukumomin Ilimi na Ƙasa (LEAs) na jihar game da gano yara a matsayin yara masu nakasa, sanyawa musamman saitunan ilimi na waɗannan yara, da abin da ya faru, tsawon lokaci, da kuma nau'in cire horo daga sanyawa, gami da dakatar da fitarwa. A wani bangare na B na IDEA, kowace jiha tana karɓar kuɗi, kuma Sakataren Cikin Gida na Amurka dole ne ya samar da tattarawa da nazarin bayanai don sanin ko mahimmancin rashin daidaituwa bisa ga launin fata da kabilanci yana faruwa a cikin Jiha da LEAs na Jiha."A cikin Sashe na 300.64 na Dokar, ana buƙatar Jihohi su bincika bayanai don rashin daidaituwa a cikin waɗannan yankuna: # Bayyana yara masu nakasa da nakasa, # Matsayin yaro a cikin yanayin ilimi, da # Duk wani dakatarwar ko korar daga makaranta da kuma tsawon lokacin IDEA ta ba da umarnin cewa jihohi su tattara da kuma bincika bayanan ilimi na musamman game da kabilanci da kabilun a matakin gundumar.<ref name="IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act-2016">{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2016 |title=Sec. 300.646 Disproportionality |url=https://sites.ed.gov/idea/regs/b/f/300.646 |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303222915/https://sites.ed.gov/idea/regs/b/f/300.646 |archive-date=March 3, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kula da Jiha === Jihohi sun sa ido kuma sun tilasta rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman ta hanyar buƙatun da aka saita a cikin IDEA da Rahotanni na Ayyuka na Shekara-shekara (APRs). <ref name="Albrecht-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Albrecht |first=S.F. |last2=Skiba |first2=R.J |last3=Losen |first3=D.J. |last4=Chung |first4=C-G |last5=Middelberg |first5=L. |date=May 31, 2012 |title=Federal Policy on Disproportionality in Special Education: Is it Moving us Forward? |journal=Journal of Disability Policy Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=14–25 |doi=10.1177/1044207311407917 |s2cid=143936340 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> A matakin gundumar, ana ba da izini ga jihohi su tattara da bincika bayanan ilimi na musamman game da launin fata da kabilanci.[1] Hakanan ana buƙatar su bayar da rahoto game da takamaiman alamomi da suka shafi rashin daidaituwa ga ɗalibai masu nakasa da kuma yawan gundumomin da ke nuna wakilcin launin fata da kabilanci a cikin ilimi na musamman.[1]<ref name="Albrecht-2012" /> Idan jihohi sun gano muhimmiyar rashin daidaituwa bisa ga launin fata da kabilanci, bisa ga Sashe na 300.464 na Sashe na B na IDEA, dole ne su: # Bayar da bita na shekara-shekara kuma, idan ya dace, sake duba manufofi, ayyuka, da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen ganowa ko sanyawa a wasu saitunan ilimi. # LEA dole ne ta ba da rahoto game da sake fasalin manufofi, ayyuka, da hanyoyin. # Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida na Jiha zai buƙaci duk wani LEA da aka gano don adana iyakar adadin kudade don samar da cikakkun ayyuka na shiga tsakani don magance abubuwan da ke taimakawa ga rashin daidaituwa. # Lokacin aiwatar da ayyukan shiga tsakani, LEA na iya samar da ci gaban kwararru da kimantawa na ilimi da halayyar, ayyuka, da tallafi. # LEA dole ne ta gano kuma ta magance abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa da kuma tattalin arziki, al'adu, ko shingen harshe don ganowa ko sanyawa a cikin saituna da duk wata manufofi, ayyuka, ko hanyoyin da ke ba su gudummawa zuwa rashin daidaituwa. # LEA dole ne ta magance manufofi, aiki, ko hanyar da ke ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa.<ref name="IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act-2016"/> Ba a buƙatar jihohi su gano LEA tare da gagarumin rashin daidaituwa idan LEA ta wuce ƙofar haɗari amma ta nuna ci gaba mai ma'ana wajen rage haɗarin haɗari ga rukuni da rukunin bincike a kowane shekaru biyu da suka gabata.<ref name="Department of Education (.gov)-2017">{{Cite web |date=March 2017 |title=Idea Part B Regulations: Significant Disproportionality (Equity in IDEA) |url=https://sites.ed.gov/idea/files/significant-disproportionality-qa-03-08-17.pdf |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=Department of Education (.gov)}}</ref> === Aunawa === An yi amfani da dabarun nazari don bincika rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman, gami da haɗari, koma baya, da koma baya da yawa. Rarrabawar haɗari ta haɗa da haɗari, ƙimar ƙarancin, haɗarin dangi, da ƙimar haɗari. Misalai na koma baya suna kimanta yiwuwar sanyawa ko sabis na ilimi na musamman a matsayin aiki na masu canji masu zaman kansu. Komawa mai yawa yana ba da gida ga ɗalibai a cikin makarantu, gundumomi, ko al'ummomi don lissafin ƙididdigar cikin- da tsakanin-ƙungiya. Binciken binciken kan rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman ya bambanta sosai a duk faɗin karatu saboda abubuwan da suka haɗa da amfani da bayanan bayanai daban-daban a matakai daban-daban, gami da samfurori na ɗalibai a maki da shekaru daban-daban. <ref name="Cruz-2018">{{Cite journal |last=Cruz |first=R |last2=Rodl |first2=J.E. |date=2018 |title=An Integrative Synthesis of Literature on Disproportionality in Special Education |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-special-education_2018-05_52_1/page/50 |journal=The Journal of Special Education |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=50–63 |doi=10.1177/0022466918758707 |s2cid=148647037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bincike mai inganci ya haɗa da hanyoyin deductive da inductive, gami da ci gaban litattafan da ke mai da hankali kan tsarin ra'ayi da wallafe-wallafen da ke akwai game da manufofin ilimi da rashin daidaituwa.<ref name="Artiles-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Artiles |first=Alfredo J. |last2=Kozleski |first2=Elizabeth B. |last3=Trent |first3=Stanley C. |last4=Osher |first4=David |last5=Ortiz |first5=Alba |date=April 2010 |title=Justifying and Explaining Disproportionality, 1968–2008: A Critique of Underlying Views of Culture |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/001440291007600303 |journal=Exceptional Children |language=en |publication-date=April 1, 2010 |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=279–299 |doi=10.1177/001440291007600303 |issn=0014-4029 |s2cid=55124758 |via=Sage Journals |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bincike mai yawa yana da labaran da aka tsara bisa ga binciken da aka yi amfani da shi a kowane binciken, kamar haɗari, koma baya ko koma baya da yawa.[1]<ref name="Artiles-2010" /> === Tasirin aikin yanzu === Akwai wurare da yawa don ingantawa a cikin aikin yanzu na saka idanu game da rashin daidaituwa. Akwai rashin daidaituwa a cikin fassarar da aiwatar da tanadin IDEA ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Ofishin Shirye-shiryen Ilimi na Musamman (OSEP), wanda ke haifar da rikicewa a jihohi da matakan gida wanda ke hana ci gaba wajen magance batun.<ref name="Albrecht-2012"/> Har ila yau, akwai bin jihohi da gundumar tare da bangarorin tsari na ganewar ilimi na musamman maimakon magance abubuwan da ke tattare da tsarin da ke taimakawa ga rashin daidaituwa, wanda zai iya rage girman ainihin matsalar kuma ya hana shiga tsakani ga ɗaliban da ke buƙatar su.[1] Kodayake bincike yana da rubuce-rubuce game da yawan wakilci na ɗaliban launi a cikin mafi ƙuntataccen yanayi, OSEP ba ta haɗa da yanayin ilimi a cikin saka idanu da aiwatar da wakilci mara daidaituwa ba.<ref name="Skiba-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Skiba |first=R. |date=2013 |title=CCBD's position summary on federal policy on disproportionality in special education |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-disorders_2013-02_38_2/page/n39 |journal=Behavioral Disorders |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=108–120 |doi=10.1177/019874291303800202 |s2cid=141061180}}</ref> Fassarar tarayya na harshen doka na IDEA ya saba wa binciken da aka samu a cikin bincike na ilimi na musamman. Gyara zuwa IDEA a cikin 1997 da 2004 sun amince da girman bambancin launin fata da kabilanci, amma fassarorin tarayya na abin da ake buƙata na 2004 sun haifar da rikicewa a matakan Jiha da LEA. Bayanai sun nuna cewa fassarar tarayya na IDEA 2004, jagororin ka'idoji, da ƙirar alamomi don saka idanu da tilasta aiki ba su da tasiri wajen magance rashin daidaituwa na launin fata da kabilanci. == Rashin daidaituwa mai mahimmanci == Idan an sami rashin daidaituwa mai mahimmanci dangane da kabilanci ko kabilanci, to bisa ga Sashe na 300.646 na Sashe na B na IDEA, dole ne jihohi su ba da bita na shekara-shekara na bita na manufofi, ayyuka, da matakai game da sanya waɗannan yara a cikin saitunan ilimi (ciki har da horo. ayyuka don tabbatar da sun bi dokar kuma suna buƙatar LEA ta ba da rahoton duk wani bita.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2023}}</link> Babban rashin daidaituwa, kamar yadda IDEA Sashe na 618 (d), yana nufin bambancin da ya danganci kabilanci da kabilanci a cikin jihar da LEAs game da gano yara masu nakasa, sanya su a wasu saitunan ilimi, da kuma lokacin da ya faru da kuma nau'in ayyukan horo.<ref name="Department of Education (.gov)-2017"/> Wakilin da bai dace ba, kamar yadda IDEA Sashe na 616 (a) (3) (C), yana nufin yawan wakilci ko ƙarancin wakilci na kabilanci da kabilanci a cikin ilimi na musamman da ayyukan da suka danganci wanda shine sakamakon ganewa mara kyau.[1] Muhimman ka'idojin rashin daidaituwa ba su shafi ko magance wajibin gano wakilci mara daidaituwa saboda rashin daidaituwa a ƙarƙashin IDEA Sashe na 616 (a) (3) (C). [1]<ref name="Department of Education (.gov)-2017" /> Sashe na IDEA na 618 (d) yana buƙatar jihohi su tattara da bincika bayanai don tantance ko mahimman rashin daidaituwa bisa ga launin fata da kabilanci yana faruwa a cikin jihar da LEAs na jihar dangane da gano yara masu nakasa, sanyawa a cikin takamaiman tsarin ilimi, da abin da ya faru, tsawon lokaci, da nau'in ayyukan horo, gami da korar.<ref name="Department of Education (.gov)-2017"/> Idan jihohi sun gano muhimmiyar rashin daidaituwa bisa ga launin fata da kabilanci, dole ne su dauki matakai da yawa bisa ga Sashe na 300.646 na Sashe na B na IDEA: # Bayar da bita na shekara-shekara da sake dubawa na manufofi, ayyuka, da hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gano dalibai masu nakasa don tabbatar da cewa sun bi bukatun Dokar. # Bukatar LEA ta ba da rahoto a fili game da sake fasalin manufofi, ayyuka, da hanyoyin. # Aiwatar da cikakkun ayyuka masu daidaitawa, gami da ci gaban ƙwararru da kimantawa na ilimi da halayyar. # LEA dole ne ta gano kuma ta magance abubuwan da ke ba da gudummawa ga gagarumin rashin daidaituwa. # LEA dole ne ta magance manufofi, aiki, ko hanyar da ta gano a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga muhimmiyar rashin daidaituwa.<ref name="U.S. Department of Education-2021">{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2021 |title=Racial and ethnic disparities in special education: A multi-year disproportionality analysis by state, analysis category, and Race/Ethnicity. |url=https://www2.ed.gov/programs/osepidea/618-data/LEA-racial-ethnic-disparities-tables/index.html |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=U.S. Department of Education}}</ref> == Rashin daidaituwa tsakanin launin fata == Tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaituwa na launin fata da kabilanci a cikin turawar ilimi na musamman ana iya danganta su da ra'ayoyin ra'ayi na launin fata le matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, rashin isasshen kariya ta ma'aikata, ra'ayoyi na malamai game da ikon ɗalibai, da rashin manufofi da tsoma baki a makarantu.<ref name="Ahram-2011">{{Cite journal |last=Ahram |first=Roey |last2=Fergus |first2=Edward |last3=Noguera |first3=Pedro |date=October 2011 |title=Addressing Racial/Ethnic Disproportionality in Special Education: Case Studies of Suburban School Districts |journal=Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education |language=en |volume=113 |issue=10 |pages=2233–2266 |doi=10.1177/016146811111301004 |issn=0161-4681 |s2cid=142247719 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Canje-canje na tattalin arziki da na yawan jama'a, rashin daidaituwa na al'adu, rashin daidaito a cikin ilimi na gaba ɗaya, da nuna bambancin launin fata na iya ba da gudummawa ga wakilcin ɗaliban 'yan tsiraru. <ref name="Artiles-2010"/><ref name="Albrecht-2012"/> Dalibai daga launin fata, al'adu, kabilanci, da kuma 'yan tsiraru na harshe suna iya zama masu nakasa a mafi girman mitar kuma an cire su daga [[Mainstream education|ilimi na al'ada]]. Bugu da kari, dalibai daga asalin marasa galihu da daliban launi suna iya koyar da su ta hanyar malamai marasa ƙwarewa a makarantun da ba su da kuɗi.<ref name="O'Connor-2006">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=C. |last2=Fernandez |first2=S.D. |date=2006 |title=Race, class, and disproportionality: Reevaluating the relationships between poverty and special education placement. |journal=Education Researcher |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=108–120}}</ref> Yanayin tsarin tseren a Amurka muhimmiyar mahimmanci ce wajen fahimtar tsarin tura ilimi na musamman.<ref name="Artiles-2010"/> Manufofin tattalin arziki, ilimi da kuma kawar da wariyar launin fata a makaranta suna taimakawa ga rashin daidaituwa.[1] Yawan ɗalibai masu launi yana ƙaruwa yayin da ƙabilanci ko ƙabilancin ƙabilance suka zama mafi yawan jama'ar jiharsu.<ref name="Skiba-2013"/> Kwararrun makarantu da ke da hannu a yanke shawara (watau, turawa, kimantawa, da tarurrukan cancanta don sanya ilimi na musamman) suna yin sulhu da rashin daidaituwa.[1]<ref name="Artiles-2010" /> Dalibai masu launi galibi suna halartar makarantu tare da iyakantaccen albarkatu da matakan rashin amfani, wanda ke haifar da dogaro da rashin daidaituwa akan wuraren ilimi na musamman ga waɗannan ɗalibai.<ref name="Artiles-2010"/> Ƙungiyoyin da ba su da yawa a tarihi a Amurka, kamar su 'yan Afirka na Afirka, Latinos, da' yan asalin Amurka, ana wakiltar su sosai a cikin manyan nau'ikan nakasassu (watau, nakasassu na hankali, cututtukan nau'ikan autism, raunin kwakwalwa, rikicewar harshe, rikice-rikice na halayyar, da [[Rashin hankali na rashin ƙarfi|Rashin kulawa]]), kuma al'adun makaranta da tarihin al'adu na ɗalibai da iyalansu suna haɗuwa kuma galibi ana tunanin su a matsayin wani ɓangare na su. Bambancin launin fata da kabilanci galibi ana samun su akai-akai a cikin nau'ikan nakasa "mai wuya" (watau, raunin ji, raunin gani, ko raunin orthopedic) kuma galibi a cikin nau-ikan nakasa na "mai laushi" (walla, nakasa ta hankali, rikicewar motsin rai, ko nakasa ta ilmantarwa) es.<ref name="Skiba-2013"/> Kowane mutum, mahallin, da abubuwan tsarin suna ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman. Fahimtar rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman ya haɗa da rarraba tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da dalilai daban-daban, kowannensu yana ba da gudummawa ga batun mai rikitarwa. Wadannan rukunoni sun haskaka kan ƙalubalen da ɗaliban launi suka fuskanta: === Malami mai son kai === 'Dangantaka tsakanin iyalai da makarantu na iya zama daban-daban daga wata makaranta zuwa wata, yana ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa a cikin binciken kan rashin daidaituwa.<ref name="Cruz-2018"/> Malamai na iya ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa ta hanyar malamai da ke fassara bambance-bambance na al'adu, harshe, da kuma bambance-bucen dialectical a matsayin rashi, wanda ke haifar da daliban launi da ake ganewa da rashin daidaituwa kamar suna da nakasa na ilmantarwa.<ref name="Albrecht-2012"/><ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020"/><ref name="O'Connor-2006"/><ref name="Core Principles">{{Cite web |title=Core Principles: Disproportionality in Identification for Special Education – Learning Disabilities Association of America |url=https://ldaamerica.org/core-principle-disproportionality-in-identification-for-special-education/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wadannan nuna bambanci na iya mayar da hankali daga wasu rashin daidaito na zamantakewa wanda zai iya tasiri ga yawan ilmantarwa da sauran nakasa tsakanin takamaiman al'ummomi.[3]<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020" /> Fassarar halayen da malamai daga al'adu daban-daban ke yi na iya cutar da ɗaliban launi saboda yana haifar da ayyukan horo na ma'aikata.<ref name="O'Connor-2006"/> Baya ga ɗaliban launi da aka fi ganewa, ƙarancin ganewa na waɗannan ɗalibai na iya faruwa duk da nuna irin wannan aikin ilimi ga ɗaliban fari.<ref name="Core Principles"/> Malamai suna buƙatar ɗaukar ra'ayi na ɗalibai, amfani da dabarun adalci na maidowa a cikin ɗakunan ajiyarsu, a ilimantar da su kan al'adun al'adu na ɗalibai.<ref name="Annamma-2012">{{Cite journal |last=Annamma |first=S. |last2=Morrison |first2=D. |last3=Jackson |first3=D. |date=2012 |title=Federal policy on disproportionality in special education: Is it moving us forward? |journal=Journal of Disability Policy Studies |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=14–25 |doi=10.1177/1044207311407917 |s2cid=143936340}}</ref> === Manufofin makaranta da hanyoyin === Hanyoyin turawa da gano dalibai don ilimi na musamman na iya rinjayar su ta hanyar nuna bambanci da hukunce-hukunce da ke haifar da yawan wakiltar dalibai masu launi.<ref name="Tefera-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Tefera |first=A.A. |last2=Fischman |first2=G.E. |date=2020 |title=How and why context matters in the study of racial disproportionality in special education: Toward a critical disability education policy approach. |journal=Equity & Excellence in Education |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=433–448 |doi=10.1080/10665684.2020.1791284 |s2cid=230794875}}</ref><ref name="Sullivan-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Sullivan |first=A.L. |last2=Bal |first2=A. |date=2013 |title=Disproportionality in special education: Effects of individual and school variables on disability risk. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_exceptional-children_summer-2013_79_4/page/475 |journal=Exceptional Children |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=475–494 |doi=10.1177/001440291307900406 |s2cid=143034240}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya ganin rashin daidaituwa a cikin manufofin horo na makaranta ta hanyar aiwatar da ayyukan horo masu tsanani ga ɗaliban launi masu nakasa.<ref name="Annamma-2012"/> Ayyukan koyarwa da tsammanin ilimi da makarantar ta kafa na iya ba da gudummawa ta hanyar sa ran ƙananan umarni da ba su da tsauri ga ɗaliban launi, wanda ke haifar da rashin aikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai da turawa zuwa ilimi na musamman.[2] Bugu da ƙari, hanyar da makarantu ke rarraba albarkatu na iya ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaituwa a cikin waɗannan makarantu da ke da karancin albarkatu, sau da yawa a cikin unguwanni marasa kyau tare da yara masu launi, na iya zama mafi kusantar sanya ɗalibai a cikin ilimi na musamman a matsayin hanyar samun ƙarin kuɗi.<ref name="Ahram-2011"/> Makarantu da yawa suna mai da hankali kan bin dokoki, musamman wadanda ke cikin IDEA, wanda zai iya haifar da mai da hankali sosai kan bangarorin tsari na ganewar ilimi na musamman, maimakon magance gudummawar tsarin rashin daidaituwa.[1]<ref name="Tefera-2020" /> === Abubuwan muhalli === Yawancin ɗalibai masu launi waɗanda aka gano don sabis na ilimi na musamman sun fito ne daga al'ummomin da ba su da wadata kuma suna iya fuskantar guba na muhalli (watau, gubar, mercury, da sauran sunadarai masu cutarwa), waɗanda aka haɗa su da nakasa ta ilmantarwa kuma suna iya yin mummunar tasiri ga ilmantarwa da ci gaba.<ref name="Core Principles"/> Samun damar albarkatun da ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kwakwalwa mai lafiya (watau, kiwon lafiya, abinci mai gina jiki mai kyau, ilimi mai inganci na yara, da kuma shiga tsakani na yara) sau da yawa ba daidai ba ne, kuma rashin samun damar waɗannan albarkatun na iya haifar da matsalolin ilmantarwa daga baya a rayuwa, wanda ke haifar da yawan wakiltar ɗaliban launi a cikin ilimi na musamman.<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020"/> === Batutuwan tsarin === Rashin daidaito na tsarin yana sanya ɗaliban launi a cikin haɗari mai girma don sanya ilimi na musamman. Yawan wakilcin ɗaliban launi a cikin ilimi na musamman na iya zama saboda ba da gudummawa ga batutuwan tsarin. Makarantu galibi suna amfani da fararen matsakaicin aji a matsayin al'ada don kimanta halayyar ɗalibai da nasarori, wanda zai iya cutar da ɗaliban launi saboda ana iya kallon su a matsayin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin turawa da kuma sanya ilimi na musamman.<ref name="O'Connor-2006"/> Bugu da ƙari, yana magana game da kwarewar fararen matsakaicin aji ya yi watsi da gaskiyar cewa al'ummomin al'adu a cikin Amurka suna ƙirƙirar manufofi da inganta ci gaban yaransu dangane da takamaiman dama da ƙuntatawa lokacin da ya kamata a bincika su cikin hasken hadaddun daidaitawa da hanyoyin zama ga yanayin muhalli.<ref name="Artiles-2010"/> Da zarar an lakafta waɗannan ɗalibai a matsayin ɗaliban ilimi na musamman, suna iya fuskantar ayyukan horo na warewa.<ref name="Annamma-2012"/> Dalibai masu launi galibi suna halartar makarantun da ba su da kuɗi, makarantun da ke da ƙarancin malamai; lokacin da suka halarci makarantun fararen fata, galibi ana sake raba su cikin darussan gyarawa, wanda ke tasiri ga nasarorin da suka samu saboda ƙananan ka'idoji da rashin koyarwa.[1]<ref name="O'Connor-2006" /> Akwai damuwa cewa ɗaliban launi a yankunan da ba su da tattalin arziki na iya karɓar sabis na ilimi na musamman a cikin saitunan rarrabewa, suna haifar da shingen ga nasarar ilimi na yau da kullun.<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020"/> Dalibai a cikin waɗannan ƙananan yankuna na tattalin arziki sun fi dacewa su halarci makarantu tare da isasshen kudade, horar da malamai, da kuma ƙananan tsammanin ɗalibai.[1]<ref name="Learning Disabilities Association of America-2020" /> Kodayake launin fata da talauci sune ainihin batutuwan tsarin, magance rashin daidaito na tsarin a cikin tsarin ilimi na iya samun tasiri sosai a kan rashin daidaituwa da kuma yawan wakiltar ɗaliban launi a cikin ilimi na musamman.<ref name="O'Connor-2006"/> ==== Manufofin da ke ba da gudummawa ==== Takamaiman manufofi na ilimi da dokoki waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga bambancin launin fata galibi ana saka su a cikin ayyukan horo na makaranta da ayyukan ilimi na musamman. Misali, manufofin Zero-tolerance, wanda ke ba da umarnin hukunce-hukuncen da aka ƙaddara don takamaiman laifuka, yana shafar ɗaliban launi. Wadannan manufofi galibi suna haifar da dakatarwa da fitarwa ga waɗannan ɗalibai, wanda shine ɗayan shahararrun alamun sanyawa a cikin ilimi na musamman. Aiwatar da waɗannan manufofi da dokoki na ilimi galibi ana rinjayar su ta hanyar wariyar launin fata, wanda ke haifar da tasiri mara kyau ga ɗaliban launi. Akwai tsarin tsarin rashin daidaituwa wanda aka saka a cikin tsarin ilimi wanda sau da yawa ana ci gaba da shi ta hanyar manufofi masu kama da "rashin daidaituwa" waɗanda ke haifar da sakamakon da ke cike da launin fata.<ref name="Annamma-2012"/> Wannan yana nuna cewa bambancin launin fata da ke da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa a cikin ilimi na musamman suna da zurfi a cikin tsarin da manufofi na tsarin ilimi kuma ba kawai sakamakon son kai ko ayyuka ba. == Manazarta == 2g6a4s4pc9u0lmheczzbw09hk57ca8o 0 83116 964167 886278 2026-10-07T05:15:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Skylar Justin Mays''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba,na shekara ta alif 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na ƙwallon ƙafa na Los Angeles Lakers na Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Kasa (NBA), a kan kwangila biyu tare da South Bay Lakers na NBA G League . Ya buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji ga LSU Tigers . == Rayuwa ta farko da aikin makarantar sakandare == [[Fayil:Eminem and Skylar Grey (2018).jpg|thumb|Skylar Mays]] Mays ya girma a Baton Rouge, Louisiana kuma ya halarci Makarantar Laboratory ta Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana (U-High), inda ya fara wasa a kungiyar kwallon kwando ta varsity a aji na takwas.<ref name="lopez" /> Ya nutse a karo na farko a matsayin sabon shiga. An kira shi na farko-team All-State a cikin sa'o'i na biyu da kuma ƙarami yayin da ya taimaka wajen jagorantar Cubs zuwa baya-baya a gasar zakarun jihar. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya sami maki 9.1, 8.1 ya taimaka da 3.2 rebounds.<ref name="lopez">{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Andrew |date=October 27, 2016 |title=LSU point guard spot taking shape with Skylar Mays, Jalyn Patterson |url=https://www.nola.com/sports/article_213331ba-c915-5dd6-9933-bb89781f2ec2.html |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=[[NOLA.com]]}}</ref> Mays ya koma Findlay Prep a Henderson, Nevada kafin babban shekarunsa kuma ya sami maki 10.9, 5.3 ya taimaka, 3.0 rebounds da 2.7 steals a cikin kakar wasa daya da Pilots.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Dillon |date=February 22, 2019 |title=Skylar Mays: 4 facts about the LSU men's basketball point guard |url=https://www.theadvertiser.com/story/sports/2019/02/22/skylar-mays-lsu-basketball-tigers-louisiana-state-point-guard/2935059002 |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Advertiser (Lafayette, Louisiana)|The Daily Advertiser]]}}</ref> An ba shi lambar yabo ta taurari uku, Mays da farko ya himmatu ga buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji a Jihar Louisiana a lokacin shekara ta biyu kafin ya sake buɗe aikinsa zuwa wasu makarantu jim kaɗan kafin ya koma Findlay. Mays daga ƙarshe ya sake yin aiki zuwa LSU bayan ya yi la'akari da tayin daga Baylor, UNLV, Jihar Oklahoma, Memphis, California da Stanford.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickles |first=Sheldon |date=November 18, 2015 |title=Former U-High basketball star Skylar Mays signs with LSU |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_a12aefb9-578d-5910-ab7c-9b0ff4c14a06.html |access-date=December 4, 2019 |website=[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|The Advocate]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Mays ya zama mai tsaron farawa na Tigers a lokacin da yake sabon shekara, yana da maki 8.3, 2.2 rebounds, 3.6 assists da 1.3 steals a kan wasanni 31 (25 farawa). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paxton |first=William |date=July 29, 2017 |title=Tremont Waters' Game Draws Praise In Pro-Am |url=https://www.courant.com/sports/basketball/hc-greater-hartford-pro-am-0730-20170729-story.html |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=[[Hartford Courant]]}}</ref> A matsayinta na sophomore, Mays ya kai maki 11.3, 4.0 rebounds da 3.0 assists da kuma 1.6 steals a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickles |first=Sheldon |date=May 19, 2019 |title=Basketball and books: How LSU guard Skylar Mays, an Academic All-American, is making it all work |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_086cdc88-4a96-11e9-859d-6bc0e8debded.html |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=The Advocate}}</ref> Ya sami maki 13.4, 3.3 rebounds 2.1 assists da 1.9 steals a kowane wasa a matsayin ƙarami kuma an kira shi tawagar ta biyu All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) da kuma masanin wasan shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickles |first=Sheldon |date=May 22, 2019 |title=LSU's Skylar Mays says he's not yet ready to make a decision on his basketball future |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_3718fc62-7cdf-11e9-9ffc-035ede760dd2.html |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=The Advocate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Just |first=Amie |date=March 12, 2019 |title=LSU basketball trio racks up All-SEC coaches awards |url=https://www.nola.com/sports/article_40ebb817-49d7-5e32-a856-c665bf23cdee.html |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=[[The Times-Picayune]]}}</ref> Mays ya zira kwallaye 1,000 a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu,na shekara ta 2019 a kan [[Texas]] A&amp;amp;M. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam |first=Brandon |date=February 26, 2019 |title=Skylar Mays becomes 41st player in LSU history to reach 1000 points |url=https://www.lsureveille.com/daily/skylar-mays-becomes-st-player-in-lsu-history-to-reach/article_106446f0-3a20-11e9-b517-17a570d95b1e.html |access-date=February 9, 2020 |website=[[The Daily Reveille]] |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406204931/https://www.lsureveille.com/daily/skylar-mays-becomes-st-player-in-lsu-history-to-reach/article_106446f0-3a20-11e9-b517-17a570d95b1e.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan kakar, Mays ya ayyana don Shirin NBA na shekara ta 2019 amma daga ƙarshe ya zaɓi komawa LSU. [[Fayil:Skylar Thompson.png|thumb|Skylar Mays]] An kira Mays kungiyar farko ta All-SEC kuma zuwa jerin masu kallo don Jerry West da Naismith Player of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Embody |first=Billy |date=November 5, 2019 |title=Skylar Mays, Javonte Smart land on All-SEC preseason teams |url=https://247sports.com/college/lsu/Article/Javonte-Smart-Skylar-Mays-All-SEC-LSU-basketball-team-2019-138051017/ |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=[[247Sports.com]]}}</ref> An kuma kira shi dan wasan kwando na 45 mafi kyau a kwaleji wanda ya shiga kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2019-20 ta CBS Sports . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boone |first=Kyle |last2=Norlander |first2=Matt |last3=Parrish |first3=Gary |date=October 24, 2019 |title=Ranking the Top 100 And 1 best players in college basketball entering the 2019-20 season |url=https://www.cbssports.com/college-basketball/news/ranking-the-top-100-and-1-best-players-in-college-basketball-entering-the-2019-20-season/ |access-date=December 3, 2019 |website=CBSSports.com}}</ref> Mays ya samu zira kwallaye 30 a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 2019 a cikin asarar 80-78 ga Jihar Utah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2019 |title=LSU basketball lets 19-point lead slip away in brutal Utah State loss |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_798451b2-0d8c-11ea-b769-0398a6ec75c8.html |access-date=January 30, 2020 |website=The Advocate}}</ref> Mays ya daura aikinsa tare da maki 30 tare da taimakon takwas da sakewa bakwai a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu, 2020 a cikin asarar 91-90 ga Auburn.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2020 |title=Mays scores career-high 30 in No. 18 LSU OT loss to No. 10 Auburn |url=https://www.wafb.com/2020/02/08/game-updates-no-lsu-vs-no-auburn/ |access-date=February 9, 2020 |website=[[WAFB|WAFB.com]]}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta yau da kullun an sake masa suna a cikin ƙungiyar Academic All-American na farko kuma an zaba shi a matsayin Academic Duk-American na Shekara da kuma Team All-SEC na farko kuma aka kira shi masanin-masanin shekara na karo na biyu a jere.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickles |first=Sheldon |date=March 9, 2020 |title=LSU's Skylar Mays is chosen Academic All-America of the Year by CoSIDA organization |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_668ec6f0-6223-11ea-8045-9748bcdf27f5.html |access-date=March 9, 2020 |website=[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|The Advocate]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310162214/https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_668ec6f0-6223-11ea-8045-9748bcdf27f5.html |archive-date=March 10, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mays ya sami maki 16.7 da 5.0 a kowane wasa. == Ayyukan sana'a == === Atlanta Hawks (2020-2022) === A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba,na shekara ta 2020, an zaɓi Mays tare da zaɓi na 50 a cikin shirin NBA na shekara ta 2020 ta [[Atlanta]] Hawks. Mays ya sanya hannu kan kwangila guda biyu tare da tawagar a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba,na shekara ta 2020, ma'ana zai raba lokaci tsakanin Hawks da ƙungiyarsu ta NBA G League, College Park Skyhawks . A ranar sha uku 13 ga watan Fabrairu, Mays ya zira kwallaye 20 a kan San Antonio Spurs, inda ya yanke maki 45 zuwa 11 kawai a rabi na biyu. [[Fayil:Skylar priya.jpg|thumb|Skylar Mays]] Mays ya buga wa Hawks wasa a gasar NBA ta kakar gasar ta shekara ta 2021, inda ya zira kwallaye 13 a cikin minti 30 a harbi 4-na-11 a karon farko a cikin asarar 85-83 a kan [[Boston]] Celtics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston Celtics vs Atlanta Hawks Aug 8, 2021 Box Scores {{!}} NBA.com |url=https://www.nba.com/game/bos-vs-atl-1522100001/box-score#box-score |access-date=August 8, 2021 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta,na shekara ta 2021, Mays ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar hanya biyu tare da Hawks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rehmann |first=Arman |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Hawks Sign Skylar Mays To Two-Way Contract |url=https://www.nba.com/hawks/features/hawks-sign-skylar-mays-two-way-contract |access-date=August 28, 2021 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu, na shekara ta 2022, Hawks ya canza kwangilarsa ta hanyar biyu da ya sanya hannu a baya zuwa kwangilar NBA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Atlanta Hawks Convert Contract of Skylar Mays |url=https://www.nba.com/hawks/atlanta-hawks-convert-contract-skylar-mays |access-date=April 7, 2022 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> === Delaware Blue Coats (2022-2023) === A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu shekarar 2022, an sanya sunan Mays a cikin jerin sunayen dare na Delaware Blue Coats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Blue Coats Announce Opening Night Roster |url=https://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/blue-coats-announce-opening-night-roster/n-5895485 |access-date=November 3, 2022 |website=oursportscentral.com}}</ref> === Kyaftin na Birnin Mexico (2023) === A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu, na shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da uku 2023, an sayar da Mays tare da Justin Robinson da Raphiael Putney zuwa Capitanes de Ciudad de México don musayar Jahlil Okafor, Shabazz Napier, Bruno Caboclo, da Matt Mooney.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2023 |title=2022-23 NBA G League Transactions |url=https://gleague.nba.com/22-23-nba-g-league-transactions |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=gleague.nba.com}}</ref> === Portland Trail Blazers (2023-2024) === A ranar talatin 30 ga watan Maris,na shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da uku 2023, Mays ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar kwanaki 10 tare da Portland Trail Blazers kuma a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, ya sanya hannu ka kwangilar hanyoyi biyu tare da su. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2023 |title=TRAIL BLAZERS SIGN SKYLAR MAYS TO 10-DAY CONTRACT |url=https://www.nba.com/blazers/news/trail-blazers-sign-skylar-mays-to-10-day-contract |access-date=March 30, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2023 |title=Trail Blazers Sign Skylar Mays To Two-Way Contract |url=https://www.nba.com/blazers/news/trail-blazers-sign-skylar-mays-to-two-way-contract |access-date=October 1, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Bayan nunawa mai karfi a cikin asarar karin lokaci ga Sarakunan Sacramento a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba inda Mays ya zira kwallaye 18 kuma yana da taimakon 11 a cikin minti 37 daga benci ya fara wasanni 5 don raunin da ya ƙare Trail Blazers wanda ya sami maki 12 da 8.2 a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Kings 121-118 Trail Blazers |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/game/_/gameId/401584798/trail-blazers-kings |access-date=January 17, 2024 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2024 |title=Skyler Mays 2023-24 NBA Per Game Splits |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/player/splits/_/id/4066269/type/nba/year/2024/category/perGame |access-date=January 17, 2024 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar sha biyu 12 ga watan Nuwamba, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Portland.<ref>{{Cite web |last=porfgomez |date=November 12, 2023 |title=Trail Blazers Convert Skylar Mays To Standard NBA Contact |url=https://www.nba.com/blazers/news/trail-blazers-convert-skylar-mays-to-standard-nba-contact |access-date=November 12, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta dubu biyu da 2024, Portland ta dakatar da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2024 |title=Trail Blazers Waive Skylar Mays and Ish Wainright |url=https://www.nba.com/blazers/news/trail-blazers-waive-skylar-mays-and-ish-wainright |access-date=January 7, 2024 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> === Los Angeles / South Bay Lakers (2024-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Skylar Diggins-Smith.jpg|thumb|Skylar Mays]] A ranar takwas 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da hudu 2024, Mays ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar hanyoyi biyu tare da Los Angeles Lakers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2024 |title=Lakers Sign Skylar Mays to Two-Way Contract |url=https://www.nba.com/lakers/news/lakers-sign-skylar-mays-to-two-way-contract-010824 |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == ==== Lokaci na yau da kullun ==== ==== Yin wasa ==== ==== Wasanni ==== == Rayuwa ta mutum == Abokin Mays mafi kyau kuma abokin aikin LSU, Wayde Sims, ya mutu ne a dalilin harbin bindiga ya samu rauni bindiga harbin ya same shi a kai da wuyansa a ranar ashirin da takwas 28 ga watan Satumba,na shekara ta dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018. Mays ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar gawa a jana'izar. Ya ba da jawabi na minti 11 don girmama Sims a wani tsaron harabar a waje da Cibiyar Taron Pete Maravich a gaban taron daruruwan mutane. Mays ya sa takalman kwando na Nike na musamman ta mai zane Michael Anderson a lokacin Gasar SEC ta 2019 don girmama Sims. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] ecwdcp8cean290d5lrlby7j59imxzwd 0 84301 964096 825824 2026-10-06T21:49:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samantha Ruth Prabhu'''<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/samantha-ruth-prabhu-and-naga-chaitanya-announce-separation-2561388</ref> (an haife ta ranar 28 Ga watan Afrilu, 1987)<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-samantha-now-the-second-highest-paid-actress/articleshow/90104119.cms</ref> ta kasance yar wasan [[Indiya]] ce wacce ke aiki da kungiyar fina-finan Telugu da Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/nayanthara-to-samantha-prabhu-check-out-10-highest-paid-south-actresses-right-now |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214193137/https://www.gqindia.com/entertainment/content/nayanthara-to-samantha-prabhu-check-out-10-highest-paid-south-actresses-right-now |archive-date=2023-02-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref>Ita ce wadda ta samu lambobin yabo da dama da suka hada da Nandi Awards guda biyu, da lambar yabo ta Filmfare Awards South, Awards SIIMA shida da lambar yabo ta jihar [[Tamil Nadu]]. {{Stub}} == Manazarta== {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1987]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 9kmoba6utv3h2jxrb2a98nv0npk9qvn 0 84773 963870 908160 2026-10-06T13:49:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963870 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Fayil:Delhi_aerial_photo_03-2016_img2.jpg|thumb| Duban iska]] [[Fayil:Najafgarh_Drain_at_Kakrola_Bridge.jpg|thumb| Najafgarh Drain yana gudana ta gadar Kakrola kusa da Dwarka Sector 16]] '''Magudanar Ruwan Najafgarh''' ko '''Najafgarh nalah''' ( ''nalah'' a cikinacin adinin Hindi yana nufin rivulet ko [[Mugudanar ruwa (samar da ruwa)|magudanar ruwa]]), wanda kuma yake aiki azaman mafakar tsuntsayen Najafgarh, wani suna ne na ƙarshen Kogin Sahibi, wanda ke ci gaba da kwarara a yankin [[Delhi]], na kasar indiya aka watsa shi. sannan ya kwarara cikin Yamuna . A cikin Delhi, saboda tashar ta don dalilai na sarrafa ambaliya, yanzu kuma ana kiranta da kuskure "Najafgarh drain" ko "Najafgarh nullah." Ana samun wannan suna daga sanannen kuma babbar Najafgarh Jheel (tafkin) kusa da garin Najafgarh a kudu maso yammacin Delhi da kuma cikin Delhi na birni. Ita ce mafi gurɓacewar ruwa a babban birnin Indiya sakamakon kwararar najasa kai tsaye daga wuraren da jama<nowiki>'a ke kewaye da su. Wani rahoto na Janairu 2005 na Hukumar Kula da gurbatar yanayi ta tsakiya ya rarraba wannan magudanar ruwa, tare da wasu gurɓatattun wuraren dausayi 13, ƙarƙashin rukunin ''D''</nowiki> don tantance ingancin ruwan dausayi a wuraren zama na namun daji. <ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=118627 Environment minister raises a stink over Najafgarh jheel]{{Dead link|date=February 2023}}, 22 February 2005, The Indian Express</ref> <ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/najafgarh-basin-delhis-most-polluted-area/558870/ Najafgarh basin Delhi’s most polluted area], 25 Dec 2009, The Indian Express</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110912184105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-25/pollution/28101026_1_industrial-clusters-industrial-hubs-najafgarh-drain Najafgarh drain 11th among highly polluted industrial clusters], 25 Dec 2009, The [[Times of India]]</ref> An faɗaɗa wannan magudanar ruwa a matsayin magudanar ruwa da ke haɗa tafkin Najafgarh zuwa kogin Yamuna, don haka gaba ɗaya ya kwashe babban kogin Najafgarh mai arzikin muhalli gaba ɗaya, wanda ya shahara da yanayin ƙasa mai dausayi, tsuntsayen ruwa da namun daji. == Rabewa da suna == A cikin [[Delhi|Babban Babban Babban Birnin Delhi]] (NCT), wannan hanyar ruwa da aka ba da izini - wanda ba daidai ba, wanda aka yi masa suna a matsayin magudanar ruwa kawai ( ''Magudanar Najafgarh ko nullah'' ) - shine, a zahiri, ci gaba da Kogin Sahibi da haɓakar tafkin Najafgarh jheel . A cikin shekarun 1960 da kuma kafin, kogin Sahibi mai ruwan sama, wanda ya samo asali daga gundumar [[Jaipur]] na [[Rajasthan]], ya ratsa ta gundumar Alwar a Rajasthan da gundumar Gurgaon a [[Haryana]], ya shiga Delhi kusa da Dhansa kuma ya zubar da ambaliya a cikin tafkin Najafgarh . Wannan ambaliya ta haifar da tafkin yanayi; fili fiye da {{Convert|300|km2|mi2}} an nutsar da shi a wasu yanayi. Daga nan sai wannan ruwa ya ci gaba da kwararowa a daya bangaren, ya kuma zama magudanar ruwa na kogin Yamuna . A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wannan kogin Sahibi wanda ya kai ga masu kula da Dhansa ya kasance ta hanyar tono magudanar ruwa mai faɗi da haɗa shi kai tsaye zuwa Kogin Yamuna. Wannan tashar ta kuma kawar da yanayin Najafgarh Jheel na yanayi wanda ya kasance a can baya. Magudanar ruwa da aka ba da izini daga masu kula da Dhansa zuwa Keshopur Bus Depot akan Titin Ring Outer Ring yana da faɗi tare da kauri da tsayi. Ana ajiye ruwa mai yawa a cikin wannan magudanar da aka faɗaɗa ta hanyar rufe masu kula da Kakrola a ƙarƙashin titin Najafgarh don yin cajin ruwa na ƙasa na gida; Don haka yana aiki kamar tafkin elongated kuma. == Wuraren Tsuntsaye da dausayi == '''Tsarin yanayin ƙasa mai laushi da mazaunin namun daji masu mahimmanci ga tsuntsayen ruwa masu ƙaura da namun daji na gida''' An faɗaɗa magudanar da yawa a cikin shekaru da yawa don zubar da duk ruwan da a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya kasance yana tarawa a cikin kwandon Nagafgarh Jheel; ana tsammanin an yi hakan ne don kawar da barazanar ambaliya a Delhi <ref>[http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Irrigation/irrigation+and+flood+control/extra2/flood+problem+due+to+sahibi+river Flood Problem due to Sahibi River, Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Government of NCT of Delhi, India.]</ref> kuma yanzu magudanar ruwa da kanta tana aiki a matsayin wani ruwa mai tsayi ko tafkin da bishiyoyi da aka dasa a duka ɓangarorinsa tare da hanyar dubawa da ke gudana a kan shinge ɗaya. A cikin watannin hunturu yana jan hankalin ɗimbin tsuntsaye masu ƙaura kuma yana tallafawa namun daji a duk shekara. Saboda wadataccen namun daji da ake gani a ciki da kuma kewayen magudanar ruwa da ke wajen da cunkoson jama'a, an tsara shi a matsayin mafakar tsuntsaye ga Delhi. <ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article81562.ece Migratory birds are giving Delhi the go-by] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024195206/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article81562.ece |date=2012-10-24 }}, 17 January 2010, [[The Hindu]]</ref> <ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=197471 Najafgarh jheel may chirp again]{{Dead link|date=February 2023}}, 20 August 2006, The Indian Express</ref> Tsarin yanayi mai laushi da mazaunin namun daji a kan kilomita da yawa na ƙarancin gurɓataccen magudanar ruwa na Najafgarh a cikin karkarar Delhi kafin shiga babban birnin ciki har da tsohon ''tafkin Najafgarh'' ko yankin ''Najafgarh jheel'' yana da matukar muhimmanci wurin zama ga tsuntsayen ruwa masu ƙaura da kuma namun daji na gida kuma an keɓe shi don ayyana shi. mafakar tsuntsaye ga Delhi. An amince da yankin a matsayin muhimmin wurin zama na namun daji bayan wani masanin halitta na yankin da ke nazarin yankin a tsakanin shekarar 1986-88 ya yi kira da a kiyaye shi a matsayin wurin kiyaye tsuntsaye bayan haka sashen namun daji na Delhi ya sanya masu gadi 16 a yankin don sarrafa ba bisa ka'ida ba. masu farautar tsuntsaye ciki har da jami'an diflomasiyya daga ofisoshin jakadancin kasashen duniya daban-daban da ke Delhi, babban birnin Indiya. Jami'an gwamnatin Delhi an dora musu alhakin ayyana kusan {{Convert|25|km|mi}} shimfidar magudanar ruwa a cikin karkarar Delhi, gami da inda ta ke wucewa ta cikin babban yankin tafkin Najafgarh da yanzu ya zube, "kare" a karkashin "Dokar namun daji" bayan da aka gayyaci Laftanar-Gwamnan Delhi Mr. HL Kapur zuwa yankin. domin ya zagaya wurin inda ya kuma ji bayanan mutanen kauyen game da yawaitar farautar tsuntsayen ruwa ba bisa ka'ida ba da ke faruwa a nan duk shekara. Haka kuma ma’aikatan da ke aiki a Sashin Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa da suka kai kimanin 40 an kuma ba su karin nauyin kare namun daji a magudanar ruwa da kewaye. <ref>[A bird sanctuary for Delhi soon, By Nirupama Subramanian, Express News Service, City, New Delhi, 7 March 1988, Indian Express Newspaper]</ref> <ref>[Flamingos flock to Capital, By N. Suresh, New Delhi, 7 January 1988, The Times of India]</ref> <ref>[Down by the wetlands, on the wild side, Najafgarh drain, By Vivek Menon, 9 March 1991, Weekend, New Delhi, Indian Express Newspaper]</ref> == Gandun daji == Magudanar ruwan Najafgarh ya kara fadada sosai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kuma yanzu yana da kaurin laka a bangarorin biyu don ratsa ruwa da kuma kare Delhi daga ambaliya, an dasa wadannan tarkace tare da murfin gandun daji mai kauri wanda kuma ke zama wurin zama da ake bukata ga sauran gida. namun daji dake faruwa a kusa da filayen gonaki da suka hada da foxes na gama-gari, dawakai, kuraye, kurayen daji, nilgai, naman naman daji da dabbobi masu rarrafe iri-iri da macizai gami da kururuwa masu firgita. Tsuntsaye da yawa na gida ciki har da tsuntsayen ruwa suna yin kwana a cikin waɗannan bishiyoyi. Sassan gandun daji na magudanar ruwa na Najafgarh a halin yanzu an rarraba su kuma an nuna su a cikin dazuzzuka masu kariya da dazuzzukan da aka yi rikodi (Yanayin dajin da aka Sanar da su a Delhi) azaman "Yankin MP Green Najafgarh Drain (Gidan Tagore)", "Yankin MPGreen Najafgarh Drain (DDA) "da" Chhawla ko Najafgarh magudanar ruwa na birni (29.64 Acre)". <ref>[http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Home/Forests+of+Delhi/Recorded+Forest RECORDED FORESTS (NOTIFIED FOREST AREAS IN DELHI)], Forest Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, India, </ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Search for Najafgarh drain on Forest Department, Government of NCT of Delhi, India website |url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Search+Results/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317094505/http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Search%2BResults/ |archive-date=17 March 2012 |access-date=1 December 2011}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080922143809/http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/29/stories/2008062960760300.htm Another city forest opened - Delhi will soon have 32 of them, says Sheila, New Delhi, 29 Jun 2008, The Hindu Newspaper]</ref> == Hanyar shinge == Aƙwai ingantaccen hanyar duba tuƙi wanda Sashen Ban ruwa da Ruwa na Delhi ke kula da shi akan ɗayan magudanar ruwa a duk tsawon tsawon kilomita da yawa yana tafiya ta cikin karkarar Delhi daga masu kula da Dhansa a kan iyakar kudu maso yamma na Delhi tare da jihar [[Haryana]] zuwa inda. magudanar ruwa ta ketare a karkashin titin waje na zobe a [[Keshopur bus depot|tashar motar Keshopur]] kusa da titin Najafgarh tsakanin mazaunan gidaje na Vikaspuri da Tilak Nagar a New Delhi. Masu kallon tsuntsaye da masu son yanayi na iya kallon namun daji da tsuntsayen ruwa dake faruwa akan magudanar ruwa daga ababan hawa ta hanyar tuki akan wannan hanya da tsayawa lokaci-lokaci da gangarowa zuwa bakin ruwa. Kamar yadda fadin magudanar ya yi iyaka, ana iya ganin garken tsuntsayen ruwa da sauran tsuntsayen da ke cikin magudanar cikin sauki daga gefuna na magudanar kuma wannan hujjar ta sa tsuntsayen suka fi fuskantar farauta yayin da suke kasancewa cikin saukin isa ga bindigogin mafarauta da tarkuna da tarko da ƴan ƙauye da ƙwararrun ƴan tarko suka kafa musu. == Yin caji, ban ruwa == Ci gaba da faɗaɗa magudanar ruwa na Najafgarh tun daga shekarun 1960 ya haifar da cikar magudanar ruwa da tafkin Najafgarh mai yawa, jheel ko marsh wanda kai tsaye ya shafi teburin ruwan ƙasa a duk yankin da ke kewaye kamar duk ruwan sama bayan damina ta shekara wacce ta saba yin ta. Tara a cikin babban tafki a shekarun baya yanzu ya gudu cikin sauri ta hanyar fadada magudanar ruwa zuwa cikin kogin Yamuna wanda ya bi ta, wannan ya shafi yanayin yankin baki ɗaya tare da sanya yankin da bushewa tare da haifar da karancin ruwa don manufar. ban ruwa ko amfanin ɗan adam ga mutanen Delhi da yankuna kewaye. A halin yanzu magudanar tana da fadi da zurfi wanda ya zama tafki mai tsayi a cikinsa kuma yana iya rikewa da adana ruwan sama da yawa wanda za'a iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar masu sarrafawa da aka gina a cikin ta lokaci-lokaci. Kula da magudanar ruwa mai kyau a cikin magudanar ruwa da adana ruwan sama a cikinsa a cikin watanni na rani yana haifar da sake cajin teburin ruwan ƙasa <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070313143310/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=225921 Groundwater to be recharged at Najafgarh, Mungeshwar drains], by Teena Thacker, New Delhi, 9 March 2007. Archived copy Internet Archive accessed on 4 October 2012</ref> wanda manoman da ke kewaye da su ke samun taimako sosai yayin da suke samun babban teburin ruwan duk da cewa rijiyoyin bututu da aka tona a gonakinsu. ko da yake suna zubar da ruwa don shayar da amfanin gonakinsu. Manoman da ke da filayen noma da ke kan iyaka da magudanar ruwa a [[Countryside|yankunan karkarar]] [[Delhi]] suna amfani da bututu da bututu kai tsaye don fitar da ruwa daga magudanar ruwa don ban ruwa. <ref>[Delhi tightens belt to cope with drought], PTI, 2 Aug 2002, The Times of India Newspaper</ref> == Kamun kifi == Mafi tsaftar yanki na magudanar ruwa a yankunan karkarar kudu maso yammacin Delhi kafin ya shiga wurin da jama'a da yawa da gurbatar yanayi a Vikaspuri shima yana jan hankalin wasu masuntan ƙauyen ƙauyen, lokaci-lokaci ana iya ganin mutum yana jefa layinsa ko tarunsa a cikin ruwa ko kuma yana iyo kan baƙar fata. bututun taya motar daukar kaya yana shimfida ragar kamun kifi a fadin magudanar ruwa. Ana buƙatar lasisin kamun kifi don kama kifi bisa doka a cikin ruwan Delhi. == Ruwa hyacinth overgrowth == Ruwan hyacinth, wani nau'in tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu girma da sauri ya toshe gaba ɗaya yana toshe saman ruwa na magudanar ruwa a wurare da yawa a kowace shekara kuma ma'aikatar kula da ambaliya tana ɗaukar kuɗi da yawa da aiki don share shi ɗan ɗan kiyaye ruwan ba tare da katsewa ba. Cire hyacinth na water hyacinth da leburori ya kuma buɗe filin ruwa ga tsuntsaye da tsuntsayen ruwa masu ƙaura waɗanda ke fakewa a nan kowane lokacin hunturu. == Rufewa don ci gaba == Aƙwai shirin ci gaba a cikin ayyukan da Ma'aikatar Ruwa ta Najafgarh za ta rufe ta daga [[Vijay Nagar, Delhi]] zuwa Hakikat Nagar kuma a kan wuraren da aka rufe za a gina shaguna. <ref>[‘Part of Najafgarh drain to be covered’], by Special Correspondent, New Delhi, 12 September 2009, [[The Hindu Newspaper]]. Accessed on 4 October 2012</ref> == Tafkin Najafgarh, marsh ko jeheel == ''Tafkin Najafgarh'', ''Najafgarh marsh'' ko ''Najafgarh jheel'' (Jheel a Hindi yana nufin tabki) ya kasance babban tafki ne a kudu maso yammacin Delhi a Indiya kusa da garin Najafgarh wanda ya samo sunansa, an haɗa shi da kogin Yamuna ta hanyar. nullah ko magudanar ruwa da ake kira Najafgarh nullah. Koyaya, bayan 1960s Sashen Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa na Delhi ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa magudanar ruwa na Najafgarh a cikin hasashen ceto Delhi daga ambaliya kuma daga ƙarshe ya yi sauri ya kwashe babban tafkin Najafgarh mai arzikin muhalli gaba ɗaya. Ruwan ruwan sama da ke taruwa a tafkin Najafgarh ko jheel basin an yi rikodin ya mamaye fiye da murabba'in kilomita 300 a cikin shekaru da yawa kafin rashin sa'a. Duk da haka, tare da ci gaban da aka samu na fahimtar muhalli a baya-bayan nan ya bayyana a fili cewa malalewar wannan babban tafkin ya shafi dukkan yanayin wannan yanki mai muhimmanci wanda shi ne babban birnin Indiya da makwaftansa. Magudanar da tabkin gaba daya ya kuma sa magudanar ruwa a yankin gaba daya ya ragu sannan kuma wurin ya zama bushewa. Akwai wasu tsare-tsare tun lokacin da aƙalla tada wani ƙaramin tafki a yankin. Yawancin filayen basin na Najafgarh jheel sun karu da yawa a cikin darajarsu saboda zuwan su a cikin Delhi, babban birnin Indiya kuma suna ƙarƙashin mallakar manoma waɗanda za su so su sami kuɗi mai sauri suna siyar da su ga masu haɓakawa waɗanda ke son canza tsohuwar tafkin tafkin. a cikin rukunin gidaje kamar yadda ya riga ya faru tare da manyan gidaje masu tasowa a yankin. Idan magudanar Najafgarh, wacce aka gina ta don zubar da asalin tabkin Najafgarh ko jheel, ta taɓa keta faffadan gaɓoɓinsa, zai mamaye waɗannan ƙasashe da suka ci gaba saboda su ya bazu ko'ina cikin tsohuwar jheel ko kwandon tafkin. === Kafin magudanar ruwa, babban tafkin === Kafin rashin cikakkiyar magudanar wannan tafkin a cikin shekarun 1960 ta hanyar fadada magudanar ruwa ta Najafgarh ta sashin kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ban ruwa na Delhi tafkin a cikin shekaru da yawa ya cika bakin ciki fiye da {{Convert|300|km2|mi2}} a cikin karkarar Delhi, Tana da wadataccen yanayi mai ɗorewa wanda ke zama mafaka ga ɗimbin tsuntsayen ruwa da namun daji na gida. Tafkin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wuraren zama na ƙarshe na shahararriyar Crane na Siberian da ke cikin haɗari wanda duk ya ɓace daga yankin Indiya a yanzu. Har zuwa kafin samun 'yancin kai da yawa daga cikin jami'an mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da kuma manyan baki sun zo babban liyafa don farautar tsuntsayen ruwa a kowace kakar. <ref>[A Guide to the Birds of the Delhi Area (1975) by Usha Ganguli, a member of the Delhi Birdwatching Society.]</ref> <ref>[Birdwatching Articles from 1961-70 from Najafgarh lake by Usha Ganguli in "''[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]''" edited by Zafar Futehally]</ref> == Duba kuma == * Najafgarh magudanar ruwa mai tsarki, Delhi * Kusa da tafkin Najafgarh ko Najafgarh jheel (Yanzu gaba ɗaya ruwan Najafgarh ya kwashe) * Najafgarh Town, Delhi * National Zoological Park Delhi * [[Gidan shakatawa na Sultanpur]], yana iyaka da Delhi a kusa da gundumar Gurgaon, [[Haryana]] * Okhla Sanctuary, iyaka da Delhi a cikin kusancin [[Uttar Pradesh]] * Bhalswa tafkin doki, Arewa maso yamma, Delhi == Manazarta == {{Reflist|20em}} == Kara karantawa == * [http://www.ddalandpoolingprojects.com/l-zone/ DRAFT MAP ZONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PLANNING ZONE- 'L'.]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=75252 SEWAGE PROJECTS to Prevent Untreated Sewage], 29 August 2011, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Press Information Bureau, India * [http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Irrigation/irrigation+and+flood+control/extra2/flood+problem+due+to+sahibi+river Flood Problem due to Sahibi River, Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Government of NCT of Delhi, India.] * [http://www.green-ensys.org/site/publications/Wastewater%20management%20in%20Najafgarh%20drainage%20basin.pdf WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN NAJAFGARH DRAINAGE BASIN – KEY TO WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN RIVER YAMUNA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111205553/http://www.green-ensys.org/site/publications/Wastewater%20management%20in%20Najafgarh%20drainage%20basin.pdf |date=2021-11-11 }}, by Asit Nema of Foundation for Greentech Environmental Systems1 and Dr. Lalit Agrawal of Tokyo Engineering Consultants, Japan2 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814120836/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/PD/2008-09/Writeup/26-42%20%5BFlood%20Control%5D.pdf FLOOD CONTROL - The National Capital Territory of Delhi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620203731/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article19406.ece ‘Part of Najafgarh drain to be covered’], 12 September 2009, The Hindu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053619/http://www.haryana-online.com/Fauna/Birds/how_sultanpur_happened.htm How Sultanpur happened: Sultanpur and Najafgarh Jheels - by Peter Jackson], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053542/http://www.haryana-online.com/Fauna/Birds/peter_jackson.htm] * [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=59995 ‘Reviving old ponds way out of water woes’]{{Dead link|date=April 2024}}, 9 August 2003, The Indian Express * [http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/action-plans-polluted-areas-delhi-soon Action plans on polluted areas in Delhi soon], GN BUREAU, NEW DELHI, MARCH 17, 2010, Governance Now * [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-El8dIOzqkwJ:www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%2520NCR%2520Planning%2520board%2520proposal.pdf+delhi+airport+najafgarh+drain+birds&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjhbihuGSYs5_rSivXrLO2N2CjqgXEXNVHeteUMUPkv-B3szQww1FL5CFYQveUkenriZow93Jf2W8yFsvlm3noD2YhFeFT0LF3GPr58B1KOBS3nZjH4Cnklte2B4nLtul4jl9QE&sig=AHIEtbR8FogSquJ5O7cDN-fVCq-spjNzZg Proposal for ground water recharge in National Capital Region (NCR) by Dr. S. K. Sharma, Ground water expert], [https://web.archive.org/web/20111110051227/http://www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%20NCR%20Planning%20board%20proposal.pdf], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110410050916/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/taxonomy/term/2891] * [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RabaBQDqo68J:www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/india_singh_delhis_watery_woes_2006.pdf+bird+count+najafgarh+drain&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjlgc68wrZgBbj0hEmWVk7HauQdWLh_BVFYvxYGw32kvR4U2mGAyaRPANgdq0RzGq6dzdIsioYliM4z5dvO5ZDY_I6_v1aFeTkZfywGTFbM3pRISW75Q2F_5Jf8aBgwHsZaOXra&sig=AHIEtbQHJIrk1sity8tW--Nbc_11UUCAQg], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928022355/http://www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/india_singh_delhis_watery_woes_2006.pdf Delhi's Watery Woes] by Arun Kumar Singh * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820100406/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&dt=19082010&page=755_003&mdl= Birds are back at Najafgarh Jheel], 19 08 2010, Delhi Edition, Hindustan Times * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024235832/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article66609.ece No more water-logging at airport with new drain in place], New Delhi, 17 December 2009, The Hindu * [https://archive.today/20130103075233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Walls-to-be-constructed-around-Najafgarh-drain/Article1-196591.aspx Walls to be constructed around Najafgarh drain], New Delhi, 29 December 2006, Hindustan Times * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313143310/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=225921 Groundwater to be recharged at Najafgarh, Mungeshwar drains], 10 March 2007, The Indian Express * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/235442 Gurgaon polluting Najafgarh drain, draws Minister's ire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224231433/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/235442/ |date=2025-02-24 }}, by Rajesh Kumar, New Delhi, 27/07/2006, The Pioneer * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051921/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&dt=03112011&page=751_007&mdl= Winged visitors are back at Najafgarh Lake], New Delhi, 03/11/2011, Hindustan Times. Also see [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051943/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&dt=29102011&page=751_006&mdl=] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120403121445/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/Delhi%20Gazeetter%201912.pdf CHAPTER J.- DESCRIPTIVE· pages from the Gazeteers, Delhi, 1912] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728104132/http://nidm.gov.in/idmc/Proceedings/Flood/B2%20-%2036.pdf URBAN FLOODING AND ITS MANAGEMENT], 2006. India Disaster Management Congress.IIPA Campus, IP Estate, Near ITO Road, New Delhi. National Institute of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Delhi.pdf ACTION PLAN, ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION IN CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREA OF NAJAFGARH DRAN BASIN INCLUDING OKHLA, NARAINA, ANAND PARBAT AND WAZIRPUR INDL AREAS, DELHI POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE, 4th Floor, ISBT Building, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-6, March, 2011]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://force.org.in/BLUE_DELHI_DECLARATION_WHITE_PAPER.pdf BLUE DELHI DECLARATION, White Paper on: Aiming for Sustainability and Self Sufficiency in Delhi Water Management – Evaluating Delhi’s Current Water Assets vis a vis their Utilisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117023812/http://force.org.in/BLUE_DELHI_DECLARATION_WHITE_PAPER.pdf |date=2024-01-17 }} * [https://www.scribd.com/doc/45314818/Urban-Flooding URBAN FLOODING DEMOGRAPHY AND URBANIZATION by Shashikant Nishant Sharma] snsharma.phd[at]gmail[dot]com 11/1/2010, SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, Delhi * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12674375 Biodegradation of wastewater of Najafgarh drain, Delhi using autochthonous microbial consortia : a laboratory study.] by Sharma G, Mehra NK, Kumar R. Source Limnology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-1 10 007, India. * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/search/site/najafgarh%20drain A search for archived News Articles on Najafgarh Drain on the India Envirinmental Portal website]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/news/city-get-its-1st-bird-sanctuary City to get its 1st bird sanctuary]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 15/02/2005, Asian Age (New Delhi) * [http://www.asianage.com/content/new-camp-jazz-tourism-city-soon New camp to jazz up tourism in city soon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515123838/https://www.asianage.com/content/new-camp-jazz-tourism-city-soon |date=2023-05-15 }}, 19 Apr 2010, Asian Age (New Delhi) * [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071001/delhi.htm#10 Delhiites to cool off with aqua sports], New Delhi, 30 September 2007, Tribune News Service, The Tiribune, Chandigarh * [http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/17361 Proposal for groundwater recharge in National Capital Region - A report by SK Sharma and Green Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124433/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/17361 |date=2012-07-18 }}, Submitted by samir nazareth on 22 April 2011, India waterportal - Safe, sustainable water for all [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 548crxkm5j4pllnxaozh29sgsngi8or 0 84774 964238 958610 2026-10-07T09:51:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Najafgarh''', '''Najafgarh Marsh''' ko '''Najafgarh Jheel''' (Jheel a Hindi yana nufin tafkin), kogin Sahibi ke ciyar da shi, ya kasance babban tafki a kudu maso yammacin [[Delhi]], kusa da garin Najafgarh, daga inda aka samo sunansa. An haɗa shi da kogin Yamuna ta wani nullah ko magudanar ruwa mai zurfi da ake kira Najafgarh nullah. Koyaya, bayan 1960s Sashen Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa na Delhi ya ci gaba da fadada magudanar ruwa na Najafgarh . Dalilin da sashen ya bayar shine ceto Delhi daga ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan faɗaɗawa ya haifar da magudanar ruwa daga ƙarshe, wanda ya taɓa zama babba kuma mai arzikin muhalli, tafkin Najafgarh. Ruwan ruwan sama da ya taru a tafkin Najafgarh ko jheel basin an yi rikodin ya mamaye fiye da {{Convert|300|km2|mi2}} a cikin shekaru masu yawa kafin ya bushe. == Bukatar nishaɗin tafkin da aka zube == Tare da ci gaban da aka samu a cikin fahimtar muhalli a baya-bayan nan ya bayyana a fili cewa malalewar wannan babban tafki ya shafi dukkanin yanayin wannan yanki mai muhimmanci wanda shi ne babban birnin Indiya na Delhi da makwaftansa, ya kuma kai ga fadowar ruwan karkashin kasa wanda ya haifar da [[Rashin ruwa|karancin ruwa]] don haka. wannan yanki mai yawan jama'a. To sai dai kuma a lokacin da tafkin ya mamaye a shekarun 1960 ko kuma a cikin shekaru da dama da suka biyo bayan batun lalata albarkatun kasa mai albarka da muhallin namun daji da ke cikin tafkin, darajarsa da kimarsa a matsayin tafkin ruwa da ke sake cajin teburin ruwan yankin. a cikin watanni na rani da kuma illar da ke tattare da malala wannan babban tafkin a kan yanayin gida ya tafi ba a lura da shi ba kuma ba a tantaunawa ba domin jama’a, kafafen yada labarai da kafafen yada labarai ko ma’aikatun muhalli masu alaka da su ba su da masaniya kuma sun manta da abin da ke faruwa da kuma illolinsa na dogon lokaci. . Ko a yanzu kasancewar wani babban tafki ya taba wanzuwa a nan yankin da kuma bukatar sake farfado da shi ya kasance wani batu da ba a san shi ba. Cikakkun magudanar ruwa ya haifar da hasarar dimbin mahalli da namun daji wanda hakan ya kai ga gangarowar ruwa a daukacin yankin wanda hakan ya sa yankin ya kara dagulewa . Akwai wasu tsare-tsare tun lokacin da aƙalla tada wani ƙaramin tafki a yankin. Yawancin filayen basin na Najafgarh jheel sun karu da yawa a cikin darajarsu saboda zuwan su a cikin Delhi, babban birnin Indiya kuma suna ƙarƙashin mallakar manoma waɗanda za su so su sami kuɗi mai sauri suna siyar da su ga masu haɓakawa waɗanda ke son canza tsohuwar tafkin tafkin. a cikin rukunin gidaje kamar yadda ya riga ya faru tare da manyan gidaje masu tasowa a yankin<ref>https://medium.com/@jupiterinfomedia/najafgarh-lake-delhis-hidden-gem-of-ecology-and-heritage-70ba88319ca2</ref>. Idan magudanar ruwa na Najafgarh, wanda aka gina don zubar da asalin tabkin Najafgarh ko jheel, ya keta faffadan lungunan sa, zai mamaye wadannan kasashe da suka ci gaba da matsugunan gidaje saboda su ya bazu ko'ina a kan tsohon tafkin jheel ko tafkin. == Tarihin sharar ruwa: Tafki mai girman gaske == Kafin rashin cikakkiyar magudanar wannan tafkin a cikin 1960s ta hanyar faɗaɗa magudanar ruwa ta Najafgarh ta sashin kula da ambaliya da ban ruwa na Delhi tafkin a cikin shekaru da yawa ya cika bakin ciki fiye da {{Convert|300|km2|mi2}} a cikin karkarar Delhi. Tana da wadataccen yanayi mai ɗorewa wanda ke zama mafaka ga ɗimbin tsuntsayen ruwa da namun daji na gida. Tafkin ya kasance daya daga cikin wuraren zama na karshe na shaharar kuma mai hatsarin jirgin saman Siberian wanda duk ya bace daga yankin Indiya a yanzu. Tun kafin samun 'yancin kai da yawa daga cikin jami'an mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya da kuma manyan baki sun zo manyan bukukuwa domin farautar tsuntsayen ruwa a kowace kakar. <ref>[A Guide to the Birds of the Delhi Area (1975) by Usha Ganguli, a member of the Delhi Birdwatching Society.]</ref> <ref>[Birdwatching Articles from 1961 -70 from Najafgarh lake by Usha Ganguli in "[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]" edited by Zafar Futehally]</ref> == Najafgarh magudanar ruwa ko nullah == ''Magudanar Najafgarh'' ko ''Najafgarh nullah'' ( ''nullah'' a [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] yana nufin magudanar ruwa) wani suna ne kawai na kogin Sahibi wanda ke ci gaba da kwarara ta cikin [[Delhi]] inda yake ratsawa saboda dalilai na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa, rafi ne zuwa Kogin Yamuna wanda ya fado a nan. A cikin Delhi ana kiranta da kuskure "Najafgarh drain" ko "Najafgarh nullah", yana samun wannan suna daga sanannen kuma babbar Najafgarh Jheel (tafkin) kusa da garin Najafgarh a kudu maso yammacin Delhi kuma a cikin birni Delhi shine babban birnin Indiya. gurbataccen ruwa saboda shigowar najasa kai tsaye daga wuraren da jama'a ke kewaye da su. Rahoton Janairu na 2005 na Hukumar Kula da Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Hulɗa ta Tsakiya wannan magudanar ruwa tare da wasu gurɓatattun wuraren dausayi 13 a ƙarƙashin rukunin ''D'' don tantance ingancin ruwan dausayi a wuraren zama na namun daji. <ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=118627 Environment minister raises a stink over Najafgarh jheel]{{Dead link|date=February 2023}}, 22 February 2005, The Indian Express</ref> <ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/najafgarh-basin-delhis-most-polluted-area/558870/ Najafgarh basin Delhi's most polluted area], 25 December 2009, The Indian Express</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110912184105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-25/pollution/28101026_1_industrial-clusters-industrial-hubs-najafgarh-drain Najafgarh drain 11th among highly polluted industrial clusters], 25 December 2009, The [[Times of India]]</ref> == Wuri Mai Tsarki na Tsuntsaye da yanayin yanayin dausayi == An fadada magudanar da yawa a cikin shekaru da yawa don zubar da duk ruwan da a cikin shekarun da suka gabata aka yi amfani da shi don tattarawa a cikin tafkin Nagafgarh Jheel wannan ana tsammanin an yi shi don kawar da barazanar ambaliya a Delhi <ref>[http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Irrigation/irrigation+and+flood+control/extra2/flood+problem+due+to+sahibi+river Flood Problem due to Sahibi River, Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Government of NCT of Delhi, India.]</ref> kuma yanzu magudanar da kanta tana aiki. a matsayin ruwa mai tsayi ko tafki mai bishiyun da aka dasa a kan gaɓoɓinsa guda biyu tare da hanyar dubawa da ke gudana akan bango ɗaya. A cikin watannin hunturu yana jawo ɗimbin tsuntsaye masu ƙaura kuma yana tallafawa namun daji na gida tsawon shekara. Saboda wadataccen namun daji da ake gani a ciki da kuma kewayen magudanar ruwa da ba a ƙazantar da su ba a wajen cunkoson jama'a an tsara shi azaman Wuri Mai Tsarki na Bird na Delhi. <ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article81562.ece Migratory birds are giving Delhi the go-by] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024195206/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article81562.ece |date=2012-10-24 }}, 17 January 2010, [[The Hindu]]</ref> Tsarin yanayi mai laushi da mazaunin namun daji a kan kilomita da yawa na ƙarancin gurɓataccen magudanar ruwa na Najafgarh a cikin karkarar Delhi kafin shiga babban birni wanda ya haɗa da tsohon ''tafkin Najafgarh'' ko yankin ''Najafgarh jheel'' yana da matukar muhimmanci wurin zama ga tsuntsayen ruwa masu ƙaura da kuma namun daji na gida kuma an sa ran za a ayyana su. mafakar tsuntsaye ga Delhi. An amince da yankin a matsayin wani muhimmin wurin zama na namun daji bayan wani masanin halitta na yankin da ke nazarin yankin a tsakanin shekarun 1986-88 ya kula da shi yana ba da shawarar a kiyaye shi a matsayin mafakar tsuntsaye bayan haka sashen namun daji na Delhi ya sanya masu gadi 16 a yankin don sarrafa ba bisa ka'ida ba. masu farautar tsuntsaye ciki har da jami'an diflomasiyya daga ofisoshin jakadancin kasashen duniya daban-daban da ke Delhi, babban birnin Indiya. Jami'an gwamnatin Delhi an dora musu alhakin ayyana kusan kilomita 25 na magudanar ruwa a yankunan karkarar Delhi, ciki har da inda ake wucewa ta cikin babban yankin tafkin Najafgarh da ya malala, "kare" a karkashin "Dokar namun daji" bayan Laftanar-Gwamnan Delhi Mr. An gayyaci HL Kapur zuwa yankin domin rangadi a wurin inda ya kuma ji bayanan mutanen kauyen game da yawaitar farautar tsuntsayen ruwa ba bisa ka'ida ba da ke faruwa a nan duk shekara. Haka kuma ma’aikatan da ke aiki a Sashen Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa da suka kai kimanin 40 an kuma ba su karin nauyin kare namun daji a magudanar ruwa da kewaye. <ref>[A bird sanctuary for Delhi soon, By Nirupama Subramanian, Express News Service, City, New Delhi, 7 March 1988, Indian Express Newspaper]</ref> <ref>[Flamingos flock to Capital, By N. Suresh, New Delhi, 7 January 1988, The Times of India]</ref> <ref>[Down by the wetlands, on the wild side, Najafgarh drain, By Vivek Menon, 9 March 1991, Weekend, New Delhi, Indian Express Newspaper]</ref> A cikin katuwar Najafgarh jheel da ta wanzu a nan, ɗimbin ɗimbin ciyayi mai ɗorewa ya bunƙasa tare da wadataccen rayuwar tsuntsaye na gida da ƙaura; kuma a cikin ƙasashen da ke kewaye akwai namun daji da yawa. Manya-manyan ƙungiyoyin farauta na ƴan mulkin mallaka na gida da na Biritaniya suna saukowa a tafkin kowace shekara, yawancin ƙauyen ƙauyen suna aiki a matsayin jagorori kuma suna taimaka wa ayyukan sansani a sansanonin farauta. Mazauna kauyen har yanzu suna raye har zuwa karshen karnin da ya gabata sun tuna da motoci da yawa na jami'an mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya suna taruwa a gefen tafkin domin harbin [[agwagwa]]. A cikin waɗancan shekarun da suka gabata, tare da namun daji masu wadata da ke zaune a yankin nan kuma sun rayu a halin yanzu da ake kyautata zaton bacewar shahararrun agwagi masu ruwan hoda, waɗanda mafarauta da masu lura da tsuntsaye suka harba a nan, sun yi rikodin kasancewar cranes na Siberian da ba safai ba. karin ziyarar Indiya. <ref>[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/143772/0], [http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/grusleuc.pdf Siberian crane Grus leucogeranus: Delhi - Najafgarh lake (Najafgarh jheel), undated (Hume and Marshall 1879–1881)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722105257/http://birdbase.hokkaido-ies.go.jp/rdb/rdb_en/grusleuc.pdf|date=2011-07-22}}</ref> <ref>[Book: A Guide to the Birds of the Delhi Area (1975) by Usha Ganguli, a member of the Delhi Birdwatching Society.], [Birdwatching Articles from 1961-75 from wetlands of Najafgarh lake by Usha Ganguli in "[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]" edited by Zafar Futehally]</ref> == Filayen noma a yankin tafkin Najafgarh muhimmin wurin zama == Ƙasar noma da ke da ɗan tashin hankali tana aiki a matsayin muhimmin wurin zama na [[tsuntsu]] a cikin tafkin Najafgarh, ko da filayen da ke kwance ana amfani da su ta ɗaruruwan raye- rayen demoiselle da cranes na gama gari, ana iya ganin nau'i-nau'i na cranes na sarus a cikin gonar da ke kusa da magudanar ruwa na Najafgarh. Sauran tsuntsayen daji da namun daji suma suna zaune a wadannan filayen noma da suka hada da kurege, nilgai, dawa, fox na kowa, dawa, duban kadangaru, nau'ikan macizai da dai sauransu wadanda kuma suke zuwa domin fakewa a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzukan magudanar ruwa kuma suna watse zuwa cikin gonakin da ke makwabtaka da su. cin abinci. == Haɓaka manyan gidaje a cikin tsohon tafkin Najafgarh == Bayan cikar magudanar ruwa a cikin 1960s tsohon tafkin ya zama filin noma da farko kuma a yanzu manyan ayyukan gidaje daban-daban sun mamaye tsohon tafkin da suka hada da vikaspuri, Uttam Nagar, pappankalan, dwarka da sauransu, filin jirgin sama na Delhi kuma yana kan iyaka. tsohon tafkin tafkin. Farashin filaye ya yi tashin gwauron zabo kuma magina da masu ci gaba sun taru a wannan yanki da ya fado a cikin Delhi, amfani da filaye yana canjawa daga noma zuwa ci gaban biranen gidaje. Koyaya, idan magudanar ruwa ta Najafgarh ta taɓa keta ginshiƙansa na mutum da kagara a lokacin damina, za a iya ambaliya manyan ɓangarorin waɗannan matsugunan gidaje, suna haifar da babban bala'i. == Duba kuma == * Bhalswa tafkin doki * Najafgarh Town, Delhi * Najafgarh magudanar ruwa, Delhi * Najafgarh magudanar ruwa mai tsarki, Delhi * National Zoological Park Delhi * Okhla Sanctuary, iyaka da Delhi a cikin kusancin [[Uttar Pradesh]] * [[Gidan shakatawa na Sultanpur]], yana iyaka da Delhi a cikin gundumar Gurgaon, [[Haryana]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=59995 'Rayar da tsoffin tafkuna hanyar fita daga matsalolin ruwa']{{Dead link|date=April 2024}}</link>, 9 ga Agusta 2003, The Indian Express * [http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/action-plans-polluted-areas-delhi-soon Shirye-shiryen ayyuka kan gurɓatattun wurare a Delhi nan ba da jimawa ba], GN BUREAU, [[New Delhi|NEW DELHI]], Maris 17, 2010, Mulki Yanzu == Kara karantawa == * Delhi Master Plan 2021: [http://www.delhismartcities.com/mpd2021/ Planning Zone-L, West Zone –III of Master Plan of Delhi 2021]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} - Note the ''Najafgarh Lake Area'' shown therein. * [http://www.ddalandpoolingprojects.com/l-zone/ DRAFT ZONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PLANNING ZONE- 'L', Overview, Map and Villages in L-Zone.]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Irrigation/irrigation+and+flood+control/extra2/flood+problem+due+to+sahibi+river Flood Problem due to Sahibi River, Department of Irrigation and Flood Control, Government of NCT of Delhi, India.] * [http://www.green-ensys.org/site/publications/Wastewater%20management%20in%20Najafgarh%20drainage%20basin.pdf WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN NAJAFGARH DRAINAGE BASIN – KEY TO WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN RIVER YAMUNA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111205553/http://www.green-ensys.org/site/publications/Wastewater%20management%20in%20Najafgarh%20drainage%20basin.pdf |date=2021-11-11 }}, by Asit Nema of Foundation for Greentech Environmental Systems1 and Dr. Lalit Agrawal of Tokyo Engineering Consultants, Japan2 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814120836/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/PD/2008-09/Writeup/26-42%20%5BFlood%20Control%5D.pdf FLOOD CONTROL - The National Capital Territory of Delhi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620203731/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article19406.ece 'Part of Najafgarh drain to be covered'], 12 September 2009, The Hindu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053619/http://www.haryana-online.com/Fauna/Birds/how_sultanpur_happened.htm How Sultanpur happened: Sultanpur and Najafgarh Jheels - by Peter Jackson], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053542/http://www.haryana-online.com/Fauna/Birds/peter_jackson.htm] * [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=59995 'Reviving old ponds way out of water woes']{{Dead link|date=April 2024}}, 9 August 2003, The Indian Express * [Book: A Guide to the Birds of the Delhi Area (1975) by Usha Ganguli, a member of the Delhi Birdwatching Society. She includes sections from "The Imperial Gazetteer of India" annual colonial records of British India from Delhi detailing local wildlife and extent of water accumulation in Najafgarh Jheel basin yearly.] * [Birdwatching Articles from 1961 to 1975 from wetlands of Najafgarh lake by Usha Ganguli in "Newsletter for Birdwatchers" edited by Zafar Futehally] * [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:-El8dIOzqkwJ:www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%2520NCR%2520Planning%2520board%2520proposal.pdf+delhi+airport+najafgarh+drain+birds&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjhbihuGSYs5_rSivXrLO2N2CjqgXEXNVHeteUMUPkv-B3szQww1FL5CFYQveUkenriZow93Jf2W8yFsvlm3noD2YhFeFT0LF3GPr58B1KOBS3nZjH4Cnklte2B4nLtul4jl9QE&sig=AHIEtbR8FogSquJ5O7cDN-fVCq-spjNzZg Proposal for ground water recharge in National Capital Region (NCR) by Dr. S. K. Sharma, Ground water expert], [https://web.archive.org/web/20111110051227/http://www.greensystems.net/images/Dr.Sharma%20NCR%20Planning%20board%20proposal.pdf], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110410050916/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/taxonomy/term/2891] * [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:RabaBQDqo68J:www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/india_singh_delhis_watery_woes_2006.pdf+bird+count+najafgarh+drain&hl=en&gl=ca&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjlgc68wrZgBbj0hEmWVk7HauQdWLh_BVFYvxYGw32kvR4U2mGAyaRPANgdq0RzGq6dzdIsioYliM4z5dvO5ZDY_I6_v1aFeTkZfywGTFbM3pRISW75Q2F_5Jf8aBgwHsZaOXra&sig=AHIEtbQHJIrk1sity8tW--Nbc_11UUCAQg], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110928022355/http://www.wsscc.org/sites/default/files/india_singh_delhis_watery_woes_2006.pdf Delhi's Watery Woes] by Arun Kumar Singh * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110820100406/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&dt=19082010&page=755_003&mdl= Birds are back at Najafgarh Jheel], 19 08 2010, Delhi Edition, Hindustan Times * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121024235832/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article66609.ece No more water-logging at airport with new drain in place], New Delhi, 17 December 2009, The Hindu * [https://archive.today/20130103075233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Walls-to-be-constructed-around-Najafgarh-drain/Article1-196591.aspx Walls to be constructed around Najafgarh drain], New Delhi, 29 December 2006, Hindustan Times * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070313143310/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=225921 Groundwater to be recharged at Najafgarh, Mungeshwar drains], 10 March 2007, The Indian Express * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/235442 Gurgaon polluting Najafgarh drain, draws Minister's ire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224231433/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/235442/ |date=2025-02-24 }}, by Rajesh Kumar, New Delhi, 27/07/2006, The Pioneer * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051921/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&dt=03112011&page=751_007&mdl= Winged visitors are back at Najafgarh Lake], New Delhi, 03/11/2011, Hindustan Times. Also see [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051943/http://m.pressmart.com/Home.aspx?event=HTDelhi&dt=29102011&page=751_006&mdl=] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120403121445/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/Delhi%20Gazeetter%201912.pdf CHAPTER J.- DESCRIPTIVE· pages from the Gazeteers, Delhi, 1912] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728104132/http://nidm.gov.in/idmc/Proceedings/Flood/B2%20-%2036.pdf URBAN FLOODING AND ITS MANAGEMENT], 2006. India Disaster Management Congress.IIPA Campus, IP Estate, Near ITO Road, New Delhi. National Institute of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Delhi.pdf ACTION PLAN, ABATEMENT OF POLLUTION IN CRITICALLY POLLUTED AREA OF NAJAFGARH DRAN BASIN INCLUDING OKHLA, NARAINA, ANAND PARBAT AND WAZIRPUR INDL AREAS, DELHI POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEE, 4th Floor, ISBT Building, Kashmere Gate, Delhi-6, March, 2011]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://force.org.in/BLUE_DELHI_DECLARATION_WHITE_PAPER.pdf BLUE DELHI DECLARATION, White Paper on: Aiming for Sustainability and Self Sufficiency in Delhi Water Management – Evaluating Delhi's Current Water Assets vis a vis their Utilisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117023812/http://force.org.in/BLUE_DELHI_DECLARATION_WHITE_PAPER.pdf |date=2024-01-17 }} * [https://www.scribd.com/doc/45314818/Urban-Flooding URBAN FLOODING DEMOGRAPHY AND URBANIZATION by Shashikant Nishant Sharma] sns.sahil[at]gmail[dot]com 11/1/2010, SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, Delhi * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12674375 Biodegradation of wastewater of Najafgarh drain, Delhi using autochthonous microbial consortia : a laboratory study.] by Sharma G, Mehra NK, Kumar R. Source Limnology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-1 10 007, India. * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/search/site/najafgarh%20drain A search for archived News Articles on Najafgarh Drain on the India Envirinmental Portal website]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/news/city-get-its-1st-bird-sanctuary City to get its 1st bird sanctuary]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 15/02/2005, Asian Age (New Delhi) * [http://www.asianage.com/content/new-camp-jazz-tourism-city-soon New camp to jazz up tourism in city soon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515123838/https://www.asianage.com/content/new-camp-jazz-tourism-city-soon |date=2023-05-15 }}, 19 April 2010, Asian Age (New Delhi) * [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071001/delhi.htm#10 Delhiites to cool off with aqua sports], New Delhi, 30 September 2007, Tribune News Service, The Tiribune, Chandigarh * [http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/17361 Proposal for groundwater recharge in National Capital Region - A report by SK Sharma and Green Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124433/http://www.indiawaterportal.org/node/17361 |date=2012-07-18 }}, Submitted by samir Nazareth on 22 April 2011, India waterportal - Safe, sustainable water for all == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/doit_forest/Forest/Home/Forests+of+Delhi/Recorded+Forest Dazuzzukan da aka yi rikodi (Yanayin dajin da aka Sanarwa a Delhi)], Sashen gandun daji, Gwamnatin Babban Babban Birnin Delhi, Indiya * [http://delhi.gov.in:/wps/wcm/connect/doit_tourism/Tourism/Home/Infrastructure/Tourism+Infrastructure Kamfanonin Yawon shakatawa], Sashen Yawon shakatawa, Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Kasar Delhi, Indiya * [http://delhi.gov.in:/wps/wcm/connect/doit_irrigation/Irrigation+and+Flood+Control/Home/About+Us Ma'aikatar Ban ruwa & Ruwa], Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Delhi, Indiya * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111126100652/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/environment/Environment/Home/Achievements Shuka / Greening na Delhi], Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Gwamnatin NCT na Delhi, Indiya * [http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=5448197410&topic=7219 Taken facebook: Delhi - Rahoton Kallon Bird Najafgarh Najafgarh] * [http://www.facebook.com/topic.php?uid=121103404605452&topic=35 facebook: Jerin sunayen Tsuntsaye na Yankin Najafgarh Jheel - Ciki har da wuraren da ke kusa da Dhansa Barrage da Najafgarh Drain a Delhi], na Sajit P. Mohanan * [http://groups.google.com/group/delhibirdpix/search?group=delhibirdpix&q=najafgarh+drain&qt_g=Search+this+group Neman: Najafgarh magudanar ruwa akan rukunin Google "delhibirdpix"] * [http://www.indianrealestateforum.com/gurgaon/t-300-sqkm-lake-near-gurgaon-21695.html Tattaunawa: !!!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122231105/http://www.indianrealestateforum.com/gurgaon/t-300-sqkm-lake-near-gurgaon-21695.html |date=2012-11-22 }} [http://www.indianrealestateforum.com/gurgaon/t-300-sqkm-lake-near-gurgaon-21695.html 300 SqKm &#x5B; sic &#x5D; na tafkin kusa da Gurgaon !!!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122231105/http://www.indianrealestateforum.com/gurgaon/t-300-sqkm-lake-near-gurgaon-21695.html |date=2012-11-22 }} [http://www.indianrealestateforum.com/gurgaon/t-300-sqkm-lake-near-gurgaon-21695.html Abin Mamaki Gabaɗaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122231105/http://www.indianrealestateforum.com/gurgaon/t-300-sqkm-lake-near-gurgaon-21695.html |date=2012-11-22 }} - Dandalin Gidajen Indiya * [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/u-turn-haryana-will-identify-najafgarh-lake-as-wetland/articleshow/56382251.cms Juyawa: Haryana zai bayyana tafkin Najafgarh a matsayin mai dausayi, TNN, Times of India, 7 Janairu 2017] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pkk23j09gse11oj6ftv44be5qj9en0v 0 85369 963835 703288 2026-10-06T12:31:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963835 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Randa Cemil Markos-Thomas''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Randa Markos ("Quiet Storm") &#124; MMA Fighter Page |url=http://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/fighters/20984-randa-markos |access-date=2015-05-22 |publisher=Tapology.com}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1985) ɗan asalin Assuriya ne ɗan ƙasar Iraqi wanda ya ƙwarewar 'yan wasan ƙwarƙwasawa.<ref>[http://boxing.nv.gov/uploadedFiles/boxingnvgov/content/results/2019_Results/07-06-19MMA.pdf Mixed martial arts show results Date: July 6th, 2019]</ref> Ta fi yin gwagwarmaya a gasar Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). An haifi Markos a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] a shekara ta 1985. Ita Assuriya ce ta kabila, <ref>{{YouTube|title=UFC Randa Markos Interview at Assyrian Fighters Night}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Randa Markos: The Fighter With Most Peculiar Win/Loss Record In The History of UFC |url=https://thesportsrush.com/ufc-news-randa-markos-the-fighter-with-most-peculiar-streak-in-the-history-of-ufc/?fbclid=IwAR2NnNaKiUxBQR_2cSnswKZAH4QyzFTMMx_rT8nHw3LKat5_WPuT7mSd6a8 |quote=Ethnically Assyrian, Randa Markos is a purple belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu}}</ref> <ref name="assyrian" /> kuma iyayenta asalin addinin Katolika ne na Kaldiyawa . <ref name="assyrian">{{Cite web |last=Huang |first=Michael |date=September 19, 2014 |title=Meet Randa Markos, the Assyrian Refugee-Turned-UFC Fighter |url=http://aina.org/ata/20140919034106.htm |access-date=August 19, 2020}}</ref> A lokacin da take da shekaru uku, an tsare ta da danginta da bindiga tare da daure ta a lokacin yakin Iran da Iraki saboda kokarin tserewa daga Iraki. Sun yi nasarar tserewa tare da shiga jirgin sama zuwa Ontario, [[Kanada]] a wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-29 |title=RANDA MARKOS ON IMPRISONMENT, ABUSE, AND HER ROAD TO TUF 20 |url=http://fightland.vice.com/blog/randa-markos-on-imprisonment-abuse-and-her-road-to-tuf-20 |publisher=fightland.vice.com |access-date=2024-09-28 |archive-date=2020-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108135850/http://fightland.vice.com/blog/randa-markos-on-imprisonment-abuse-and-her-road-to-tuf-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Markos ta sami difloma ta mataimakin magunguna a Kwalejin TriOS . Daga nan sai ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kantin magani a kantin magani da ke Windsor . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-02 |title=Markos working towards UFC title shot in 2015 |url=http://www.sportsnet.ca/blogs/mma/randa-markos-working-towards-ufc-strawweight-title-shot-in-2015/ |publisher=sportsnet.ca}}</ref> == Ayyukan zane-zane na mixed == Markos ta fara bugawa MMA a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2012 a IFC 51 inda ta doke Allanna Jones ta hanyar zagaye na uku. Markos ta tara rikodin 3-0 wanda ya sa ta fara RFA a kan abokin wasan TUF 20 na gaba Justine Kish . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Justine Kish Defeats Randa Markos Thomas At RFA 12 In L.A. |url=http://www.mmarising.com/articles/2014/01/24/justine-kish-defeats-randa-markos-thomas-at-rfa-12-in-l-a/}}</ref> Markos ta sha wahala ta farko a wannan dare ta hanyar yanke shawara. Ta yi saurin dawowa ta hanyar kayar da Lynnell House ta hanyar armbar a zagaye na farko kuma ta kama taken PFC Strawweight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Randa Markos wins inaugural PFC title |url=http://www.thelondoner.ca/2014/03/09/randa-markos-wins-inaugural-pfc-title |publisher=thelondoner.ca |access-date=2024-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126122545/http://www.thelondoner.ca/2014/03/09/randa-markos-wins-inaugural-pfc-title |archive-date=2025-01-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === ''Babban Mai Yaki'' === Markos na daga cikin 'yan takara takwas na karshe da suka yi ƙoƙari su shiga gidan ''TUF'', don shiga 11 Invicta FC strawweights wanda Shugaba Dana White ya samu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2014 |title=Full 'TUF 20' cast revealed, includes eight new additions |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2014/07/full-tuf-20-cast-revealed-includes-eight-new-additions |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Markos ya kasance a matsayi na # 14 ga Team Pettis, kuma an daidaita shi da # 3 mai suna Tecia Torres don yakin farko na kakar. Markos ya kayar da Torres ta hanyar yanke shawara bayan zagaye uku don ba Team Pettis nasarar farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TUF 20 FULL FIGHT VIDEO, EPISODE 1: RANDA MARKOS VS. TECIA TORRES |url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/tuf-20-full-fight-video-episode-1-randa-markos-vs-tecia-torres |publisher=mmaweekly.com}}</ref> A karo na tara, Markos ya shirya don daukar Felice Herrig a wasan farko na kwata-kwata. Rashin jituwa ya fara ginawa lokacin da da yawancin mayakan suka so su horar da kansu kuma suna da zaman biyu a kowace rana, daya da safe kuma daya da dare. Markos ya yanke shawarar bayyana a wani horo na safe, wanda bai zauna da kyau tare da Carla Esparza ba, wanda ya fuskanci Markos don ƙoƙarin sa ta tafi; Markos bai yi ba. Ta kayar da Herrig ta hanyar scarfhold armbar, a zagaye na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title='TUF 20' RECAP: EPISODE 9 |url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/TUF-20-Recap-Episode-9-77529 |publisher=sherdog.com}}</ref> A cikin ɓangaren ƙarshe na kakar, Markos ya haɗu da Rose Namajunas a wasan kusa da na karshe. Markos ya rasa ta hanyar mika wuya a zagaye na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TUF 20 results and recap for Ep. 12: Carla Esparza vs. Jessica Penne and Rose Namajunas vs. Randa Markos |url=http://www.mmamania.com/2014/12/10/7370837/tuf-20-results-recap-ep-12-carla-esparza-vs-randa-markos-rose-namajunas-jessica-penne-mma |publisher=mmamania.com}}</ref> === Gasar Gwagwarmaya ta Ƙarshe === Markos ta fara gabatar da ita a The Ultimate Fighter 20 Finale, inda ta dauki dan wasan kusa da na karshe Jessica Penne . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jessica Penne meets Randa Markos at The Ultimate Fighter Finale |url=http://www.foxsports.com/watch/the-ultimate-fighter/story/jessica-penne-meets-randa-markos-at-the-the-ultimate-fighter-finale-121014 |website=foxsports.com}}</ref> Ta yi hasara a cikin yanke shawara mai zurfi kuma an ba ta kyautar Fight of the Night . Markos ya cika [[Cláudia Gadelha]] da ta ji rauni a UFC 186, yana karbar Aisling Daly . <ref>{{Cite web |title=With Claudia Gadelha Out, Aisling Daly Draws Randa Markos at UFC 186 |url=http://www.mmaweekly.com/with-claudia-gadelha-out-aisling-daly-draws-randa-markos-at-ufc-186 |publisher=mmaweekly.com}}</ref> Ta ci nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UFC 186 results: Randa Markos gets the best of Aisling Daly |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2015/4/25/8498053/ufc-186-results-randa-markos-gets-the-best-of-aisling-daly |publisher=mmafighting.com}}</ref> Markos ta fuskanci sabon mai gabatarwa [[Karolina Kowalkiewicz]] a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2015 a UFC a kan Fox 17. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Randa Markos takes on debuting Karolina Kowalkiewicz at UFC on FOX 17 |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2015/10/7/9476855/randa-markos-takes-on-debuting-karolina-kowalkiewicz-at-ufc-on-fox-17 |publisher=mmafighting.com}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya. Markos ya ci Jocelyn Jones-Lybarger a UFC Fight Night 89 a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2016, ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya. Markos ta dauki Cortney Casey a UFC 202; ta rasa a zagaye na farko ta hanyar armbar. Markos na gaba ya fuskanci Carla Esparza a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2017 a UFC Fight Night: Lewis vs. Browne . Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ta raba. A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 2017, Markos ta fuskanci [[Alexa Grasso]] a UFC Fight Night: Pettis vs. Moreno . Grasso ya zo a 119 lbs, fam uku a kan iyakar nauyi, a ma'auni, kuma an ci tarar 20% na jakarta, wanda ya tafi Markos. Yaƙin ya ci gaba a cikin nauyin kamawa. Markos ya rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara. Markos ta fuskanci Juliana Lima a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2018 a UFC a kan Fox 27. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcel Dorff |title=Randa Markos vecht tegen Juliana Lima tijdens UFC on FOX 27 in Charlotte |url=http://mmadna.nl/randa-markos-vecht-tegen-juliana-lima-tijdens-ufc-on-fox-27-in-charlotte/ |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=mmadna.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya. Markos ta fuskanci Nina Ansaroff a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2018 a UFC a kan Fox 30. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcel Dorff |title=Randa Markos treft Nina Ansaroff tijdens UFC on FOX 30 in Calgary |url=http://mmadna.nl/randa-markos-treft-nina-ansaroff-tijdens-ufc-on-fox-30-in-calgary/ |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=mmadna.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya. Markos ta fuskanci sabon mai gabatarwa Marina Rodriguez a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 2018 a UFC Fight Night 137. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcel Dorff |date=2018-08-23 |title=Unbeaten UFC debutante Marina Rodriguez meets Randa Markos during UFC São Paulo |url=http://mmadna.nl/ongeslagen-ufc-debutante-marina-rodriguez-treft-randa-markos-tijdens-ufc-sao-paulo/ |access-date=2018-08-23 |publisher=mmadna.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Gasar baya da gaba ta ƙare da rinjaye. Markos ta fuskanci Angela Hill a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2019 a UFC Fight Night: Thompson vs. Pettis . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Alexander K. |date=20 January 2019 |title=Several bouts announced for UFC Nashville, including Curtis Blaydes vs. Justin Willis |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/1/20/18190059/several-bouts-announced-for-ufc-nashville-including-curtis-blaydes-vs-justin-willis |access-date=21 January 2019 |website=MMA Fighting}}</ref> Ta lashe yakin ne saboda mika wuya a zagaye na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-23 |title=UFC Nashville results: Randa Markos scores beautiful submission win over Angela Hill |url=https://mmajunkie.com/2019/03/ufc-nashville-results-randa-markos-scores-beautiful-submission-win-over-angela-hill |access-date=2019-03-24 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en}}</ref> Wannan nasarar ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Performance of the Night . <ref>{{Cite web |title=UFC Nashville bonuses: Anthony Pettis rewarded for early Knockout of the Year candidate |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/3/24/18279310/ufc-nashville-bonuses-anthony-pettis-rewarded-for-early-knockout-of-the-year-candidate |access-date=2019-03-24 |website=www.mmafighting.com |language=en}}</ref> Markos ta fuskanci [[Cláudia Gadelha]] a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2019 a UFC 239. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcel Dorff |title=Strawweightclash tussen Claudia Gadelha en Randa Markos tijdens UFC 239 in Las Vegas |url=http://mmadna.nl/strawweightclash-tussen-claudia-gadelha-en-randa-markos-tijdens-ufc-239-in-las-vegas/ |access-date=2021-11-02 |language=nl}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evanoff |first=Josh |date=2019-07-06 |title=UFC 239 Results: Gadelha Defeats Markos In Lackluster Affair |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/07/06/ufc-239-results-gadelha-defeats-markos-in-lackluster-affair/ |access-date=2019-07-07 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Markos ya fuskanci Ashley Yoder a ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2019 a UFC a kan ESPN+ 20+ 20. <ref name="MarkosIn">{{Cite web |last=Nolan King and Farah Hannoun |date=2019-09-26 |title=With Yan Xiaonan out, Randa Markos steps in to fight Ashley Yoder at UFC on ESPN+ 20 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2019/09/yan-xiaonan-out-randa-markos-in-against-ashley-yoder-ufc-singapore |access-date=2019-09-26 |website=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2019-10-26 |title=UFC Singapore Results: Randa Markos Takes Close Split Decision Against Ashley Yoder |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/10/26/ufc-singapore-results-markos-yoder/ |access-date=2019-10-26 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Markos ya fuskanci Amanda Ribas, ya maye gurbin Paige VanZant da ya ji rauni a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2020 a UFC Fight Night 170. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jay Pettry |title=Report: Paige VanZant Out, Randa Markos In Against Amanda Ribas at UFC Brasilia |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Report-Paige-VanZant-Out-Randa-Markos-In-Against-Amanda-Ribas-at-UFC-Brasilia-169165 |access-date=2020-01-24 |website=sherdog.com |publisher=Sherdog}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evanoff |first=Josh |date=2020-03-14 |title=UFC Brasilia Results: Amanda Ribas Dominates Randa Markos |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/03/14/ufc-brasilia-results-amanda-ribas-dominates-randa-markos/ |access-date=2020-03-15 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Markos ya fuskanci Mackenzie Dern a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2020 a UFC Fight Night 178 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ultimate marca Mackenzie Dern x Randa Markos para o UFC 253, no dia 19 de setembro |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/combate/noticia/ultimate-marca-mackenzie-dern-x-randa-markos-para-o-ufc-253-no-dia-19-de-setembro.ghtml |access-date=2020-07-10 |website=Globoesporte |language=pt-br}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar miƙa wuya a zagaye na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Galloway |first=Ryan |date=September 19, 2020 |title=Mackenzie Dern Submits Randa Markos via Armbar In Round One |url=https://www.lowkickmma.com/mackenzie-dern-submits-randa-markos-via-armbar-in-round-one/ |access-date=September 19, 2020 |publisher=LowKick MMA}}</ref> Markos ya fuskanci sabon mai gabatarwa Kanako Murata, wanda ya maye gurbin Lívia Renata Souza da ya ji rauni, a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2020 a UFC Fight Night: Felder vs. dos Anjos . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamal Boussenaf |date=2020-11-05 |title=Randa Markos is de nieuwe tegenstandster van Kanako Murata |url=https://mmadna.nl/randa-markos-is-de-nieuwe-tegenstandster-van-kanako-murata/ |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=MMA DNA |language=nl}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2020-11-14 |title=UFC Vegas 14 Results: Kanako Murata Victorious in Octagon Debut |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/11/14/ufc-vegas-14-results-markos-vs-murata/ |access-date=2020-11-15 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> An shirya Markos don fuskantar Luana Pinheiro a ranar 27 ga Maris, 2021 a UFC 260. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Farah Hannoun |date=2021-03-05 |title=Randa Markos vs. Luana Pinheiro added to UFC 260 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/03/randa-markos-luana-pinheiro-ufc-260 |access-date=2021-03-05 |website=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}</ref> Koyaya, an cire Markos daga katin a ranar 18 ga watan Maris bayan gwajin tabbatacce don COVID-19. <ref name="MarkosOut">{{Cite web |last=Evelyn Rodrigues and Raphael Marinho |date=2021-03-18 |title=Randa Markos off UFC 260 for covid-19 protocol and Luana Pinheiro waits for a new rival |url=https://globoesporte.globo.com/combate/noticia/randa-markos-deixa-ufc-260-por-protocolo-de-covid-19-e-luana-pinheiro-espera-por-nova-rival.ghtml |access-date=2021-03-18 |publisher=globoesporte.globo.com}} {{In lang|pt}}</ref> An sake tsara wasan ne don Mayu 1, 2021 a UFC a kan ESPN: Reyes vs. Procházka . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Guilherme Cruz |date=2021-03-22 |title=Randa Markos vs. Luana Pinheiro set for May 1 UFC event |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/3/22/22344466/randa-markos-luana-pinheiro-mayra-bueno-silva-poliana-botelho-may-1-ufc-event |access-date=2021-04-26 |website=mmafighting.com}}</ref> Markos ya rasa wasan ta hanyar rashin cancanta a zagaye na farko bayan da ya kori Pinheiro a kai, wanda ya haifar da Pinheiro ya kasa ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=UFC on ESPN 23 results: Randa Markos disqualified for illegal upkick on Luana Pinheiro |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/05/ufc-on-espn-23-results-randa-markos-disqualified-illegal-upkick-luana-pinheiro |access-date=2021-05-02 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> Markos ta fuskanci Lívia Renata Souza a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2021 a UFC Fight Night 196 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Livinha Souza encara Randa Markos no UFC do dia 23 de outubro, em Las Vegas |url=https://ge.globo.com/combate/noticia/livinha-souza-encara-randa-markos-no-ufc-do-dia-23-de-outubro-em-las-vegas.ghtml |access-date=2021-07-21 |website=ge |language=pt-br}}</ref> Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2021-10-23 |title=UFC Vegas 41 Results: Randa Markos Snaps Skid Against Livia Renata Souza |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/10/23/ufc-vegas-41-results-livia-renata-souza-vs-randa-markos/ |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan gwagwarmayarta ta ƙarshe, an sanar da cewa ba a sabunta kwantiraginta na UFC ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Damon |date=2021-11-10 |title=Randa Markos no longer on UFC roster following completion of her contract |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/11/10/22775174/randa-markos-no-longer-on-ufc-roster-following-completion-of-her-contract |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=MMA Fighting |language=en}}</ref> == Gasar zakarun Turai da nasarorin da aka samu == === Mixed martial arts === * '''Gasar Gwagwarmaya ta Ƙarshe''' ** Yakin Dare (Wani lokaci) vs. <small>Jessica Penne</small> ** Ayyukan Dare (Wata lokaci) vs. <small>Angela Hill</small> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2019 |title=UFC Nashville bonuses: Anthony Pettis rewarded for early Knockout of the Year candidate |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/3/24/18279310/ufc-nashville-bonuses-anthony-pettis-rewarded-for-early-knockout-of-the-year-candidate |access-date=March 24, 2019 |website=mmafighting.com |archive-date=March 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324041751/https://www.mmafighting.com/platform/amp/2019/3/24/18279310/ufc-nashville-bonuses-anthony-pettis-rewarded-for-early-knockout-of-the-year-candidate |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** Yaƙe-yaƙe na biyu a cikin ƙungiyar UFC Strawweight (18) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike Bohn |date=October 20, 2021 |title=UFC Fight Night 196 pre-event facts: Paulo Costa's stats still strong after title-fight loss |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/ufc-fight-night-196-pre-event-facts-paulo-costa-stats-strong-israel-adesanya-loss-marvin-vettori |website=[[MMAjunkie.com]]}}</ref> * '''Gasar Gwagwarmaya ta Lardin''' ** Lardin FC Strawweight Title (Wata lokaci) == Rubuce-rubucen zane-zane == == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mata masu zane-zane * Jerin mayakan UFC na Kanada == manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Haɗin waje == * Randa MarkosaUFC * Professional MMA record for Randa MarkosdagaSherdog [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4y9pi3u0z65w4ek8v90ysrs5tojiqr6 0 86366 964092 676317 2026-10-06T21:38:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964092 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Sam Kristen Hughes''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Hughes |url=https://m.famousfix.com/topic/sam-hughes-born-1992 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=FamousFix.com}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Yuni, Shekara ta 1992) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar Amurka wanda a halin yanzu ke fafatawa a rukunin mata na Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). == Tarihi == Hughes ta girma tare da 'yan'uwa maza uku a Kudancin Carolina, inda ta kuma yi tsere a makarantar sakandare.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=LFA 85's Sam Hughes: On the 'Sampage' |url=https://combatpress.com/2020/07/lfa-85s-sam-hughes-on-the-sampage/ |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=Combat Press |language=en-US}}</ref> A Kwalejin Wofford don karatun digiri na farko a lissafi da kudi, ta gudu waƙa da filin da ƙetare ƙasa a matakin NCAA Division I. Ta ci gaba da yin gasa a cikin waƙa lokacin da ta koma Jami'ar Kudancin Carolina don neman mashahurinta a Gudanar da Wasanni. Amma bayan kammala karatunta, Hughes ta dauki aiki a duniyar kudi, wanda ya kai ta [[Seattle]].<ref name=":0" /> Wata aboki ta gayyace ta zuwa Catalyst Fight House, a Everett, Washington da Hughes sun fara aikinta na amateur a cikin shekara ta 2016 bayan 'yan watanni horo a Catalyst. Hughes ta zama mai sana'a a shekarar 2019, saboda abokin hamayyarta na karshe, Melanie McIntyre, wacce bayan da ta sha kashi a hannun Hughes, ta so a sakewa a matsayin mai sana'ar. Koyaya, McIntyre ta fice daga yaƙin kuma Hughes ta fara yin ta farko wata ɗaya bayan haka.<ref name="cp21">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2021-01-17 |title=UFC Strawweight Sam Hughes: From the Track to the Cage |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/01/17/ufc-sam-hughes-interview/ |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan zane-zane na mixed == === Farkon aiki === Da ta fara MMA a COGA 62 Supreme Showdown 4, ta doke Kayla Frajman ta hanyar tsirara a baya a zagaye na farko. Hughes zai tattara wasu nasarori biyu na dakatar da shi, daya ta zagaye na biyu na TKO ɗayan kuma ta zagaye ya farko na armbar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-21 |title=Across the Pond Profile: Legacy Fighting Alliance fighter Sam Hughes {{!}} MMA UK |url=http://mmauk.net/2020/05/21/across-the-pond-profile-legacy-fighting-alliance-fighter-sam-hughes/ |access-date=2021-10-05 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005181117/http://mmauk.net/2020/05/21/across-the-pond-profile-legacy-fighting-alliance-fighter-sam-hughes/ |archive-date=2021-10-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin gwagwarmayarta ta farko don Legacy Fighting Alliance a LFA 81, ta dauki Lisa Mauldin kuma ta kayar da ita ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LFA 81 Results: Emmers Submits Barbosa |url=https://combatpress.com/2020/01/lfa-81-emmers-vs-barbosa-results/ |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=Combat Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Hughes ta fuskanci Vanessa Demopoulos a gasar zakarun mata ta LFA a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2020 a LFA 85. Ta rasa yakin bayan da aka gurgunta ta ba tare da sanin komai ba a zagaye na 4 ta hanyar juyawa triangle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=Crystal Vanessa Demopoulos Inverted Triangle Chokes Sam Hughes Unconscious at LFA 85 |url=https://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Crystal-Vanessa-Demopoulos-Inverted-Triangle-Chokes-Sam-Hughes-Unconscious-at-LFA-85-174033 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=Sherdog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=2020-07-18 |title=LFA 85 Results: Vanessa Demopoulos Claims Title in Style |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/07/18/lfa-85-hughes-vs-demopoulos-results/ |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Hughes ta fuskanci Danielle Hindley a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 202 a LFA 93. Ta lashe gasar, ta kori Hindley ba tare da sanin komai ba ta hanyar guillotine a ƙarshen zagaye na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=A female MMA fighter scored a buzzer-beating guillotine choke which sent her opponent to sleep in the final second of the 1st round |url=https://www.insider.com/video-sam-hughes-sent-opponent-to-sleep-in-final-second-2020-10 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gasar Gwagwarmaya ta Ƙarshe === Da yake maye gurbin Angela Hill wanda ya kamu da cutar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], Hughes ya sanya hannu tare da UFC kuma ya fuskanci Tecia Torres.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mike Bohn |date=2020-12-06 |title=Angela Hill announces positive COVID-19 test, out of Tecia Torres rematch at UFC 256 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2020/12/ufc-256-angela-hill-positive-covid-19-test-tecia-torres-rematch |access-date=2020-12-07 |publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander K. Lee and Damon Martin |date=2020-12-08 |title=Tecia Torres will now face LFA standout Sam Hughes at UFC 256 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2020/12/8/22163636/tecia-torres-will-now-face-lfa-standout-sam-hughes-at-ufc-256 |access-date=2020-12-08 |publisher=mmafighting.com}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar dakatar da likita tsakanin zagaye na farko da na biyu bayan ta ce ba za ta iya gani daga ɗayan idanunta ba.<ref name="Torres def. Hughes">{{Cite web |last=Jay Anderson |date=2020-12-12 |title=UFC 256 Results: Tecia Torres Lights Up Newcomer Sam Hughes |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/12/12/ufc-256-results-tecia-torres-vs-sam-hughes/ |access-date=2020-12-12 |website=cagesidepress}}</ref> Hughes, a matsayin maye gurbin [[Hannah Cifers]], ana sa ran zai fuskanci [[Emily Whitmire]] a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2021 a UFC Fight Night: Rozenstruik vs. Gane . <ref name="HughesIn">{{Cite web |last=Mike Heck and Steven Marrocco |date=2021-02-03 |title=With Hannah Cifers out, Emily Whitmire now expected to face Sam Hughes at UFC Vegas 20 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/2/3/22264945/with-hannah-cifers-out-emily-whitmire-now-expected-to-face-sam-hughes-at-ufc-vegas-20 |access-date=2021-02-03 |publisher=mmafighting.com}}</ref> An cire Whitmire daga wasan a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu saboda dalilan da ba a bayyana ba, kuma an soke wasan.<ref name="WhitmireOut">{{Cite web |last=Danny Segura |date=2021-02-14 |title=Sam Hughes vs. Emily Whitmire off UFC Fight Night 186 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/02/sam-hughes-vs-emily-whitmire-off-ufc-fight-night-186-booking-women-mma |access-date=2021-02-14 |publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-14 |title=Sam Hughes vs. Emily Whitmire off UFC Fight Night 186 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/02/sam-hughes-vs-emily-whitmire-off-ufc-fight-night-186-booking-women-mma |access-date=2021-02-15 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> Hughes ya fuskanci Loma Lookboonmee a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2021 a UFC a kan ESPN: Reyes vs. Procházka . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marcel Dorff |date=2021-02-17 |title=Loma Lookboonmee vs. Sam Hughes toegevoegd aan UFC evenement op 1 mei |url=https://mmadna.nl/loma-lookboonmee-vs-sam-hughes-toegevoegd-aan-ufc-evenement-op-1-mei/ |access-date=2021-02-18 |website=MMA DNA |language=nl}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Evanoff |first=Josh |date=2021-05-01 |title=UFC Vegas 25 Results: Loma Lookboonmee Outlasts Sam Hughes |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/05/01/ufc-vegas-25-results-loma-lookboonmee/ |access-date=2021-05-02 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Hughes ya shirya fuskantar Lupita Godinez a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2021 a UFC Fight Night: Dern vs. Rodriguez . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Heck |first=Mike |date=2021-06-26 |title=Lupita Godinez vs. Sam Hughes set for UFC event on Oct. 9 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/6/26/22551291/lupita-godinez-vs-sam-hughes-set-for-ufc-event-on-oct-9 |access-date=2021-10-05 |website=MMA Fighting |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, an cire Hughes daga wasan don gwajin COVID-19 kuma sabon mai zuwa Silvana Gomez Juarez ya maye gurbin ta.<ref name="Juarez vs. Godinez">{{Cite web |last=ATSteveDuncan |date=2021-10-06 |title=Hughes fuera, Silvana Gomez Juarez enfrenta a Lupita Godinez en UFC Vegas 39 |url=https://mma.uno/hughes-fuera-silvana-gomez-juarez-enfrenta-a-lupita-godinez-en-ufc-vegas-39/ |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=MMA.uno, #1 En noticias de Artes Marciales Mixtas (MMA) en Español. |language=es |archive-date=2021-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006025526/https://mma.uno/hughes-fuera-silvana-gomez-juarez-enfrenta-a-lupita-godinez-en-ufc-vegas-39/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hughes, a matsayin maye gurbin [[Jessica Penne]], ya fuskanci Luana Pinheiro a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2021 a UFC Fight Night: Vieira vs. Tate . <ref name="Pinheiro vs. Hughes">{{Cite web |last=Nolan King |date=2021-11-10 |title=With Jessica Penne out, Sam Hughes steps in against Luana Pinheiro at UFC Fight Night 198 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/11/ufc-fight-night-198-jessica-penne-out-sam-hughes-vs-luana-pinheiro |access-date=2021-11-11 |publisher=mmajunkie.usatoday.com}} {{In lang|pt}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Behunin |first=Alex |date=2021-11-20 |title=UFC Vegas 43: Luana Pinheiro Defeats Sam Hughes Via Unanimous Decision |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/11/20/ufc-vegas-43-sam-hughes-vs-luana-pinheiro/ |access-date=2021-11-21 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Hughes ta fuskanci Istela Nunes a UFC a kan ESPN 34 a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=Istela Nunes enfrenta Sam Hughes em abril e busca a primeira vitória no UFC |url=https://www.superlutas.com.br/noticias/178906/istela-nunes-enfrenta-sam-hughes-em-abril-e-busca-a-primeira-vitoria-no-ufc/ |access-date=2022-02-25 |website=SUPER LUTAS |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara mafi rinjaye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-04-16 |title=UFC Vegas 51: Strong Second Half Leads to First Win for Sam Hughes, Over Istela Nunes |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/04/16/ufc-vegas-51-istela-nunes-vs-sam-hughes/ |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ya nuna na karshe na kwangilar da ta yi. Hughes ta fuskanci Elise Reed a UFC Fight Night 206 a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Behunin |first=Alex |date=2022-05-03 |title=Sam Hughes vs. Elise Reed Added To UFC Vegas 55 on May 21 |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/05/03/sam-hughes-vs-elise-reed-set-added-ufc-fight-night-holm-vs-vieira/ |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar buga kwallo a zagaye na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-05-21 |title=UFC Vegas 55: Sam Hughes Puts On Best Performance to Date Against Elise Reed |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/05/21/ufc-vegas-55-elise-reed-vs-sam-hughes/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Hughes ta fuskanci Piera Rodríguez a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2022 a UFC Fight Night 212. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-08 |title=Piera Rodriguez vs. Sam Hughes agregado a UFC Fight Night del 15 de octubre - MMA.uno, #1 En noticias de Artes Marciales Mixtas (MMA) en Español. |url=https://mma.uno/piera-rodriguez-vs-sam-hughes-agregado-a-ufc-fight-night-del-15-de-octubre/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=mma.uno |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-10-15 |title=UFC Vegas 62: Piera Rodríguez Takes Decision Win In Super Close Fight with Sam Hughes |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/10/15/ufc-vegas-62-sam-hughes-vs-piera-rodriguez/ |access-date=2022-10-19 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Hughes ta fuskanci Jacqueline Amorim a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2023, a UFC 287. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghuwanshi |first=Vipin |date=2023-02-10 |title=Jaqueline Amorim set for debut at UFC 287 against Sam Hughes |url=https://www.itnwwe.com/mma/jaqueline-amorim-debut-ufc-287-sam-hughes/ |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.itnwwe.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bitter |first=Shawn |date=2023-04-08 |title=UFC 287: Sam Hughes Rains on Parade of Debuting Jaqueline Amorim |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/04/08/ufc-287-jaqueline-amorim-vs-sam-hughes/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Hughes ya fuskanci Yazmin Jauregui a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2024 a UFC Fight Night 237. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-22 |title=Yazmin Jauregui vs. Sam Hughes set for UFC's February return to Mexico City |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2023/12/ufc-mexico-city-yazmin-jauregui-vs-sam-hughes-women-mma-fight-night-booking-matchup-announcement |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref name="ufcmx">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2024-02-24 |title=UFC Mexico City: Yazmin Jauregui Cruises Past Sam Hughes |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2024/02/24/ufc-mexico-city-yazmin-jauregui-cruises-past-sam-hughes/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.cagesidepress.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Hughes ta fuskanci Victoria Dudakova a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, 2024 a UFC a kan ABC 7. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=UFC adds Azat Maksum vs. CJ Vergara to Abu Dhabi fight card |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2024/06/ufc-news-azat-maksum-vs-cj-vergara-abu-dhabi-fight-card |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Val Dewar |date=2024-08-03 |title=UFC Abu Dhabi: ‘Sampage’ Hughes Hands Viktoria Dudakova First-Ever Loss |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2024/08/03/ufc-abu-dhabi-sam-hughes-hands-viktoria-dudakova-first-ever-loss/ |access-date=2024-08-03 |publisher=cagesidepress.com}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubucen zane-zane == {{MMArecordbox|draws=|nc=|ko-wins=2|sub-wins=3|dec-wins=4|ko-losses=1|sub-losses=1|dec-losses=4|dq-wins=|dq-losses=|other-wins=|other-losses=}}{{MMA record start}} |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|9–6 |Victoria Dudakova |Decision (split) |[[UFC on ABC: Sandhagen vs. Nurmagomedov]] |{{dts|2024|August|3}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates | |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|8–6 |[[Yazmin Jauregui]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC Fight Night: Moreno vs. Royval 2]] |{{dts|2024|February|24}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Mexico City]], Mexico | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|8–5 |Jaqueline Amorim |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC 287]] |{{dts|2023|April|8}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Miami, Florida]], United States | |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|7–5 |Piera Rodríguez |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC Fight Night: Grasso vs. Araújo]] |{{dts|2022|October|15}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|7–4 |[[Elise Reed]] |TKO (elbow and punches) |[[UFC Fight Night: Holm vs. Vieira]] |{{dts|2022|May|21}} |align=center|3 |align=center|3:52 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- |{{yes2}}Win |align=center|6–4 |Istela Nunes |Decision (majority) |[[UFC on ESPN: Luque vs. Muhammad 2]] |{{dts|2022|April|16}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States |{{Small|Nunes was deducted one point in round 3 due to an eye poke.}} |- |{{no2}}Loss |align=center|5–4 |[[Luana Pinheiro]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC Fight Night: Vieira vs. Tate]] |{{dts|2021|November|20}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- | {{no2}}Loss | align=center|5–3 | [[Loma Lookboonmee]] |Decision (unanimous) |[[UFC on ESPN: Reyes vs. Procházka]] |{{dts|2021|May|1}} |align=center|3 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- | {{no2}}Loss | align=center|5–2 | [[Tecia Torres]] |TKO (doctor stoppage) |[[UFC 256]] |{{dts|2020|December|12}} |align=center|1 |align=center|5:00 |[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States | |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center| 5–1 |Danielle Hindley |Technical Submission (guillotine choke) |[[Legacy Fighting Alliance in 2020#Legacy Fighting Alliance 93: Petroski vs. Jeffery|LFA 93]] |{{dts|2020|October|16}} |align=center|1 |align=center|5:00 |[[Park City, Kansas]], United States |{{Small|Catchweight (120 lb) bout.}} |- | {{no2}}Loss | align=center|4–1 |[[Vanessa Demopoulos]] | Technical Submission (inverted triangle choke) | [[Legacy Fighting Alliance in 2020#Legacy Fighting Alliance 85: Hughes vs. Demopoulos|LFA 85]] | {{dts|2020|July|17}} | align=center| 4 | align=center| 2:21 | [[Sioux Falls, South Dakota]], United States | {{Small|Strawweight debut. For the inaugural [[Legacy Fighting Alliance#LFA Women's Strawweight Championship|LFA Women's Strawweight Championship]].}} |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center| 4–0 | Lisa Mauldin |Decision (unanimous) |[[Legacy Fighting Alliance in 2020#Legacy Fighting Alliance 81: Emmers vs. Barbosa|LFA 81]] |{{dts|2020|January|31}} | align=center| 3 | align=center| 5:00 |[[Costa Mesa, California]], United States | |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center|3–0 | Bethany Christensen |Submission (armbar) |Battle at the Bay 15 |{{dts|2019.10.19}} | align=center|1 | align=center|0:52 |[[Anacortes, Washington]], United States | |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center| 2–0 | Loren Benjar | TKO (knee to the body and punches) |XKO 46: Summer Bash |{{dts|2019.07.13}} | align=center|2 | align=center|1:30 |[[Dallas, Texas]], United States |{{Small|Flyweight debut.}} |- | {{yes2}}Win | align=center|1–0 | Kyla Frajman | Submission (rear-naked choke) |Combat Games 62 |{{dts|2019.02.23}} |align=center|1 |align=center|1:35 |[[Tulalip, Washington]], United States | {{Small|Bantamweight debut.}} {{End}} == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mayakan UFC na yanzu * Jerin mata masu zane-zane == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Professional MMA record for Sam HughesdagaSherdog * Sam HughesaUFC [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 504k4a8zioimqz0ruhrjlur19tqq2iu 0 86814 964090 797876 2026-10-06T21:35:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Samuel Kenneth Ashford''' (An haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke buga kwallo a matsayin dan tsakiya a ƙungiyar [[Wealdstone F.C.|Wealdstone]].<ref>"Notification of shirt numbers: Crawley Town" (PDF). English Football League. 11 September 2020. p. 24. Retrieved 14 September 2020.</ref> Ya buga kwallo a makarantar tottenham hotspur kafin ya fara aikinsa na kwallon kafa tare da ƙungiyar maldon a shekarar 2014. Daga baya ya buga wa heybridge swifts, stansted, Witham Town da brightlingsea regent wasa kafin ya shiga ƙungiyar kwallo a ƙasa ta reshen Kudu ta a shekarar 2019. Ya kuma buga kwallo tare da Concord Rangers da Hemel Hempstead kafin ya shiga ƙungiyar Crawley Town a lokacin rani na 2020. Ya taf matsayin aro a working a cikin a 2021 kafin ya shiga ƙungiyar Scottish Championship ta Ayr United a watan Janairun 2022. == Farkon Rayuwarsa == An haifi Ashford a [[Chelmsford]]. == Ayyukan kulob dinsa == Ashford ya shiga makarantar tottenham hotspur yana da shekaru 8 kafin kulob din ya sake shi a matakin Ɗan ƙasa da shekaru 14. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Former Tottenham academy player joins Crawley Town |url=https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/sport/football/former-tottenham-academy-player-joins-crawley-town-2892855 |website=www.sussexexpress.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dunford |first=Mark |date=28 September 2021 |title=Crawley Town and former Tottenham Hotspur forward on making the step up from Non League football |url=https://www.crawleyobserver.co.uk/sport/football/spurs/crawley-town-and-former-tottenham-hotspur-forward-on-making-the-step-up-from-non-league-football-3399290 |access-date=30 September 2021 |work=Crawley and Horley Observer |language=en}}</ref> Bayan ya yi wasa tare da daldon& tiptree , heybridge swifts, da kungiyar essex senior leaguea stansted, <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2015 |title=Ashford Strengthens Stansted Squad |url=https://nonleague.pitchero.com/uncategorized/ashford-strengthens-stansted-squad-43385/ |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=Pitchero Non-League |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="witham">{{Cite web |title=Sam Ashford |url=https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/withamtown/teams/72355/player/sam-ashford-1879903 |access-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=Witham Town F.C.}}</ref> <ref name="aylesbury">{{Cite web |title=Sam Ashford |url=http://www.aylesburyunitedfc.co.uk/players/sam-ashford |access-date=21 July 2020 |website=www.aylesburyunitedfc.co.uk |publisher=Aylesbury United F.C.}}</ref> inda ya zira kwallaye 32 a wasanni 68, Ashford ya shiga ƙungiyar Witham a shekarar 2017. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Ashford ya koma brightlingsea reagent, kafin ya bar kulob ɗin a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018, bayan ya buga wasanni kaɗan, hakan ya biyo ne sakamakon rauni ɗaya samu . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2017 |title=Brightlingsea Regent bring in attacker Ashford |url=https://nonleaguedaily.com/brightlingsea-regent-bring-in-attacker-ashford/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305003819/https://nonleaguedaily.com/brightlingsea-regent-bring-in-attacker-ashford/ |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=Non League Daily |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2018 |title=Ashford & Newman Leave Regent |url=https://nonleague.pitchero.com/headlines/ashford-newman-leave-regent/ |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=Pitchero Non-League |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya koma Witham Town daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref name="England C">{{Cite news |last=Spurgeon |first=Simon |date=16 November 2018 |title=Witham Town's Sam Ashford will have gained a great deal from playing for England |url=https://www.braintreeandwithamtimes.co.uk/sport/17222975.witham-towns-sam-ashford-will-have-gained-a-great-deal-from-playing-for-england/ |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=Braintree & Witham Times |language=en}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2019, Ashford ya koma kungiyar thurrock united ta kasa , <ref>{{Cite news |last=Spurgeon |first=Simon |date=1 January 2019 |title=Sam's move to East Thurock can inspire others at Witham |url=https://www.braintreeandwithamtimes.co.uk/sport/17329362.sams-move-to-east-thurock-can-inspire-others-at-witham/ |access-date=23 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> kafin ya shiga kungiyar kasa ta Kudancin kasar da kuma Concord Rangers a wannan shekarar, inda ya buga wasanni 8, ya kuma ci kwallaye 3.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rust |first=Danny |date=2 April 2019 |title=Sam Ashford is confident of Concord Rangers' play-off prospects |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/17544271.sam-ashford-is-confident-of-concord-rangers-play-off-prospects/ |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=Canvey Echo |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Ashford |url=http://www.concordrangers.co.uk/player/sam-ashford/ |access-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=Concord Rangers F.C. |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926223906/http://www.concordrangers.co.uk/player/sam-ashford/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Crawley Town == Bayan karewar kwangilarsa a kungiyar Hemel Hempstead, Ashford ya shiga kungiyar Crawley Town a lokacin rani na 2020 a kan yarjejeniyar kwangilar shekaru biyu.<ref name="crawley">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2020 |title=Reds snap up Sam Ashford on a 2 year deal |url=https://www.crawleytownfc.com/news/2020/june/ashford-singing/ |access-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=Crawley Town F.C. |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2020 |title=Former Tottenham academy player joins Crawley Town |url=https://www.crawleyobserver.co.uk/sport/football/former-tottenham-academy-player-joins-crawley-town-2892855 |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=Crawley and Horley Observer |language=en}}</ref> A karon farko da ya buga wa kulob din a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba, Ashford ya zira kwallaye guda daya ma Crawley a wasan da suka yi a gida da millwall 3-1, a gasar cin kofin zakarun turai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2020 |title=Crawley Town 1–3 Millwall |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53955632 |access-date=5 September 2020 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bayan wasanni 14 ga Crawley, Ashford ya koma kungiyar woking a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar a ranar 5 ga Maris 2021.<ref name="sb2021">{{soccerbase season|118045|2020|access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Sullivan |first=Daniel |date=5 March 2021 |title=Cards Sign Striker Duo |url=http://www.wokingfc.co.uk/news/article/7397/cards-sign-striker-duo/ |access-date=5 March 2021 |website=wokingfc.co.uk |publisher=Woking F.C. |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419224544/https://www.wokingfc.co.uk/news/article/7397/cards-sign-striker-duo/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Woking washegari a karon farko, inda ya ci kwallaye 3-0 a lokacin wasansu da kungiyar King's Lynn.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakey |first=Chris |date=6 March 2021 |title=Loza comes back to haunt Linnets |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/sport/woking-kings-lynn-town-03-7809920 |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=Eastern Daily Press |language=en-UK}}</ref> Ya ci kwallonsa na farko a Crawley a wasan 2-2 tare da Harrogate Town a ranar 21 ga Satumba 2021. <ref name="sb2122">{{soccerbase season|118045|2021|access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref> Ya ci kwallaye sau biyu a wasanni 15 ga Crawley a lokacin kakar 2021-22.<ref name="sb2122" /> == Ayr United == A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2022, Ashford ya sanya hannu a kulob din ayr united na gasar zakarun scotland domin zuwa ayre united a kyauta .<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dunford |first=Mark |title=Crawley Town forward and former Spurs youth player joins Scottish Championship side Ayr United |url=https://www.crawleyobserver.co.uk/sport/football/crawley-town-forward-and-former-tottenham-hotspur-youth-player-joins-scottish-championship-side-ayr-united-3547016 |access-date=29 January 2022 |work=Crawley and Horley Observer}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar watanni 18 tare da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Stuart |date=29 January 2022 |title=New Ayr signing Sam Ashford on fallling back in love with game after Spurs exit |url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ayrshire/new-ayr-united-striker-sam-26082387 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Daily Record}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa rana daya bayana zuwanshi inda sukayi a 1-1 tare da kungiyar Hamilton Academical, kuma ya zira kwallaye 7 na Ayr bayan ya zo a matsayin wanda aka saka daga baya .<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2022 |title=Hamilton Academical 1–1 Ayr United: Visitors fight back after hosts miss penalty |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60093675 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Cliftonville == A ranar 23 ga watan Agustan 2023, Ashford ya sanya hannu a kulob din NIFL na cliftonville. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Fullerton |first=Gareth |date=2023-08-23 |title=Patience key for Magilton as Cliftonville sign ex-Tottenham Hotspur prospect |url=https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/cliftonville-complete-sam-ashford-deal-27580192 |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=Belfast Live |language=en}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye 8 a wasanni 29 a duka wasannin gasar, ciki har da daya a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin irsh na 2023-2024 wanda Cliftonville sukaci ci 3-1, kafin ya bar kulob din a karshen kakar.<ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|sam-ashford/575848}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Morton |first=Johnny |date=13 June 2024 |title=Cliftonville Irish Cup final hero posts message to supporters after making 'one of the toughest decisions' to leave Solitude |url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/sport/football/northern-ireland/cliftonville-irish-cup-final-hero-posts-message-to-supporters-after-making-one-of-the-toughest-decisions-to-leave-solitude-4663998 |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=News Letter}}</ref> == Wealdstone == A ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 2024, Ashford ya shiga kungiyar wealdstone ta National League a kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Former Crawley forward adds firepower to the Stones |url=https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/former-crawley-forward-adds-firepower-to-the-stones |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=www.wealdstone-fc.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620202351/https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/former-crawley-forward-adds-firepower-to-the-stones |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ingila a shekarar 2018<ref name="England C2">{{Cite news |last=Spurgeon |first=Simon |date=16 November 2018 |title=Witham Town's Sam Ashford will have gained a great deal from playing for England |url=https://www.braintreeandwithamtimes.co.uk/sport/17222975.witham-towns-sam-ashford-will-have-gained-a-great-deal-from-playing-for-england/ |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=Braintree & Witham Times |language=en}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Ashford yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya da kuma dan wasan gefe.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Former Tottenham academy player joins Crawley Town |url=https://www.sussexexpress.co.uk/sport/football/former-tottenham-academy-player-joins-crawley-town-2892855 |website=www.sussexexpress.co.uk}}</ref> == Rayuwarsa == Mahaifinsa Mark Ashford shine kocin kulob din Witham Town wanda basu buga gasa; Sam ya buga kwallo a karkashin mahaifinsa a kulob din.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=May 2019 |title=Special family moment capped Witham's glorious day for Ashford |url=https://www.braintreeandwithamtimes.co.uk/sport/17607566.special-family-moment-capped-withams-glorious-day-for-ashford/ |website=Braintree and Witham Times}}</ref><ref name="England C3">{{Cite news |last=Spurgeon |first=Simon |date=16 November 2018 |title=Witham Town's Sam Ashford will have gained a great deal from playing for England |url=https://www.braintreeandwithamtimes.co.uk/sport/17222975.witham-towns-sam-ashford-will-have-gained-a-great-deal-from-playing-for-england/ |access-date=23 June 2020 |work=Braintree & Witham Times |language=en}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Maldon & Tiptree |2014–15 |Isthmian League Division One North |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |8 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Heybridge Swifts |2014–15 |Isthmian League Division One North |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |5 |0 |- |2015–16 |Isthmian League Division One North |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !7 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !8 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Stansted |2015–16 |Essex Senior League |31 |8 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |35 |8 |- |2016–17 |Essex Senior League |28 |13 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |29 |13 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !59 !21 !0 !0 !0 !0 !5 !0 !64 !21 |- |Witham Town |2017–18 |Isthmian League Division One North |8 |1 |1 |1 | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |12 |2 |- |Brightlingsea Regent |2017–18 |Isthmian League Premier Division |12 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |12 |1 |- |Witham Town |2018–19 |Isthmian League North Division |17 |8 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |3 |23 |11 |- |East Thurrock United |2018–19 |National League South |10 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |10 |2 |- |Concord Rangers |2018–19 |National League South |8 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |8 |3 |- |Witham Town |2018–19 |Isthmian League North Division |1 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |1 |1 |- |Hemel Hempstead Town |2019–20 |National League South |29 |10 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5 |4 |35 |14 |- | rowspan="3" |Crawley Town |2020–21 |League Two |8 |0 |2 |0 |1 |1 |3 |0 |14 |1 |- |2021–22 |League Two |12 |1 |0 |0 |1 |1 |2 |0 |15 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !20 !1 !2 !0 !2 !2 !5 !0 !29 !3 |- |Woking (loan) |2020–21 |National League |14 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |15 |4 |- | rowspan="4" |Ayr United |2021–22 |Scottish Championship |13 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |13 |2 |- |2022–23 |Scottish Championship |32 |2 |4 |1 |3 |0 |3 |0 |42 |3 |- |2023–24 |Scottish Championship |2 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |0 |0 |6 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !47 !4 !4 !1 !7 !0 !3 !0 !61 !5 |- |Cliftonville |2023–24 |NIFL Premiership |23 |6 |4 |2 |1 |0 |1 |0 |29 |8 |- |Wealdstone |2024–25 |National League |1 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |1 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !264 !63 !13 !4 !10 !2 !27 !7 !316 !76 |} # == Manazarta == 61k961d56zmir6ntfiexc9dur7gy7ro 0 88193 964285 709835 2026-10-07T11:33:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964285 wikitext text/x-wiki Hasken wuta na hanyar zirga-zirga na'urorin bada umarni ne da ake sanyawa a kan hanyoyin da ke kan kwalta, hanyoyin da ake kwalta, da sauran wurare don sarrafa kwararar zirga-gyare. '''Tarihin fitilun zirga-zirga''' yana da alaƙa da Ci gaban tarihi na mota.<ref name=":0"/> An fara fara amfani da fitilun ababan hawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1868 a dandalin majalisar da ke [[Landan|birnin Landan]] domin rage bukatar jami’an ‘yan sanda su kula da ababen hawa. <ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=Thames Leisure |title=12 Amazing Facts About London |url=http://www.thamesleisure.co.uk/12-amazing-facts-london/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107005431/http://www.thamesleisure.co.uk/12-amazing-facts-london/ |archive-date=7 January 2017 |access-date=25 January 2017}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, wutar lantarki da sarrafa na'ura mai kwakwalwa sun haɓaka fasahar hasken zirga-zirga da haɓaka ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa. : 141  [[Fayil:Electric_Traffic_Regulator_-_Pryke_&_Palmer_-_1930.jpg|thumb|Tallace-tallace don "Mai Gudanar da Jirgin Ruwa" a cikin kundin Pryke &amp;amp; Palmer na 1930]] [[Fayil:TrafficSignalInstallationUS1940.jpg|thumb|Shigar da siginar zirga-zirga a [[San Diego]] a cikin watan Disamba 1940]] [[Fayil:Trafiksignal_Tegelbacken_1953.jpg|thumb|Hasken wuta a [[Stockholm]] a 1953.]] == Asalin siginar zirga-zirga == Kafin fitilun zirga-zirga, 'yan sanda na zirga-zane ke sarrafa zirga-zirgan anya. Misali mai kyau shine wanda ke kan London Bridge daga shekarar 1722. An ba mutane uku aikin jagorantar zirga-zirga da na shiga da fita daga [[Landan]] ko Southwark. Kowane jami'in zai taimaka wajen jagorantar zirga-zirga da ke fitowa daga Southwark zuwa London kuma ya tabbatar da cewa duk zirga-zirgan sun kasance a gefen yammacin gadar. Wani jami'in na biyu zai jagoranci zirga-zirga a gefen gabas na gadar don sarrafa zirga-zirgan mutane da ke barin London da shiga Southwark. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1868, an shigar da fitilun zirga-zirga na farko da ba na lantarki ba a waje Gidajen majalisa a [[Landan]] don sarrafa zirga-zirga a titin Bridge, Great George Street, da kuma titin Majalisar.<ref>City of Westminster [[blue plaque]] on the site</ref><ref name=":72"/> Injiniyan jirgin kasa J. P. Knight na Nottingham ne ya gabatar da su wanda ya daidaita wannan ra'ayin daga ƙirar sautin jirgin ƙasa kuma injiniyoyin siginar jirgin ƙasa na Saxby & Farmer ne suka gina su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BBC |title=The man who gave us traffic lights |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/content/articles/2009/07/16/john_peake_knight_traffic_lights_feature.shtml |access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref> Babban dalilin hasken zirga-zirga shi ne cewa akwai yawan zirga-zirga da motocin doki keyi kan Westminster Bridge wanda ya tilasta dubban Masu tafiya suyi tafiya kusa da Gidajen Majalisar.<ref name="Pollard08">{{Cite journal |last=Pollard |first=Justin |year=2008 |title=The Eccentric Engineer: The History of Traffic Lights Is Full of Twists and Turns |journal=Engineering and Technology |volume=3 |issue=15 |page=93 |doi=10.1049/et:20081518}}</ref> Tsarin ya haɗu da makamai uku na semaphore tare da fitilun gas ja da kore don amfani da dare, a kan ginshiƙi, wanda ɗan sanda ke sarrafawa. Wani jami'in 'yan sanda na zirga-zirga ya juya fitilar da hannu tare da maɓallin a gindinsa don hasken da ya dace ya fuskanci hanyan dai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University of London |title=Westminster Road Semaphore |url=http://www.victoriacountyhistory.ac.uk/explore/items/westminster-road-semaphore |access-date=3 February 2013 |publisher=Victoria County History}}</ref> Siginar ta kasance tsawon mizani {{Convert|22|feet}}. An kira hasken da suna semaphore kuma yana da makamai waɗanda za su shimfiɗa a kwance wanda ya umarci direbobi zuwa "Tsaya" sannan makamai za su sauka zuwa kusurwar digiri 45 don gaya wa direbobi su ci gaba da "Caution". Da dare jan haske zai ba da umarni "Tsaya" kuma kore haske zai nufin amfani da "Kula". Kodayake an ce ya samu nasara wajen sarrafa zirga-zirga, rayuwarsa ta aiki ba ta da tsawo. Ya fashe a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 1869 sakamakon kwarara a daya diga cikin layin gas a ƙarƙashin hanya kuma ya ji wa dan sanda wanda ke aiki da shi rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 1869 |title=Westminster Street Semaphore Signals.-Gas |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=cam_earl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS168994854&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |url-access=limited |website=Times |place=London, England |via=The Times Digital Archive}} 5 August 2015. Describes the explosion but does not mention the fate of the policeman.</ref> == Alamun na wutar lantarki == [[Fayil:White_Horse_Tavern_NYWTS.jpg|thumb|Alamar zirga-zirga ta farko ta White Horse Tavern a Hudson Street, New York. Hoton da aka ɗauka a 1961]] Duk da gazawar hasken zirga-zirga na farko a London a 1869, kasashe a duk faɗin duniya har yanzu suna yin fitilun zirga-zirga. A shekara ta 1880, fitilun zirga-zirga sun bazu a duk faɗin duniya, kuma koda yaushe yana kama da haka, tun daga lokacin. Ko dai yaya, fitilun zirga-zirga na farko a ƙarshen karni na 19 sun bambanta sosai da waɗanda ke yanzu. A cikin shekaru ashirin na farko na karni na 20, ana amfani da siginar zirga-zirga kamar wanda ke Landan a duk faɗin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] tare da kowace jiha tana da ƙirar ta na'urar. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai ya fito ne daga Toledo, Ohio a cikin 1908. Kalmomin "TSAYA" da "WUCE" suna cikin fari a kan bango mai kore kuma fitilu suna da ruwan tabarau masu launin ja da kore da aka haskaka da fitilun kerosene don matafiya na dare kuma hannayensu sun kasance tsawon {{Convert|8|feet}} sama da ƙasa.: 22 Wani Jami'in zirga-zirga ne ke sarrafa shi wanda zai busa busa-busa kafin ya canza umarni a kan wannan siginar don taimakawa matafiya faɗakar da canjin. An kuma yi amfani da ƙirar a Philadelphia da Detroit.<ref name="Sessions" />: 23 Misali a Ohio shine karo na farko da Amurka ta yi ƙoƙarin amfani da wani nau'i mai ganuwa na kula da zirga-zirga wanda ya haɗa da amfani da semaphores. An tsara na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita a Ohio bisa ga amfani da siginar jirgin ƙasa.<ref name=":0"/>: 382  A cikin shekara ta 1912, an sanya na'urar kula da zirga-zirga a saman hasumiya a [[Faris|Paris]] a tsakiya na rue Montmartre da Boulevard Montmartre. Wata 'yar sanda ce ke sarrafa wannan siginar hasumiya kuma tana amfani da akwatin ƙarfe mai bangarori huɗu a saman gilashin inda akayi fentin kalmar "Tsaya" a ja kuma an fentin kalmar nan "Wuce" a fararen.{{Rp|page=33}} == Alamar lantarki == A cikin shekara ta 1912, Lester Wire, wani dan sanda a Salt Lake City, [[Utah]] ne ya kirkiro hasken wutar lantarki na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bellis |first=Mary |date=5 February 1952 |title=The History of Roads and Asphalt |url=http://theinventors.org/library/inventors/blasphalt.htm |website=theinventors.org |publisher=}}</ref>Kodayake wasu suna da'awar cewa Ayodeep Ghosh ne ya kirkiro ainihin ra'ayin. Kamfanin American Traffic Signal Company ne ya shigar da shi a kusurwar East 105th Street da Euclid Avenue a [[Cleveland]], Ohio.: 27-28 Yana da launuka biyu, ja da kore, da kuma buzzer, bisa ga ƙirar James Hoge, don samar da gargadi don canje-canjen launi.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 1914 |title=New Traffic Signal Installed |journal=The Motorist |publisher=Ken Pub. Co |pages=28–29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Traffic signals: A brief history {{!}} Washington State Magazine {{!}} Washington State University |url=https://magazine.wsu.edu/web-extra/traffic-signals-a-brief-history/ |access-date=2021-12-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> Zane na James Hoge ya ba da izinin 'yan sanda da tashoshin kashe gobara don sarrafa siginar idan akwai gaggawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USPTO # 1251666 Sept. 22, 1913 |url=http://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01251666&PageNum=6&idkey=NONE |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713081643/https://patimg2.uspto.gov/.piw?Docid=01251666&PageNum=6&idkey=NONE |archive-date=13 July 2019 |access-date=19 May 2009 |publisher=Patimg2.uspto.gov}}</ref> An shigar da tsarin siginar zirga-zirga na farko a Salt Lake City a cikin shekarar 1917, tare da hanyoyin da aka haɗa guda shida da aka sarrafa a lokaci guda daga sauyawa.<ref name="Sessions" />: 32  Jami'in 'yan sanda William Potts ne ya kirkiro hanyar farko ta hanyoyi huɗu, mai launi uku a [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] a cikin 1920.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Tri-Color, Four-Directional Traffic Signal, 1920 |url=https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/227457/#slide=gs-225140 |website=Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation |access-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312133450/https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/227457/#slide=gs-225140 |archive-date=2024-03-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1947 |title=Mr. 'Trafficlight' |url=http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2011/ph240/miller1/docs/moyer/ |website=stanford.edu}}</ref> Ya damu da yadda jami'an 'yan sanda a alamun fitilu daban-daban guda huɗu ba za su iya canza fitilun su ba a lokaci guda. Amsar ita ce haske na uku wanda yake da launi na amber, wanda shine launi ɗaya da aka yi amfani da shi a kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa.<ref name="Pollard08"/> Potts kuma ya sanya lokaci tare da haske don taimakawa daidaita fitilun. An yi amfani da hasumiya don ɗora fitilu kamar yadda mahaɗar da aka shigar da ita tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, tare da motoci sama da 20,000 a rana.: 35  Los Angeles ta shigar da siginar zirga-zirga ta farko a watan Oktoba 1920 a wurare biyar a Broadway. Wadannan sigina na farko, waɗanda Acme Traffic Signal Co., suka ƙera, sun haɗa "Tsaya" da "Wuce" makamai masu laushi tare da ƙananan ja da kore. Wainnan sun taka rawar gani wajen amfani fitilun amber tun daga wancan lokacin har zuwa yau, suna busa husir lokacin da tutar ta canza - tsari wanda yake ɗaukan sakan biyar. A shekara ta 1923 birnin ya shigar da na'urorin kula da zirga-zirga 31 na Acme.<ref>[http://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/citydig-should-i-stop-or-should-i-go-early-traffic-signals-in-los-angeles/ CityDig: Should I Stop or Should I Go? Early Traffic Signals in Los Angeles]. ''Los Angeles Magazine''. Retrieved 1 January 2015.</ref> === Alamun lantarki na atomatik === A cikin 1922 hasumiyoyin zirga-zirga sun fara sarrafuwa ta atomatik. Kamfanin farko da ya kara lokaci a cikin fitilun zirga-zirga shine Crouse Hinds . Sun gina siginar jirgin kasa kuma sune kamfani na farko da suka sanya masu saurin lokaci a cikin fitilun zirga-zirga a [[Houston]], wanda shine garinsu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=McShane |first=Clay |date=March 1999 |title=The Origins and Globalization of Traffic Control Signals |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/carscultureplace2010/files/2010/09/McShane-traffic-signals-1999.pdf |journal=Journal of Urban History |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=379–404 |doi=10.1177/009614429902500304 |s2cid=110125733 |access-date=27 October 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>:: 385  Babban fa'idar amfani da agogo shine cewa ya adana kudi a birane ta hanyar maye gurbin jami'an zirga-zirga. [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ya sami damar sake sanya dukkan jami'anta 500 daga cikin jami'anta 6,000 da ke aiki a kan tawagar zirga-zirga; wannan ya ceci birnin $ 12,500,000.<ref name=":0" />:: 385  [[Wolverhampton]] ita ce birni na farko na Burtaniya da ta gabatar da fitilun zirga-zirga na atomatik a 1927 a Princes Square a mahaɗar Lichfield Street da Princess Street a kan gwaji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traffic Control and Traffic Signals |url=http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/transport_streets/motor/management/control.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920084143/http://www.wolverhampton.gov.uk/transport_streets/motor/management/control.htm |archive-date=20 September 2008 |access-date=1 July 2008 |publisher=Wolverhampton City Council}}</ref> An buɗe fitilun zirga-zirga na dindindin na Burtaniya a ranar 16 ga Maris 1928 a [[Leeds]], a kusurwar Park Row da Bond Street.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Traffic Lights in Leeds |url=https://www.secretleeds.com/viewtopic.php?t=6490 |access-date=20 August 2023 |publisher=SecretLeeds |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830133150/https://www.secretleeds.com/viewtopic.php?t=6490 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Leeds City Council, Traffic Signal file 811849</ref> Gabatar da siginar zirga-zirga ta atomatik ta buƙaci canjin halayyar masu tafiya. Yawancin kungiyoyin birane sun yi maraba da fitilun zirga-zirgan; mutane da yawa sun ga alamun suna da kyau ga kulawar jami'an 'yan sanda saboda ba su da tasirin son kai irin su wariyar launin fata ko rashin amincewa da kamfanonin sufuri.<ref name=":0"/>:: 386–7 -7 Bayan ya shaida hatsari tsakanin mota da karusar da aka ja doki, mai kirkiro Garrett Morgan ya gabatar da takardar shaidar Amurka don siginar zirga-zirga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garrett Morgan, inventor of one of the first traffic lights {{!}} African American Registry |url=http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/garrett-morgan-inventor-one-first-traffic-lights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301115350/http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/garrett-morgan-inventor-one-first-traffic-lights |archive-date=1 March 2016 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=www.aaregistry.org}}</ref> An ba da takardar shaidar No. 1,475,024 a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 1923 don siginar zirga-zirga ta Morgan ta matsayi uku. Ci gaba da ci gaban siginar zirga-zirga sun kasance tsarin da aka tsara. Wadannan sun ba da damar aiwatar da kalar kore na farko, don haka motocin da ke tafiya da sauri a titi za su haɗu da fitilun kore kawai. An shigar da tsarin farko a cikin 1926 a kan titin Sixteenth, Washington, DC, wanda ya haifar da ninka sau biyu na saurin tafiye-tafiye.<ref name=":0"/>: 388  Tsarin haske goma sha biyu bai kasance ba har zuwa 1928 kuma wani fasalin tsarin hasken shine cewa an sanya hotuna a kan hasken kuma an fashe kowane ruwan tabarau don kara ganuwa a rana.<ref name=":0"/>:: 383  Dukkanin hasumiya da semaphores an cire su a cikin 1930. Hasumiyoyin sun yi yawa kuma sun hana zirga-zirga; semaphores sun yi ƙanƙanta kuma direbobi ba za su iya ganinsu da dare ba.<ref name=":0" />: 382  Ashville, Ohio, ya yi iƙirarin zama gidan tsohuwar hasken zirga-zirga a duniya, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a wurin da hanyoyin jama'a suka haɗu daga 1932 zuwa 1982 lokacin da aka tura shi zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya na gida.<ref>[http://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/2927 World's Oldest Traffic Light]. ''RoadsideAmerica.com''. Retrieved 11 February 2014.</ref> Guinness World Records ya goyi bayan wannan da'awar ta hanyar sanya shi tsohuwar hasken zirga-zirga.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oldest functional traffic light |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/100355-oldest-functional-traffic-light |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Guinness World Records |language=en-gb}}</ref> A cikin 1949, an shigar da hasken wuta na farko a nahiyar Asiya a Haifa, [[Isra'ila]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghost Archive |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CFEiUBSi31R/?igshid=1m8760rqg2dza |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507225842/https://www.instagram.com/p/CFEiUBSi31R/?igshid=1m8760rqg2dza |archive-date=7 May 2023 |language=Hebrew |via=Instagram |quote=[Professor Roni Gamzo would probably be interested to know that the word traffic light is made up of the basics of the words "hint" and "light" - the light hints to cars and pedestrians what they should do. The word was renewed after the placement of the first traffic light in Israel, in the city of Haifa in 1949.] |access-date=27 November 2024 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> An shigar da hasken wuta na farko a Kudancin Indiya a Egmore Junction, [[Chennai]] a 1953. Birnin [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] ya shigar da hasken zirga-zirga na farko a Corporation Circle a 1963. == Alamun signar kwamfuta == Kula da fitilun zirga-zirga ya samu babban canji tare da hauhawar [[Komfuta|kwamfutoci]] a Amurka a cikin shekarun 1950. Godiya ga kwamfutoci, sauya fitilu ya sa zirga-zirga ya fi kyau saboda godiya ga ganowar kwamfuta. An sanya farantin matsin lamba a tsakiya don kwamfutoci su san cewa mota tana jira a jan haske.:{{Rp|page=135}} Wasu daga cikin abunda aka gano sun haɗa da sanin yawan motocin jira akan jan haske da tsawon lokacin da abin hawa na farko ya jira a ja.<ref name="Sessions" />:{{Rp|page=141}} Ɗaya daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na tarihi na sarrafa fitilu na kwamfuta ya kasance a [[Denver]] a cikin 1952. Ɗaya daga cikin kwamfutar ta ɗauki iko da fitilu 120 tare da masu gano matsin lamba guda shida da ke auna zirga-zirgar shigowa da fita. Gidan sarrafawa wanda ke dauke da kwamfutar da ke kula da tsarin yana cikin ginshiki na City da County Building.<ref name="Sessions" />:{{Rp|page=141}} Yayin da kwamfutoci suka fara canzawa, kula da hasken zirga-zirga ya inganta kuma ya zama mai sauƙi. A shekara ta 1967, birnin [[Toronto]] shine na farko da ya yi amfani da kwamfutoci masu ci gaba waɗanda suka fi kyau a gano abin hawa.<ref name="Sessions" />:{{Rp|page=141}} Kwamfutoci suna kula da sigina 159 a cikin birane ta hanyar layin tarho.<ref name="Sessions" />{{Rp|page=143}} An gabatar da lokutan ƙididdiga a kan fitilun zirga-zirga a cikin shekarun 1990. Timers suna da amfani ga masu tafiya, don tsara ko akwai isasshen lokaci don ƙetare tsakiya kafin ƙarshen matakin tafiya, da kuma direbobin, don sanin adadin lokacin kafin hasken ya sauya. A Amurka, an haramta lokutan zirga-zirgar motoci, amma yanzu ana buƙatar lokutan masu tafiya a kan sabbin ko alamun ingantawa a kan hanyoyi masu faɗi. Wasu matakai na masu tafiya na iya amfani da motoci don sanin yawan lokacin da ya kasance a cikin sake zagayowar kore, saboda sau da yawa lokacin da mai tafiya ya kai sifili, siginar za ta juya amber a lokaci guda.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Fasahar hasken wuta == Lokacin da fitilu masu haske suka fara maye gurbin fitilu masu amfani da gas, ya zama dole a haɗa ruwan tabarau mai launi a ja, rawaya ko kore don samar da sigina, kamar yadda fitilu masu haske zasu iya haskaka fararen haske kawai. A Faransa musamman, an sanye raka'a da mai haskakawa da ruwan tabarau daban-daban na nau'ikan kamar Fresnel, prismatic ko wasu.<ref>[http://feu.routier.free.fr/evolution_en.html]. ''feu.routier.free.fr''. Retrieved 11 march 2024.</ref> Wannan matsala na waɗannan shine gajeren rayuwarsu da tasirin haske lokacin da rana ke haskakawa a cikin ruwan tabarau mai launi. Sau da yawa ba zai yiwu a gano wane sigina yake aiki ba. Saboda haka, fitilun zirga-zirga sau da yawa an sanye su da masu kallo.<ref>[http://feu.routier.free.fr/evolution_en.html]. ''feuroutier.free.fr''. Retrieved 11 march 2024.</ref> A cikin shekarun 1960, an fara amfani da sabon tushen hasken wuta ta amfani da bututun fitarwa. Takardar shaidar Silec Society da aka shigar a 1957 ta bayyana wannan fasahar.<ref>[https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=FR&NR=1165685A&KC=A&FT=D#]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''worldwide.espacenet.com''. Retrieved 11 march 2024.</ref> Fa'idojin sun kasance cewa tushen haske ba ya buƙatar ruwan tabarau mai launi, kuma wannan fasahar ta warware tasirin haske, rage amfani da makamashi kuma ta tsawaita rayuwar idan aka kwatanta da tushen incandescent.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin shekarar 1980, an inganta fitilu masu haske, tare da ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki na 12V, mafi inganci da rage amfani da makamashi.<ref>[http://feu.routier.free.fr/evolution_en.html]. ''feuroutier.free.fr''. Retrieved 11 march 2024.</ref> A ƙarshen shekara ta 1980, babban canji shine gabatar da fitilun Light Emitting Diode (LED), wanda ya amfana daga sake zagayowar maye gurbin da kuma amfani da makamashi. An sanya babban hasken wuta na LED na farko a cikin 1989 a California. Electro-techs ne suka kirkiro tsarin a Corona (California), kamfani ne wanda Raymond Deese ya kirkira a 1981.<ref>[https://www.zdnet.com/article/comments-from-the-man-who-built-the-first-led-traffic-lights/].''zdnet.com''. Retrieved 11 march 2024.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Kula da fitilun zirga-zirgan kwalta]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jvfius4qnz9cwb32ikz3o7qxx7j2bq1 0 94079 964120 601711 2026-10-06T23:01:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sarah Agnes James''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1946 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Visionary Activist Show - Big Miraculous Dream Blessings |url=https://kpfa.org/episode/the-visionary-activist-show-april-14-2022/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=KPFA |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-05 |title=Sarah James {{!}} Alaska Women's Hall Of Fame |url=https://www.alaskawomenshalloffame.org/alumnae/sarah-james/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805235913/https://www.alaskawomenshalloffame.org/alumnae/sarah-james/ |archive-date=2021-08-05 |access-date=2023-03-29}}</ref> ) yar gwagwarmaya ce ta Neets'aii Gwich'in daga kauyen Arctic, Alaska, Amurka, amma an haife ta a Fort Yukon "saboda a nan ne asibitin yake. Na girma wani lokaci a Fort Yukon da Salmon River, amma mafi yawan lokaci a ƙauyen Arctic, Alaska <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Grist |date=2006-12-12 |title=Sarah James, Gwich'in activist and environmental prizewinner, answers questions |url=https://grist.org/article/james1/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Grist |language=en-us}}</ref> memba ne na ''Majalisar Indiya ta Tremes'' . " An ba ta [[Ƙyautar Muhalli ta Goldman|lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Goldman]] a cikin 2002, tare da Jonathon Solomon da Norma Kassi . Sun samu kyautar ne saboda kokarin da suka yi na kare mafakar namun daji na Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) daga shirye-shiryen hako mai da hako mai. Binciken mai da iskar gas zai dagula tsarin rayuwar Porcupine caribou, wanda ya kasance tushe ga al'adun Gwich'in tun kusan 18,000 BC. == Siyasa da lobbying == A cikin Nuwamba 1969, James ta shiga ƙungiyar ɗalibai 'yan asalin ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan gwagwarmayar Mohawk Richard Oakes waɗanda suka mamaye tsohuwar tsibirin kurkukun Alcatraz a San Francisco, CA. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harball |first=Elizabeth |last2=Anchorage |first2=Alaska's Energy Desk- |date=2019-07-17 |title='We're never going to surrender' - Sarah James on a life fighting oil drilling in the Arctic Refuge |url=https://www.alaskapublic.org/2019/07/17/sarah-james-on-a-life-fighting-oil-drilling-in-the-arctic-refuge/ |access-date=2020-07-13 |website=Alaska Public Media |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 1990s James ta ziyarci al'ummomi a ƙasashen Kudancin Amirka (Brazil, Ecuador, Nicaragua, da Guatemala), yana magana ga marasa galihu. Ta kuma fito a shirye-shiryen talabijin (CNN, MacNeil-Lehrer, CBS). Kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Washington, tana ƙoƙarin share ra'ayoyin da suka yi imanin cewa kamfanonin man fetur ba su ba da labari ba, da kuma yin magana don kiyaye mafakar namun daji na Arctic National Refuge. == Fage == Yaƙub ta ƙarfafa dukanmu mu “koyi da juna kuma mu ci gaba don duniya, domin mu rayu.” Sarah ba ta iya rabuwa da nisa daga arewacin duniya na ciki Alaska. Mahaifiyarta, mahaifinta, da kakaninta cikin ƙauna sun koya mata don kare " Wuri Mai Tsarki Inda Dukan Rayuwa Ta Farko ", Iizzhik Gwats'an Gwandaii Goodiit. Kasa malaminta ne, maganinta, mai raya mata, kuma hanyarta zuwa ga mahalicci. Ta taso ba tare da kasa ba kuma ta san wahalhalun rayuwa a cikin sanyin arewacin kasar. Sarah ta sadaukar da kanta don kare hanyoyin rayuwa masu mahimmanci, tana haɓaka muryoyin jama'arta da halittu - musamman caribou. Babbar mai magana da yawunta kuma mai fafutuka, Sarah ta yi balaguro a duk duniya don tara mutane da yawa cikin tausayawa don kare garken Caribou na Porcupine da kuma kare wuraren da suke haifuwa daga ci gaban mai da bala'in yanayi. Tana karantarwa da koyo daga mutane dabam-dabam, tana kawo koyarwarta, da kuma karɓar nasu. Sarah tana aiki daga ƙauyenta kuma ta ci gaba da ba da himma don isar da koyarwar kakanni ga matasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah James {{!}} Neets'aii Gwich'in |url=https://spiritaligned.org/cultural-atlas-circle-1/sarah-james-neetsaii-gwichin/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Spirit Aligned Leadership |language=en-US}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin 1993, James ya sami kyautar Alston Bannerman Fellowship. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Fellows Say |url=http://www.alstonbannerman.org/whatfellowssay.html |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=www.alstonbannerman.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506010753/http://www.alstonbannerman.org/whatfellowssay.html |archive-date=2021-05-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001 ta sami kyautar "Jagora don Canjin Duniya" da aka ba wa fitattun shugabanni amma ba a san su ba. <ref name="alaskawomenshalloffame.org">{{Cite web |title=Womens Hall of Fame Sarah Agnes James » » Alumnae |url=http://alaskawomenshalloffame.org/alumnae/name/sarah-james/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Alaska Women's Hall of Fame |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2002 an ba ta lambar yabo ta muhalli ta Goldman don "masu kula da muhalli tare da Jonathon Solomon Sr., da Norma Kassi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah James & Norma Kassi & Jonathon Solomon |url=https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/sarah-james-norma-kassi-jonathon-solomon/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=Goldman Environmental Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="alaskawomenshalloffame.org" /> Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta National Conservation Land Trust Award a 2002. A cikin 2004, ta sami lambar yabo ta Ecotrust Conservation for Indigenous Leadership and 6 Foundation <ref>{{Cite web |title=2004 Ecotrust Indigenous Leadership Award Honoree: Sarah James |url=http://archive.ecotrust.org/indigenousleaders/2004/sarah_james.html |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=archive.ecotrust.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> "Kyautar Celia Hunter don Fitattun Kiyayewa" <ref>{{Cite web |title=All Award Recipients {{!}} Alaska Conservation Foundation |url=https://alaskaconservation.org/community-resources/achievement-awards/award-recipients/all-award-recipients/ |access-date=2020-07-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] hakrx0gzo115f3l0upkoj362m89p6r6 0 96279 963897 893209 2026-10-06T15:50:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963897 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Festival de Cinema de Sitges 2019 (49500409358) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Riho Yoshioka]] {{databox}]   Riho Yoshioka (吉岡 里帆, Yoshioka Riho, an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1993, a Kyoto) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar Japan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2015 |title=2015年ブレイク必至"女優・吉岡里帆"の素顔に密着！ |url=http://nikkan-spa.jp/848620 |access-date=February 15, 2016 |website=日刊SPA!}}</ref> Ta fara jan hankalin mutane bayan da ta taka rawa a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin, Here Comes Asa a kan NHK a cikin shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=『あさが来た』眼鏡っ娘・田村宜役の吉岡里帆、びわ湖近くでバイトしていた |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2068404/full/ |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=oricon}}</ref> Ta sami lambar yabo ta Elan d'or don Sabon Shekara a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2018 |title=吉岡里帆らが新人賞 「2018年 エランドール賞」受賞作品・受賞者発表 |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/1742074 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |website=モデルプレス}}</ref> Ta lashe kyautar Newcomer of the Year a Kyautar Fim ta Kwalejin Japan ta 43 don rawar da ta taka a fim din 2019 ''Mienai Mokugeki-sha'' da Parallel World Love Story . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2020 |title=吉岡里帆・黒島結菜・横浜流星ら6人「第43回日本アカデミー賞」新人俳優賞受賞 |url=https://mdpr.jp/cinema/detail/1937343 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=モデルプレス}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kwarewarta ta musamman ita ce calligraphy da alto saxophone . Tana da matsayi na 8 a cikin calligraphy, wanda ta fara tun tana 'yar shekara 7 bayan abokiyar ta gayyace ta. Ta ci gaba da yin aiki sosai a duk makarantar sakandare da sakandare, kuma ta ci gaba da zuwa jami'a tare da manufar zama ƙwararren mai rubutun kalmomi. Fim din Swing Girls ne ya yi wahayi zuwa gare ta, ta shiga kulob din tagulla a lokacin da take makaranta kuma ta buga alto saxophone. Abubuwan sha'awa da ta yi sun haɗa da wasa tare da cats da kallon wasan kwaikwayo na Shinpa. Duk da yake tana son dukkan halittu masu rai, tana son cats musamman, har ma tana rubutu a cikin shafinta na yanar gizo 'Ina da matukar dogaro da cat'. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-18 |title=夏 |url=https://ameblo.jp/yoshi-rihorihoriho/entry-11911863209.html |access-date=2024-11-17 |publisher=吉岡里帆オフィシャルブログ「なんでもない毎日。」}}</ref> Iyalinta suna kula da cats biyar da kare daya a gidan danginta a Kyoto.<ref name="otoutohahitomishiri">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-05 |title=弟は人見知り |url=https://ameblo.jp/yoshi-rihorihoriho/entry-12022734637.html |access-date=2021-11-28 |publisher=吉岡里帆オフィシャルブログ「なんでもない毎日。」}}</ref> Ita ce mai sha'awar gummy candy wanda ya shiga Japan Gummy Association kuma memba ne na girmamawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-27 |title=吉岡里帆は「日本グミ協会」の名誉会員だった！ おすすめを3つ紹介 |url=https://news.j-wave.co.jp/2023/07/content-2064.html |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=J-WAVE NEWS |publisher=J-WAVE, Inc.}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |2015 |''Kyakkyawan da Aboki'' |Karen Asakura | | |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Asa ta zo!'' |Nobu Tamura |''Mai dafa abinci'' | |- |''Muna da Millennials Shin muna da matsala?'' |Etsuko Sakura | | |- |''Kungiyar Likita: Lady Davinci no Shindan'' |Ayaka Tamaru | | |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Quartet'' |Arisu Kisugi | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=石井 |first=百合子 |date=March 7, 2017 |title=生きててよかった！「カルテット」の吉岡里帆が謎過ぎると話題 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0090108 |access-date=August 18, 2018 |website=Cinema Today |language=japanese}}</ref> |- |''Ina jin gafartawa, Ina son ka'' |Rinka Mita | | |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Kullum Kuna zaune a Zuciyata'' |Kyōko Ogawa |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=火曜ドラマ『きみが心に棲みついた』 |url=http://www.tbs.co.jp/kimisumi/ |access-date=August 18, 2018 |publisher=[[Tokyo Broadcasting System Television]] |language=japanese}}</ref> |- |''Nemuri Kyoshirō Ƙarshe'' |Misao |Fim din talabijin | |- |''Littafin Mai Shari'a'' |Emiru Yoshitsune |Matsayin jagora | |- |2021 |''Babban Iyali'' |Makiko Yasuda | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=吉岡里帆、松本穂香が「連続ドラマW 華麗なる一族」出演、万俵家の家族写真も公開 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/409578 |access-date=December 21, 2020 |website=Natalie |archive-date=December 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220220017/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/409578 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Shizuka-chan da mahaifinta'' |Shizuka Nonomura |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=しずかちゃんとパパ 吉岡里帆×笑福亭鶴瓶 父娘の笑いと涙のウエディングストーリー! |url=https://www.nhk.jp/p/ts/KVZJ1V7MY5/ |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=しずかちゃんとパパ 概要 (in Japanese) |publisher=NHK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2023 |title=吉岡里帆×笑福亭鶴瓶「しずかちゃんとパパ」が再編集版で地上波放送決定 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/526256 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Eiga Natalie (in Japanese) |publisher=[[Natalie (website)|Natalie]] |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531222025/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/526256 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Cibiyar'' |Nana | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=吉岡里帆、モトーラ世理奈、石橋菜津美、黒木華が主演を務める「WOWOWオリジナルドラマ 椅子」が5月27日より放送・配信される。 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/468326 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=映画ナタリー |language=ja |archive-date=2022-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730013505/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/468326 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2022–24 |''Gannibal'' |Yūki Agawa |Lokaci 2 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ドラマ「ガンニバル」第2弾キャストに笠松将、吉岡里帆、倍賞美津子、杉田雷麟ら11人 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/498111 |access-date=October 19, 2022 |website=Natalie |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019053717/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/498111 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 |''Rana ta fadi'' |Mahiro Kai |Ministoci |<ref>{{Cite web |title=北川景子と吉岡里帆が初共演、湊かなえの「落日」WOWOWでドラマ化 監督は内田英治 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/526627 |access-date=May 31, 2023 |website=Natalie |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531013653/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/526627 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Mutane Masu Tsoro 2'' |Osome | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=落語を原案にしたドラマ『にんげんこわい2』吉田羊・吉岡里帆・安田顕・岡田将生・松重豊・伊東四朗出演 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2282935/embed/video/?anc=014 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=H |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Kada ku yi amfani da tafiye-tafiye na lokaci don soyayya'' |Megu | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=時空を超えて痛快な"辻褄合わせ"に奔走するＳＦラブコメ『時をかけるな、恋人たち』 |url=https://www.kinejun.com/article/view/36910 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=キネマ旬報WEB |language=ja |archive-date=2025-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217020831/https://www.kinejun.com/article/view/36910 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2024 |''Gidan Ninjas'' |Karen Ito | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-18 |title=賀来賢人主演、Netflixシリーズ『忍びの家』吉岡里帆・田口トモロヲ・柄本時生らキャスト発表 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2310903/full/ |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=ORICON NEWS}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''Gidan aji na Mr. Mikami'' |Fumika Kore'eda | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=御上先生の出演者・キャスト一覧 |url=https://thetv.jp/program/0001056687/cast/ |access-date=9 January 2025 |website=The Television |language=ja}}</ref> |- |''Samurai na Ƙarshe'' |Haskakawa | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2025 |title=岡田准一主演のNetflix時代劇「イクサガミ」に藤崎ゆみあ、清原果耶、山田孝之、二宮和也ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/610231 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=10 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210000248/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/610231 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2025 |title='Last Samurai Standing' Unveils 14 New Cast Members Ahead of November Debut |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/last-samurai-standing-unveils-14-new-cast-members-ahead-of-november-debut |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204062611/https://about.netflix.com/en/news/last-samurai-standing-unveils-14-new-cast-members-ahead-of-november-debut |archive-date=4 February 2025 |access-date=4 February 2025 |website=Netflix (About) official site}}</ref> |- |2026 |''Toyotomi Brothers!'' |Chika |Wasan kwaikwayo na <nowiki><i id="mwATQ">Taiga</i></nowiki> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2024 |title=26年大河『豊臣兄弟!』新キャスト4人発表 池松壮亮、吉岡里帆、永野芽郁、浜辺美波ら豪華顔ぶれ |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2347422/full/ |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- | rowspan="3" |2015 |''Mango zuwa Akai Kurumaisu'' |Chihiro | |<ref name="eiga">{{Cite web |title=吉岡里帆 作品一覧 |url=https://eiga.com/person/281017/movie/ |access-date=September 30, 2018 |publisher=eiga.com |language=Japanese}}</ref> |- |''Rufin Ruwan Ruwan Ruwar Ruwan Ruwa'' |Mai Murakami | |<ref name="eiga" /> |- |''Akegarasu'' |Akiko | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=明烏 あけがらす |url=https://eiga.com/movie/81835/ |access-date=May 26, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Tsumugumono'' |Ryoka Sawai | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=つむぐもの |url=https://eiga.com/movie/82443/ |access-date=June 11, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Bikin Bincike Mai Farin Ciki'' |Aiko Aikawa |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ハッピーウエディング |url=https://eiga.com/movie/85855/ |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Star Sand'' |Shiho |Fim din Australiya |<ref>{{Cite web |title=STAR SAND 星砂物語 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/86790/ |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Detective Conan: Wasikar soyayya ta Crimson'' |Mikiko Hiramoto (murya) | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=名探偵コナン から紅の恋歌(ラブレター) |url=https://eiga.com/movie/86075/ |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Ya fi girma!: Ba za ku iya jin abin da kuke raira waƙa ba', Wimp'' |Fūka |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=音量を上げろタコ！なに歌ってんのか全然わかんねぇんだよ!! |url=https://eiga.com/movie/87957/ |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |''Labarin Ƙaunar Duniya'' |Mayuko Tsuno | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=パラレルワールド・ラブストーリー |url=https://eiga.com/movie/88837/ |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Hot Gimmick: Yarinya ta sadu da Boy'' |Rina Katsuragi | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Jennifer |date=March 15, 2019 |title="Live-Action Hot Gimmick Film Casts Hiyori Sakurada, Kaisei Kamimura, Riho Yoshioka" |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-03-15/live-action-hot-gimmick-film-casts-hiyori-sakurada-kaisei-kamimura-riho-yoshioka/.144616 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |''Blue Sky ta'' |Akane (murya) | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=空の青さを知る人よ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/90981/ |access-date=June 11, 2019 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Makaho'' |Natsume Hamanaka |Matsayin jagora |<ref name="eiga" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Fukushima 50'' |Haruka | |<ref name="eiga" /> |- |''Duk wani Crybabies kewaye da shi?'' |Kotone | |<ref name="eiga" /> |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |''Zokki'' |Ryoko |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2020 |title=吉岡里帆、鈴木福、満島真之介ら映画『ゾッキ』に豪華キャスト18名 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0119344 |access-date=October 21, 2020 |website=Cinematoday}}</ref> |- |''Fortune Ya fi so Lady Nikuko'' |Miu (murya) | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2021 |title=Studio 4°C's Gyokō no Nikuko-san Film Reveals 6 More Cast Members |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-04-09/studio-4c-gyoko-no-nikuko-san-film-reveals-6-more-cast-members/.171602 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''Anime Mafi Girma!'' |Hitomi Saitō |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 25, 2021 |title=吉岡里帆主演、中村倫也ら共演で『ハケンアニメ！』実写映画化 ビジュアル＆特報映像も |url=https://realsound.jp/movie/2021/11/post-910719.html |access-date=November 25, 2021 |website=Real Sound}}</ref> |- |''xxxHolic'' |Jorōgumo | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=映画「xxxHOLiC」女郎蜘蛛役に吉岡里帆、映画オリキャラの手下役を磯村勇斗 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/466102 |access-date=February 18, 2022 |website=Natalie |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218080555/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/466102 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Shimamori'' |Rin Higa | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=島守の塔 |url=https://eiga.com/movie/96999/ |access-date=May 28, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |2023 |''Ice Cream Fever'' |Natsumi |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=アイスクリームフィーバー |url=https://eiga.com/movie/98598/ |access-date=December 20, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''G-Men'' |Hitomi Amamiya | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gメン |url=https://eiga.com/movie/96500/ |access-date=March 16, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Mu 'yan dubban shekaru ne. Shin yana da matsala?: Fim din'' |Etsuko Sakura | |<ref name="yutori">{{Cite web |date=June 8, 2023 |title=『ゆとりですがなにか』続編映画に安藤サクラ・仲野太賀・吉田鋼太郎らキャスト再集結 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2282125/full/ |access-date=June 8, 2023 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- |''Mai satar katako'' |Emi Hasumi | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=怪物の木こり |url=https://eiga.com/movie/99644/ |access-date=June 7, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |''Maru'' |Yajima | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=まる |url=https://eiga.com/movie/101747/ |access-date=June 27, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |''Rashin fuska'' |Sayaka Ando | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=藤井道人の最新作、主演の「正体」は不明 吉岡里帆・森本慎太郎・山田杏奈・山田孝之が出演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/581677 |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Natalie |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710235611/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/581677 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''A kan benci'' | |Matsayin jagora; fim din tarihin |<ref>{{Cite web |title=アット・ザ・ベンチ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/102390/ |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2025 |''Kowloon Generic Romance'' |Reiko Kujirai |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「九龍ジェネリックロマンス」2025年TVアニメ＆実写映画化！キャストと特報を解禁 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/594792 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=Natalie |archive-date=31 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241031045616/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/594792 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Kiss na farko'' |Ritsu Tenma | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=松たか子×松村北斗「ファーストキス」にリリー・フランキー、吉岡里帆、森七菜が出演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/595498 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=Natalie |archive-date=21 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221005745/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/595498 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Harsasai, Ƙasusuwa da Ƙarƙashin Hanci: Fim ɗin'' | | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE オリバーな犬、(Gosh!!)このヤロウ MOVIE |url=https://eiga.com/movie/102516/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |} === Dubbing === * Transformers One (Elita) <ref>{{Cite web |title=トランスフォーマー／ONE －日本語吹き替え版 |url=https://www.fukikaekingdom.com/post-26440/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Fukikae Kingdom}}</ref> === Sauran === * 68th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen (2017), alƙali <ref>{{Cite web |title=【紅白】ゲスト審査員発表 加藤一二三、鈴木亮平、高橋一生ら8人に決定 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2102626/full/ |access-date=May 26, 2024 |website=Oricon}}</ref> * Kyautar Rubuce-rubucen Japan ta 62 (2020), mai karɓar bakuncin <ref name="Recotai" /> * Kyautar Rubuce-rubucen Japan ta 63 (2021), mai karɓar bakuncin <ref name="Recotai">{{Cite web |title=「日本レコード大賞」司会は10年連続安住アナ＆2年目の吉岡里帆コンビが続投 |url=https://natalie.mu/music/news/456691 |access-date=December 9, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=December 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209125822/https://natalie.mu/music/news/456691 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |2018 |Kyautar zinare ta 42 ta ElanKyautar Elan na zinariya |Sabon Shekara |Shi da kansa|{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |Kyautar Blue Ribbon ta 62 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |''Makaho''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ブルーリボン賞候補発表、松坂桃李、成田凌、長澤まさみ、松岡茉優がWノミネートら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/361971 |access-date=April 6, 2024 |website=Natalie |archive-date=May 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528150734/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/361971 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta 43 ta Japan |Sabon Shekara |''Labarin Ƙaunar Duniya'' na ''Makaho'' da Ma'ana| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2020 |title=第43回日本アカデミー賞優秀賞発表、受賞者・受賞作品一覧 |url=https://eigaland.com/topics/?p=113162 |access-date=January 15, 2020 |website=eigaland |language=ja |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225071404/https://eigaland.com/topics/?p=113162 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2022 |Kyautar Fim ta Wasanni ta 35 ta NikkanKyautar Fim ta Wasanni ta Nikkan |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="3" |''Anime Mafi Girma!''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=日刊スポーツ映画大賞・石原裕次郎賞ノミネート発表 「PLAN75」が最多6部門 |url=https://eiga.com/news/20221109/3/ |access-date=November 9, 2022 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 |Bikin Fim na 44 na Yokohama |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=第44回ヨコハマ映画祭 2022年日本映画個人賞 |url=http://yokohama-eigasai.o.oo7.jp/44-2022/44_2022_shou.html |access-date=February 5, 2023 |website=Yokohama Film Festival |language=ja}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Japan ta 46 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2023 |title=『第46回 日本アカデミー賞』受賞者・作品発表 『ある男』最多12部門13の優秀賞 助演女優に2人同時 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2264793/full/ |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Oricon |language=ja}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Fim ta Wasanni ta Nikkan ta 36 |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |''G-Men'' da sauransu| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=日刊スポーツ映画大賞は石井裕也監督「月」が最多5部門6ノミネート |url=https://eiga.com/news/20231108/15/ |access-date=November 8, 2023 |website=eiga.com |language=ja}}</ref> |- |2024 |Kyautar Fim ta 49 ta HochiKyautar Fim ta Hochi |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin | rowspan="2" |''Rashin fuska''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 26, 2024 |title=「第49回報知映画賞」各賞が決定 主演男優賞に横浜流星、主演女優賞に石原さとみ |url=https://hochi.news/articles/20241125-OHT1T51222.html?page=1 |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=Sports Hochi |language=ja}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2025 |Kyautar Fim ta Mainichi ta 79 |Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Taimako| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「夜明けのすべて」毎日映画コンクールで最多7賞にノミネート、俳優部門は男女の区別撤廃 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/604317 |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=Natalie |language=ja |archive-date=14 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214023424/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/604317 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Kyautar Blue Ribbon ta 67 |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |Ba tare da Fuskar ba, ''Maru'', da A Bench''A kan benci''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=第67回ブルーリボン賞候補決まる 「あんのこと」「正体」が最多4部門で選出 3部門で「碁盤斬り」「侍タイムスリッパー」「十一人の賊軍」「ラストマイル」 |url=https://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/1007136?rct=entertainment |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=Chunichi Shimbun |language=ja}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta 48 ta Japan |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |''Rashin fuska''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=吉岡里帆、初の最優秀助演女優賞! 能登からリモートでスピーチ「映画のエキストラ出演がきっかけに」 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0147891 |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=Cinematoday |language=ja}}</ref> |- |} == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.flamme.co.jp/actress/riho_yoshioka/ Bayanan hukumar] (a cikin Jafananci) * {{IMDb name|6126186}} * Riho Yoshiokaa kanInstagram * Riho Yoshioka Managera kanInstagram {{Navboxes|title=Awards for Riho Yoshioka|list={{Hochi Film Award for Best Supporting Actress}} {{Japan Academy Film Prize for Best Supporting Actress}} {{Yokohama Film Festival Best Actress}}}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t0en1yciosya91pnt1nbev467lsr1ag 0 96607 964266 599980 2026-10-07T11:12:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tanya Zanish-Belcher''' 'yar asalin Amurka ce kuma mataimakiyar farfesa. A halin yanzu ita ce Darakta na Tattalin Arziki na Musamman da Tarihi a Z. Smith Reynolds Library a Jami'ar Wake Forest a Winston-Salem, North Carolina . [1][2] Ta ƙware a cikin Nazarin Mata, Jima'i da Jima'a kuma ta rubuta littattafai da labarai da yawa tare da ba da gabatarwa a kan waɗannan batutuwa. An gayyace ta don yin magana a lokuta da yawa a matsayin ƙwararren masanin tarihi da mai adana bayanai a duk faɗin Amurka. == Ilimi == A shekara ta 1983, Zanish-Belcher ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Ohio Wesleyan tare da digiri na farko a Tarihi.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tanya Zanish-Belcher, Director of Special Collections & Archives - ZSR Library |url=https://zsr.wfu.edu/directory/tanya-zanish-belcher/ |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=zsr.wfu.edu}}</ref> Daga baya ta koma makaranta kuma ta sami digiri na biyu a cikin Tarihi da Gudanar da Tarihi daga Jami'ar Jihar Wright a shekarar 1990.<ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tanya Zanish-Belcher {{!}} Society of American Archivists |url=https://www2.archivists.org/prof-education/faculty/tanya-zanish-belcher |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=www2.archivists.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Daga 1989-1994, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai adana bayanai na musamman da kuma mai adana bayanan sirri a Ma'aikatar Tarihi da Tarihi ta Alabama a Montgomery, Alabama . <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Tanya Zanish-Belcher |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/tanya-zanish-belcher-9b27ab8 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=November 13, 2019 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, ta koma Iowa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Tarihin Mata a Kimiyya da Injiniya a Laburaren Jami'ar Jihar Iowa . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tanya Zanish-Belcher, Director of Special Collections & Archives - ZSR Library |url=https://zsr.wfu.edu/directory/tanya-zanish-belcher/ |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=zsr.wfu.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://zsr.wfu.edu/directory/tanya-zanish-belcher/ "Tanya Zanish-Belcher, Director of Special Collections & Archives - ZSR Library"]. ''zsr.wfu.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 1995, ta fara koyarwa a Jihar Iowa kuma a cikin 1998, ta zama shugabar sashen ta. A shekara ta 1998, an inganta ta zuwa shugabar Sashen Tattalin Arziki na Musamman da kuma shugabar Tarihin Jami'ar a Jihar Iowa, inda ta kasance har zuwa shekara ta 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zanish-Belcher lecture on academic freedom {{!}} Announce {{!}} University of Nebraska-Lincoln |url=https://newsroom.unl.edu/announce/teacherconnect/9318/54460 |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=newsroom.unl.edu}}</ref> Daga 2007-2010, ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin daraktoci na YWCA . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Tanya Zanish-Belcher |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/tanya-zanish-belcher-9b27ab8 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=November 13, 2019 |website=LinkedIn}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.linkedin.com/in/tanya-zanish-belcher-9b27ab8 "Tanya Zanish-Belcher"]. ''LinkedIn''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin 2013, an kira Zanish-Belcher tarin na musamman da kuma mai adana bayanan jami'a a Jami'ar Wake Forest, inda take aiki a yau.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tanya Zanish-Belcher, Director of Special Collections & Archives - ZSR Library |url=https://zsr.wfu.edu/directory/tanya-zanish-belcher/ |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=zsr.wfu.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://zsr.wfu.edu/directory/tanya-zanish-belcher/ "Tanya Zanish-Belcher, Director of Special Collections & Archives - ZSR Library"]. ''zsr.wfu.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta rubuta littattafai da labarai da yawa game da aikinta tare da ba da laccoci da gabatarwa ga kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi a duk faɗin ƙasar. A wani gabatarwa a Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln, ta bincika damar yin amfani da bayanan jama'a da kuma yadda ya ragu ta hanyar yanke kasafin kuɗi da tantancewa.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hytrek |first=Nikoel |title=Tanya Zanish-Belcher to speak at UNL about academic freedom on April 18 |url=http://www.dailynebraskan.com/culture/tanya-zanish-belcher-to-speak-at-unl-about-academic-freedom/article_0f53d9d8-60b3-11e9-81f4-0b38c7b7c5a8.html |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=The Daily Nebraskan |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113154159/http://www.dailynebraskan.com/culture/tanya-zanish-belcher-to-speak-at-unl-about-academic-freedom/article_0f53d9d8-60b3-11e9-81f4-0b38c7b7c5a8.html |archive-date=2019-11-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita da Blake Graham, shugaban kwamitin ayyukan ilimi, sun bayyana cewa budewa ga ɗakunan ajiya da rubuce-rubuce yana da mahimmanci ga 'yancin ilimi kuma "yana ƙarfafa bincike, muhawara da tattara bayanai".<ref name=":3" /> Ta kuma koyar da bita da yawa a tarurruka a matakin gida da na kasa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tanya Zanish-Belcher {{!}} Society of American Archivists |url=https://www2.archivists.org/prof-education/faculty/tanya-zanish-belcher |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=www2.archivists.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www2.archivists.org/prof-education/faculty/tanya-zanish-belcher "Tanya Zanish-Belcher | Society of American Archivists"]. ''www2.archivists.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> === Haɗin kai === Zanish-Belcher memba ne na dogon lokaci na Society of American Archivists . Ta yi aiki kuma ta jagoranci kwamitoci da yawa na SAA, gami da kwamitin gabatarwa, kwamitin kan Matsayin Mata, da kwamitin membobin.<ref name=":1"/> An ba ta lambar yabo ta SAA Fellowship, babbar lambar yabo, kuma ta yi aiki a majalisar SAA daga 2012-2015. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tanya Zanish-Belcher, Director of Special Collections & Archives - ZSR Library |url=https://zsr.wfu.edu/directory/tanya-zanish-belcher/ |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=zsr.wfu.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://zsr.wfu.edu/directory/tanya-zanish-belcher/ "Tanya Zanish-Belcher, Director of Special Collections & Archives - ZSR Library"]. ''zsr.wfu.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> An zabe ta mataimakiyar shugaban kasa kuma zaɓaɓɓen shugaban SAA a 2016 kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar SAA daga 2017-2018. <ref name=":0" /> Ta kuma kasance memba na wasu kungiyoyin Tarihi da kungiyoyi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da watan adana bayanai na Society of North Carolina Archivists daga 2014-2016. <ref name=":0"/> Kuma ta kuma yi aiki tare da Taron Tarihin Midwest a matsayin co-shugaban kwamitin ilimi daga 2013-2015. <ref name=":0" /> Zanish-Belcher ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban MAC da shugaban kasa.<ref name=":1"/> === Littattafai<ref name=":0"/> === * Zanish-Belcher, Tanya, & Voss, Anke. (2013). Ra'ayoyi a kan Tarihin Mata. Society of American Archivists. * Zanish-Belcher, Tanya. (2013). 'A Culture of Concealment': Bayyana Tarihin Haihuwar Mutum. Ra'ayoyi a kan Tarihin Mata. Society of American Archivists: Chicago, Illinois . * Zanish-Belcher, Tanya. (2012). Tarihin Mata a Kimiyya da Injiniya da Jagororin Makomar Tarihin Magana: Tambayoyi ga Masana Kimiyya Mata. ''Centaurus: Jaridar Duniya ta Tarihin Kimiyya da Al'adun Al'adu'', ''55'' (4). # * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. (2012). Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Shirin girmamawa na Jami'ar Jihar Iowa da Sashen Tattalin Arziki na Musamman (ISU Library). ''Da ya gabata a matsayin Portal: Koyar da dalibai ta farko ta amfani da Tarin Musamman da Tarihi''. Ƙungiyar Kwalejin da Littattafan Bincike (ACRL): Chicago, Illinois. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7inqj991wryw7ab2kqldey0ei2j1elw 0 96827 964113 957095 2026-10-06T22:28:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''Sandra Kwikiriza''' 'yar ƙasar Uganda ce, mai fafutukar kare hakkin LBQ kuma mai fafutukar yancin dijital. Ta kafa kungiyarta ta Intanet. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Kwikiriza a Uganda kuma tana zaune a [[Kampala]]. Ta halarci Cibiyar Shugabannin Mata ta Afirka <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sandra Kwikiriza |url=http://ugandafeministforum.org/team-member/sandra-kwikiriza/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Uganda Feminist Forum |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ta kasance abokiyar Gidauniyar Bincike da Ci gaban Lafiyar Mata (GABA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=TuWezeshe Akina Dada Alumni |url=https://www.forwarduk.org.uk/tuwezeshe-akina-dada-alumni/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=FORWARD |language=en}}</ref> Kwikiriza ta kafa HER Internet, wacce ita ce "ƙungiyar mata ta mata da ke jagorantar haƙƙin dijital da 'yancin Intanet na mata da ke mai da hankali kan LBQ ('yan madigo, bisexual da queer) woxn da ma'aikatan jima'i na mata" <ref name=":0"/> da kuma "tana goyan bayan ilimin dijital ga matan da aka yi watsi da su." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-24 |title=Sandra Kwikiriza |url=https://archive.ilga.org/en/women-steering-committee-Africa |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=ILGA World |language=en}}</ref> Ta kara wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafi ta yanar gizo, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-19 |title=Women and cyber bullying |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/women-and-cyber-bullying-1892258 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> yadda mata a siyasa ke yawan fuskantar hare-haren rashin fahimta a lokutan zaɓe, <ref>{{Cite web |last=de Souza |first=Narrira Lemos |date=25 February 2024 |title=Narratives that create connection, not conflict |url=https://takebackthetech.net/blog/narratives-create-connection-not-conflict |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Take Back The Tech}}</ref> kuma ta gudanar da bita kan yadda za a gano da kuma yaki da illar bayanan karya tare da goyon baya daga Haɗin kai kan Tsarin ICT na ƙasa da ƙasa na Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka (CIPESA Uganda). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-26 |title=HER INTERNET RUNS MISINFORMATION AND DISINFORMATION CAMPAIGN CROWNED WITH DIALOGUE. |url=https://www.kuchutimes.com/2022/09/her-internets-misinformation-and-disinformation-campaign/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Kuchu Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250216161421/https://www.kuchutimes.com/2022/09/her-internets-misinformation-and-disinformation-campaign/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2022, ta yi magana game da waɗannan batutuwan ga Wakilan Mata na Zartaswa na Majalisar yayin taron da Women Rights Defenders Network (WHRDN-U) ta shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=WOMEN MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT COMMIT TO FIGHT ONLINE VIOLENCE AGAINST WHRDS |url=https://www.whrdnuganda.org/women-members-of-parliament-commit-to-fight-online-violence-against-whrds/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Women Human Rights Defenders Network Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Kwikiriza ta yi magana a abubuwan da suka faru, kamar a Kick Off na Digital Human Rights Lab a cikin shekarar 2019 inda ta yi jayayya game da cikakken tsarin tsaro na dijital; <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-29 |title=Digital Human Rights Lab – Lightning Talks revisited |url=https://blog.futurechallenges.org/local/news/digital-human-rights-lab-lightning-talks-revisited/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=FutureChallenges |language=en-GB}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a ''Hacks/Hackers Africa'' 2022 game da lafiyar kwakwalwa dangane da amfani da intanet'';'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2022 |title=HacksHackers Uganda: Internet and mental health |url=https://medium.com/hacks-hackers-africa/hackshackers-uganda-june-event-highlight-7b9a4abbb4d2 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Medium}}</ref> da kuma a Forum on Internet Freedom in Africa (FIFAfrica22) inda ta kasance wata ɓangare na wani kwamiti na mata na Afirka wanda Cibiyar Ci gaban Mata da Sadarwar Mata ta Afirka (FEMNET) ta kira "Resistance and Connection: hangen nesa na mata na Afirka don lalata intanet ''."'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Komusana |first=Sunshine Fionah |date=2022-10-12 |title=Resistance & Connection: an African Feminist Perspective for Decolonizing the Internet |url=https://africanfeminism.com/resistance-connection-an-african-feminist-perspective-for-decolonizing-the-internet/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=African Feminism (AF) |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2023, ta fito a wani shiri na ''Muryar Wane?'' faifan podcast, wanda ke tattare da ƙalubalen da al'umma ke fuskanta yayin amfani da intanet da kuma hanyoyin yanar gizo za su iya zama mafi aminci ga mata masu santsi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ep 21 Sandra Kwikiriza On The Many Ways Online Spaces Can Be Safer For Queer People |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ep-21-sandra-kwikiriza-on-the-many-ways-online-spaces/id1481127295?i=1000634116338 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Apple Podcasts |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, tana cikin kwamitin na Turanci da Spaniya na harshen ''Mata Masu Motsa Gaba''. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-29 |title="Women moving forward together... |url=https://ilga.org/news/women-moving-forward-together-2-issue/ |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=ILGA World |language=en-UK}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9z4h6hwj5k6d9lgl5dgrblzsdomfyky 0 99783 964176 889961 2026-10-07T06:30:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Stacy Hardy</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Stacy_Hardy_at_Festivaletteratura_2010.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Stacy Hardy a Festivaletteratura 2010</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙasar | class="infobox-data category" |Afirka ta Kudu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An san shi da&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Marubuci |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa</span> | class="infobox-data" |Saboda Dare, Archaeology of Holes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kyaututtuka | class="infobox-data" |Mafi kyawun Fim na gwaji 2006 a bikin Chileno Internacional del Cortometraje na Santiago Brittle Kyautar takarda don Fiction 2018, [[Fedora|Kyautar Fedora]] don Opera 2020 |} '''Stacy M. Hardy''' marubuciya ce, malama, mai bincike, kuma edita ce a Chimurenga, mujallar Afirka. Tun daga shekara ta 2014, Hardy malami ne a Sashen Rubuce-rubuce na Rubuce a Jami'ar Wits, Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya koyar da rubuce-rubi na rubuce-ribuce a cikin al'amuran da ba na ilimi ba. Hardy abokin tarayya ne a Saseni, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa in Words |url=https://africainwords.com/2019/05/25/call-for-applications-saseni-short-story-workshop-hargeysa-international-book-fair-deadline-8-june/}}</ref> wani shiri na koyar da rubuce-rubuce mai kirkiro wanda ke haɗa ilimi mafi girma da zane-zane a Afirka, kuma wanda ya kafa Ukuthula, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Book Festival |url=https://openbookfestival.co.za/programme/ukuthula-invoking-silence-day-3/}}</ref> wani shiri na Afirka wanda ke haɓaka sabon rubutu daga da kuma adawa da tashin hankali na jinsi. Ta dauki bakuncin bita na hadin gwiwa da rubuce-rubuce masu zurfi a wurare daban-daban, gami da Dakar, Kigali, Alkahira, Tombwa ([[Angola]]), [[Nairobi]], Legas, Berlin, New York, da kan layi, kuma ta sauƙaƙe tarurrukan digiri da bita na rubuce-wallace a duk duniya. Rubuce-rubucen Hardy sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe daban-daban a duk duniya, gami da The Johannesburg Review of Books, New Contrast, New Orleans Review, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardy |first=Stacy |title=The day the white people walked into the seaThe Johannesburg Review of Books |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2018/02/05/new-short-fiction-the-day-the-white-people-walked-into-the-sea-by-stacy-hardy/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=The Johannesburg Review of Books}}</ref> The Evergreen Review, da sauransu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Contrasts |url=https://www.newcontrast.net/product/new-contrast-issue-196/ |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardy |first=Stacy |title=A Butcher Fantasy |url=https://www.neworleansreview.org/a-butcher-fantasy/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=The New Orleans Review |publisher=Department of English at Loyola University New Orleans}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka buga == Ayyukan da ta wallafa sun haɗa da Because the Night, tarin gajeren fiction da Pocko Books, London, suka buga a cikin 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holland |first=Noy |title=Because the Night review |url=https://www.raintaxi.com/because-the-night/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Rain Taxi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anu |title=A Review of Stacy Hardy’s Because the Night |url=https://africainwords.com/2016/09/05/a-review-of-stacy-hardys-because-the-night/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Africa in Words}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jobson |first=Liesl |title=Archive Book Review: Because the Night |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/archive/2015-06-12-book-review-because-the-night/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Business Live |archive-date=2023-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619105801/https://www.businesslive.co.za/archive/2015-06-12-book-review-because-the-night/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2022, an buga sabon tarin gajeren tarihinta, Archéologie des Trous, a cikin fassarar Faransanci ta [https://www.rot-bo-krik.com/ Rot-Bo-Krik], Paris, kuma Bridge Books, Chicago ta saki Turanci a cikin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alimeck |first=Michel |title=Conseil de lecture : Rot-bo-Krik, une anthropologie du soi |url=https://pieddebichemarquepage.noblogs.org/post/2022/05/29/conseil-de-lecture-rot-bo-krik-une-anthropologie-du-soi/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Pied-de-biche Marque |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619105803/https://pieddebichemarquepage.noblogs.org/post/2022/05/29/conseil-de-lecture-rot-bo-krik-une-anthropologie-du-soi/ |archive-date=19 June 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Slama |first=Ahmed |title=Trouble (Politique) Dans Le Corps |url=https://www.litteralutte.com/trouble-politique-dans-le-corps/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Litteralutte}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Ta lashe kyaututtuka da yawa saboda aikinta, gami da 2018 Brittle Paper Award for Fiction, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2018 Brittle Paper Awards: The Winners |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/11/the-2018-brittle-paper-awards-congratulations-to-the-winners/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Brittle Paper}}</ref> kuma ta kasance mai tseren karshe ko semifinalist ga wasu da yawa, kamar 2022 Noemi Press Book Award da 2018 Caine Prize. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Caine Prize Shortlist Announced |url=http://www.caineprize.com/press-releases/2018/5/15/2018-caine-prize-shortlist-announced |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Caine Prize |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619105801/http://www.caineprize.com/press-releases/2018/5/15/2018-caine-prize-shortlist-announced |url-status=dead }}</ref>Baya ga rubuce-rubucenta, Hardy tana da hannu a cikin samar da ayyukan multimedia. Ta yi aiki tare da mawaƙa, mai wasan kwaikwayo, da mai tsara kayan kida na Angola [https://www.victorgama.org/ Victor Gama], kuma an yi ayyukansu a wurare daban-daban, gami da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Harris a Chicago, Amurka, Sashen Kiɗa na Jami'ar Stanford a Stanford, CA, Amurka, da Haus der Kulturen der Welt a Berlin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vela 6911 - A Multimedia Piece by Victor Gama |url=https://ccrma.stanford.edu/events/vela-6911-multimedia-piece-victor-gama |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Stanford Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) i}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2022, wani sabon hadin gwiwar su ya sami lambar yabo ta Yarima Claus Fund don Amsoshin Al'adu da Fasaha ga Canjin Muhalli don buɗe dakin gwaje-gwaje na fasaha a cikin hamadar Namib a Angola. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipients of Cultural and Artistic Responses to Environmental Change |url=https://princeclausfund.org/open-call-cultural-and-artistic-responses-to-environmental-change-winners-2020 |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Prince Claus Fund |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619105801/https://princeclausfund.org/open-call-cultural-and-artistic-responses-to-environmental-change-winners-2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PangeiArt presents tectonik: Tombwa – Café Mito da Utopia, Angola |url=https://artafricamagazine.org/pangeiart-presents-tectoniktombwa-cafe-mito-da-utopia-angola/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Art Africa}}</ref> Hardy ta daya-mace wasan kwaikwayo, Museum of Lungs, wanda ta kirkira tare da darektan Masar Laila Soliman da mawaƙa [https://www.neosong.net/ Neo Muyanga] da Nancy Mounir, an fara shi a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kasuwanci a Johannesburg a watan Satumbar 2018. Ya ci gaba da samun babban yawon shakatawa na Turai daga 2018 zuwa 2019, gami da kwanakin a Kaserne a Basel da Spielart a Munich. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laila Soliman / Nancy Mounir / Neo Muyanga / Stacy Hardy – Museum of Lungs |url=https://produktionsdock.ch/projects/museum-of-lungs/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=produktionsDOCK |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619105802/https://produktionsdock.ch/projects/museum-of-lungs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manabe |first=Nkhensani |title=Museum of Lungs: A fight to survive |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-09-14-00-museum-of-lungs-a-fight-to-survive/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Mail & Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stacy Hardy, Nancy Mounir, Neo Muyanga, Laila Soliman (Cape Town/Cairo) Museum of Lungs |url=https://kaserne-basel.ch/en/programme/-museum-of-lungs/25-09-2018_19-00 |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Kaserne |archive-date=19 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619105804/https://kaserne-basel.ch/en/programme/-museum-of-lungs/25-09-2018_19-00 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Multinational collaboration Museum of Lungs premieres in Johannesburg and Cape Town |url=https://johannesburg.prohelvetia.org/en/2018/08/16/museum-of-lungs/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=prohelvetia}}</ref> == Opera == Hardy ya rubuta litattafan Woman at Point Zero wani sabon opera tare da mawaƙa Bushra El-Turk da darektan Laila Soliman, wanda ya lashe babbar lambar yabo ta Fedora - Generali don Opera 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fedora - Generali Prize for Opera 2020 |url=https://www.fedora-platform.com/about/news/premiere-of-the-fedora-generali-prize-for-operas-winner-2020/337 |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Fedora}}</ref> An fara wasan kwaikwayo a Festival d'Aix-en-Provence a 2022 kuma ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. Ayyukan da za su yi a nan gaba sun haɗa da bayyanar a bikin All Arias a deSingel Antwerpen, [https://www.operaballet.be/en Opera Ballet Vlaanderen], [https://www.concertgebouw.be/en Concertgebouw Brugge], [https://www.bijloke.be/ Muziekcentrum De Bijloke] Gent, Royal Opera House London, Shubbak Festival London, da Snape Maltings UK a 2023 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Arias |url=https://www.lod.be/en/pQ6VJUL/agenda/all-arias-festival-2023 |website=Lod}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Woman at Point Zero Lod / Laila Soliman, Bushra El-Turk & Stacy Hardy |url=https://www.lod.be/en/agenda/58/LOD_Laila_Soliman_Bushra_El_Turk_Stacy_Hardy/Woman_At_Point_Zero |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Lod}}</ref> == Cibiyoyin sadarwa da ayyukan == Baya ga ayyukanta na fasaha, Hardy tana da hannu a cikin hanyoyin sadarwar da yawa da ayyukan bincike. Ita memba ce ta Connectors, cibiyar sadarwa ta kasa da kasa wacce ke tattara malamai da kungiyoyi da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsakiya tsakanin kiwon lafiya da bincike. Har ila yau, tana ɗaya daga cikin masu shirya "Planetary Health and Postcolonial Dis-Ease," wani aikin bincike na kasa da kasa wanda aka mayar da hankali kan siyasar muhalli da kiwon lafiya, wanda Sashen Social da Al'adu na Al'adu a Jami'ar [[Vienna]] ya shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Dis-ease. Co-productions of Toxic Politics |url=https://agem.de/en/veranstaltungen/environmental-dis-ease-co-productions-of-toxic-politics/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Association for Anthropology and Medicine}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Hardy abokiyar bincike ce a Jami'ar Chicago, inda take aiki a kan aikin haɗin gwiwa na bincike da aiki tare da masanin ilimin ɗan adam [https://anthropology.uchicago.edu/people/faculty/kaushik-sunder-rajan Kaushik Sunder Rajan]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, mawaƙi [https://www.neosong.net/ Neo Muyanga], da mawaki Daniel Borzutsky. Ayyukansu suna bincika siyasa da waƙoƙin numfashi ta hanyar mai da hankali kan tarihin mulkin mallaka da siyasar bayan mulkin mallaka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stacy Hardy |url=https://neubauercollegium.uchicago.edu/people/stacy-hardy |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Neubauer Collegium, University of Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulmonographies |url=https://neubauercollegium.uchicago.edu/research/pulmonographies |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Neubauer Collegium}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2y0n1d35fp9bx689yzrivqcgbabvtaf 0 100536 964139 745598 2026-10-07T02:20:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964139 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #9BE89B; color:black;" |<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">[[Shaykh]]</div><div class="fn">Sheikh Ahmadullah</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" |<div class="nickname" lang="bn">Shayখ আহমাদুল্লাহ</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Sheikh_Ahmadullah_in_2025.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Ahmadullah a cikin [[DUET]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color:black;" |Rayuwa ta mutum |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |15 ga Disamba 1981<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">Garin Bashikpur, [[Lakshmipur Sadar Upazila|Sadar]], [[Lakshmipur District|Gundumar Lakshmipur]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙasar | class="infobox-data nickname" |Bangladesh |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yara | class="infobox-data" |3 ɗa, 1 'yar |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Iyaye | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Muhammad Delwar Hussain (mahaifin) * Mosammat Delwara Begum (uwar) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ya kasance | class="infobox-data" |[[Zamanin Zamani|Zamanin zamani]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Babban sha'awa (s) | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * [[Tafsiri|Tafsir]] * [[Hadisi]] * [[Fiƙihu|Fiqh]] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka masu ban sha'awa | class="infobox-data" |Gidauniyar As-Sunnah, IQA.info |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma Matar<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |[[Darul Uloom Hathazari]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color:black;" |Rayuwar addini |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Addini | class="infobox-data category" |[[Musulunci]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color:black;" |Shugaba Musulmi |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Tasiri daga&nbsp;</div></div> * Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir </div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox YouTube personality/styles.css"></templatestyles><div>'''Bayanan YouTube'''</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Tashar | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><div class="hlist"> * [https://www.youtube.com/@sheikhahmadullahofficial Ahmadullah] </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Masu biyan kuɗi | class="infobox-data" |Miliyan 3.1 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ra'ayoyi | class="infobox-data" |Miliyan 343 <ref name="YouTubeStatsAhmadullah"></ref> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below ib-youtube-below" | ----''Sabuntawa ta ƙarshe:'' Afrilu 28, 2025 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |[https://ahmadullah.info/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250417061610/https://ahmadullah.info/ |date=2025-04-17 }} |} '''Ahmadullah''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Sheikh Ahmadullah''' (Bengali: শায়খ আহমদুল্লাহ), malamin addinin Musulunci ne na Bangladesh, mai tattaunawa kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa. Ya kafa kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban As Sunnah Foundation . Ya shiga cikin aikin gayyata na shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa daban-daban ciki har da Japan, Indiya da [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2022 |title=ঈদে মিলাদুন্নবী (সা.) উপলক্ষে মালয়েশিয়ায় 'সিরাহ কনফারেন্স' অনুষ্ঠিত |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2022-10-12/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Somoy News |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928230904/https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2022-10-12/%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya kuma kafa IQA.info, shafin yanar gizon tambaya da amsar Islama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ইসলামী প্রশ্ন, জিজ্ঞাসা ও জবাব |url=https://iqa.info/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=iqa.info |language=bn |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206194845/https://www.iqa.info/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi ne Khatib (mai wa'azi) na Masallacin Bhumipalli Jame, Narayanganj . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2021 |title=প্রখ্যাত ইসলামিক ব্যক্তিত্ব শায়খ আহমাদুল্লাহ করোনায় আক্রান্ত |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/muslim-world/2021/02/05/1002004 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=[[Kaler Kantho]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2023 |title=নারীর উচ্চশিক্ষা ও ক্যারিয়ার নিয়ে যা বললেন শায়খ আহমাদুল্লাহ |url=https://www.dhakapost.com/religion/224673 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Dhaka Post |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2023 |title=সৌদি সালাফি মতাদর্শ ইমানের অংশ : শায়খ আহমাদুল্লাহ |url=https://www.dhakapost.com/religion/217230 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Dhaka Post |language=bn}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ahmadullah a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1981, a ƙauyen Bashikpur na Sadar Upazila na Gundumar Lakshmipur . Mahaifinsa shi ne Muhammad Delwar Hussain <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2022 |title=শায়খ আহমাদুল্লাহ'র বাবার ইন্তেকাল |url=https://www.jugantor.com/national/585397/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Daily Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref> kuma mahaifiyarsa ita ce Mosammat Delwara Begum . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2022 |title=শায়খ আহমাদুল্লাহর বাবা আর নেই |url=https://www.ntvbd.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87-1111353 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=NTV BD |language=bn}}</ref> Mahaifin Ahmadullah ɗan kasuwa ne. Shi ne na biyu a cikin 'yan uwa shida. Ahmadullah da kansa yana da 'ya'ya maza uku da mace. == Ilimi == Ya fara karatunsa na yau da kullun ne a karkashin jagorancin mahaifiyarsa mai ƙauna. Ya kammala karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Bashikpur . Daga nan sai ya shiga makarantar Qawmi madrasa. Bayan ya yi karatu na shekaru da yawa a madrasas da yawa a Noakhali, ya shiga Faizul Uloom Madrasa a Hatiya . A can, ya sami damar yin karatu a ƙarƙashin masanin addinin Musulunci Mufti Saiful Islam . Daga baya ya shiga makarantar Islama mafi girma a kasar, Darul Uloom Hathazari Madrasa . Daga Hukumar Ilimi ta Qawmi Madrasa (Wifaq), ya sami matsayi na goma a jarrabawar sakandare mafi girma (Sanubiyya), matsayi na uku a jarrabawarsa ta farko (Fazilat), kuma a shekara ta 2001, ya sami matsayi ya biyu a cikin jerin sunayen Dawra-e-Hadith. Bayan kammala Dawra-e-Hadith, ya kammala karatunsa na Ifta a Khulna Darul Uloom . Lokacin da Ambaliyar ruwa ta 1988 ta lalata yankin Hatiya, Ahmadullah ya bar Noakhali ya shiga [[Darul Uloom Hathazari]] a Chittagong. A cikin wannan madrasa shi ne shakhred kuma bawan Mufti Shahidullah . Ya kuma kasance abokin aji na Zakaria Abdullah da Anas Madani a cikin wannan madrasah. == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya shiga Darur Rashad Mirpur Qaumi Madrasa a matsayin malami a shekara ta 2003, yayin da yake aiki a matsayin [[Liman|Imam]] da Khatib a Baitul Falah Jame Masjid a kusa da Mirpur . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2021 |title=করোনামুক্ত ইসলামিক ব্যক্তিত্ব শায়খ আহমাদুল্লাহ |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/pages/details/263837/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Somoy News |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209071654/https://www.somoynews.tv/pages/details/263837/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya bar [[Dhaka]] a shekara ta 2009 kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] kuma ya shiga Cibiyar Yammacin Dammam Islami Dawah a karkashin Ma'aikatar Addini a matsayin mai fassara da mai wa'azi. Bayan ya yi aiki a can na tsawon shekaru 10, ya koma Bangladesh bisa shawarar Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir . Bayan ya zo kasar, ya kafa wata kungiya mai ba da agaji da ake kira As-Sunnah Foundation . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2023 |title=মানবসেবায় আস-সুন্নাহ ফাউন্ডেশন |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/islamic-life/2020/07/18/936030 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=[[Kaler Kantho]] |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2023 |title=অসহায় মানুষের পাশে আস সুন্নাহ ফাউন্ডেশন |url=https://barta24.com/details/islam/103143/as-sunnah-foundation-is-by-the-side-of-helpless-people |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=Barta 24 |language=bn}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban As-Sunnah Foundation kuma a matsayin Khatib na Bhumipalli Jame Masjid a Narayanganj . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2023 |title=সিদ্ধিরগঞ্জে দরিদ্রদের মধ্যে শায়েখ আহমাদুল্লাহর রিকশা বিতরণ |url=https://www.jugantor.com/country-news/666046/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref> == Bayanan littattafai == Baya ga tattauna addinin Musulunci a [[YouTube]], ya rubuta labarai da littattafai a cikin jaridu da mujallu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2021 |title=Fatwa issued against Facebook's 'haha' emoji by Bangladeshi cleric |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/356627-fatwa-issued-against-facebooks-haha-emoji-by-bangladeshi-cleric |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Geo News}}</ref> Littafinsa Dua and Zikr of the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) an rarraba shi kyauta a cikin fiye da 300,000 kofe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=11 June 2021 |title=রাসূলুল্লাহ (সা.) এর সকাল সন্ধ্যার দু'আ ও যিকর |url=https://www.wafilife.com/sokal-sondhar-dua-o-zikr/dp/257234 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Wafilife |language=bn}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya rubuta daruruwan labarai game da Dawah da bincike a cikin yarukan Bengali da [[Larabci]]. Jerin littattafan da ya rubuta: * ''Safiya da maraice Dua da Zikr na Manzo na Allah (PBUH) <ref name=":1"/>'' * ''Ta yaya za a yi Umrah?''<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2023 |title=উমরাহ কীভাবে করবেন? |url=https://www.niyamahshop.com/store/author/shaikh-ahmadullah/umrah-kivabe-korben/ |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Niyamah Bookshop |language=bn}}</ref> * ''Mai Shirye-shiryen Ramadan''<ref>{{Cite web |title=রমাদান প্ল্যানার (নতুন সংস্করণ) |url=https://boiferry.com/book/ramadan-planner6 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Boiferry |language=bn |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926041452/https://boiferry.com/book/ramadan-planner6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Seerat Sarok-2021''<ref>{{Cite web |title=সীরাত স্মারক-২০২১ |url=https://www.rokomari.com/book/213476/seerat-sarok-2021 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Rokomari |language=bn}}</ref> == Daraja == * As-Sunnah Foundation Young Entrepreneur Award-2021. * Kyautar Boiferi Bestseller Award-2022 (Religious Category). <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2022 |title=বইফেরী বেস্টসেলার অ্যাওয়ার্ড পেলেন ১০ লেখক |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/literature/article/807532 |access-date=9 December 2023 |website=Jago News 24 |language=bn}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir * [[Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria]] == manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d9uz7hiuh52zkoebf9fyteaptuk24zj 0 101567 963833 669248 2026-10-06T12:20:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ranar Afirka''' (tsohon '''Ranar 'Yancin Afirka''' da '''Ranar 'Yancin Afirka''' ) ita ce ranar tunawa da kafuwar Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1963. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tutu |first=Bongiwe |date=25 May 2017 |title=10 Things to Know About Africa Day |url=https://www.africa.com/10-things-know-africa-day/ |access-date=16 May 2019 |website=Africa.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525225633/https://www.africa.com/10-things-know-africa-day/ |archive-date=25 May 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ana yin bikin ne a kasashe daban-daban na [[Nahiya|nahiyar]] [[Afirka]] da ma duniya baki daya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2024 |editor-last=Yarde |editor-first=Jennifer |title=Africa Day To Be Celebrated On May 24 |url=https://www.gisbarbados.gov.bb/blog/africa-day-to-be-celebrated-on-may-24/ |url-access= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525082004/https://gisbarbados.gov.bb/blog/africa-day-to-be-celebrated-on-may-24/ |archive-date=25 May 2024 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=www.gisbarbados.gov.bb |series= |publisher=Government of Barbados |type=Press release |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote=The National Library Service, in association with the Division of Culture, Prime Minister’s Office, will celebrate Africa Day on Friday, May 24, at the Roy Marshall Teaching Complex, The University of West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, from 9:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. |agency=Government Information Service }}</ref> Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta maye gurbin kungiyar a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2002, amma ana ci gaba da bikin ranar 25 ga Mayu. == Fage == An gudanar da taron farko na kasashen Afirka masu zaman kansu a [[Accra]], [[Ghana]] a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 1958. Firayim Ministan Ghana [[Kwame Nkrumah|Dr. Kwame Nkrumah]] ne ya kira shi kuma ya ƙunshi wakilai daga [[Misra|Masar]] (wacce yanki ne na Jamhuriya Larabawa a lokacin), [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Laberiya]], [[Libya|Libiya]], [[Moroko|Maroko]], [[Sudan]], [[Tunisiya]], Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Kamaru, da kuma ƙasar Ghana mai masaukin baki. Ba a gayyaci Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu ba. Taron ya baje kolin ci gaban da yunkurin 'yantar da nahiyar Afirka ke samu baya ga nuna aniyar al'ummar Afirka na 'yantar da kansu daga mamayar kasashen waje da kuma cin zarafi . Duk da cewa Majalisar Pan-African Congress ta dade tana kokarin cimma manufofinta iri daya tun kafuwarta a shekarar 1900, wannan shi ne karon farko da aka gudanar da irin wannan taro a kasashen Afirka. Taron ya yi kira da a kafa ranar ‘yancin kai na Afirka, ranar da za a “...na tunawa kowace shekara ci gaban yunkurin ‘yantar da jama’a, da kuma nuna aniyar al’ummar Afirka na ‘yantar da kansu daga mamayar kasashen waje da kuma cin zarafi. Taron ya kasance abin lura a cikin cewa ya kafa tushen tarurrukan da shugabannin kasashen Afirka suka yi a baya a zamanin kungiyar Casablanca da kungiyar Monrovia, har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU) a shekarar 1963. <ref>{{Cite web |last=jonas |date=24 May 2012 |title=The History of Africa Day – 25 May |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/history-africa-day-25-may |access-date=4 January 2019 |website=South African History Online |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Shekaru biyar bayan haka, a ranar 25 ga Mayun 1963, wakilan kasashen Afirka 30 suka yi taro a [[Addis Ababa]], Habasha, wanda Emperor Haile Selassie ya karbi bakuncinsa. A lokacin sama da kashi biyu bisa uku na nahiyar sun sami 'yencin kai, akasari daga kasashen turai masu mulkin mallaka. A wannan taron, an kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afirka, da manufar farko ta karfafa wa kasashen [[Angola]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da kuma Kudancin Rhodesia mulkin mallaka. Kungiyar ta yi alkawarin tallafa wa ayyukan da masu fafutukar 'yanci ke gudanarwa, da kuma kawar da hanyoyin soja zuwa kasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka. An kafa wata yarjejeniya wacce ta nemi inganta [[Matsayin Rayuwa|rayuwar jama'a]] a tsakanin kasashe mambobin kungiyar. Selassie ya ce, "Bari wannan taron na ƙungiyar ya wuce shekaru 1,000." Duk mahalarta taron sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a ranar 26 ga Mayu, ban da Maroko. {{Efn|Morocco's delegation was present in an observatory capacity only, due to the attendance of [[Mauritania]] and the ongoing border dispute with that nation.<ref name="bbcotd">{{cite news | title=1963: African States Unite Against White Rule| date=25 May 1963| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/25/newsid_2502000/2502771.stm| access-date=23 October 2016| publisher=BBC On This Day}}</ref>}} A wannan taron, an sake sunan ranar 'Yancin Afirka ''ranar 'Yancin Afirka'' . A 2002, [[Tarayyar Afrika|Tarayyar Afirka]] ta maye gurbin OAU. Sai dai ana ci gaba da gudanar da bikin ''ranar Afrika'' da aka sauya wa suna a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu dangane da kafa kungiyar OAU. == Bikin zamani == Ana ci gaba da gudanar da bikin ranar Afirka a Afirka da ma duniya baki daya, galibi a ranar 25 ga Mayu (ko da yake a wasu lokuta ana iya tsawaita wadannan lokutan bukukuwa na tsawon kwanaki ko makonni). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Day 2021 {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/AfricaDay2021 |access-date=25 May 2022 |website=www.gov.za}}</ref> An tsara jigogi na ranar Afirka na kowace shekara, inda shekarar 2015 ke zama "Shekarar karfafawa mata da ci gaban Afirka zuwa [[Agenda 2063|ajandar Afirka 2063]] ". A wani taron da aka yi a birnin New York a shekara ta 2015, mataimakin babban sakataren MDD Jan Eliasson, ya gabatar da sako daga babban magatakardar MDD [[Ban Ki-moon|Ban Ki-Moon]], inda ya ce, "Bari mu... mu kara himma wajen samarwa matan Afirka [[Haƙƙin Ilimi|damar samun ilimi]], aiki da [[Kula da lafiya|kiwon lafiya]], ta hanyar yin hakan, za mu kara kaimi ga kawo sauyi a Afirka". <ref name="nyc">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2015 |title=Africa Day 2015 Celebrated in New York |url=https://www.upf.org/africa-day/6528-africa-day-2015-celebrated-in-new-york |access-date=23 October 2016 |publisher=United Peace Federation |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525085249/https://www.upf.org/africa-day/6528-africa-day-2015-celebrated-in-new-york |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taken bikin ranar Afirka ta 2023 shi ne "Afrika tamu makoma". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commemoration of Africa Day, May 25, 2023 |url=https://au.int/en/announcements/20230509/commemoration-africa-day-may-25-2023 |access-date= |publisher=African Union |archive-date=February 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219221344/https://au.int/en/announcements/20230509/commemoration-africa-day-may-25-2023 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taken bikin ranar Afirka na 2024 shine "Tsarin Ilimi na Karni na 21". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating Africa Day with the Theme: Education Fit for the 21st Century |url=https://au.int/en/newsevents/20240525/celebrating-africa-day-theme-education-fit-21st-century |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=African Union |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524193719/https://au.int/en/newsevents/20240525/celebrating-africa-day-theme-education-fit-21st-century |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bukukuwan yanki na shida da na kasashen waje == === Afrika &#x2013; Caribbean (CARICOM) Ranar === A cikin 2021 Jamhuriyar [[Kenya]] ta karbi bakuncin taron hadin gwiwa na farko na Tarayyar Afirka tare da yankin Caribbean Community (CARICOM) kusan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff writer |date=7 September 2023 |title=2nd Anniversary of the Africa – CARICOM Day |url=https://mfa.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/AFRICA-CARICOM-DAY-7TH-SEPTEMBER.docx |url-access= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614002650/https://mfa.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/AFRICA-CARICOM-DAY-7TH-SEPTEMBER.docx |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=mfa.go.ke |publisher=Gov. of the Republic of Kenya |type=Press release |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |agency=Ministry of Foreign & Diaspora Affairs }}</ref> Don tunawa da wannan taron an yanke shawarar cewa za a yi bikin Satumba 7, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Patterson |first=Percival James |date=6 September 2024 |title=Message from the P.J. Patterson Institute for Africa-Caribbean Advocacy – Africa-CARICOM Day |url=https://www.caricom.org/message-from-the-pj-patterson-institute-for-africa-caribbean-advocacy-africa-caricom-day |url-access= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010011453/https://caricom.org/message-from-the-pj-patterson-institute-for-africa-caribbean-advocacy-africa-caricom-day/ |archive-date=10 October 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=www.caricom.org |publisher=[[Caribbean Community]] (CARICOM) |type= |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote=Four years ago, on September 7, 2021 the first Africa Caribbean (CARICOM) Summit was hosted virtually by the Republic of Kenya in the aftermath of a 2003 Declaration by the African Union (AU) of its Diaspora as the sixth region of Africa. That Summit decided to establish September 7 as Africa Caribbean Day. }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2022 |editor-last=Carrington |editor-first=Julie |title=Africa-CARICOM Day Celebrations Likely On September 7 |url=https://www.gisbarbados.gov.bb/blog/africa-caricom-day-celebrations-likely-on-september-7/ |url-access= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811134502/https://gisbarbados.gov.bb/blog/africa-caricom-day-celebrations-likely-on-september-7/ |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=17 October 2024 |website=www.gisbarbados.gov.bb |series= |publisher=Government of Barbados |type=Press release |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote=Prime Minister Mia Amor Mottley has suggested that Africa-CARICOM Day should be celebrated on September 7, in recognition of the first-ever Africa-Caribbean Summit aimed at forging stronger social and economic ties between the two global communities. Speaking during Ghana’s 65th Independence Anniversary celebrations at the Cape Coast Stadium on Sunday, Ms. Mottley told the thousands gathered that African Caribbean Solidarity received a new boost on September 7, when the first African- CARICOM caucus was organised by the Presidents of Ghana and Kenya, Nana Akfuo-Addo and Uhuru Kenyatta, respectively. |agency=Government Information Service }}</ref> a kowace shekara a matsayin Ranar Afirka-CARICOM a ko'ina cikin Caribbean don gane da ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin CARICOM da Afirka. An yi bikin farko na watan Agusta a matsayin Ranar 'Yancin Afirka a cikin yawancin daular Burtaniya daga [[Bautar da Mutane a Afrika|cinikin bayi na Afirka]] ta Tekun Atlantika da ƙari na Ranar Afirka a cikin Caribbean dole ne a ɗauki shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin da aka sani da 'Lokacin 'Yanci' a fadin ƙasashen Caribbean. == Magana == {{reflist}} == Ƙara karatu == * Allardt, Helmut; European Economic Community (1959). ''The tasks and the aims of the European Economic Community in Africa : lecture given on the occasion of Africa Day at the German Industries Fair, Hanover, 30 April 1959.'' [[Brussels]] : Publications Dept. of the European Communities. {{OCLC|883719446}}. * Mugabe, Robert Gabriel; Zimbabwe. Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunications (1987). ''Address delivered to the Nation by Cde R.G. Mugabe, the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe, on Africa Day, 25 May 1987.'' Policy statement. Causeway, [[Zimbabwe]] : Ministry of Information, Posts and Telecommunications. {{OCLC|180493758}}. * Ginkel, J. A. van; Court, Julius; Langenhove, Luk van; United Nations University; Africa Day Symposium on Integrating Africa (2003). ''Integrating Africa : perspectives on regional integration and development''. [[Tokyo]] : United Nations University. {{OCLC|800928725}}. * Bond, Patrick (2004). ''[http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Anai%3Adiva-98 South Africa and global apartheid : continental and international policies and politics]'' : address to the Nordiska Afrikainstitutet Nordic Africa Days, [[Uppsala]], Sweden 4 October 2003. Discussion paper / Nordiska Afrikainstitutet = Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. Discussion Paper, {{ISSN|1104-8417}}; 25. * {{cite web|last=Grayson |first=Taylor |title=Videos from Africa Day 2014 in Limerick |url=http://limerick.today.ie/2014/05/26/entertainment-africa-day-2014-limerick/ |publisher=Today.ie |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527214140/http://limerick.today.ie/2014/05/26/entertainment-africa-day-2014-limerick/ |archive-date=27 May 2014 }} * {{cite web |url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/cpan-african-caribbean-countries-must-affirm-right-development |url-access= |title=NGO: African, Caribbean countries must affirm 'Right to Development' |author=Staff writer |date=September 8, 2024 |department= |website=tt.loopnews.com |publisher=Loop Caribbean |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date=September 29, 2024 |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |quote=In a statement for Africa-CARICOM Day, observed on September 7, 2024, the group said the first Africa/CARICOM Summit held on September 7, 2021, saw the tabling of several issues such as the removal of double taxation, direct flights between the Caribbean and African countries, reviewing whether travel visas are needed between African and Caribbean countries. }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ipy9e02lpjqewchi0pp9qhrkg1dz9ug 0 102530 963861 944364 2026-10-06T13:21:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fyaɗe a Misira''' laifi ne mai laifi tare da hukunci daga hukuncin rai zuwa hukuncin kisa. A [[Misra|Misira]], fyade a aure doka ce.<ref name="USEmbassy">{{Cite web |title=2020 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Egypt |url=https://eg.usembassy.gov/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices-egypt/ |access-date=8 September 2021 |publisher=U.S. Embassy in Egypt |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824122710/https://eg.usembassy.gov/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices-egypt/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ambaci adadi na Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida ta Masar cewa ana yin fyade 20,000 a kowace shekara, kodayake a cewar mai fafutuka [[Engy Ghozlan]] (ECWR), fyade sun ninka sau 10 fiye da ƙididdigar da Ma'aikalin Cikin Gida ya bayar, yana mai da shi 200,000 a kowace shekara.<ref name="irinnews">{{Cite web |date=2008-02-19 |title=EGYPT: Are attitudes to rape beginning to change? |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/76827/egypt-are-attitudes-to-rape-beginning-to-change |access-date=2013-09-12 |publisher=[[The New Humanitarian|IRIN]]}}</ref> [[Mona Eltahawy]] ta kuma lura da wannan adadi (200,000), kuma ta kara da cewa wannan ya kasance kafin juyin juya hali. An yi fyade a lokacin bukukuwan da zanga-zangar Masar, kuma sun haɗa da fyade na mata, da 'yan jarida mata.<ref name="NY post">{{Cite web |date=2013-07-02 |title=Dutch female reporter gang-raped by 5 men in violent Egyptian protests |url=https://nypost.com/2013/07/02/dutch-female-reporter-gang-raped-by-5-men-in-violent-egyptian-protests/ |access-date=2013-09-12 |publisher=[[NY Post]]}}</ref> Masar ta zartar da dokoki da yawa don kare mata daga cin zarafin kan layi da na mutum kuma ta amince da sabuwar doka don kare mata da tashin hankali a gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-05 |title=Online sexual harassment criminalized in Egypt {{!}} Egyptian Streets |url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2014/06/05/online-sexual-harassment-criminalized-in-egypt/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-19 |title=Egypt's new amendments for sexual harassment law ends different forms of violence against women: UN Resident Coordinator |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/107073/Egypt’s-new-amendments-for-sexual-harassment-law-ends-different-forms |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=EgyptToday}}</ref> == Yaduwa == Akwai halin da ake ciki a Misira, duk da haka, kada a bayar da rahoton fyade saboda tsoron kin amincewa da zamantakewa da kuma dalilai na al'adu. Kodayake wannan kwanan nan ya inganta sosai saboda wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar shirye-shiryen talabijin <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Nanise |date=2021-04-19 |title=El Tawoos: Exploiting A Tragedy Or Raising Due Awareness? |url=https://identity-mag.com/el-tawoos-exploiting-a-tragedy-or-raising-due-awareness/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=Identity Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma shugaban kasar Abdel-Fattah El-Sisi da kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egypt Crime Rate & Statistics 1990-2021 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/EGY/egypt/crime-rate-statistics |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=www.macrotrends.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904121617/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/EGY/egypt/crime-rate-statistics |archive-date=2021-09-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=axiothea |date=2013-07-03 |title=Sisi's army protecting women from being raped in Tahrir square. |url=https://feministphilosophers.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/sisis-army-protecting-women-from-being-raped-in-tahrir-square/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=Feminist Philosophers |language=en}}</ref> Rania Hamid daga Cibiyar Taimako ta Shari'a ta Mata ta Masar (CEWLA) ta ce babu wanda ya ce an yi musu fyade, yana cewa "Mata suna ganin ya isa ya isa ya sa mutane kalilan su san game da fyade. " Rania Hamida ta ci gaba da bayyana matsalar, cewa ko da yarinya ta bayyana cewa an yi mata fyade, duk batun zai haifar da batun girmamawa: "Akwai matsalolin girmamawa. Wani lokaci ɗan'uwa ko dan uwanka iya kashe ta, yana cewa 'yana son wannan, wannan, wannan?<ref name="irinnews"/> Kashe-kashen girmamawa ba sananne ba ne a Misira amma galibi suna faruwa ne a Upper Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khafagy |first=Fatma |date=2005 |title=HONOUR KILLING IN EGYPT |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/vaw-gp-2005/docs/experts/khafagy.honorcrimes.pdf |website=un.org}}</ref> Ba a ambaci Laifukan girmamawa a cikin dokar Masar ba amma an amince da su musamman a wasu sassan dokar aikata laifuka.<ref name="Home office">{{Cite web |title=Country Policy and Information Note Egypt: Women |url=https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1177806/download |access-date=6 September 2021 |website=Country Policy and Information Note Egypt: Women |publisher=United Kingdom Home Office |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906134251/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/page/file/1177806/download |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kididdigar hare-haren girmamawa da kashe-kashen ba su da yawa a Misira amma akwai rahotanni na mutum game da su a yankunan karkara da rahotanni game da faruwarsu a Upper Egypt.<ref name="USEmbassy"/> Farah Shash, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya bayyana cewa iyayensu ba sa yawan dakatar da yara maza ko adawa da su saboda cin zarafin 'yan mata a bainar jama'a, saboda yara koyaushe suna ganin irin wannan hali a kusa da su. Shash ya kara da cewa "Sau da yawa, iyalai za su yi dariya". A cewar Seif el-Dawla wanda ke gudanar da cibiyar a kasar ya ce "Rashin cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin ... al'ada ce ga mata da suka hadu da 'yan sanda". Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Mata ta Masar (ECWR) ta kira matsalar "ciwon daji na zamantakewa" kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa tsarin tufafi ba mai hanawa ba ne kwata-kwata. ECWR ta gudanar da bincike a shekara ta 2008 wanda ya gano cewa kashi 83 cikin 100 na matan Masar da kashi 98 cikin 100 na mata na kasashen waje a cikin Masar sun fuskanci cin zarafin jima'i a wani lokaci, kuma kashi 12% ne kawai suka tafi 'yan sanda don yin korafi game da irin wannan batun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Egyptian jailed three years for groping |url=http://m.arabianbusiness.com/egyptian-jailed-three-years-for-groping-84452.html}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 62% na maza na Masar sun yarda da cin zarafin mata, kuma kashi 53% na mazajen Masar sun zargi mata da 'samar da shi.' Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Daidaita Jima'i a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2013, ta ba da rahoton cewa kimanin kashi 99.3% na matan Masar sun ce sun fuskanci wani nau'i na tashin hankali na jima'i. Masu fafutuka a shekarar 2012 sun yi zargin cewa 'yan uwa Musulmi suna biyan kuɗi don fyade mata da kuma doke maza da suka taru don yin zanga-zanga. A watan Agustan 2020, masu gabatar da kara na Masar suna neman kama mutane tara da ake zargi da satar wata mace a otal din Fairmont Nile City a Alkahira a shekarar 2014; duk da haka, rashin daukar mataki na shekaru shida ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa maza shida da ke da hannu a lamarin sun fito ne daga iyalai masu iko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2020 |title=Egypt prosecution seeks arrest of nine in alleged hotel rape case |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/egypt-prosecution-seeks-arrest-alleged-hotel-rape-case-200826192157709.html |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> kodayake hakan bai hana mutane yin magana game da su ba kuma birnin kafofin watsa labarai na Masar ya samar da jerin shirye-shiryen da ake kira "El Tawoos" wanda ya yi magana game da iyalai da cin zarafin su na iko da kuma yadda suke kauce wa doka, jerin suna ƙarƙashin matsin lamba don a rufe su amma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da Masarawa da yawa a kan layi sun ki barin jerin su rufe kuma sun ci gaba da watsawa da wayar da kan jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title="El Tawoos": A Series Inspired by the Fairmont Crime Sparks Social Media Outrage |url=https://scoopempire.com/el-tawoos-a-series-inspired-by-the-fairmont-crime-sparks-social-media-outrage/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=Scoop Empire |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/IdentityMagEG/photos/4246358548759436 |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/IdentityMagEG/photos/4241157395946218/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> Daga baya a watan Mayu 2021, masu gabatar da kara sun ba da sanarwar sakin wadanda ake zargi hudu da aka kama tare da shiga cikin Shari'ar fyade ta Fairmont Hotel. Dalilin da aka saki su an nuna shi ne rashin shaidu da shaidu masu sabawa da aka tattara daga mutane 39 da aka yi hira da su don sanarwar. Labarin ya biyo bayan zargi da Masarawa suka bayyana a dandamali na sadarwar jama'a kamar [[Fezbuk|Facebook]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frustration in Egypt as Cairo hotel gang rape case is shelved |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-women-rape-idUSKBN2CT2BS |access-date=12 May 2021 |website=Reuters}}</ref> kodayake an dakatar da binciken na ɗan lokaci don tattara shaidu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-11 |title=Egypt's Public Prosecution Temporarily Halts Investigation into Fairmont Gang Rape Case {{!}} Egyptian Streets |url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/05/11/egypts-public-prosecution-temporarily-halts-investigation-into-fairmont-gang-rape-case/ |access-date=2021-09-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sojojin tsaro == Akwai abubuwan da suka faru inda sojoji suka yi wa farar hula fyade. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, an ruwaito cewa 'yan sanda na Masar suna amfani da fyade a matsayin makami a kan masu adawa da siyasa. Dangane da wannan rahoton, daya daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa ya tayar da batun a lokacin sauraron shari'a na farko, kodayake an yi watsi da korafin wanda aka azabtar. == Cin zarafin yara == Binciken da aka yi wa ɗaliban maza da mata a [[Jami'ar Sohag]] ya gano yawan cin zarafin yara na 29.8%, tare da yawan mata (37.8%) ya fi na maza (21.2%). runguma da sumbacewa ta hanyar da ta dame wanda aka azabtar shine mafi yawan rahoton nau'in cin zarafin yara. Ba a bayyana kashi 76.1% na cin zarafin ga wata jam'iyya ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=El Sayed |first=Khaled |date=September 2012 |title=Prevalence and pattern of child sexual abuse reported by cross sectional study among the University students, Sohag University, Egypt |journal=Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=89–96 |doi=10.1016/j.ejfs.2012.05.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton fyade na yara a matsayin wani nau'i na azabtarwa.<ref name="thecommentator">{{Cite web |title=Punishment rape in Egypt by the Muslim Brotherhood - The Commentator |url=http://www.thecommentator.com/article/5027/punishment_rape_in_egypt_by_the_muslim_brotherhood |access-date=2014-09-15 |publisher=thecommentator.com |archive-date=2017-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021529/http://www.thecommentator.com/article/5027/punishment_rape_in_eghe_muslim_brotherhood |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Masar mai suna Burying Girls Alive, wanda aka nuna a daya daga cikin tashoshin tauraron dan adam a lokacin Ramadan, ya nuna wani tsoho kawai yana sayen yarinya matashi ta hanyar amfani da talauci. Babban adadin fyade da sace yara na Coptic da Musulmai suka yi an kuma rubuta su a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Morsi. == Cin zarafin jima'i da yawa == === A lokacin zanga-zangar === A lokacin zanga-zangar Masar ta 2011-2014, an yi fyade a bainar jama'a saboda rashin doka da oda. [[Fayil:Lara_Logan_crop.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lara Logan]]]] Wakilin CBS [[Lara Logan]] ya bayyana a cikin shirin Minti 60 cewa Sojojin Masar sun kama ita da ma'aikatanta na CBS kuma sun tsare su na dare daya a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2011, yayin da suke rufe Juyin Juya Halin Masar. Ta ce an rufe ma'aikatan idanu kuma an ɗaure su da bindiga, kuma an yi wa direban su duka. An shawarce su da su bar kasar, amma daga baya aka sake su.<ref name="esquire">{{Cite web |last=Kamer |first=Foster |date=2011-02-11 |title=Lara Logan's Egypt Interrogation Tell-All |url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/politics/lara-logan-egypt-5219471 |publisher=Esquire}} </ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011, CBS News ta fitar da wata sanarwa cewa an yi wa Logan duka kuma an yi masa fyade a ranar 11 ga watan Fabira, yayin da yake rufe bukukuwan da aka yi a Tahrir Square bayan murabus din [[Hosni Mubarak]]. A cikin kalmomin Logan, sun yi mata fyade da hannayensu, yayin da suke daukar hotuna da wayoyin salula. Sun fara jan jikinta a wurare daban-daban, suna jan gashin kanta sosai ta ce kamar suna ƙoƙarin cire gashin kanta.Da yake ta yi imanin cewa tana mutuwa, an ja ta a filin zuwa inda aka dakatar da taron ta shinge, kusa da inda ƙungiyar mata ke sansani. Wata mace da ke sanye da Chador ta sanya hannunta a kusa da Logan, sauran kuma sun rufe matsayi a kusa da ita, yayin da wasu maza da ke tare da mata suka jefa ruwa ga taron. Wani rukuni na sojoji sun bayyana, suka kori taron da sanduna, kuma daya daga cikinsu ya jefa Logan a kafaɗarsa. An dawo da ita Amurka washegari, inda ta kwashe kwanaki hudu a asibiti. Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]] ne ya tuntube ta lokacin da ta isa gida. CBS ta ce ba a san ko wanene maharan ba, kuma ba zai yiwu a gurfanar da kowa ba. Bayan faduwar Mubarak, an sami saurin karuwa, farawa da hare-haren, a daren da ya sauka. Wata 'yar jaridar Masar [[Mona Eltahawy]] ta yi mata fyade da wata kungiya ta jami'an tsaro bayan an tsare ta. Wani dan jaridar Masar Hania Moheeb ya makale fiye da awa daya tsakanin maza da suka yi mata fyade. Wata 'yar jaridar 'yar shekara 22 ta Dutch ta yi wa wata kungiya fyade da maza biyar a cikin zanga-zangar.<ref name="NY post"/> Irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru kamar gwamnati ko jami'ai ba su yi adawa da su ba, amma a maimakon haka sun sami goyon baya. Wani rahoto daga Nina Burleigh ya yi nuni da mai wa'azin [[Salafiyya|Salafi]] na Masar Ahmad Mahmoud Abdullah wanda ya ce "mata da ke zanga-zangar a Tahrir Square ba su da kunya kuma suna so a yi musu fyade". Bayan juyin juya halin, kusan kashi 50% na mata sun ba da rahoton ƙarin cin zarafi. 44% sun ce cin zarafin ya kasance kamar yadda yake a baya, yayin da, sama da kashi 58% na maza da aka bincika sun ce cin hanci ya karu bayan juyin juya halin. === Hare-haren Eid al Fitr === Akwai asusun da yawa game da yawan hare-haren jima'i da fyade da ke faruwa a lokacin [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al Fitr]] a 2006 a Misira, wasu suna lura da matakan da ake ɗauka don hana sake dawowar irin waɗannan matsalolin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-11-01 |title=Cairo street crowds target women |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6106500.stm?lsm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003708/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6106500.stm?lsm |archive-date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2013-08-13 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-20 |title=The Widespread Plague of Sexual Harassment in Egypt |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/12456 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008130213/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/12456 |archive-date=2013-10-08 |access-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=Al Akhbar English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Mohammed |date=2008-10-21 |title=Taking on Sexual Harassment, a Social Phenomenon in Egypt &#124; Al Jadid Magazine |url=http://www.aljadid.com/content/taking-sexual-harassment-social-phenomenon-egypt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213214/http://www.aljadid.com/content/taking-sexual-harassment-social-phenomenon-egypt |archive-date=2013-10-04 |access-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=Aljadid.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-05 |title=Sexual Harassment Takes Center Stage Again in Egypt |url=http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=1178 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005215021/http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=1178 |archive-date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=Ikhwanweb}}</ref> Rahotanni na gaba sun nuna cewa wannan abin ya ci gaba da haifar da damuwa, wani ɗan jarida da ke bayar da rahoto daga Masar ya rubuta a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'' a cikin 2012, "Hutun Eid al-Fitr bayan Ramadan na wannan shekara ya kawo rabon da ya saba da shi na cin zarafin jima'i. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-15 |title=Al-Ahram Weekly &#124; Egypt &#124; Unsafe streets |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2008/917/eg6.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826040700/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2008/917/eg6.htm |archive-date=2013-08-26 |access-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=Weekly.ahram.org.eg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-29 |title=The latest developments of the case of sexual harassment in Cairo |url=http://worldpulse.com/node/60647 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212905/http://worldpulse.com/node/60647 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |access-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=World Pulse}}</ref><ref name="Al Arabiya">{{Cite web |date=2008-10-05 |title=Sexual assaults in Egypt mar Eid holiday |url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/10/05/57724.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004234950/http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/10/05/57724.html |archive-date=2013-10-04 |access-date=2013-08-12 |publisher=Al Arabiya}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-17 |title=Movement plans patrols to counter sexual harassment during Eid |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/movement-plans-patrols-counter-sexual-harassment-during-eid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916171722/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/movement-plans-patrols-counter-sexual-harassment-during-eid |archive-date=2013-09-16 |access-date=2013-08-13 |publisher=Egypt Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-05 |title=Egypt is starting to take sexual harassment seriously |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/sep/05/egypt-sexual-harassment |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221816/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/sep/05/egypt-sexual-harassment |archive-date=2013-10-04 |access-date=2013-08-13 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Wata kungiya ta Masar da aka kafa don karewa daga cin zarafin jima'i, "ta bayyana Eid al-Fitr a matsayin 'lokacin cin zarafi'", <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-21 |title=Several arrested as sexual harassment surges in Cairo |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/several-arrested-sexual-harassment-surges-cairo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916145027/http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/several-arrested-sexual-harassment-surges-cairo |archive-date=2013-09-16 |access-date=2013-08-13 |publisher=Egypt Independent}}</ref> da kuma yaduwar irin waɗannan hare-haren "wani yanayin da ya zama alaƙa da bukukuwan Eid al'Fitr a cikin 'yan shekarun nan". <ref name="Al Arabiya"/> Har ila yau a cikin 2013, irin wannan zarge-zarge ya bayyana a Alkahira da Tanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title='I witnessed harassment' volunteers catch 8-10 yr olds in the act |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/UI/Front/Inner.aspx?NewsPortalID=1&NewsCategoryID=64&NewsContentID=78677&NewsPortalName=Egypt&NewsCategoryName=Politics-&Title=I-witnessed-harassment-volunteers-catch--yr-olds-i |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005052025/http://english.ahram.org.eg/UI/Front/Inner.aspx?NewsPortalID=1&NewsCategoryID=64&NewsContentID=78677&NewsPortalName=Egypt&NewsCategoryName=Politics-&Title=I-witnessed-harassment-volunteers-catch--yr-olds-i |archive-date=2013-10-05 |access-date=2013-08-11 |publisher=Ahram Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-26 |title=Egypt activists try to stop holiday sex harassment |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2012/10/26/egypt-activists-holiday-harassment/1661331/ |access-date=2014-03-24 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-10 |title=Victim of harassment killed in Tanta: Shoft Taharosh group continues monitoring sexual harassment during Eid |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/10/victim-of-harassment-killed-in-tanta/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813104045/http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/10/victim-of-harassment-killed-in-tanta/ |archive-date=2013-08-13 |access-date=2013-08-13 |website=Daily News Egypt}}</ref> Tattaunawar jama'a game da matsalar a Misira an ruwaito ta zama da wahala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-30 |title=Sex Harassment Is Off-Topic for Egyptian Ramadan |url=http://womensenews.org/story/sexual-harassment/140628/sex-harassment-topic-egyptian-ramadan |access-date=2014-07-22 |publisher=Women's E news}}</ref> 2014 ya ga ƙananan yunkurin tayar da hankali, kuma masu fafutuka sun ba da rahoton cewa mata da 'yan mata sun fi amincewa da cewa za a hukunta hare-hare tun lokacin da aka yi gyare-gyaren dokar hukunci a farkon shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-31 |title=Anti-sexual harassment initiative intervenes in 35 incidents during Eid |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2014/07/31/anti-sexual-harassment-initiative-intervenes-35-incidents-eid/ |access-date=2014-08-01 |website=Daily News Egypt}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton kama mutane shida a Eid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-30 |title=Six arrested in Egypt over sexual harassment during Eid |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/webtv/reports/2014/07/30/Six-arrested-in-Egypt-for-sexual-harassment-during-Eid.html |access-date=2014-08-01 |website=Al Arabiya}}</ref> A cikin 2015, an gabatar da rahotanni 141 na 'yan sanda game da cin zarafin jima'i a lokacin Eid a Alkahira.<ref name="CP" /> An yi iƙirarin rashin tsaro na bayanai ko na hanyar tallafi bayan bayar da rahoto ya hana amincewa, wanda ya haifar da rahotanni da yawa da aka janye daga baya.<ref name="CP">{{Cite web |date=2015-07-20 |title=141 sexual harassment incidents reported in 3 days during Eid al-Fitr: NCW |url=http://www.thecairopost.com/news/160309/inside_egypt/141-sexual-harassment-incidents-reported-in-3-days-during-eid-al-fitr-ncw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722233912/http://www.thecairopost.com/news/160309/inside_egypt/141-sexual-harassment-incidents-reported-in-3-days-during-eid-al-fitr-ncw |archive-date=2015-07-22 |access-date=2015-07-22}}</ref> Damuwar mata game da harin har yanzu tana da ƙarfi a cikin 2016, amma an ba da rahoton kamawa da korafe-korafe sun ragu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-05 |title=Risk of sex attack fills women with dread during Eid al-Fitr vacation |url=http://www.egyptindependent.com//news/risk-sex-attack-fills-women-dread-during-eid-al-fitr-vacation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708212944/http://www.egyptindependent.com//news/risk-sex-attack-fills-women-dread-during-eid-al-fitr-vacation |archive-date=2016-07-08 |access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-08 |title=Egypt reports drop in sexual harassment during Eid |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/egypt/egypt-reports-drop-in-sexual-harassment-during-eid-1.1859097 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708211115/http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/egypt/egypt-reports-drop-in-sexual-harassment-during-eid-1.1859097 |archive-date=2016-07-08 |access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n1wlxclftenz11pzf5dqo01yucictei 0 104278 963914 846442 2026-10-06T16:29:59Z Uskeone 40867 963914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abubakar Abdullai Ahmad''' ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1968 a jihar Sokoto a Najeriya. Ya yi digiri a fannin shari'a.<ref name=":1">PEPS". peps.directoriolegislativo.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11.</ref> A shekarar 2019, an zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai a majalisar wakilai ta kasa, mai wakiltar mazabar Sokoto ta Arewa/Sokoto ta kudu.<ref name=":2">Citizen Science Nigeria". citizensciencenigeria.org. Retrieved 2024-12-11</ref><ref name=":3">Candidates - Voter - Validating the Office of the Electorate on Representation". orderpaper.ng. Retrieved 2024-12-11</ref> ==Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi== An haifi Abubakar Abdullai Ahmad a shekara ta 1968 a [[Jihar Sokoto]], Najeriya. Ya yi karatun [[Dokar farar hula]] (Civil Law) kuma ya samu digiri a wannan fanni kafin ya shiga siyasa.<ref name=":1" /> ==Aikin siyasa== A [[Babban zaɓen Najeriya na 2019|babban zaɓen Najeriya na shekarar 2019]], Abubakar Abdullai Ahmad ya tsaya takara a mazabar tarayya ta Sokoto North/Sokoto South da ke [[Jihar Sokoto]], a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP). Hukumar [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC) ta bayyana cewa ya lashe zaɓen da ƙuri'u 52,148. Hakan ya ba shi damar zama ɗan majalisar [[Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya|Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]], inda ya wakilci wannan mazaba.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1968]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Yan siyasar Najeriya]] 0gm87zwwu4m2w9wse2gru2bxm7gjic8 0 109093 964127 736515 2026-10-07T00:01:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964127 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_ESP_1991–2020.svg|thumb|450x450px|[[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Nau'ikan yanayi na Köppen]] na Spain]] Yanayin Spain ya bambanta sosai kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban na [[Ƙasar da ba ta da ƙasa|ƙasar]].  A gaskiya ma, a wasu lokuta ana kwatanta Spain a matsayin ƙasa mafi bambancin yanayi a Turai] kuma tana da yanayin Köppen 13 daban-daban. Yanayi huɗu mafi rinjaye a cikin ƙasar sun haɗa da: Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csa''), yanayin zafi na lokacin [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|bazara]] na Bahar Maliya (''Csb''), yanayin tsaka-tsaki (''BSk'') da Yanayin teku (''Cfb''). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Evolucion de los climas de Koppen en España: 1951-2020 |url=https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ƙasa ya bambanta daga ƙasa da {{Convert|2.5|C|F}} ° C (36.5 ° F) a arewacin Pyrenees, kusa da iyakar da Faransa, zuwa fiye da {{Convert|20|C|F}} ° C (68 ° F). a kananan yankuna na bakin tekun Bahar Rum a lardunan Almeria, Granada da Malaga, sun kai {{Convert|20.6|C|F}} ° C (69.1 ° F) a Rincón de la Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AEMET standard mean annual T (full resolution map) |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/api-eltiempo/climatologicos/imagen-valores/ttmwww/vn8110ttmwww13p_20170512.tif |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Valores climatológicos normales - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es}}</ref> Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga fiye da 2,200 millimeters (87 in) a arewa maso yammacin Galicia da Pyrenees kusa da San Sebastian zuwa ƙasa da 156 millimeters (6.1 in) a kudu maso gabashin Spain a Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Valores climatológicos normales - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es}}</ref> [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]], matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga ƙasa da {{Convert|10|C|F}} ° C (50 ° F) mafi girman yankin Santa Cruz na Tenerife zuwa sama da {{Convert|21.5|C|F}} ° C (70.7 ° F) akan ƙananan yankuna na Santa Cruz de tenerife, yayin da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara- shekara-sheko ya kasance daga sama da millimeters 1,000 (39 in) a kan mafi girman tsawo na La Palma zuwa ƙasa da millimetres (3.9 in) cikin sassa na Lanzarote da Fuerteventura.<ref name=":0"/> Spain, kamar sauran ƙasashe na Bahar Rum, tana da rauni ga canjin yanayi, tare da haɗarin haɗarin zafi da yanayin bushe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate change in the Mediterranean {{!}} UNEPMAP |url=https://www.unep.org/unepmap/resources/factsheets/climate-change |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=www.unep.org}}</ref> == Yankunan == Za'a iya rarrabe manyan yankuna huɗu na yanayi, bisa ga rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen-Geiger na ƙasar da yanayin orographic: <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated – (see p.3) |url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf |access-date=2011-04-30}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Map of Koppen – Geiger Climate Classification |url=http://www.city-data.com/forum/attachments/weather/56180d1263187925-ultimate-climate-poll-koppen-climate-classification-kottek_et_al_2006.gif |access-date=2013-09-08 |publisher=City-data.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723083834/http://www.city-data.com/forum/attachments/weather/56180d1263187925-ultimate-climate-poll-koppen-climate-classification-kottek_et_al_2006.gif |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peel, M. C. |last2=Finlayson, B. L. |last3=McMahon, T. A |title=World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/K%C3%B6ppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430154838/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Koppen_World_Map.png |archive-date=2011-04-30 |access-date=2013-01-01 |publisher=The University of Melbourne}}</ref> * Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csa'') wanda kuma ke da busasshiyar zafi / zafi da sanyi zuwa sanyi da sanyi. Dangane da [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen]], wannan yanayi ya fi rinjaye a Yankin Iberian, musamman iri-iri tare da fari na rani, yana rufe duk sai dai arewacin arewacin ƙasar inda yanayin Oceanic ya fi yawa. Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum ya rufe yankunan bakin teku (ban da arewacin Atlantic da kudu maso gabashin Bahar Rum), kogin Guadalquivir da ƙananan kogin Tagus da Guadiana zuwa yammacin ƙasar. Har ila yau, ya kai ga wasu sassan cikin yankin Valencian, Castilla-La-Mancha da [[Katalunya|Catalonia]].<ref name=":2"/> * Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csb'') wanda ya fi yawa a wasu sassan arewa maso yammacin Spain kuma galibi a cikin ƙasa a tsakiyar arewacin Spain a tsawo sama da 900-1000 masl. * Yanayin tsaka-tsaki (''BSh'' da ''BSk'') ya fi yawa a yankin kudu maso gabashin ƙasar (lardin Almeria a Gabashin Andalusia, yankin Murcia da lardin Alicante a Kudancin Valencia) kuma a tsakiyar tsakiyar kwarin Ebro zuwa arewa maso gabas (lardin Zaragoza), ya kai har zuwa yammacin Navarre. Har ila yau, yana cikin manyan yankuna na tsakiya na tebur (da farko a Madrid da yankin La Mancha wanda ya haɗa da sassan lardunan Cuenca, Guadalajara, da Toledo) da wasu yankuna mafi bushewa na Extremadura. Ya bambanta da yanayin Bahar Rum, lokacin rana yana ci gaba bayan ƙarshen rani kuma ciyayi ba su da yawa. * Yanayin teku (''Cfb'') yana cikin arewacin ƙasar, musamman a yankunan [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria, da Navarre. Wannan yankin yana da dusar ƙanƙara a cikin watanni na hunturu. Baya ga manyan yankuna huɗu na yanayi, ana iya samun wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci, kamar [[Yanayin zafi]] a manyan yankuna a arewacin rabin Catalonia da ke sauka zuwa Barcelona, lardin Huesca da arewacin Navarre. Yanayin zafi na rani (''Dfb'') wanda za'a iya samunsa a wurare da yawa a arewa maso gabashin Spain, a yankunan da suka fara da tsawo sama da 1000-1100 masl. Hakanan ana iya samun sa a wasu yankuna a cikin Dutsen Cantabrian da kuma mafi girman yankuna na Sistema Ibérico a tsakiyar gabashin Spain. Yanayin zafi mai bushewa a duk faɗin Spain a cikin mafi girman yankuna (musamman a cikin Sierra Nevada da mafi girman yankunan a tsakiyar arewacin Spain), [[Yanayin Alpine]] da [[Yanayi na Subarctic|Yanayin Subarctic]] a cikin manyan yankuna na tsaunuka daban-daban na arewacin Spain (musamman Dutsen Cantabrian da Pyrenees) da kuma Yanayin hamada mai zafi a kudu maso gabashin gabar teku, a lardunan Almeria da Murcia. Za'a iya samun yanayin hamada mai zafi da yanayin hamada a cikin tsibirin Canary, musamman a tsibirin Lanzarote da Fuerteventura, amma kuma a yankunan bakin teku na Gran Canaria da kudancin Santa Cruz de Tenerife. A kan sauran tsibirai, wannan yanayin ma yana nan, amma a cikin karamin yanki. A yankunan bakin teku na Tsibirin Canary, akwai wasu yankuna waɗanda yanayin zafi ke rinjayar su, kamar yadda matsakaicin zafin jiki a cikin watan sanyi ya fi sama da {{Convert|18|C|F}} ° C (64 ° F). <ref name=":0"/> === Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum === Ana samun yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csa'') a sassa da yawa na bakin tekun Bahar Rum na Spain, daga iyaka da [[Portugal]] zuwa tsakiyar lardin [[Granada]]. Sa'an nan kuma ya fara a Calpe, kuma ya tafi kan iyaka da [[Faransa]] (tare da wasu banbanci kamar birnin [[Valencia]]). Har ila yau, ya kai cikin ƙasa a Andalusia da Extremadura . Ana nuna shi da zafi, lokacin rani mai bushe da kuma hunturu mai sauƙi tare da sanyi mai yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.jardinerosenaccion.es/images/editor/mapa_climatico_Spain.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113014148/http://www.jardinerosenaccion.es/images/editor/mapa_climatico_Spain.jpg |archive-date=2016-01-13 |access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref> Lokacin bazara yana da zafi, hunturu yana da sauƙi kuma mafi yawan ruwan sama yana faɗuwa a cikin kaka. Misalan biranen da ke da yanayin Csa sune [[Malaga|Málaga]], [[Barcelona]], [[Palma de Mayorka|Palma]] ko [[Sevilla|Seville]]. {{Weather box}} === Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum === The ''Csb'' warm-summer Mediterranean climate is found in parts of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and the western areas of Castilla y Leon. Coastal Mediterranean region is marked by Leveche winds: hot, dry, easterly or southeasterly air currents that originate over North Africa. Periods of these winds, which sometimes carry fine [[Sahara|Saharan]] dust, are more common in spring and are associated with a sudden, usually short-lived, increase in temperature. A cooler easterly wind, the Levante, funnels between the Sistema Penibético and the Atlas Mountains of [[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]]. These easterly winds are the ones which most influence the Mediterranean climate.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The most populous city with Csb climate in Spain is Vigo. Other cities with this climate are Ávila, León and Salamanca. Ana nuna shi ta hanyar ''Yankin'' zafi na shekara-shekara tare da watanni masu bushewa, sau da yawa yana haifar da yanayin fari mai matsakaici tare da akalla wata ɗaya a kowace shekara yawanci yin rikodin ƙasa da {{Convert|40|mm|in|1}} in). Wannan halayyar ce da ke rarrabe Galicia daga yanayin Cfb na yau da kullun. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fi na yankunan gabas da na kudu, yawanci daga 800 zuwa 2,000 in). <ref name="Aemet.es">{{Cite web |title=Valores climatológicos normales: Galicia – Agencia Estatal de Meteorología – AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?k=gal |access-date=2013-09-08 |publisher=Aemet.es |language=es}}</ref> Ba duk Galicia ba ne ke da yanayin Csb, yawancin tsaunuka na arewa da na tsakiya suna da Cfb na teku. Wasu kwari a kudu an rarraba su a matsayin Hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa), kamar comarca na O Condado, birnin Ourense ko O Ribeiro . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Valores Climatológicos Normales. Murcia – Alcantarilla / Aeropuerto |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/elclima/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=7228&k=mur |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172509/http://www.aemet.es/es/elclima/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=7228&k=mur |archive-date=December 14, 2009 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología}}</ref> A Arewa maso Yammacin Castile, ana rarraba yanayin a matsayin Csb saboda yanayin zafi na lokacin rani ya fi sanyi saboda tsawo.{{Weather box}} === Yanayin yanayi na teku === Yanayin teku yana mamaye daga Pyrenees zuwa Galicia, yankin da wani lokaci ake kira "Green Spain", wanda ke da yanayin sanyi mai laushi da lokacin zafi.  Yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayin iskar Tekun Atlantika ne wanda tsaunin da ke kewaye da gabar Tekun Atlantika ya kama danshi.  Saboda tasirin Foehn, gangaren kudanci sun fada cikin yankin inuwar ruwan sama don haka Green Spain ta bambanta sosai da sauran Spain.  Ruwan sama gabaɗaya yana da yawa, yana wuce 1,000 mm (39.4 in) kuma yana bazuwa daidai gwargwado a cikin shekara, tare da mafi bushewar watan sama da 30 mm (1.2 in), wanda shine ƙaramin ma'auni na yanayin teku bisa ga Köppen.  Kodayake Köppen a hukumance ya iyakance yankin teku zuwa Asturias da yankin Basque Country, wasu mawallafa irin su Trewartha sun gwammace su tsawaita wannan yanki na yanayi zuwa yankin arewa-maso-yamma na gabar teku zuwa Galicia, saboda matsakaicin yanayin zafi. Yanayin zafi ya bambanta kadan, duka a rana da kuma yanayi, kuma matsakaicin ya kasance daga {{Convert|9|C|F|1}} ° C (48.2 ° F) a watan Janairu zuwa {{Convert|21|C|F|1}} ° C (69.8 ° F) A watan Yuli. Sakamakon matsakaici na teku ba su da yawa a cikin ƙasa, inda yanayin zafi ya fi tsananin waɗanda ke bakin teku. Tsakanin Tekun Atlantika yana da tasiri a kan matakan hazo, don haka akwai karancin ruwan sama a gabas fiye da yamma. Lokacin kaka (Oktoba zuwa Disamba) shine lokacin da ya fi ruwan sama, yayin da Yuli shine watan da ya fi bushewa. Babban danshi da iskar da ke kan iyaka suna yin hazo da hazo a arewa maso yammacin gabar teku; wannan abin da ke faruwa ba ya faruwa akai-akai a cikin ƙasa saboda duwatsu suna samar da shingen ga danshi na teku.{{Weather box}} === Yanayin zafi mai zafi === [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi]] yana cikin manyan yankuna na arewa maso gabashin Spain, galibi a arewacin rabin Catalonia da lardin Huesca. Ana kuma samun wannan yanayin a arewacin Navarra da yankunan arewacin lardin Guadalajara. Yanayin sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin yankin canji tsakanin yanayin teku da ke arewa da yanayin Bahar Rum da ke kudu. Birni mafi girma tare da wannan yanayi a Spain shine [[Girona]] . Wannan nau'in yanayi na yanayi mai zafi yana da kyau ga yanayin yanayi mai zafi na al'ada , tare da rashin kasancewar yanayin shigar dumi, iska mai laushi a lokacin rani yana haifar da tsawa mai raɗaɗi amma duk da haka Köppen an rarraba shi a matsayin danshi subtropical. {{Excerpt|Climate change in Spain}} === Yanayin yanayi mai tsaka-tsaki === Yanayin hamada da Yanayin tsaunuka (BSh da BSk a cikin rarraba yanayin Köppen) sun fi yawa a kudu maso gabashin Spain (wanda ya rufe mafi yawan lardunan Alicante, Murcia da Almería), da kuma wasu sassan kwarin Ebro. Har ila yau, yana nan a wasu sassan cibiyar ([[Madrid]], [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], Ciudad Real da lardunan Albacete), kudu da yammacin ƙasar wanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin yanayin Bahar Rum da yanayin tsaka-tsaki. Yana da zafi sosai a lokacin rani (zafin jiki na iya wuce {{Convert|40|°C|°F}} ° C (104 ° F)) kuma fari yawanci yakan kai ga kaka. Ruwan sama a waɗannan yankuna yawanci yana tsakanin 200 mm da 500 mm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Valores climatológicos normales - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es}}</ref> === Yanayin hamada === Yanayin hamada ya wanzu a wasu yankuna masu ruwan sama mai yawa na kudu maso gabashin Spain da kuma sassa da yawa na [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]]. ƙasar Spain, ya bayyana galibi a Almería, tare da birnin Almería da ke kan iyaka da Yanayin hamada mai zafi ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]]: ''BWh'') kamar yadda matsakaicin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|19.1|C|F}} ° C (66.4 ° F) kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama kusan 200mm ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Almería Aeropuerto: Almería Aeropuerto - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |website=www.aemet.es}}</ref> Wannan yanki ya kai ga kwarin kogin Andarax da Almanzora da kuma Gidan shakatawa na Cabo de Gata-Níjar, wanda kuma aka sani da samun yanayin hamada mai zafi (Köppen: ''BWh''), tare da adadin hazo na {{Convert|156|mm|in|1}} in) a kowace shekara wanda aka ruwaito shi ne wuri mafi bushe a [[Turai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1987 |title=LOS CLIMAS SECOS DE ESPAÑA SEGUN EL SISTEMA DE KOPPEN |url=https://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/2278/1/105410.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=digitum.um.es |format=PDF |archive-date=2016-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110105759/https://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/2278/1/105410.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=@NatGeoES |date=2020-05-25 |title=¿A dónde va nuestra agua? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.es/a-donde-va-nuestra-agua |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=National Geographic |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A zahiri, lardunan Almeria, Murcia da Alicante sune kawai yankuna a Turai a cikin yankin yanayin hamada mai zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Valores climatológicos normales - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es}}</ref> Yanayin hamada ya wanzu a wasu yankuna na kudu maso gabas, kamar Tabernas Desert . Har ila yau, ya wanzu a yankunan Murcia da takamaiman wurare a cikin lardin Alicante.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBERIAN CLIMATE ATLAS |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/divulgacion/publicaciones/Atlas-climatologico/Atlas.pdf |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=www.aemet.es}}</ref> Baya ga manyan yankuna uku na yanayi da ke sama, akwai wasu nau'ikan yanayi guda huɗu a Spain: * Yanayin tsaunuka yana nan a cikin Picos de Europa, Sistema Central, Sistema Ibérico, Pyrenees da Saliyo Nevada, waɗanda suka cancanta a matsayin yanayin tsaunuka, manyan tsaunukan Spain. Yankunan ƙanƙanta na tsibirin Canary suna da tasirin yanayi na wurare masu zafi dangane da yanayin zafi, wannan yana da sauƙi da kwanciyar hankali (18 zuwa 26 °C ko 64 zuwa 79 °F) a duk shekara.  Yawancin tsibiran suna da yanayin hamada mai zafi ko yanayin hamada mai zafi, kuma wuraren da ke ƙasa da ƙasa suna da yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi, kamar garuruwan Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria ko La Palma.  Dangane da hazo, tsibiran gabas suna da bushewa yayin da na yammacin duniya ke da ruwa mai tsafta kuma suna samun karin ruwan sama, tare da wasu wurare masu jika sosai a tsaunukan La Gomera, La Palma da Tenerife, gida ne ga dajin gajimare da aka fi sani da laurisilva.  Tsibiran gabas suna da busassun yanayi tare da yanayin Saharar da Tekun Atlantika ke daidaitawa Yankin kudancin Spain (Málaga da Granada's coastal strip) suna da hunturu mafi zafi a duk faɗin [[Turai]], tare da rana mai zafi sosai kuma mafi yawan kwanakin zafi tare da rashin sanyi na hunturu wanda ke ba da damar noman 'ya'yan itace na wurare masu zafi kamar mango, [[Gwanda|papaya]], cherimoya, Pitaya da carambola, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2, 2011 |title=A pedir de boca - Frutas tropicales Málaga - RTVE.es |url=https://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/a-pedir-de-boca/pedir-boca-frutas-tropicales-malaga/706987/ |via=www.rtve.es}}</ref> Lokacin hunturu mai kyau, tare da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi na dare a cikin Janairu da ba ya faɗi ƙasa da 5 ° C (46 ° F) saboda yanayin microclimate da tsaunukan Sierra Nevada suka kirkira zuwa arewacin wannan bakin teku, yana hana iska mai sanyi daga isa yankin.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Kashi na yanayin yanayi da bambancin == A cewar AEMET, yanayin a Spain ya bambanta sosai, saboda yanayin da ya bambanta sosai. Gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan yanayi 13 na Köppen a Spain, tare da nau'in tundra na polar (ET) ya ƙare daga lokacin 1981-2010. Waɗannan su ne yanayin da ake samu a mafi yawan Spain: Yanayin Rum (Cs): Ya mamaye ƙasar kuma ya mamaye kusan kashi 60.2% na ƙasar.  Yana da yanayin bushewa (dumi ko zafi) lokacin rani da sanyin sanyi, damina.  Lokacin zafi mai zafi (Csa) ya fi girma idan aka kwatanta da zafi mai zafi (Csb). Sauyin yanayi mai bushewa (Bs): Yana cikin wani muhimmin yanki, yana mamaye kusan kashi 21.3% na ƙasar.  Tana da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, amma kuma a wani yanki mai mahimmanci na cikin kasar, kamar Meseta Central.  Ƙarƙashin sanyi (BSk) ya fi girma fiye da zafi mai zafi (BSh).  Duk da haka, zafi mai zafi har yanzu yana mamaye fiye da 1% na yankin, wanda yake da mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da yanayin nahiyar da ke mamaye ƙaramin kashi.  Spain ce ke da mafi girman yankunan da ba shi da ciyayi a nahiyar Turai. Yanayin yanayin zafi ba tare da lokacin rani ba (Cf): Yanayin teku (Cfb) da yanayin zafi mai zafi (Cfa) suma sun mamaye wani yanki mai mahimmanci, kodayake a cikin ƙaramin kaso.  Kusan 17.4% yana da yanayin Cf, tare da yanayin teku yana lissafin kusan 13% kuma yanayin yanayi mai sanyi yana lissafin kusan 4.4%.  Yana da rinjaye a arewacin Spain, tare da sanyi mai laushi da lokacin zafi (ko zafi a yanayin Cfa) kuma ana ruwan sama a duk shekara. * Baya ga waɗannan, Yanayin yanayi na nahiyar tare da bushewar rani ''Dsa'', ''Dsb'', ''Dsc'' kuma babu lokacin bushe ''Dfb'' da ''Dfc'' suma suna nan. Yanayin hamada mai zafi (''BWh'') da Yanayin hamada mai sanyi (''BWk'') sun mamaye kusan 0.3% na yankin kuma suna nan ne kawai a kudu maso gabashin kasar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Evolucion de los climas de Koppen en España: 1951-2020 |url=https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> === Tsibirin Canary === A cikin [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]], yanayin busasshiyar yanayi da tsaka-tsaki sun fi yawa, amma kuma akwai wani muhimmin bangare tare da yanayin Bahar Rum: * Yanayin hamada (''BW''): Yana da kusan kashi 48.1% na yankin, tare da zafi mai zafi (''BWh'') yana da yawa fiye da sanyi mai sanyi (''BWk''). * Yanayin tsaka-tsaki (Bs): Yana da kusan 21.4%, tare da zafi mai tsaka-tsakin (''BSh'') yana da yawa fiye da sanyi mai tsaka-taki (''BSk''). * Yanayin Bahar Rum (Cs): Yana da kusan 30.5%, tare da zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum ya fi girma fiye da zafi na Bahar Ruwa (Csa). Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan yankuna waɗanda ke da yanayin busassun lokacin rani (''Ds''). <ref name=":1"/> Wani yanki mai iyaka, wanda yake daidai a gabashin gabar tekun La Palma ana iya kwatanta shi da kusancin kan iyaka da yanayin yanayi mai bushe da bushewa tare da lokacin rani da aka samu a lokacin manyan watannin rana (As), idan aka ba da ma'aunin zafin jiki na watan mafi sanyi na shekara gabaɗaya a ko dan kadan sama da 18 ° C a matakin teku, da matsakaicin adadin yawan hazo na shekara a cikin yanayin yanayi mara bushewa ta ma'anar Köp. == Canjin yanayi == {{Excerpt|Climate change in Spain}} == Matsakaicin zafin jiki ga biranen da ba na Mutanen Espanya ba == === Atlantic (Arewa) Spain === {| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align: center;" |+Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun don biranen da aka zaɓa a cikin Atlantic Spain <ref name="Spanish Climate Normals or Averages">{{Cite web |title=Standard Climate Values, Spain |url=http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=March 2, 2015 |publisher=Aemet.es}}</ref> !Wurin da yake !Lokacin sanyi<br /> !Afrilu !Watan da ya fi zafi<br /> !Oktoba |- | style="text-align: left;" |A Coruña |{{Convert|13.5|/|8.1|C}} |{{Convert|16.2|/|9.9|C}} | bgcolor="#e0ffff" |{{Convert|22.8|/|16.4|C}} |{{Convert|19.1|/|13.0|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Bilbao]] |{{Convert|13.4|/|5.1|C}} |{{Convert|17.6|/|7.6|C}} |{{Convert|26.0|/|15.7|C}} |{{Convert|21.4|/|11.4|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Gijón |{{Convert|13.1|/|4.7|C}} |{{Convert|15.6|/|8.1|C}} |{{Convert|23.2|/|16.2|C}} |{{Convert|19.0|/|11.0|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Oviedo |{{Convert|12.0|/|4.6|C}} |{{Convert|15.7|/|6.8|C}} | bgcolor="#40e0d0" |{{Convert|23.3|/|14.8|C}} |{{Convert|18.7|/|10.4|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Santander |{{Convert|13.6|/|5.8|C}} |{{Convert|16.6|/|8.3|C}} |{{Convert|24.2|/|16.4|C}} |{{Convert|20.3|/|11.8|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Vigo |{{Convert|11.9|/|5.4|C}} |{{Convert|16.6|/|8.2|C}} |{{Convert|24.7|/|15.0|C}} |{{Convert|18.8|/|11.2|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Vitoria |{{Convert|8.7|/|1.2|C}} |{{Convert|15.4|/|4.1|C}} | bgcolor="#afeeee" |{{Convert|25.9|/|12.5|C}} |{{Convert|18.3|/|7.5|C}} |} === Yankin Spain === {| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align: center;" |+Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ga biranen da aka zaɓa a cikin Continental Spain <ref name="Spanish Climate Normals or Averages"/> !Wurin da yake !Lokacin sanyi<br /> !Afrilu !Watan da ya fi zafi<br /> !Oktoba |- | style="text-align: left;" |Albacete |{{Convert|10.5|/|-0.2|C}} |{{Convert|18.4|/|5.4|C}} | bgcolor="#ffcccc" |{{Convert|33.2|/|16.9|C}} |{{Convert|24.9|/|14.5|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Córdoba |{{Convert|14.9|/|3.6|C}} |{{Convert|22.8|/|9.3|C}} | bgcolor="#ff2220" |{{Convert|36.9|/|19.0|C}} |{{Convert|25.1|/|13.0|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Madrid]] |{{Convert|9.8|/|2.7|C}} |{{Convert|18.2|/|7.7|C}} |{{Convert|32.1|/|19.0|C}} |{{Convert|19.4|/|10.7|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Murcia |{{Convert|16.6|/|4.7|C}} |{{Convert|23.3|/|9.7|C}} | bgcolor="#ffcccc" |{{Convert|34.2|/|20.9|C}} |{{Convert|25.6|/|13.9|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Sevilla|Seville]] |{{Convert|16.0|/|5.7|C}} |{{Convert|23.4|/|11.1|C}} | bgcolor="#ffcccc" |{{Convert|36.0|/|20.3|C}} |{{Convert|26.0|/|14.4|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Valladolid |{{Convert|8.2|/|0.2|C}} |{{Convert|16.9|/|4.6|C}} |{{Convert|30.7|/|14.0|C}} |{{Convert|18.9|/|7.6|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Zaragoza]] |{{Convert|10.5|/|2.7|C}} |{{Convert|19.6|/|7.9|C}} |{{Convert|32.4|/|18.3|C}} |{{Convert|21.4|/|11.0|C}} |} === Bahar Rum Spain === {| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align: center;" |+Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ga biranen da aka zaɓa a cikin Bahar Rum Spain <ref name="Spanish Climate Normals or Averages"/> !Wurin da yake !Lokacin sanyi<br /> !Afrilu !Watan da ya fi zafi<br /> !Oktoba |- | style="text-align: left;" |Alicante |{{Convert|17.0|/|6.7|C}} |{{Convert|21.3|/|10.9|C}} |{{Convert|30.8|/|21.5|C}} |{{Convert|24.9|/|14.9|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Almería |{{Convert|16.9|/|8.3|C}} |{{Convert|21.4|/|12.5|C}} |{{Convert|31.0|/|22.4|C}} |{{Convert|24.5|/|16.3|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Barcelona]] |{{Convert|14.8|/|8.8|C}} |{{Convert|19.1|/|12.5|C}} |{{Convert|29.0|/|23.1|C}} |{{Convert|22.5|/|16.5|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Castellón |{{Convert|15.3|/|5.8|C}} |{{Convert|20.5|/|10.3|C}} |{{Convert|30.3|/|20.9|C}} |{{Convert|23.5|/|14.4|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Malaga|Málaga]] |{{Convert|16.8|/|7.4|C}} |{{Convert|21.4|/|11.1|C}} |{{Convert|30.8|/|21.1|C}} |{{Convert|24.1|/|15.0|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Valencia]] |{{Convert|16.4|/|7.1|C}} |{{Convert|20.8|/|11.5|C}} |{{Convert|30.2|/|21.9|C}} |{{Convert|24.4|/|15.2|C}} |} == Matsakaicin zafin jiki ga biranen da ba na Mutanen Espanya ba == {| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align: center;" |+Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ga biranen da aka zaɓa a cikin Canaries <ref name="Spanish Climate Normals or Averages"/> !Wurin da yake !Lokacin sanyi<br /> !Afrilu !Watan da ya fi zafi<br /> !Oktoba |- | style="text-align: left;" |Filin jirgin saman El Hierro |{{Convert|20.8|/|16.4|C}} |{{Convert|21.6|/|17.0|C}} |{{Convert|26.5|/|21.7|C}} |{{Convert|25.6|/|20.9|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Babban Canaria |{{Convert|20.8|/|15.0|C}} |{{Convert|22.6|/|16.2|C}} |{{Convert|27.5|/|21.6|C}} |{{Convert|26.2|/|20.1|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Laguna |{{Convert|16.0|/|10.2|C}} |{{Convert|18.5|/|10.9|C}} |{{Convert|25.7|/|16.6|C}} |{{Convert|22.5|/|15.2|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Cancajos |{{Convert|20.7|/|15.3|C}} |{{Convert|21.6|/|16.2|C}} |{{Convert|26.6|/|21.3|C}} |{{Convert|25.5|/|20.2|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Santa Cruz |{{Convert|21.0|/|15.4|C}} |{{Convert|22.7|/|16.5|C}} |{{Convert|29.0|/|21.9|C}} |{{Convert|26.3|/|20.3|C}} |} {| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align: center;" |+Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ga biranen da aka zaɓa a cikin Tsibirin Balearic <ref name="Spanish Climate Normals or Averages"/> !Wurin da yake !Lokacin sanyi<br /> !Afrilu !Watan da ya fi zafi<br /> !Oktoba |- | style="text-align: left;" |Ibiza |{{Convert|15.7|/|8.1|C}} |{{Convert|19.7|/|11.4|C}} |{{Convert|30.3|/|22.2|C}} |{{Convert|24.0|/|16.5|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Palma de Mayorka|Palma]] |{{Convert|15.4|/|8.3|C}} |{{Convert|19.2|/|11.7|C}} |{{Convert|29.8|/|22.5|C}} |{{Convert|23.7|/|16.6|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Filin jirgin saman Menorca |{{Convert|14.2|/|7.4|C}} |{{Convert|18.0|/|10.6|C}} |{{Convert|29.2|/|21.5|C}} |{{Convert|22.7|/|16.1|C}} |- |} == Rubuce-rubucen zafin jiki mai tsanani a cikin biranen da aka zaɓa == A duk faɗin ƙasar, mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa bayar da rahoton a Spain shine -32.0 ° C (-25.6 ° F) a Estany Gento, Lardin Lleida a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1956; <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-08 |title=El récord de frío de -34º C no será reconocido por la agencia de meteorología |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/natural/20210108/6173987/record-frio-34o-c-sera-reconocido-agencia-meteorologia.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref> kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an rubuta ƙananan zafin jiki ta tashoshin da ba na AEMET ba, mafi ƙasƙanci shine -35.8 ° C (-32.4 ° F) A Vega de Liordes, a cikin Picos de Europa. Sabanin haka, mafi girma, a hukumance, shine {{Convert|47.6|C|F}} ° C (117.7 ° F) a La Rambla, Cordoba a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moya |first=Miguel |date=2022-08-02 |title=La AEMET "corrige" la máxima absoluta de España (que sigue estando en la provincia de Córdoba) |url=https://cordopolis.eldiario.es/el-tiempo/climatologia/aemet-corrige-maxima-absoluta-espana-sigue-estando-provincia-cordoba_1_9211955.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Cordópolis |language=es}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake ! style="text-align:center;" |Rubuce-rubuce masu yawa ! style="text-align:center;" |Rubuce-rubuce |- !Bahar Rum ! ! |- |La Rambla, lardin Cordoba <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moya |first=Miguel |date=2022-08-02 |title=La AEMET "corrige" la máxima absoluta de España (que sigue estando en la provincia de Córdoba) |url=https://cordopolis.eldiario.es/el-tiempo/climatologia/aemet-corrige-maxima-absoluta-espana-sigue-estando-provincia-cordoba_1_9211955.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Cordópolis |language=es}}</ref> |{{Convert|47.6|C|F|1}} | rowspan="2" | - |- |Montoro, Córdoba <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moya |first=Miguel |date=2022-08-02 |title=La AEMET "corrige" la máxima absoluta de España (que sigue estando en la provincia de Córdoba) |url=https://cordopolis.eldiario.es/el-tiempo/climatologia/aemet-corrige-maxima-absoluta-espana-sigue-estando-provincia-cordoba_1_9211955.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Cordópolis |language=es}}</ref> |{{Convert|47.4|C}} |- |Cordoba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and weather of Cordoba |url=http://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/cordoba_climate.htm |website=IberiaNature |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2024-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414003046/https://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/cordoba_climate.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{Convert|46.9|C|}} |{{Convert|-8.2|C}} |- |Seville <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and weather of Sevilla |url=http://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/sevilla_climate.htm |website=IberiaNature |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2024-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414024804/https://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/sevilla_climate.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{Convert|46.6|C}} |{{Convert|-5.5|C}} |- |Granada <ref>{{Cite web |title=Granada Aeropuerto - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=5530E&datos=det&x=5530E&m=13&v=TMX |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> |{{Convert|46|C}} |{{Convert|-14.2|C}} |- |Málaga <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and weather of Malaga |url=http://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/malaga_climate.htm |website=IberiaNature |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213074846/http://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/malaga_climate.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{Convert|44.2|C}} | align="center" |{{Convert|-3.8|C|F}} |- !Yankin nahiyar ! ! |- |Zaragoza <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and weather of Zaragoza |url=http://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/zaragoza_climate.htm |website=IberiaNature |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2024-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414024746/https://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/zaragoza_climate.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{Convert|44.5|C}} |{{Convert|-14|C}} |- |Albacete <ref>{{Cite web |title=Albacete - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=clm&l=8178D&datos=det&x=8178D&m=13&v=TMX |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> | align="center" |{{Convert|42.7|C|F}} |{{Convert|-24.0|C}} |- |Teruel <ref>{{Cite web |title=Teruel - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=arn&l=8368U&datos=det |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> |{{Convert|41.3|C}} |{{Convert|-21|C}} |- |Valladolid <ref>{{Cite web |title=Valladolid - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=cle&l=2422&datos=det |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> |{{Convert|41.1|C}} |{{Convert|-11.5|C}} |- !Arewacin Atlantic ! ! |- |Ourense <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ourense - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=gal&l=1690A&datos=det |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> |{{Convert|44.1|C}} | rowspan="2" |{{Convert|-8.6|C}} |- |Bilbao <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilbao Aeropuerto - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=pva&l=1082&datos=det |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> |{{Convert|44|C}} |- |A Coruña <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010) |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010 |website=AEMET}}</ref> |{{Convert|39.6|C}} |{{Convert|-3.0|C}} |- |Oviedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oviedo - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=ast&l=1249I&datos=det |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> |{{Convert|39|C}} |{{Convert|-6.0|C}} |- |Vigo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010) |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010 |website=AEMET}}</ref> |{{Convert|40.8|C}} |{{Convert|-5.0|C}} |} == Yanayin zafi na teku == {| class="wikitable" |+[[Barcelona]] !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba !Shekara |- | {{average temperature table/color|13|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|13|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|13|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|13|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|13|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|13|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|14|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|17|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|20|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|23|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|25|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|25|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|23|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|20|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|17|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|15|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}} |} {| class="wikitable" |+[[Valencia]] !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba !Shekara |- | {{average temperature table/color|14|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|13|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|13|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|13|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|13|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|15|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|17|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|21|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|24|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|26|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|26|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|24|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|21|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|15|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18.5|°C|°F|abbr=on}} |} {| class="wikitable" |+Alicante !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba !Shekara |- | {{average temperature table/color|14|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|14|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|14|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|15|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|17|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|21|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|24|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|25|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|25|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|24|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|21|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|16|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}} |} {| class="wikitable" |+Yankin [[Gibraltar]] / Algeciras !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba !Shekara |- | {{average temperature table/color|16|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|15|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|16|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|16|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|17|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|19|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|22|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|22|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|22|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|20|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|17|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}} |} {| class="wikitable" |+Las Palmas !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba !Shekara |- | {{average temperature table/color|19|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|19|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|19|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|19|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|20|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|21|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|22|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|23|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|23|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|23|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|22|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|20|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|20|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|20.9|°C|°F|abbr=on}} |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2rbmdprg7tx29utcmea6hxw7iwh5wi0 0 110982 964015 942791 2026-10-06T19:28:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   Ta kasance memba mai aiki na shekaru uku tare ta hanyar da ba ta 123 Breakneck Pond tafki ne mai girman kadada 9 (0.37 ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Breakneck Pond Fishing |url=http://www.ctfishfinder.com/breakneck-pond-15-location.html}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> wanda ke kewaye da gandun daji na Jihar Nipmuck a Union, Connecticut . Wani karamin yanki na tafkin ya kai Sturbridge, Massachusetts. Matsakaicin zurfin tafkin shine {{Convert|12|ft}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://cteco.uconn.edu/map_catalog/maps/lake/bathymetry/Bathymetry_Breakneck_Pond.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222075647/http://cteco.uconn.edu/map_catalog/maps/lake/bathymetry/Bathymetry_Breakneck_Pond.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=2015-12-21}}</ref> Dukan bakin tekun ba a inganta shi ba kuma an haramta motoci da jiragen ruwa. Ana iya samun tafkin ta hanyar hanyoyi daga Bigelow Hollow State Park kuma an ba da izinin yin zango a wurare uku a kusa da tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/stateparks/maps/big_nipm.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021104559/http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/stateparks/maps/big_nipm.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-21 |access-date=2012-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/stateparks/maps/backpacking/BigelowBreakneckCampsite.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810074810/http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/stateparks/maps/backpacking/BigelowBreakneckCampsite.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-10 |access-date=2012-06-01}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce ƙarshen arewacin Nipmuck Trail .{{Reflist|2}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} k3yo71tvw2bsgqzl0cz22pir4qbxilo 0 111166 963853 864491 2026-10-06T13:05:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963853 wikitext text/x-wiki Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta kasa da kasa Human Rights Watch ta sha suka sosai daga masu sa ido da dama. Masu sukar HRW sun hada da gwamnatocin kasa da ta bincika, kafofin yada labarai, da tsohon shugabanta Robert L. Bernstein. Sukar gabaɗaya ta faɗi cikin nau'in son zuciya, akai-akai don mayar da martani ga rahotannin HRW. Zarge-zargen nuna son kai sun hada da yadda manufofin gwamnatin Amurka ke tasiri kungiyar, musamman dangane da rahotanni kan Yugoslavia, da Latin Amurka, da kuma yadda ake bayyana batutuwan da suka shafi kare hakkin dan Adam a kasashen Eritrea da Habasha. Zarge-zargen da ke da alaka da rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila sun hada da ikirarin cewa HRW na nuna son kai ga Isra'ila. Kungiyar ta HRW ta mayar da martani a bainar jama'a kan sukar rahotannin da ta ke yi kan labaran Latin Amurka da rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila. == Zarge-zarge da suka shafi Nabeel Rajab da Al Tajdeed Society (Alsafara Cult) == A cikin 2023, [[Nabeel Rajab]], mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam daga Bahrain kuma memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Sashen Gabas ta Tsakiya na Human Rights Watch, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-11 |title=Middle East and North Africa Division |url=https://www.hrw.org/about/people/advisory-committee/middle-east-and-north-africa-division |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> ya fuskanci zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da nuna bambanci saboda dangantakar iyalinsa da kungiyar mai rikitarwa, Al Tajdeed Society. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=لماذا كلّ هذا الغضب تجاه نبيل رجب؟! |url=https://www.annahar.com/arabic/makalat/annahar-alarabi-authors/04102022035844706 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=www.annaharar.com}}</ref> Shugaban kungiyar, Redha Rajab, ɗan'uwan Nabeel ne.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Northlines |date=2023-03-10 |title=International Outcry Against Prosecution Of Bahrain Religious Reformers - Northlines |url=https://thenorthlines.com/international-outcry-against-prosecution-of-bahrain-religious-reformers/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616040209/https://thenorthlines.com/international-outcry-against-prosecution-of-bahrain-religious-reformers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=Bahrain charges religious reformers for questioning Islam – Middle East Monitor |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20230221-bahrain-charges-religious-reformers-for-questioning-islam/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Zarge-zargen sun sami karbuwa bayan dan uwan Nabeel, Dokta Ali Rajab, tsohon memba na al'umma, ya bukaci kawunsa ya jagoranci bincike don bincika zarge-zarge cewa al'umma ta kasance gaba ga wata ƙungiya kuma ta shiga cikin cin zarafi da ayyukan zamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rattibha |url=https://en.rattibha.com/thread/1650824364395479040 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=en.rattibha.com}}</ref> Dokta Ali Rajab ya yi iƙirarin cewa Abdulwahab Albasri ne ya kafa "Alsafara Cult" yayin da yake yin hukuncinsa a kurkukun Jaw a cikin shekarun 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorsey |first=Dr James M. |date=2023-03-04 |title=Bahrain prosecutes religious reformers: traditionalists fight back |url=https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/03/04/bahrain-prosecutes-religious-reformers-traditionalists-fight-back/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Modern Diplomacy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rattibha |url=https://en.rattibha.com/thread/1629788454560186369 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=en.rattibha.com}}</ref> Tsoffin mambobin kungiyar, ciki har da [[Basema Qassab]], sun goyi bayan waɗannan da'awar a cikin tambayoyinta, littattafai kuma sun nuna goyon baya ga Dr. Ali. <ref>{{Cite web |last=القصاب |first=باسمة |date=2023-03-06 |title=باسمة القصاب تقر بمعاناة المنشقين عن الامر |url=https://twitter.com/bqassab/status/1632684878599733250?s=46&t=sWq-kBC67XWESJ3qttOkNA |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Twitter |language=Ar}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2023, Nabeel Rajab bai yi magana a fili game da shirin Dr. Ali ba. Bayan zarge-zargen, masu gabatar da kara na Bahrain da hukumomin yankin sun bincika kuma sun sami shaidar cin zarafin bil'adama don sarrafa mabiya waɗanda al'umma ta aikata, gami da auren tilasta da tsare-tsare ba tare da son rai ba, wanda ya haifar da yunkurin kashe kansa a wasu lokuta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=المحكمة الجنائية تصدر حكمها بحق متهمي جمعية التجديد |url=https://www.albiladpress.com/news/2023/5281/bahrain/801517.html |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=جريدة البلاد |language=ar}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2023, an yanke wa Redha Rajab, ɗan'uwan Nabeel kuma shugaban kungiyar AlTajdeed, hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=تأييد الحبس لمدانان من أعضاء "جمعية التجديد" |url=https://alwatannews.net/Bahrain/article/1066580/تأييد-الحبس-لمدانان-من-أعضاء-جمعية-التجديد |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Watan |language=Arabic}}</ref> Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun haifar da fushi kuma sun haifar da damuwa game da shigar Nabeel da kuma motsawa tare da al'umma da ayyukanta, a cewar kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban. Akwai bincike na jama'a game da tasirin al'ummar AlTajdeed akan Nabeel Rajab ta hanyar alaƙar iyalinsa. Ya bayyana cewa dan Rajab, Adam, ya auri 'yar Hasan Mohamedi, memba na al'ummar AlTajdeed, wanda ya tsananta wa Dr. Ali Rajab a fili a kan X (tsohon Twitter). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-02 |title=عضو جمعية التجديد حسن محمدي يتعرض للدكتور علي رجب بكلمات بها ايحاءات جنسية خادشة للحياء باللغة |url=https://twitter.com/almonjed96/status/1653489827696787460?s=46&t=sWq-kBC67XWESJ3qttOkNA |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Twitter |language=Ar}}</ref> An zargi Nabeel Rajab da yin amfani da tasirinsa a cikin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam don tallafawa AlTajdeed kuma ya yi watsi da zargin cin zarafin bil'adama da kungiyar da kuma bukatar dan uwansa na bincika "Cult" ba tare da yin magana da su ba. <ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=خليفة |first=ريم |date=2023-06-12 |title=حول سنوات السجن والكتابة وحقوق الإنسان.. حوار مع نبيل رجب |url=https://muwatin-vpn.net/46998/%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%b9-%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%84-%d8%b1%d8%ac%d8%a8 |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=مواطن |language=ar}}</ref> A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2023 da aka buga a kan Muwatin, [[Nabeel Rajab]] ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da yake kurkuku, ya raba tantanin halitta tare da fursunonin [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|ISIS]] kuma ya ci gaba da kyakkyawar dangantaka da su har ma bayan an sake shi.<ref name=":3"/> Wannan wahayi ya kara haifar da gardama game da alakarsa da Al-Tajdeed (Alsafara Cult) da kuma yin watsi da shirin dan uwansa na gudanar da bincike mara son kai game da ayyukan Cult yayin da yake kula da kyakkyawar dangantaka da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka yanke musu hukunci kan zargin ta'addanci.<ref name=":3" /> Human Rights Watch ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke kare hakkin AlTajdeed na [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] ba tare da ambaton zargin cin zarafin' yancin dan adam da Dokta Ali Rajab ya bayyana da kuma bangaren addini ba, wanda tsoffin mambobi da yawa suka goyi bayan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-28 |title=Bahrain: 3 On Trial for Religious Dialogue |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/28/bahrain-3-trial-religious-dialogue |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Sabanin haka, wasu kungiyoyi irin su Amnesty International sun dauki hanyar da ba ta nuna bambanci ba, suna fitar da wata sanarwa da ke nuna damuwa mai tsanani game da yadda kungiyar ta wulakanta mambobinta yayin da suke Allah wadai da tuhumar da jihar ta yi wa mutane saboda ra'ayoyinsu, imani, da maganganunsu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bahrain |first=Amnesty |date=2023-03-03 |title=Amnesty statement on Altajdeed prosecution |url=https://twitter.com/aibahrain/status/1631683730996703239?s=46&t=sWq-kBC67XWESJ3qttOkNA |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=Twitter |language=Ar}}</ref> == Zarge-zargen ra'ayi da zaɓin == A watan Mayun 2014 an buga budaddiyar wasika da ke sukar kungiyar Human Rights Watch kan abin da aka bayyana a matsayin alaka ta kut da kut da gwamnatin Amurka. Adolfo Pérez Esquivel da Mairead Corrigan, tsohon Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Hans von Sponeck, Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam a yankin Falasdinu Richard A. Falk ne suka sanya hannu kan wasiƙar. Wasikar ta yi nuni da wasu jami'an Human Rights Watch da ke da hannu a harkokin manufofin ketare a gwamnatin Amurka, ciki har da daraktan bayar da shawarwari na Washington Tom Malinowski, wanda tsohon marubuci ne ga Madeleine Albright kuma mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Bill Clinton, sannan kuma mataimakin sakataren harkokin wajen Demokradiyya, 'Yancin Dan Adam, da Kwadago ga John Kerry, da kuma HRW na Amurka (tsohon mambobin kwamitin ba da shawara na Amurka Michael Shi) Darektan Latin Amurka na Hukumar Ba da Tallafin Demokraɗiyya ta ƙasa da gwamnatin Amurka ke bayarwa). Wasikar ta bambanta sukar da HRW ta yi wa Venezuela a matsayin dan takarar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Hugo Chavez game da rashin nuna rashin amincewa game da zaman Amurka a matsayin memba a majalisar, duk da yadda gwamnatin Amurka ta yi amfani da "jerin kisa" ga abokan gaba, ci gaba da amfani da abubuwan ban mamaki da kuma ci gaba da tsare mayakan Bayants a Guantase. Masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar sun yi kira ga kungiyar Human Rights Watch da ta haramtawa wadanda ke da hannu wajen tsarawa ko aiwatar da manufofin ketare na Amurka yin aiki a matsayin memba na ma'aikatan kungiyar, masu ba da shawara ko membobin hukumar, ko kuma a matsayin "karamin kankantar", tare da samar da dogon lokaci na sanyaya tsakanin masu aiki da HRW da kuma hidimar manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=12 May 2014 |title=Nobel Peace Laureates to Human Rights Watch: Close Your Revolving Door to U.S. Government |url=http://www.alternet.org/world/nobel-peace-laureates-human-rights-watch-close-your-revolving-door-us-government?paging=off |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105214850/https://www.alternet.org/world/nobel-peace-laureates-human-rights-watch-close-your-revolving-door-us-government?paging=off |archive-date=5 November 2018 |access-date=10 December 2016 |website=[[AlterNet]]}}</ref> Malami da mai shirya ƙwadago na hagu Immanuel Ness ya rubuta cewa HRW ba ta cika yin sukar take haƙƙin ɗan adam da Amurka da ƙawayenta suke yi ba, kuma kusan koyaushe ta kan kai ga cimma matsaya da ta dace da manufofin ƙasashen yamma. == Zarge-zarge game da Latin Amurka == Robert Naiman, darektan manufofi na Just Foreign Policy, <ref name="commond_90experts_HRW_hn">{{Cite web |last=Grandin |first=Greg |author-link=Greg Grandin |last2=Adrienne Pine |date=22 August 2009 |title=Over 90 Experts Call on Human Rights Watch to Speak Out on Honduras Abuses |url=http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2009/08/21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829195013/http://www.commondreams.org/newswire/2009/08/21 |archive-date=29 August 2009 |access-date=22 August 2009 |publisher=[[Common Dreams]]}}</ref> ya rubuta cewa HRW "sau da yawa yana da tasiri sosai" daga Manufofin kasashen waje na Amurka. === Venezuela === Ayyukan Human Rights Watch a Venezuela sun zama masu kawo rigima a watan Satumbar 2008, lokacin da gwamnatin kasar ta kori ma'aikatan HRW guda biyu da ake zargi da "ayyukan adawa da gwamnati".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenneth Roth |date=19 September 2008 |title=Venezuela: Human Rights Watch Delegation Expelled |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/09/19/venezuela-human-rights-watch-delegation-expelled |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Sa'an nan Ministan Harkokin Waje Nicolás Maduro ya ce, "Waɗannan kungiyoyi, waɗanda suka yi ado a matsayin masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, Amurka ce ke ba da kuɗin. Sun haɗa kai da manufofin kai farmaki ga ƙasashe waɗanda ke gina sabbin samfuran tattalin arziki. " Rahoton ya nuna bambancin gwamnatin Chávez ga abokan adawar siyasa da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. A cewar daya daga cikin mambobin da aka fitar, shawarar gwamnatin Venezuela ta saba wa dokar Venezuela.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan HRW ta buga wani rahoto (A Decade Under Chávez: Political Intolerance and Lost Opportunities for Advancing Human Rights in Venezuela) <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2008 |title=A Decade Under Chávez |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/node/64174/section/1 |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> wanda ke ba da labarin cin zarafin Gwamnatin Chavez, malaman 118, masu fafutuka da masu shirya fina-finai daga [[Argentina]], Australia, [[Brazil]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], Amurka, Burtaniya, Venezuela da sauran ƙasashe sun sanya hannu kan wasika, wanda masanan Amurka Miguel Tinker Salas, Gregory Wilpert da Greg Grandin suka rubuta, suna sukar kungiyar saboda nuna son zuciya ga Gwamnatin Venezuela. Wasikar bude ta soki rahoton, tana mai cewa "ba ta cika ko da mafi ƙarancin ka'idojin ilimi ba, rashin son kai, daidaito, ko amintacce. " Darakta na HRW Kenneth Roth ya amsa cewa wasikar ba ta nuna "duka abu da tushen kayan rahoton ba". <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=Taking Human Rights Watch to Task on the Question of Venezuela's Purported Abuse of Human Rights: Over 100 U.S. and Foreign Scholars Take Issue with the head of HRW's Latin American Division |url=https://www.coha.org/taking-human-rights-watch-to-task/ |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=[[Coha.org]]}}</ref><ref name="nacla_roth_on_ve">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2009 |title=Human Rights Watch Responds to Criticism of Venezuela Report &#124; North American Congress on Latin America |url=https://nacla.org/node/5369 |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=[[North American Congress on Latin America]]}}</ref> A lokaci guda, ɗan jaridar Irish Hugh O'Shaughnessy ya zargi HRW da amfani da bayanan ƙarya da yaudara, yana mai cewa an "sanya rahoton tare da wani nau'i na Washington da ba a san komai ba". Tom Porteous, darektan Human Rights Watch na London, ya ce O'Shaussnessy " ... ba wai kawai ya kasa samar da wata shaida ga waɗannan zarge-zargen ba", amma " ... mafi mahimmanci, ya ɓata matsayin HRW a cikin ƙudurinsa na lalata martabarmu ta duniya don daidaito da rashin son kai da rashin son rai".[a]<ref name="oshaugh">{{Cite web |last= |date=26 September 2008 |title=HRW v Chavez |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/south-america/2008/09/hrw-report-chavez-venezuela |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=[[New Statesman]]}}</ref><ref name="newstates_porteoushas">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2008 |title=HRW v Chavez II |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/human-rights/2008/09/hrw-chavez-shaughnessy |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Newstatesman.com}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; === Honduras === A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, malamai da marubuta 93 daga Burtaniya, Amurka, Kanada, Ostiraliya, Mexico, Colombia da sauran kasashe sun buga wata wasika da ke sukar HRW ta "rashin sanarwa da rahotanni" game da take hakkin dan adam a Honduras bayan 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2009, bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni. <ref name="commond_90experts_HRW_hn"/> A cewar mawallafansa, bayan 8 ga Yuli HRW ba ta "yi fargabar kashe-kashen da ba na shari'a ba, tsare-tsare, hare-hare na zahiri, da hare-hare kan manema labarai - da yawa daga cikinsu an rubuta su sosai - waɗanda suka faru a Honduras, a mafi yawan lokuta ta hanyar juyin mulki a kan magoya bayan gwamnatin dimokuradiyya da tsarin mulki na Manuel Zelaya"; <ref name="commond_90experts_HRW_hn" /> sun nemi HRW ta yi wata sanarwa mai karfi game da take hakkin dan adam kuma ta gudanar da nata bincike. Wadanda suka sanya hannu a wasikar sun ce Gwamnatin Obama tana tallafawa gwamnatin Roberto Micheletti ta hanyar samar da "kudin taimako ta hanyar Asusun Millennium Challenge da sauran tushe", horar da daliban soja na Honduras a Makarantar Amurka da kuma yin watsi da halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam na Honduras.<ref name="commond_90experts_HRW_hn" /> Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, HRW ta wallafa wani taƙaitaccen bayani game da rahoton farko na haƙƙin ɗan adam na Honduras da Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Inter-American (IACHR) ta buga a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta <ref name="hrw_indirectly_responds_to_93academics">{{Cite web |last=Human Rights Watch |date=25 August 2009 |title=Honduras: Rights Report Shows Need for Increased International Pressure |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/08/25/honduras-rights-report-shows-need-increased-international-pressure |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828022918/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/08/25/honduras-rights-report-shows-need-increased-international-pressure |archive-date=28 August 2009 |access-date=28 August 2009 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> kuma ta ambaci rahotonta na baya (wanda aka buga har zuwa 8 ga Yuli): "Ganin girman abin da ake zargi da cin zarafin jini na yankin wanda ya haifar da manyan take hakkin dan adam, Hukumar Kare Hakkin dan adam ta Inter-Amurka.<ref name="CIDH_en_prelim">{{Cite web |date=21 August 2009 |title=Preliminary Observations on the IACHR Visit to Honduras |url=http://www.cidh.oas.org/Comunicados/English/2009/60-09eng.Preliminary.Observations.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830232144/http://www.cidh.oas.org/Comunicados/English/2009/60-09eng.Preliminary.Observations.htm |archive-date=30 August 2009 |access-date=26 August 2009 |publisher=[[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]]}}</ref><ref name="hrw_indirectly_responds_to_93academics" /> == Zarge-zarge game da adawa da Yahudawa == An kuma zargi kungiyar da yin watsi da adawa da Yahudawa ko kuma kasancewa mai adawa da Bayuda kanta. A cikin jawabin da aka yi wa kungiyar Anti-Defamation League a shekara ta 2005 tsohon Ministan Harkokin Waje na Spain Ana Palacio ya ce, "NGOs kamar Human Rights Watch ko Amnesty International ba su kula da anti-Semitism ba. " <ref name="adl_hrwantisemit">{{Cite web |title=Anti-Semitism in Europe: Fighting Back |url=http://www.adl.org/Anti_semitism/speech_palacio.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007004059/http://www.adl.org/Anti_semitism/speech_palacio.asp |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Adl.org}}</ref> ADL ta kuma ce, "Yayin da Human Rights Watch ta yarda a cikin rahoton Mayu 3 cewa babu wata shaida game da kisan gilla [a Jenin] kuma cewa 'yan bindigar Palasdinawa sun ba da gudummawa ga lalata fararen fararen hula na Palasdinawa, sun ci gaba da jaddada cewa akwai shaidar Isra' yancin ya aikata laifukan yaki. "A cikin classic New York Sun Foxci" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anatomy of Anti-Israel Incitement: Jenin, World Opinion and the Massacre That Wasn't |url=http://www.adl.org/israel/jenin/default.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017120456/http://www.adl.org/Israel/jenin/default.asp |archive-date=17 October 2012 |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Adl.org}}</ref> A cikin classic Nework sun yi amfani da al' yancin yaki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2006 |title=No Accident - The New York Sun |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/opinion-no-accident/ |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Nysun.com}}</ref> A cikin 2012, New Europe ta ce HRW "ya yi zargin ya share nassoshi a cikin rahotonta game da hadin gwiwar da ta yi a baya tare da gwamnatin Gaddafi, gami da rawar da Darakta na MENA na kungiyar, [[Sarah Leah Whitson]], ya taka wajen tallata Saif al-Islam Gaddafi a matsayin mai gyarawa. "<ref name="neurope1">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2012 |title=Human Rights Watch slammed over anti-Israeli and pro-Gaddafi reports |url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/human-rights-watch-slammed-over-anti-israeli-and-pro-gaddafi-reports |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504104543/http://www.neurope.eu/article/human-rights-watch-slammed-over-anti-israeli-and-pro-gaddafi-reports |archive-date=4 May 2013 |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Neurope.eu}}</ref> == Rashin amincewa game da rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila == === Zarge-zargen nuna bambanci ga Isra'ila === An zargi HRW da nuna bambanci ga Isra'ila da kuma kasancewa da ajanda na adawa da Isra'ila. Robert Bernstein ya rubuta cewa ta hanyar mayar da hankali ga Isra'ila da kuma watsi da take hakkin dan adam da jihohin da ba su da 'yanci a Gabas ta Tsakiya suka yi "ban da muhimmiyar bambancin da ke tsakanin al'ummomin budewa da rufewa". A martanin da ya mayar, Aryeh Neier HRW wanda ya kafa HRW kuma tsohon darektan zartarwa ya ce, "ba daidai ba ne a ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a yi watsi da sukar al'ummomin da ke cin zarafin bil'adama". Har ila yau Neier ya ce bambance-bambancen Robert Bernstein tsakanin "kuskuren da aka yi wajen kare kai da wadanda aka aikata da gangan" ba a cikin dokokin yaki ba kuma yana da hadari. "A kan irin wannan dalilai, kungiyoyi irin su al-Qaeda a Iraki" (wanda "kashe dubun dubatar fararen hula bayan" mamayewar Amurka ta 2003) na iya tabbatar da laifukansu. Da yake rubutawa a mujallar Wall Street Journal a shekara ta 2009 game da wani taron tattara kudade mai cike da cece-kuce da HRW ta gudanar a birnin Riyadh na kasar Saudiyya, Nuhu Pollak ya bayyana cewa kungiyar ta nuna kyama ga Isra'ila. Pollak ya lura cewa daga shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2009 rahotannin Human Rights Watch kan rikicin Isra'ila da Larabawa sun kasance kusan gaba daya don yin Allah wadai da Isra'ila ( sukar 87 da Isra'ila ke yi kan Falasdinawa da Hizbullah, da sukar kungiyoyin Falasdinawa takwas da hudu na Hezbollah kan hare-haren Isra'ila). Ga wani labarin Jerusalem Post, Natan Sharansky ya ce: "Ga wata kungiya da aka kirkira ta hanyar kyakkyawar niyyar duniya mai 'yanci don yaki da take hakkin dan adam, wanda ya zama kayan aiki a hannun gwamnatocin mulkin kama karya don yaki da dimokuradiyya ... ''[[Time (magazine)|Lokaci]]'' ya yi da za a kira da spade a spade. Ayyukan gaske na wannan kungiya a yau suna da nisa da aka kafa shekaru 30 da suka gabata don yin hakan: haskaka haske a wurare masu duhu inda babu wani abu da ke faruwa game da ke faruwa a cikin 'yancin' yaren' yaren shugaban HRW da aka buga. A cewar Roth, "Ta hanyar rashin riƙe waɗanda ke da alhakin lissafi, Isra'ila ta kara fushin da fushi tsakanin jama'ar Palasdinawa da kuma cikin duniyar Larabawa da yawa kuma ta rage masu matsakaici waɗanda ke son neman zaman lafiya. " <ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Kenneth |date=27 October 2009 |title=''Haaretz'': Human Rights Watch applies same standards to Israel, Hamas |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1123838.html |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Haaretz.com |archive-date=6 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106175908/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1123838.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wakilin Time Mideast Scott MacLeod ya rubuta a cikin ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' cewa ba za a iya kare manufofin Isra'ila daga ƙungiyar kamar Human Rights Watch ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sneak attack on Human Rights Watch - Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-maccleod30-2009oct30,0,1700643.stor |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002165523/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-oct-30-oe-maccleod30-story.html |archive-date=2 October 2020 |access-date=1 November 2009 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>&nbsp; A cikin labarin da jaridar Wall Street Journal ta buga a watan Nuwamba na 2012, David Feith ya ce an yi ta muhawara mai zafi a cikin kungiyar ta HRW kan ko zargin da Iran ta yi na neman halaka Isra'ila tauye hakkin bil'adama ne. Mataimakin shugaban HRW Sid Sheinberg ya rubuta a cikin imel na cikin gida cewa bai yi komai ba yayin da Ahmadinejad ke son "kashe Yahudawa da halaka Isra'ila ... matsayi ne da bai cancanci babbar kungiyarmu ba." A cewar Kenneth Roth, "Tehran ba ta haifar da kisan kiyashi ba kuma da'awar akasin haka wani bangare ne na yunkurin buge gangunan yaki da Iran. "&nbsp; A cikin wani bincike da Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Yahudawa ya wallafa, Ron Kampeas ya soki rahotannin HRW cewa: “Sake gina mummunan mutuwar fararen hula da ke cike da bayanan da aka tattara a hankali sun hade tare da rudani game da mahallin da kuma hade cikin kunshin da ke daukar lalata ta Isra’ila ta asali” kuma ya yi tir da “kokarin mayar da sukar jami’an Isra’ila da sojoji gabaki daya zuwa yanke shawarar soja da Isra’ila. karfi." <ref name="jta.org">{{Cite web |last=Kampeas |first=Ron |date=20 August 2009 |title=Facts, fiction and fury in the battle of human rights groups vs. Israel &#124; Jewish Telegraphic Agency |url=http://jta.org/news/article/2009/08/20/1007367/facts-fiction-and-fury-in-the-battle-of-human-rights-groups-vs-israel |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Jta.org}}</ref> A cewar Kampeas, rahoton HRW kan fadan da aka yi a Gaza a shekara ta 2009 "sun kasa tantance shaidu - ciki har da bidiyon sojojin Isra'ila suna rike da wuta saboda kasancewar fararen hula - da Isra'ila ta tanada don nuna cewa irin wadannan abubuwan sun banbanta da ka'ida; sun kasa nazarin matakan da Isra'ila ta dauka na hana mutuwar fararen hula, wanda zai dace da nazarin duk wani ikirarin aikata laifukan yaki".<ref name="jta.org" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, Robert Bernstein ya soki manufofin kungiyar a Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin wani labari na ''[[New York Times]]''. A cewar Bernstein, "Tare da karuwar sauyawa, [HRW] ya ware muhimmiyar bambancin da yake da shi tsakanin al'ummomin budewa da rufewa ... Yankin yana cike da gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka tare da rikodin rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam mai ban tsoro. Duk da haka a cikin 'yancin ɗan adam Watch ya rubuta karin la'akari da Isra'ila saboda keta dokar kasa da ta kowace ƙasa a yankin. Daraktan HRW reshen Landan Tom Porteus ya amsa cewa kungiyar ta yi watsi da matakin Bernstein "bayyane ma'auni biyu. Duk wata kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam da ta dace dole ne ta yi amfani da ka'idojin kare hakkin dan Adam iri daya ga dukkan kasashe." Watch yana da muhimmiyar rawar da zai taka wajen tattara waɗannan laifuka da kuma ba da shawarar kawo ƙarshensu." A cewar ƙungiyar, a cikin Afrilu 2009 Bernstein ya kawo damuwarsa ga kwamitin gudanarwa na HRW; Majalisar ta yi watsi da ra'ayinsa na cewa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta bayar da rahoto kan kungiyoyin da aka rufe kawai, tare da bayyana cikakken goyon bayanta ga ayyukan kungiyar".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2009 |title=Human Rights Watch: Why We Report on 'Open' Societies |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/10/20/why-we-report-open-societies |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Hrw.org}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; ''Sabuwar Jamhuriyar'' ta wallafa wani dogon labarin game da HRW a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010, inda ta soki kungiyar saboda "ba da hankali sosai ga ayyukan Isra'ila". "Robert James - dan kasuwa, tsohon soja na yakin duniya na biyu, kuma memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na MENA [Middle East and North Africa Desk of HRW] wanda ya kasance yana da hannu tare da HRW kusan tun lokacin da aka kafa shi - ya kira kungiyar 'babban NGO tun lokacin Red Cross', amma ya yi jayayya cewa ba zai iya yin la'akari da shi ba. 'Bob [Bernstein, wanda ya kafa kuma tsohon shugaban HRW] yana kawo wannan batun a kan Isra'ila,' in ji shi. 'Amma Human Rights Watch yana da matsala ta asali ... Ba za su iya ɗaukar zargi ba. " <ref name="tnr.com" /> A cewar mujallar (yana nufin Bernstein's The New York Times op-ed), "Duk da haka, kamar yadda yake da wahala a tafi jama'a, Bernstein bai yi imani da cewa Human Rights Watch ya bar shi da zabi mai yawa ba. 'Sun yi tunanin sun ji ni,' in ji shi. 'Ka ga, suna tunanin sun saurare ni har sai ba za su iya saurare su ba. A zahiri, ba su saurara komai ba. " <ref name="tnr.com" /> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010 Bernstein ya gabatar da Shirley da Leonard Goldstein Lecture on Human Rights a Jami'ar Nebraska a Omaha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Shirley and Leonard Goldstein Lecture on Human Rights at the University of Nebraska |url=http://www.unomaha.edu/religion/goldstein.home.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716210947/http://www.unomaha.edu/religion/goldstein.home.htm |archive-date=2012-07-16 |access-date=2013-01-28 |publisher=Unomaha.edu}}</ref> yana zargin HRW da "kuskuren Isra'ila a matsayin babban mai laifi" a cikin rikici na Isra'ila da Falasdinu kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam ne ke da alhakin rarraba makarantun jami'a.[ing]&nbsp; A cikin shafinta na The Washington Post, Jennifer Rubin ta bayyana HRW a matsayin "kungiyar adawa da Isra'ila da ke nuna kansa a matsayin wanda ya sadaukar da kansa ga haƙƙin ɗan adam". Orlando Radice ya ce game da hira da ya yi da Kenneth Roth don The Jewish Chronicle, "Wannan ba wata hira ba ce fiye da motsa jiki a musantawa, rikicewa da kuma tsohuwar tantancewa".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2013 |title=Censorship? Never, this is Human Rights Watch &#124; The Jewish Chronicle |url=http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/analysis/102268/censorship-never-human-rights-watch |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Thejc.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226161008/http://www.thejc.com/comment-and-debate/analysis/102268/censorship-never-human-rights-watch |archive-date=26 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin imel a ranarta ta ƙarshe a HRW, Danielle Haas, babbar edita mai barin gado, ta zargi ƙungiyar da siyasantar da aikinta kan rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu. Ta bayyana damuwa game da martanin HRW ga kisan kiyashin Hamas a Isra'ila a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, inda ta bayyana cewa "shekaru na rikice-rikice na hukumomi sun ƙare a cikin martani na ƙungiyoyi wanda ya rushe kwarewa, watsi da ka'idodin daidaito da adalci, da kuma mika wuya ga kare hakkin bil'adama". ==== Garlasco incident ==== An soki babban mai binciken HRW [[SS]]="cx-link" data-linkid="180" href="./Marc_Garlasco" id="mwAa4" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Marc Garlasco">Marc Garlasco saboda tattara abubuwan tunawa na Nazi, kuma Emma Daly ta tabbatar ba tare da bayani ba a watan Maris na 2010 cewa Garlasco ya yi murabus daga Human Rights Watch a watan da ya gabata. Garlasco, wanda ya rubuta wani littafi game da lambobin yabo na zamanin Nazi, wanda aka buga a shafin yanar gizon mai tarawa: "Wannan yana da kyau sosai! Jaket din SS na fata yana sa jinin na ya yi sanyi sosai yana da COOL!"<ref name="Garlasco accused" /> Ron Dermer, sannan darektan manufofin [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], ya ce game da Garlasco mai binciken laifukan yaki wanda yake mai son tarawa da kuma ɗan kasuwa a cikin abubuwan tunawa da Nazi ya ce watakila sabon abu ne mai suna Watch (wanda ya nuna rashin gaskiya ga masu kulawar ɗan adam) Helena ya nuna cewa yaƙi da yaƙi da yawa gaisuwar ɗan adam yaƙi da ɗan adam ya nuna cewa Garbanci yaƙi yaƙi ya zama sananne) <ref name="JP=2009-09-09">{{Cite web |last=Keinon |first=Herb |date=9 September 2009 |title='HRW expert collects Nazi memorabilia' - Israel - Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel/HRW-expert-collects-Nazi-memorabilia |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Jpost.com}}</ref><ref name="NPR16Sep09">{{Cite web |last=Corey Flintoff |date=16 September 2009 |title=Rights Analyst Suspended Over Nazi-Era Collection |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112900014&ps=cprs |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> A cewar kungiyar Garlasco "ya rufe Iraki a matsayin babban mai sharhi na leken asiri a Pentagon",[./Criticism_of_Human_Rights_Watch#cite_note-60 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] kuma jaridar The Guardian ta ruwaito cewa ya shafe shekaru bakwai yana wannan aiki. Ya kasance babban jami'in kima da aka yi niyya a lokacin yakin Iraki a 2003, a kan Operation Desert Fox (Iraq) Battle Assessment Team in 1998 kuma ya jagoranci wata tawagar tantance lalacewar yakin Pentagon zuwa Kosovo a 1999. Garlasco kuma ya shiga cikin tambayoyi sama da 50 a matsayin kwararre kan al'amura. A wani bangare na jaridar The National, Alan Philps ya rubuta cewa "Gwamnatin Netanyahu da magoya bayanta sun tashi tsaye don lalata sahihancin hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma dukkanin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da ke aiki a fagen kare hakkin bil'adama ... Manufar ita ce a haramta kungiyar a daidai lokacin da bincike kan hakkinta ya zo daidai da wasu daga cikin ra'ayoyin shugaban Amurka Barack Obama. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=- Monday |date=13 December 2012 |title=''The National'': Israeli defense depends on attacking the messenger |url=http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090918/OPINION/709179888/1080/NEWS |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226022600/http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20090918%2FOPINION%2F709179888%2F1080%2FNEWS |archive-date=26 February 2014 |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Thenational.ae}}</ref>&nbsp; A cewar marubuci ma’aikacin Christian Science Monitor Robert Marquand, rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na “masanin shari’a Richard Goldstone, shugaban hukumar gaskiya da sasantawa ta Afirka ta Kudu, babban mai shigar da kara na kotun hukunta laifukan yaki ta Yugoslavia” ya nuna amfani da farin-phosphorus ba bisa ka’ida ba daidai da shaidar shaidar gani da ido Garlasco da aka bayar ga Monitor. Marquand ya rubuta cewa ba daidai ba ne ... a yi amfani da Garlasco don kawar da kai daga ko ɓoye binciken da aka yi cewa laifukan yaƙi da cin zarafin bil adama sun faru a Gaza".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2009 |title=''Christian Science Monitor'': Gaza war analyst: Does his Nazi-era collection indicate bias? |url=http://features.csmonitor.com/globalnews/2009/09/17/gaza-war-analyst-does-his-nazi-era-collection-indicate-bias/ |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Features.csmonitor.com}}</ref>&nbsp; ==== Tattara kudade ==== A ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2010, an sanar da cewa George Soros ya shirya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 100 ga Human Rights Watch. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2010 |title=George Soros to Give $100 million to Human Rights Watch &#124; Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2010/09/07/global-challenge |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Hrw.org}}</ref>&nbsp; <nowiki>''</nowiki>Yan jarida sun soki kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch da neman, karfafawa ko kuma karbar gudummawar kudi a Saudiyya da kuma hanyoyin tattara kudade. Masu sukar sun yi zargin cewa waɗannan hanyoyin sun haɗa da bayanin "yaƙe-yaƙe" na HRW da jayayya da Isra'ila da magoya bayanta. A cewar mawallafin jaridar The Jerusalem Post Herb Keinon da Jeffrey Goldberg, wakilin jaridar The Atlantic kuma tsohon marubucin JP, wannan ya kawo cikas ga amincin HRW. A wata musanya ta imel, Goldberg ya tambayi Kenneth Roth ko an tara kudade don yakar kungiyoyin masu fafutuka masu goyon bayan Isra'ila. Roth ya amsa da cewa: "A fili yake Saudiyya na sane da irin hare-haren da 'yan adawa daban-daban na Isra'ila suke kai mana. Kowa da kowa," ya kara da cewa wadannan korafe-korafe sun zama ruwan dare a cikin "tattaunawa" a lokacin tattara kudade ba wai kawai ga Saudi Arabia ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2009 |title=Fundraising Corruption at Human Rights Watch - Jeffrey Goldberg - The Atlantic |url=https://jeffreygoldberg.theatlantic.com/archives/2009/07/fundraising_corruption_at_huma.php |access-date=28 January 2013 |publisher=Jeffreygoldberg.theatlantic.com}}</ref> David Bernstein na Makarantar shari'a ta Jami'ar George Mason ya rubuta cewa wani abu ba daidai ba ne lokacin da kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta tafi daya daga cikin kasashe mafi munin duniya don tara kudi don yin doka da Isra'ila", kodayake Inter Press Service daga baya ya ce ya nemi gafara don bayar da shawarar cewa HRW ba ta tattauna cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam na Saudiyya ba a lokacin tarurruka. A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch, zargin da ake yi wa HRW ta "lalata tsakani" ta hanyar ganawa da masu ba da agaji na Saudiyya ya dogara ne kan "zato da ba daidai ba." HRW ta lura cewa ma'aikatan sun gabatar da gabatarwa guda biyu a watan Mayun 2009 a cikin gidajen Saudiyya masu zaman kansu ga mutanen da ke sha'awar kungiyar. Daga cikin mutane 50 da aka kiyasta a liyafar Riyadh, uku suna da alaka da gwamnati: "Mai magana da yawun ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida, mataimakin shugaban hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama, wata kungiyar gwamnati; da kuma memba na majalisar Shura, kwamitin tuntuba da gwamnati ta nada". <ref name="hrw_saudi_response_1">{{Cite web |date= |title=Visit to Saudi Arabia and False Allegations of Human Rights Watch 'Bias' &#124; Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/node/84956 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315205544/http://www.hrw.org/en/node/84956 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Hrw.org}}</ref> A cewar HRW, babu wani daga cikin waɗannan mutane da aka nemi kuɗi; HRW ba ta karɓi kuɗi daga jami'an gwamnati a kowace ƙasa ba, <ref name="HRW_response">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch Visit to Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/node/84512 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722190606/http://www.hrw.org/en/node/84512 |archive-date=22 July 2009 |access-date=4 December 2016 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> kuma babu dalilin da ya sa 'yan ƙasar Saudiyya ba za su iya son tallafawa' yancin ɗan adam su iya tallafawa'ad da dama ba.<ref name="HRW_response" /> HRW ta gaya wa Inter Press Service cewa ra'ayin "cewa duk wani kudi daga Saudi Arabia ya lalace saboda ya fito ne daga kasar da ke da mulkin kama karya babban abu ne ... Tarihin kabilanci na masu ba da gudummawa ba shi da mahimmanci ga aikin da muke yi ... Ba ya dace da aikinmu a Isra'ila cewa da yawa, da yawa daga cikin masu ba da agaji Yahudawa ne. Kuma ba shi da dacewa ga aikin da muka yi cewa muna samun kuɗi daga ƙasashen Larabawa. " A cewar kungiyar, an tattauna aikinta a Saudi Arabia, gami da "kunan mallaki 'yancin mata, hukuncin mutuwar yara, ma'aikatan gida, da nuna bambanci ga' yan tsiraru na addini", a wurin liyafar.<ref name="HRW_response"/> HRW ta kuma ce, "Babu wata kungiya ta kare hakkin dan adam da ta samar da cikakken aiki, daki-daki, da kuma cikakken aiki a kan batutuwan kare hakkin dan Adam na Saudi Arabia a cikin 'yan shekarun nan fiye da Human Rights Watch".<ref name="HRW_response" /> Kodayake an rufe halin da ake ciki a Gaza, HRW ta yi iƙirarin cewa an tabbatar da ɗaukar hoto tun lokacin da yaƙin Gaza ya mamaye manyan labarai na duniya kuma batun yanki ne a Saudi Arabia. An zargi HRW a matsayin mai adawa da Isra'ila da zargin da HRW ke fuskanta a yawancin Gabas ta Tsakiya cewa HRW tana da taushi kan take hakkin dan adam na Isra'ila.<ref name="HRW_response" />&nbsp;&nbsp; A cikin 2008, HRW ta ba da rahotanni guda ɗaya na kasashe da yawa da guda biyar da ke sukar gwamnatin Saudi Arabiya.<ref name="HRW-reps">{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch - Reports |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/publications/reports |access-date=31 August 2009 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2009 kungiyar ta fitar da wani rahoto mai suna "Hakkin Dan Adam da Martani na Yaki da Ta'addanci na Saudiyya: Shawarar Addini, Tsare Tsare Tsare Tsare, da Laifin Shari'a", tare da sukar shirin gwamnatin Saudiyya na yaki da ta'addanci.<ref name="HRW-SA-2009-08-10">{{Cite web |date=10 August 2009 |title=Saudi Arabia: Counterterrorism Efforts Violate Rights |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/08/04/saudi-arabia-counterterrorism-efforts-violate-rights |access-date=31 August 2009 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cikin 2023 MEMRI ta buga wata takarda ta Quatari da aka leka wacce ta ambaci gudummawar dalar Amurka miliyan 3 ga HRW a cikin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=i24NEWS |date=2023-11-23 |title=Human Rights Watch under fire for allegedly accepting millions in Qatar funds |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/1700763578-human-rights-watch-under-fire-for-allegedly-accepting-millions-in-qatar-funds |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=I24news |language=en}}</ref> ==== Shawan Jabarin nadin ==== A cikin Fabrairun 2011, HRW ta nada Shawan Jabarin a Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kotun kolin Isra'ila ta kira Jabarin da "Dr. Jekyll da Mr. Hyde" saboda rawar da ya taka a cikin 'yan gwagwarmayar fafutukar 'yantar da Falasdinu da kuma kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Al Haq. Matakin da HRW ta dauka na sanya Jabarin a cikin kwamitinta na yankin Gabas ya janyo suka. === Amsa ga zargi === Daraktan shirin HRW Iain Levine ya ce a watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, "Idan gwamnatin Isra'ila tana so ta yi shiru ga masu sukar, ya kamata ta bincika zarge-zargen rashin laifi kuma ta dauki mataki don kawo karshen cin zarafin. <ref name="HRW-false-allegations">{{Cite web |date=14 August 2009 |title=False Allegations about Human Rights Watch's Latest Gaza Report |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/08/14/false-allegations-about-human-rights-watch-s-latest-gaza-report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817232517/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/08/14/false-allegations-about-human-rights-watch-s-latest-gaza-report |archive-date=17 August 2009 |access-date=17 August 2009 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A cikin wani op-ed na Jerusalem Post a wancan watan, Kenneth Roth ya rubuta cewa rahotannin cin zarafin dan Adam na Isra'ila na baya-bayan nan ya haifar da gagarumin kamfen da gwamnatin Isra'ila da wasu magoya bayanta da ba sa so su yi na lalata manzannin da kuma canza batun. A cewar Roth, "matsalar ba manzon da ke dauke da labarai na wannan rashin da'a ba, ko Alkali Goldstone ko kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam da suka kasance makasudin yakin neman zabe da gwamnatin Isra'ila da wasu magoya bayanta suka kaddamar. Matsalar ita ce halin sojojin Isra'ila. Intifada - da wuya ta sake tabbatar wa duk wanda ke tunanin cewa kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama su kasance masu zaman kansu ba tare da bangaranci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Kenneth |date=25 August 2009 |title=Right of Reply: Don't smear the messenger - Opinion - Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/Right-of-Reply-Dont-smear-the-messenger |access-date=24 February 2015 |publisher=Jpost.com}}</ref> A cikin wani op-ed na Jerusalem Post a wancan watan, Kenneth Roth ya rubuta cewa hotunan cin damar dan Adam na Isra'ila na baya-bayan nan ya zo da shirin kamfen da bidiyo Isra'ila da wasu magoya bayanta da ba sa so su yi na lalata manzannin da kuma canza batun. A cewar Roth, "matsalar ba manzon da ke dauke da labarai na wannan rashin da'a ba, ko Alkali Goldstone ko alamun kare hakkin dan Adam da suka kasance makasudin yakin neman zabe da sunan Isra'ila da wasu magoya bayanta suka koma. Matsalar ita ce halin sojojin Isra'ila". Wani rukuni na kungiyoyin kare hakkin Isra'ila 10 sun zargi gwamnatin Isra'ila da yunkurin "haɓaka tsoro da shiru ko faɗakar da kungiyoyi masu muhimmanci" waɗanda ke shiga cikin jawabin jama'a.<ref name="NPR16Sep09"/> == Rashin amincewa daga gwamnatin Masar == A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2014 ne ‘yan sandan Masar suka tarwatsa zanga-zangar goyon bayan Morsi a dandalin Rabaa al-Adawiya da dandalin Nahda, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 638, 43 daga cikinsu jami’an ‘yan sanda ne, a cewar ma’aikatar lafiya ta Masar, HRW ta buga wani rahoto wanda ta zargi jami’an tsaron kasar da laifin wuce gona da iri. gwamnati. Adadin wadanda HRW ta kashe ya kai daga 817 zuwa kusan 1000. HRW ta bayyana cewa mai yiwuwa abin da 'yan sandan suka yi ya zama "laifi na cin zarafin bil'adama".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2014 |title=All According to Plan |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2014/08/12/all-according-plan-0 |access-date=23 February 2016 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Sai dai a wata sanarwa da hukumar yada labaran kasar ta fitar, gwamnatin Masar ta soki kungiyar ta HRW, inda ta yi zargin cewa rahoton kungiyar ba shi da gaskiya, ya yi watsi da tashe-tashen hankula da masu zanga-zangar suka yi, da kuma nuna son kai ga kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi. Sakamakon buga rahoton, babban darektan Kenneth Roth da Daraktar Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka Sarah Leah Whitson, da ke aiki da HRW, wadanda za su gabatar da rahoton ga 'yan jarida da jami'an diflomasiyya, hukumomi sun tsare sa'o'i na sa'o'i tare da fitar da su daga Masar. A cikin wata sanarwa da ma'aikatar harkokin cikin gida ta Masar ta fitar a shafinta na Facebook, an zargi kungiyar ta HRW da yin aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba a Masar ba tare da izini daga hukumomi ba. == Rashin amincewa daga gwamnatin Habasha da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na gida == === 1991 - Maris 2018: Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Halin Jama'ar Habasha da ke karkashin jagorancin Habasha === A shekara ta 2009, a lokacin mulkin da jam'iyyar People's Revolutionary Democratic Front ta Habasha ta yi, gwamnatin Habasha ta gabatar da tambayoyi game da hanyoyin HRW, inda ta gabatar da wani rahoto da ya yi watsi da "Human Rights Watch zargin cin zarafin da ake yi a Ogaden a matsayin jita-jita da kuma hanyoyinta a matsayin tsinke. A farkon shekarun 2010, [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Habasha]] (EHRC) ta yi jayayya da amincin zarge-zargen Roth cewa gwamnatin Habasha tana da cin hanci da rashawa kuma tana amfani da kudaden tallafin kasa da kasa don "ma'anar zalunci". EHRC ta zargi Roth da rashin son kai wanda ya haifar da sha'awar "ƙuntata ... masu arziki masu ba da kuɗi. " Ya ambaci kimantawarsa game da Shirin Cibiyar Demokradiyya (DIP) a matsayin "marasa kyau" kuma ya ce zarginsa na cin hanci da rashawa ya dogara ne akan "ƙayyadadden hanyar". EHRC kuma ta kira shawarwarinta "rashin jituwa" wanda ya kira "don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a kan kuɗin shirye-shiryen haƙƙin ɗan Adam da masu aiwatar da su".<ref>{{Cite web |title=EHRC Response on Human Rights Watch Reports on Ethiopia |url=http://www.ehrc.org.et/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Ji%2FBbt57Hzo%3D&tabid=36 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725182503/http://www.ehrc.org.et/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Ji%2FBbt57Hzo%3D&tabid=36 |archive-date=25 July 2012 |publisher=EHRC}}</ref> === Afrilu 2018 - yanzu: Jam'iyyar Prosperity Party-led Habasha ===   == Yunkurin gurfanar da gwamnatin Bangladesh ta yi na HRW == Wata kotu ta musamman da ke kula da laifuffukan yaki a lokacin yakin ‘yancin kai da Bangladesh ta yi da Pakistan a shekarar 1971, ta bukaci kungiyar Human Rights Watch ta bayyana dalilin da ya sa ba za a tuhume ta da laifin raina kotu ba saboda wata sanarwa da kungiyar ta fitar na cewa shari’ar da ake yi wa tsohon shugaban jam’iyyar Islama Ghulam Azam “na da kura-kurai sosai” kuma bai cika ka’idojin kasa da kasa ba. An yankewa Azam hukuncin daurin shekaru 90 a gidan yari saboda laifukan yaki. Jakadan Amurka a Bangladesh ya nuna damuwarsa kan matakin da masu gabatar da kara suka dauka kan kungiyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh court asks Human Rights Watch why it shouldn't be charged with contempt |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/bangladesh-court-asks-human-rights-watch-to-explain-why-it-shouldnt-be-charged-with-contempt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205035245/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/09/02/bangladesh-court-asks-human-rights-watch-to-explain-why-it-shouldnt-be-charged/ |archive-date=5 December 2013 |access-date=5 November 2013 |website=[[Fox News]]}}</ref> == Rashin amincewa daga gwamnatin Vietnam da kungiyoyin jihohi == Sakamakon matsayin kasar Vietnam a matsayin kasa mai ra'ayin gurguzu mai jam'iyya daya, kasar Vietnam ta kasance kasar da ake yawan fuskantar suka da kuma zargi daga kungiyar HRW, wanda ya haifar da martani mai karfi da suka da yawancin sassan gwamnatin Vietnam suka yi wa kungiyar. A cikin 2024, yin tsokaci game da zargin wariyar launin fata da aka ce yana da alaƙa da harin 2023 Đắk Lắk, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ƙasar ta soki tare da yin Allah wadai da HRW saboda "bayanan da ba su dace ba da ƙirƙira a cikin rahotanninsu". Jami'in diflomasiyyar na Vietnam ya ambaci cewa "ba shi ne karon farko da wannan kungiya ta gabatar da irin wadannan zarge-zarge na nuna son kai ba tare da mugun nufi ga Vietnam, da nufin yin zagon kasa ga ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da haifar da sabani tsakanin Vietnam da kasashen duniya". <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Spokeswoman: Investigation into Dak Lak incident in line with law |url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/spokeswoman-investigation-into-dak-lak-incident-in-line-with-law/276814.vnp |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=VietnamPlus |publisher=[[Vietnam News Agency]] |language=en |quote=''Regarding a recent press release by the Human Rights Watch (HRW) in which 2023 human rights situation in Vietnam was mentioned, Hang completely rejected and condemned the so-called HRW, which delivered a report with fabricated and false content.<br>According to her, it was not the first time this organisation had presented such biased allegations with malicious intent against Vietnam, aiming to undermine the country’s socio-economic development and sow discord between Vietnam and the international community.''}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Đắk Lắk terrorism attacks: No ethnic discrimination in Việt Nam, foreign ministry says |url=https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/1639791/dak-lak-terrorism-attacks-no-ethnic-discrimination-in-viet-nam-foreign-ministry-says.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=[[Việt Nam News]] |publisher=[[Vietnam News Agency]] |language=en |quote=''Responding to queries regarding the contents related to Việt Nam's human rights situation as claimed in the World Report 2024 from Human Rights Watch, the spokesperson said Việt Nam completely refutes and condemns "the so-called Human Rights Watch for the factually inaccurate and fabricated information in their report."<be>Hằng noted that this is not the first time that this organisation has put forward accusatory arguments with malicious intent, targeting Việt Nam and aiming to sabotage socio-economic development and create a distance between the international community and Việt Nam.''}}</ref> Jaridar People's Army Newspaper, kamfanin dillancin labarai na rundunar sojojin kasar Vietnam, ta bayyana rahotannin HRW a kan Vietnam a matsayin "marasa hankali", "mayaudari" da "marasa tushe". Jaridar ta kuma zargi HRW da goyon bayan kungiyoyi masu adawa da zamantakewa, da nufin aiwatar da juyin juya halin launin fata a kan jihohin da ake da su, yayin da kuma ba da shawara da kuma yaba wa masu adawa da gwamnati ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma masu gwagwarmayar adawa da gwamnati a Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trần |first=Lâm |date=2022-02-22 |title=Mưu đồ phía sau cái gọi là bản phúc trình "Nhốt chúng tôi ở trong nhà" |trans-title=Conspiracy behinds the “Locked Inside Our Home” report |url=https://www.qdnd.vn/phong-chong-dien-bien-hoa-binh/muu-do-phia-sau-cai-goi-la-ban-phuc-trinh-nhot-chung-toi-o-trong-nha-686646 |website=[[People's Army Newspaper]] |publisher=[[Vietnam People's Army]] |language=vi}}</ref> A halin da ake ciki, Jaridar Tsaro ta Sojoji ta bayyana kungiyar a matsayin "marasa hankali da ban mamaki", inda ta nuna shakku kan cancantar HRW na bayyana ayyukanta, hakki da hukunce-hukuncen da take da su na "bikan hakkin bil'adama a duniya" ta hanyar "tsatsa cikin harkokin cikin gida na kasashe", tare da lura da cewa HRW kungiya ce mai zaman kanta amma a kullum tana kokarin neman gwamnatoci su yi duk abin da suka dace da kuma gamsar da manufofinta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nguyễn |first=Trung |title=HRW - phi lý và kỳ quái |trans-title=HRW - absurd and bizarre |url=http://tapchiqptd.vn/vi/phong-chong-dbhb-bao-ve-vung-chac-nen-tang-tu-tuong-cua-dang/hrw-phi-ly-va-ky-quai/595.html |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=National Defence Journal |publisher=[[Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of Vietnam]] and the [[Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)|Vietnam Ministry of National Defence]] |archive-date=2024-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126005932/http://tapchiqptd.vn/vi/phong-chong-dbhb-bao-ve-vung-chac-nen-tang-tu-tuong-cua-dang/hrw-phi-ly-va-ky-quai/595.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Rashin amincewa da Amnesty International * Rashin amincewa da Greenpeace == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 370728o4mgorx8n6azh6htsagyypold 0 112599 964142 837501 2026-10-07T02:33:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964142 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Gambling_Age_-_Global.svg|alt=|thumb|275x275px|'''Mafi ƙarancin shekarun doka don shiga gidan caca ta ƙasa (2023):'''<br />         ]]   '''Shekarar [[Gambling|caca]]''' wani bangare ne na [[Gambling law|Dokar caca]] - mafi ƙarancin shekaru wanda mutum zai iya yin caca bisa doka a wani [[Yanke hukunci|iko]]. A wasu ƙasashe, caca ba bisa ka'ida ba ne ba tare da la'akari da shekaru ba, yayin da wasu ƙasashe suna da iyakokin shekaru daban-daban don nau'ikan caca daban-daban, kuma wasu ƙasashe ba su da mafi ƙarancin shekarun caca. == Oceania == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! data-sort-type="letter" |Kasar ! data-sort-type="number" |Shekaru ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Australia}} |18 |Dokar caca ta Interactive ta 2001 ta wuce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Ostiraliya ta haramta caca ta kan layi ta hanyar gidajen caca da ramuka. |- |[[Mikroneziya|Jihohin Tarayyar Micronesia]]{{Flagicon|Federated States of Micronesia}} | data-sort-value="10" |Ya dogara da dokar Jiha |[[Chuuk State|Chuuk]] da [[Yap]] - ba bisa ka'ida ba {{Flagicon|Chuuk}}{{Flagicon|Yap}} |- |[[Kiribati]]{{Flagicon|Kiribati}} |18 | |- |[[Tsibiran Mashal|Tsibirin Marshall]]{{Flagicon|Marshall Islands}} | data-sort-value="99" |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru |Yin caca ba bisa ka'ida ba ne sai dai ga bingo, raffles da cakewalks. |- |[[Nauru]]{{Flagicon|Nauru}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|New Zealand}} |20 (casinos) 18 (tseren doki da kiwi nan take) Babu (sauran nau'ikan, gami da caca) <ref name="dia-gambleage-nz">{{Cite web |title=Casinos |url=https://www.dia.govt.nz/Services-Casino-and-Non-Casino-Gaming-Casinos}}</ref>[8]<br /> 18 (tseren doki da kiwi nan take) Babu (sauran nau'ikan, gami da caca) | |- |[[Palau]]{{Flagicon|Palau}} |18 |Yin caca ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Palau sai dai don caca ta zamantakewa, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da caca ta waje. Shekarar caca ta zamantakewa tana da alaƙa da shekarun mafi rinjaye, wanda shine 18 a ƙarƙashin dokar Palau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Domestic Relations - Title 21 |url=http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/pw/legis/consol_act/drt21245/drt21245.html |website=www.paclii.org |access-date=2025-08-10 |archive-date=2022-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408042300/http://www.paclii.org/cgi-bin/sinodisp/pw/legis/consol_act/drt21245/drt21245.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Papua New Guinea}} | data-sort-value="0" |Babu | |- |[[Tsibiran Solomon|Tsibirin Solomon]]{{Flagicon|Solomon Islands}} |18 |Mutanen da ba su kai shekara 18 ba za su iya yin caca tare da izinin iyaye a cikin gidan zama mai zaman kansa ko a gaban iyaye.<ref name="solomon1" /> Ga wasu ƙananan caca, mafi ƙarancin shekarun sayen tikiti shine 16. |- |[[Tokelau]]{{Flagicon|Tokelau}} | data-sort-value="99" |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru |Wasanni ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Tokelau (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "wasan kuɗi tare da katunan ko tare da dice"). |- |[[Tuvalu]]{{Flagicon|Tuvalu}} |18 |Mutanen da ba su kai shekara 18 ba za su iya yin caca tare da izinin iyaye a cikin gidan zama mai zaman kansa ko a gaban iyaye.<ref name="tuvalu1" /> Ga wasu ƙananan caca, mutum kawai yana buƙatar zama 16 don siyan tikiti. |- |[[Vanuatu]]{{Flagicon|Vanuatu}} |18 |Bayanan da aka bayar kawai suna hana mutanen da ba su kai shekara 18 ba daga caca a kan layi ko a cikin gidajen caca. |} == Turai == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country/territory !Minimum age ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |{{Flag|Albania}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Andorra}} |None | |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Austria: European Casino Association (ECA) |url=http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/austria/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=www.europeancasinoassociation.org |archive-date=2019-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628161626/http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/austria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Belarus}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Belgium}} |21 (casinos)<br /><br />18 (national lottery) | |- |{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |18 | |- |{{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] |18 (excluding non-casino machines and private) | |- |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Practical Law UK Signon |url=https://signon.thomsonreuters.com/?productid=PLCUK&viewproductid=UKPL&lr=0&culture=en-US&returnto=https%3a%2f%2fuk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com%2fCosi%2fSignOn%3fredirectTo%3d%252f3-635-8647%253ftransitionType%253dDefault%2526contextData%253d(sc.Default)%2526firstPage%253dtrue&tracetoken=0628190548410OPd_iHBEBzExV1RTafyt1JtwAWNNS_8pYT5pc5AiJyxn2nLNU3LwUM1Z3So_2BNGdeZnkDqvvliLmKOGyCR3IBcqF45AtVTdvvPF8UAjBva7e2F9cTvsHw0aMtROerDrkWI3TknTr-9un-Q3E64rJdb3vsH0vlLyR7p_qNmjpHA14Ile6BvfdQ3yenoyETRNa7YYw7tYQruqdh56mDiro47WMU8pkpvUDX2VfnpaLWer2HWodp_wszGusTryiKv968VHOllq5Odr_M8cb_i2XVPOHquDBK0—lDNUfUYEEEssrHYSXBCzJNjIWCi8DRi5znTBQ7slTd19icnNNfYc9K1UK3CNs5IGrA5eIUPnZw |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=signon.thomsonreuters.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Czech Republic}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Denmark}} |18 (except sports betting)<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Comparative Legal Guides |url=https://iclg.com/practice-areas/gambling-laws-and-regulations/denmark |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=International Comparative Legal Guides International Business Reports |language=en}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Estonia}} |21 (casinos)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gambling Act–Riigi Teataja |url=https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/515012016007/consolide |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.riigiteataja.ee}}</ref><br /><br />18 (sports betting)16 (national lottery) | |- |{{Flag|Faroe Islands}} |18 | |- |{{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]] |18 |- |{{Flagicon|France}} [[Faransa|France]] |18 |Lowered from 21 to 18 on May 5, 1987, for casinos. |- |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Jamus|Germany]] |18–21 |Varies by state and the type of gambling, lotteries and casinos are generally rated above 18 except casinos in Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria and [[Lower Saxony]], which are rated above 21. |- |{{Flag|Gibraltar}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Practical Law UK Signon |url=https://signon.thomsonreuters.com/?productid=PLCUK&viewproductid=UKPL&lr=0&culture=en-US&returnto=https%3a%2f%2fuk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com%2fCosi%2fSignOn%3fredirectTo%3d%252f5-635-9938%253ftransitionType%253dDefault%2526contextData%253d(sc.Default)%2526firstPage%253dtrue%2526bhcp%253d1&tracetoken=0628190546540oO25P7CaFbgYkFnDGE3qNQJ928leBRV1wsXC7-V8P1HIkFS19biLvm0LvtiVb88NkUAxTF96rUJG4iWyeGjMt0QaHUbdSTCQYLIWzEGMpU9mK6LhFMKPLnLEzCHy48uEHlM2lRbju2KPbfgMB7uOK5zMly2_NVkcjCj3TLkG5qLP6vZY7210KPeRSLRi1NYNrcgsutAjeqPWgEpjqHAtir5FuHwK7lnYkmTesnela54oWzU0x2riA3jySU5VcvuOiqS5o6cF3JaEqho1P0WmIPWzmNuZaMCr_sc68Bc48TkgTOLGHvkxX8OhJ8Nn9zt4vaCd_pq8KebcSZjZ0IIBSmhj1gxciiOieboRR4zKg5k |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=signon.thomsonreuters.com}}</ref> | |- |{{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Girka (ƙasa)|Greece]] |21<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=European Gambling Policies for the Young |url=http://www.legalgamblingage.net/european-gambling-policies-for.html |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=www.legalgamblingage.net}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Georgia}} |25, or 18 for foreign citizens and stateless persons<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=Georgia tightens gambling business regulations from March 1 |url=https://1tv.ge/lang/en/news/georgia-tightens-gambling-business-regulations-from-march-1/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=1tv.ge}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Guernsey}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Hungary}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hungary: European Casino Association (ECA) |url=http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/hungary/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=www.europeancasinoassociation.org |archive-date=2019-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525143715/http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/hungary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Iceland}} |18 | |- |{{Flagicon|Ireland}} [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] |18 | |- |{{Flag|Isle of Man}} |18 | |- |{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Italiya|Italy]] |18 | |- |{{Flagicon|Kosovo}} [[Kosovo]] |Illegal for all ages |Gambling was outlawed in 2019 due to a string of murders that occurred in casinos that year. |- |{{Flag|Latvia}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latvia: European Casino Association (ECA) |url=http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/latvia/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=www.europeancasinoassociation.org |archive-date=2019-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818144059/http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/latvia |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Liechtenstein}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Lithuania}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lithuania: European Casino Association (ECA) |url=http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/lithuania/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=www.europeancasinoassociation.org |archive-date=2019-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821105806/http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/lithuania |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Luxembourg}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luxembourg: European Casino Association (ECA) |url=http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/luxembourg/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=www.europeancasinoassociation.org |archive-date=2019-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716030020/http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/luxembourg |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Malta}} |18,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Practical Law UK Signon |url=https://signon.thomsonreuters.com/?productid=PLCUK&viewproductid=UKPL&lr=0&culture=en-US&returnto=https%3a%2f%2fuk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com%2fCosi%2fSignOn%3fredirectTo%3d%252f4-634-9916%253ftransitionType%253dDefault%2526contextData%253d(sc.Default)%2526firstPage%253dtrue%2526bhcp%253d1&tracetoken=0628190601240-NA0thzVVnAhBxsNzxCq7hV7rScTpp3rI1ptNJsOvvdTL8CC0pn8qjbQmCuMPSAeHa_A7iWW6zRxkrNzYRsXKj-Xz8hSCYJeMdbbEE7k4MKq7FrcTNklWAMrCnQTkHRK7uoOoAmxhtOFfky8hkBTo-gs-Xkd95m22NrEGO57nq_DkirxpP8lgkuqAz7l58NlE4xxFX8DAkjSrg8no-uyrIcpaW4zi3_U4jqYQLI5MFc4ZobI5WRD8o-EVZni6HiP6P5gX5CP1fE0RZoZz60An7g7kIDr59SFGfDOafRcEMemBvLS0-_KEfIhdf5WOTIMAcvsfrLis-6XUsOOqg1g2NZ21LMR2DsIbZEd0pVB_fs |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=signon.thomsonreuters.com}}</ref> or 25 for Maltese citizens<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonello |first=Emerson |date=2016 |title=Rationale behind different age requirements to enter casinos in Malta and their compatibility with Article 45 of the Maltese Constitution |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/17303 |language=en}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Moldova}} |18 | |- |{{Flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monaco]] |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monte Carlo Casino {{!}} Monaco |url=http://monaco.me/monte-carlo/monte-carlo-casino/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> | |- |{{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]] |18 | |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Northern Cyprus}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|North Macedonia}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Norway}} |18 | |- |{{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]] |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poland: European Casino Association (ECA) |url=http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/poland/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=www.europeancasinoassociation.org |archive-date=2019-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525093956/http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/poland/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]] |25 (some casinos)<br /><br />18 (some casinos, and all other types)<ref name=":0" /> |Portugal has complicated gambling laws. It depends on each casino, and there are even some casinos which allow tourists from the age of 18, and local people from 25. |- |{{Flag|Romania}} |18 | |- |{{Flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino]] |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=San Marino: European Casino Association (ECA) |url=http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/san-marino/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=www.europeancasinoassociation.org |archive-date=2019-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525093956/http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/san-marino/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbiya|Serbia]] |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serbia: European Casino Association (ECA) |url=http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/serbia/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=www.europeancasinoassociation.org |archive-date=2019-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525093958/http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/serbia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Slovakia}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slovakia: European Casino Association (ECA) |url=http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/slovakia/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=www.europeancasinoassociation.org |archive-date=2019-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821123439/http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/slovakia |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Slovenia}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slovenia: European Casino Association (ECA) |url=http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/slovenia/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=www.europeancasinoassociation.org |archive-date=2021-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305010952/https://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/slovenia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Ispaniya|Spain]] |18<ref name=":0" /> | |- |{{Flag|Sweden}} |20 (casinos)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanliga frågor om Club Cosmopol |url=https://www.casinocosmopol.se/sundsvall/club-cosmopol/vanliga-fragor_1 |access-date=2019-11-18 |website=Casino Cosmopol |language=sv}}</ref> <br /><br /> 18 (other types)<ref>{{Cite web |title=For the love of Sweden! |url=https://www.swedishfreak.com/culture/gambling-in-sweden/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=Swedish Freak |language=en-US}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Switzerland}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Switzerland: European Casino Association (ECA) |url=http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/switzerland/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=www.europeancasinoassociation.org |archive-date=2019-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628161616/http://www.europeancasinoassociation.org/country-by-country-report/switzerland/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |Illegal for all ages (casinos)<br /><br /> 18 (lotteries) |Gambling is illegal in Turkey except for lotteries and horse races. |- |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |18 | |- |{{Flagicon|UK}} [[Birtaniya|UK (United Kingdom)]] |Age variable by bet: 18 16None (See the table for more information)<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Is Gambling Regulated? {{!}} BeGambleAware {{!}} BeGambleAware |url=https://www.begambleaware.org/understanding-gambling/how-is-gambling-regulated/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=www.begambleaware.org}}</ref> |{{Gambling ages in the United Kingdom}} |- |{{Flag|Vatican City}} |None | |} == Asiya == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kasar / yanki !Mafi ƙarancin shekaru ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}} |18 | |- |[[Afghanistan]]{{Flagicon|Afghanistan}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru |Dukkanin gidajen caca da caca an haramta su. |- |{{Flag|Armenia}} |21<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-19 |title=Armenia Adopts Gambling Adverts Restrictions |url=https://www.casinonewsdaily.com/2019/06/19/armenia-restricts-gambling-ads-as-gambling-overhaul-looms/ |access-date=2019-09-12 |website=Casino News Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} |18 | |- |[[Baharen|Bahrain]]{{Flagicon|Bahrain}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |{{Flag|Bangladesh}} |Babu | |- |{{Flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Brunei Darussalam}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |{{Flag|Cambodia}} |Babu | |- |{{Flag|China}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga duk masu shekaru 18 (lotteries) <br /> |Yin caca ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a kasar Sin sai dai don caca. |- |{{Flag|Christmas Island}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Hong Kong}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Iran}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |{{Flag|India}} |21 |Dangane da Dokar caca ta Jama'a ta 1867, ana ɗaukar caca ba bisa ka'ida ba a yawancin yankuna a duk faɗin ƙasar.    |- |{{Flag|Indonesia}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru |Dukkanin nau'ikan caca ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2024 |title=Indonesia.go.id - Edukasi dan Penegakan Hukum: Strategi Pemerintah Berantas Judi Online |trans-title=Gov’t Establishes Online Gambling Eradication Task Force |url=https://indonesia.go.id/kategori/editorial/8335/edukasi-dan-penegakan-hukum-strategi-pemerintah-berantas-judi-online?lang=1 |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=indonesia.go.id |publisher=Government of Indonesia |language=id}} - English translation [https://indonesia.go.id/kategori/editorial/8335/gov-t-establishes-online-gambling-eradication-task-force?lang=2 here]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TRIANA |first=NELI |date=15 October 2023 |title=Uang Judi Gagal Membangun Kota, ”Bang Oma” Sudah Ingatkan |trans-title=Gambling Money Fails to Build Cities, "Bang Oma" Reminds You |url=https://www.kompas.id/baca/english/2023/10/13/wabah-judi-daring-bang-rhoma-pun-makin-prihatin?open_from=Translator_Mark |access-date=16 October 2024 |website=kompas.id |language=id |trans-quote=At the end of 1993, following years of pressure from various parties [...] the Indonesian government banned all forms of gambling.}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Israel}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Japan}} |2018 (pachinko) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-15 |title=Japan Gvt to lower age of adulthood to 18; gambling age will remain 20 |url=https://news.worldcasinodirectory.com/japan-gvt-to-lower-age-of-adulthood-to-18-gambling-age-will-remain-20-48925 |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=World Casino News |language=en-US}}</ref><br /> |Yawancin sun ragu zuwa 18, amma shekarun caca har yanzu suna cikin 20 (don caca da gidajen caca). |- |[[Jodan|Jordan]]{{Flagicon|Jordan}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Laos}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gambling Age In Laos |url=https://fastip.edu.al/gambling-age-in-laos |access-date=2019-11-13 |website=fastip.edu.al |archive-date=2025-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250820002741/https://fastip.edu.al/gambling-age-in-laos |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Lebanon}} |21 | |- |[[Macau]]{{Flagicon|Macau}} |21 18 (lottery, caca wasanni, tsere) <br /> | |- |{{Flag|Malaysia}} |21Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru (Musulmai) <br /> |Wurin shakatawa na duniya a cikin Genting Highlands shine kawai gidan caca a Malaysia tun daga shekarar 2022. |- |{{Flag|Maldives}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |{{Flag|Mongolia}} |Babu | |- |{{Flag|Myanmar}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Pakistan}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |{{Flag|Philippines}} |21 (casinos) 18 (lottery) <br /> | |- |{{Flag|Qatar}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |{{Flag|Russia}} |18 | |- |[[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]]{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |{{Flag|Singapore}} |21 (casinos) 18 (lottery, wasanni fare, tsere) <br /> | |- |{{Flag|South Korea}} |19 | |- |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} |21 (ƙwallon ƙafa) | |- |{{Flag|Syria}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukkan shekaru <ref>{{Cite web |title=Syrian Arab Republic Online Gambling Restrictions |url=https://lcb.org/restrictions/syria |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=lcb.org |language=en}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Taiwan}} |20 | |- |{{Flag|Tajikistan}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Thailand}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukkan shekaru (casinos) 20 (lottery) 20 (rashin caca) |Yin caca ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Thailand, ban da caca ta Gwamnati. |- |{{Flag|Timor-Leste}} |18 |Gasar caca ta Gwamnati da na'urorin caca masu lasisi ne kawai suka zama doka.<ref>{{Cite journal |date= |title=Decreto-lei № 6/2016 de 20 de abril - Regime Jurídico do Licenciamento, Exploração e Controlo da Atividade dos Jogos Sociais e de Diversão, Máquinas de Jogo e Jogos Tradicionais |url=http://www.mj.gov.tl/jornal/public/docs/2016/serie_1/SERIE_I_NO_15.pdf |journal=Jornal da República |language=pt |location=Díli |publication-date=2016-04-20 |volume=1 |issue= |pages=9214–9226}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukkan shekaru (casinos) 18 (lotteries) <br /> |Yin caca ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Turkiyya sai dai don caca da tseren dawakai. |- |{{Flag|UAE}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukkan shekaru (casinos) 21 (lotteries) <br /> | |- |[[Vietnam]]{{Flagicon|Vietnam}} |21 | |} == Africa == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Kasar / yanki !Mafi ƙarancin shekaru !Bayani |- |[[Aljeriya]]{{Flagicon|Algeria}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |{{Flag|Angola}} |18 | |- |[[Botswana]]{{Flagicon|Botswana}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Burkina Faso}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Cote d'Ivoire}} |21 | |- |[[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]]{{Flagicon|Djibouti}} |18 (casinos) Babu (sauran nau'ikan) <br /> | |- |[[Misra|Misira]]{{Flagicon|Egypt}} |21 | |- |{{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}} |Babu | |- |{{Flag|Eritrea}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru Babu (online) <br /> Babu (a kan layi) | |- |{{Flag|Ethiopia}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru Babu (online) <br /> Babu (a kan layi) | |- |{{Flag|Gabon}} |Babu |Babu shekarun caca na hukuma; mutane da yawa sun yi kuskuren cewa yana da 18. |- |[[Ghana]]{{Flagicon|Ghana}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Guinea}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Guinea Bissau}} |Babu |Babu shekarun caca na hukuma; mutane da yawa sun yi kuskuren cewa yana da 18. |- |[[Libya]]{{Flagicon|Libya}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |[[Malawi]]{{Flagicon|Malawi}} |18 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrator |first=Website |title=Malawi Gaming Board, Police warn illegal gamblers |url=https://www.gamingboard.org.mw/media-centre/item/49-malawi-gaming-board-police-warn-illegal-gamblers |website=www.gamingboard.org.mw}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Mali}} |18 | |- |[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]{{Flagicon|Mauritania}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |[[Moroko|Maroko]]{{Flagicon|Morocco}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Mozambique}} |18 | |- |[[Namibiya|Namibia]]{{Flagicon|Namibia}} |21<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Gambling Laws – The Legality of Casinos in Africa |url=https://www.gamblingsites.org/laws/africa/ |access-date=2019-05-17 |website=www.gamblingsites.org}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Niger}} |21 (wasu gidajen caca) 18 (wasu wasu gidajen caca, duk sauran nau'ikan) <br /> 18 (wasu gidajen caca, duk sauran nau'ikan) | |- |{{Flag|Nigeria}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Old Do You Have to Be to Gamble? |url=https://sigma.world/blog/how-old-do-you-have-to-be-to-gamble/ |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=SiGMA |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Rwanda}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Senegal}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Seychelles}} |18 | |- |[[Somaliya]]{{Flagicon|Somalia}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |[[Afirka ta Kudu]]{{Flagicon|South Africa}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Gambling – Online and Offline |url=http://www.gamblingafrica.com/southafrica/ |access-date=2019-05-17 |website=www.gamblingafrica.com |archive-date=2019-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509125647/http://www.gamblingafrica.com/southafrica/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|South Sudan}} |Babu | |- |[[Sudan]]{{Flagicon|Sudan}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukan shekaru | |- |[[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]{{Flagicon|Tanzania}} |18 | |- |[[Tunisiya]]{{Flagicon|Tunisia}} |Babu |Shari'a a kowane zamani: an yi ƙoƙari mara nasara don bayyana caca ba bisa ka'ida ba ko kuma sanya mafi ƙarancin shekaru. |- |[[Uganda]]{{Flagicon|Uganda}} |25 | |} == Arewacin Amurka == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country/territory !Minimum age ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |{{Flag|Anguilla}} |None |Casinos do not exist in Anguilla as of 2023 |- |{{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Bahamas}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Barbados}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-05 |title=Gambling in Barbados |url=https://www.bajanreporter.com/2011/09/gambling-in-barbados/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=The Bajan Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Belize}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|British Virgin Islands}} |Illegal for all ages | |- |{{Flag|Canada}} |18–19 (varies by province) | {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !Province !Minimum age !Notes |- |Alberta |18 (casinos)<br /><br /> 18 (lottery) | |- |British Columbia |19 (casinos)<br /><br /> 19 (lottery) | |- |Manitoba |18 (casinos)<br /><br /> 18 (lottery) | |- |New Brunswick |19 (casinos)<br /><br /> 19 (lottery) | |- |Newfoundland and Labrador |19 (casinos)<br /><br /> 19 (lottery) | |- |Nova Scotia |19 (casinos)<br /><br /> 19 (lottery) | |- |Ontario |19 (casinos)<br /><br /> 18 (lottery) | |- |Prince Edward Island |19 (casinos)<br /><br /> 19 (lottery) | |- |Quebec |18 (casinos)<br /><br /> 18 (lottery) | |- |Saskatchewan |19 (casinos)<br /><br /> 18 (lottery) | |- |} |- |{{Flag|Cayman Islands}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Costa Rica}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Cuba}} |Illegal for all ages | |- |{{Flag|Dominica}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Dominican Republic}} |18{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2023}} | |- |{{Flag|El Salvador}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Greenland}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Guatemala}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Haiti}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Honduras}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Jamaica}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Mexico}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Nicaragua}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Panama}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Puerto Rico}} |18<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the gambling age for the casino at the... |url=https://www.tripadvisor.co.za/FAQ_Answers-g147320-d149920-t4867276-What_is_the_gambling_age_for_the_casino_at_the.html |access-date=2019-05-25 |website=www.tripadvisor.co.za |language=en}}</ref> | |- |{{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Saint Lucia}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} |21 | |- |{{Flag|US Virgin Islands}} |21 (casinos)<br /><br />18 (other) | |- |{{Flag|United States}} |18, 19, 21 or illegal (varies by state) | {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" !State !Minimum age ! class="unsortable" |Notes |- |Alabama |19 | |- |Alaska |21 | |- |Arizona |21 | |- |Arkansas |21 | |- |California |21 or 18 (casinos)<ref>{{Cite web |title=California Gambling Control Commission |url=http://www.cgcc.ca.gov/?pageID=laws-regs |access-date=2021-07-30 |website=www.cgcc.ca.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827035357/http://www.cgcc.ca.gov/?pageID=laws-regs |archive-date=2021-08-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 18 (Lottery)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Responsible Gaming {{!}} California State Lottery |url=https://www.calottery.com/about-us/responsible-gaming |access-date=2021-07-30 |website=www.calottery.com |language=en}}</ref> | |- |Colorado |21 (casinos) <br /><br /> 18 (lottery) | |- |Connecticut |21 | |- |Delaware |21 (casinos) <br /><br /> 18 (lottery)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter - Delaware General Assembly |url=https://legis.delaware.gov/SessionLaws/Chapter?id=15354 |access-date=2021-08-05 |website=legis.delaware.gov}}</ref> | |- |District of Columbia |18 | |- |Florida |21 (casinos) <br /><br /> 18 (lottery)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statutes & Constitution :Constitution : Online Sunshine |url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?submenu=3#A10S30 |access-date=2021-08-05 |website=www.leg.state.fl.us}}</ref> | |- |Georgia |18 | |- |Hawaii |21 | |- |Idaho |18 | |- |Illinois |21 | |- |Indiana |21 | |- |Iowa |21 | |- |Kansas |21 | |- |Kentucky |18 | |- |Louisiana |21 | |- |Maine |21 (casinos) <br /><br /> 18 (lottery) | |- |Maryland |21 | |- |Massachusetts |21 (casinos) <br /><br /> 18 (lottery) | |- |Michigan |18 | |- |Minnesota |18 | |- |Mississippi |21 | |- |Missouri |21 | |- |Montana |18 | |- |Nebraska |21 | |- |Nevada |21 | |- |New Hampshire |21 | |- |New Jersey |21 | |- |New Mexico |21 | |- |New York |18 | |- |North Carolina |21 | |- |North Dakota |19 | |- |Ohio |21 or 18 | |- |Oklahoma |18 | |- |Oregon |21 (casinos) <br /><br /> 18 (other) | |- |Pennsylvania |21 | |- |Rhode Island |18 | |- |South Dakota |21 | |- |South Carolina |21 | |- |Tennessee |21 (sports betting) <br /><br /> 18 (lottery) | |- |Texas |21 | |- |Utah |Illegal for all ages<ref>{{Cite web |title=Utah Code Section 76-10-1102 |url=https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title76/Chapter10/76-10-S1102.html?v=C76-10-S1102_2020032820200328 |access-date=2021-08-01 |website=le.utah.gov}}</ref> | |- |Vermont |21 | |- |Virginia |21 (casinos) <br /><br /> 18 (other) | |- |Washington |18 | |- |West Virginia |21 | |- |Wisconsin |21 | |- |Wyoming |21 | |} |} == Kudancin Amurka == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kasar / yanki !Mafi ƙarancin shekaru ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |{{Flag|Argentina}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Aruba}} |18 |Ba a aiwatar da wannan doka sau da yawa. |- |{{Flag|Bolivia}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Brazil}} |Ba bisa ka'ida ba ga dukkan shekaru (casinos) 18 (lottery) <br /> |Yin caca ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Brazil, ban da caca ta Gwamnati. |- |{{Flag|Chile}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Colombia}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Curacao}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Ecuador}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Falkland Islands}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|French Guiana}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Guyana}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Paraguay}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Peru}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Suriname}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Uruguay}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Venezuela}} |18 | |} == Antarctica == {| class="wikitable" !Kasar / yanki !Mafi ƙarancin shekaru !Bayani |- |{{Flag|Antarctica}} |Ba ya dace / Bambanci |Dubi Laifi a Antarctica |- |{{Flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|Heard and McDonald Islands}} |18 | |- |{{Flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} |18 | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ti5z47l3smqutvg6qty5k7y83lqtr4d 0 112616 964141 907458 2026-10-07T02:29:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964141 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Shekarar barin makaranta''' ita ce mafi ƙarancin shekarun da aka ba mutum izinin dakatar da halarta a makarantar sakandare ta tilas. Yawancin ƙasashe suna da shekarun barin makaranta daidai da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki na cikakken lokaci, don haka suna ba da damar sauyawa mai sauƙi daga ilimi zuwa aiki, yayin da wasu suka saita ƙasa da shekarun da aka ba da izinin aiki ga mutum. Sabanin haka, akwai kasashe da yawa waɗanda ke da shekaru da yawa tsakanin shekarun barin makaranta da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aikinsu na doka, don haka a wasu lokuta suna hana irin wannan canji na shekaru da yawa. Kasashen da aka sanya shekarun aikinsu a ƙasa da shekarun barin makaranta (yawanci kasashe masu tasowa) suna iya ba yara damar barin karatunsu da wuri don samun kuɗi ga kansu ko iyalansu. == Barin shekaru ta ƙasa == Wasu ƙasashe suna da shekaru daban-daban na barin ko aiki, amma a wasu ƙasashe kamar China da Japan, matsakaicin shekarun da mutane ke kammala karatu shine 15, dangane da ilmantarwa ko cikakken lokaci ko aiki. Teburin da ke ƙasa ya bayyana shekarun barin makaranta a ƙasashe a duk faɗin duniya da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aikinsu, yana nuna kwatankwacin ƙasashe da yawa da suka daidaita waɗannan shekarun. Dukkanin bayanai an ɗauke su ne daga teburin Shirin Hakkin Ilimi sai dai idan an nuna in ba haka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Table - At What Age?...are school-children employed, married and taken to court |url=http://www.right-to-education.org/node/279 |access-date=2014-01-02 |publisher=The Right to Education Project}}</ref> {| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 90%; white-space: nowrap”" !'''Labarin launi''' !'''Labarin Shekaru''' |- | width="340" |  | '''(13)''' yana nuna aikin ɗan lokaci daga 13 |- | width="340" |  |? yana nuna shekarun da aka saita ba a sani ba |- | width="340" |  | |- | width="340" |  | |- | width="340" |  | |- |} === Afirka === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Bambancin shekaru ! rowspan="2" |Kasar ! colspan="2" |''De jure'' ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Bayani |- !Shekarar barin makaranta !Shekarar aiki |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Aljeriya | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2011 | |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |2 |Angola |{{Center|12}} |{{Center|14}} |2010 | |- | |Benin |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|14}} |2005 | |- | |Botswana |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|15}} |2004 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Burkina Faso |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|15}} |2009 |. |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |4 |Burundi |{{Center|12}} |{{Center|16}} |2010 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Kamaru | colspan="2" |{{Center|14}} |2001 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Cape Verde |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|14}} |2001 | |- | |Chadi |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|?}} |2007 | |- | |Comoros |{{Center|14}} |{{Center|?}} |1998 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Kongo | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2006 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Misira | colspan="2" |{{Center|14}} |2010 | |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |1 |Eritrea |{{Center|13}} |{{Center|14}} |2007 | |- | |Habasha | colspan="2" |{{Center|?}} |2005 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Gabon | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2001 | |- | |Gambiya | colspan="2" |{{Center|?}} |2000 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Ghana |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|12}} |2005 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Guinea | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2012 | |- | |Kenya |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|13?}} |2006 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Libya |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|15}} |2002 | |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |4 |Madagascar |{{Center|10}} |{{Center|14}} |2010 | |- | |Malawi |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|14}} |2008 | |- | |Mozambique |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|15}} |2009 | |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" | |Maroko |{{Center|13}} |{{Center|16?}} |2003 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Namibia |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|14}} |2011 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Nijar |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|14}} |2008 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Najeriya |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|12}} |2020 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Rwanda | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2012 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Senegal |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|15}} |2006 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Seychelles | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2011 | |- | |Saliyo |{{Center|15?}} |{{Center|?}} |2006 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Somaliya |{{Center|17}} |{{Center|15}} |2018 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Afirka ta Kudu | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2011 |Yaro tsakanin shekaru 15 zuwa 18 na iya aiki ne kawai idan sun kammala aji na 9.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahery |first=Prinslean |last2=Proudlock |first2=Paula |date=April 2011 |title=Legal guide to age thresholds for children and young people |url=http://www.ci.org.za/depts/ci/pubs/pdf/resources/general/2011/ages_guide_april_2011.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224212712/http://www.ci.uct.ac.za/ |archive-date=24 December 2018 |access-date=8 October 2011 |publisher=Children's Institute, University of Cape Town |page=12 |edition=5}}</ref> |- | |Sudan |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|14}} |2010 |Ya haɗa da Sudan ta Kudu |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" | |Tanzania |{{Center|13?}} |{{Center|14}} |2005 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Togo |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|14}} |2010 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Tunisiya | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2008 | |- | |Uganda | colspan="2" |{{Center|?}} |2004 | |- | |Zambia | colspan="2" |{{Center|?}} |2002 | |- | |Zimbabwe | colspan="2" |{{Center|?}} |1995 | |- |} === Amurka === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Bambancin shekaru ! rowspan="2" |Kasar ! colspan="2" |''De jure'' ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Bayani |- !Shekarar barin makaranta !Shekarar aiki |- | |Argentina |{{Center|18}} |{{Center|16<ref name="Wayback Machine u231">{{cite web | title=Ley N° 26.390 de Prohibición del Trabajo Infantil y Protección del Trabajo Adolescente. | website=Ministerio Público de la Defensa | url=https://www.mpd.gov.ar/index.php/marco-normativo/365-normativa-nacional/leyes/3244-ley-n-26-390-de-prohibicion-del-trabajo-infantil-y-proteccion-del-trabajo-adolescente | language=es | access-date=2024-04-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920221349/https://www.mpd.gov.ar/index.php/marco-normativo/365-normativa-nacional/leyes/3244-ley-n-26-390-de-prohibicion-del-trabajo-infantil-y-proteccion-del-trabajo-adolescente | archive-date=2019-09-20 | quote="Se eleva la edad mínima de admisión al empleo a dieciséis (16) años en los términos de la presente. Rough translation: The minimum age for employment admission is raised to sixteen (16) years under the terms of this document." | url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |2008 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" | |Barbados |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|16?}} |1997 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Belize | colspan="2" |{{Center|14}} |2004 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Bolivia |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|14}} |2009 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Brazil | colspan="2" |{{Center|18}} |2006 |Makaranta wajibi ne ga yara 6-18 (shekaru 1-12 a cikin sabon tsarin makarantar Brazil). Bayan haka, babu wani wajibi na doka don zama a makaranta. Daliban da ke son cancanta don shiga jami'a dole ne duk da haka su kammala ƙarin shekaru uku (shekaru 10-12) na makarantar sakandare (ensino médio), don haka yawanci suna barin makaranta a shekara 18. Mafi ƙarancin shekaru don aikin lauya shine 18. Idan ranar haihuwar dalibi ta kasance tsakanin 1 ga Janairu da 31 ga Maris, shekaru 17, yayin da idan ranar haihuwar ɗalibin ta kasance tsakanin 3 ga Afrilu da 31 ga Disamba, to shekaru 18, kuma yana faruwa a ranar ƙarshe ta aji na 12 (farkon-tsakiyar Disamba). |- | |Kanada |{{Center|16 or 18, varies by jurisdiction}} | style="text-align:center;" |12-18, ya bambanta da iko da masana'antu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Minimum Age Laws in Canada &#124; Canadian Labour Congress |url=http://www.canadianlabour.ca/action-center/minimum-age-campaign/minimum-age-laws-canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215074234/http://www.canadianlabour.ca/action-center/minimum-age-campaign/minimum-age-laws-canada |archive-date=2014-02-15 |access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref> |{{Center|2014}} |Shekarar barin makaranta ita ce 16 a duk larduna da yankuna na Kanada ban da lardunan Manitoba, New Brunswick, da Ontario, inda shekarun barin makaranta shine 18 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Going to School in Manitoba {{!}} Manitoba Education and Training |url=https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/schools/gts.html#age |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=www.edu.gov.mb.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-24 |title=Law Document English View |url=https://www.ontario.ca/laws/view |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=Ontario.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of New Brunswick |first=Canada |date=2010-05-18 |title=New Brunswick Education |url=https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/gateways/about_nb/education.html |access-date=2019-02-01 |website=www2.gnb.ca |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A Ontario, idan ranar haihuwar dalibi mai shekaru 17 ta fadi tsakanin ƙarshen shekara ta makaranta zuwa 31 ga Disamba, za su iya janyewa daga makaranta a ƙarshen wannan shekarar makaranta ta yanzu. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Chile |{{Center|18}} |{{Center|15}} |2005 |Dalibai sun gama karatun sakandare (Educación Media a cikin Mutanen Espanya) suna da shekaru 18, kuma aiki doka ce kawai idan ma'aikacin da bai kai shekara 17 ba (shekaru 17 ko ƙarami) ya sami izini daga mai kula da doka ko iyaye. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Colombia |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|14}} |2005 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Costa Rica |{{Center|17 or 18}} |{{Center|15}} |2010 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Cuba | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2010 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -4 |Dominica |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|12}} |2004? | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Jamhuriyar Dominica | colspan="2" |{{Center|18}} |2007? | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Grenada | colspan="2" |{{Center|14}} |2009 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Guyana |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|15}} |2003 | |- | |Haiti |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|15}} |2002 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Jamaica |{{Center|14}} |{{Center|12}} |2003 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Mexico | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2014 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Paraguay |{{Center|14}} |{{Center|14}} |2009 |Tun lokacin da aka fara gyaran Ilimi a 1993, ilimin asali na tsawon shekaru tara ne zuwa shekaru 15. Dangane da Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ilimin tilas ya ƙare a 12. |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |2 |Peru |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|18}} |2009 |Ma'aikata suna da alhakin bayar da rahoto a kai a kai game da aikin da halartar ɗaliban da suke amfani da su don taimakawa wajen tabbatar da iliminsu ya sha wahala saboda aikinsu. |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Saint Kitts da Nevis | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |1997 | |- | |Saint Vincent da Grenadines |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|14?}} |2001 | |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" | |Suriname |{{Center|10?}} |{{Center|14}} |2005 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Trinidad da Tobago | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2004 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Amurka | colspan="2" |{{Center|18}} |2010 |Shekarar barin makaranta ta bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha tare da mafi yawan suna da shekaru 18 masu barin, amma kaɗan suna da shekarun barin sama da wannan adadin.<ref name="ECS">{{Cite web |last=Mikulecky |first=Marga |date=April 2013 |title=Compulsory School Age Requirements |url=http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/01/07/03/10703.pdf |access-date=January 8, 2015 |publisher=Education Commission of the States }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Daliban da suka kammala wani matakin ilimin sakandare ("makarantar sakandare") na iya yin gwajin da aka daidaita kuma su kammala karatu daga ilimin tilas, Janar Equivalency Degree. Har ila yau, jihohi da yawa suna ba da izini ga ɗalibai masu baiwa da basira don hanzarta iliminsu don samun difloma kafin su kai shekarun barin. Matasa na iya neman aiki a shekaru 14 a jihohi da yawa. *Bambance-bambance ta Jiha ko Yankin<br /> |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |1 |Uruguay |{{Center|14}} |{{Center|15}} |2006 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Venezuela | colspan="2" |{{Center|14}} |2007 | |- |} === Asiya === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Bambancin shekaru ! rowspan="2" |Kasar ! colspan="2" |''De jure'' ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Bayani |- !Shekarar barin makaranta !Shekarar aiki |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |2 |Afghanistan |{{Center|13}} |{{Center|15}} |2010 | |- | |Armenia |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|14}} |2011 | |- | |Azerbaijan |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|15}} |2005 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Bahrain |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|14}} |2010 | |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |4 |Bangladesh |{{Center|10}} |{{Center|14}} |2008 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Brunei |{{Center|17}} |{{Center|14}} |2003 |Ilimi na tilas a Brunei daga ilimin firamare zuwa ilimin sakandare. Ana ƙarfafa ilimin sakandare. |- | |Myanmar |{{Center|9}} |{{Center|13}} |2011 |Babu wani a zahiri |- | |Kambodiya |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|15}} |2010 | |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |1 |Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|16}} |2012 |Ilimi na tilas yana ɗaukar shekaru 9. Ana lissafin shekarun barin makaranta a ƙarƙashin zaton cewa ɗalibai za su shiga makaranta a shekara 6 kuma su kammala karatun sakandare a shekara 18. |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |2 |Georgia |{{Center|14}} |{{Center|16}} |2007 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Indiya | colspan="2" |{{Center|14}} |2003 |Gwamnati tana yin doka ta tilastawa ilimi har zuwa shekaru 14. Duk wanda yake so ya ci gaba da karatunsa na iya ci gaba da aiki. |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Hong Kong, kasar Sin |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|15}} |2019 |An haramta yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 daga aiki a duk ayyukan masana'antu. Yara masu shekaru 13 da 14 na iya aiki a cibiyoyin da ba na masana'antu ba, dangane da yanayin cewa suna halartar makarantar cikakken lokaci idan ba su kammala Form III na ilimin sakandare ba da kuma wasu yanayi waɗanda ke da niyyar kare lafiyarsu, lafiya da jin dadin su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Labour Legislation |url=https://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/legislat/content2.htm |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=Labour Department}}</ref> |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Indonesia | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2018 |Shekarar barin makaranta ta bambanta tsakanin larduna tare da mafi yawan suna da shekaru 15 na barin, amma kaɗan suna da shekaru 18 na barin. An haramta yara 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 daga aiki a duk ayyukan masana'antu. |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Iran | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2015 |Ilimi na tilas yana ɗaukar shekaru 9, gami da ilimin firamare da ƙananan sakandare. Ana lissafin shekarun barin makaranta a ƙarƙashin zaton cewa ɗalibai za su shiga makarantar firamare a shekara 6 kuma su kammala karatun sakandare a shekara 15.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2017 |title=Education in Iran |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2017/02/education-in-iran |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=WENR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209025031/https://wenr.wes.org/2017/02/education-in-iran |archive-date=9 December 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2016 |title=Iran (Islamic Republic of) |url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/ir |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=UNESCO UIS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran, Islamic Rep. of |url=http://timssandpirls.bc.edu/timss2015/encyclopedia/countries/iran-islamic-rep-of/ |access-date=29 March 2022 |website=TIMSS 2015 Encyclopedia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Education System |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/what-does-school-education-look-iran |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=Education Iran |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119234621/https://www.britishcouncil.org/voices-magazine/what-does-school-education-look-iran |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | |Iraki |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|15}} |1996 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -4 |Isra'ila |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|14}} |2011? |An rage shekarun aiki, shekarun barin makaranta sun tashi. |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Japan | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2009 |Mafi yawan (> 90%) na ɗaliban Jafananci sun kammala karatun sakandare saboda matsin lamba, duk da shekarun barin. |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Jordan | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2006 | |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |1 |Lebanon |{{Center|12}} |{{Center|13}} |2005 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Mongolia |{{Center|17}} |{{Center|14}} |2009 | |- | |Nepal |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|14}} |2004 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Koriya ta Arewa | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2008 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Koriya ta Kudu | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2011 |Yawancin ɗaliban Koriya sun kammala karatun sakandare saboda matsin lamba da kuma gamsuwar kai, duk da shekarun barin. Ana samun taimakon gwamnati ga iyalai. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Kuwait |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|14}} |2012 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Malaysia |{{Center|17}} |{{Center|14}} |2006? |Makarantar firamare tilas ce, sannan makarantar sakandare ta biyo baya. 17 shine shekarun barin makaranta; mutum na iya barin ne kawai bayan da aka saki sakamakon Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia don shiga makarantar sakandare. 14 shine mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki. Ba a yarda da mutanen da ba su kai shekaru ba su yi aiki ko kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Dan Adam ta yi musu hadari. |- | |Maldives |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|14}} |2006 | |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |4 |Pakistan |{{Center|10}} |{{Center|14}} |2009? |Kodayake mafi ƙarancin shekaru don barin makaranta shine shekaru 10 ko firamare, wanda ke nufin ilimi na shekaru 7, mafi ƙaranci shekarun aiki ana ɗaukarsa 14. Mutanen da ke da shekaru 14 na iya yin aiki mai sauƙi kawai kuma ba aiki mai haɗari ba. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Philippines |{{Center|18}} |{{Center|15}} |2015 |Aiwatar da shirin K-12 (duba Ilimi a cikin Philippines) ya kuma nuna hauhawar barin makaranta zuwa 18. |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Saudi Arabia | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2010? |Ɗalibi na iya barin makaranta bayan ya kai shekara 15 idan aka ba da izinin mahaifinsa. In ba haka ba, ɗalibin dole ne ya kammala makaranta har zuwa shekara 18. Shekarar aiki a cikin aikin ɗan lokaci ko a lokacin hutun makaranta shine 15. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Singapore |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|15}} |2010? |Makarantar firamare tilas ce, sannan makarantar sakandare ta biyo baya. 16 shine shekarun barin makaranta; mutum na iya barin ne kawai bayan da aka saki sakamakon GCE 'O' na Singapore don shiga polytechnics, ƙananan kwalejoji, Cibiyar Ilimi ta Fasaha, ko aiki. 15 shine mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki. Ba a yarda da mutanen da ba su kai shekaru ba su yi aiki ko kuma Ma'aikatar Ma'aikata ta yi musu hadari. |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Sri Lanka | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2014 |Don ƙarin bayani <nowiki>http://www.moe.gov.lk/sinhala/images/publications/Education_First_SL/Education=First_SR.pdf</nowiki>[http://www.moe.gov.lk/sinhala/images/publications/Education_First_SL/Education_First_SL.pdf http://www.moe.gov.lk/sinhala/hotuna/bugawa/Ilimi_First_SL/Ilimi _First_SR.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127004418/http://www.moe.gov.lk/sinhala/images/publications/Education_First_SL/Education_First_SL.pdf |date=2019-11-27 }} |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Siriya | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2010 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Taiwan | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2010 |Ilimi na tilas ya kai Grade 9. Grades 10-12 (babban matsayi) ana ɗaukarsa nau'in ilimi na asali, amma ba tilas ba ne. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Tajikistan |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|14}} |2009 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Thailand | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2011 |Dalibai dole ne su kammala karatun sakandare har zuwa Matthayom 3 sannan su sami zaɓi na ci gaba zuwa sakandare, makarantun sana'a ko barin, duk da haka, saboda matsin lamba yawancin ɗalibai sun gama karatun sakandare kuma su ci gaba zuwa Matthyom 6, matriculation ko wasu nau'ikan ilimin kafin jami'a. |- | |Turkiyya |{{Center|14-16?}} |{{Center|16?}} |???? | |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |3 |Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa |{{Center|18}} |{{Center|21}} |2001 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Uzbekistan |{{Center|18}} |{{Center|16}} |2012 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Vietnam |{{Center|18}} |{{Center|15}} |2011? |Makarantun sakandare na ƙarami yanzu tilas ne, amma a wasu yankuna masu tsaunuka, yara da yawa suna barin makarantu a baya don taimakawa iyayensu. Gwamnati na kokarin rage wannan abin da ke faruwa. Yara dole ne su kasance aƙalla 15 don yin aiki bisa doka. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Yemen |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|14}} |2004 |Ilimi na asali yana ɗaukar shekaru 9 kuma wajibi ne ga masu shekaru 6-15. Ana lissafin shekarun barin makaranta a ƙarƙashin zaton cewa ɗalibai za su shiga ilimi na asali a shekara 6 kuma su kammala karatu a shekara 15.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen, Republic of |url=https://www.aacrao.org/edge/country/yemen-republic-of |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=AACRAO EDGE}}</ref> |- |} === Turai === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Bambancin shekaru ! rowspan="2" |Kasar ! colspan="2" |''De jure'' ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Bayani |- !Shekarar barin makaranta !Shekarar aiki |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Andorra | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2001 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Ostiraliya | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2011 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Belarus |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|14}} |2010 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Belgium |{{Center|18}} |{{Center|16}} |2021 |Ilimi na cikakken lokaci ya zama tilas daga shekaru 5 har zuwa shekaru 16. Bayan shekaru 16 dalibai na iya bin ilimi na ɗan lokaci ko cikakken lokaci. A wannan shekarun ɗalibai na iya fara aiki a lokacin hutun su, tare da takamaiman dokokin aiki a wurin. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa Belgium tana da tsarin makaranta daban-daban guda uku daya ga Al'ummar Flemish, daya ga al-Al'ummar Jamus kuma daya ga al"Al'ummar Faransa. |- | |Bosnia da Herzegovina |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|15}} |2011 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Bulgaria | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2007 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Croatia | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2003 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Cyprus | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2011 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Jamhuriyar Czech |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|15}} |2012 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Denmark |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|13}} |2010 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Estonia | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2002 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Finland |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|15}} |2010 |Dole ne 'yan ƙasa su kammala makarantar sakandare. Shekarar kammala shi ya bambanta dangane da shekarun fara makaranta (yawanci 7) da shekarun da aka riƙe a baya. Yawancin sun kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare suna da shekaru 16. Daliban da ba su gama makarantar sakandare ba tun suna da shekaru 17 (wanda ba shi da yawa) na iya barin makaranta. Ilimi na sakandare (na uku) na son rai ne. |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Faransa | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2010 |Mafi ƙarancin shekarun barin makaranta shine 16. Akwai, duk da haka, wasu takamaiman lokuta inda matasa zasu iya shiga aiki kafin su kai shekara 16, kamar aiki a kamfanin iyaye, aiki na lokaci-lokaci, ko matasa da suka bar makaranta da wuri suna fara koyo a shekara ta 15, don ambaci kaɗan. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Jamus |{{Center|16-18}} |{{Center|(15)}} |2003 |A Jamus, shekarun da dalibai suka gama makaranta ya dogara da irin makarantar da suke halarta. Tare da shekarun barin makaranta da aka saita a 16 a mafi yawan makarantu, bar Gymnasium inda dalibai suka kammala karatu a maimakon haka a shekara 18. Dokar tarayya ''Jugendarbeitsschutzgesetz'' (Dokar Kare Aiki ta Matasa) ta tsara mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki, wanda aka saita a 15. |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Girka | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2011 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Hungary | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2019 |Ɗalibi mai shekaru 15 na iya aiki a lokacin hutun makaranta, tare da izinin iyaye. Tsakanin 16 da 18 ƙarami na iya aiki a lokacin shekara ta makaranta, amma kawai tare da izinin iyaye. Yara ba za su iya aiki fiye da awanni 40 a mako ba, kuma za su iya yin aiki ne kawai tsakanin karfe 6 na safe da karfe 10 na yamma, ba tare da sauye-sauyen dare ba. |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Iceland | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2010 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Ireland |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|(14)}} |2000 |Mafi ƙarancin shekaru na doka shine 16, ban da waɗanda suka kammala ƙasa da shekaru uku na ilimin sakandare, waɗanda suke da shekaru 18. <ref name="irelandYouthGeneral">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2013 |title=Children and rights in Ireland |url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/birth_family_relationships/children_s_rights_and_policy/children_and_rights_in_ireland.html |access-date=6 January 2014 |website=Citizens Information |publisher=Citizens Information Board}}</ref><ref name="irelandYouthSchool">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2014 |title=School attendance |url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/education/primary_and_post_primary_education/attendance_and_discipline_in_schools/school_attendance.html |access-date=6 January 2014 |website=Citizens Information |publisher=Citizens Information Board}} {{Cite web |title=Education (Welfare) Act, 2000 |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2000/en/act/pub/0022/index.html |access-date=6 January 2014 |website=[[Irish Statute Book]] |page=§§2, 17 |no-pp=y}}</ref> Mafi ƙarancin shekarun aiki sune: 14 a lokacin hutun makaranta; 15 a lokacin wa'adi; 16 don aiki har zuwa awanni 40 a kowane mako da awanni 8 a kowace rana; 18 don aiki ba tare da ƙuntatawa na shekaru ba. <ref name="irelandYouthGeneral" /><ref name="irelandYouthWork" /> Dole ne a yi rajistar ma'aikata a ƙasa da shekara 18.<ref name="irelandYouthWork">{{Cite web |title=Hours of work for young people |url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/starting_work_and_changing_job/young_people_at_work/hours_of_work_for_young_people.html |access-date=6 January 2014 |website=Citizens Information |publisher=Citizens Information Board}} {{Cite web |title=Protection of Young Persons (Employment) Act, 1996 |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1996/en/act/pub/0016/index.html |access-date=6 January 2014 |website=[[Irish Statute Book]]}}</ref> Ministan Kasuwanci, Yawon Bude Ido da Ayyuka na iya ƙayyade 'yanci; an yi wannan ga dangi na kusa.<ref name="irelandYouthWork" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=S.I. No. 2/1997 - Protection of Young Persons (Employment of Close Relatives) Regulations, 1997. |url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1997/en/si/0002.html |access-date=6 January 2014 |website=[[Irish Statute Book]]}}</ref> |- | style="background:#00EEC4;" | -2-0 |Italiya |{{Center|16-18}} |{{Center|16}} |2010 |Ilimi na cikakken lokaci ya zama tilas daga shekaru 6 zuwa 16. Daga ranar 16 zuwa ranar haihuwar mutum, za su iya zaɓar ci gaba da makaranta na cikakken lokaci ko fara koyo yayin da suke zuwa makaranta aƙalla mako guda a wata. |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Latvia | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2005 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Liechtenstein | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2005 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Lithuania | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2011 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Luxembourg | colspan="2" |{{Center|18}} |1997 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Jamhuriyar Makidoniya |{{Center|18}} |{{Center|15}} |2009? |Ilimi na sakandare na tilas ya fara ne a shekara ta 2008 (Gazette na hukuma na Jamhuriyar Makidoniya No. 49 daga 18 ga Afrilu 2007). |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Malta | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2012 |Kodayake ilimin tilas ya ƙare a 16, yawan yara suna ƙaruwa don ci gaba da karatunsu yayin da suke yin aiki na ɗan lokaci. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Moldova |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|15}} |2008 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Monaco | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2012 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Montenegro | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2010 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -5 |Netherlands |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|13}} |2014 |A cikin Netherlands, halartar makaranta wajibi ne ga duk yara masu shekaru 5 zuwa 16. Matasa masu shekaru daga 16 zuwa 18 dole ne su sami ƙwarewar asali kafin su bar makaranta. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Netherlands Antilles |{{Center|15}} |{{Center|12}} |2010? | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Norway |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|15}} |2009 | |- | style="background:#00EEC4;" | -3-1 |Poland |{{Center|14-18*}} |{{Center|15}} |2002 |Bayan kammala karatu daga [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantar firamare]] ta shekaru 8 (yawanci yana da shekaru 14 ko 15) mutum na iya barin makaranta amma ana buƙatar doka ta ci gaba da ilimi har zuwa shekaru 18. Koyaya, ana iya gamsar da wannan buƙata ta hanyar horar da sana'a, ba tare da halartar makaranta ba. Ana iya yin wannan a matsayin wani ɓangare na aiki, don haka a zahiri mutumin ya bar makaranta kuma ya yi aiki na cikakken lokaci. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Portugal |{{Center|18}} |{{Center|16}} |2009 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Romania |{{Center|18}} |{{Center|16}} |2025 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Rasha | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2004 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |San Marino | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2003 | |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |1 |Serbia |{{Center|14}} |{{Center|15}} |2007 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Slovakia |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|(14)}} |2006? |Daga 14 zuwa 17, ayyukan ɗan lokaci ne kawai aka ba da izini. Dalibi na iya barin makaranta bayan shekaru 10 na halartar makaranta (yawanci shekaru 16) ko kuma lokacin da shekara ta farko ta makaranta bayan ranar haihuwarsa ta 16 ta gama (duk abin da ya zo da farko). Yawancin ɗalibai suna ci gaba har zuwa jarrabawar maturita a shekarar da ta gabata ta makarantar sakandare (ɗalibi yawanci 19 ne a wannan lokacin).<br /> |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Slovenia | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2012 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Spain | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |1997 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Sweden | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2004 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |Switzerland | colspan="2" |{{Center|15}} |2001 | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Ukraine |{{Center|17}} |{{Center|16}} |2010 | |- | colspan="7" |{{Center|[[United Kingdom]]}} |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Ingila |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|15}} |2015<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014-01-09 |title=School leaving age - GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/know-when-you-can-leave-school |access-date=2014-04-02 |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Government Digital Service}}</ref> |Cikakken shekarun aiki na shari'a a [[Ingila]] ya dace da ƙarshen ilimi na yau da kullun, wanda ya zama tilas daga farkon Satumba bayan yaro ya cika 5, zuwa Jumma'a ta ƙarshe ta Yuni a cikin Shekara 11 (lokacin da mutum yana da shekaru 15-16). Aikin cikakken lokaci ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kafin wannan batu, kodayake ana iya yin aiki na ɗan lokaci daga 14 kuma a wasu lokuta, misali isar da jaridu, a 13. Dokar Ilimi da Kwarewa ta 2008 (wanda aka fara aiwatarwa a Ingila a cikin 2013) tana kula da shekarun barin makaranta a Ingila a 16, amma tana buƙatar cewa mutane sama da shekarun barin makarantar (waɗanda ke tsakanin shekaru 16-18) ko dai suna aiki na cikakken lokaci ko kuma sun shiga makarantar sakandare (tare da zaɓuɓɓukan ilimi mafi girma a buɗe ga waɗanda ke da shekaru 16 da sama ciki har da kwalejojin ilimi ko siffofi na shida, jami'o'i daga shekaru 17). Wannan tanadin (kamar yadda aka tsara) ya shafi Ingila kawai kuma babu wata doka da ake buƙata don mutum ya yi aiki ko ya kasance yana cikin makarantar ilimi, sama da shekaru 16, a kowane ɗayan Burtaniya. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -1 |Arewacin Ireland |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|(15)}} |2014<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014-01-09 |title=School leaving age - GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/know-when-you-can-leave-school |access-date=2014-04-02 |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Government Digital Service}}</ref> | |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -3 |Scotland |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|(13)}} |2013<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014-01-09 |title=School leaving age - GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/know-when-you-can-leave-school |access-date=2014-04-02 |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Government Digital Service}}</ref> |Ilimi na tilas yawanci ya ƙare bayan shekaru 16 wanda yawanci bayan shekara ta huɗu, kodayake wannan yana cikin rabin Shekara ta biyar ga wasu. Koyaya, ɗalibai da yawa suna ci gaba zuwa shekara ta biyar da / ko ta shida, inda ake samun cancanta don shiga [[jami'a]]. Ƙuntatawa ta shafi lokutan aiki na waɗanda ke da shekaru 13 zuwa 16 (watau matsakaicin sa'o'i, izinin aiki, nau'in aiki) don tabbatar da cewa aikin ya dace da bukatun ilimi na cikakken lokaci. |- | style="background:#E09C8B;" | -2 |Wales |{{Center|16}} |{{Center|(14)}} |2013<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014-01-09 |title=School leaving age - GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/know-when-you-can-leave-school |access-date=2014-04-02 |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Government Digital Service}}</ref> |Aikin cikakken lokaci yana farawa da 16. |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Bambancin shekaru ! rowspan="2" |Kasar ! colspan="2" |''De jure'' ! rowspan="2" |Shekara ! rowspan="2" |Bayani |- !Shekarar barin makaranta !Shekarar aiki |- | |Ostiraliya |{{Center|15 or 17}} |{{Center|11 for supervised work, 13 for easy work, 15 for most jobs}} |2011 |Mafi ƙarancin shekaru daga 2009 zai zama kamar haka: Yankin Arewa - 15; ACT - 15; Kudancin Australia - 17; Queensland - 17; Dalibai dole ne su kasance a makaranta har sai sun cika shekaru 16 ko kammala Shekara 10, duk abin da ya zo da farko. Daga can dole ne su kasance "koyon ko samun" wanda ke nufin dole ne a yi amfani da su aƙalla awanni 25 a mako, ko kuma su kasance a cikin cikakken lokaci ko kuma su zama a cikin haɗuwa da aikin ɗan lokaci da ilimi na ɗan lokaci wanda ya ƙara zuwa aƙalla sa'o'i 25 a mako har sai sun cika 17 ko kammala Shekara 12 ko daidai, wanda ya zo da farko. Victoria - 17; Yammacin Australia - 15; NSW - 17 (idan ba sa so su yi HSC suna buƙatar yin aiki aƙalla awanni 25 a kowane mako ko a TAFE suna karatu har sai sun cika shekara 17); Tasmania - 17. |- | |Fiji |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|18}} |1996 | |- | style="background:#f2eb9f;" |4 |Tsibirin Marshall |{{Center|14}} |{{Center|18}} |2005 | |- | |Jihohin Tarayyar Micronesia |{{Center|14}} |{{Center|?}} |1996 | |- | style="background:#A0B2A4;" |0 |New Zealand | colspan="2" |{{Center|16}} |2010 |Wadanda akalla 15 na iya barin makaranta tare da izini daga Ma'aikatar Ilimi. |- | |Papua New Guinea | colspan="2" |{{Center|?}} |2003 | |- | |Palau |{{Center|17}} |{{Center|?}} |2000 | |- | |Tsibirin Solomon |{{Center|?}} |{{Center|12}} |2002 | |- |} == Ci gaba da makaranta ta ƙasa == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Kasar !2009OECD <br /> ! colspan="2" |1986Michael Hill <br /> |- !%-shekaru shigar da lokaci-lokaci (shekaru 15-19) <br /><br /><br /> !%-shekaru shigar da lokaci-lokaci (shekaru 17) <br /><br /><br /> !Ƙananan leavingagere<br /><br /><br /> |- | align="left" |[[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] |78 |50 |15 |- | align="left" |[[Austriya|Ostiraliya]] |84 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Beljik|Belgium]] |91 |86 |16 |- | align="left" |[[Brazil]] |70 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Kanada]] |80 |79 |15/16 |- | align="left" |[[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] |93 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Denmark]] |89 |75 |16/17 |- | align="left" |[[Istoniya|Estonia]] |89 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Finland]] |90 |91 |17 |- | align="left" |[[Faransa]] |90 |80 |16 |- | align="left" |[[Jamus]] |93 |100 |16 |- | align="left" |[[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] |88 |55 |14.5 |- | align="left" |[[Hungariya|Hungary]] |93 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Ayislan|Iceland]] |88 |41 |15 |- | align="left" |Ireland |83 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Isra'ila]] |69 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Italiya]] |84 |46 |14 |- | align="left" |[[Japan]] | |91 |15 |- | align="left" |[[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] |95 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] |61 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Holand|Netherlands]] |90 |87 |16 |- | align="left" |[[New Zealand]] |73 |54 |15 |- | align="left" |[[Norway]] |81 |76 |16 |- |Matsakaicin OECD |84 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Poland]] |94 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Portugal]] |85 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Slofakiya|Slovakia]] |91 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] |94 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Ispaniya|Spain]] |80 |53 |14 |- | align="left" |[[Sweden]] |88 |86 |16 |- | align="left" |[[Switzerland]] |85 |83 |15/16 |- | align="left" |[[Turkiyya]] |56 |N⁄_A |N⁄_A |- | align="left" |[[Birtaniya|Ƙasar Ingila]] |78 |49 |16 |- | align="left" |[[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] |85 |89 |17 |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Ilimi na tilas]] * Lissafin Ilimi * Shekarar aiki ta doka * Girman shekarun barin makaranta == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.right-to-education.org/ Hakkin Ilimi] {{Law country lists}} 8ne2z3tgt09r7gem4kv19pg2c7bciku 0 113200 964258 893625 2026-10-07T11:00:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tamsin Edwards''' masanin kimiyyar yanayi ne na Burtaniya kuma Farfesa a Kwalejin King's London . <ref>{{Cite web |title=King's College London - Edwards, Dr Tamsin |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/geography/people/academic/edwards/index.aspx |access-date=23 May 2018 |website=Kcl.ac.uk}}</ref> Ita sananniyar mai sadarwa ce ta kimiyya kuma tana rubutu ga Laburaren Kimiyya na Jama'a (PLOS). <ref name="amaw">{{Cite web |title=All Models Are Wrong |url=http://blogs.plos.org/models/ |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=All Models Are Wrong |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Edwards ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin lissafi bayan ya karanta A Brief History of Time . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-17 |title=The Real Deal: Tamsin Edwards, Climate Modeller |url=http://highheelsinthelab.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/real-deal-tamsin-edwards-climate_17.html |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=highheelsinthelab.blogspot.co.uk}}</ref> Yar Michael Edwards, ta kammala A-Levels a Physics, Chemistry da Maths a St Margaret's School, a Exeter. <ref name="TheIceAndTheFire">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-03 |title=The Poetry & Science of Ice and Fire |url=http://www.champernowne.org/science-ice-fire/ |access-date=2018-08-22 |publisher=Champernowne Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About me |url=https://planetearth.imascientist.org.uk/profile/tamsinedwards/ |access-date=2023-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi karatun kimiyyar lissafi a Makarantar Physics da Astronomy a Jami'ar Manchester . Ta kammala digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Manchester a karkashin kulawar Brian Cox . Rubutun ta ya bincika samar da Z bosons, wanda aka gano ta hanyar lalacewarsu zuwa muons, ta amfani da bayanan da aka tattara a Tevatron.<ref name="phd" /> == Bincike da aiki == Edwards ya shiga Jami'ar Open a matsayin malami, yana aiki a cikin ƙungiyar Palaeoenvironmental Change . Tana amfani da samfuran kwamfuta don yin hasashen da nazarin canjin yanayi, tare da sha'awar tasirin tasirin tasirin matakin teku na canje-canje a cikin kankara na Antarctic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamsin Edwards - Stories of Change - OpenLearn - Open University |url=http://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment/the-environment/creative-climate/stories-change/tamsin-edwards-stories-change |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Open.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Risk5">{{Cite book|edition=Steve}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Tamsin |date=2015-11-18 |title=Antarctic ice sheet collapse will cause sea levels to rise. So what's new? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2015/nov/18/antarctic-ice-sheet-collapse-sea-level-rise-whats-new |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi nazarin yadda layin ƙanƙara (ma'anar da ta rabu da dutsen nahiyar kuma tana iyo cikin teku) ke shafar yawan kwararar kankara, kuma ta kiyasta tasirin ra'ayoyi masu kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Tamsin Edwards:Reconciling projections of the Antarctic contribution to sea level rise |url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/newsandeventspggrp/imperialcollege/naturalsciences/mathematics/mathsseminars/eventssummary/event_15-5-2017-12-15-14 |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Imperial College London}}</ref> A cikin 2017 Edwards ya shiga Kwalejin King's London a matsayin malami a fannin ilimin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=King's College London - Edwards, Dr Tamsin |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/geography/people/academic/edwards/index.aspx |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Kcl.ac.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> Za ta zama jagorar marubuciya don Babi na 9 (Ocean, cryosphere, da canjin matakin teku) na Rahoton Bincike na shida na [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|Kwamitin Gwamnati kan Canjin Yanayi]] . <ref name="AR6">{{Cite web |title=Working Group I contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6-WG1) |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/authors/report.authors.php?q=35&p= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527220712/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/authors/report.authors.php?q=35&p= |archive-date=27 May 2018 |access-date=2018-05-22 |publisher=[[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]}}</ref> Edwards ya rubuta wani sanannen shafin yanar gizon kimiyya wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Jama'a (PLOS) ta shirya.<ref name="amaw2">{{Cite web |title=All Models Are Wrong |url=http://blogs.plos.org/models/ |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=All Models Are Wrong |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta rubuta wa ''[[The Guardian]]'' kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga surori ga littattafai game da canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CaSE {{!}} One climate data point |url=http://www.sciencecampaign.org.uk/news-media/guest-blog/one-climate-data-point.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508051356/http://www.sciencecampaign.org.uk/news-media/guest-blog/one-climate-data-point.html |archive-date=8 May 2018 |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Sciencecampaign.org.uk}}</ref><ref name="Risk62">{{Cite book|edition=Steve}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamsin Edwards |url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/tamsin-edwards |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Yin aiki tare da [[Met Office|Ofishin Met]], Edwards ya kirkiro albarkatun ilimi game da hauhawar matakin teku don [[2017 taron canjin yanayi na zamani|Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2017]] ("COP23"). <ref>{{Cite web |title=COP 23 |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate-guide/science/uk/cop/cop23 |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Met Office}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014 ta ba da jawabin [[TED|TEDx]] a [[CERN]], ''Yadda za a ƙaunaci rashin tabbas a Kimiyya ta Yanayi.'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Tamsin |title=Ripples of Curiosity |url=http://tedxcern.web.cern.ch/speakers/tamsin-edwards |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=tedxcern.web.cern.ch |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103500/http://tedxcern.web.cern.ch/speakers/tamsin-edwards |archive-date=2018-05-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan fadace-fadace tsakanin masana kimiyya da masu shakka a kan Twitter a cikin 2014, Edwards ya kasance wani ɓangare na wani abincin dare yana tattauna yadda za su iya kwantar da hankalin muhawara. Abincin dare ya hada da [[David Rose (journalist)|David Rose]] da [[Richard A. Betts]], kuma Edwards ita ce kadai mace.<ref name=":12" /> A shekara ta 2015 an yi bikin ne a matsayin daya daga cikin mata ashirin da ke "yi raƙuman ruwa" a [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015|Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015]]. Ta lashe lambar yabo ta 2016 ta British Science Association [[Charles Lyell]] don Kimiyya ta Muhalli. Ta tattauna yadda za a iya amfani da samfuran kwamfuta don hango hasashen rushewar kankara da kuma yadda za a sadarwa da rashin tabbas.<ref name=":22" /> A cikin 2017 an bayyana ta a cikin jerin ''[[HuffPost]]'' Australia's Breaking The Ice . Ita ce mai magana a bikin Bluedot na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamsin Edwards – Bluedot Festival |url=https://www.discoverthebluedot.com/profile/tamsin-edwards |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=Bluedot Festival |language=en}}</ref> Edwards ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya ga [[BBC]]. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara a kan [[BBC]]'s Climate Change by Numbers, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta American Association for the Advancement of Science for Science Journalism, <ref name="AAAS Kavli">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-10 |title=The 2015 Winners Named in Expanded AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Awards Competition |url=https://www.aaas.org/sja2015 |access-date=2018-05-22 |publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]}}</ref> da kuma lambar yabo ta 2015 don "Mafi kyawun Gabatarwa na Kimiyya a cikin Muhalli" daga EuroPAWS.<ref name="EuroPAWS">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=The 2015 Science TV and New Media Award Winners |url=http://europaws.org/archive/2015-festival/the-2015-science-tv-and-new-media-award-winners/ |access-date=2018-05-22 |publisher=EuroPAWS |archive-date=2018-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418032221/http://europaws.org/archive/2015-festival/the-2015-science-tv-and-new-media-award-winners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta bayyana a BBC Radio 4 da BBC World Service . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change, State of the World's Plants, Antibiotic Resistance, Telephone Metadata, Bat Detective, BBC Inside Science - BBC Radio 4 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07b9r3m |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Life Scientific: Tamsin Edwards on models of climate change |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000wjpn |access-date=2021-05-19 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Advice for Gay Men When Homosexuality is Illegal, The Science Hour - BBC World Service |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03v2yqq |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> An ba ta lambar yabo ta 2020 Climate Science Communications Award ta Royal Meteorological Society . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=7 June 2021 |title=Pioneering urban meteorologist is the first female recipient of the Symons Gold Medal |url=https://www.rmets.org/news/pioneering-urban-meteorologist-first-female-recipient-symons-gold-medal |access-date=7 June 2021 |website= |publisher=[[Royal Meteorological Society]] |quote=Awarded as an outstanding climate scientist who has been a leading and highly respected communicator of climate science for over a decade. She has set the standard internationally for pro-active, open and objective communication with the public on climate change and its scientific basis and has built a huge reputation for clarity and as a trusted voice of authority.}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 2021, Edwards ta shiga cikin wani taron kwararru na kasa da kasa da ake kira Climate Change: Me ya sa ya kamata mu damu? , wanda Cibiyar Tarihin Kimiyya ta shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date= |title=Climate Change: Why Should We Care? |url=https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/see-and-do/climate-talks/why-should-we-care |access-date=16 June 2021 |website= |publisher=[[Science Museum Group]] |quote=}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Nick |first=Faezeh M. |last2=Vieli |first2=Andreas |last3=Langer Andersen |first3=Morten |last4=Joughin |first4=Ian |last5=Payne |first5=Anthony J |last6=Edwards |first6=Tamsin L. |last7=Pattyn |first7=Frank |last8=van de Wal |first8=Roderik |year=2013 |title=Future sea-level rise from Greenland's main outlet glaciers in a warming climate |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48981/2/Nick_2013_Nature__Nick2013jp.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=497 |issue=7448 |pages=235–238 |bibcode=2013Natur.497..235N |doi=10.1038/nature12068 |pmid=23657350 |s2cid=4400824}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hawkins |first=Ed |last2=Edwards |first2=Tamsin |last3=McNeall |first3=Doug |year=2014 |title=Pause for thought |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48973/1/Hawkins_2014_Nature_Climate_change__Hawkins2014kb.pdf |journal=[[Nature Climate Change]] |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=154–156 |bibcode=2014NatCC...4..154H |doi=10.1038/nclimate2150 |s2cid=85406377}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ritz |first=Catherine |last2=Edwards |first2=Tamsin L. |last3=Durand |first3=Gaël |last4=Payne |first4=Anthony J |last5=Peyaud |first5=Vincent |last6=Hindmarsh |first6=Richard C. A. |year=2015 |title=Potential sea-level rise from Antarctic ice-sheet instability constrained by observations |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48790/3/Ritz_et_al%202015.pdf |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=528 |issue=7580 |pages=115–118 |bibcode=2015Natur.528..115R |doi=10.1038/nature16147 |pmid=26580020 |s2cid=4462953}} * {{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Tamsin |date=4 December 2017 |title=Future of the Sea: Current and Future Impacts of Sea Level Rise on the UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/future-of-the-sea-impacts-of-sea-level-rise-on-the-uk |website=Foresight Future of the Sea project |publisher=[[Government Office for Science]]}} * {{Cite journal |last=Edwards |first=Tamsin L. |last2=Brandon |first2=Mark A. |last3=Durand |first3=Gaël |last4=Edwards |first4=Neil R. |last5=Golledge |first5=Nicholas R. |last6=Holden |first6=Philip B. |display-authors=etal |year=2019 |title=Revisiting Antarctic ice loss due to marine ice-cliff instability |url=https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/revisiting-antarctic-ice-loss-due-to-marine-icecliff-instability(2be1cc71-9f4c-4956-9fea-7138065f8969).html |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=566 |issue=7742 |pages=58–64 |bibcode=2019Natur.566...58E |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-0901-4 |pmid=30728522 |s2cid=59606547 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2025-08-11 |archive-date=2022-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219094649/https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/revisiting-antarctic-ice-loss-due-to-marine-icecliff-instability(2be1cc71-9f4c-4956-9fea-7138065f8969).html |url-status=dead }} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f21ov4s1jfyxtzrej01mn09up5pbl7p 0 113362 963852 707988 2026-10-06T13:03:19Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 963852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''NXIVM''' (/ˈnɛksiəm/ NEK-see-əm) wata ƙungiya ce da Keith Raniere ya jagoranta, wanda yanzu ya zama mai cin zarafin jima'i.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=October 27, 2020 |title=NXIVM Leader Keith Raniere Sentenced to 120 Years in Prison for Racketeering and Sex Trafficking Offenses |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/nxivm-leader-keith-raniere-sentenced-120-years-prison-racketeering-and-sex-trafficking |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028060731/https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/nxivm-leader-keith-raniere-sentenced-120-years-prison-racketeering-and-sex-trafficking |archive-date=October 28, 2020 |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref> NXIVM kuma shine sunan kamfanin da Raniere ya kafa a shekarar 1998, wanda ya ba da tarurruka game da iyawar ɗan adam <ref name=":7" /> kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ƙungiya ta gaba don ayyukan aikata laifuka ta Raniere da abokansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IP Details |url=https://www.onscope.com/ipowner/en/ip/tmus/78109670.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702213949/https://www.onscope.com/ipowner/en/ip/tmus/78109670.html |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=www.onscope.com}}</ref> NXIVM ta kasance a cikin Babban Birnin New York kuma tana da cibiyoyi a [[Amurka]], Kanada, da [[Mexico]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2018 |title=How NXIVM Rippled Through Vancouver Actors' Friend Networks |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-nxivm-rippled-through-vancouver-actors-friend-networks/ |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=Vice.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NYT20180530">{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=The 'Sex Cult' That Preached Empowerment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/30/magazine/sex-cult-empowerment-nxivm-keith-raniere.html |access-date=May 30, 2018 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na NXIVM sun shiga cikin daukar ma'aikata Biyu ga tsarin tallace-tallace na matakai da yawa kuma sun yi amfani da tsarin karatun da ya danganci koyarwar ("fasahar") na Raniere da aka sani da "Binciken Ra'ayi".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harnish |first=Amelia |title=How NXIVM Brainwashed My Brother |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/06/201748/nxivm-cult-members-brother-executive-success-program |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=Refinery29 |language=en |quote=NXIVM (which is kind of like a parent company to all these separate entities) offered multiple tracks to self-awareness: ESP remains the largest and is often the entrypoint for most people. But there’s also Jness, for women; Society of Protectors or SOP for men, both for teaching Raniere’s regressive ideas about gender. There’s The Source for actors, The Knife Media, Rainbow Cultural Garden for children, the University program, and of course, there's DOS. All of these various curricula have their roots in Raniere’s method known as Rational Inquiry.}}</ref> Darussan sun jawo hankalin sanannun dalibai iri-iri, gami da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da' ya'yan masu arziki da masu iko. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kranc |first=Lauren |date=September 8, 2021 |title=How NXIVM Seduced Hollywood Stars and America's Most Powerful Elite Into a Barbaric 'Sex Cult' |url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a33658764/what-is-nxivm-sex-cult-celebrities-stars-the-vow-hbo-true-story/ |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=Esquire |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Drew |date=September 12, 2020 |title=Why So Many Celebrities Joined NXIVM, According to Cult Experts |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/why-so-many-celebrities-joined-nxivm-the-vow-allison-mack-keith-raniere-sex-cult/ |website=Vice}}</ref> A lokacin da ya fi girma, NXIVM yana da mambobi 700 masu aiki.<ref name="Refinery29">{{Cite web |last=HARNISH |first=AMELIA |date=June 30, 2018 |title="At This Point We Are In Despair": One Woman's Quest To Bring Her Brother Home From NXIVM |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/06/201748/nxivm-cult-members-brother-executive-success-program |website=Refinery29}}</ref> Da yake damuwa da halayyar Raniere da ayyukan NXIVM, tsoffin mambobi da iyalai na abokan ciniki na NXIVm sun yi magana da 'yan jarida masu bincike kuma sun bayyana kungiyar a matsayin ƙungiya.<ref name="VF1">{{Cite web |last=Andrews |first=Suzanna |date=October 13, 2010 |title=The Heiresses and the Cult |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2010/11/bronfman-201011 |access-date=February 10, 2018 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Critical Analysis of the Executive Success Programs Inc. |url=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/NXIVM/esp10.html |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=www.cs.cmu.edu}}</ref> A cikin 2017, tsoffin mambobin NXIVM sun bayyana bayanai masu lalacewa game da Raniere da NXIVm ga The New York Times; wannan bayanin ya haɗa da kasancewar wata ƙungiya ta sirri da ke da alaƙa da NX IVM da ake kira "DOS" wanda aka sanya mata [[Alamar mutum|alama]], an yi su don yin rikodin ikirarin ƙarya, kuma an yi su ne don samar da hotuna tsirara don dalilai na [[Bata suna|zamba]]. Bayan da ''New York Times'' ya fallasa, Lauyan Amurka na Gundumar Gabashin [[New York (jiha)|New York]] ya binciki kungiyar, kuma a cikin 2018 ya kawo tuhumar aikata laifuka a kan Raniere da sauran shugabannin NXIVM da mahalarta da ke dauke da zarge-zargen fataucin jima'i, tilasta aiki, zamba na biza, da zamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burton |first=Tara Isabella |date=April 25, 2018 |title=Seagram's heiress arrested for role in controversial 'sex cult' |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/4/25/17275930/allison-mack-smallville-actress-sex-cult-nxivm-dos-prison-arrest-sex-trafficking-keith-raniere |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429102506/https://www.vox.com/2018/4/25/17275930/allison-mack-smallville-actress-sex-cult-nxivm-dos-prison-arrest-sex-trafficking-keith-raniere |archive-date=April 29, 2018 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2018 |title=Founder Of "Nxivm," a Purported Self-Help Organization, and Five Others Charged in Superseding Indictment with Racketeering Conspiracy |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/founder-nxivm-purported-self-help-organization-and-five-others-charged-superseding |access-date=July 5, 2022 |website=Department of Justice}}</ref> Dukkanin wadanda ake tuhuma sai dai Raniere sun yi ikirarin laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Jon |title=NXIVM co-founder Nancy Salzman pleads guilty in case of alleged cult |url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/politics/albany/2019/03/13/nxivm-co-founder-expected-plead-guilty-wednesday/3149545002/ |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=Democrat and Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2019 |title=Nxivm: Seagram heiress Clare Bronfman pleads guilty in 'sex cult' case |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-47996207 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420133349/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-47996207 |archive-date=April 20, 2019 |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 29, 2019 |title=Woman implicated in NXIVM sex slave case pleads guilty |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lauren-salzman-implicated-nxivm-sex-slave-case-quietly-pleads-guilty-2019-03-29/ |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Saul |first=Emily |last2=Brown |first2=Ruth |date=May 31, 2019 |title=Nxivm accountant spelled out dirty messages with colorful fridge magnets |url=https://nypost.com/2019/05/31/nxivm-accountant-spelled-out-dirty-messages-with-colorful-fridge-magnets/ |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=New York Post |language=en-US}}</ref> An gwada Raniere a shekarar 2019. Masu gabatar da kara sun bayyana tsarin shekaru da yawa na gyare-gyare, cin zarafin jima'i ga 'yan mata da mata, azabtarwa ta jiki da ta tunani ga masu adawa, da hacking da Shari'a mai banƙyama ga abokan gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arnold |first=Amanda |date=April 19, 2019 |title=The Most Disturbing Details From the NXIVM Sex-Cult Case |url=https://www.thecut.com/2019/04/the-most-disturbing-details-from-the-nxivm-sex-cult-case.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501172345/https://www.thecut.com/2019/05/the-most-disturbing-details-from-the-nxivm-sex-cult-case.html |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |access-date=April 20, 2019 |website=[[The Cut (website)|The Cut]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shea |first=Courtney |date=February 8, 2019 |title=How Nxivm Targeted Women |url=https://www.chatelaine.com/living/nxivm/ |access-date=September 7, 2020 |website=Chatelaine}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yuni, 2019, an yanke wa Raniere hukunci a kan babban zargi na makircin fashi da fashi da kuma wasu zarge-zarge da yawa kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru 120 a kurkuku. <ref name=":7"/> Bayan da aka yanke wa Raniere hukunci, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta kwace mallakar hukumomin da ke da alaƙa da NXIVM da dukiyarsu ta hanyar kwace dukiya. Wadanda ake tuhuma Clare Bronfman, Nancy Salzman, da Allison Mack an ba su ƙaramin hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku, kuma wadanda ake tuhuma Lauren Salzman da Kathy Russell an ba kowannensu hukuncin da ba a ɗaurin kurkukun ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hays |first=Tom |date=June 30, 2021 |title=Actor Allison Mack gets 3 years in NXIVM sex-slave case |url=https://apnews.com/article/allison-mack-religion-sentencing-entertainment-arts-and-entertainment-8788f420e18b6d48cf255aa8c3b5fe13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630072158/https://apnews.com/article/allison-mack-religion-sentencing-entertainment-arts-and-entertainment-8788f420e18b6d48cf255aa8c3b5fe13 |archive-date=June 30, 2021 |access-date=June 30, 2021 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WNYT Staff |date=October 6, 2021 |title=NXIVM's bookkeeper avoids jail time in sentencing |url=https://wnyt.com/archive/nxivms-bookkeeper-avoids-jail-time-in-sentencing/ |access-date=July 2, 2022 |website=WNYT.com NewsChannel 13 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun lokacin da aka yanke wa Raniere hukunci, ya ci gaba da jagorantar ƙaramin rukuni na mambobi masu aminci daga gidan kurkukunsa, yana ƙarfafa ci gaba da daukar ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whiting |first=Amanda |date=August 30, 2020 |title=Where NXIVM Stands Two Years After Leader Keith Raniere's Arrest |url=https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/nxivm-the-vow-still-active-splinter-groups |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831090843/https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/nxivm-the-vow-still-active-splinter-groups |archive-date=August 31, 2020 |access-date=October 26, 2020 |website=Bustle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=The Government's Sentencing Memorandum: As to Defendant Keith Raniere |url=https://wnyt.com/wnytimages/Keith-Raniere-sentencing-memorandum.pdf |website=[[WNYT (TV)|WNYT]] |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2022-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603015307/https://wnyt.com/wnytimages/Keith-Raniere-sentencing-memorandum.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:US_v._Raniere_GovtExhibit_GX46.JPG|thumb|Wanda ya kafa NXIVM Keith Raniere]] Kafin kafa NXIVM, Raniere ya kirkiro Consumers Buyline, wani kamfani na kasuwanci wanda Babban Lauyan New York ya zargi da kasancewa makircin dala; Raniere ta sanya hannu kan umarnin amincewa a cikin 1996 inda ya musanta duk wani laifi amma ya amince da biyan tarar $ 40,000 kuma a dakatar da shi har abada daga "haɓaka, bayarwa ko ba da shiga cikin tsarin rarraba sarkar". === Kafa da nasarar farko === A cikin 1998, Raniere da Nancy Salzman sun kafa NXIVM, kamfani na [[Personal development|ci gaban mutum]] wanda ke ba da "Jami'ar Shirye-shiryen Nasara" (ESP) da kuma dabaru da yawa don [[Self-improvement|inganta kai]].<ref name="auto22">{{Cite web |last=Bloch |first=Josh |last2=Goldhar |first2=Kathleen |last3=Elash |first3=Anita |last4=Pizer |first4=Dave |title=Escaping NXIVM: Inside the secretive world of leader Keith Raniere |url=https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/the-making-of-the-vanguard |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref name="NYT201805302">{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=The 'Sex Cult' That Preached Empowerment |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/30/magazine/sex-cult-empowerment-nxivm-keith-raniere.html |access-date=May 30, 2018 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Raniere ya yi iƙirarin cewa "babban jaddada shi ne a sa mutane su sami karin farin ciki a rayuwarsu". A cikin wani asusun da tsohon memba na NXIVM Sarah Edmondson ya ambata, Raniere ya zaɓi sunan bisa ga tsohuwar tsarin Roman na bautar bashi da aka sani da [[nexum]].<ref>{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> Rijistar 2002 tare da [[United States Patent and Trademark Office|Ofishin Patent da Trademark na Amurka]] don [[Trademark|Alamar kasuwanci]] ta NXIVM ya bayyana cewa "Maganar kasashen waje a cikin alamar tana fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin 'milenium na gaba'".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-02-19 |title=Mark: NXIVM, U.S. Serial Number: 78109670 |url=https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=78109670&caseSearchType=US_APPLICATION&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch |access-date=2022-12-11 |website=Trademark Status & Document Retrieval}}</ref> Ross ya sami littafin daga tsohon memba Stephanie Franco, wanda ake tuhuma a cikin shari'ar, wanda ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba don kada ya bayyana bayanai daga littafin ga wasu. NXIVM ta shigar da kara a New York da New Jersey, amma an sallame su duka.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web |title=NXIVM Corp. v. Ross |url=http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/nxivm-corp-v-ross |access-date=February 10, 2012 |website=legal case |publisher=Citizen media law company}}</ref> A kan daukaka kara, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta da'ira ta biyu ta tabbatar da korar, ta yanke hukuncin cewa bincike mai mahimmanci na wanda ake tuhuma ya kasance [[Fair Use|amfani mai kyau]] tunda amfani da shi na biyu ya canza a matsayin zargi kuma ba zai iya maye gurbin asali a kasuwa ba.<ref name="justia">{{Cite court|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/364/471/532988/}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1pfb1idhf79t5yay43bx0yroe8s76ik 0 115403 964245 781069 2026-10-07T10:31:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} takin teku shine takin mai gina jiki wanda aka yi daga shuke-shuke na teku wanda ake amfani da shi a aikin gona don kara yawan amfanin ƙasa da ci gaban shuke-huke. Amfani da taki na teku ya samo asali ne daga zamanin d ̄ a kuma yana da fa'idodi masu yawa ga ƙasa. Za'a iya amfani da taki na Seaweed a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban, gami da sinadarin ruwa mai tsabta da bushewa, kayan kwayoyin halitta.<ref name="EL Boukhari Barakate Bouhia Lyamlouli 2020">{{Cite journal |last=EL Boukhari |first=Mohammed EL Mehdi |last2=Barakate |first2=Mustapha |last3=Bouhia |first3=Youness |last4=Lyamlouli |first4=Karim |date=12 March 2020 |title=Trends in Seaweed Extract Based Biostimulants: Manufacturing Process and Beneficial Effect on Soil-Plant Systems |journal=Plants |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=359 |doi=10.3390/plants9030359 |pmc=7154814 |pmid=32178418 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta hanyar abun da ke ciki na kwayoyin halitta daban-daban, shuke-shuke na teku suna aiki a matsayin mai tsayayya da ƙasa, mai warkar da kwayoyin halitta, da kuma Kula da cututtukan halittu, tare da kowane nau'in shuke-huke na teku yana ba da fa'idodi daban-daban ga ƙasa da lafiyar amfanin gona.<ref name="Raghunandan Vyas Patel Jhala 2019" /> Wadannan fa'idodi na iya haɗawa da karuwar haƙuri ga abubuwan damuwa na abiotic, ingantaccen yanayin ƙasa da riƙe ruwa, da rage faruwar cututtuka. <ref name="Raghunandan Vyas Patel Jhala 2019" /> <ref name="Ali Ramsubhag Jayaraman 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Omar |last2=Ramsubhag |first2=Adesh |last3=Jayaraman |first3=Jayaraj |date=12 March 2021 |title=Biostimulant Properties of Seaweed Extracts in Plants: Implications towards Sustainable Crop Production |journal=Plants |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=531 |doi=10.3390/plants10030531 |pmc=8000310 |pmid=33808954 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A kan sikelin zamantakewar al'umma, Kiwon kifi na teku da ci gaban taki suna da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sake zagayowar abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar ajiyar carbon da ɗaukar nitrogen da phosphorus.<ref name="Dhargalkar & Pereira 2005">{{Cite journal |last=Dhargalkar |first=V. K. |last2=Pereira |first2=N. |date=2005 |title=Seaweed: Promising plant of the millennium |url=https://drs.nio.org/drs/handle/2264/489 |journal=Science and Culture |volume=71 |issue=3–4 |pages=60–66}}</ref><ref name="Buschmann Camus Infante et al 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Buschmann |first=Alejandro H. |last2=Camus |first2=Carolina |last3=Infante |first3=Javier |last4=Neori |first4=Amir |last5=Israel |first5=Álvaro |last6=Hernández-González |first6=María C. |last7=Pereda |first7=Sandra V. |last8=Gomez-Pinchetti |first8=Juan Luis |last9=Golberg |first9=Alexander |last10=Tadmor-Shalev |first10=Niva |last11=Critchley |first11=Alan T. |date=2 October 2017 |title=Seaweed production: overview of the global state of exploitation, farming and emerging research activity |journal=European Journal of Phycology |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=391–406 |doi=10.1080/09670262.2017.1365175 |s2cid=53640917}}</ref> Aikace-aikacen taki na Seaweed zuwa ƙasa na iya canza tsarin da aikin al'ummomin microbial. Seaweed aquaculture yana da damar samar da sabis na yanayin halittu ta hanyar samar da tushen abinci mai gina jiki ga al'ummomin ɗan adam da kuma hanyar inganta ingancin ruwa a cikin tsarin halitta da ayyukan aquacultura.<ref name="Begum Bordoloi Singha Ojha 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Begum |first=Mahima |last2=Bordoloi |first2=Bijnan Chandra |last3=Singha |first3=Dhiman Dev |last4=Ojha |first4=Nayan Jyoti |date=21 December 2018 |title=Role of seaweed extract on growth, yield and quality of some agricultural crops: A review |journal=Agricultural Reviews |issue=of |doi=10.18805/ag.R-1838 |s2cid=92036075 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Karin shahararren ayyukan noma na kwayoyin halitta yana jawo hankali ga aikace-aikace daban-daban na taki da aka samo daga teku da kayan haɓaka ƙasa. Duk da yake masana'antar taki na teku har yanzu tana cikin jariri, tana da babbar dama ga ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa da kuma rage yawan abubuwan gina jiki a cikin tsarin bakin teku. Duk da haka akwai ƙalubalen da ke gudana da ke tattare da amfani da samar da taki na teku ciki har da yaduwar cututtuka da nau'o'in mamayewa, haɗarin tara ƙarfe mai nauyi, da inganci da inganta hanyoyin samarwa.<ref name="Kim Yarish Hwang et al 2017">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Jang K. |last2=Yarish |first2=Charles |last3=Hwang |first3=Eun Kyoung |last4=Park |first4=Miseon |last5=Kim |first5=Youngdae |date=15 March 2017 |title=Seaweed aquaculture: cultivation technologies, challenges and its ecosystem services |journal=Algae |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.4490/algae.2017.32.3.3 |s2cid=51918493 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Nomenclature da taxonomy == "Seaweed" yana daya daga cikin sunayen da aka ba da yawa ga macroalgae, kamar kore algae ([[Chlorophyta]]), launin ruwan kasa algae ([[Brown algae|Faeophyceae]]), da ja algae ([[Red algae|Rhodophyta]]). <ref name="Mouritsen20172">{{cite news |last1=Mouritsen |first1=Ole |date=6 February 2017 |title=The Science of Seaweeds |url=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-science-of-seaweeds |work=American Scientist |access-date=8 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219091217/https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-science-of-seaweeds |archive-date=19 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kalmar, ana amfani da seaweed a wasu lokuta don komawa ga [[microalgae]] da tsire-tsire. Seaweeds yawanci kwayoyin [[Benthic zone|benthic]] ne waɗanda ke da tsarin da ake kira holdfast, wanda ke kiyaye su a cikin teku; suna kuma da stipe, in ba haka ba an san su da tushe, da kuma ganyen da ke da siffar takobi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=What is seaweed? |url=https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/seaweed.html |access-date=2021-11-23 |website=oceanservice.noaa.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> ''[[Sargassum]]'' seaweed shine banda ga wannan jikin mutum da aiki, saboda ba ya haɗe da yanayin benthic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simons |first=Etoile B. |date=March 1906 |title=A Morphological Study of Sargassum filipendula |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2181611 |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=161–183 |doi=10.1086/328760 |s2cid=84063749}}</ref> Launi na seaweeds gabaɗaya yana bin zurfi / haske, tare da kore seaweeds, launin ruwan kasa na teku, da ja seaweeds daidai da ruwa mai zurfi, matsakaici, da zurfi bi da bi; ana samun ja seaweads a wasu lokuta har zuwa mita 30 a zurfi.<ref name="Mouritsen20172"/> Ƙananan albasa na teku suna girma ne kawai a cikin 'yan millimeters a tsawo, yayin da mafi girma albasa na ruwa na iya girma har zuwa mita 50 a tsawo.<ref name="Mouritsen20172"/> Akwai kimanin 1,800 kore, 1,800 launin ruwan kasa, da 6,200 jan seaweed jinsunan da ke wanzu. Brown seaweeds an san su da kelp, amma kuma an san su ne da wasu sunaye na yau da kullun kamar rockweed da wrappes. <ref name="Mouritsen20172"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seaweed descriptions and pictures |url=https://www.seaweed.ie/descriptions/ |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=www.seaweed.ie}}</ref> Red seaweeds sune mafi yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan teku, kuma tare da kore seaweeds, suna da alaƙa da tsire-tsire na ƙasa, yayin da launin ruwan kasa na teku sune mafi alaƙa da shuke-shuke na ƙasa.<ref name="Mouritsen20172"/> Ana samun seaweeds da yawa a cikin yanayin halitta mai zurfi, kuma ana noma su a cikin teku da kuma ayyukan [[Aquaculture|Kiwon kifi]] na ƙasa. Yawancin ruwan teku masu launin ruwan kasa da ake samu a cikin daji sun fito ne daga jinsunan ''[[Laminaria]]'', ''[[Undaria]]'', ''[[Hijiki|Hizikia]],'' yayin da yawancin ruwan teku masu ruwan kasa da aka noma don amfani kamar taki da alamar ƙarfe mai nauyi, sun fito ne ga nau'in ''[[Ascophyllum]]'', ''[[Ecklonia]]'', ''[[Fucus]]'', Sargassum.<ref name="McHugh 20032" /><ref name="Begum Bordoloi Singha Ojha 20182">{{Cite journal |last=Begum |first=Mahima |last2=Bordoloi |first2=Bijnan Chandra |last3=Singha |first3=Dhiman Dev |last4=Ojha |first4=Nayan Jyoti |date=21 December 2018 |title=Role of seaweed extract on growth, yield and quality of some agricultural crops: A review |journal=Agricultural Reviews |issue=of |doi=10.18805/ag.R-1838 |s2cid=92036075 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Green seaweeds da ake amfani da su azaman bioindicators, don nuna ƙarfe mai nauyi misali, sun fito ne daga jinsin ''Ulva'' da ''Enteromorpha''.<ref name="Kim Yarish Hwang et al 20172">{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Jang K. |last2=Yarish |first2=Charles |last3=Hwang |first3=Eun Kyoung |last4=Park |first4=Miseon |last5=Kim |first5=Youngdae |date=15 March 2017 |title=Seaweed aquaculture: cultivation technologies, challenges and its ecosystem services |journal=Algae |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.4490/algae.2017.32.3.3 |s2cid=51918493 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Red seaweed daga jinsin ''Poryphora,'' ana amfani dashi don abincin ɗan adam<ref name="McHugh 2003" /> == Tarihi == Rubutun farko da aka rubuta game da amfani da shuke-shuke na teku ya fito ne daga tsoffin wayewar Girka da Romawa a ƙarni na 2, inda aka yi amfani da kayan rairayin bakin teku don ciyar da dabbobi da tushen shuke- shuke don adanawa.<ref name="Buschmann Camus Infante et al 2017"/> Koyaya, bincike mai ɗorewa na isotope na haƙoran tumaki na prehistoric a Orkney ya nuna cewa mutane na farko sun yi amfani da shuke-shuke na teku a matsayin abinci dabbobi sama da shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata, kuma masu bincike sun yi hasashen cewa an yi amfani da shi a matsayin taki saboda an sami ragowar shuke-huke na shuke-suke a wuraren tarihi. <ref name="Mooney 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Mooney |first=Dawn Elise |date=4 March 2021 |title=Charred Fucus -Type Seaweed in the North Atlantic: A Survey of Finds and Potential Uses |journal=Environmental Archaeology |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=238–250 |doi=10.1080/14614103.2018.1558805 |s2cid=135202767}}</ref> Irin waɗannan dabarun noma na iya zama mabuɗin tsira daga ƙauyuka na farko a Scotland. == Manazarta == afow3vnb4ygit4wh4gb07628udkyg96 0 115975 964105 901176 2026-10-06T22:07:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Samuel Atta Akyea, (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1962) [1] lauya ne Dan ƙasar Ghana, ɗan siyasa kuma memba ne a jami'a New Patriotic Party . Ya kasance Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje daga 2017 har zuwa Janairu 2021. Ya kasance memba na majalisar dokoki na mazabar Akim Abuakwa ta Kudu a yankin Gabashin Ghana tsakanin 2009 da 2025. Shi ne mutum na biyu banda Nana Akufo-Addo da aka zaba a matsayin Dan majalisa a wannan mazabar a jamhuriya ta 4. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a [[Kibi, Ghana|Kyebi]] a [[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|Yankin Gabas]] Ghana . <ref name="ghamps">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2017 |title=Akyea, Samuel Atta |url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=58 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Ghana MPs |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927053435/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=58 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya halarci [[Jami'ar Ghana]], Legon kuma ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Falsafa a shekarar 1989. <ref name="ghamps" /> Ya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana kuma ya sami lasisin aiki a 1993.<ref name="ghamps" /><ref name="peace">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2017 |title=Bio Of 2nd Batch Of Ministers-Designate Announced By President Nana Akufo-Addo |url=http://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201701/302866.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510213416/https://m.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/201701/302866.php |archive-date=10 May 2023 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Peace FM}}</ref> == Rayuwar aiki == Bayan an kira shi zuwa Bar a cikin 1994, Atta Akyea ya yi aiki a matsayin lauyan jihar a Sashen Babban Lauyan. <ref name="ghamps"/> Daga baya ya shiga kamfanin lauya mai zaman kansa, Akufo-Addo, Prempeh & Co a [[Accra]]. A shekara ta 2003, ya kafa kamfanin lauya, Zoe Akyea & Co . <ref name="zakyea.com">{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Samuel Ofori Atta Akyea - Zoe, Akyea & Co. |url=https://zakyea.com/samuel-ofori-atta-akyea/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=zakyea.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a can a matsayin shugaban Chamber har zuwa 2008 lokacin da ya bar aikin lauya don siyasa. == Rayuwar siyasa == Atta Akyea ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta 2008 lokacin da aka zabe shi dan majalisa na mazabar Abuakwa ta Kudu.<ref name="gog">{{Cite web |title=Governance Samuel Atta Akyea – Works & Housing |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3428-samuel-atta-akyea-works-housing |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816045922/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3428-samuel-atta-akyea-works-housing |archive-date=16 August 2018 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Government of Ghana}}</ref> Ya yi gasa da wasu masu neman takara guda biyu, wato, Sammy Osei na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Nana Addo Aikins, dan takara mai zaman kansa.<ref name="world">{{Cite web |title=Ghana election 2008 |url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ghana/10489.pdf |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=fes}}</ref> Ya lashe zaben ta hanyar samun kuri'u 22,681 daga cikin 30,109 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 75.3% na kuri'un da aka jefa.<ref name="world" /><ref name="ghamps"/> Ya gaji [[Nana Akufo-Addo|Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo]], wanda ya sauka a matsayin dan majalisa don mayar da hankali ga burinsa na shugaban kasa.<ref name="regsing">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2006 |title=I am not resigning? -Akufo-Addo |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-am-not-resigning-Akufo-Addo-98347 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Ghanaweb}}</ref> Atta Akyea ya ci gaba da riƙe kujerarsa a zaben 2012, 2016 da 2020.<ref name="ser">{{Cite web |date=20 August 2013 |title=I'm a very serious lawyer – Atta-Akyea |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-m-a-very-serious-lawyer-Atta-Akyea-282168 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Ghanaweb}}</ref> A majalisa, ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban ciki har da Kwamitin Kudi, Asusun Jama'a, Shari'a da Nomin.<ref name="ghamps" /> === Zaben 2016 === A cikin Babban zaben Ghana na 2016, ya lashe kujerar majalisa ta Kudu ta Abuakwa tare da kuri'u 28,442 da ke samun kashi 78.7.61% na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa yayin da dan takarar NDC Owuraku Amofah yana da kuri'un 7,697 da ke samun 21.3% na jimlar jefa kuri'un.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=2016 Election - Abuakwa South Constituency Results |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/eastern/abuakwa_south/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121150427/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/parliament/eastern/abuakwa_south/ |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}</ref><ref name="odekroperc">{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Records of Ministers-Designate : Samuel Atta Akyea (NPP-Abuakwa South) Works and Housing Minister-Designate |url=http://blog.odekro.org/2017/01/18/parliamentary-records-of-ministers-designate-samuel-atta-akyea-npp-abuakwa-works-and-housing-minister-designate/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029095908/http://blog.odekro.org/2017/01/18/parliamentary-records-of-ministers-designate-samuel-atta-akyea-npp-abuakwa-works-and-housing-minister-designate/ |archive-date=29 October 2018 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Odekro}}</ref> === Zaben 2020 === A cikin Babban zaben Ghana na 2020, ya sake lashe kujerar majalisa ta Abuakwa ta Kudu tare da kuri'u 29,897 da ke samun kashi 75.7% na jimlar kuri'un da aka jefa yayin da dan takarar NDC Sanusi Mohammed ya sami kuri'u 7,740 da ke samun 19.6% na jimlar jefa kuri'un, dan takarar GUM Banning-Peprah Felix yana da kuri'un 957 da ke yin 2.4% na jimlar ƙuri'un da kuma dan takarar majalisa mai zaman kansa Marfo Enock Kwame yana da kuriʼu 905 da ke samun 2.3% na jimlar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=2020 Election - Abuakwa South Constituency Results |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/eastern/abuakwa_south/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606090746/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/eastern/abuakwa_south/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" | ==== memba na majalisun da suka gabata ==== |- |Majalisar dokoki ta 7 (NPP) Majalisar dokoki na 6 (NPP)) Majalisar dokoki ti 5 (NPP). Majalisar dokoki ta 5 (NPP) |} === Yaƙin Galamsey === An zargi Atta Akyea da rashin yin isasshen don dakatar da amfani da [[Kogin Birim]] ta hanyar galamseyers.<ref name="birim">{{Cite web |date=26 November 2013 |title=A Chat With Hon Samuel Atta Akyea, MP |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/505068/a-chat-with-hon-samuel-atta-akyea-mp.html |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Kogin Birim wanda ke ratsa mazabarsa babban kogi ne a Ghana kuma yana samar da ruwa mai yawa na mazabar. Atta Akyea ya yi imanin cewa yakin da aka yi a cikin gallamsey matsala ce ta kasa da ke buƙatar goyon bayan soja.<ref name="medoe">{{Cite web |date=7 February 2016 |title=We Are Partners – Atta Akyea |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/521545/we-are-partners-8211-atta-akyea.html |access-date=22 July 2017 |publisher=modernghana}}</ref><ref name="okye">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2011 |title=Atta Akyea not involved in Kyebi chieftaincy affairs |url=http://vibeghana.com/2011/12/08/atta-akyea-not-involved-in-kyebi-chieftaincy-affairs/ |access-date=22 July 2017 |publisher=vibeghana |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127015344/http://vibeghana.com/2011/12/08/atta-akyea-not-involved-in-kyebi-chieftaincy-affairs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2010 |title=Clamp Down on Galamsey |url=http://kofoyatetteh.blogspot.com/2010/03/clamp-down-on-galamseyatta-akyea.html |access-date=13 September 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> === Kwamitocin === A cikin 2021, Atta Akyea ya zama Shugaban Kwamitin Ma'adinai da Makamashi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-25 |title=Speaker never said Appointment Committee should suspend to plant trees -Atta Akyea |url=https://ghanamps.com/speaker-never-said-appointment-committee-should-suspend-to-plant-trees-atta-akyea/ |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Ghana MPS |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, memba ne na Kwamitin Shari'a da Kwamitin Kasafin Kudi na Musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=115 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044641/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=115 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Parliament of Ghana}}</ref> == Naɗin ministoci == A watan Janairun 2017, Shugaba Akufo-Addo ya zabi shi ya yi aiki a cikin gwamnatinsa a matsayin Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje. <ref name="batch">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2017 |title=Profile of second batch of ministerial nominee |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/January-12th/profile-of-second-batch-of-ministerial-nominees.php |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Myjoyonline |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902134142/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2017/january-12th/profile-of-second-batch-of-ministerial-nominees.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gna">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2017 |title=Atta Akyea, two others face vetting today |url=http://www.ghananewsagency.org/politics/atta-akyea-two-others-face-vetting-today-112773 |access-date=22 July 2017 |publisher=ghananewsagency}}</ref> Kafin kwamitin nadin majalisa ya bincika shi, ya bayyana cewa bai ba da wani bayani da ya dace da ma'aikatar da aka zaba ya jagoranci ba. Bugu da kari bai shiga cikin wata hulɗa mai dacewa da kwamitin Ayyuka da Gidaje na Majalisar ba.<ref name="odekroperc"/> Duk da haka, ya sami yabo game da gina cibiyoyin da suka fi karfi ta hanyar tabbatar da tanadin kundin tsarin mulki.<ref name="odekroperc" /> A lokacin da kwamitin nadin ya bincika shi a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, ya bayyana hangen nesa ga ma'aikatar kuma ya yi alkawarin kammala duk ayyukan gidaje da ba a kammala ba da gwamnatin [[John Mahama|John Dramani Mahama]] ta fara. <ref name="vet">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Some questions asked at vetting irrelevant -Atta Akyea |url=http://ultimatefmonline.com/2017/01/31/questions-asked-vetting-irrelevant-atta-akyea/ |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=ultimatefmonline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605005337/http://ultimatefmonline.com/2017/01/31/questions-asked-vetting-irrelevant-atta-akyea/ |archive-date=5 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="vetting">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Atta Akyea, Amewu get vetted today |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Atta-Akyea-Amewu-get-vetted-today-505441 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Ghanaweb}}</ref><ref name="maha">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Vetting Highlights: Atta Akyea appears before Appointments Committee |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/politics/Vetting-Highlights-Atta-Akyea-appears-before-Appointments-Committee-505876 |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=ghanaweb}}</ref> Ya gaya wa kwamitin cewa zai ba da fifiko ga gina gidaje ga mambobin shari'a.<ref name="judge">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Gov't will prioritise housing facilities for judges – Atta Akyea |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/January-31st/govt-will-prioritise-housing-facilities-for-judges-atta-akyea.php |access-date=21 July 2017 |publisher=Myjoyfmonline |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902223232/https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2017/january-31st/govt-will-prioritise-housing-facilities-for-judges-atta-akyea.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shugaba Akufo-Addo ya rantsar da shi tare da wasu ministoci goma sha ɗaya a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2017 a gidan Jubilee. A matsayinsa na Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje, Atta Akyea ya kawo kwarewarsa ta shari'a, ya taimaka masa ya kammala aiwatar da ka'idar gine-ginen Ghana da sauran ci gaban majalisa.<ref name="zakyea.com"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya yi aure tare da 'ya'ya uku kuma Kirista ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=115 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328044641/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=115 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=www.parliament.gh}}</ref> Shi memba ne na Ikilisiyar Bishara ta Tsakiya ta Duniya.<ref name="gog"/> == Kyautar == A taron Nobles na Yammacin Afirka na 28 da Kyaututtuka a Accra, kungiyar Nobles Forum (WANF) mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta ta Yammacin Afrika (WANC) ta gabatar da Hon. Samuel Atta Akyea, Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje, tare da lambar yabo don adana kyawawan halaye na gaskiya, mutunci, da lissafi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-24 |title=Hon. Atta Akyea Wins Noble Award - MINISTRY OF WORKS AND HOUSING |url=https://www.mwh.gov.gh/hon-atta-akyea-wins-noble-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121143902/https://www.mwh.gov.gh/hon-atta-akyea-wins-noble-award/ |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rikici == A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, mutane a yankin Abuakwa ta Kudu sun kore shi. An yi zargin cewa ya kasa cika alkawuran da ya yi wa mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emmanuel |first=Kojo |date=2022-03-08 |title=Samuel Atta Akyea chased out of community over failed promises |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/politics/samuel-atta-akyea-chased-out-of-community-over-failed-promises/dt3gkm2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121150230/https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/politics/samuel-atta-akyea-chased-out-of-community-over-failed-promises/dt3gkm2 |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref> == Taimako == A watan Maris na 2020, ya gabatar da wasu kayayyakin tsabta ga mazabarsa a yaki da [[Annobar cutar Covid-19 a Ghana|Cutar COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-31 |title=Dr Assibey-Yeboah, Samuel Atta Akyea donate sanitary items to their various constituencies - MyJoyOnline.com |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/dr-assibey-yeboah-samuel-atta-akyea-donate-sanitary-items-to-their-various-constituencies/ |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Myjoyonline |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bhjp645qv8fbptp3ehkjx1rpa2hpual 0 116418 964099 728350 2026-10-06T21:57:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samikannu Vincent''' (18 ga Afrilu 1883 - 22 ga Afrilu 1942) ya kasance Mai shirya fim-finai kuma mai nuna fina-fakka daga Coimbatore, Indiya . Ya kasance majagaba a kasuwancin fim a Kudancin Indiya. A cikin 1905, ya kafa gidajen silima inda aka tsara fina-finai a cikin alfarwa na wucin gadi a cikin sarari wanda ya kasance farkon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na zamani. A shekara ta 1914, ya kafa Variety Hall a Coimbatore, wanda shine ɗayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na dindindin na farko a Kudancin Indiya. Daga baya ya shiga cikin samarwa da kuma jagorancin fina-finai na Tamil. ==Rayuwa ta farko da kuma iyalinshi== An haifi Samikannu Vincent a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1883 ga Thambusamy a Coimbatore, Shugabancin Madras, Indiya.<ref>https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pioneering-film-production-in-tamil-nadu/article65665894.ece</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://time.news/a-movie-theater-that-bound-people/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-09-20 |archive-date=2023-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124065919/https://time.news/a-movie-theater-that-bound-people/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane tare da Railway na Kudancin Indiya a Ponmalai a Tiruchirappalli . Samikannu yana da mata huɗu tare da su yana da 'ya'ya maza huɗu da mata biyu.[3] Samikannu ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1942 . Mai wasan fim na Tamil J. P. Chandrababu ya auri daya daga cikin jikokin Samikannu. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/He-brought-cinema-to-South/article16373561.ece |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021180502/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/He-brought-cinema-to-South/article16373561.ece |archive-date=2022-10-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1942]] t58pg6cjxhvibt5gltrtrlavzf20x4k 0 118752 963880 726246 2026-10-06T14:41:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Regina Manifesto''' shine shirin na [[Ƙungiyar hadin gwiwa ta Commonwealth|Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (CCF) kuma an karbe shi a babban taron kasa na farko na CCF da aka gudanar a [[Regina]], [[Saskatchewan]], a cikin 1933. {{Sfn|Naylor|2004}} primary Manufar Regina Manifesto ita ce kawar da tsarin [[Jari-hujja|[]] {{Sfn|Horn|1973}} da maye gurbinsa da tattalin arzikin gurguzu da aka tsara. {{Sfn|Co-operative Commonwealth Federation|1933}} CCF ita ce jam'iyyar [[Democratic socialist|gurguzu ta dimokiradiyya]] ta Kanada wacce aka kafa a cikin 1932 ta manoma, ma'aikata, da ƙungiyoyin gurguzu a kan tushen [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin hali]] . [ 4 ] Mambobin [[Ƙungiyar don sake gina jama'a|kungiyar League for Social Reconstruction]], musamman Frank Underhill {{Sfn|Horn|1973}} da F. R. Scott, {{Sfn|Horn|1973}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=On F.R. Scott: Essays on His Contributions to Law, Literature, and Politics · Canadian Book Review Annual Online |url=https://cbra.library.utoronto.ca/items/show/37440 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=cbra.library.utoronto.ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607213024/https://cbra.library.utoronto.ca/items/show/37440 |archive-date=2024-06-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ne suka rubuta wannan bayanin kuma ya yi kira ga "tattalin arzikin da aka tsara da zamantakewa wanda albarkatun mu na halitta da manyan hanyoyin samarwa da rarrabawa ke mallakar, sarrafawa da sarrafa ta mutane." {{Sfn|Co-operative Commonwealth Federation|1933}} Musamman ya yi kira ga ƙasan harkokin sufuri, sadarwa, wutar lantarki da sauran ayyuka. {{Sfn|Co-operative Commonwealth Federation|1933}} Ya yi kira ga tattalin arzikin da aka tsara da kuma tsarin banki na kasa wanda za a "cire daga kula da bukatun masu zaman kansu na neman riba." {{Sfn|Co-operative Commonwealth Federation|1933}} Ya ba da shawarar ikon tsarawa a cikin ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata kuma ya yi kira ga Dokar Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa "don tabbatar wa ma'aikaci iyakar samun kudin shiga da jin dadi, inshora wanda ya shafi rashin lafiya, haɗari, tsufa, da rashin aikin yi". {{Sfn|Co-operative Commonwealth Federation|1933}} Regina Manifesto ya ba da shawarar shirye-shiryen sabis na zamantakewa irin su [[Kula da lafiyar jama'a|kiwon lafiya na jama'a]], goyon bayan zaman lafiya, inganta kamfanonin haɗin gwiwar, {{Sfn|Co-operative Commonwealth Federation|1933}} kuma ya sha alwashin cewa "Babu Gwamnatin CCF da za ta huta da abun ciki har sai ta kawar da tsarin jari-hujja kuma ta fara aiki da cikakken shirin tsarin tsarin zamantakewa wanda zai haifar da kafa a Kanada na [[Ƙungiyar hadin gwiwa ta Commonwealth|Commonwealth Commonwealth]] ." {{Sfn|Co-operative Commonwealth Federation|1933}} == Manazarta == h2otphn7c5312ey57rfi3e8yk18rwgv 0 120704 964094 787517 2026-10-06T21:42:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samuel Lloyd Matthews''' (an haife shi 10 Maris 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Ingila]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na Havant &amp;amp; Waterlooville . == Ayyuka == === AFC Bournemouth === An haife shi a Poole, Matthews ya shiga ƙungiyar AFC Bournemouth yana da shekaru 10 kuma ya sanya hannu kan babban kwangilarsa ta farko tare da kulob din a shekarar 2014, a ranar haihuwarsa ta 17. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2018 |title=Rovers Tie Up Deal For AFC Bournemouth Product Sam Matthews |url=https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2018/june/06.06.18-matthews-signs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811101259/https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2018/june/06.06.18-matthews-signs/ |archive-date=11 August 2018 |access-date=3 August 2018 |website=www.bristolrovers.co.uk}}</ref> Ya fara ɗanɗana babban ƙwallon ƙafa ne a cikin aro tare da kulob din garinsu Poole Town a cikin 2014. Koyaya, ya sami mummunan rauni a idon sa na minti 29 kawai a farkonsa a cikin nasarar FA Cup 4-0 a kan kungiyar Bradford Town kuma an tilasta masa komawa kulob din iyayensa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2014 |title=FA Cup: Poole Town boss Tom Killick saddened by Sam Matthews injury |url=http://www.bournemouthecho.co.uk/sport/11472814.FA_Cup__Poole_Town_boss_Tom_Killick_saddened_by_Sam_Matthews_injury/ |website=www.bournemouthecho.co.uk}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, Matthews da ɗan'uwansa ɗan kwallon kafa na Bournemouth Brandon Goodship sun shiga garin Braintree na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa a kan aro har zuwa watan Janairun shekara ta 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=AFC Bournemouth's Brandon Goodship and Sam Matthews join Braintree Town |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37240324 |access-date=3 August 2018 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a ranar 3 ga watan Satumba a wasan 0-0 a Guiseley, kuma ya fara bugawa mako mai zuwa a wasan da aka yi da shi 4-1 a gida ga Gateshead inda ya kasance mai maye gurbinsu na minti 66 ga Rohdell Gordon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2016 |title=Guiseley 0–0 Braintree Town |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37202853 |access-date=3 August 2018 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2016 |title=Braintree Town 1–4 Gateshead |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37264014 |access-date=3 August 2018 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din a wasan da aka yi da shi 6-1 a Dover Athletic yayin da burinsa ya ba Braintree jagora.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2016 |title=Dover Athletic 6–1 Braintree Town |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37664214 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, rancen Matthews a Braintree ya ƙare kuma ya koma Bournemouth bayan ya buga wasanni 13 a dukkan gasa, inda ya zira kwallaye 1. [[Fayil:Sam_Matthews_2017-03-04_1_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Matthews tare da Eastleigh a cikin 2017]] A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Matthews ya shiga kungiyar Eastleigh ta National League a kan aro don sauran kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Eastleigh:Sam Matthews and Ben Close join National League Club on loan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/38813993 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a wasan 1-1 tare da Guiseley kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob din tare da nasara a wasan 3-2 a kan Torquay United. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2017 |title=Torquay United 2–3 Eastleigh |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/39263058 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya gama rancensa tare da Eastleigh tare da kwallaye 3 a wasanni 13. Ya koma Eastleigh a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta 2017, a cikin yarjejeniyar aro wanda zai gan shi ya zauna tare da kulob din har zuwa watan Janairu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2017 |title=Sam Matthews:Eastleigh re-sign Bournemouth Midfielder on Loan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40868035 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, an maye gurbinsa ga Mark Yeates a minti na 81 na wasan 2-2 tare da Dagenham & Redbridge don bayyana a karo na farko a karo na biyu tare da kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2017 |title=Eastleigh 2–2 Dagenham & Redbridge |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40835472 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya ba Eastleigh jagora a wasan kwaikwayo na 3-3 tare da FC Halifax Town don zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din kuma ya ci gaba da zira kwallayen kulob din kafin rancensa ya ƙare a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2017 |title=FC Halifax Town 3–3 Eastleigh |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42035459 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Eastleigh duk da haka ya yanke shawarar tsawaita lokacin aro har zuwa ƙarshen kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2018 |title=Eastleigh extend Matthews Loan |url=https://www.afcb.co.uk/news/under-21s/eastleigh-extend-matthews-loan |website=www.afcb.co.uk}}</ref> Matthews ya gama kakar wasa ta Spitfires tare da kwallaye 6 a wasanni 39 wanda ya hada da hat-trick a ranar karshe ta kakar a cikin nasara 4-1 a kan Solihull Moors. An ba da lada ga wasan kwaikwayon Matthews lokacin da aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Player of the Season ga Eastleigh . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matthews Moves On Up As Bristol Rovers Win The Race |url=http://www.thenationalleague.org.uk/matthews-moves-on-up-as-bristol-rovers-win-the-rac-51172 |website=www.thenationalleague.org.uk}}</ref> === Bristol Rovers === A ranar 6 ga watan Yunin 2018, Matthews ya amince da shiga kungiyar [[Bristol Rovers]] ta League One bayan cikar kwangilarsa ta Bournemouth a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2018 |title=Sam Matthews: Bristol Rovers to sign AFC Bournemouth midfielder |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44390023 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Matthews ya fara bugawa kulob din ne lokacin da ya sauka daga benci a ranar budewa da aka ci Peterborough United lokacin da ya maye gurbin Kyle Bennett a minti na 66.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2018 |title=Peterborough United 2–1 Bristol Rovers |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44989240 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Matthews ya koma Eastleigh a karo na uku a kan aro a ranar 21 ga Maris 2019 kuma zai ci gaba da yin wasanni 8 kafin karshen kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2019 |title=Sam Matthews Returns to Eastleigh On Loan |url=https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2019/march/mathews-loan-eastleigh/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321180609/https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2019/march/mathews-loan-eastleigh/ |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date=29 May 2019 |website=www.bristolrovers.co.uk}}</ref> Ya kuma fito daga benci a duka nasarar da aka samu a wasan kusa da na karshe a kan [[Wrexham A.F.C.|Wrexham]] da kuma nasarar da aka yi a wasan kusa na karshe a Salford City inda Matthews ya sami fansa daga mai tsaron gidan Salford [[Chris Neal]] a cikin harbi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2019 |title=Wrexham 0–1 Eastleigh |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48083767 |access-date=27 May 2019 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2019 |title=Salford City 1–1 Eastleigh (Salford City win 4–3 on penalties) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48123408 |access-date=29 May 2019 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar 2019-20, Bristol Rovers ta saki Matthews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=Retained List Announced |url=https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2020/june/bristol-rovers-retained-list/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615123639/https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2020/june/bristol-rovers-retained-list/ |archive-date=15 June 2020 |access-date=2020-11-26 |website=www.bristolrovers.co.uk |publisher=Bristol Rovers F.C. |language=en-gb}}</ref> === Garin Crawley === Matthews ya sanya hannu ga Crawley Town a kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu a lokacin rani na 2020. Ya fara bugawa Crawley Town wasa a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2020 a cikin nasarar 1-0 a League Two a kan Scunthorpe United . A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun 2022, Matthews ya koma kungiyar Aldershot Town ta kasa a kan aro don sauran kakar 2021-22.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2022 |title=New Signing: Shots sign Matthews! |url=https://www.theshots.co.uk/new-signing-shots-sign-matthews/ |access-date=22 February 2022 |publisher=Aldershot Town FC}}</ref> === Wealdstone === On 21 October 2022, Matthews signed for National League club Wealdstone on a short-term deal until January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=Stones sign exciting winger Sam Matthews |url=https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/stones-sign-exciting-winger-sam-matthews |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=www.wealdstone-fc.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021163300/https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/stones-sign-exciting-winger-sam-matthews |archive-date=21 October 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 17 November 2022 Matthews left National League club Wealdstone by mutual consent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2022 |title=Matthews leaves Wealdstone |url=https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/matthews-leaves-wealdstone |access-date=19 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114231838/https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/matthews-leaves-wealdstone |archive-date=14 January 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Havant & Waterlooville === A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun 2023 Havant &amp;amp; Waterlooville sun sanar da sanya hannu kan Matthews kan yarjejeniya har zuwa karshen kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2023 |title=HWFC Sign Winger Sam Matthews |url=https://www.havantandwaterloovillefc.co.uk/hwfc-sign-winger-sam-matthews/ |access-date=26 January 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126145155/https://www.havantandwaterloovillefc.co.uk/hwfc-sign-winger-sam-matthews/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|end of 2021–22 season}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin FA ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |AFC Bournemouth |2016–17 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |Birnin Poole (rashin kuɗi) |2014–15<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Matthews Profile – Aylesbury United FC |url=http://www.aylesburyunitedfc.co.uk/players/sam-matthews |access-date=18 June 2020 |publisher=Aylesbury United F.C.}}</ref> |Kudancin Kudancin |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |Birnin Braintree (rashin kuɗi) |2016–17<ref name="sb1617" /> |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |11 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |13 |2 |- |Eastleigh (rashin kuɗi) |2016–17<ref name="sb1617" /> |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |13 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |13 |3 |- |Eastleigh (rashin kuɗi) |2017–18 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |39 |6 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |39 |6 |- | rowspan="3" |Bristol Rovers |2018–19 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |16 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |5 |0 |24 |0 |- |2019–20 |Ƙungiyar Ɗaya |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !16 !0 !1 !0 !2 !0 !5 !0 !24 !0 |- |Eastleigh (rashin kuɗi) |2018–19<ref name="sb1819" /> |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |10 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Garin Crawley |2020–21 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |30 |1 |2 |0 |0 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref name="FLT" group="lower-alpha" /> |0 |33 |1 |- |2021–22 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |8 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1[a] |0 |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !38 !1 !2 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !42 !1 |- |Aldershot Town (rashin kuɗi) |2021–22<ref name="sb2122" /> |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !130 !11 !6 !0 !2 !0 !9 !0 !147 !11 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> avy8uebzut8mmbo32qkxcyghtypjuy2 0 121705 964161 958312 2026-10-07T04:29:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Simeon Oluwatimelehin Akinola Olaonipekun''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa nena Najeriya da yayi ritaya. == Ayyuka == An haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, Akinola ya koma [[Madrid]] yana da shekaru uku. Ya fara buga wasan futsal yana da shekaru tara kafin ya shiga Alcorcón bayan nasarar gwaji, <ref name="Elastico">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Boreham Wood striker Simeon Akinola &#124; the Elastico |url=http://www.theelastico.com/2012/03/simeon-akinola/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615235301/http://www.theelastico.com/2012/03/simeon-akinola/ |archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Devonshire strengthens forward options with signing of Akinola |url=https://www.gazette-news.co.uk/sport/11439676.devonshire-strengthens-forward-options-with-signing-of-akinola/ |website=Gazette}}</ref> daga baya ya koma [[Landan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Braintree Town FC website |url=http://www.braintreetownfc.org.uk/news.html |website=www.braintreetownfc.org.uk}}</ref> Ya shiga makarantar kimiyya a Boreham Wood, kuma ya fara bugawa a watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, kakar da ya zira kwallaye 53 ga ƙungiyar ajiya.<ref name="Elastico"/> An ba da rancensa ga Billericay Town a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2011, sannan kuma Harrow Borough a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, kafin ya sanya hannu ga Borough har abada don kuɗin £ 2,400, wanda kotun ta saita bayan Boreham Wood ta ki amincewa da tayin farko na £ 750.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=The Football |title=The website for the English football association, the Emirates FA Cup and the England football team |url=http://www.thefa.com/404?404;http://www.thefa.com:80/favicon.ico |website=www.thefa.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Simeon Akinola - Harrow Borough Football Club First Team |url=https://www.pitchero.com/clubs/harrowborough/teams/60083/player/simeon-akinola-625040/10701 |website=www.pitchero.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wood's Development Programme Recognised |url=http://www.borehamwoodfootballclub.co.uk/woods-development-programme-recognised/}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2014, Akinola ya shiga garin Braintree da kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba.<ref name="auto"/> Ya shiga Barnet a ranar 1 Janairun 2017 da kuɗin £ 40,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barnet bolster attacking options with Akinola |url=https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2016/december/barnet-bolster-attacking-options-with-akinola/ |website=www.barnetfc.com}}</ref> Ya fara wasan farko a rana mai zuwa a kan Plymouth Argyle A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 2017 - ranar ƙarshe ta canja wurin - Barnet ya amince da sharuddan tare da Lincoln City don canja wurin Akinola, har sai tabbatarwa daga EFL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement &#124; Simeon Akinola |url=https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2017/september/statement--simeon-akinola/ |website=www.barnetfc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Akinola Deal Pending |url=https://www.weareimps.com/news/2017/september/170902-akinola-deal-pending |website=www.redimps.co.uk}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Satumba an tabbatar da cewa EFL ta ki amincewa da canja wurin kuma Akinola zai kasance a Barnet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akinola Deal Off |url=https://www.weareimps.com/news/2017/september/170905-akinola-off |website=www.redimps.co.uk}}</ref> Ya bar kulob din a karshen kakar 2019-20, bayan ya zira kwallaye 24 a wasanni 106.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Club update |url=https://www.barnetfc.com/news/2020/july/club-update/ |website=www.barnetfc.com}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2020, Akinola ya sanya hannu a kan Southend United kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da zaɓi na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AKINOLA SIGNS! |url=https://www.southendunited.co.uk/news/2020/september/akinola-signs/ |website=www.southendunited.co.uk}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2020 an ruwaito cewa Akinola ya farko ga Shrimpers ana riƙe da ita ta hanyar takunkumi kan rajistar 'yan wasa a kan kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New proposed EFL guidelines could see Southend United and many others clear embargoes |url=https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/18858897.new-proposed-efl-guidelines-see-southend-united-many-others-clear-embargoes/ |website=Echo}}</ref> Akinola ya fara bugawa Southend United wasa a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba 2020, ya fara ne a nasarar 1-0 a Roots Hall a kan Scunthorpe United . A ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2022, Akinola ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Wealdstone ta National League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2022 |title=Wealdstone make double striker swoop |url=https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/wealdstone-make-double-striker-swoop |access-date=2 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212040406/https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/wealdstone-make-double-striker-swoop |archive-date=12 December 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din a wannan rana, inda ya zira kwallayen a karon farko daga benci, a wasan da ya ci Boreham Wood 2-1 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2022 |title=Report: Debut goal and penalty controversy as Wealdstone are edged out by Wood |url=https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/report-debut-goal-and-penalty-controversy-as-wealdstone-are-edged-out-by-wood |access-date=2 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207050744/https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/report-debut-goal-and-penalty-controversy-as-wealdstone-are-edged-out-by-wood |archive-date=7 February 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Akinola ya buga wasanni bakwai kafin ya bar kulob din. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Akinola ya cancanci buga wa Najeriya da Spain wasa a matakin kasa da kasa. Ingila C ce ta kira shi a watan Mayu 2015, amma an tilasta masa janyewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Braintree Town Winger Simeon Akinola To WAIT For England Debut:: All Nigeria Soccer - The Complete Nigerian Football Portal |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=15042 |website=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Akinola yana da digiri a fannin injiniyan tsarin daga Jami'ar Westminster . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elephant Sport » Q&A – Barnet striker Simeon Akinola |url=https://elephantsport.myblog.arts.ac.uk/2017/03/07/qa-barnet-striker-simeon-akinola/}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2023, ya shiga JP Morgan & Co. ta hanyar shirin sauya-sauyen 'yan wasa. == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|3 December 2022}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin FA ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Itacen Boreham |2010–11 | rowspan="2" |Taron Kudu |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | --- |0 |0 |4 |0 |- |2011–12 |17 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | --- |0 |0 |17 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Boreham Wood duka !21 !2 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |--- !0 !0 !21 !2 |- |Birnin Billericay (rashin aro) |2011–12 |Kungiyar Firimiya ta Isthmian |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |Harrow Borough (rashin kuɗi) |2011–12 |Kungiyar Firimiya ta Isthmian |5 |4 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |5 |4 |- | rowspan="4" |Harrow Borough |2012–13 | rowspan="3" |Kungiyar Firimiya ta Isthmian |37 |11 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | --- |0 |0 |38 |11 |- |2013–14 |32 |9 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | --- |0 |0 |34 |10 |- |2014–15 |6 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | --- |0 |0 |6 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Harrow jimlar !75 !22 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |--- !0 !0 !78 !23 |- | rowspan="4" |Birnin Braintree |2014–15 |Taron Kasa |38 |4 |3 |2 | colspan="2" | --- |4[ƙasa-alpha 1] |1 |45 |7 |- |2015–16 | rowspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |41 |10 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | --- |4 |0 |45 |10 |- |2016–17 |25 |5 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | --- |1 [ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="FAT" /> |0 |29 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Cikakken ƙwaƙwalwa !104 !19 !6 !3 ! colspan="2" |--- !9 !1 !119 !23 |- | rowspan="5" |Barnet |2016–17<ref name="SA16" /> | rowspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Biyu |19 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |19 |2 |- |2017–18 |29 |4 |1 |1 |1 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 3] |0 |32 |5 |- |2018–19 | rowspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |14 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | --- |2[ƙasa-alpha 1]<ref group="lower-alpha" name="FAT" /> |0 |17 |0 |- |2019–20 |31 |15 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | --- |5 |2 |38 |17 |- ! colspan="2" |Cikakken barnet !93 !21 !4 !1 !1 !0 !8 !2 !106 !24 |- | rowspan="3" |Kudancin Ƙasar |2020–21 |Ƙungiyar Biyu |24 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |24 |2 |- |2021-22 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | --- |0 |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Kudancin duka !25 !2 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |--- !0 !0 !25 !2 |- |Wealdstone |2022–23 |Ƙungiyar Ƙasa |6 |1 |1 |1 |0 |0 |1 [ƙasa-alpha 5] |0 |8 |2 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !330 !71 !14 !6 !1 !0 !18 !3 !363 !80 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d0l9d36wge4j79ngoiu9zm8nglkrhnx 0 123532 964294 932523 2026-10-07T11:36:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tarihin muhalli na Amurka''' ya rufe tarihin muhalli a cikin ƙarni zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, tare da muhawara ta siyasa da ƙwararru game da kiyayewa da batutuwan muhalli. Kalmar "tsaron" ta bayyana a cikin 1908 kuma an maye gurbin ta da "tsaron muhalli" a cikin shekarun 1970 yayin da aka mayar da hankali daga sarrafawa da kare albarkatun kasa zuwa damuwa mai zurfi ga muhalli gaba ɗaya da kuma mummunar tasirin iska ko ruwa a kan mutane. A ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin ya ga canji zuwa ga "adalci na muhalli," yana nuna yadda ake rarraba fa'idodin muhalli da nauyin da ba daidai ba a cikin kabilanci, aji, da kabilanci.Wannan motsi ya sami ƙarfi a lokacin zanga-zangar PCB ta 1982 a Warren County, North Carolina inda mazauna baƙar fata da masu gwagwarmaya suka yi tsayayya da wurin sharar gida na tan 60,000 na gurbataccen ƙasa. Duk da yake masu zanga-zangar ba su iya dakatar da zubar da ƙasa ba, sun ja hankalin jama'a ga wariyar launin fata na muhalli da bincike da gwagwarmayar wadanda kamar su Robert Bullard wanda ya yi nazarin Houston da Warren County.[1] Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka ya rinjayi wannan motsi sosai kuma ya mai da hankali kan wariyar launin fata a cikin kasashe masu arziki. Daga baya aka fadada motsi don la'akari da jinsi, rashin adalci na muhalli na kasa da kasa, da rashin daidaito a cikin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Yayin da motsi ya sami nasara a kasashe masu arziki, an sauya nauyin muhalli zuwa Kudancin Duniya (kamar misali ta hanyar fitarwa ko cinikin sharar duniya). Yunkurin adalci na muhalli ya zama na duniya, tare da wasu daga cikin manufofinta yanzu Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke bayyanawa. Wannan motsi ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyi don haƙƙin ƙasar 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma Hakkin ɗan adam ga yanayi mai lafiya.[224]Misalai na rashin adalci na muhalli da wariyar launin fata sun zama ruwan dare a cikin Amurka. A Flint, Michigan, yawancin baƙar fata inda kashi 40 cikin dari na mutane ke rayuwa cikin talauci, babban rikicin lafiyar jama'a da yanayin gaggawa ya haifar da zubowar gubar cikin ruwan sha. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2014, birnin ya sauya maɓuɓɓugar ruwa zuwa kogin Flint a cikin ƙoƙarin adana kuɗi, wanda ya haifar da babbar lalata na bututu da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya a cikin mazauna, musamman yara, da kuma sakin gubar cikin ruwan sha. Duk da kukan yankin game da ruwan da ba shi da launi tare da ƙanshi mai ban sha'awa. A cikin watanni masu zuwa, an gano ƙarin gurbataccen abu kuma tasirin kiwon lafiya kamar guba a cikin yara ya zama bayyananne, kodayake jami'an gwamnati ba su dauki mataki ba. Ba har zuwa watan Satumbar 2015 ba ne ƙungiyar bincike ta Virginia Tech ta gwada kanta kuma ta sami matakan jagoranci masu tsanani a Flint. Bayan an sami matakan gubar da aka fi girma a cikin yara ta cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta yankin, wanda ke da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya, jihar ta samar da matattarar ruwa kyauta da gwaji kafin ta koma ga asalin samar da ruwa a ranar 16 ga Oktoba. Koyaya, har ma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, ba a ɗauki ruwan Flin''' Don tarihin kwanan nan duba [[Manufofin muhalli na Amurka]] . [[File:CO2_emissions_USA.svg|thumb|Halin fitar da [[carbon dioxide]] a Amurka, 1800 zuwa 2020.]] == Yanayin muhalli == === Yanayin Pre-Columbian === A cewar Erin Stewart Mauldin, tarihin ilimin ƙasa na Amurka ya riga ya wuce mazaunin ɗan adam da miliyoyin shekaru.[2]Yanayin sararin samaniya na nahiyar Arewacin Amurka an tsara shi ta hanyar tectonics, aikin dutsen wuta, da glaciation. Duwatsun Appalachia sun samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da farantin, Dutsen Rocky daga subduction na Tekun Pacific, da Pacific Northwest da New England daga karuwar microcontinents. Glaciation ya kafa Great Lakes kuma ya rinjayi abun da ke cikin ƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da aikin dutsen wuta wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga yankuna kamar Columbia Plateau. Paleoindians daga Siberia sune mazaunan mutum na farko na nahiyar da suka fara 30,000 KZ. Sun kasance tare da megafauna kamar mammoths. Dalilan lalacewar waɗannan nau'o'in, watakila saboda canjin yanayi ko farautar mutum, har yanzu ana muhawara. Rashin manyan dabbobi masu gida a Arewacin Amurka ya shafi ci gaban al'ummomi, yana iyakance farauta da kiwo kuma daga baya ya ba masu mulkin mallaka na Turai damar rayuwa. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun haɓaka dabarun rayuwa daban-daban, gami da noma, farauta, da kamun kifi, tare da ayyuka daban-daban a duk yankuna. Sun kuma shafi yanayin ƙasa ta hanyar share ƙasa da ayyukan farauta, wanda ya haifar da canje-canje na muhalli. Yanayin da 'yan Turai suka haɗu da shi ya kasance mai mahimmanci ta hanyar aikin ɗan adam, yana ƙalubalanci ra'ayin hamada da ba a taɓa ta ba.[4] === Mulkin mallaka da Sadarwa === Masanin kimiyya Dina Gilio-Whitaker ya bayyana cewa yayin da Mutanen Espanya suka isa Arewacin Amurka a cikin 1500s, kuma Ingilishi sun kafa mulkin mallaka na farko na Jamestown a cikin 1607, sun kawo ra'ayoyin mallakar ƙasa waɗanda suka sabawa halin 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin gari. Yunkurin mulkin mallaka na mazauna don mallakar ƙasar ya buƙaci tilasta cire 'yan asalin ƙasar. Mazauna Turai sun lalata albarkatun noma na asali a cikin ƙoƙari mai nasara na kashe mutane daga ƙasar kakanninsu. Rushewa da kwace hanyoyin kasuwanci na 'yan asalin ƙasar sun sa wasu kungiyoyin' yan asalin su kasance masu rauni kuma sun dogara da mazauna kansu. Wadannan ayyukan sun canza yanayin daga abin da 'yan asalin ƙasar ke jagoranta, a maimakon haka sun canza shi zuwa ga ra'ayoyin mulkin mallaka na mallaka. A cewar masanin tarihi David Silkenat, ayyukan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma kula da su kamar ƙonewa mai sarrafawa, farauta da tattarawa, da manyan gonaki da ke shuka masara, wake, squash, da sauransu, sun sadu da gonakin monoculture masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka dogara da bayi. Aikin noma a Kudu ya bambanta, tare da cakuda ƙananan gonaki da manyan shuke-shuke masu fitarwa waɗanda suka yi tasiri a kan ƙasa. Koyaya, mazauna ba su sauƙaƙe daidaitawa da sabon mahallinsu ba, suna gano cewa ayyukan noma na Turai ba su fassara zuwa sabuwar ƙasarsu ba bisa ga masanin tarihi Kenneth MacMillan. Duk da yake Ingilishi suna tsammanin yanayin Carolinas da Virginia ya zama kamar na Spain, an sadu da su da yanayin zafi da sanyi fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Sun yi kuskuren gaskata cewa akwai irin waɗannan kayayyaki da na Gabas da Yammacin Indiya kamar zinariya. Yankin Jamestown, wanda ke cikin abin da ke yanzu Virginia, yana fuskantar yanayin da ba daidai ba na Kudu, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa tushen abinci mai aminci, sau da yawa yana kasuwanci tare da 'yan asalin don masara da sauran albarkatu, musamman ta hanyar hunturu mai sanyi. Koyaya, a shekara ta 1617, an kafa taba na Ingilishi a matsayin amfanin gona, kuma ya girma a gonaki, ta amfani da aikin bawa na Afirka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacMillan |first=Ken |date=March 2008 |title=Knowledge and Experience in the Founding of Jamestown |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/233157 |journal=Reviews in American History |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=15–23 |doi=10.1353/rah.2008.0003 |issn=1080-6628 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === New England zuwa 1815 === Kafin 1815 manoman New England sun kasance masu wadatar kansu. Dajin ya samar da itace don gina gidaje da shaguna, kuma ya ciyar da murhu duk lokacin hunturu. An sayar da katako don gina jirgi kuma an sayar da shagunan jiragen ruwa don fitarwa zuwa Ingila. Sauran gandun daji shine wurin zama ga deer da sauran wasannin da aka farauta da sauƙi tare da bindigogi ko tarkuna. Da zarar an share ƙasar ta samar da makiyaya ga tumaki (wanda aka haifa don ulu), aladu, da saniya ta iyali, da kuma sarari don lambun kayan lambu. Muhimmancin gandun daji ya fito ne daga barazana ga mazauna zuwa kasancewa wuri na muhimmancin addini na Puritan, da kuma tushen kyau da girman kai. Yayin da yawan jama'a suka girma gandun daji ya sauya daga wadata zuwa raguwar dukiya. Bayan 1815, lokacin da kasuwanni na fitarwa suka sake buɗewa bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Napoleon da Yaƙin 1812, manoma a yankin sun ƙara mai da hankali kan amfanin gona na kasuwanci, musamman tumaki, shanu, hay, katako, alkama. Yayin da biranen da ke kusa suka girma sun sayar da karin madara da cuku, ƙwai, apples, cranberries da maple syrup. === Halakar kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na gandun daji, shekarun 1780 zuwa 1860 === A cewar masanin ilimin ƙasa Michael Williams, a shekara ta 1860, an share kimanin kadada miliyan 153 na gandun daji don gonaki, kuma an yanke wasu kadada miliyan 11 ta hanyar katako na masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, ginin jirgin ƙasa, da fadada birane. Kashi na huɗu na asalin gandun daji a jihohin gabas ya tafi. A lokaci guda akwai babban canji a yadda Amurkawa ke kallon gandun daji. An gane su a matsayin tushe na masana'antu, fadada aikin gona, da ci gaban kayan aiki. Itace ita ce masana'antar da ta fi girma a kasar a 1850, kuma ta biyu a 1860 a bayan masana'antu. Kamar yadda Frederick Starr ya jaddada a 1865, gandun daji sun kasance cikin mahimman buƙatu huɗu don wadata: "gurasa mai arha, gidaje masu arha, man fetur mai arha da sufuri mai arha ga fasinjoji da kaya. "Kasuwanci mai haɗari ne, tare da haɗari mai rauni da mutuwa haɗari ne na yau da kullun. Amma ya biya da kyau saboda katako yana da mahimmanci don gini kuma itace shine babban man fetur don gidaje, kasuwanci, jiragen ruwa da jiragen kasa. Masu ilimi sun fara nazarin alaƙar da ke tsakanin gandun daji da ƙasa, yanayi, noma, jirgin ƙasa da tattalin arziki. Sun yi la'akari da daidaitattun muhalli gaba ɗaya. Kasar ta kasance cikin haɗari yayin da sulhu ya fadada zuwa yamma zuwa cikin filayen trans-Mississippi inda itace yake da ƙarancin. Idan aka ba da muhimmancin tattalin arziki da al'adu na gandun daji, wasu masu sharhi sun damu, musamman George Perkins Marsh da Increase Lapham. ya fara yin tambaya game da lalacewar da aka yadu. Sun ga gandun daji da bishiyoyi masu gabatarwa a matsayin alamomin Amurka, kuma bacewarsu ta damu. Marubutan soyayya kamar Henry David Thoreau da Ralph Waldo Emerson sun taimaka wa Amurkawa su fahimci kyawawan dabi'u da kuma nishaɗin gandun daji, fiye da muhimmancin tattalin arziki. Yunkurin kiyayewa na farko ya samo asali ne daga waɗannan damuwa. === Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu, 1810s-1890s === A ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 da farkon ƙarni na 19, sharar gida daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai sun fara shiga koguna da rafi, kuma wuraren yin amfani da ƙarfe da murhu sun yi amfani da ruwa don sanyaya.: 27, 32-33, 53 A farkon karni na 19, ci gaban injunan tururi ya haifar da amfani da su a bangarorin hakar ma'adinai da masana'antu (kamar masana'antu). Yaduwar amfani da injunan tururi ya haifar da ruwa mai zafi (ƙazantar da zafi). <ref name="Gordon" />: 52-53 Samun yawan aiki, tare da gabatar da layin dogo a cikin shekarun 1830 da 1840 - wanda ya kara yawan buƙatun kwal da ma'adanai - ya haifar da ƙarin ƙarni na sharar gida.{{Rp|68–69}} Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Biyu ya haifar da ci gaban hanyoyin masana'antu waɗanda suka haifar da sababbin nau'ikan sharar gida, gami da iska, ruwa da gurɓataccen ƙasa ([[Sharar da akan samu a amurka|sharar gida mai ƙarfi da haɗari]]). Wadannan sabbin bangarorin masana'antu sun hada da: * ƙarfe da ƙarfe * man fetur da iskar gas <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edwin Drake: Oil Drilling |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/drake_hi.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Who Made America? |publisher=Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)}}</ref> * Kamfanonin mai suna petroleum * masana'antu (melting) na karafa marasa ƙarfe * masana'antar roba * [[Tarihin taki|taki]] da sunadarai * masana'antar kayan takarda. === Hadarin masana'antun masana'antu === Albashi na kuɗi ya kawo ma'aikatan karkara cikin sabbin masana'antun masana'antu da farko a New England bayan 1810 sannan a Kudu bayan 1870. An yi amfani da matuka ta hanyar ruwa a kan koguna na cikin gida kuma ba su haifar da lahani ga yanayin waje ba. Hadarin ya zo cikin gida yayin da ma'aikata ke fuskantar gurɓataccen iska da hayaniya. Maza, mata da yara sun yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin iyali sa'o'i 10 a rana a cikin wani yanayi mai cike da ƙura da fiber. Injin a wasu lokuta ya haifar da haɗari amma yanayin da aka gurɓata ya fi tsanani. Samun mutane da yawa da ke aiki a kusa da rana bayan rana shine kyakkyawan tsari don yaduwar cututtuka da suka hada da sanyi na yau da kullun, bronchitis, huhu da [[tarin fuka]]. Har ila yau, sun sha wahala daga rashin jin da gajiya. Byssinosis, wanda aka fi sani da "cutar huhu mai launin ruwan kasa" ko "zazzabin Litinin," ya kasance mafi yawa tsakanin ma'aikatan auduga, tare da alamun da suka hada da ƙarancin kirji da gajeren numfashi.Akwai rashin jituwa tsakanin ma'aikata, ma'aikata da masu sana'a game da tasirin yanayin masana'antu akan kiwon lafiya. Ginin ba ya amfani da kulawar likita a shafin amma sun goyi bayan asibitocin al'umma. === Hadarin ma'adanai na karkashin kasa === {{Coal mine disasters in the US}}Ma'adinai na karkashin kasa aiki ne mai haɗari sosai. Koyaya kwal, baƙin ƙarfe, gubar da jan ƙarfe suna da mahimmanci ga masana'antu. Bauta sun yi aiki a ma'adinai kafin yakin basasa. Daga baya, bukatar ma'aikata ta jawo baƙi da yawa na Turai, ma'aikatan baƙar fata a ƙarƙashin Jim Crow, da iyalai na Appalachian na gida. A cewar masanin tarihin tattalin arziki Price V. Fishback, ban da haɗarin rushewar ma'adinai, masu hakar ma'adanai da yankin da ma'adinan, kamar kwal, ke fuskantar rijiyar da gurɓataccen ruwa. Daga matakai daban-daban na hakar ma'adinai, an sami arsenic, barium, gubar, manganese, baƙin ƙarfe, da sulfate a cikin rijiyar da ruwa. Bude filayen ma'adinai, fashewa, da sufuri sun kuma haifar da kwayoyin halitta da hayaki dauke da sulfur dioxide, nitrous oxide, benzene, carbon monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, mercury, da sauran karafa masu nauyi. Hakanan, masu hakar ma'adinai da waɗanda ke zaune kusa da ma'adanai suna fuskantar baƙar fata, cututtukan zuciya, wasu cututtuken huhu, da yiwuwar ciwon daji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Greene |first=Caitlyn |last2=McGinley |first2=Patrick |date=2019-03-15 |title=Yielding to the Necessities of a Great Public Industry: Denial and Concealment of the Harmful Health Effects of Coal Mining |url=https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmelpr/vol43/iss3/2 |journal=William & Mary Environmental Law and Policy Review |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=689 |issn=1091-9724}}</ref> Paul Rakes yayi nazarin mutuwar ma'adinai a [[West Virginia|Yammacin Virginia]] a farkon rabin karni na 20. Baya ga bala'o'in ma'adinai da aka yada da yawa waɗanda suka kashe masu hakar ma'adanai da yawa a lokaci guda, akwai ƙananan abubuwan da suka faru inda ma'adanan ma'adarai ɗaya ko biyu suka rasa rayukansu. An yi la'akari da haɗarin ma'adinai ba za a iya gujewa ba, kuma amincin ma'adanai bai inganta halin da ake ciki ba saboda rashin kulawa. An yi la'akari da ma'adanai na West Virginia ba su da aminci sosai har jami'an shige da fice ba za su ba da shawarar su a matsayin tushen aiki ga baƙi ba, amma duk da haka sun zo ne don babban albashi. Lokacin da aka ba Ofishin Ma'adinai na Amurka ƙarin iko don tsara lafiyar ma'adinai a cikin shekarun 1960, wayar da kan jama'a game da tsaro ta inganta, kuma ma'adinan kwal na West Virginia sun zama marasa haɗari. Canjin bayan 1920 daga kwal zuwa ruwa da mai kuma daga baya zuwa nukiliya, iskar gas da hasken rana ya rage haɗari ga ma'aikatan makamashi. Hakazalika sauyawa daga karkashin kasa zuwa hakar ma'adinai. === Yankin Yamma === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi ƙoƙari ta ƙuntata fadada yamma tare da layin sanarwar da ba shi da tasiri na 1763 ta soke ta sabuwar gwamnatin Amurka. Babban motsi na farko a yammacin Dutsen Appalachian ya fara ne a Pennsylvania, Virginia da North Carolina da zaran an ci nasarar yakin juyin juya hali a shekara ta 1781. Majagaba sun zauna a cikin wani gida mai laushi ko kuma a mafi yawan ɗakin katako guda ɗaya. Babban abincin da aka samar da shi da farko ya fito ne daga farautar dabbobi, turkeys, da sauran ƙananan wasanni.<blockquote>An yi ado da tufafin iyaka na yau da kullun, breeches na fata, moccasins, gashin gashi, da rigar farauta, kuma an rufe shi da bel wanda aka rataye wuka na farauta da jaka - duk an yi shi a gida - majagaba ya gabatar da bayyanar ta musamman. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ya buɗe a cikin dazuzzuka wani yanki, ko sharewa, inda ya shuka masara, alkama, flax, taba da sauran kayayyaki, har ma da 'ya'yan itace. A cikin 'yan shekaru majagaba ya kara aladu, tumaki da shanu, kuma watakila ya sami doki. Tufafin Homespun ya maye gurbin fatar dabba. Mafi yawan majagaba marasa kwanciyar hankali sun zama marasa gamsuwa da rayuwar wayewa, kuma sun sake farfado da kansu don motsa mil 50 ko ɗari (kilomita 80 ko 160) zuwa yamma.&nbsp;</blockquote>A shekara ta 1788, 'yan asalin Amurka zuwa Yankin Arewa maso Yamma sun kafa Marietta, Ohio a matsayin mazaunin Amurka na farko na dindindin a yankin Arewa maso yamma. Sayen Louisiana na 1803 ya ninka girman kasar sau biyu. Ya ƙunshi 'yan ƙananan ƙauyuka na Turai da adadi mai yawa na' yan asalin ƙasar Amirka. Gwamnatin tarayya tana da alhakin al'amuran Indiya, kuma ta sayi ƙasashen Indiya ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Mutanen da suke shirye su shiga cikin al'ummar Amurka an yarda su kasance. Ƙabilun da suke so su ci gaba da mulkin kansu sun riƙe karamin ɓangaren ƙasarsu a matsayin ajiyar Indiya kuma sun sayar da sauran ga gwamnatin tarayya don tallafin shekara-shekara daga Ofishin Harkokin Indiya. Wadannan kabilun da ke gabashin Mississippi galibi ana komawa zuwa yamma, da farko zuwa Yankin Indiya (yanzu jihar [[Oklahoma]]). Dubi Cirewar Indiya. Yayin da mazauna suka bazu zuwa Yamma, sha'awar su na sayar da ƙasar ta sabawa kasancewar 'yan asalin ƙasar a waɗancan yankuna. Hakanan, an yi amfani da kamfen ɗin soja don tilasta cirewa. Wasu misalai na wannan sun kasance doguwar tafiya daga ƙasa zuwa wuraren ajiya ko sansanonin kurkuku a kan bindiga kamar Long Walk of the Diné a 1864 da Trail of Tears for the Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Seminole, da Choctaw daga 1838 zuwa 1839. Cirewa ya haifar da mutuwar sama da kashi 25 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka tilasta su yi tafiya da kuma asarar dabbobi da amfanin gona masu dorewa. Ga wasu mutane, sabbin ƙasashensu sun yi kama da waɗanda suka bari a baya kuma sun sami damar daidaitawa da sababbin mahalli yayin da suke canza hanyar rayuwarsu don dacewa da ababen more rayuwa na fadada Amurka wanda ya bazu zuwa Yamma da ƙasarsu kamar layin dogo. Koyaya, a lokacin da Diné ya tilasta tafiya zuwa ajiyar farko a Yamma, mutane da yawa sun mutu kafin da kuma bayan isowa. Yankin da aka bayar ya cika da ruwan gishiri da kuma karancin itace. Duk da yunkurin ci gaba da aikin gona, duka tsarin ban ruwa da amfanin gona sun gaza. Dubi Cirewar Indiya. A shekara ta 1813, iyakar yamma ta kai [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]]. [[St. Louis|St. Louis, Missouri]] ita ce birni mafi girma a kan iyaka, ƙofar tafiya zuwa yamma, kuma babbar cibiyar kasuwanci don zirga-zirgar [[Mississippi (kogi)|Kogin Mississippi]] da kasuwancin cikin gida. Akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa game da buƙatar daidaita sabbin yankuna da sauri, amma muhawara ta rabu game da farashin da gwamnati ta kamata ta caji. masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da Whigs, wanda shugaban kasar [[John Quincy Adams]] ya nuna, suna son saurin da ya dace wanda ya caji sababbin masu zuwa isasshen biyan kuɗin gwamnatin tarayya. Duk da haka, 'Yan Democrat sun jimre da rikici don ƙasa a farashi mai ƙarancin gaske. Ƙuduri na ƙarshe ya zo ne a cikin Dokar Gida ta 1862, tare da matsakaiciyar saurin da ya ba mazauna 160 kyauta bayan sun yi aiki a kai na shekaru biyar. Daga shekarun 1770 zuwa 1830, majagaba sun koma cikin sabbin ƙasashe da suka shimfiɗa daga Kentucky zuwa Alabama zuwa Texas. Yawancin sun yi aiki da manoma a gabas kuma yanzu sun koma cikin ƙungiyoyin iyali. Masanin tarihi Louis M. Hacker ya nuna yadda ƙarni na farko na majagaba ya kasance; sun kasance marasa ilimi sosai don noma ƙasar yadda ya kamata kuma lokacin da aka yi amfani da amfanin ƙasa mai budurwa, sun sayar kuma suka koma yamma don sake gwadawa. Hacker ya bayyana cewa a Kentucky game da 1812: {{Blockquote|Farms were for sale with from ten to fifty acres cleared, possessing log houses, peach and sometimes apple orchards, inclosed in fences, and having plenty of standing timber for fuel. The land was sown in wheat and corn, which were the staples, while hemp [for making rope] was being cultivated in increasing quantities in the fertile river bottoms. ... Yet, on the whole, it was an agricultural society without skill or resources. It committed all those sins which characterize a wasteful and ignorant husbandry. Grass seed was not sown for hay and as a result, the farm animals had to forage for themselves in the forests; the fields were not permitted to lie in pasturage; a single crop was planted in the soil until the land was exhausted; the manure was not returned to the fields; only a small part of the farm was brought under cultivation, the rest being permitted to stand in timber. Instruments of cultivation were rude and clumsy and only too few, many of them being made on the farm. It is plain why the American frontier settler was on the move continually. It was, not his fear of a too close contact with the comforts and restraints of a civilized society that stirred him into a ceaseless activity, nor merely the chance of selling out at a profit to the coming wave of settlers; it was his wasting land that drove him on. Hunger was the goad. The pioneer farmer's ignorance, his inadequate facilities for cultivation, his limited means, of transport necessitated his frequent changes of scene. He could succeed only with virgin soil.<ref>Louis Morton Hacker, "Western Land Hunger and the War of 1812: A Conjecture", ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' (1924) 10#4 pp.&nbsp;365–95, quote on pp.&nbsp;369–71 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892931 in JSTOR]</ref>}} Hacker ya kara da cewa raƙuman mazauna na biyu sun dawo da ƙasar, sun gyara lalacewar, kuma sun yi aikin gona mai ɗorewa. === Bautar === Yayinda masu mulkin mallaka na Turai suka zauna a cikin abin da zai zama Amurka, sun kafa manyan gonaki masu fitarwa don amfanin gona kamar taba, shinkafa, da auduga, suna dogaro da cinikin bayi na Atlantic don shuka da aikin gida daga 1619 zuwa 1865. Yayinda masu mallakar ƙasa suka nemi kara riba ta hanyar aikin bawa da haihuwa daga ƙasa, sun kirkiro tsarin da ya ƙasƙantar da bayi da kuma yankin Kudancin. Masanin tarihi David Silkenat ya lura cewa, "farin aiki na bayi ya sa masu gonar su yi amfani da ƙasar, suna son samun riba ta gajeren lokaci akan dorewa na dogon lokaci." Bayan kafa aikin bayi a gonaki, an share gandun daji, an zubar da ruwa, kuma an lalata yanayin halittu masu rauni. Wadannan ayyuka sun bar tuddai da suka lalace, koguna da aka rufe da ƙasa mara kyau, kuma sun haifar da halakawar jinsunan asali. Kamar mutanen da suka bautar don aiki, masu gonar suna kallon ƙasar a matsayin mai zubar da ita, suna komawa zuwa mafi kyawun fata da zarar an cire abubuwan gina jiki daga ƙasa kuma an sare gandun daji. Kamar yadda Silkenat ya yi iƙirarin, "fiye da ƙarni daya da rabi bayan ƙarshen doka na bautar a Amurka, alamun ta sun kasance a cikin wuri mai faɗi." Koyaya, kamar yadda bautar ta sake fasalin yanayin Kudancin, yanayin ya tsara bautar Amurka. A cewar Silkenat, bayi da suka yi aiki a ƙasar sun sami ilimi mai yawa game da mahalli. Da daddare, bayi za su yi amfani da dazuzzuka a asirce don kama abinci, ziyartar dangi a gonakin da ke kusa, da kuma amfani da ilimin su game da muhalli don tserewa zuwa 'yanci. Yayinda wasu suka tsere daga arewa, wasu sun kafa al'ummomi a cikin maras kyau inda masu gonar ba za su shiga ba. 'Yan Afirka na Afirka sun yi amfani da ilimin muhalli don 'yantar da kansu, daga baya ya haifar da yakin basasa. === Yaƙin basasa === A cikin Yaƙin basasa (1861-1865) manyan bindigogi masu nisa da bindigogi sun haifar da yawan wadanda suka mutu da rauni da mutuwa. Sojojin Tarayyar suna da kyawawan wuraren kiwon lafiya da asibiti, yayin da tsarin samarwa ya gaza sau da yawa a cikin Tarayyar da cewa watanni da yawa sojoji suka yi tafiya kuma suka yi yaƙi da ƙafafu, tare da karancin magani ga likitocin su da suka yi aiki sosai. Tarayyar ta lalata tsarin jirgin kasa a Kudu kuma ta lalata gonakin auduga da yawa. Ayyukan yaƙi sun kashe dubban dawakai da alfadarai da aka yi amfani da su don jawo kayayyaki, bindigogi da harsashi. Kudancin ya kasance mafi yawan karkara, tare da fifiko kan girma da fitar da auduga zuwa masana'antun masana'antu. Yawancin abinci an shigo da su ne daga Arewa. Harin Tarayyar ya rufe mafi yawan fitar da auduga da kusan dukkanin shigo da abinci. Tarayyar ta yanke yawancin hanyoyin tafiye-tafiye na cikin gida da na kogi. Babban abincin nama na Kudancin shine naman alade, amma fitarwa ya ragu sosai saboda cututtuka da karancin abinci. Yunwa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki sun raunana Confederacy kuma sun haifar da ficewa yayin da sojojin Confederate suka fahimci cewa iyalansu suna cikin haɗarin yunwa. An yi yakin ne a yankuna masu zafi, masu laushi da ke karbar cututtukan annoba da yawa. A sakamakon haka, yawan rashin lafiya ya kasance mai yawa a bangarorin biyu. Ga sojojin biyu cutar ta haifar da kusan sau biyu fiye da mutuwar da yaƙi ya yi. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa sune [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]] da dysentery, sannan [[Zazzabin Rawaya|zazzabin typhoid]], cutar huhu, [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da kyanda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disease {{!}} Behind the Lens: A History in Pictures {{!}} Essays and Photos Courtesy of The Burns Archive {{!}} Mercy Street {{!}} PBS |url=http://mercystreet.lunchbox.pbs.org/mercy-street/uncover-history/behind-lens/disease/ |access-date=2026-05-30 |website=Disease {{!}} Behind the Lens: A History in Pictures {{!}} Essays and Photos Courtesy of The Burns Archive {{!}} Mercy Street {{!}} PBS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324155209/http://mercystreet.lunchbox.pbs.org/mercy-street/uncover-history/behind-lens/disease/ |archive-date=2023-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Wilderness Society is a non-profit [[Jerin kungiyoyin muhalli na duniya|conservation organization]] founded in 1937 by Bob Marshall (1901–1939), who largely funded its startup.[214] It is dedicated to protecting natural areas and federal public lands in the United States and advocates for the designation of federal wilderness areas and other protective designations, such as for national monuments. It calls for balanced uses of public lands, and advocate for federal politicians to enact various land conservation and balanced land use proposals.[215] The Society specializes in issues involving lands under the management of federal agencies; such lands include national parks, national forests, national wildlife refuges, and areas overseen by the Bureau of Land Management. In the early 21st century, the society has been active in fighting recent political efforts to reduce protection for America's roadless and undeveloped lands and wildlife. It was instrumental in the passage of the 1964 Wilderness Act. The primary drafter of the Wilderness Act was Howard Zahniser (1906–1964), who served as executive secretary of the Wilderness Society from 1945 until his death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Howard Zahniser: Author of the Wilderness Act |url=http://www.wilderness.net/nwps/zahniser |access-date=9 February 2015 |website=Wilderness.net |publisher=University of Montana}}</ref> The Wilderness Act led to the creation of the National Wilderness Preservation System, which protects 109 million acres of U.S. public wildlands.[217] === Ecocentrics === A cewar Keith Makoto Woodhouse, yunkurin ecocentric yana da rikice-rikice kuma ya rabu a ciki. Ya ƙi imanin anthropocentric cewa mutane sun fi wasu nau'ikan rayuwa, kuma suna da 'yancin yin mulki da sarrafa yanayi. Ecocentrics suna mai da hankali sosai kan kiyaye hamada. Suna da rikice-rikice sosai game da amfani da aikin kai tsaye-da kuma rashin son shiga cikin ayyukan siyasa na yau da kullun. Misali, Duniya ta Farko! 'Yan gwagwarmaya sun yi amfani da Tree spiking - motsa dogon spikes a cikin bishiyoyi wanda zai lalata sawmills kuma ya ji wa ma'aikata rauni. "Ecotage" shine laifin sabotage a madadin muhalli. === Adalci na muhalli === ''Adalci na muhalli'' ko ''Adalci na muhalli'', ƙungiya ce ta zamantakewa don magance rashin adalci na mujallu, wanda ke faruwa lokacin da al'ummomin matalauta ko waɗanda aka ware suka lalace ta hanyar sharar gida, hakar albarkatu, da sauran amfani da ƙasa waɗanda ba sa amfana. [221][222]Bincike game da adalci na muhalli ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1970s lokacin da mazauna baƙar fata a Houston, Texas suka gano cewa jihar tana ba da izinin wurin samar da kayan aiki a cikin al'ummarsu. Binciken da aka samu daga wannan binciken ya nuna cewa wuraren al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru sun fi karɓar shafukan yanar gizo na ababen more rayuwa masu cutar da muhalli. Wannan motsi ya sami ƙarfi a lokacin zanga-zangar PCB ta 1982 a Warren County, North Carolina inda mazauna baƙar fata da masu gwagwarmaya suka yi tsayayya da wurin sharar gida na tan 60,000 na gurbataccen ƙasa. Duk da yake masu zanga-zangar ba su iya dakatar da zubar da ƙasa ba, sun ja hankalin jama'a ga wariyar launin fata na muhalli da bincike da gwagwarmayar wadanda kamar su Robert Bullard wanda ya yi nazarin Houston da Warren County.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-04 |title=The origins of environmental justice—and why it's finally getting the attention it deserves |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/environmental-justice-origins-why-finally-getting-the-attention-it-deserves |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Environment |language=en}}</ref> [[Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Yunkurin kare hakkin bil'adama na Amurka]] ya rinjayi wannan motsi sosai kuma ya mai da hankali kan wariyar launin fata a cikin kasashe masu arziki. Daga baya aka fadada motsi don la'akari da jinsi, rashin adalci na muhalli na kasa da kasa, da rashin daidaito a cikin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Yayin da motsi ya sami nasara a kasashe masu arziki, an sauya nauyin muhalli zuwa Kudancin Duniya (kamar misali ta hanyar fitarwa ko cinikin sharar duniya). Yunkurin adalci na muhalli ya zama na duniya, tare da wasu daga cikin manufofinta yanzu Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke bayyanawa. Wannan motsi ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyi don haƙƙin ƙasar 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma [[Hakki zuwa lafiyayyen muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga yanayi mai lafiya]].[224] Manufar yunkurin adalci na muhalli shine cimma burin al'ummomin da aka ware wajen yanke shawara game da muhalli wanda ke shafar rayuwarsu.[225]Yunkurin adalci na muhalli na duniya ya samo asali ne daga rikice-[[Rikicin muhalli]] wanda [[Kare haƙƙin muhalli|Masu kare muhalli]] ke fuskantar kamfanoni masu yawa a cikin hakar albarkatu ko wasu masana'antu. Sakamakon cikin gida na waɗannan rikice-rikice suna ƙara rinjayar hanyoyin sadarwar muhalli na kasa da kasa. Masana shari'ar muhalli sun samar da babban bangare na wallafe-wallafen kimiyyar zamantakewa wanda ya haɗa da gudummawa ga ilimin muhalli na siyasa, [[Dokar muhalli]], da ka'idojin dorewa.[226] Misalai na rashin adalci na muhalli da wariyar launin fata sun zama ruwan dare a cikin Amurka. A Flint, Michigan, yawancin baƙar fata inda kashi 40 cikin dari na mutane ke rayuwa cikin talauci, babban rikicin lafiyar jama'a da yanayin gaggawa ya haifar da zubowar gubar cikin ruwan sha. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2014, birnin ya sauya maɓuɓɓugar ruwa zuwa kogin Flint a cikin ƙoƙarin adana kuɗi, wanda ya haifar da babbar lalata na bututu da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya a cikin mazauna, musamman yara, da kuma sakin gubar cikin ruwan sha. Duk da kukan yankin game da ruwan da ba shi da launi tare da ƙanshi mai ban sha'awa. A cikin watanni masu zuwa, an gano ƙarin gurbataccen abu kuma tasirin kiwon lafiya kamar guba a cikin yara ya zama bayyananne, kodayake jami'an gwamnati ba su dauki mataki ba. Ba har zuwa watan Satumbar 2015 ba ne ƙungiyar bincike ta Virginia Tech ta gwada kanta kuma ta sami matakan jagoranci masu tsanani a Flint. Bayan an sami matakan gubar da aka fi girma a cikin yara ta cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta yankin, wanda ke da mummunar tasirin kiwon lafiya, jihar ta samar da matattarar ruwa kyauta da gwaji kafin ta koma ga asalin samar da ruwa a ranar 16 ga Oktoba. Koyaya, har ma a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, ba a ɗauki ruwan Flint lafiya don sha ba. An gabatar da tuhumar aikata laifuka a kan jami'an gwamnati tara saboda rawar da suka taka da gangan a cikin rikicin. An gabatar da karar a kan kamfanoni biyu, Veolia da Lockwood da Andrews & Newman. A cikin yunkurin birnin na adana kuɗi, yawancin baƙar fata na Flint sun fuskanci tasirin rayuwa. Adalci na muhalli yana aiki ne don kare al'ummomin 'yan tsiraru waɗanda tasirin muhalli ya shafa su ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wani misali na wariyar launin fata na muhalli shine ƙone gonakin sukari a Palm Beach County, Florida, tare da yawan mutanen Black da Latino, da yawa suna rayuwa cikin talauci. Mutanen yankin sun yi magana game da tasirin ƙone sukari na shekaru da yawa. Lokacin da kamfanonin sukari da manoma da ke kusa suka ƙone gonakin su don amfanin amfanin gona na gaba, mazauna yankin suna da'awar cewa an tilasta su zuwa gidajensu don kauce wa faduwar toka. Sun ambaci damuwa game da kiwon lafiya ciki har da sanannun cututtukan numfashi da ash ya haifar ciki har da asma da ciwon huhu. Koyaya, manoma da kamfanoni suna da'awar ƙonewar ta dace da ka'idojin Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Florida. Manyan kamfanonin sukari sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa suna bin matakan ingancin iska na jihar. Duk da yake masana'antar tana samar da kudaden shiga masu yawa kuma jihar ta yi iƙirarin cewa gundumar ta fada cikin bukatun ingancin iska, mazauna yankin, ba su da albarkatun da za su bincika kansu, suna gunaguni game da tasirin lafiyarsu da tasirin rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun daga konewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-16 |title=In South Florida, 'black snow' makes breathing difficult for some Black and Latino residents |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/sugar-burning-season-south-florida-rcna82479 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Wani misali na adalci na muhalli, yana nuna haɗuwa da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin Amurka, kariya ta muhalli da daidaito na zamantakewa shine yaƙin tsakanin Abokan Kasuwancin Canjin Makamashi na Dakota Access Pipeline da kuma Tsayawa na Rock Sioux Reservation. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, yayin da aka gina bututun mai don gudana a ƙarƙashin Tafkin Oahe, wanda Sioux suka yi iƙirarin zai lalata tushen ruwa na farko, kuma ta hanyar wurare masu tsarki da wuraren binnewa, kabilar Standing Rock Sioux ta jagoranci zanga-zangar da ta jawo dubban mutane kuma ta yi karo da jami'an tsaro masu zaman kansu, 'yan sanda masu soja, da kuma ikon jihar. Sojojin Injiniyoyi sun amince da ginin bututun mai, suna mai da'awar cewa hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su sun kasance lafiya kuma babu wani kayan tarihi da za su shafi ƙetare bututun mai. zanga-zangar ta jawo hankalin duniya kuma ta ƙare a ƙarshen Fabrairu 2017 lokacin da waɗanda suka rage suka fuskanci kamawa. Standing Rock Sioux ya ci gaba da kalubalantar Abokan Gudanar da Makamashi ta hanyar karar da hanyoyin shari'a. Koyaya, bututun ya ci gaba da ginawa kuma ya ɗauki mai a ƙarƙashin Tafkin Oahe kodayake Sojojin Sojoji, tun daga 2025, har yanzu ba su da izini da maganganun tasirin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) – Environmental and Energy Law Program |url=https://eelp.law.harvard.edu/tracker/dakota-access-pipeline/ |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=eelp.law.harvard.edu}}</ref> == Jagora == * Dubi masu kula da muhalli na Amurka, don labarai game da mutane a cikin Category:American environmentalists.  == Dubi kuma == * Karewa a Amurka, tarihin gwagwarmaya kafin 1960 ** [[Gandun -Daji|Kayan daji]] *** Jerin gandun daji na kasa na Amurka ** Tarihin masana'antar katako a Amurka ** Jerin lokaci na tarihin muhalli, akan kokarin da aka tsara ** Kyautar George Perkins Marsh don littafi mafi kyau a tarihin muhalli ** [[Yunkurin muhalli a Amurka]], bayan 1960 ** Maido da filayen * [[Manufofin muhalli na Amurka]] ** Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka kan manufofin ruwa ** [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] ** Dokar muhalli ta Amurka ** Pittman-Robertson Taimako na Tarayya a cikin Dokar Maido da Kayan daji, na 1937 ** Sagebrush Rebellion, adawa a zamanin Reagan * Batutuwan muhalli a Amurka, batutuwan yanzu ** Jerin batutuwan muhalli ** [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]] ** [[Kare Muhalli|Kare muhalli]] ** [[Kimiyyar muhalli|Kimiyya ta muhalli]] *** Ilimi na muhalli a Amurka ** [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]] *** [[Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli a Amurka|Nuna wariyar launin fata a Amurka]] ** Tushen gwagwarmayar muhalli a kan iyakar Amurka da Mexico ** [[Sabuwar Yarjejeniyar Green|Sabon Yarjejeniyar Green]] ** [[Sauyin yanayi a Amurka|Canjin yanayi a Amurka]] *** [[Canjin yanayi da noma a Amurka]] * Halakar Holocene #Amurka, lalacewar jinsuna da aikin ɗan adam ya haifar ** Amfani da wuta na 'yan asalin Amurka a cikin yanayin halittu * [[Tarihin muhalli]], hangen nesa na duniya ** [[Tarihin Canjin Yanayi da Siyasa|Tarihin manufofin canjin yanayi da siyasa]] * Tarihin karkara na Amurka * Category:Littattafan muhalli da ba na almara ba == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d45urm16sn86xsyzfjgni386pu2hdov 0 124660 964221 752063 2026-10-07T08:27:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Khun Suphachai Chearavanont''' (Thai; 24 Maris 1967) ɗan kasuwa ne na Thai, kuma Shugaba na kamfanin sadarwa na True Corporation, Mataimakin Shugaban Charoen Pokphand Foods da CP ALL, Shugaban CP Axtra. Shugaban Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2023 |title=Thailand's sustainability leaders offer insights on transformative trends |url=https://www.nationthailand.com/business/corporate/40027019}}</ref> Shugaban Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Al'umma a Thailand kuma Darakta na Kamfanin Kasuwanci na Thai. , Shugaban Ofishin Ka'idojin Ilimi na Kasa da Binciken Inganci (Kungiyar Jama'a), Shugaban da Wanda ya kafa Ascend Money, Shugaban da Wanda Ya kafa IDC na Gaskiya, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Chairperson Office for National Education Standards and Quality Assessment (Public Organization) |url=https://www.onesqa.or.th/en/profile/996/ |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=ONESQA |publisher=Office for National Education Standards and Quality Assessment |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213045615/https://www.onesqa.or.th/en/profile/996/ |archive-date=2024-12-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wanda ya kafa Gidan Gida na Gaskiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thailand's Ascend Money Backed by CP Group Reaches $1.5 Billion Valuation |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanburgos/2021/09/28/thailands-ascend-money-backed-by-cp-group-reaches-15-billion-valuation |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2025 |title=Suphachai Leads CP-GIP-True IDC Alliance to Power Digital Thailand |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/pr/3026425/suphachai-leads-cp-gip-true-idc-alliance-to-power-digital-thailand |website=Bangkok Post}}</ref> , Shugaban da kuma Wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar ConnextED, wani shiri na haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu don sake fasalin ilimi a Thailand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2021 |title=CP Group CEO: Thailand can become a tech hub |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6eFbBpglI4 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> , Shugaban da kuma Wanda ya kafa Gidauniyar Plookpanya, wanda ke inganta ilimi da koyarwar falsafar Buddha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suphachai Chearavanont - Agenda Contributor |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/authors/suphachai-chearavanont/}}</ref> , Babban Shugaban da Co-kafa Majalisar Dattijai ta Thailand. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Council of Thailand - สภาดิจิทัลเพื่อเศรษฐกิจและสังคมแห่งประเทศไทย |url=https://www.dct.or.th/en/about-us}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Suphachai Chearavanont a shekarar 1967 a ƙasar Thailand ga ɗan kasuwa Dhanin Chearavanont da Tewee Chearavanont.<ref name="Nikkei-2016-September" /> Ya girma a ƙasar Thailand,<ref name="CZ" /> yana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu da kuma 'yan'uwa maza biyu. An san mahaifinsa da mamallakin Charoen Pokphand (CP Group), wani kamfani na ƙasa da ƙasa<ref name="AA">{{Cite web |title=Suphachai Chearavanont l Bio l Cambridge Institute for Family Enterprise - 17 Next Generation Leaders of 2017 |url=https://cfeg.com/nextgenleaders2017/bio/suphachai-chearavanont.html |access-date=2018-12-17}}</ref> wanda ya zama kamfani na farko na ƙasashen waje da ya zuba jari a ƙasar Sin bayan da aka buɗe iyakokin ƙasar a shekarar 1978. <ref name="XX" /> Yana da shekaru takwas, Chearavanont ya yi shekara guda a Taiwan yana karatun Sinanci. == Ayyuka == === 1989-1998: Matsayi na farko === Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Boston, Chearavanont ya shafe lokaci a matsayin mai ba da horo a masana'antar man fetur a [[Houston|Houston, Texas]]. A lokacin da ya dawo Thailand, a shekarar 1989 ya yi aiki a [[Siam Makro]] (wanda yanzu ake kira CP Axtra), wani reshe na C.P. Group. Chearavanont a cikin 1990 ya yi aiki a Soltext Federal Credit Union a Amurka, kuma a cikin 1991 da 1992 ya yi aiki da Vinylthai, kamfanin man fetur na Thai.<ref name="TrueDream2">Pattanapan Wongpan and Disanee Nakcharoen., Suphachai Chearavanont: Dream Catcher CEO Making of True. {{Dead link|date=April 2013}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] ekbaldr2u9x4dun55pmrs1bo5bhpeaa 0 126829 964136 865382 2026-10-07T02:13:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shaun Q. Morris''' ya yi ritaya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Varhegyi |first=Jim |date=2023-11-08 |title=Lt. Gen. Morris retires, culminating a dynamic career |url=https://www.aflcmc.af.mil/NEWS/Article-Display/Article/3583791/lt-gen-morris-retires-culminating-a-dynamic-career/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Air Force Life Cycle Management Center |archive-date=2023-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109032254/https://www.aflcmc.af.mil/NEWS/Article-Display/Article/3583791/lt-gen-morris-retires-culminating-a-dynamic-career/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> janar janar na [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] wanda ya yi aiki na karshe a matsayin kwamandan Cibiyar Gudanar da Rayuwa ta Sojojin Jirgin Sama daga 2020 zuwa 2023. A baya, shi ne kwamandan [[Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center|Cibiyar Makaman Nukiliya ta Sojan Sama]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayer |first=Daryl |last2=Affairs |first2=Air Force Life Cycle Management Center Public |title=Lt. Gen. Shaun Q. Morris takes command of AFLCMC |url=https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/lt-gen-shaun-q-morris-takes-command-of-aflcmc/OHX3GSBXJNCDRHSHAPCNLSSWPM/ |website=dayton-daily-news |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214064101/https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/lt-gen-shaun-q-morris-takes-command-of-aflcmc/OHX3GSBXJNCDRHSHAPCNLSSWPM/ |archive-date=2021-02-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gnau |first=Thomas |title=New AFLCMC commander named as Wright-Patt shifts to new normal |url=https://www.daytondailynews.com/business/new-aflcmc-commander-named-wright-patt-shifts-new-normal/lWXiBOmUqVl2AviBxuq0vN/ |website=dayton-daily-news |access-date=2025-12-31 |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212194047/https://www.daytondailynews.com/business/new-aflcmc-commander-named-wright-patt-shifts-new-normal/lWXiBOmUqVl2AviBxuq0vN/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2020 |title=Nuclear Weapons Official Nominated to Run AFLCMC |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/nuclear-weapons-official-nominated-to-run-aflcmc/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2020 |title=AFMC Overhauling Acquisition, Personnel Practices to Stay Relevant |url=https://www.airforcemag.com/afmc-overhauling-acquisition-personnel-practices-to-stay-relevant/}}</ref> == Ranar da ta dace na gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Matsayi !Ranar |- |[[Second lieutenant (United States)|Lieutenant na biyu]] |Yuni 1, 1988 |- |[[First lieutenant (United States)|Lieutenant na farko]] |Yuni 1, 1990 |- |[[Captain (United States)|Kyaftin]] |Yuni 1, 1992 |- |[[Major (United States)|Babban]] |Yuli 1, 1999 |- |[[Lieutenant colonel (United States)|Lieutenant Colonel]] |Maris 1, 2003 |- |[[Colonel (United States)|Kanal]] |Yuli 1, 2008 |- |[[Brigadier general (United States)|Brigadier Janar]] |Janairu 17, 2014 |- |[[Major general (United States)|Manjo Janar]] |2 ga Oktoba, 2017 |- |[[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant Janar]] |Satumba 3, 2020 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ss5k2zj64x6fh82eg5s4tsui3iqlvs5 0 135175 963854 958174 2026-10-06T13:05:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kaddamar da makarantu, ko sake fasalin ilimi mai zurfi, ya bayyana matsayi da ke da mahimmanci ga makaranta a matsayin cibiyar ilmantarwa da / ko [[Doka|dokoki]] makaranta na tilas; ko ƙoƙari da yawa da hanyoyin canza tsarin makaranta. Mutanen wannan motsi yawanci suna ba da shawarar [[Sauran ilimi|madadin tsarin makarantar gargajiya]], ilimi mai zaman kansa daga makaranta, [[Rashin makaranta|rashin manufar makaranta]] gaba ɗaya, ko haƙƙin da mutane za su iya zaɓar yadda, inda kuma tare da wanda suke ilimi. Wadannan halaye suna sukar yanayin ilmantarwa da yanayin makaranta kuma suna adawa da ikon ilimi na makaranta da kuma al'ada da kuma aikin makaranta saboda dalilai kamar: * game da amfani da makarantar tilas a matsayin kayan aiki na daidaitawa; * imanin cewa tsarin ilmantarwa da aka tsara da kuma ƙaddara zai iya zama da lahani ga yara kuma zai karfafa wasu halaye yayin hana wasu; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keogh |first=Barbara |date=2009-09-09 |title=Why it's important to understand your child's temperament |url=https://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/temperament-in-the-classroom-helping-each-child-find-a-good-fit/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804171157/https://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/temperament-in-the-classroom-helping-each-child-find-a-good-fit/ |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=www.greatschools.org |language=en-US}}</ref> * imanin da ya danganta cewa yanayin makaranta yana hana ilmantarwa maimakon karfafa sha'awar halitta ta hanyar amfani da matsin lamba na waje kamar maki da aikin gida; <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-28 |title='Schools are killing curiosity': why we need to stop telling children to shut up and learn |url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jan/28/schools-killing-curiosity-learn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804181527/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jan/28/schools-killing-curiosity-learn |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> * ra'ayin cewa makarantar ta ba da umarni ga ɗalibai daidai abin da za su yi, ta yaya, lokacin, inda kuma tare da wanene, wanda zai hana kerawa, * da / ko tabbacin cewa ana amfani da makaranta a matsayin wani nau'i na siyasa ko iko na gwamnati don aiwatar da wasu akida a cikin jama'a. Wata hujja mai ɗorewa game da masu gwagwarmayar adawa da makaranta ita ce makarantar ba ta shirya yara yadda ya kamata don rayuwarsu a waje da makaranta, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cosslett |first=Rhiannon Lucy |author-link=Rhiannon Lucy Cosslett |date=2017-06-12 |title=Schools don't prepare children for life. Here's the education they really need |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/12/schools-children-education-coding-toilet-unblocking-rote-learning |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804172805/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/12/schools-children-education-coding-toilet-unblocking-rote-learning |archive-date=4 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-04 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> kuma yawancin malamai ba su da ra'ayi mai zurfi game da duniya saboda sun halarci cibiyoyin ilimi ne kawai a babban ɓangare na rayuwarsu. Sauran suna sukar hulɗa da aka tilasta a makaranta kuma suna da ra'ayin cewa makaranta tana sa yara su ciyar da babban ɓangare na muhimmin ci gaban su a cikin gini, a ɓoye daga al'umma, kawai tare da yara a cikin rukunin shekarunsu, zaune kuma an ba su aikin yin biyayya da umarnin mutum ɗaya na sa'o'i da yawa a kowace rana, yayin da kusan duk abin da suke yi ana tantance shi, wanda zai zama kwarewar rashin mutunci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rybak |first=Jeff |date=2008-04-14 |title=School is dehumanizing (No, really!) |url=https://macleans.ca/education/uniandcollege/school-is-dehumanizing-no-really/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=[[Maclean's]]}}</ref> Wasu kuma na iya jin ƙyamar makaranta bisa ga abubuwan da suka faru na kansu ko kuma suna tambaya game da inganci da dorewar ilmantarwa a makaranta kuma suna da ra'ayin cewa tilastawa makaranta tana wakiltar tsangwama mara izini ga haƙƙoƙi da 'yanci na iyaye da yara; kuma sun yi imanin cewa makarantu a matsayin abin hawa don canja wurin ilimi ba su da mahimmanci kuma suna ƙara zama tsofaffi a lokutan saurin bayanai, misali ta hanyar intanet, sabili da haka suna la'akari da [[Ilimi na tilas]] tare da makarantun kan layi na kai tsaye don zama masu hankali fiye da makarantun gargajiya. == Tattaunawar == === Koyarwa a matsayin ikon gwamnati === Neil Postman da Charles Weingartner sun ba da shawarar hanyar koyarwa ba tare da darasi ba a cikin littafin su Teaching as a Subversive Activity . A cikin bincike na ilimi ana ƙarfafa ɗalibai su yi tambayoyi waɗanda ke da ma'ana a gare su, kuma waɗanda ba lallai ba ne su sami amsoshi masu sauƙi; ana ƙarfafa malamai su guji ba da amsoshi. Murray N. Rothbard ya yi jayayya cewa tarihin fitarwa don karatun tilas ba a jagoranta shi da Rashin son kai ba, amma da sha'awar tilasta yawan jama'a cikin ƙirar da manyan dakarun ke so a cikin al'umma. John Caldwell Holt ya tabbatar da cewa matasa ya kamata su sami damar sarrafawa da kuma jagorantar ilmantarwa na kansu, kuma tsarin makaranta na yanzu ya keta haƙƙin asali na mutane: haƙƙin yanke shawarar abin da ya shiga tunaninsu. Ya yi tunanin cewa 'yancin ilmantarwa wani bangare ne na' [[Yancin Tunani|'yancin tunani]], har ma da mahimmancin haƙƙin ɗan adam fiye da' [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]]. Ya bayyana musamman cewa tilasta makaranta, ba tare da la'akari da ko ɗalibin yana koyon wani abu ba, ko kuma idan ɗalibin zai iya koyon yadda ya kamata a wasu wurare ta hanyoyi daban-daban, babban keta 'yanci ne na jama'a. Nathaniel Branden ya ce bai kamata a ba gwamnati izinin cire yara da karfi daga gidajensu ba, tare da ko ba tare da yardar iyaye ba, kuma ya sanya yara ga horo da hanyoyin da iyaye zasu iya ko bazai amince da su ba. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa bai kamata a kwace dukiyarsu ba don tallafawa tsarin ilimi wanda za su iya ko ba za su iya ba da izini ba, da kuma biyan kuɗin ilimin yara waɗanda ba nasu ba. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan dole ne ya zama gaskiya ga duk wanda ya fahimci kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa da ka'idar haƙƙin mutum. Ya tabbatar da cewa ƙananan matakin ilimi a Amurka a yau shine sakamakon da za a iya hangowa na tsarin makarantar da ke karkashin kulawar jihar, kuma cewa mafita ita ce kawo filin ilimi cikin kasuwa. === Cin hanci da rashawa na yara === Jean-Jacques Rousseau ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa Emile: ko, On Education (wanda aka buga da farko a shekara ta 1762) cewa duk yara cikakkun kwayoyin halitta ne, a shirye su koyi daga mahallinsu don su girma cikin manya masu kyau, amma saboda mummunar tasirin cin hanci da rashawa, sau da yawa suna kasa yin hakan. Rousseau ya ba da shawarar hanyar ilimi wacce ta kunshi cire yaro daga al'umma - alal misali, zuwa gida na ƙasa - da kuma sauya su ta hanyar canje-canje ga muhalli da saita tarkuna da ƙwarewa don su warware ko shawo kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jean-Jacques Rousseau on Emile's Education - New Learning Online |url=https://newlearningonline.com/new-learning/chapter-2/supporting-material-1/jean-jacques-rousseau-on-emiles-education |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=newlearningonline.com}}</ref> Rousseau ya kasance mai ban mamaki saboda ya gane kuma ya magance yiwuwar matsala ta halatta don koyarwa. Ya ba da shawarar cewa manya koyaushe su kasance masu gaskiya ga yara, kuma musamman cewa manya ya kamata su bayyana tushen ikon su a koyarwa yana daya daga cikin tilasta jiki: "Na fi ku girma".Da zarar yara sun kai shekarun dalili, a kusan 12, za su shiga matsayin 'yanci a cikin ci gaba da nasu. === Matsayi === A cikin Deschooling Society, [[Ivan Illich]] ya yi kira ga rushe makarantu. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa makaranta tana rikitar da koyarwa tare da ilmantarwa, maki tare da ilimi, difloma tare da ƙwarewa, halarta tare da samun nasara, kuma, musamman, tsari tare da abu. Ya rubuta cewa makarantu ba sa ba da lada ga nasarorin da suka samu, kawai matakai. Makarantu suna hana nufin mutum da ikon koyon kansa, wanda ke haifar da rashin ƙarfi na tunani. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa tilasta makaranta ya lalata sha'awar da wadanda abin ya shafa ke da ita don girma da koyo kuma ya maye gurbinsa da buƙatar koyarwa. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin makaranta na yanzu, cike da takaddun shaida, yana nuna darajar mutum mai koyar da kansa. Bugu da ƙari, makarantar da aka kafa tana neman ƙididdige ci gaban ɗan adam wanda ba a iya ƙididdigewa ba. === Tasirin al'adu da tattalin arziki na yankin === A wasu lokuta an yi amfani da makaranta a matsayin kayan aiki don daidaitawa da kuma kayan aiki da gangan da ba tare da saninsa ba don canza al'adun yankin da tattalin arziki zuwa wani nau'i. Masu adawa da wannan tasirin suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam ne don kiyaye al'ada, kuma ilimi na iya keta wannan haƙƙin ɗan'uwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noam |first=Schimmel |date=2007-01-01 |title=Indigenous education and human rights |url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/66455/ |access-date=2016-11-19 |website=LSE Research Online |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da makarantar tilas don tilasta wa 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka a Amurka da Kanada, wanda wasu suka ce kisan kare dangi ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Jennifer |last2=Bosworth |first2=Dee Ann |last3=Lonetree |first3=Amy |date=2011 |title=American Indian Boarding Schools: An Exploration of Global Ethnic & Cultural Cleansing |url=http://www.sagchip.org/ziibiwing/planyourvisit/pdf/aibscurrguide.pdf |publisher=Ziibiwing Center of Anishinabe Culture & Lifeways}}</ref> Yawancin masu ilimin halayyar dan adam sun yi imanin cewa tilasta wa al'adun 'yan asalin sun ba da gudummawa ga yawan kashe kansu da talauci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A struggle for hope |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb07/astruggle.aspx |access-date=2016-11-19 |website=apa.org}}</ref> Ilimi na Yamma yana ƙarfafa hanyoyin Yammacin rayuwa da tsarin tattalin arziki, wanda zai iya zama mafi muni da talauci fiye da hanyoyin da ke akwai na rayuwa da tsarin Tattalin Arziki na al'adun da ke akwai.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Philosophy of Education -- From: Chapter 5: Schooling in Capitalist America |url=http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/philosophy/education/bg/bg-ch-5.html |access-date=2016-11-19 |website=faculty.webster.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017215857/http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/philosophy/education/bg/bg-ch-5.html |archive-date=2023-10-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=neolithic hunter-gatherers: Marshall Sahlins- The Original Affluent Society |url=http://www.eco-action.org/dt/affluent.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724130948/http://www.eco-action.org/dt/affluent.html |archive-date=2019-07-24 |access-date=2016-11-20 |website=www.eco-action.org}}</ref> === Damuwa da ke da alaƙa da makaranta da baƙin ciki === Akwai dalilai da yawa da zasu iya haifar da makaranta ya zama tushen [[Matsalar tunani|damuwa]] da baƙin ciki a rayuwar mutum, wanda zai iya samun tasirin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schneiderman |first=Neil |last2=Ironson |first2=Gail |last3=Siegel |first3=Scott D. |date=2004-11-01 |title=Stress and Health: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants |journal=Annual Review of Clinical Psychology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=607–628 |doi=10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141 |issn=1548-5943 |pmc=2568977 |pmid=17716101}}</ref> da cututtukan hankali. Cin zarafin makaranta na iya haifar da baƙin ciki da lalacewar motsin rai na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Long Term Effects of Bullying |url=https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/the-long-term-effects-of-bullying/ |access-date=2016-11-20 |website=www.mentalhelp.net}}</ref> Matsi na ilimi na zamantakewa da na iyali da kuma makaranta mai tsauri na iya haifar da damuwa, baƙin ciki, da kashe kansa. An nuna matsin ilimi da tsananin makaranta a matsayin dalilin yawan kashe kansa tsakanin matasa na Koriya ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-16 |title=South Korean education success has its costs in unhappiness and suicide rates |url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2015/s4255647.htm |access-date=2016-11-20 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-03 |title=Why We Should Not Copy Education in South Korea |url=https://dianeravitch.net/2014/08/03/why-we-should-not-copy-education-in-south-korea/ |access-date=2016-11-20 |website=Diane Ravitch's blog}}</ref> Gabaɗaya gajiyar daga makaranta na iya haifar da damuwa, kuma ƙarancin aikin ilimi na iya haifar wa ƙarancin girman kai. Iyalin dalibi na iya fama da damuwa ta ilimi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pressman |first=Robert M. |last2=Sugarman |first2=David B. |last3=Nemon |first3=Melissa L. |last4=Desjarlais |first4=Jennifer |last5=Owens |first5=Judith A. |last6=Schettini-Evans |first6=Allison |year=2015 |title=Homework and Family Stress: With Consideration of Parents' Self Confidence, Educational Level, and Cultural Background |journal=The American Journal of Family Therapy |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=297–313 |doi=10.1080/01926187.2015.1061407 |s2cid=145433515}}</ref> === Rashin tasiri ko ya saba wa manufarsa === Wasu daga cikin dalilan da aka gabatar na ilimin tilas na yamma shine shirya dalibai don shiga cikin ma'aikata na manya kuma su sami nasara a kudi, sa dalibai su koyi ƙwarewa da ilimi masu amfani, da kuma shirya dalibai su ba da gudummawar tattalin arziki ko kimiyya ga al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ASCD |title=Education Update:Quality Feedback:What Is the Purpose of Education? |url=http://www.ascd.org/publications/newsletters/education-update/jul12/vol54/num07/What-Is-the-Purpose-of-Education%C2%A2.aspx |access-date=2016-11-20 |website=www.ascd.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2014 |title=What is the purpose of education? |url=http://www.sec-ed.co.uk/best-practice/what-is-the-purpose-of-education/ |access-date=2016-11-20 |website=www.sec-ed.co.uk}}</ref> Masu sukar makaranta sun ce ba shi da tasiri wajen cimma wadannan manufofi da burin. A kasashe da yawa, makarantu ba sa bin ƙwarewar da wurin aiki ke buƙata, ko kuma ba su taɓa koyar da ƙwarewar dacewa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reich |first=Robert |date=2014-09-03 |title=Robert Reich: College is a ludicrous waste of money |url=http://www.salon.com/2014/09/03/robert_reich_college_is_a_ludicrous_waste_of_money_partner/ |access-date=2016-11-20 |website=Salon}}</ref> Dalibai galibi suna jin ba su shirya ba don kwaleji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Survey: Most high school students feel unprepared for college, careers |url=https://edsource.org/2015/survey-most-high-school-students-feel-unprepared-for-college-careers/83752 |access-date=2016-11-20 |website=EdSource}}</ref> Ƙarin makaranta ba lallai bane ya danganta da ci gaban tattalin arziki mafi girma. Sauran nau'ikan makaranta, kamar samfurin Sudbury, an nuna cewa ya isa ga karɓar kwaleji da sauran burin al'adu na yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudbury Valley School • Online Library. Alumni |url=http://www.sudval.org/05_alumni.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004150726/http://www.sudval.org/05_alumni.html |archive-date=2016-10-04 |access-date=2016-11-20 |website=www.sudval.org}}</ref> Maimakon zama hanyar fita daga talauci da kuma hanyar da za a guje wa aikata laifuka, ga mutane da yawa, makaranta tana da akasin haka. Makaranta sau da yawa yana ci gaba da talauci da rarrabuwar aji.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hochschild |first=Jennifer L. |date=2016-11-19 |title=Social Class in Public Schools |url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/jlhochschild/publications/social-class-public-schools |journal=Journal of Social Issues |volume=59 |issue=4}}</ref> A makarantu da yawa, ana gabatar da ɗalibai ga ƙungiyoyi, kwayoyi da aikata laifuka. Jirgin ruwa na makaranta zuwa kurkuku kuma yana canza yara zuwa masu laifi ta hanyar azabtarwa mai tsanani. Hukunce-hukunce daga rashin shiga da sauran dokokin da suka shafi makaranta suma suna shafar dalibai da iyaye.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-23 |title=Compulsory Education's Unforeseen Consequences: Nebraska Case Studies |url=https://whatiscommoncore.wordpress.com/2013/07/23/compulsory-educations-unforeseen-consequences-nebraska-case-studies/ |access-date=2016-11-20 |website=COMMON CORE}}</ref> === Hanyoyin ilmantarwa === A idanun masu sukar da yawa, haddacewa da haifuwa mai tsabta na tsari, gaskiya, ilimi, da dai sauransu, kamar yadda yawancin makarantu ke buƙata, ba su da zamani a lokutan saurin sayen bayanai ta hanyar Intanet. Ba ya nuna basira kuma ba ƙwarewa ce mai amfani da za ta kai mutane nesa a duniyar yau. Ba aƙalla ba saboda rashin sha'awa daga ɗalibai da matsin lokaci, sau da yawa zai haifar da ilmantarwa na bulimic, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Winterbauer |first=Jörg |title=Funktioniert Schule auch ohne Noten? |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/gesellschaft/schule-ohne-noten-100.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=tagesschau.de |language=de}}</ref> yana sa ilmantarwa a makarantu ya zama ƙarshen kansa ga ɗalibai da yawa. Kwarewar fahimtar matsaloli da kuma bunkasa mafita a gare su da kuma zurfin fahimtar batutuwan an hana su saboda mayar da hankali ya dogara da sake haifar da gaskiyar da ake buƙata don jarrabawa, ba tare da buƙatar fahimtar mahimman ra'ayoyin ba. === Tattaunawar ilimin kimiyya === Wani layin zargi ya yi jayayya cewa makarantar gargajiya ta tsara ta hanyar samar da ilimi ta hanyoyin da ke yaudarar ilimin kimiyya. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa darussan sau da yawa suna ɗaukar ilimi a matsayin mai tsayawa, wanda ba a haɗa shi ba, kuma ba a kalubalanci ba, yayin da suke hana rashin tabbas, gazawar tarihi, da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka ware.<ref name="Dickens2021">{{Cite journal |last=Dickens |first=S. |year=2021 |title=Knowledge recontextualization in the school curriculum |journal=Journal of Curriculum Studies |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=441–458 |doi=10.1080/00220272.2020.1836260}}</ref> Bincike kan wallafe-wallafen litattafai ya gano cewa matsin lamba na kasuwanci yana haifar da "sanitized to kauce wa ɓata kowa rai", tare da masu bugawa suna cire "wani abu mai rikitarwa ko mai rikitar da rikici", wanda zai iya lalata tunani mai mahimmanci da daidaito na tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Paul E. |date=September 2004 |title=The Harm Done by Textbook Adoption |url=https://fordhaminstitute.org/national/commentary/harm-done-textbook-adoption |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Fordham Institute}}</ref> Masana ilimi sun gano "kayan da aka ɓoye na tabbaci" a duk tsarin ilimi, suna jayayya cewa makarantu ba sa shirya ɗalibai ga duniyar da ba ta da tabbaci ta hanyar gabatar da ilimi kamar yadda aka daidaita kuma ba tare da tabbas ba, maimakon a matsayin samfurin bincike mai gudana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=H. |last2=Jerome |first2=L. |date=2024 |title=A hidden curriculum of certainty: Inadequate education in an uncertain world |url=https://www.bera.ac.uk/blog/a-hidden-curriculum-of-certainty-inadequate-education-in-an-uncertain-world |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=BERA Blog}}</ref> Wannan yana ƙarfafawa ta hanyar tsarin karatun da ke canonize wasu abun ciki, yana sa ilimi ya bayyana a tsaye kuma ba shi da lokaci yayin da yake ɓoye muhawara, abubuwan da ba su dace ba, da alaƙar iko da ta tsara shi.<ref name="Dickens2021" /> Daga hangen nesa na mulkin mallaka, masu sukar sun lura cewa abubuwan da ke cikin ilimi galibi suna nuna tasirin mulkin mallaka na mulkin mallaki, har ma bayan samun 'yancin siyasa. Kamar yadda Mehringer da El-Lahib ke jayayya, "samar da ilimi yana haifar da kuma kula da mulkin mallaka da alaƙar iko mara daidaituwa tsakanin Arewacin Duniya da Kudu na Duniya" (2025). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mehringer |first=S. |last2=El‑Lahib |first2=Y. |year=2025 |title=Decolonising knowledge production in education |journal=European Journal of Inclusive Education |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=12–29 |doi=10.1080/2000815X.2024.2445678}}</ref> Wannan zargi ya dace da ra'ayin cewa ana gabatar da ka'idojin Yamma da samfuran gargajiya a matsayin gaskiyar duniya, suna ware asalin ƙasar da waɗanda ba na Yamma ba. Wasu masu ilimin ilimi suna kira ga maye gurbin tsarin karatun gargajiya - bisa ga "ka'idar tunani da aka yarda da ita" - tare da "tsarin rashin tabbas".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cormier |first=Dave |date=2008 |title=Rhizomatic Education: Community as Curriculum |url=https://davecormier.com/edblog/2008/04/08/rhizomatic-education-community-as-curriculum/ |access-date=2025-06-02}}</ref> A cikin wannan ra'ayi na madadin, ana fahimtar ilimi a matsayin tattaunawa, mahallin, da kuma ci gaba; rashin tabbas ya zama "sarari mai mahimmanci don binciken ɗabi'a", kuma rungumar "ba sanarwa" na iya inganta tawali'u ta hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nasri |first=N. |last2=Jamaludin |first2=K. |last3=Nasri |first3=M. |year=2026 |title=Towards a curriculum of uncertainty: Embracing not‑knowing in education |journal=Ethics and Education |doi=10.1080/17449642.2026.1234567}}</ref> Masu goyon baya suna jayayya cewa irin wannan tsarin yana dawo da tunani mai mahimmanci da mahimmancin duniya ta hanyar yarda da cewa ilimin yana da rikici, ba cikakke ba, kuma ya tsara shi da karfi da yawa - gami da nuna bambancin kuɗi, bambancin al'adu, da alaƙar ikon tsarin. == Dubi kuma == * [[Ayyuka da ilimin fasaha]] * Rashin amincewa da aikin gida * Rashin amincewa da maki na makaranta * John Taylor Gatto * John Holt (malami na Amurka) * Bertrand Stern * [[Ivan Illich]] * Falsafar ilimi * [[Makarantar Sudbury]] * [[Koyar da kai]] * Rashin makaranta * Ilimi * Ilimi na asali § Rashin amincewa da tsarin ilimi na Yamma * [[Ilimi na dimokuradiyya]] * [[Sauran ilimi]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dss8bfaawsdrb4mjn49vkaaotg01arn 0 137895 963883 782330 2026-10-06T14:53:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Shirin '''REXUS/BEXUS''' (Gwaje-gwajen Roka ga Ɗaliban Jami'a / Gwaje-gwajen Balloon ga Ɗaliban Jami'a) haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Cibiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Jamus (DLR) da Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Ƙasa ta Sweden (SNSA) wanda ke ba ɗalibai daga manyan cibiyoyin ilimi damar yin nazarin gwaje-gwaje a kan rokoki masu sauti da balan-balan na stratospheric . <ref>{{Cite web |title=DLR - Space Administration - REXUS and BEXUS |url=https://www.dlr.de/rd/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2282/3421_read-10516/ |access-date=2020-08-01 |website=Startseite - DLR Portal |publisher=[[Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209185054/https://www.dlr.de/rd/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2282/3421_read-10516/ |archive-date=2019-12-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Turai (ESA), an samar da damar ga ɗalibai a duk faɗin ƙasashen membobin ESA, Slovenia da Kanada. Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Sweden (SSC) da sansanin roka na Mobile (MORABA) na DLR ne ke da alhakin ƙaddamar da shi. Ɗalibai suna samun tallafi daga ƙwararru na DLR, ESA, SSC da ZARM . Shirin ya fara ne a shekarar 2007. Kowace shekara, ana harba rokoki biyu na REXUS da balan-balan BEXUS guda biyu daga Cibiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Esrange da ke arewacin Sweden. Ana harba gwaje-gwaje 20 da ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai suka tsara kuma suka gina kowace shekara. [1] Ya zuwa shekarar 2017, an yi nasarar harba gwaje-gwaje 147 da suka shafi ɗalibai sama da 1200 daga ko'ina cikin Turai. Motocin harba sun dace da ɗaukar bincike a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya kamar kimiyyar yanayi, kimiyyar radiation, tsarin sarrafawa, sadarwa, fasahar sararin samaniya da sauransu. [2] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 078l2zicnq942ruobwa05fom6np9btg 0 139717 964140 798255 2026-10-07T02:26:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sheila Pree Bright''' 'yar [[Amurkawa|Amurka]] ce mai ɗaukar hoto da ke zaune a [[Atlanta]], wacce ta lashe kyautar yabo, wacce aka fi sani da ayyukanta ''na Plastic Bodies'', ''Suburbia'', ''Young Americans'' <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sheila Pree Bright |url=http://www.sheilapreebright.com/#!about/c10fk}}</ref> da kuma jerin shirye-shiryenta na baya-bayan nan ''#1960Now'' . Sheila ita ce marubucin #1960Now: Photographs of Civil Rights Activist and [[Black Lives Matter|Black Lives Matter Protest]] wanda Chronicle Books ta buga. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Sheila Pree Bright a Waycross, GA. <ref> name="artnet.com">{{Cite web |title=Sheila Pree Bright Biography – Sheila Pree Bright on artnet |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/sheila-pree-bright/biography |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=www.artnet.com}}</ref> A matsayinta na memba na dangin soja, ta yi yarinta a [[Jamus]] sannan daga baya ta koma [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], tana yawo tsakanin jihohi da dama ciki har da [[Colorado]] da [[Kansas]] . Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan wurare da ke da yawan baƙar fata, lamarin da daga baya ya yi tasiri a aikinta. <ref>name="ajc.com">{{Cite web |title=Sheila Pree Bright's look at "Suburbia" in an unlikely place |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/entertainment/sheila-pree-brights-look-at-suburbia-in-an-unlikel/ndBtF/ |access-date=2016-04-19 |archive-date=2016-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422172459/http://www.ajc.com/news/entertainment/sheila-pree-brights-look-at-suburbia-in-an-unlikel/ndBtF/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta sami digirin farko na kimiyya daga Jami'ar Missouri a 1998. Sha'awarta ta farko ga daukar hoto ta fara ne yayin da take ɗaukar darasin daukar hoto a lokacin shekararta ta ƙarshe a kwaleji. Ta ƙaura zuwa [[Atlanta]] a 1998 kuma ta sami digiri na biyu na fasaha daga Jami'ar Jihar Georgia a 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |last=bright |first=sheila pree |title=sheila pree bright on about.me |url=https://about.me/shepreebright |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=about.me |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ana yawan bayyana Bright a matsayin "masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na al'adu." <ref>{{Cite web |last=bright |first=sheila pree |title=sheila pree bright on about.me |url=https://about.me/shepreebright |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=about.me |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref> name="Sheila Pree Bright - MOCA GA">{{Cite web |title=Sheila Pree Bright |url=http://mocaga.org/programs/working-artist-project/sheila-pree-bright/ |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=MOCA GA |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheila Pree Bright: In the Eye of Change |url=http://burnaway.org/feature/sheila-pree-bright-in-the-eye-of-change/ |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=Burnaway |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908110524/http://burnaway.org/feature/sheila-pree-bright-in-the-eye-of-change/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwarewarta ta farko a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto ta fara ne lokacin da ta shafe lokaci a [[Houston]] inda ta fara ɗaukar hotunan wurin rap na gangsta da kuma fuskantar yanayin da ke tsakanin hip hop da al'adun bindiga . <ref name="ajc.com">{{Cite web |title=Sheila Pree Bright's look at "Suburbia" in an unlikely place |url=http://www.ajc.com/news/entertainment/sheila-pree-brights-look-at-suburbia-in-an-unlikel/ndBtF/ |access-date=2016-04-19 |archive-date=2016-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422172459/http://www.ajc.com/news/entertainment/sheila-pree-brights-look-at-suburbia-in-an-unlikel/ndBtF/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ajc.com/news/entertainment/sheila-pree-brights-look-at-suburbia-in-an-unlikel/ndBtF/ "Sheila Pree Bright's look at "Suburbia" in an unlikely place"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422172459/http://www.ajc.com/news/entertainment/sheila-pree-brights-look-at-suburbia-in-an-unlikel/ndBtF/ |date=2016-04-22 }}<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> A shekara ta 2003, ta ƙirƙiri jerin hotunan MFA, ''Plastic Bodies'', wanda aka nuna a cikin fim ɗin ''Through the Lens Darkly'' kuma ya yaɗu a Huffington Post a shekara ta 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheila Pree Bright |url=https://agnesscott.edu/featured-events/2014/11/sheila-pree-bright.html |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=Agnes Scott College website |archive-date=2015-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123143234/http://www.agnesscott.edu/featured-events/2014/11/sheila-pree-bright.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin waɗannan hotunan, ta sarrafa hotunan mata baƙaƙe da tsana na Barbie a yunƙurin ƙalubalantar manufofin yamma na fari da kyau da kuma bincika tasirin da waɗannan manufofi ke yi wa 'yan mata da mata masu launin fata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-22 |title=These Startling Images Will Make You Think Differently About Beauty |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/22/plastic-bodies-sheila-pree-bright-beauty-identity_n_4324403.html |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref> Daga baya Bright ta sami yabo a ƙasa lokacin da ta lashe kyautar Cibiyar a [http://visitcenter.org/ Cibiyar Daukar Hoto ta Santa Fe] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} a shekara ta 2006 don jerin shirye-shiryenta ''na Suburbia'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sheila Pree Bright |url=http://2010biennial.fotofest.org/exhibitions/roadtonowhere/sheila_pree_bright.aspx |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=2010biennial.fotofest.org |archive-date=2016-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422193757/http://2010biennial.fotofest.org/exhibitions/roadtonowhere/sheila_pree_bright.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda ke ɗauke da hotunan rayuwar [[Afirkawan Amurka|Baƙar fata 'yan asalin Amurka]] a yankunan karkara. A shekara ta 2008, ta yi baje kolin farko nata na kaɗaici a Babban Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha, wanda ke nuna jerin shirye-shiryenta na ''Matasan Amurka'' . Waɗannan masu ɗaukar hoto martani ne ga mummunan zane-zanen Millennials . Ta bar waɗanda ke ɗaukar hotunanta su yi amfani da kayan aikinsu, tufafinsu, da kuma salonsu a ƙoƙarin "ba su dandamali don yin magana da kansu." <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Photographer Sheila Pree Bright's Young Americans |url=https://www.high.org/~/media/Sites/HMA/Res/PDF/Press/SheilaPreeBrightReleaseFINAL.ashx |access-date= |website= |publisher=High Museum of Art}}</ref> An zaɓi Bright don Aikin Zane-zane na Zamani na Georgia's Working Artist Project a shekarar 2014, <ref name="Sheila Pree Bright - MOCA GA">{{Cite web |title=Sheila Pree Bright |url=http://mocaga.org/programs/working-artist-project/sheila-pree-bright/ |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=MOCA GA |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://mocaga.org/programs/working-artist-project/sheila-pree-bright/ "Sheila Pree Bright"]. ''MOCA GA''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> inda ta ƙirƙiri jerin shirye-shiryenta ''na 1960Who'' . A cikin wannan aikin, ta ƙirƙiri hotunan [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a]] da dama na shekarun 1960 da 1970, ciki har da Dr. Roslyn Pope, Lonnie King, Herman Russel, Charles Person, da Claire O'Connor. Baya ga baje kolin gidan tarihi, ta yi amfani da waɗannan hotunan a kan manyan ganuwar jama'a a duk faɗin tsakiyar birnin [[Atlanta]] don girmamawa da murnar fafutukar da suke yi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=bright |first=sheila pree |title=sheila pree bright on about.me |url=https://about.me/shepreebright |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=about.me |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2014 da 2015, Bright ta ziyarci Ferguson da Baltimore bayan kisan Michael Brown da Freddie Gray don ɗaukar hoto da kuma rubuta zanga-zangar. Waɗannan hotunan sun kai ga jerin shirye-shiryenta na # ''1960Now'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=bright |first=sheila pree |title=sheila pree bright on about.me |url=https://about.me/shepreebright |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=about.me |language=en-US}}</ref> An buga littafin Bright, ''#1960Now'', ta [https://www.chroniclebooks.com/titles/1960now.html Chronicle Books] a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 2018. Jerin # 1960Now yanzu yana cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi da Al'adu na Smithsonian African American History and Al'adu, Washington, DC; Babban Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Atlanta; Cibiyar 'Yancin Bil Adama da Dan Adam, Atlanta, GA; Birnin Atlanta, Ofishin Magatakarda na Al'adu da Gidauniyar Pyramid Peak, Memphis, TN. == Aiki == === Tarin abubuwa === * Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Smithsonian na Tarihin Baƙar fata na Amurka, Washington, DC * Tarin Oppenheimer: Gidan Tarihi na Nerman na Fasaha na Zamani, Overland, KS * Cibiyar Ƙasa ta kare haƙƙin jama'a da ɗan adam, Atlanta, GA * de Saisset Museum, Jami'ar Santa Clara, Santa Clara, CA * Tarin BET, New York, NY * [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburaren Majalisa]], Washington DC * Tarin Fasaha na Sprint PCS, Kamfanin Sprint, Overland, KS * Cibiyar Amistad don Fasaha da Al'adu a Gidan Tarihi na Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford CT * Diggs Gallery, Jami'ar Jihar Winston-Salem, Winston-Salem, NC * Tarin Paul Jones, Birmingham, AL * Babban Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha, Atlanta GA * Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Atlanta, GA <ref>{{Cite web |last=bright |first=sheila pree |title=sheila pree bright on about.me |url=https://about.me/shepreebright |access-date=2016-04-19 |website=about.me |language=en-US}}</ref> * Tarin Fasaha na King & Spalding, Atlanta GA * Lucinda Bunnen Photography, Atlanta, GA * Hotunan Jami'ar Clark Atlanta, Atlanta, GA * Gidan Tarihi na Spelman na Fine Art, Atlanta, GA * Gidan Tarihi na Hammond House, Atlanta GA <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sheila Pree Bright |url=http://www.sheilapreebright.com/#!about/c10fk}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.sheilapreebright.com/#!about/c10fk "Sheila Pree Bright"].</cite></ref> === Kyaututtuka === * Bankin PNC na 2019 & WCLK Ya Karrama Al'ummar Baƙar fata ta Amurka Masu Fasaha a Atlanta, Atlanta, GA * Kyautar SPE Imagemaker ta 2018, Cleveland, OH * Sanarwa ta 2015, Majalisar Birnin Atlanta, Atlanta, GA * Kyautar Bikin Tauraron Mata na Delta Sigma ta 2012, Atlanta, GA * 2010 Ajiye Kyaututtukan Fasaha, Greensboro, NC * Kyautar Ƙarfafawa ta Loridans ta 2009, Atlanta, GA * Kyautar Santa Fe ta 2006, Cibiyar Daukar Hoto ta Santa Fe, Santa Fe, NM * 2001 National Bronica Award, Tamron Amurka, New York, NY * Kyautar Ɗaukar Hoto ta Sabbin Ayyuka ta 1999, En Foco, Inc., Bronx, NY <ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] fc6zvuhst8tjex3hz7t0p89x018ypkn 0 140126 964152 837556 2026-10-07T03:42:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" |+ class="infobox-title summary" id="4" |Rawar Kafaɗa |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="800" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="1200" decoding="async" height="167" resource="./File:Ethnic_Zhuang_Costumes_Guangnan_Yunnan_China.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ethnic_Zhuang_Costumes_Guangnan_Yunnan_China.jpg/250px-Ethnic_Zhuang_Costumes_Guangnan_Yunnan_China.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ethnic_Zhuang_Costumes_Guangnan_Yunnan_China.jpg/500px-Ethnic_Zhuang_Costumes_Guangnan_Yunnan_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ethnic_Zhuang_Costumes_Guangnan_Yunnan_China.jpg/500px-Ethnic_Zhuang_Costumes_Guangnan_Yunnan_China.jpg 2x" width="250" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Ethnic_Zhuang_Costumes_Guangnan_Yunnan_China.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Wasu mutanen Zhuang masu sandar kafada</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Nau'i | class="infobox-data category" | Jama'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mai ƙirƙira | class="infobox-data" | [[Zhuang people|Mutanen Zhuang]] |} '''Rawar Ƙwallon kafaɗa''' ( Chinese ), wanda kuma aka sani a cikin [[Harsunan Zhuang|harshen Zhuang]] da Da Lu Lie ({{Lang|za|打虏列}}), [[Raye-Raye a Kasar Sin|rawa ce ta gargajiya ta al'ummar Sinawa]] ta ƙabilar Zhuang a [[Sin|ƙasar Sin]] . Ta samo asali ne daga aikin da ake yi na yin busar shinkafa kuma ta rikide zuwa wani nau'in wasan kwaikwayo na musamman ta amfani da sandunan bamboo don buga benci ko magudanar ruwa cikin sauƙi. Rawar tana nuna yanayin noma kamar dasa shukar shinkafa, girbi, [[sussuka]], da kuma buga [[hatsi]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Have you ever seen a dance performed with a Shoulder Pole? |trans-title=用扁担跳的舞，你见过吗？ |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/497544008_120006290 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=sohu.com |language=zh }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Zhuang Shoulder Pole Dance |trans-title=壮族扁担舞 |url=https://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/23475/ |access-date=20 June 2025 |website=China Intangible Cultural Heritage Network |publisher=ihchina.cn |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620102530/https://www.ihchina.cn/project_details/23475/ |archive-date=20 June 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Asali == A cewar tatsuniyar yankin, rawar ta samo asali ne daga lokacin hijirar Zhuang da Miao . A cikin wani labari daga ƙauyen Zhangpi, gundumar Leishan, a lokacin ƙaura mai wahala, wani mutum ya fara bugun sandar kafadarsa da laƙa a cikin shiru na dare, wanda ya sa wasu suka haɗu da shi cikin rawa da rawa. Bayan lokaci, wannan ya rikide zuwa salon magana na jama'a wanda ya wuce tsararraki. Da farko, rawa ta ƙunshi buga katako a kan kwano mai bugun dutse, amma saboda nauyin kwano, dogayen benci daga baya sun maye gurbinsa. <ref name=":1"/> == Salon wasan kwaikwayo == Kayan da aka yi amfani da su wajen yin wasan kwaikwayo su ne tufafin da matan Zhuang ke sawa a kullum, tare da mayafin fure, riga mai lanƙwasa, wando na gargajiya, da aljihun ƙirji. Ana yin rawar da adadin masu rawa iri ɗaya, tare da masu wasan kwaikwayo suna tsaye a ɓangarorin biyu na benci, suna riƙe da sandunan kafada. Suna buga benci ko sandunan juna a cikin waƙoƙi iri ɗaya, suna kwaikwayon ayyukan noma daban-daban. Tsarin ya haɗa da jerin abubuwa kamar "Shuka Shinkafa," "Ɗaukar Ruwa," da "Tsere." Waƙar ta kasance daga sau 2/4 zuwa 5/4, kuma wani lokacin ana tare da bututun bamboo, ganguna, gongs, ko kuge. Wasu wasannin sun haɗa da sassan ƙungiya huɗu tare da bugun giciye mai kusurwa da sauye-sauye masu ban sha'awa. Sau da yawa ana yin wasan kwaikwayo tare da waƙa. Ana yin sa ne a lokacin bukukuwa da bukukuwa. <ref name=":1"/> Rawar kafada sau da yawa tana bayyana a matsayin rawa ta farko ko kuma rawa mai rakiya a cikin wasan opera na Zhuang. Dukansu ana yin su ne da yaren Zhuang. A wasu wasannin opera na gargajiya na Zhuang, rawa ta kafada tana wakiltar aikin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnological Museum |trans-title=民族博物馆 |url=https://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/civilization/nation/feeling/fee5608.html |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.kepu.net.cn |language=zh |quote=壮剧，也称壮戏，是在壮族丰富多彩的民间文学、音乐、舞蹈和杂耍技艺的基础上形成的舞台表演艺术，已有数百年的历史。“扁担舞”是典型的反映生产劳动的舞蹈。 |trans-quote=Zhuang opera, also known as Zhuang drama, is a stage performance art formed on the basis of the rich and colorful folk literature, music, dance and juggling skills of the Zhuang nationality, with a history of hundreds of years. "Carrying pole dance" is a typical dance reflecting production labor.}}</ref> == Nau'o'i == === Mashan County === An san rawar kafada a gundumar Mashan saboda motsinta da kuma salonta na musamman. An yi ta a dandalin wasanni na ƙasa a matsayin wata rawa ta wakiltar ƙabilun Guangxi. A shekarun 1980, rawar kafada ta Mashan ta shiga gasar wasannin tsiraru ta ƙasa kuma ta lashe kyautar farko. A shekarar 2003, ta kuma bayyana a cikin "Yawon Bugai Carnival" na bikin waƙar jama'a na duniya na Nanning. Mashan mai zane Wei Wenyao ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙirƙira da yaɗa rawa ta kafada. Yana mai da hankali kan haɗa hanyoyin wasan gargajiya da wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, yana ba rawa ta kafada sabuwar kuzari ta fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnological Museum |trans-title=民族博物馆 |url=https://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/civilization/nation/feeling/fee5608.html |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=www.kepu.net.cn |language=zh |quote=壮剧，也称壮戏，是在壮族丰富多彩的民间文学、音乐、舞蹈和杂耍技艺的基础上形成的舞台表演艺术，已有数百年的历史。“扁担舞”是典型的反映生产劳动的舞蹈。 |trans-quote=Zhuang opera, also known as Zhuang drama, is a stage performance art formed on the basis of the rich and colorful folk literature, music, dance and juggling skills of the Zhuang nationality, with a history of hundreds of years. "Carrying pole dance" is a typical dance reflecting production labor.}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The flower of folk dance blooms more and more brilliantly |trans-title=民间舞蹈之花越开越绚烂 |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/416501427_394132 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=sohu.com |language=zh }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Yaɗa == The carrying pole dance was once widely popular in Du'an, Mashan County Debao County, Ningming County, Pingguo County and other places in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=It's amazing! Duan went directly to CCTV live broadcast room |trans-title=太牛了，都安直接上央视直播间 |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/306813679_120053268 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=sohu.com |language=zh |quote=我们都安的扁担舞曾经在上世纪五十年代代表广西进入中南海。又于07年参加了北京奥运会倒计时表演 |trans-quote=Our Du'an's shoulder pole dance once represented Guangxi in the Zhongnanhai in the 1950s. It also participated in the countdown performance for the Beijing Olympics in 2007. }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, ƙungiyar Du'an Kangle Art Troupe ta yi wasa a [[Beijing]] a matsayin ƙungiyar wakilai don shiga cikin bikin ƙidayar maki don gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2008. <ref name=":5"/> == Hasashen Yanayi == Tare da ci gaban zamani da kuma sauyin sha'awar matasa, rawar kafada ta taɓa fuskantar haɗarin ɓacewa. A yau, tare da haɓaka manufar kare al'adun gargajiya na ƙasa da ba a iya gani ba da kuma ƙarfafa wayar da kan jama'a game da al'adun gida, ƙungiyar masu fasaha da ma'aikatan al'adu sun himmatu wajen kiyaye su. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Xuelin |title=Let students inherit farming culture |trans-title=让学生传承农耕文化 |url=https://www.gx.chinanews.com.cn/kjwt/2022-06-17/detail-ihazirna5779635.shtml |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=gx.chinanews.com.cn |language=zh}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=The "intangible cultural heritage + research and study" model brings new youthful vitality to the pole dance |trans-title=“非遗+研学”模式让扁担舞焕发新的青春活力 |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/www.sohu.com/a/901755147_120794464 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=sohu.com |language=zh }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == e06qqy2t4x5yg4vlsgnwyn0l6okhd04 0 142331 964118 801147 2026-10-06T22:54:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sara Nelson''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1973) shugabar ƙungiyar kwadago ce ta Amurka wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Ƙungiyar Masu Kula da Jiragen Sama - CWA, AFL–CIO . Ta kasance mai kula da jiragen sama [[United Airlines|na United Airlines]] tun 1996, a baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙasa da ƙasa ta AFA na wa'adi daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2011. AFA-CWA tana wakiltar kusan masu kula da jiragen sama 50,000 a kamfanonin jiragen sama 20. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Nelson kuma ya girma a Corvallis, Oregon . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2019 |title=Sky Rights: Union Leader Sara Nelson |url=https://www.corvallisadvocate.com/2019/sky-rights-union-leader-sara-nelson/ |access-date=November 8, 2020 |website=The Corvallis Advocate |language=en-US}}</ref> Mahaifiyar Nelson ta girma a Cocin Christ, Masanin Kimiyya, tana aiki a matsayin malamar kiɗa kuma mahaifinta yana aiki a masana'antar katako. Bayan kammala karatunta daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Corvallis, ta sami digirin farko na Fasaha daga Kwalejin Principia a 1995, inda ta yi karatun digiri a Turanci da ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2014 |title=Movers & Shakers (June 23) |url=https://www.gazettetimes.com/business/local/movers-shakers-june-23/article_f9333a6e-faa9-11e3-8ab8-001a4bcf887a.html |access-date=November 8, 2020 |website=Corvallis Gazette Times |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'a == Da farko Nelson ta yi niyyar fara aikin fim amma maimakon haka ta yi aiki guda huɗu don biyan bashin ɗalibarta, ciki har da matsayin malamar makaranta, mai hidimar abinci, mai sayar da lilin, da kuma zaman wucin gadi a wata hukumar inshora. Nelson ta kasance mai kula da jiragen sama a kamfanin jirgin sama na United Airlines tun daga watan Agusta na 1996. [1] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan fara aikinta, inda take zaune a Boston don United Airlines, Nelson ta zama mai fafutuka a Boston AFA Local. Ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da zaɓen da aka yi mata a matsayin Wakilin Majalisar. A shekara ta 2002 shugabannin AFA a United Airlines sun zaɓi Nelson don yin aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sadarwa. [2] A cikin kusan shekaru 10 a matsayin babban mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar ga masu hidimar jirgin sama ta United, Nelson ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin martanin da ƙungiyar ta mayar kan manyan abubuwan da suka shafi masana'antar jiragen sama. A shekara ta 2002, shekara guda bayan mummunan tasirin [[September 11 attacks|hare-haren Satumba 11]] ya girgiza masana'antar jiragen sama, barkewar cutar SARS ta lalata zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na duniya. Kamfanonin jiragen sama ciki har da United Airlines sun ɗauki matakan rage farashi, kuma Nelson ya yi aiki a matsayin babban mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar a lokacin waɗannan tattaunawar da aka yi kafin sake tsara tsarin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Susan Chandler |date=March 9, 2003 |title=Deadline stalking United, unions |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2003-03-09-0303090398-story.html |access-date=December 16, 2019 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> Zuwa Disamba 2002, lokacin da United Airlines ta shigar da mafi girman fatarar kamfanoni a tarihin Amurka, Nelson ne ke jagorantar martanin sadarwa na ciki da na waje ga abin da zai zama ɗaya daga cikin fatara mafi tsawo na kamfanoni lokacin da ta ƙare sama da shekaru uku bayan haka. Lokacin da United ta yi amfani da fatarar don dakatar da shirin fansho na masu hidimar jirgin, Nelson ya sanar da niyyar AFA na shiga yajin aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2005 |title=U.S. Takes United's Pensions |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2005-jul-01-fi-united1-story.html |access-date=December 16, 2019 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Daga baya ta yi aiki a lokaci guda a matsayin shugabar yajin aikin CHAOS na ƙungiyar a lokacin zagaye biyu na tattaunawar ma'aikata, kuma ta ba da tallafin sadarwa ga sauran ƙungiyoyin masu kula da jirgin sama na AFA, ciki har da waɗanda ke Northwest Airlines inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun AFA a lokacin tattaunawar fatarar kuɗi da shirye-shiryen yajin aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Northwest Airlines crews prepare to walk out |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2006-07-13-northwest-strike_x.htm |access-date=December 16, 2019 |website=USA Today}}</ref> A shekarar 2011 Nelson ta bar mukamin sadarwa lokacin da aka zaɓe ta a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaba ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa, matsayi na biyu a shugabancin ƙungiyar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] pvury0yrw8vc3a44szjhzmksuzaw9w0 0 144633 964249 807367 2026-10-07T10:43:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haydée Tamara Bunke Bider''' (19 ga Nuwamba, 1937 - 31 ga Agusta, 1967) ta kasance 'yar juyin juya hali 'yar asalin ƙasar Argentina da aka sani da hannunta a harkokin siyasa da ƙungiyoyin 'yantar da jama'a. An haife ta a hannun iyayen gurguzu, Bunke ta shiga ƙungiyar Free German Youth tana da shekaru goma sha biyar, sannan daga baya ta yi karatun falsafa ko kimiyyar siyasa a jami'a. An ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mai fassara a jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party of Germany, inda ta haɗu da Che Guevara a lokacin ziyararsa ta 1960 zuwa [[Leipzig]] . A shekarar 1961, ta ƙaura zuwa Cuba ta shiga yaƙin neman ilimi na Cuba da kuma ƙungiyar mata ta Cuba . An ɗauki Bunke aiki a yakin Bolivia, yakin da Che Guevara ta yi da nufin haifar da juyin juya hali a faɗin Latin Amurka. Ta yi amfani da sunan '''Tania,''' ta shiga cikin manyan al'umman Bolivia ta kuma ƙulla alaƙa da Shugaba René Barrientos . A shekarar 1966, an yi mata ɓarna, wanda ya sa ta shiga yaƙin 'yan daba. A wannan lokacin, ita ce ke da alhakin samar da abinci da sa ido kan hanyoyin sadarwa na rediyo. An kashe Bunke a shekarar 1967 a lokacin wani kwanton bauna da Sojojin Bolivia suka yi mata yayin da take ƙoƙarin tserewa da ciwon ƙafa da zazzaɓi. Bayan mutuwar Bunke, kafofin watsa labarai sun mayar da ita abokiyar soyayyar Guevara, yayin da wasu kuma suka zama ''mace mai kama da mace'' . Mutane da yawa sun karrama Bunke a fannoni daban-daban, misali, a fannin ilmin taurari ( 2283 Bunke ) da fina-finai ( <nowiki><i id="mwHg">Che</i></nowiki> ). An kuma yi ikirarin cewa Bunke wakiliya ce mai ɗauke da juna uku kuma tana da dangantaka ta aure da Guevara. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Tamara Bunke a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1937 a Buenos Aires, Argentina, kuma 'yar Erich Bunke ce da Nadia Bider. [1] [2] Nadia Bider Bunke, an haife ta a shekarar 1912, 'yar gurguzu ce ta Rasha wadda ta fito daga dangin Yahudawa a cikin Daular Rasha . Mahaifin Tamara, Erich Bunke, ya koma Berlin yana da shekaru 18 don yin karatu a fannin gine-gine. Nadia da Erich sun shiga cikin fafutukar 'yan hagu; duk da haka, saboda tsanantawar Nazi, an tilasta musu guduwa zuwa Argentina a shekarar 1935. [3] Erich ya fuskanci tsanantawa saboda shigarsa cikin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Jamus, yayin da Nadia, wacce asalinta Bayahudiya ce, aka kai hari. [2] Erich Bunke da Nadia Bider sun sami mukamai a matsayin malamai a Argentina. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BUNKE, Tamara – {{!}} Diccionario Biográfico de las Izquierdas Latinoamericanas |url=https://diccionario.cedinci.org/bunke-tamara/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=diccionario.cedinci.org}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, sun zama membobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Argentina, suna tabbatar da cewa Bunke da ɗan'uwanta Olaf duka za su girma a cikin yanayin siyasa na Marxist-Leninist . Gidan danginsu da ke Buenos Aires galibi ana amfani da shi don tarurruka, taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira na gurguzu, ɓoye littattafai da kuma ɓoye makamai a wasu lokutan. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-11 |title=Tamara Bunke: espía y guerrillera a las órdenes del 'Che' |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/historiayvida/historia-contemporanea/20210711/7579636/tamara-bunke-unica-guerrillera-filas-che.html |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref> A shekarar 1952, bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], iyalin sun koma sabuwar Jamus ta Gabashin da aka ƙirƙira, musamman garin Eisenhüttenstadt . <ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Estrada|2005a}}</ref> Bunke ta buga kayan kida da yawa, ciki har da piano, guitar, da accordion, tare da sha'awar musamman ga waƙoƙin gargajiya na Latin Amurka. <ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Estrada|2005a}}</ref> Tana da shekaru goma sha huɗu, ta shiga ƙungiyar matasa ta Jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SUPG), wato Free German Youth (FGY), kuma tana da shekaru goma sha takwas ta shiga SUPG. <ref name=":4"/> Bugu da ƙari, ta kuma shiga [[Ƙungiyar Matasan Dimokuradiyya ta Duniya|Ƙungiyar Matasan Dimokuraɗiyya ta Duniya]], wanda hakan ya ba ta damar halartar Bikin Matasa da Ɗalibai na Duniya a [[Vienna]], [[Prag|Prague]], [[Moscow]] da [[Havana]] . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Estrada|2005a}}</ref> Bunke ta fara karatunta a fannin falsafa ko kimiyyar siyasa, <ref name=":4"/> a Jami'ar Humboldt da ke Gabashin Berlin, inda ta shahara saboda ƙwarewarta ta harshe; ta iya magana da Turanci, Sifaniyanci, Faransanci da Jamusanci. <ref name=":4" /> <ref name="Times" /> Ba da daɗewa ba Bunke ta fara aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga wasu shugabannin Latin Amurka a lokacin ziyarar da suka kai Gabashin Jamus, musamman waɗanda ke da alaƙa da Sashen Hulɗa da Ƙasashen Duniya na FGY. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Estrada|2005a}}</ref> == Kuba == [[Fayil:TamaraBunke2.jpg|right|thumb|225x225px|Bunke a lokacin da ta fara isa [[Cuba]] a shekarar 1961.]] Bayan juyin juya halin Cuba, Fidel Castro ya aika da jakadu zuwa ƙasashe daban-daban na gurguzu don samun goyon baya. A wannan matsayin, a shekarar 1960, an aika Che Guevara zuwa [[Leipzig]], Gabashin Jamus, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar kasuwanci ta Cuba. An tura Bunke ta raka shi a matsayin mai fassara. Daga baya, a shekarar 1961, ta sami gayyata daga Alicia Alonso ta yi tafiya zuwa Cuba. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Estrada|2005b}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nova (dpa) |first=Guillermo |date=2017-10-09 |title=Tamara Bunke, la única mujer en la guerrilla del Che Guevara |url=https://www.elboletin.com/tamara-bunke-la-unica-mujer-en-la-guerrilla-del-che-guevara/ |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=EL BOLETIN |language=es}}</ref> Ta fara aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga Kwalejin Ballet ta ƙasar Cuba . Ta kuma shiga cikin ayyukan sa-kai, wato koyarwa da shiga cikin gina gidaje da makarantu a yankunan karkara. Sakamakon haka, ta shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, ' yan bindiga, da kuma Yaƙin Neman Ilimi na Cuba . Ta kuma yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Cibiyar Hulɗa da Mutane ta Cuba, da kuma Ƙungiyar Mata ta Cuba, inda ta ƙulla alaƙa ta kud da kud da [[Vilma Espín]], wata 'yar juyin juya hali kuma 'yar siyasa ta Cuba. <ref name="Guard05" /> Bugu da ƙari, ta yi rijista don samun digirin aikin jarida a Jami'ar Havana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 31, 2024 |title=Anniversary of the Death of Tania the Guerrilla |url=https://abolitionmedia.noblogs.org/10825/ |access-date=2026-02-10 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bunke ya yi aiki ga Asociación de Jóvenes Rebeldes, wanda daga baya aka sani da {{Interlanguage link|Union of Young Communists|es|Unión de Jóvenes Comunistas}}.[es] Ta taimaka wajen shirya taron kungiyar dalibai ta kasa da kasa a Havana. Bunke ya kuma shiga kungiyar kare jama'a kuma ya hada kai da wasu mutanen Latin Amurka wadanda suka nemi hadin kai tare da gwagwarmayarsu, gami da mai juyin juya halin [[Nicaragua|Nicaraguan]] Carlos Fonseca . Ta shiga cikin tawaye a Nicaragua, ta kafa alaƙa da membobin Sandinista National Liberation Front . <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Estrada|2005b}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jry5pm4ry5rauocnjrve64qamad3dq7 0 144873 964128 807972 2026-10-07T00:21:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Savannah Maziya''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1968) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar siyasa a Eswatini, Ministar Watsa Labarai, Sadarwa da Fasaha ta Eswatini tun daga shekarar 2023. Ita ma 'yar Majalisar Dattawa ce tun daga shekarar 2023. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Maziya a shekarar 1968 a garin Siteki, Eswatini. <ref name="echo">{{Cite journal |last=Marcelle |first=Ursula |date=24 December 2025 |title=Qui est Savannah Maziya ? |trans-title=Who is Savannah Maziya? |url=https://www.lechodusud.com/qui-est-savannah-maziya |journal=[[L'Écho du Sud]] |language=fr |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> <ref name="harvard">{{Cite web |title=Savannah Maziya |url=https://www.hbs.edu/creating-emerging-markets/interviews/Pages/profile.aspx?profile=smaziya |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=[[Harvard University]]}}</ref> Ta sami digiri na MB a fannin dabaru da kuɗi daga Jami'ar De Montfort da ke Burtaniya, da kuma digiri a fannin sadarwa da gudanar da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo daga Jami'ar Jihar Bridgewater da ke Amurka, sannan ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Columbia da ke New York. <ref name="echo" /> <ref name="harvard" /> == Aiki == A farkon shekarun 2000, ta jagoranci African Broadcast Network da ke Landan, kuma ta kasance memba a kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na ƙasa da ƙasa Sibanye-Stillwater da kuma kamfanin injiniyanci na Kanada WSP Global a matsayin shugabar zartarwa ta WSP Africa. <ref name="echo"/> Maziya ta kuma yi aiki a ɓangaren banki, tana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Standard Bank a Eswatini da sauran ƙungiyoyin yanki. <ref name="echo" /> Ta kafa kuma ta kasance Shugaba na Bunengi Group of Companies, wani kamfanin hakar ma'adinai da ke Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name="swazinews" /> <ref name="harvard"/> Mswati III ne ya naɗa ta a Majalisar Dattawa kuma ta hau mulki a ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba 2023 ta hannun Babban Lauyan Gwamnati [[Sifiso M. Khumalo]]. <ref name="echo"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2023 |title=Swearing in of Senator Savannah N. Maziya |url=https://parliament.gov.sz/media/news/readmore.php?indzaba=Swearing%20in%20of%20Senator%20Savannah%20N.%20Maziya&nini=2023-11-10&yiphi=53 |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=[[Parliament of Eswatini]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250807091947/https://parliament.gov.sz/media/news/readmore.php?indzaba=Swearing%20in%20of%20Senator%20Savannah%20N.%20Maziya&nini=2023-11-10&yiphi=53 |archive-date=7 August 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba 2023 aka naɗa ta Ministar Watsa Labarai, Sadarwa da Fasaha kuma aka rantsar da ita a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=GOVERNMENT STATEMENT |url=https://parliament.gov.sz/media/news/docs/Govt_Statement_13_November_2023.pdf |website=Parliament of Eswatini |access-date=12 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018124110/https://www.parliament.gov.sz/media/news/docs/Govt_Statement_13_November_2023.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Minsiter of ICT Savannah Maziya |url=https://www.africa-press.net/eswatini/all-news/minister-of-ict-savanah-sworn-in|access-date=12 February 2026 |work=Africa Press |date=23 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="swazinews">{{cite news |last1=Dlamini |first1=Zweli Martin |title=New Information Minister Savannah Maziya a successful businesswoman who owns multibillion company,King’s Spokesperson says appointment meant to transform ICT sector. |url=http://www.swazilandnews.co.za/fundza.php?nguyiphi=5592 |access-date=12 February 2026 |work=Swaziland News |date=22 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GOVERNMENT STATEMENT |url=https://parliament.gov.sz/media/news/docs/Govt_Statement_13_November_2023.pdf |access-date=12 February 2026 |website=Parliament of Eswatini |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018124110/https://www.parliament.gov.sz/media/news/docs/Govt_Statement_13_November_2023.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A matsayinta na Ministar ICT, ta nuna fa'idar da Eswatini ke da ita a matsayin ƙaramar ƙasa, domin ya fi sauƙi a gudanar da ayyukan dijital a faɗin ƙasar da kuma daidaita manufofi, da kuma buƙatar mayar da ayyukan gwamnati zuwa dijital domin sabunta tattalin arziki da inganta rayuwar jama'a. <ref name="echo"/> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukanta shi ne sauƙaƙe samun damar ayyukan gudanarwa ta yanar gizo, samar da haɗin kai mai araha, tsaron yanar gizo da rage rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin jama'a. <ref name="echo" /> A watan Fabrairun 2024, ta yi taro da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Eswatini game da sauyin zamani na zamani, kuma a shekarar 2025 aka zaɓe ta shugabar Majalisar Duniya ta SDG 5 kan Karfafa Mata a taron kolin gwamnatocin duniya da aka gudanar a Dubai. <ref name="echo"/> Ta kaddamar da shirin jagoranci na STEM wanda aka yi niyya musamman ga 'yan mata a yankunan karkara da marasa galihu a shekarar 2025. <ref name="echo" /> A watan Fabrairun 2026, Maziya ta yi kira da a samar da tsarin haɗin gwiwa na duniya kan dokokin leken asiri na wucin gadi tare da ƙananun ƙasashe da ke da rawar da za su taka.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Owolabi |first1=Adekunle |title=Maziya calls for global AI rules |url=https://independentnews.co.sz/40952/science-technology/maziya-calls-for-global-ai-rules/ |access-date=12 February 2026 |work=Independent News Eswatini |date=9 February 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] ad8ubxj1aa5b8knhvykx7grjv6im7c6 0 145365 963947 809474 2026-10-06T17:21:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rose Uzoma Osuji''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1947) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ne na Najeriya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a [[Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka|Jami'ar Najeriya]], inda ta kafa kungiyar bincike ta [[nanotechnology]]. Binciken da take so ya hada da makamashi na rana da kimiyyar kayan aiki.<ref name="AAS">{{Cite web |title=Prof Rose Osuji |url=https://aasciences.africa/fellows/rose-osuji |access-date=2015-10-19 |website=The African Academy of Sciences}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Osuji ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin taurari na jami'ar daga 2006 zuwa 2008 sannan kuma daga 2012 zuwa 2015. [1] A shekarar 2018, Osuji ta sanar da cewa Jami'ar Najeriya za ta yi hadin gwiwa da kamfanin mai [[Oilserv|na Oilserv]] don kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Nano da Fasaha ta Nano da Fasaha ta Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbadiwe Okwo |date=July 17, 2018 |title=Scientists gather at UNN for nanotechnology |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/07/scientists-gather-at-unn-for-nanotechnology/ |access-date=2015-10-19 |website=Vanguard}}</ref> A shekarar 2022 an nada Osuji a matsayin memba ta Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka . <ref name="AAS"/> <ref name="authorityngr">{{Cite web |last=Assumpta Chinwe Nwanya |last2=Iheke Michael Nwachukwu |date=December 9, 2024 |title=Celebrating the Legacy of Prof. Rose Uzoma Osuji: A Trailblazer in Science, Leadership, and Education |url=https://authorityngr.com/2024/12/09/celebrating-the-legacy-of-prof-rose-uzoma-osuji-a-trailblazer-in-science-leadership-and-education/ |access-date=2015-10-19 |website=The Authority |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260511154420/https://authorityngr.com/2024/12/09/celebrating-the-legacy-of-prof-rose-uzoma-osuji-a-trailblazer-in-science-leadership-and-education/ |archive-date=2026-05-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] rgwb6e87hwc4r4zurep27g1xgsln1ij 0 146129 963873 893191 2026-10-06T14:19:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rebecca Chan Chung''' ( Chinese; an san ta da ƙwarewa da '''Rebecca Chan''', Chinese; 27 ga Yuni, 1920 - 7 ga Disamba, 2011) ta kasance ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta soja wacce ta yi aiki tare da Flying Tigers da Sojojin [[Amurka]] a [[Sin|China]] a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. A matsayinta na ma'aikaciyar jinya a Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na China (CNAC), ta yi tafiya a kan jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu kusan sau hamsin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.cnac.org/ |website=cnac.org}}</ref> Bayan yaƙin, ta zama malamar aikin jinya kuma shugabar sashen aikin jinya a [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profiles |url=http://ww12.arianalife.com/tc/topic-type-tc/profiles-tc/%E5%86%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%89%8B%EF%BC%8C%E7%86%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%83/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630104916/http://ww12.arianalife.com/tc/topic-type-tc/profiles-tc/%E5%86%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%89%8B%EF%BC%8C%E7%86%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%BF%83/ |archive-date=June 30, 2023 |website=ww12.arianalife.com}} </ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == === Haihuwar haihuwa da iyaye === An haifi Rebecca Chan Chung a asibitin David Gregg na Mata da Yara (wanda aka fi sani da asibitin Yiji 柔濟醫院 da ke kan Duo Bao Road 多寶路 a Guangzhou, China, a lokacin Warlord Era. Ita ce ta biyu daga cikin iyayenta. Mahaifiyarta, Lee Sun Chau 周理信 (1890-1979), tana ɗaya daga cikin likitocin mata na Yammacin kasar Sin na farko a China kuma likitanci ne a asibitar David Gregg don Mata da Yara a lokacin haihuwar Rebecca Chan Chung. Mahaifinta, Po-Yin Chan (陳步賢) (1883-1965), ya kasance mai juyin juya hali a karkashin Dokta Sun Yat-sen a Juyin Juya Halin kasar Sin na 1911 kuma ya kasance Sanata na Guangzhou a cikin 1920s. === Makaranta === Rebecca Chan Chung ta kammala karatu daga makarantar St. Paul's Girls" School (firamare, a halin yanzu St. Paul ta Co-educational College) a [[Hong Kong]] a 1933. A shekara ta 1938, ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar 'yan mata ta Diocesan (makarantar sakandare) a [[Hong Kong]], lokacin da Miss H.D. Sawyer ta kasance shugabar makarantar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Headmistresses of DGS and DGJS |url=http://www.doga.org.hk/index.php/conversations/110-interviews/headmistresses/80-headmistresses-of-dgs-and-dgjs |website=www.doga.org.hk }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Rebecca Chan ta sami horo na jinya wanda Gwamnatin [[Hong Kong]] ta gudanar a asibitin Sarauniya Mary (Hong Kong), Hong Kong, a cikin 1938-1941. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, a Yaƙin Hong Kong a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1941, ta kammala karatu a cikin gaggawa, tare da Takardar shaidar Horar da Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Gwamnatin Hong Kong ta bayar a ranar 10 ga Disamba. Babban Matron Alice Mary Davies da Darakta na Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya Sir Percy Selwyn Selwyn-Clarke ne suka sanya hannu kan takardar shaidar. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] a 1942–1943, Chan ma'aikaciyar jinya ce a Flying Tigers sannan kuma Rundunar Sojan Amurka, a ko kusa da Filin Jirgin Sama na Kunming (wanda a halin yanzu ake kira Kunming Wujiaba International Airport ), Kunming, [[Sin|China]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2015 |title=UB lecture, exhibit to commemorate role of Flying Tigers in World War II |url=http://buffalonews.com/2015/09/26/ub-lecture-exhibit-to-commemorate-role-of-flying-tigers-in-world-war-ii/ |access-date=March 21, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050733/http://buffalonews.com/2015/09/26/ub-lecture-exhibit-to-commemorate-role-of-flying-tigers-in-world-war-ii/ |archive-date=December 22, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi aiki da likita Fred Manget, wacce take ƙarƙashin Claire Lee Chennault . A 1943–1944, a matsayin mai kula da jiragen sama (Nurse) tare da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Ƙasa na China (CNAC),<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNAC - China National Aviation Corporation |url=http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/cn1.htm |website=www.timetableimages.com |access-date=2026-03-21 |archive-date=2026-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217210730/https://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/cn1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2010 |title=What was CNAC? |url=http://gregcrouch.com/2010/what-was-cnac}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sowerby |first=Arthur de Carle |date=June 16, 2011 |title=China National Aviation Corporation: CNAC Douglas DC 2 flying over Shanghai |url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_286227}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Legend of CNAC: China National Aviation Corporation, 1929–1949 |url=https://www.flysfo.com/museum/exhibitions/legend-cnac-china-national-aviation-corporation-1929%E2%80%931949 |website=www.flysfo.com}}</ref> ta tashi sama da Hump <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=C. Peter |title=Burma Road and the Hump |url=http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=326}}</ref> ta ratsa [[Himalaya|Himalayas]] tsakanin Calcutta, [[Indiya]], da [[Chongqing]], [[Sin|China]], kusan sau hamsin. Waɗannan jiragen suna da haɗari saboda jiragen propeller da ake da su a wancan lokacin ba su dace da tashi a tsaunukan da ake buƙata ba. A shekarar 1942, Japan ta yanke hanyar Burma,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burma Road &#124; highway, Asia &#124; Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Burma-Road |access-date=June 30, 2023 |website=www.britannica.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Burma Road facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about Burma Road |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/places/asia/myanmar-political-geography/burma-road |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Burma Road @ National Geographic Magazine |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature5/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106113221/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0311/feature5/ |archive-date=January 6, 2008 |website=ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> don haka hanyar Hump ta zama hanya ɗaya tilo ta shiga China. A tsakanin 1943–1948, ta kasance mai kula da jiragen sama, ma'aikaciyar jinya sannan kuma babbar ma'aikaciyar jinya a Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Ƙasa na China wanda ke da hedikwata a Filin Jirgin Sama na Dum Dum (wanda a halin yanzu ake kira Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport ), [[Kolkata]] (ko Calcutta), [[Indiya]], kuma bayan 1946 a Filin Jirgin Sama na Shanghai Longhua, [[Shanghai]], [[Sin|China]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNAC Flight Stewadress Rebecca Chan |url=http://cnac.org/rebeccachan01.htm |website=cnac.org}}</ref> Tarihin rayuwarta, ''Piloted to Serve'', ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da gogewarta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Piloted to Serve: Memoirs of World War II Veteran Rebecca Chung - The American Legion |url=https://www.legion.org/yourwords/books/168156/piloted-serve-memoirs-world-war-ii-veteran-rebecca-chung |website=www.legion.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Piloted to Serve |url=https://www.facebook.com/PilotedToServe/ |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nurse of Flying Tigers honored |url=http://chinawatch.washingtonpost.com/2015/01/nurse-of-flying-tigers-honored/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518123258/http://chinawatch.washingtonpost.com/2015/01/nurse-of-flying-tigers-honored/ |archive-date=May 18, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017 |website=chinawatch.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] qdv2vywef0fm1kbbsapa8t5iqe88qq9 0 146280 964256 830403 2026-10-07T10:57:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ladda Tammy Duckworth''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Duckworth |first=Ladda Tammy |last2=Iskra |first2=Darlene |title=Ladda Tammy Duckworth Collection |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.70507/ |via=memory.loc.gov}}</ref> (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Maris, 1968) 'yar siyasa ce ta Amurka kuma tsohuwar Sojan Tsaron Kasa ta Amurka, wacce take aiki a matsayin [[Seniority a Majalisar Dattawan Amurka|ƙaramar]] sanata daga [[Illinois]], kujerar da ta riƙe tun 2017. Ta kasance 'yar jam'iyyar Democrat, ta wakilci gundumar majalisa ta 8 ta Illinois a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka daga 2013 zuwa 2017. An haife shi a [[Bangkok]], Thailand, kuma ya girma a [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, Duckworth ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Hawaii a Manoa da Jami'ar George Washington . Ta shiga rundunar sojin Amurka a shekarar 1992, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi mai saukar ungulu na Sojojin Amurka a Yaƙin Iraki . A shekara ta 2004, lokacin da 'yan tawaye na Iraqi suka harba jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu na Black Hawk, ta rasa kafafu biyu da wasu motsi a hannunta na dama. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka yanke sau biyu daga yakin. Duk da raunin da ta samu, an ba ta kyautar kiwon lafiya don ci gaba da aiki a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Illinois na wasu shekaru goma har sai da ta yi ritaya a matsayin mataimaki a shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2017 |title=Famous Veteran: Congresswoman Tammy Duckworth |url=https://www.military.com/veteran-jobs/career-advice/military-transition/famous-veterans-congresswoman-tammy-duckworth.html |access-date=Aug 21, 2024 |website=[[Military.com]]}}</ref> Duckworth ya yi takara ba tare da nasara ba don zama a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka a shekara ta 2006, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji ta Illinois daga shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2009 kuma a matsayin mataimakin sakatare na harkokin jama'a da na gwamnati a Ma'abiyar Harkokin Tsohan Sojoji na Amurka daga shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2011. A shekara ta 2012, an zabi Duckworth a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka, inda ta yi wa'adi biyu. An zabe ta a Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a shekarar 2016, inda ta doke dan jam'iyyar Republican Mark Kirk. Duckworth ita ce mace ta farko ta Thai Amurka da aka zaba a Majalisa, mutum na farko da aka haifa a Thailand da aka zaba zuwa Majalisa. Majalisa ta farko da aka zaba, mace ta farko da ta yanke sau biyu a Majalisar Dattijai, kuma sanata ta farko da za ta haihu yayin da take ofis. Ita ce mace ta biyu ta Asiya ta Amurka da ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dattijai, bayan Mazie Hirono . Duckworth yana aiki a kan Ma'aikatan Sojoji na Majalisar Dattijai; Kasuwanci, Kimiyya, &amp;amp; Sufuri; Harkokin Kasashen Waje; da Kwamitin Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ladda Tammy Duckworth a ranar 12 ga Maris, 1968, a [[Bangkok]], Thailand, ga mahaifin Amurka, Franklin Duckworth, da mahaifiyar Thai, Lamai Sompornpairin . Mahaifinta, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 2005, tsohon soja ne na Sojojin Amurka da Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Phillip |date=June 21, 2005 |title=Downed pilot finally hears uplifting words she awaited |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/archives/downed-pilot-finally-hears-uplifting-words-she-awaited/article_c0176b1d-d730-5cfd-9eab-006f705ed828.html |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707215915/https://www.stltoday.com/news/archives/downed-pilot-finally-hears-uplifting-words-she-awaited/article_c0176b1d-d730-5cfd-9eab-006f705ed828.html |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wanda ya gano asalin iyalinsa zuwa Juyin Juya Halin Amurka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Phillip |date=June 19, 2005 |title=Pilot flew Black Hawks to serve her country – and please her father |url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/archives/pilot-flew-black-hawks-to-serve-her-country---and-please-her-father/article_2723542e-7149-58e1-8ec5-a0cc7be79621.html |access-date=July 7, 2020 |website=STLtoday.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kravitz |first=Derek |date=November 2016 |title=Yes, Tammy Duckworth's Family Has Served in the Military for Centuries |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/the-dig-tammy-duckworths-family-has-served-in-the-military-for-centuries |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=ProPublica |ref=Ancestry}}</ref> Duckworth kuma ta fito ne daga Henry Coe, kakanta na shida, wanda ya bautar da mutane huɗu da aka ambata a cikin sassan 'yanci na nufinsa na 1827; a cewar Duckworth, kodayake "ƙaddamar da ciki". . . "yana da mummunar amfani ga al'ummarmu da tarihinmu don nisanta daga wannan [gaskiya]. Idan zan yi iƙirarin - kuma in yi alfahari da hakan - Ni 'yar juyin juya halin Amurka ce, to dole ne in yarda cewa ni ma 'yar mutanen da suka bautar da wasu mutane ne". Mahaifiyarta 'yar kasar Sin ce, asalin ta [[Chiang Mai]].<ref name="Corner">{{Cite web |last=Adam Weinstein |date=September–October 2012 |title=Nobody Puts Tammy Duckworth in a Corner |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2012/08/tammy-duckworth-versus-joe-walsh-congress |access-date=January 4, 2012 |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]}}</ref> Mahaifinta Baptist ne, wanda bayan aikin soja ya yi aiki tare da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da kamfanonin duniya a cikin 'yan gudun hijira, gidaje, da shirye-shiryen ci gaba. <ref name="Waldman 2020">{{Cite web |last=Waldman |first=Steven |date=2020-08-05 |title=Will Tammy Duckworth be the first deist veep since Thomas Jefferson? |url=https://religionnews.com/2020/08/05/will-tammy-duckworth-be-the-first-deist-veep-since-thomas-jefferson/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Religion News Service}}</ref><ref name="Chase">{{Cite web |last=Chase |first=John |date=November 9, 2016 |title=Duckworth reaches pinnacle of Senate nearly 12 years to day after Iraq crash |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/politics/ct-tammy-duckworth-met-20161109-story.html |access-date=November 13, 2016 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> Yayin da iyalin suka koma kudu maso gabashin Asiya don aikin mahaifinta, Duckworth ta zama mai iya magana da harshen Thai da Indonesian, ban da Turanci. Duckworth ya halarci makarantu a wajen Amurka amma bisa ga daidaitattun tsarin karatun Amurka: Makarantar Amurka ta Singapore, Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta Bangkok, da Makarantar Kasa ta Jakarta . <ref>{{Cite web |title=JIS Alumni |url=https://www.jisedu.or.id/about-jis/alumni |access-date=January 8, 2020 |website=Jakarta Intercultural School}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2019 |title=Mau Sekolah Gratis di JIS? Begini Caranya |url=https://media.skyegrid.id/mau-sekolah-gratis-di-jis-begini-caranya/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219165159/https://media.skyegrid.id/mau-sekolah-gratis-di-jis-begini-caranya/ |archive-date=February 19, 2020 |access-date=January 8, 2020 |website=SkyeGrid Media |language=id}}</ref> Iyalin sun koma [[Honolulu]], Hawaii, lokacin da Duckworth ke da shekaru 16, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Shugaba William McKinley ta Honolulu. Saboda bambanci a cikin matakan digiri tsakanin tsarin makarantar da ta halarta, Duckworth ta tsallake rabin shekara ta tara da rabi na goma. Ta kasance Girl Scout, kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta farko (Gold Award). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Girl Scouts Welcomes All Alums Who Have Earned Its Highest Award into the Gold Award Girl Scout Family |url=https://www.girlscouts.org/en/press-room/press-room/news-releases/2019/highest-awards-recipients-welcomed-into-gold-award-girl-scout-family.html |access-date=2020-12-20 |website=Girl Scouts of the USA |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mahaifinta ba shi da aikin yi na wani lokaci, kuma iyalin sun dogara da taimakon jama'a.<ref name="Chase"/> Ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Hawaii a Manoa a shekarar 1989 tare da digiri na farko a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]]. A shekara ta 1992, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Harkokin kasa da kasa daga Jami'ar George Washington ta Elliott School of International Affairs . Bayan ta koma Illinois, Duckworth ta fara shirin Doctor of Philosophy a Jami'ar Arewacin Illinois, tare da sha'awar lafiyar jama'a da siyasa na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wanda aikin yaƙi ya katse shi.[1] Ta kammala digirin digirgir a fannin ayyukan ɗan adam a Makarantar Jagorancin Ayyukan Jama'a ta Jami'ar Capella a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015.[2][3] An ba da jawabin ta mai taken Binciken kwarewar likitocin Illinois ta amfani da bayanan likitancin lantarki (EMR) ta hanyar samfurin UTAUT . [3] == Ayyukan soja == [[Fayil:Tammy_Duckworth_stands_by_her_UH-60_Blackhawk_helicopter_(001130-A-FI215-212).jpg|left|thumb|Kyaftin Duckworth a cikin 2000]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 2g489ukf8du3kcc18ex58jtrn2bd0s4 0 146696 963946 837302 2026-10-06T17:19:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963946 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox biography}} Rose Abunaw Makia, wacce aka haifa a yankin Manyu na Kamaru, 'yar siyasa ce ta farko da ta fara amfani da harshen Ingilishi wadda ta zama mace ta farko daga yankunan da ke amfani da Turanci da ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa a shekarar 2007. == Haihuwa da farkon rayuwa == An haifi Rose Abunaw a Sashen Manyu, Yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Kamaru, mazabar da ta samar da shugabanni da dama masu tasiri a harshen Ingilishi. Tarbiyarta a Manyu ta fallasa ta ga gaskiyar al'amura, wanda daga baya ya tsara manufofinta na siyasa ga mata da al'ummomin karkara. == Aikin siyasa == Ta fara aikinta a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Dimokuraɗiyya da Ci Gaba ( UNDP ). A shekarar 1992, an zaɓe ta a matsayin 'yar Majalisa tare da wasu mata 23, wanda hakan ya nuna ci gaba ga wakilcin mata a majalisar dokokin Kamaru. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Rose Abunaw's vision of women era as she quits Mohwa – Cameroon Concord News |url=https://www.cameroonconcordnews.com/hon-rose-abunaws-vision-of-women-era-as-she-quits-mohwa/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2000, ta yi murabus daga UNDP ta shiga jam'iyyar adawa ta Kamaru mai mulki ta Democratic Movement (CPDM), inda aka sake zaɓenta a matsayin 'yar Majalisa. A shekarar 2007, ta kafa tarihi a matsayin mace ta farko da ke amfani da Turanci a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugabar Majalisar Dokokin Kamaru, matsayin da ta riƙe da matsayi mai girma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Camerounlink.com |title=Camerounlink.com, Portail web du Cameroun: Actualité,Vidéos,Galeries d´Images,Immobiliers,Emplois |url=https://camerounlink.com/printnews.php?nid=75313 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Camerounlink.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127095957/https://camerounlink.com/printnews.php?nid=75313 |archive-date=2024-11-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-20 |title=Hon. Rose Abunaw's vision of women era as she quits Mohwa – Cameroon Intelligence Report |url=https://www.cameroonintelligencereport.com/hon-rose-abunaws-vision-of-women-era-as-she-quits-mohwa/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Emilia Monjowa Lifaka]] ta gaje ta. == Ganewa da jagoranci == Ta yi aiki a matsayin wakiliyar yanki ta Ƙungiyar 'Yan Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta Afirka, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kendemeh |first=Emmanuel |date=2005-07-28 |title=Cameroon: Hon. Rose Abunaw Makia : "International Recognition For Cameroon" |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200507280394.html}}</ref> kuma Mai Ba da Shawara kan Fasaha a shirye-shiryen ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da Wasannin Zaman Lafiya na Duniya, wanda ke nuna tasirinta a wajen Kamaru. Abunaw tana da digiri na gaba a Tsarin Ilimi da Tarihi da kuma takardar sheda daga Cibiyar Horarwa da Ilimi ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. An karɓe ta a matsayin Jarumin Jarumi na Ƙasa saboda hidimarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cameroon Order of Merit |url=https://gcon.cm/index.php/en/the-national-orders/the-cameroon-order-of-merit |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=gcon.cm |archive-date=2024-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216054819/https://www.gcon.cm/index.php/en/the-national-orders/the-cameroon-order-of-merit |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan == A farkon shekarar 2025, Hon. Rose Abunaw ta ci gaba da fafutukar neman shugabancin mata a Kamaru kuma an ruwaito cewa ta sauya goyon bayanta tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mata a Manyu. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jnvl88ouz20joe5evarn376zzdzouad 0 147415 964119 958212 2026-10-06T22:58:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarah Childress Polk''' (Satumba 4, 1803 - Agusta 14, 1891) ita ce [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka|matar shugaban ƙasar Amurka]] daga 1845 zuwa 1849. Ita ce matar shugaban ƙasar Amurka na 11, [[James K. Polk]] . Sarah ta yi karatu mai kyau a cikin iyali mai nasara, ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba tun tana ƙarama. Ba su taɓa samun 'ya'ya na kansu ba duk da cewa suna da 'yan uwa. Sarah, mai son zamantakewa da kuma sanin ya kamata, ta taimaka wa mijinta wajen ba shi shawarwari kan harkokin siyasa a wasu lokutan, amma ta guji bayyana a bainar jama'a. Bayan rasuwar mijinta a shekarar 1849, Sarah ta yi shekara 42 tana zama bazawara, mafi tsawo fiye da kowace matar shugaban ƙasa. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:James_K_Polk_and_Sarah_C_Polk.jpg|left|thumb|Sarah da James K. Polk, kimanin 1848–1849]] An haifi Sarah Childress a shekarar 1803 ga Elizabeth Whitsitt da Joel Childress, fitacciyar mai shuka, dillali, kuma mai hasashe a fannin ƙasa—na uku cikin 'ya'yansu shida. Ta sami ilimi mai kyau ga wata mace mai irin lokacinta da wurinta, tana halartar Kwalejin Moravians ' Salem da ke Winston-Salem, North Carolina a shekarar 1817, ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyi kalilan na manyan makarantu da mata ke da su a farkon ƙarni na 19. Sarah Childress ta haɗu da [[James K. Polk]] yayin da dukkansu ke karɓar umarni daga Samuel P. Black a gidansa da ke Murfreesboro, Tennessee ; yana da shekaru 19, tana da shekaru 12. Za a gabatar da su a hukumance a farkon shekarun 1820 tare da shigar Polk cikin Majalisar Dokokin Jiha. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya fara soyayya da ita, tatsuniya ta ce [[Andrew Jackson]] ya kira ta "mai arziki, kyakkyawa, buri, da wayo," kuma ya roƙi Polk da ya aure ta. A shekara ta 1823, su biyun suka yi aure, kuma a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1824, Sarah Childress, mai shekaru 20, ta auri James Polk, mai shekaru 28, a gidan gonar iyayen amarya kusa da Murfreesboro. Sun yi aure tsawon shekaru 25, kuma ba su taɓa haihuwa ba. Sau da yawa ana danganta wannan da tiyatar dutse mafitsara da Polk ya yi masa tun yana saurayi, wadda ake kyautata zaton ta sa shi rashin haihuwa. Su ne kaɗai ma'auratan shugaban ƙasa da ba su taɓa samun 'ya'ya ba yayin da suke tare, a fannin halitta, ko kuma daga auren da suka yi da shi. Sun renon ɗan uwansa, Marshall Tate Polk (1831–1884), a matsayin ungozomarsu na tsawon shekaru kaɗan kafin James ya tura shi makaranta a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], daga baya kuma ya tura shi Jami'ar Georgetown . Bayan mutuwar mijinta, Sarah ta renon jikarta, Sarah Polk Fall (1847–1924). == Shekarun rayuwar siyasa (1825-1849) == [[Fayil:Dolly_MAdison.jpg|left|thumb|'Yan Polk a kan barandar Fadar White House tare da Sakataren Harkokin Waje [[James Buchanan]], da kuma tsohuwar matar shugaban ƙasa [[Dolley Madison]] .]] A lokacin aikinsa na siyasa, Polk ta taimaka wa mijinta da jawabai, tana amfani da basirarta don jagorantar jadawalinsa da kuma ba shi tabbacin da ake buƙata. Ta kan raka mijinta duk lokacin da zai iya duk lokacin da ya yi tafiya zuwa Washington kuma ta tabbatar da cewa ta taka rawa a siyasa. Har ma ta kwafi wasiƙunsa kuma ta haɓaka ƙwarewar zamantakewa mai kyau. Mrs. Polk ba mace ba ce da ta zaɓi bayyana ra'ayinta a fili, tana ƙoƙarin ci gaba da nuna tawali'u. Mijinta ne da kansa ya bayyana cewa mafi goyon bayansa da mai sukarsa ita ce matarsa. Ta kuma ba shi shawara kan al'amuran manufofi kuma ta taka rawa sosai a kamfen ɗinsa. Mrs. Polk ta ci gaba da yin wasiƙu da shugabannin ƙasa don samun damar shiga batutuwan duniya da suka shafi kamfen ɗin mijinta. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin matan shugaban ƙasa na farko da suka taka rawa sosai a tsarin zaɓen mijinta da kuma yakin neman zaɓen kanta. Ba wai kawai ta ci gaba da wannan matakin sadarwa ba, har ma ta rubuta wa wata jarida ta gida tana bayyana goyon bayanta ga gwamnatin James Polk da kuma shirye-shiryen manufofin da ya gabatar. Ɗaya daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi jawo ce-ce-ku-ce da ta iya rubutawa shine ra'ayin faɗaɗa al'umma wanda ya zurfafa cikin manufar ƙaddarar da ta shafi haƙƙin Amurka a matsayin ikon mallaka. A Washington a matsayinta na matar ɗan majalisa a lokacin gwamnatocin [[John Quincy Adams]], [[Andrew Jackson]], da Martin Van Buren, Polk ta ji daɗin ayyukanta na zamantakewa. Mrs. Polk mace ce mai addini wadda ta ƙi rawa, halartar tseren dawaki, ko wasan kwaikwayo a fili. Ta yi alfahari da kasancewa mace mai son jama'a amma ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai mutunci. Duk da cewa ba ta sha kanta ba, ta tabbatar da bayar da zaɓi mai kyau na abubuwan sha da abinci iri-iri a lokacin cin abincin dare na tallata a matsayin sarauniyar karimci. Ita mace ce da "ta sami shahara sosai da kuma girmamawa mai zurfi". A shekarar 1830 ta yi kasadar samun sabani da Jackson, mai ba mijinta shawara, ta hanyar shiga cikin kyamar Peggy Eaton a zamantakewa, a lokacin da take cikin soyayyar Petticoat, kodayake ta ci gaba da gaishe da Eaton, ba kamar matar Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa John C. Calhoun ba, Floride Calhoun, da kuma yawancin matan 'yan majalisar ministoci. <ref>Schneider, D., & Schneider, C. J. (2010). ''First ladies: A biographical dictionary''. New York: Facts On File. p. 72. {{ISBN|1438127502}}</ref> A shekara ta 1845, Sarah Polk ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta 11 a Amurka. Ta kasance mai rai, mai fara'a, mai hankali, kuma mai iya magana. Shugaba Polk a wasu lokutan yana tattaunawa da ita kan harkokin siyasa. Yayin da take jin daɗin siyasa, ta kuma gargaɗi mijinta, wanda lafiyarsa ba ta taɓa yin ƙarfi ba, game da yawan aiki. <ref>Schneider, D., & Schneider, C. J. (2010). ''First ladies: A biographical dictionary''. New York: Facts On File. p. 73. {{ISBN|1438127502}}</ref> Mai ibada a Presbyterian, a matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa, ta haramta rawa, wasannin kati, da barasa mai ƙarfi a liyafar hukuma. <ref>Schneider, D., & Schneider, C. J. (2010). ''First ladies: A biographical dictionary''. New York: Facts On File. pp. 75–76. {{ISBN|1438127502}}</ref> Ba kamar waltzes na [[Julia Gardiner Tyler|Julia Tyler]] ba, nishaɗin Polk sun kasance masu natsuwa da kuma natsuwa wanda ya sa Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta yi wa lakabi da "Sahara Sarah". <ref>Schneider, D., & Schneider, C. J. (2010). ''First ladies: A biographical dictionary''. New York: Facts On File. p. 76. {{ISBN|1438127502}}</ref> Duk da cewa wasu labaran sun bayyana cewa Polks ba su taɓa yin giya ba, matar wani ɗan Majalisa "ta rubuta a cikin littafin tarihinta na cin abincin dare na tsawon sa'o'i huɗu a Fadar White House - gilashin giya shida daban-daban, daga shampagne mai ruwan hoda zuwa ruby port da sauterne, 'sun samar da bakan gizo a kusa da kowane faranti.'" == Rayuwa daga baya == [[Fayil:Sarahdurry.gif.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Polk a shekarunta na baya]] Bayan halartar bikin rantsar da [[Zachary Taylor]] a ranar 5 ga Maris, 1849, Polk da mijinta suka tafi da dawaki da karusa zuwa sabon gidansu, Polk Place, da ke Nashville, Tennessee . Da suka isa Tennessee, abin takaici Polk, Polk Place bai kammala aikin ba tukuna. Daga nan suka tafi daga Nashville zuwa Columbia don yin makonni biyu tare da surukarta kafin su tafi Murfreesboro tare da iyalinta kafin su koma Nashville. Watanni uku bayan haka, James Polk ya mutu sakamakon cutar kwalara, bayan ya yi ritaya mafi kankanta fiye da kowane shugaban Amurka. Yana da shekaru 53. Polk ta ci gaba da zama a Polk Place a cikin waɗannan shekarun baya na bazawararta, ba kasafai take tafiya ba, ta zama mai zaman kanta. Ba ta fara karbar bakuncin baƙi ba sai bayan 'yan shekaru bayan mutuwar mijinta. Ta karbi bakuncin manyan baƙi kuma masu shahara a duk lokacin bazawararta, kamar Abram Hewitt, Edward Cooper, John C. Calhoun II, John Catron, George Bancroft, da sauransu da yawa, ciki har da Shugaba Rutherford B. Hayes da Grover Cleveland . [[Fayil:SallyPolk.jpg|right|thumb|Sarah tare da 'yar uwarta, Sallie]] Da zarar ta zama bazawara, Polk ta ɗauki jika, Sarah Polk Jetton, wacce aka yi wa laƙabi da "Sallie" (1847–1924), kuma ta gan ta a matsayin 'yarta. Bayan da 'yar uwar Polk ta mutu, an kawo ta ta zauna tare da Polk. Sun zauna tare a Nashville har zuwa mutuwar Polk a 1891 tana da shekaru 87. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Childress Polk |url=https://www.jameskpolk.com/sarah-polk-biography.php |access-date=April 30, 2018 |publisher=James K. Polk Home}}</ref> Polk ta fuskanci ƙananan matsaloli na kuɗi a tsawon lokacin da ta yi bazawara. Babban hanyar samun kuɗin shiga ta hanyar gonar da ta gada daga mijinta ne. An tilasta mata sayar da gonar kafin Yaƙin Basasa a 1861. Daga baya ta karɓi kuɗi ta hannun ƙanenta John Childress. Tun daga shekarar 1884 gwamnatin Amurka ta bai wa Sarah fansho na $5,000 (~$ 179,167 a 2025 ) a shekara har zuwa rasuwarta. [[Fayil:PolkPlace.jpg|left|thumb|Wurin Polk]] A lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka, Polk ta kasance ba ta da wani zaɓi a hukumance, amma ta nuna ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da kiyaye Tarayyar a lokacin da kwamandojin Sojojin Tarayyar suka ziyarci gidanta lokaci-lokaci, ciki har da Don Carlos Buell, George Henry Thomas, Ulysses S. Grant, da William Tecumseh Sherman . Duk da haka, a matsayinta na mace ta gargajiya ta Kudu, ta kuma ambaci masu tausayawa na Confederate a lokacin ziyarar janar-janar na Confederate a Nashville inda Sarah za ta shafe sama da shekaru 42 tana taka rawar gani. Sarah Polk ta zauna a Polk Place na tsawon shekaru 42, mafi tsawon lokacin da ta yi tana kan karagar mulki fiye da kowace matar shugaban Amurka, kuma mafi tsawon lokacin da ta yi ritaya har sai da Frances Cleveland ta zarce ta a 1939, da [[Rosalynn Carter]] (a takaice) a 2023. A matsayinta na gwauruwa ta gaske ta Victoria, Sarah koyaushe tana sanya baƙar fata a bainar jama'a. Ta ziyarci ɗan'uwanta a Childress-Ray House da ke Murfreesboro, wacce 'yarta ta auri Gwamnan Tennessee John C. Brown . <ref name="npsformchildressrayhouse">{{Cite web |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory--Nomination Form: Childress-Ray House |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/0dc06e51-5544-4053-9f23-f773daa9a035 |access-date=March 30, 2018 |website=National Park Service |publisher=United States Department of the Interior |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613143358/https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/0dc06e51-5544-4053-9f23-f773daa9a035 |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Haka kuma ta kan ziyarci ƙawarta ta kud da kud Adelicia Acklen a Belmont . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adelicia Acklen |url=https://www.civilwarshades.org/taking-care-of-business/adelicia-acklen/ |access-date=April 30, 2018 |website=Shades of Gray and Blue}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Polk ta mutu a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 1891, tana da shekaru 87. An fara binne ta kusa da mijinta a gidansu da ke Nashville kuma daga baya aka sake binne ta tare da shi a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Tennessee lokacin da aka rushe Polk Place a shekarar 1901. Polk ta bar abubuwan da ke cikin Polk Place ga kakarta, Sarah Polk Fall . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Childress Polk |url=https://www.jameskpolk.com/sarah-polk-biography.php |access-date=April 30, 2018 |publisher=James K. Polk Home}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} * ''Rubutu na asali bisa ga [https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/first-ladies/sarahpolk tarihin rayuwar Fadar White House]'' * Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928074713/http://www.american-presidents.org/2006/12/sarah-polk.html Sarah Polk] == Ƙarin karatu == {{External media|float=right|video1=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?457892-1/qa-amy-greenberg ''Q&A'' interview with Amy Greenberg on ''Lady First'', March 10, 2019], [[C-SPAN]]}} *   *   *   * {{Cite book|last3=Amy S. Greenberg}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/13/Sarah-Polk.aspx Sarah Polk] a C-SPAN 's ''First Ladies: Influence &amp;amp; Image'' * [http://www.requestaprint.net/whitehouse/itemdetail.php?work_id=108&gallery_id=3] {{S-start}} {{S-hon}} {{S-bef|before=[[Julia Gardiner Tyler|Julia Tyler]]}} {{S-ttl|title=First Lady of the United States|years=1845–1849}} {{S-aft|after=[[Margaret Taylor]]}} {{S-end}}{{US First Ladies}}{{James K. Polk}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4mf0yy401bqh7p8weti05spoazf1ord 0 147675 964123 893292 2026-10-06T23:08:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarah Richardson''' (an haife ta a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1971) 'Yar ƙasar Kanada ce [[Zane na ciki|mai kayan ado]] da talabijin wadda ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai gyaran gashi a shekarar 1994. Tun daga lokacin, ta ɗauki nauyin shirye-shiryen talabijin guda tara kan kayan ado ga HGTV a Kanada . Ita ce ta karɓi ''kyautar Gemini'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2010 |title=Winner Sarah Richardson attends the 25th Annual Gemini Awards -... |url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/winner-sarah-richardson-attends-the-25th-annual-gemini-news-photo/106463542 |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=Getty Images |language=en-gb |archive-date=2019-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509210219/https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/winner-sarah-richardson-attends-the-25th-annual-gemini-news-photo/106463542 |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma kyautar ''<nowiki/>'yan ƙasa da shekara 40 mafiya kyau a Kanada'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Canada's Top 40 Under 40 - Honourees 2007 |url=https://www.canadastop40under40.com/honourees-2007.html |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=www.canadastop40under40.com}}</ref> . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Richardson a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1971, a [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/tommystatus/status/127577260373970944 |access-date=2014-01-15 |publisher=Twitter}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta, Susan Cuddy, ta kasance darektan zane da ci gaba ga tsohuwar Birnin Toronto.<ref name="yourhome12">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-18 |title=Yourhome is no longer available &#124; Toronto Star |url=http://www.yourhome.ca/homes/decor/article/743906--design-dynamo-sarah-richardson-can-t-lay-off |access-date=2014-01-15 |publisher=Yourhome.ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226203039/http://www.yourhome.ca/homes/decor/article/743906--design-dynamo-sarah-richardson-can-t-lay-off |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mahaifinta, Douglas Richardson, farfesa ne mai ritaya a tarihin fasaha da gine-gine a Jami'ar Toronto . Ɗan'uwanta, Theo Richardson, shi ma mai zane ne kuma abokin tarayya ne a kamfanin New York City na Rich, Brilliant, Willing . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Richardson Design |url=http://www.sarahrichardsondesign.com/news/articles/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100508100509/http://www.sarahrichardsondesign.com/news/articles/1 |archive-date=May 8, 2010 |access-date=2023-06-13}}</ref> Iyayen Richardson sun sake aure lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyar. Richardson ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Toronto a Kwalejin Havergal . <ref name="yourhome1">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-18 |title=Yourhome is no longer available &#124; Toronto Star |url=http://www.yourhome.ca/homes/decor/article/743906--design-dynamo-sarah-richardson-can-t-lay-off |access-date=2014-01-15 |publisher=Yourhome.ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226203039/http://www.yourhome.ca/homes/decor/article/743906--design-dynamo-sarah-richardson-can-t-lay-off |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 1993, ta sami B.A. a cikin Visual Arts (haɗin Tarihin Fasaha da Fasaha na Studio) daga Jami'ar Western Ontario inda ta kasance a cikin Gamma Phi Beta sorority.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni Western - Sarah Richardson |url=http://www.alumni.uwo.ca/connect/notable-alumni/sarah-richardson.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401075120/http://www.alumni.uwo.ca/connect/notable-alumni/sarah-richardson.html |archive-date=April 1, 2012 |access-date=November 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-17 |title=Question + Answer |url=http://www.sarahrichardsondesign.com/sarah/faqs |access-date=2014-01-15 |publisher=Sarah Richardson Design |archive-date=2013-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510063053/http://www.sarahrichardsondesign.com/sarah/faqs |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Sarah_Richardson_Design.svg|thumb|Alamar Sarah Richardson Design]] Sarah Richardson tana gudanar da kamfanin kayan ado na ciki '''Sarah Richardson Design''', wanda ta kafa a shekarar 1998. <ref name="SRD-Sarah">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Sarah |url=https://sarahrichardsondesign.com/sarah |publisher=Sarah Richardson Design |access-date=2026-04-06 |archive-date=2023-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201071010/https://www.sarahrichardsondesign.com/sarah |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="DesignLab-SRD">{{Cite web |title=Sarah Richardson Design |url=https://www.designlab.net/projects/srd/index.php |publisher=Design Lab |access-date=2026-04-06 |archive-date=2024-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201214051/https://www.designlab.net/projects/srd/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shirye-shiryen talabijin da Sarah Richardson ta shirya sun hada da: * ''Design Inc.'' * ''Ayyukan Gida'' * ''Gidan Saratu'' * ''Gidan Sarauta'' * ''Saratu 101'' * ''Gaskiya Mai Ikon'' * ''Gidan haya na Sarah'' * ''Saratu Daga Gidan Gidan'' * ''Fitowar Sarauta ta Tsere''<ref name="RealScreen-20220603">{{Cite web |last=Andrew Tracy |date=3 June 2022 |title=Corus slates six new series, three docs across lifestyle and factual nets for 2022-23 |url=https://realscreen.com/2022/06/03/corus-slates-six-new-series-three-docs-across-lifestyle-and-factual-nets-for-2022-23/ |publisher=RealScreen}}</ref> Ta wallafa littattafan zane-zane na ciki da yawa mafi kyawun sayarwa, kuma tana gudanar da tashar YouTube mai suna tare da masu biyan kuɗi sama da dubu ɗari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Richardson |url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/authors/Sarah-Richardson/460090844 |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Simon & Schuster}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WATCH Sarah Richardson Design Life |url=https://sarahrichardsondesign.com/watch |publisher=Sarah Richardson Design |access-date=2026-04-06 |archive-date=2024-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612204216/https://www.sarahrichardsondesign.com/watch |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Richardson |url=https://www.youtube.com/@SarahRichardsonDsgn |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=YouTube}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Richardson ta auri Alexander Younger . Ma'auratan suna zaune a Toronto tare da 'ya'yansu mata biyu Robin (an haife su a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006) <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Sarah Richardson's Nursery « Canadian Family |url=http://www.canadianfamily.ca/articles/slideshow/sarah-richardsons-nursery/ |access-date=2014-01-15 |publisher=Canadianfamily.ca |archive-date=2010-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229064522/http://www.canadianfamily.ca/articles/slideshow/sarah-richardsons-nursery/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da Fiona (an haifi su a watan Agusta na shekara ta 2008). Richardson da Younger kuma suna da gidan bazara a Georgian Bay a Ontario, wanda Richardson ya yi wa ado kuma ya nuna shi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Kanada Sarah's Cottage, wanda aka kuma watsa shi a Amurka a ƙarƙashin taken Sarah's Summer House . Gidan bazara yana aiki da hasken rana da propane.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Sarah's Summer House : Sarah Richardson : Home & Garden Television |url=http://www.hgtv.com/sarahs-summer-house/show/index.html |access-date=2014-01-15 |publisher=Hgtv.com}}</ref> Dukkanin 'ya'yanta mata masu tsere ne.<ref name="Pique-5916662">{{Cite web |last=Noel |first=Alyssa |date=2022-10-06 |title=Whistler B&B transformed into luxury rental on HGTV show |url=https://www.piquenewsmagazine.com/local-arts/whistler-bb-transformed-into-luxury-rental-on-hgtv-show-5916662 |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Pique Newsmagazine |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 7c2j9366kknoslftaqk2c1xzw88w9md 0 148276 963847 907164 2026-10-06T12:56:47Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374126495|Union Bank Building (Lagos)]]" 963847 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox building|location=36 Marina, [[Lagos Island]], [[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria}}'''Ginin Bankin Union''' wani gini ne mai hawa sama a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos: Skyscrapers |url=http://lagos2010.jimdo.com/skyscrapers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006120204/http://lagos2010.jimdo.com/skyscrapers/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014 |website=Jimdo}}</ref> Ginin mai hawa 28 yana aiki a matsayin hedikwatar Bankin Union of Nigeria. == Duba kuma == * Tsarin gini da gini na sama * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsayi a Afirka == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=31850 Bayanin Skyscraper] {{Lagos|state=collapsed}} rp5z42m2qkez1yuxpvi96qqikd74sm5 0 151656 963948 837607 2026-10-06T17:30:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 963948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ilorin Township Stadium''' wani mashahurin filin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne da ke cikin birnin Ilorin, babban birnin jihar Kwara a Najeriya. Filin wasan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren wasanni a arewa ta tsakiya, kuma ana amfani da shi musamman wajen wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran tarukan wasanni. <ref>{{cite web|title=Ilorin Township Stadium overview|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin_Township_Stadium|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Wuri == Filin wasan yana cikin birnin Ilorin, wanda shi ne babban birnin jihar Kwara. Wurin yana da sauƙin shiga daga sassa daban-daban na birnin, kuma yana kusa da manyan hanyoyin sufuri da kasuwanni. <ref>{{cite web|title=Ilorin Township Stadium location details|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin_Township_Stadium|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina Ilorin Township Stadium a shekarun 1970s domin haɓaka harkokin wasanni a jihar Kwara. Tun daga lokacin an sha yin gyare-gyare domin inganta filin da kuma ƙara yawan kujeru da ingancin kayan aiki. <ref>{{cite web|title=History of Ilorin Township Stadium|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin_Township_Stadium|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Amfani == Ana amfani da filin wasan musamman wajen wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman wasannin gida na kungiyar '''Kwara United F.C.''' Haka kuma ana amfani da shi wajen tarukan wasanni na makarantu da kuma wasu manyan tarurrukan jama’a. <ref>{{cite web|title=Uses of Ilorin Township Stadium|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin_Township_Stadium|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Siffofi == Filin wasan yana da filin ƙasa mai kyau, kujeru kusan 18,000, da kuma wuraren ‘yan wasa kamar ɗakin canji da wurin horo. An kuma saka fitilun zamani domin ba da damar gudanar da wasanni da daddare. <ref>{{cite web|title=Stadium facilities information|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin_Township_Stadium|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Muhimmanci == Ilorin Township Stadium yana da muhimmanci sosai wajen haɓaka wasanni a Najeriya, musamman a jihar Kwara. Yana taimakawa wajen horar da ‘yan wasa matasa da kuma tallafa wa ci gaban ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasar. <ref>{{cite web|title=Sports importance of Ilorin Township Stadium|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilorin_Township_Stadium|accessdate=2026-05-18}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Kwara United F.C. * Kwara State * Ƙwallon ƙafa a Najeriya == Manazarta == {{reflist}} lf7dfktdvn0y4ci6wivfktp1e1vc0yz 0 153655 964008 936299 2026-10-06T19:16:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:MAMMOTH_HOT_SPRINGS_-_EXTREMOPHILES.jpg|thumb| Maɓuɓɓugan Zafi Masu Yawa Mammoth]] '''Ruwan Magmatic''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''ruwan matasa''', wani lokaci ne na ruwa a cikin daidaito da ma'adanai waɗanda magma ya narke a cikin zurfin ƙasa kuma ana sakin su zuwa sararin samaniya yayin fashewar aman wuta . Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tantance yadda duwatsun igneous ke lulluɓewa, musamman silicates, da kuma ilimin halittar jiki da juyin halittar ɗakunan magma . [[Magma]] ta ƙunshi ma'adanai, [[Crystal|lu'ulu'u]] da kuma abubuwa masu canzawa a cikin yalwar halitta daban-daban. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Stephen |date=September 2015 |title=Volcanoes, Magma, and Volcanic Eruptions |url=https://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/volcan&magma.htm |access-date=March 1, 2021 |website=Tulane University EENS 3050}}</ref> Bambancin magnetic ya bambanta sosai dangane da dalilai daban-daban, musamman kasancewar ruwa. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Petrelli |first=M. |last2=El Omari |first2=K. |last3=Spina |first3=L. |last4=Le Guer |first4=Y. |last5=La Spina |first5=G. |last6=Perugini |first6=D. |date=2018-02-22 |title=Timescales of water accumulation in magmas and implications for short warning times of explosive eruptions |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=770 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9..770P |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-02987-6 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=5823946 |pmid=29472525 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yawan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ɗakunan magma yana rage danko kuma yana haifar da samuwar ma'adanai masu ɗauke da [[halogens]], gami da ƙungiyoyin chloride da hydroxide . Bugu da ƙari, yawan ƙwayoyin halitta masu canzawa ya bambanta a cikin ɗakunan magma na basaltic, andesitic, da rhyolitic, wanda ke haifar da wasu tsaunukan aman wuta sun fi sauran fashewa. [[Ruwa|Ruwan]] sihiri kusan ba ya narkewa a cikin narkewar silicate amma ya nuna mafi girman narkewa a cikin narkewar rhyolitic. An nuna cewa yawan ruwan sihiri yana haifar da nakasu mai girma, sakamakon canza yanayin sinadarin hydrogen isotope biogeochemistry ( <nowiki><sup id="mwKw">δ2H</sup></nowiki> <nowiki><i id="mwKg">)</i></nowiki> da kuma daidaiton rabon isotope oxygen <nowiki><sup id="mwLw">(</sup></nowiki> <nowiki><i id="mwLg">δ18O</i></nowiki> ) a cikin duwatsun da ke cikin gidan. == Tsarin aiki == [[Fayil:Igneous_rocks.jpg|thumb| Tsarin ma'adanai na rhyolitic, andesitic, da basaltic magmas]] Magma yana wanzuwa a cikin manyan siffofi guda uku waɗanda suka bambanta a cikin abun da ke ciki. <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=2019-04-05 |title=Magma |url=http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/magma/ |access-date=2021-02-26 |website=National Geographic Society |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin da magma ya yi duhu a cikin ɓawon burodi , yana samar da wani dutse mai fitar da iska mai ƙarfi . Dangane da abun da ke cikin magma, yana iya samar da ko dai rhyolite, andesite, ko basalt . <ref name=":22" /> Masu canzawa, musamman ruwa da carbon dioxide, suna tasiri sosai ga halayen kowace nau'in magma ta hanyoyi daban-daban. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=What does magmatic water mean? |url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/magmatic+water |access-date=2021-02-21 |website=www.definitions.net |language=en}}</ref> ^, <ref name=":12" /> Magma mai yawan ƙwayoyin cuta masu canzawa yana da raguwar zafin jiki har zuwa ɗaruruwan digiri, wanda ke rage yawan dankonsa. <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=Igneous rock – Assimilation |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/igneous-rock |access-date=2021-02-27 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Halayyar magma kuma tana canzawa ta hanyar nau'ikan abubuwan da ke cikin ma'adanai daban-daban, wanda aka lura a cikin hoton. Misali, ruwan sihiri yana haifar da samuwar ma'adanai da dama da ke cikin rukunoni masu dauke da sinadarin hydroxyl ko halogenated, gami da garnets . Ana iya amfani da nazarin waɗannan ma'adanai don nazarin yanayin samuwarsu a cikin duniyoyin dutse . <ref name=":32" /> ^, <ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=David |title=Hydroxyl in mantle minerals |url=https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/1334/1/Bell_dr_1993.pdf |journal=California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Masu canzawa === Ana samun masu canzawa a kusan dukkan magma a cikin nau'ikan da yawa daban-daban. Misalan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska a cikin magma sun haɗa da ruwa, carbon dioxide, da iskar [[Halogens|halogen]] . <ref name=":52" /> Babban matsin lamba yana bawa waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta damar kasancewa cikin kwanciyar hankali a cikin maganin. <ref name=":52" /> Duk da haka, bayan lokaci, yayin da matsin lamba na magmatic ke raguwa, ƙwayoyin cuta za su fito daga ruwan da ke cikin iskar gas, wanda hakan zai ƙara rage matsin lamba na magmatic. <ref name=":52" /> Waɗannan bambance-bambancen matsin lamba suna haifar da bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin girman magma. <ref name=":52" /> Bambancin matsin lamba yana sa wasu nau'ikan aman wuta su yi ƙarfi sosai wasu kuma su yi ƙarfi . <ref name=":52" /> === Ilimin ƙasa === Misalin ma'adinai mai ɗauke da rukunin hydroxyl shine garnet. Garnet wani ma'adinai ne mai ruwa-ruwa wanda aka saba nazari a cikin ƙananan fannoni na ilimin ƙasa saboda daidaitonsa gabaɗaya. Wani bincike ya binciki kasancewar garnets a cikin saman mantle ta hanyar infrared spectroscopy kuma ya nuna sha a kusan 3500&nbsp;cm ⁻¹, wanda ya yi daidai da kasancewar ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl . An nuna cewa waɗannan garnets sun bambanta a cikin abun da ke ciki dangane da asalin yanayin ƙasa. <ref name=":42" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a [[Kudancin Afirka]] ya tantance yawan masu cutar daga 1 zuwa 135&nbsp;ppm. <ref name=":42" /> Duk da haka, wannan ya yi ƙasa sosai da yawan sinadarin hydroxyl a yankuna kamar Colorado Plateau . An kuma nuna cewa akwai alaƙar da ta juye dangane da yawan OH da Mg + Fe. === Basaltic magma === Basaltic magma shine mafi yawan ƙarfe a cikin , magnesium, da calcium amma mafi ƙarancin sinadarin silica, potassium, da sodium. <ref name=":52" /> ^, <ref name=":22" /> Haɗin silica a cikin magma na basaltic yana tsakanin 45 zuwa 55&nbsp;kashi % na yawan taro (wt.%), ko kuma kashi ɗaya na yawan nau'in. <ref name=":52" /> Yana samuwa a yanayin zafi wanda ya kama daga kimanin 1830&nbsp;°F zuwa 2200&nbsp;°F. <ref name=":52" /> ^, <ref name=":22" /> Basaltic magma yana da mafi ƙarancin danko da abubuwan da ke canzawa, duk da haka har yanzu yana iya zama har sau 100,000 fiye da ruwa. <ref name=":52" /> Saboda ƙarancin ɗankonsa, wannan shine mafi ƙarancin fashewar magma. Ana iya samun magma mai kama da basaltic a yankuna kamar Hawaii, wanda aka sani da aman wuta na garkuwa . <ref name=":52" /> ^, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=John |date=May 1997 |title=Eruptive Style: Powerful but Unsually &#91;sic&#93; Benign |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/hawaii/page26.html |access-date=March 1, 2021 |website=USGS}}</ref> Basaltic magma yana samar da ma'adanai kamar plagioclase feldspar mai arzikin calcium da pyroxene . Tsarin ruwa na magma na basaltic ya bambanta dangane da juyin halittar ɗakin magma. Girman arc magmas, kamar Izarú a Costa Rica, yana tsakanin wt 3.2 zuwa 3.5. %. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benjamin |first=Ezra R. |last2=Plank |first2=Terry |last3=Wade |first3=Jennifer A. |last4=Kelley |first4=Katherine A. |last5=Hauri |first5=Erik H. |last6=Alvarado |first6=Guillermo E. |date=2007-11-15 |title=High water contents in basaltic magmas from Irazú Volcano, Costa Rica |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027307002570 |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |language=en |volume=168 |issue=1 |pages=68–92 |bibcode=2007JVGR..168...68B |doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.08.008 |issn=0377-0273 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Magma mai ban mamaki === Magma na Andesitic wani nau'in magma ne mai matsakaicin girma kuma yana warwatse daidai gwargwado dangane da ƙarfe, magnesium, calcium, sodium, da potassium. <ref name=":52" /> <ref name=":22" /> Tsarin silica na magma andesitic yana tsakanin 55 zuwa 65 wt. %. <ref name=":52" /> Yana samuwa a yanayin zafi tsakanin kimanin 1470&nbsp;°F zuwa 1830&nbsp;°F. <ref name=":52" /> ^, <ref name=":22" /> Magma na Andesitic yana da matsakaicin danko da kuma abubuwan da ke cikin sinadarai masu canzawa. <ref name=":52" /> Yana samar da ma'adanai kamar plagioclase feldspar, mica, da amphibole . === Magma mai kama da Rhyolitic === Rhyolitic magma shine felsic kuma ya fi yawa a cikin silica, potassium, da sodium amma mafi ƙarancin ƙarfe, magnesium, da calcium. <ref name=":52" /> <ref name=":22" /> Tsarin silica na magma rhyolitic yana tsakanin wt 65 zuwa 75. %. <ref name=":52" /> Yana samuwa a cikin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki, daga kimanin 1200&nbsp;°F zuwa 1470&nbsp;°F. <ref name=":52" /> ^, <ref name=":22" /> Rhyolitic magma yana da mafi girman danko da kuma yawan iskar gas. <ref name=":52" /> Yana haifar da fashewar aman wuta mafi muni, gami da fashewar Dutsen Vesuvius mai ban tsoro. <ref name=":52" /> Yana samar da ma'adanai kamar orthoclase feldspar, plagioclase feldspar mai arzikin sodium, quartz, mica, da amphibole. == Ruwa a cikin silicate yana narkewa == Ruwan ma'adanai yana shafar narkewar ruwa a cikin narkewar silicate, wanda yawanci yana wanzuwa azaman ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl da ke ɗaure zuwa cations na Si ⁴⁺ ko Rukunin 1 da Rukunin 2 a cikin yawan da ke tsakanin kusan 6 zuwa 7 wt. %. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Le Losq |first=Charles |last2=Mysen |first2=Bjorn O. |last3=Cody |first3=George D. |date=2015-08-14 |title=Water and magmas: insights about the water solution mechanisms in alkali silicate melts from infrared, Raman, and 29Si solid-state NMR spectroscopies |journal=Progress in Earth and Planetary Science |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=22 |bibcode=2015PEPS....2...22L |doi=10.1186/s40645-015-0052-7 |issn=2197-4284 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> ^, <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Stolper |first=Edward |date=1982-12-01 |title=The speciation of water in silicate melts |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037%2882%2990381-7 |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |language=en |volume=46 |issue=12 |pages=2609–2620 |bibcode=1982GeCoA..46.2609S |doi=10.1016/0016-7037(82)90381-7 |issn=0016-7037 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Musamman ma, daidaiton ruwa da iskar oxygen da aka narkar yana samar da hydroxides, inda aka kimanta K <nowiki><sub id="mwAQ8">eq</sub></nowiki> tsakanin 0.1 da 0.3. <ref name=":7" /> Wannan narkewar da ke tattare da shi yana da ƙasa amma ya bambanta sosai dangane da matsin lambar tsarin. Rhyolitic magmas suna da mafi girman narkewar ruwa, daga kusan 0% a saman ruwa zuwa kusan 10% a 1100&nbsp;°C da 5&nbsp;kbar . Rushewar ruwa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka ɗaga magma mai ruwa, a hankali ana canza ruwan da aka narkar zuwa matakin ruwa. Wannan matakin ruwa yawanci yana da yawa a cikin abubuwa masu canzawa, ƙarfe ( tagulla, gubar, [[zinc]], azurfa da [[Zinare|zinariya]] ), da kuma cations na rukuni na 1 da rukuni na 2 . Dangane da irin ƙarfin da hydroxyl ke da shi, yana da tasiri sosai ga halayen fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta, musamman ƙarfin fashewarsa. <ref name=":6" /> A lokacin yanayin zafi da matsin lamba mai yawa wanda ya wuce 374&nbsp;°C da kuma 218 bar, ruwa yana shiga yanayin ruwa mai tsanani kuma ba ya sake zama ruwa ko iskar gas. <ref name=":6" /> == Bayanan isotope masu ƙarfi == Bayanan isotopic daga wurare daban-daban a cikin Tsakiyar Tekun Atlantika sun nuna kasancewar duwatsu masu kama da mafic-zuwa-felsic, waɗanda suka haɗa da gabbro, diorite, da plagiogranite . <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Stakes |first=Debra |date=1991 |title=Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of oceanic plutonic rocks: high-temperature deformation and metamorphism of oceanic layer 3 |url=https://www.geochemsoc.org/files/6814/1269/7637/SP-3_077-090_Stakes.pdf |journal=The Geochemical Society, Special Publication |volume=3 |pages=77–90 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714012419/https://www.geochemsoc.org/files/6814/1269/7637/SP-3_077-090_Stakes.pdf |archive-date=2024-07-14 |access-date=2026-09-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Waɗannan duwatsun sun nuna babban canji saboda kasancewar ruwan sihiri, wanda ya wuce 600&nbsp;°C. Wannan nakasar ta lalata duwatsun masaukin baki na ^18O, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin bincike kan rabon ^18O zuwa ^16O ( δ <nowiki><sup id="mwATc">18O</sup></nowiki> ). <ref name=":8" /> Ruwa a cikin daidaito tare da narkewar igneous ya kamata ya ɗauki alamar isotopic iri ɗaya na ^18O da δ <nowiki><sup id="mwAT8">2H</sup></nowiki> . Duk da haka, nazarin isotopic na ruwan sihiri ya nuna kamanceceniya da ruwan meteoric, yana nuna zagayawar tsarin ruwan karkashin kasa na sihiri da na meteoric. Binciken isotopic na abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa yana nuna nau'ikan δ ^18O da δ ^2H . Nazarin da aka gudanar a cikin waɗannan muhallin ya nuna yawan ^18O da raguwa a cikin ^H2 idan aka kwatanta da SMOW da ruwan sama. A cikin ma'adanin ma'adinai, bayanan shigar ruwa sun nuna cewa kasancewar δ ^18O da δ ^2H suna cikin kewayon da ake tsammani. == Duba kuma == * Ruwan Connate == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i9ova4trnh4hhskneakqmjeavamwwwy 0 155738 964134 914342 2026-10-07T01:42:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | name = Shall We Meet Tonight | director = [[Wapah Ezeigwe]] | writer = Wapah Ezeigwe | producer = [[Bisi Alimi]]<br>Lanre Njoku | starring = [[Uzoamaka Onuoha]]<br>Goodness Emmanuel<br>Jasperwills Ebuka | cinematography = Ayoola Oladimeji | editing = Ayoola Oladimeji | music = Mcpherson Aghah | studio = Vengiance Productions | released = {{Film date|2025|03|21|BFI FLARE LGBTQ+ Film Festival|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newmovietowatch.com/movies/shall-we-meet-tonight/|title=Shall We Meet Tonight (2025)}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} | runtime = 15 minutes | country = [[Nigeria]]<br>[[United Kingdom]] | language = English<br>[[Igbo language|Igbo]] }} '''Shall We Meet Tonight''' wani ɗan gajeren fim ne na soyayya na LGBT+ na Najeriya na 2025 wanda [[Wapah Ezeigwe]] ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni, kuma mai haɗin gwiwar mai fafutukar [['Yan Najeriya na Burtaniya|Birtaniya da Najeriya]] [[Bisi Alimi]] da Lanre Njoku ne suka samar. Fim din yana bincika jigogi na auren da aka shirya da kuma soyayya ta lesbian. Kamfanin samar da fina-finai na Afirka ne na Burtaniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vengiance Productions |url=https://www.vengianceproductions.com/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=www.vengianceproductions.com}}</ref> kuma an zaba shi a matsayin shigarwa ta hukuma a BFI Flare: London LGBTQIA + Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/shall-we-meet-tonight|title=Shall We Meet Tonight (2025) — Wapah Ezeigwe|language=en|access-date=2026-06-07|via=filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org}}</ref> == Makirci == Lokacin da aka aurar da wata matashiyar mace ga wani mutum mai iko da tasiri ta hanyar auren da aka shirya, sai ta kamu da son wata mace daga garinsu wadda ta zama masoyiyarta a ɓoye. Fim ɗin yana bincika rikice-rikicen motsin zuciya da ke tattare da soyayyar jinsi ɗaya, da kuma ƙalubalen rayuwa da kewaya cikin al’ummar Nijeriya mai tsarin mulkin maza.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shall We Meet Tonight |url=https://filmfreeway.com/ShallWeMeetTonight |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=Wapah Ezeigwe’s ‘Shall We Meet Tonight’ Examines Queer Love and Marital Constraint in Contemporary Nigeria - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nigerian-film-news/wapah-ezeigwes-shall-we-meet-tonight-examines-queer-love-and-marital-constraint-in-contemporary-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=whatkeptmeup.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Tushen <ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Cast of Movie “Shall We Meet Tonight” (2025) |url=https://newmovietowatch.com/movies/shall-we-meet-tonight/cast/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Uzoamaka Onuoha * Kyakkyawan Emmanuel * Jasperwills Ebuka * Ugo Doris == Karɓar baƙi == Da yake nazarin fim din don WhatKeptMeUp, Ini-Abasi Jeffrey ya bayyana shi a matsayin "wani abu mai mahimmanci, duk da haka ba cikakke ba," yana mai lura da cewa "haruffa ba su taɓa samun zurfi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokacin da muke tare da su ba; ba ma'anar tarihin soyayya na Adaora da Susanna da kuma yadda ya kai ga ma'anar da muke gani ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-30 |title=Short Film Review: Wapah Ezeigwe’s ‘Shall We Meet Tonight’ is Far from Perfect, But a Queer Essential - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nigerian-movie-reviews/short-film-review-wapah-ezeigwes-shall-we-meet-tonight-is-far-from-perfect-but-a-queer-essential/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=whatkeptmeup.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A wata hira da Zikoko Magazine, Bisi Alimi ta ce Majalisar Burtaniya da Cibiyar Fim ta Burtaniya ne suka ba da kuɗin fim din. Ya kuma bayyana cewa masu shirya fina-finai da gangan sun bar labaran bala'i da ke da alaƙa da labarun jinsi, saboda suna jin labaran soyayya da yawa suna bin wannan hanyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirilla |first=Dennis Da-ala |date=2025-04-12 |title=Bisi Alimi on How to Tell Queer Nigerian Stories in Nollywood |url=https://www.zikoko.com/pop/made-in-nigeria-pop/bisi-alimi-on-how-to-tell-queer-nigerian-stories-in-nollywood/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}</ref> A karo na uku na 2026 FilmJoint Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Filmjoint Awards (TFA) |url=https://www.thefilmjoint.com/the-filmjoint-awards-tfa.html |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=THE FILMJOINT |language=en |archive-date=2026-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122194507/https://www.thefilmjoint.com/the-filmjoint-awards-tfa.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>, wanda ke bikin gajeren fina-finai a Najeriya, fim din ya jagoranci gabatarwa tare da goma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-08 |title=FilmJoint Awards 2026: “Shall We Meet Tonight” Leads With Ten Nods - Nollywood Reporter |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/news/shall-we-meet-tonight-leads-filmjoint-award-nomination-list/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |language=en}}</ref> Ya lashe uku kuma ya rasa bakwai daga cikin gabatarwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-11 |title=“Shall We Meet Tonight” and “On Our Skin” Top FilmJoint Awards 2026 - Nollywood Reporter |url=https://thenollywoodreporter.com/news/shall-we-meet-tonight-on-our-skin-lead-filmjoint-award-2026/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Tushen<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-10 |title=The Filmjoint Awards 2026: Full List of Award Winners - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nigerian-film-news/the-filmjoint-awards-2026-full-list-of-award-winners/ |access-date=2026-06-07 |website=whatkeptmeup.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * '''Mafi kyawun fim na Afirka''': Wapah Ezeigwe - ''Za mu hadu da yau da dare'' (Nijeriya) - WINNER * Kyakkyawan Hanyar: Bisi Alimi, Lanre Njoku - ''Za mu hadu da yau da dare'' - WINNER * Mafi kyawun CINEMATOGRAPHY: Ayoola Oladimeji - ''Za mu hadu da yau da dare'' - WINNER == Bayanan da aka ambata == 018rylzzyrtq2qqh85matkbbz81pgz6 0 156235 964180 961501 2026-10-07T06:40:45Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 964180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oyebade Adebimpe AdedimejiVictoria Akujobi<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} awwzpjh1xt8vio7h54okslakcchulem 964181 964180 2026-10-07T06:41:06Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 964181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oyebade Adebimpe AdedimejiVictoria Akujobi<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} hvcl6xblc9x65ofag1qxx7pdi45yxuv 964182 964181 2026-10-07T06:41:26Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 964182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oyebade Adebimpe AdedimejiVictoria Akujobi<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 0mzjnpjdf70wgkzt7zrocp8sv6cbi4l 964184 964182 2026-10-07T06:42:31Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 964184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oyebade Adebimpe AdedimejiVictoria Akujobi<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} hospj6mw2v94g13bzv4x8qaqt06y1mf 964185 964184 2026-10-07T06:42:53Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 964185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oyebade Adebimpe AdedimejiVictoria Akujobi<br /> Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} dneauvbtqq2shut8dolh135yisafh41 964186 964185 2026-10-07T06:43:15Z Ashiru Lawal 24821 964186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Lisabi: An haifi Labari |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Lisabi-A-Legend-Is-Born22-movie-poster-2025.jpg|frameless]] |- class="infobox-hiddenrow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yoruba | class="infobox-data" |''Lisabi a cikin zobba a bi'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Niyi Akinmolayan]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Shirin da aka yi | class="infobox-data" |Niyi Akinmolayan Yinka Olaoye<br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar Lisabi: An haifi Labari fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Najeriya na 2025 wanda Niyi Akinmolayan ya jagoranta kuma Yinka Olaoye da Akinmolayan suka rubuta shi. Yana aiki ne a matsayin kashi na biyu a cikin kashi biyu na rayuwa da gado na Lisabi, jarumi Yoruba kuma mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci daga karni na 18.[1][2] Tauraron fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi, tare da simintin da suka hada da [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]], [[Adebimpe Oyebade]], Olarotimi Fakunle, [[Olumide Oworu]], [[Jide Awobona]], Ibraheem Lateef Adebayo da [[Muyiwa Ademola]]. ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025, kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2025 akan [[Netflix]]. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Labarin haihuwar da hawan jarumin Lísàbí Agbongbo-Akala, wanda aka ƙaddara ya jagoranci da kare mutanen Egba daga mai mulki mai yaudara. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Lisabi * [[Juliana Olayode|Olayode Juliana]] a matsayin Olori Alaafin * Boma Akpore a matsayin Osogbenro * [[Adebimpe Oyebade|Mo Bimpe Adedimeji]] a matsayin Ikeola == Saki da karɓa == ''Lisabi: An haifi Labari'' don saki a watan Janairun 2025 bayan kashi na farko, Lisabi: The Uprising . Sanarwar fim din ta haifar da farin ciki tsakanin masu sauraro da masana tarihi, tare da mutane da yawa suna yaba da mayar da hankali ga labarun tarihin Afirka. An fara fim din ne a Cibiyar John Randle don Al'adu da Tarihi ta Yoruba a Onikan, Legas, a ranar 9 ga Janairun 2025. Daga baya aka sake shi a manyan gidajen silima na Najeriya kuma ya fara fitowa ta hanyar [[Netflix]] a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2025. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 6qc40uykof9x1n18sh3imtng2lwugf4 0 158350 963989 913950 2026-10-06T18:50:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Kodibuwa''' ya shafi damar samun ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan tsafta a Kodibuwa, wanda a hukumance ake kira Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire. Kasar ta fadada damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha, musamman a yankunan birane, amma har yanzu da akwai gibi a samar da ruwa a karkara, tsabtace muhalli, bayan gida a sarari, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma amincin ayyukan. Bayanai na Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank Group) na ci gaban duniya, dangane da bayanan da aka samu daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNICEF) na Shirin Hadin Gwiwa na Kula da Samar da Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta, sun nuna cewa kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicWater">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS?year=2024 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260618201800/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.BASW.ZS%3Fyear%3D2024 |archive-date=18 June 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Damar samun aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum ya yi ƙasa sosai, wato kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.BASS.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale ga lafiyar jama'a da muhalli, inda kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar suka gudanar da bayan gida a sarari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation">{{cite web |date=25 August 2025 |title=People practicing open defecation (% of population) - Cote d'Ivoire |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS?locations=CI |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260618103024/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ODFC.ZS%3Flocations%3DCI |archive-date=18 June 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kamfanin SODECI ne ke gudanar da samar da ruwa a birane, wanda kamfani ne mai zaman kansa dake aiki karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha. Hukumar Ruwan Sha ta Kasa, wacce a Faransanci aka sani da ''Office national de l'eau potable'' (ONEP), ita ce ke da alhakin bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da kuma sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025">{{cite report |url=https://aquaya.org/wp-content/uploads/SingleCity_CityGuide_URBANWASH_r.pdf |title=Case study on historical improvements in water provision: Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire |year=2025 |publisher=Aquaya Institute |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tsabtace muhalli, magudanun ruwa da ayyukan kariya daga ambaliyar ruwa suna karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta da kuma Hukumar Tsabtace Muhalli da Magudanun Ruwa ta Kasa, wacce aka sani da ONAD.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099041824115538927/pdf/P17711818f4d98061801f1fe2126a80333.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Water Security and Sanitation Support Project |date=18 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="ONADPresentation">{{cite web |title=Presentation of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/presentation-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samun Dama == === Ruwan sha === Kodibuwa tana da damar samun ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum fiye da tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum. A shekarar 2024, kashi 77 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan samar da ruwan sha na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicWater" /> Ayyukan ruwan sha na yau da kullum yana nufin ruwan sha daga ingantaccen tushe, matukar lokacin dibar ruwan bai wuce mintuna 30 ba don zuwa da dawowa.<ref name="WHOIndicatorWater">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic drinking-water services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4818 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[File:Femmes puisant de l'eau en zone rurale 11.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Mata suna dibar ruwa]] Samun dama ya kasance maras daidaito tsakanin birane da karkara. Gidajen birane sun fi samun ruwan famfo ko ingantattun hanyoyi kusa da gida, yayin da al'ummomin karkara da yawa suka dogara ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, famfunan tafi-da-gidanka, tsarin ruwa na kauye, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma kananan dabarun famfo. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito a shekarar 2024 cewa samun dama a karkara ya kasance babban abin damuwa na manufofin gwamnati kuma gwamnati ta tsara fadada tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun ruwa na karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Dabarun ruwa na karkara na kasa sun hada da wani tsari da aka sani da ''système multi-villages'' (SMV), inda aka raba kauyuka da yawa kusa da tsarin samar da ruwa guda daya kamar masana'antar tace ruwa ko rijiyoyin burtsatse da aka hada. Gwamanati ta sanya burin hada yankuna 1,000 a kowace shekara, wanda yayi daidai da kusan tsarin SMV 200 nan da shekarar 2030, da nufin samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga kashi 95 cikin dari na al'ummar karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Tsabtace muhalli === Ayyukan tsabtace muhalli sun yi kasa sosai fiye da samar da ruwan sha. A shekarar 2024, kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar sun yi amfani da aƙalla ayyukan tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum.<ref name="WBBasicSanitation" /> Aƙalla tsabtace muhalli na yau da kullum yana nufin amfani da ingantattun wuraren tsabtace muhalli wadanda ba a raba su da sauran gidaje.<ref name="WHOBasicSanitation">{{cite web |title=Population using at least basic sanitation services (%) |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/population-using-at-least-basic-sanitation-services-%28-%29 |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa ingantaccen tsabtace muhalli cikin aminci har yanzu yana da iyaka. Dangane da bayanan JMP na 2022 da aka ambata a cikin takardar aikin Bankin Duniya, kusan kashi 17 cikin dari na al'ummar kasar ne ke da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da aka sarrafa cikin aminci, wanda hakan ke kasa da matsakaicin yankin kudu da saharan Afirka da aka ambata a cikin takardar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Gidaje da yawa sun dogara ga tsarin tsabtace muhalli na cikin gida kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan tsarin suna bukatar kwashewa cikin aminci, sufuri, magani da kuma zubarwa ko sake amfani da lakar bayan gida, amma ayyukan ba su nan ko kuma suna da rauni a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yin bayan gida a sarari ya kasance babban kalubale, musamman a yankunan karkara. Bayanan Bankin Duniya/JMP sun nuna cewa bayan gida a sarari na kasa ya kasance kashi 17 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="WBOpenDefecation" /> UNICEF ta ruwaito cewa adadin ya kasance mai yawa a yankunan karkara, inda aka kiyasta shi da kashi 38 cikin dari a shekarar 2024.<ref name="UNICEFAnnual2024">{{cite report |url=https://open.unicef.org/download-pdf?country-name=Cote+D%27Ivoire&year=2024 |title=UNICEF Côte d'Ivoire Annual Report 2024 |year=2025 |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Ingancin Ayyuka == Ingancin sabis ya bambanta dangane da wuri, nau'in mazauni da kuma tushen ruwa. A yankunan birane, ingancin sabis ya dogara da karfin samarwa, ajiya, hanyoyin rarrabawa, matsin lamba, ci gaba da samar da ruwa da kuma hadin gwiwar gidaje. A yankunan karkara, ingancin sabis ya dogara da aikin wuraren ruwa, nisa, tsare-tsaren kulawa, ingancin ruwa da amincin rijiyoyin burtsatse ko kananan tsarin famfo. Samar da ruwa a birane ya sami babban jari a manyan biranen dake biye da babban birni. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa Aikin Karfafa Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Birane ya samar da ingantaccen ruwa ga mutane 1,983,330 a manyan birane 10 na daban. Aikin ya tallafawa masana'antun tace ruwa guda 10 masu karfin mita cubic 85,960 kowace rana, madatsun ruwa na ajiya guda 12 masu daukar mita cubic 15,550 na ajiya da kuma kilomita 1,823 na hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage">{{cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/country/cotedivoire |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> An ruwaito karancin ruwa a wasu sassan Abidjan, inda karuwar jama'a, fadada birane da sauyin yanayi suka matsa lamba kan samar da ruwa da rarrabawa. A shekarar 2019, wani rahoto da PreventionWeb ta sake bugawa ya bayyana karancin ruwa mai tsanani a wasu sassan birnin kuma ya danganta matsalar da saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar bukata da rage cika ruwan karkashin kasa.<ref name="PreventionWebAbidjan2019">{{cite web |date=10 June 2019 |title=Côte d'Ivoire: 'We want water' say residents as Abidjan grows drier |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/cote-divoire-we-want-water-say-residents-abidjan-grows-drier |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=PreventionWeb}}</ref> Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli kuma suna fuskantar matsin lamba daga saurin bunkasar birane, karuwar jama'a, tsufan ababen more rayuwa, asarar ruwa, gibin tsabtace muhalli da kuma gurbatar albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa. Rashin tsabtace muhalli na iya rage tsaron ruwa lokacin da gurbataccen ruwa da ba a tace ba ya shiga cikin koguna, magudanun ruwa, wuraren dausayi ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Albarkatun Ruwa == Kodibuwa tana da albarkatun ruwa na sama da na karkashin kasa wadanda ke tallafawa samar da ruwan sha na gida, noma, wutar lantarki, kamun kifi da masana'antu. Manyan tsarin koguna sun hada da Kogin Bandama, Kogin Sassandra, Kogin Comoé da Kogin Cavalla. Tsarin samar da ruwa na birane yana fitar da ruwa daga saman kasa da karkashin kasa dangane da yankin, girman birnin, yanayin ruwan karkashin kasa da karfin tace ruwa. Tsaron ruwa ya zama abin damuwa na tsare-tsare na kasa saboda karuwar jama'a, sauyin yanayi, fadada birane da kuma rashin daidaiton yanki. An tsara Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli na Bankin Duniya don karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a wasu zababbun yankuna na kasar.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Matakin farko ya mayar da hankali ne kan yankunan arewa, wadanda Bankin Duniya ya gano a matsayin wadanda ke da mafi hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ruwa da tsabtace muhalli, da kuma karuwar jama'a mai karfi.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tarihi da Gyaran Fuska ga Fanni == Kodibuwa tana da daya daga cikin mafi dadewar tsarin shigar fannoni masu zaman kansu a cikin samar da ruwa a birane a yankin kudu da saharan Afirka. Kamfanin SODECI ya fara gudanar da ayyukan ruwa na birni karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, inda jiha ta rike ikon mallakar kadarori da nauyin manufofi. Wani bincike na Bankin Duniya kan kamfanonin ruwa na birane a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka ya bayyana Côte d'Ivoire a matsayin misali inda gwamnati ta fadada rawar SODECI don gudanarwa da kuma kula da wuraren samar da ruwa karkashin kwangilar hayar kayayyaki.<ref name="Fall2009">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/125961468015557297/pdf/487300NWP00v201P131PPPWestAfrica1v2.pdf |title=Reforming Urban Water Utilities in Western and Central Africa: Experiences with Public-Private Partnerships |last=Fall |first=Matar |year=2009 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> An ci gaba da yin gyaran fuska ga hukumomi a shekarun 2000. An kirkiro ONEP a matsayin madatta kanta ta kamfanin jiha don zama babbar hukuma wajen bunkasa ababen more rayuwa, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fannin ruwan sha.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Ayyukan ONEP sun hada da sanya ido kan kwangilar ayyukan SODECI, yayin da ma'aikatu ke rike da alhakin manufofin fannin, mallakar ababen more rayuwa, amincewa da kudaden fito da kuma tsare-tsare dabarun aiki.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa sun ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin hukuma daban. ONAD ce ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa kuma ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin tabbatar da dorewa da wadatar samun damar tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ga al'ummar kasa.<ref name="ONADPresentation" /> == Alhakin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli == === Manufofi da ka'idoji === Ma'aikatar Ruwa, Tsabtace Muhalli da Tsafta ce ke da alhakin manufofi a fannin ruwan sha, tsabtace muhalli da tsaftar jama'a. Shafinta na hukuma ya gabatar da aikin ta na ruwa a matsayin bunkasawa da tabbatar da samun ruwan sha ga al'umma a Côte d'Ivoire, yayin da aikinta na tsabtace muhalli ya shafi bunkasawa da aiwatar da manufofin tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="MINHAS">{{cite web |title=Accueil - MINHAS |url=https://salubrite.gouv.ci/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Ministère de l'Hydraulique, de l'Assainissement et de la Salubrité}}</ref> ONEP ita ce babbar hukumar gwamnati don bunkasa ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sha, sarrafa kadarori da sanya ido kan fanni. Tana kula da jarin fannin ruwa da tsare-tsaren ayyuka tare da SODECI.<ref name="Aquaya2025" /> Bankin Duniya ya lura da iyakancewar hukumomi a fannin, gami da cewa ONEP a tarihi ta sami raba kudi daga gwamnati a matsayin wakiliyar manajan aikin yayin da ba ta da ikon mallakar kadarori ta fuskar doka.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> === Samar da sabis === SODECI ita ce babbar mai gudanar da ruwa a birane. Tana gudanar da ayyukan ruwan sha karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki da jiha kuma ta dade tana taka rawa ta tsakiya wajen rarraba ruwa a biranen kasar.<ref name="EconomyPortalWater">{{cite web |date=22 October 2025 |title=Drinking water |url=https://www.economie-ivoirienne.ci/en/activites-sectorielles/drinking-water.html |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Information and Promotion Portal for the Ivorian Economy}}</ref> Ana gudanar da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da magudanun ruwa ta hanyar ONAD da sauran tsare-tsaren gwamnati da masu zaman kansu. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa an kuma ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da tsarin magudanun ruwa a Abidjan ta hanyar kwangilar hayar kayayyaki daban da kwangilar ayyukan ruwanta.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> ONAD ta bayyana cewa alhakinta ya hada da tsabtace muhalli a birane, kewayen birane da yankunan karkara, gami da ababen more rayuwa na tattara ruwan sama don rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da gurbataccen ruwa da kuma kawar da bayan gida a sarari a yankunan karkara.<ref name="ONADMission">{{cite web |title=Mission et objectifs of the National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://onad.ci/en/mission-et-objectifs-of-the-national-office-of-sanitation-and-drainage-of-cote-divoire/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> == Samar da Ruwa a Birane == Samar da ruwa a birane a tarihi ya dogara ne kan tsarin sabis na kasa, inda SODECI ke gudanar da tsarin ruwa yayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da alhakin manufofi, mallakar kadarori da tsara jari. Sau da yawa ana ambaton tsarin a matsayin daya daga cikin sanannun tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a fannin samar da ruwa a Afirka.<ref name="Fall2009" /> Jari na baya-bayan nan ya mayar da hankali ne kan fadada samarwa, ajiya da rarrabawa a birane da manyan garuruwa dake biye da babban birni. Aikin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a birane, wanda kuma aka sani da gajertaccen suna na Faransanci PREMU, yana da sabon buri na kara samun dama da ingancin ayyukan ruwa, kara samun damar tsabtace muhalli a zababbun birane da kuma inganta tsare-tsare da sanya ido kan fannin ruwa na birane.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024">{{cite report |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099040224142546352/pdf/P1567391c8d4560bf1a7ff1f1875afa2e9b.pdf |title=Côte d'Ivoire Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project |date=30 April 2024 |publisher=World Bank |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> Tun daga watan Maris na shekarar 2024, takardun aikin Bankin Duniya sun ruwaito cewa mutane 1,748,020 sun riga sun amfana da ingantattun ayyukan samar da ruwa ta hanyar PREMU, wanda hakan ya zarce ainihin burin aikin. Aikin ya kuma hada da sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa na famfo na gidaje, sake kunna hanyoyin sadarwa na gidaje da suka daina aiki, karin karfin samarwa, ajiyar ruwa da hanyoyin rarraba ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> == Samar da Ruwa a Karkara == Samar da ruwa a karkara ya kasance babban kalubale. Al'ummomin karkara galibi suna dogara ne ga rijiyoyin burtsatse, kananan tsarin famfo, rijiyoyin da aka kare da kuma tsarin ruwa na gida. Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa gwamnati tana da niyyar yin amfani da tsarin hadin gwiwar kauyuka da yawa a matsayin tsohuwar hanyar samar da ruwa a karkara, inda za a hada kauyuka har guda biyar a cikin tsari guda daya idan mai yiwuwa ne.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yankunan arewa sune kan gaba saboda hadarin karancin ruwa, karancin samun ayyuka da kuma karuwar jama'a. Aikin Tallafawa Tsaron Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli shine aiki na farko dake tallafawa aiwatar da Dabarun Tsaron Ruwa na Kasa zuwa shekarar 2030 kuma ya fara mayar da hankali kan yankunan arewa guda 11.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Aikin yana da nufin karfafa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma kara samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a zababbun yankuna.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Mata da 'yan mata galibi nisa da lokacin da ake amfani da shi wajen dibar ruwa a al'ummomin karkara ke shafar su. Aikin na Bankin Duniya ya kunshi wani ma'uni kan mata a yankunan karkara da ke amfani da fiye da mintuna 30 a rana wajen dibar ruwa, wanda hakan ke nuna yanayin zamantakewa na samun ruwa a karkara.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Tsabtace Muhalli da Gurbataccen Ruwa == Tsabtace muhalli a Kodibuwa ya hada da magudanun ruwa na bayan gida, magudanun ruwa na sama, tsabtace muhalli na gida da kuma sarrafa lakar bayan gida. A Abidjan, an ba SODECI kwangilar gudanar da ayyukan magudanun ruwa na bayan gida karkashin yarjejeniyar hayar kayayyaki, yayin da ONAD ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli da ayyukan magudanun ruwa gaba daya.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Yawancin mutane sun dogara ga wuraren tsabtace muhalli na daidaikun mutane kamar su bandakunan rami da tankunan bayan gida na zamani. Wadannan suna bukatar kwashewa da magani cikin aminci, amma ayyukan lakar bayan gida suna da rauni ko kuma babu su a wurare da yawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa galibi ana zubar da gurbataccen ruwan da ba a tace ba a cikin gawarwakin halitta ko yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a, tare da mummunan tasiri ga halittu da lafiyar dan adam.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Sarkokin ayyukan tsabtace muhalli suna bukatar karfafa tun daga killacewa a gida zuwa kwashewa, sufuri, magani da sake amfani ko zubarwa cikin aminci. Ana kula da tsabtace muhalli a karkara ta hanyar tsarin dake cikin ma'aikatar da ke da alhakin tsabtace muhalli, gami da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli da tsafta a karkara wadanda ke amfani da ka'idojin kasa don gina bandakuna da kulawa.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> == Lafiyar Jama'a da WASH == Tsabtace muhalli da amincin ruwan sha yana da alaka da hadarin lafiyar jama'a. A watan Yunin shekarar 2025, Kodibuwa ta sanar da bullar cutar kwalara bayan an tabbatar da bullar cutar da mace-mace a Vridi Akobrate, kusa da Abidjan. Hukumar dillacin labarai ta Associated Press ta ruwaito kaddamar da roko daga hukumomin lafiya cewa mutane su sha tsaftataccen ruwa, su guji amfani da buhunan ruwa marasa kyau da ake sayarwa a kan tituna, kuma su wanke hannayensu akai-akai yayin da cutar ta bulla.<ref name="APCholera2025">{{cite news |date=5 June 2025 |title=Ivory Coast announces cholera outbreak after 7 deaths |url=https://apnews.com/article/cholera-outbreak-ivory-coast-c352ad634488ee4bc9341b5b3472e796 |access-date=6 June 2026 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasa da kasa da ta Crescent ta ruwaito cewa kungiyoyin Red Cross sun gudanar da ayyukan rigakafin cutar kwalara a Vridi Ako bayan bullar cutar a shekarar 2025, gami da wayar da kan al'umma kan ruwa mai aminci, tsafta da ayyukan tsabtace muhalli.<ref name="IFRCCholera2025">{{cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=Cholera in Côte d'Ivoire: At a bustling waterside hub, Red Cross takes cholera prevention door to door |url=https://www.ifrc.org/article/cholera-cote-divoire-bustling-waterside-hub-red-cross-takes-cholera |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies}}</ref> == Magudanun Ruwa da Sarrafa Ambaliyar Ruwa == Magudanun ruwa na birane yana da alaka da tsabtace muhalli, gurbataccen ruwa da kuma shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa. ONAD ta gano ababen more rayuwa na magudanun ruwa da rigakafin ambaliyar ruwa a matsayin wani bangare na alhakinta na tsabtace muhalli a birane.<ref name="ONADMission" /> Haka kuma tana gudanar da sadarwa ga jama'a kan batutuwa kamar hana gini a hanyoyin ruwa da kuma dakatar da zubar da shara a cikin magudanun ruwa.<ref name="ONADHome">{{cite web |title=Sanitation of the city of Abidjan |url=https://onad.ci/en/ |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire}}</ref> Ambaliyar ruwa da rashin kyawun magudanun ruwa babban abin damuwa ne na ayyukan birane, musamman a Abidjan da sauran birane masu tasowa. Katsewar magudanun ruwa, gine-ginen karkara marasa tsari, rashin isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwan sama da kuma rashin kyawun sarrafa shara na iya tsananta hadarin ambaliyar ruwa a birane da kuma bayyanar da rashin tsabtace muhalli. == Kudade da Jari == Babban jarin ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a Kodibuwa ya sami tallafi daga gwamnati da abokan hulɗar ci gaba. Bankin Duniya ya amince da rancen dala miliyan 50 don Aikin Samar da Ruwa na Birane a shekarar 2016 sannan daga baya ya amince da dala miliyan 150 a matsayin ƙarin kuɗi don aikin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a birane.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> Aikin ya ba da kuɗi don samar da ruwa a birane, tsabtace muhalli a birane, ƙarfafa fannin ruwa na birane da kuma sarrafa aikin.<ref name="WorldBankPREMU2024" /> A shekarar 2019, Bankin Duniya ya sanar da ƙarin kuɗi dala miliyan 150 don Mataki na Biyu na Aikin Samar da Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli a Birane. Kuɗaɗen an yi niyyar amfani da su ne don inganta damar samun ingantaccen ruwan sha, gina ko gyara wuraren tsafta a makarantu da kuma samar da ayyukan ruwa ga mutane sama da miliyan ɗaya a manyan birane 12 na daban.<ref name="WorldBankPREMUNews2019">{{cite press release |title=Côte d'Ivoire Receives $150 million to Improve Water Supply and Sanitation Services in 12 Secondary Cities |date=27 June 2019 |publisher=World Bank |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/06/27/cote-divoire-receives-150-million-to-improve-water-supply-and-sanitation-services-in-12-secondary-cities |access-date=6 June 2026 |archive-date=15 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615023908/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/06/27/cote-divoire-receives-150-million-to-improve-water-supply-and-sanitation-services-in-12-secondary-cities |url-status=dead }}</ref> Haka kuma Bankin Duniya ya ruwaito cewa Gwamnatin Côte d'Ivoire tana aiwatar da Tsarukan Ci Gaban Kasa na 2021–2025, wanda ke da nufin inganta damar samun ruwa, wutar lantarki, lafiya, kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma ayyukan yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na sauye-sauyen tsari mai faɗi.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage" /> == Haɗin Gwiwar Kasashen Waje == Haɗin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa a fannin ya haɗa da tallafi daga Bankin Duniya, UNICEF, Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka (African Development Bank) da sauran abokan haɗin gwiwa. Bankin Duniya ya ba da kuɗaɗen ayyuka a fannin samar da ruwa a birane, tsabtace muhalli, tsara fannoni da tsaron ruwa.<ref name="WorldBankCountryPage" /><ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> UNICEF tana tallafawa shirye-shiryen ruwa, tsabtace muhalli da tsafta (WASH), gami da ayyuka kan tsabtace muhalli, tsafta da rage yin bayan gida a sarari.<ref name="UNICEFAnnual2024" /> == Kalubale == Manyan ƙalubale sun haɗa da samun ruwa a karkara, bayan gida a sarari, ƙarancin tsabtace muhalli da ake sarrafawa cikin aminci, raunin sarrafa lakar bayan gida, gurɓataccen ruwan sha, matsalolin magudanun ruwa, haɗarin yanayi da kuma rashin daidaiton yanki. Gibin tsabtace muhalli yana da matukar muhimmanci saboda gurbataccen sharar da ba a tace ba na iya gurɓata gawarwakin ruwa da kuma rage inganci da yawan ruwan sha mai daɗi da ake da shi don sauran amfani.<ref name="WorldBankPASEA2024" /> Damuwar tsaron ruwa tana da matukar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan ƙasar da ke cikin haɗari. Kungiyar Tsabtace Muhalli da Ruwa ga Kowa (Sanitation and Water for All) ta bayyana cewa Kodibuwa ta ƙaddamar da shirin shekaru biyar wanda ya haɗa albarkatun ruwa, samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli a yankunan ƙasar da suka fi fuskantar haɗari.<ref name="SWACotedIvoire">{{cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire |url=https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/partners/countries-map/cote-divoire |access-date=6 June 2026 |publisher=Sanitation and Water for All}}</ref> Ƙalubalen ruwa a karkara yana da alaƙa da nisa, amincin yanayi, kulawa da kuma buƙatar manyan tsarin haɗin gwiwar ƙauyuka da yawa. Ƙalubalen birane sun haɗa da faɗaɗa samar da ruwa, inganta hanyoyin rarraba ruwa, kiyaye matsin lamba, haɗa gidajen masu ƙaramin ƙarfi, sarrafa gurbataccen ruwa da kuma rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa ta hanyar ingantattun magudanun ruwa. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Mahadun waje == * Ministry of Hydraulics, Sanitation and Salubrity * National Office of Sanitation and Drainage of Côte d'Ivoire * WHO/UNICEF JMP household WASH data [[Category:Water supply and sanitation by country]] idlx2z24oc45zwpa9tp3uw9bd32ce8x 0 158595 963862 861083 2026-10-06T13:25:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin zuwa aiki''' wani tsari ne na rashin zuwa aiki ba tare da wani dalili mai kyau ba. Gabaɗaya, rashin zuwa aiki yana nufin rashin zuwa aiki ba tare da wani shiri ba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=December 1999 |title=Workplace attendance and absenteeism |url=https://www.racp.edu.au/docs/default-source/faculties-library/workplace-attendance-and-absenteeism.pdf?sfvrsn=4 |journal=The Australasian Faculty of Occupational Medicine |access-date=14 December 2017}}</ref> Ana kallon rashin zuwa aiki a matsayin alamar rashin aikin mutum mara kyau, da kuma karya kwangila tsakanin ma'aikaci da ma'aikaci. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matsalar gudanarwa, kuma an tsara shi ta hanyar tattalin arziki ko tattalin arziki. Sabbin guraben karo ilimi suna neman fahimtar rashin zuwa aiki a matsayin alamar daidaitawar tunani, likita, ko zamantakewa ga aiki. == Wurin Aiki == Yawan rashin zuwa aiki a wurin aiki na iya nuna ƙarancin kwarin gwiwa ga ma'aikata, amma kuma yana iya faruwa ne sakamakon haɗarin wurin aiki ko kuma [[Ciwon gini mara lafiya|rashin lafiyar ginin jiki]] . Ma'auni kamar Bradford factor, kayan aiki na auna rashin zuwa aiki wanda ya yi imanin cewa rashin zuwa aiki na ɗan lokaci da ba a tsara ba yana shafar ƙungiyar ma'aikata fiye da rashin zuwa aiki na dogon lokaci, ba sa bambanta tsakanin rashin zuwa aiki saboda dalilan rashin lafiya na gaske da rashin zuwa aiki saboda dalilai marasa alaƙa da rashin lafiya. A cikin 2016, CIPD na Burtaniya ya gano cewa matsakaicin ma'aikaci yana da kwanaki 7.5 da ba ya zuwa aiki a kowace shekara, wanda ke da matsakaicin kuɗin shekara na £595 ga kowane ma'aikaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2016 |title=2016 annual survey report of absence management |url=https://www.cipd.org/globalassets/media/knowledge/knowledge-hub/reports/absence-management_2016_tcm18-16360.pdf |website=CIPD}}</ref> Hanyoyin aunawa ba daidai ba ne kuma sun ƙunshi duka, wanda ke haifar da sakamako mara kyau dangane da canje-canje da ake lura da su. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Genowska |first=Agnieszka |last2=Fryc |first2=Justyna |last3=Pinkas |first3=Jaroslaw |last4=Jamiolkowski |first4=Jacek |last5=Szafraniek |first5=Krystyna |last6=Szpak |first6=Andrzej |last7=Bojar |first7=Bojar |date=2017 |title=Social costs of loss in productivity-related absenteeism in Poland |journal=International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=917–932 |doi=10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01123 |pmid=28584315}}</ref> Sakamakon farashin rashin zuwa aiki, ma'aikata na iya jin dole su yi aiki yayin da suke rashin lafiya, kuma su aika da cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa ga abokan aikinsu. Wannan yana haifar da ƙarin rashin zuwa aiki da raguwar yawan aiki a tsakanin sauran ma'aikata. Ma'aikata kan yi wa rashin zuwa aiki saboda dalilai na lafiya idan ma'aikacin ya bayar da takardu masu tallafi daga likitansa. A Poland, idan ma'aikata da kansu, ko duk wanda ke ƙarƙashin kulawarsu, ciki har da yara da tsofaffi, ya yi rashin lafiya, ana iya neman hutun rashin lafiya. <ref name=":0" /> Tsarin tunani da ke tattauna wannan shine "tsarin janyewa", wanda ke ɗauka cewa rashin zuwa aiki yana wakiltar janyewa daga yanayin aiki mara gamsarwa. Wannan yana samun goyon baya na zahiri a cikin mummunan alaƙa tsakanin rashin zuwa aiki da gamsuwar aiki, musamman, gamsuwa da aikin da kansa. Abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin zuwa aiki na iya haɗawa da damuwa, damuwa da suka shafi iyali, al'adar aiki, ikon ma'aikata na yin aikin, da kuma dangantaka mai kula da aiki da kuma ƙarƙashinsa. <ref name=":0"/> Fahimtar rashin zuwa makaranta bisa ga likita ta samo goyon baya a cikin binciken da ke danganta rashin zuwa makaranta saboda dalilai na likita da matsalolin tunani da ɗabi'a, cututtukan tsarin narkewar abinci, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da cututtukan tsarin genitourinary. Wannan bai haɗa da ciki, haihuwa, da kuma lokacin haihuwa ba. Kuɗin wannan, a cikin Yuro, shine biliyan 7.43 a kowace shekara ga maza da biliyan 9.66 ga mata (Euro biliyan 6.7 bayan cire ciki, haihuwa, da kuma lokacin haihuwa). <ref name=":0"/> Bincike ya nuna cewa ana asarar sama da dala tiriliyan ɗaya kowace shekara saboda ƙarancin yawan aiki sakamakon rashin zuwa makaranta da ya shafi likita. Layin da ke tsakanin dalilin tunani da na likita ba shi da kyau, idan aka yi la'akari da cewa akwai alaƙa mai kyau tsakanin damuwa ta aiki da baƙin ciki, da rashin zuwa makaranta. Halin damuwa na iya kasancewa a bayan wasu rashin zuwa makaranta da aka danganta da rashin lafiyar jiki, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da "aiki mara lafiya da aka amince da shi a al'ada". Wannan ya sanya kalmar "rashin lafiya" kafin kalmar "rashin zuwa makaranta", kuma yana ɗauke da nauyi fiye da yadda aka saba bayarwa. Shaida ta nuna cewa rashin zuwa wurin aiki gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "halayyar da ba ta dace ba a wurin aiki." Misali, mutane suna da ra'ayin rashin zuwa wurin aiki mara kyau, waɗanda aka ba da rahoton rashin zuwa wurin aiki, kuma suna ganin cewa tarihin halartar wurin ya fi na takwarorinsu kyau. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=GAUDINE |first=ALICE |last2=GREGORY |first2=CONNIE |date=2010-07-12 |title=The accuracy of nurses' estimates of their absenteeism |journal=Journal of Nursing Management |language=en |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=599–605 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01107.x |issn=0966-0429 |pmc=7166775 |pmid=20636509}}</ref> Ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da rashin zuwa suna haifar da sakamako uku: ɗabi'ar a buɗe take ga ikon zamantakewa, mai la'akari da yanayin zamantakewa, kuma mai yuwuwar haifar da rikicin wurin aiki . Wata dabarar da kamfanoni ke amfani da ita don yaƙar rashin zuwa aiki ba tare da shiri ba ita ce ra'ayin biyan bashin lokacin rashin lafiya da ba a yi amfani da shi ba. <ref name=":1"/> Bugu da ƙari, manyan matakan jarin zamantakewa na aiki na iya rage rashin zuwa aiki. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Pihl-Thingvad |first=Signe |last2=Winter |first2=Vera |last3=Schelde Hansen |first3=Michelle |last4=Willems |first4=Jurgen |date=2022-11-11 |title=Relationships matter: how workplace social capital affects absenteeism of public sector employees |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2022.2142652 |journal=Public Management Review |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=1033–1060 |doi=10.1080/14719037.2022.2142652 |issn=1471-9037 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da cewa ana iya bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan jarin zamantakewa na aiki (ƙafa, haɗawa, haɗa kai tsaye-shugaba, da haɗa kai-tsaye-tsaye-tsaye), alaƙa da shugaban da ke kusa da kai da kuma manyan shugabannin gudanarwa (haɗi kai tsaye-shugaba da haɗin kai- <ref name=":2" /> '''Rashin zuwa aiki a ƙasashen waje sakamakon annoba''' Rashin zuwa aiki saboda rashin lafiya da nakasa ya ƙaru tun bayan barkewar cutar. Wuraren aiki masu lafiya suna da ƙarancin rashin zuwa aiki. Hutu mai albashi yana rage rashin zuwa aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Tom |date=19 December 2022 |title=Another Voice: Paid sick leave is needed now more than ever |url=https://buffalonews.com/opinion/another-voice-paid-sick-leave-is-needed-now-more-than-ever/article_5da1751e-7d6a-11ed-83e1-535ef24be719.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=Buffalo News |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103231656/https://buffalonews.com/opinion/another-voice-paid-sick-leave-is-needed-now-more-than-ever/article_5da1751e-7d6a-11ed-83e1-535ef24be719.html |archive-date=2023-01-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Gudanarwa === Rashin zuwa makaranta tsari ne na yau da kullun da ke da alaƙa da aikin motsin rai da tunani na mutum, amma akwai shawarwari don nemo hanyoyin magance matsalar. Kelley, et al. (2016) ya ce damuwa ta kai kashi goma sha biyu cikin ɗari na rashin zuwa aiki a wurin aiki a kowace shekara, wanda shine batun da kamfanin ke buƙatar ci gaba da sadarwa da ma'aikaci da kuma yin aiki don samun mafita. Babban misali na samun ci gaba a cikin kula da rashin zuwa aiki shine ƙirƙirar shirin taimakon ma'aikata (EAP), wanda shine "dabarun taimakawa ma'aikata su magance matsalolin da ke wajen aiki waɗanda ma'aikata ke kawowa wurin aiki" (Quinley, 2003). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2025)">cikakken ambato da ake buƙata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Wannan ba wai kawai ya shafi damuwa ba ne, har ma da wasu abubuwan da suka shafi lafiyar kwakwalwa waɗanda ma'aikata ke ganin sun cancanci a kula da su. ==== An shirya vs ba a shirya ba ==== Rashin zuwa aiki da aka tsara ya haɗa da lokacin hutu, ritaya, da hutun hutu. Waɗannan rashin zuwa aiki ba sa haifar da cikas ko kaɗan ga wuraren aiki saboda lokacin da aka ba su don yin aiki a kusa da rashin zuwa. <ref name=":1"/> Rashin shiri daga aiki ana bayyana shi a matsayin hutun da ba a tsara ko kuma wanda ake iya hasashensa ba. Ya haɗa da lokacin rashin lafiya, lokacin hutun rauni, yanayi na musamman, da rashin zuwa ba tare da izini ba. <ref name=":1"/> Rashin shiri ba tare da shiri ba yana nuna wani muhimmin abu game da lafiyar wurin aiki, gami da gamsuwa da jajircewar ma'aikata . <ref name=":1" /> Yawan rashin zuwa da jimillar kwanakin da aka rasa suna da alaƙa da matakan gamsuwar aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drakopoulos |first=Stavros A. |last2=Grimani |first2=Katerina |date=October 2013 |title=Injury-related absenteeism and job satisfaction: insights from Greek and UK data |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09585192.2013.777678 |journal=The International Journal of Human Resource Management |language=en |volume=24 |issue=18 |pages=3496–3511 |doi=10.1080/09585192.2013.777678 |issn=0958-5192 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == nhttpszgp9fd0a9bc0i5y0h2pdyv6gz 0 159865 963885 913909 2026-10-06T15:09:28Z ~2026-53845-99 49730 963885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:NupekoTV}}{{Infobox website|websitename=NupekoTv|name=NupekoTv|url={{URL|https://www.nupekotv.com}}|editor=Usman Haruna (Communicator) Editor-in-Chief|date_of_launch=2021|owner=Muhammed Alhaji Tauheed (Founder, CEO, Publisher)<br>Adam Santelli (Technical Director)<br>Uthman Qasim (Opinion Head)|premis=Nigeria|type=Online news platform|language=English}} '''NupekoTV''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''NupekoTV''' ko '''Nupeko TV''') kafar yaɗa labarai ce mai zaman kanta ta Najeriya wadda ke da hedikwata a Lafiagi, Ƙaramar Hukumar Edu, Jihar Kwara. An kafa ta a shekarar 2021 ta hannun '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed'''. Kafar tana wallafa labaran cikin gida da na ƙasashen duniya tare da sharhin al'amuran jama'a da kuma bunƙasa al'adun Nupe da na Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV.com: About Us - NupekoTV|url=https://www.nupekotv.com/p/about-us.html|website=NupekoTV}}</ref> Kafar tana gudanar da ayyukanta ne ta hanyar wallafa labarai a yanar gizo da sauran kafafen sadarwa na zamani. == Tarihi == An kuma kafa NupekoTV a shekarar 2021 ta hannun '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed''' domin samar da kafar yaɗa labarai mai zaman kanta da za ta mayar da hankali kan rahotannin labarai, harkokin jama'a da kuma bunƙasa al'adu. A shekarar 2026, NupekoTV ta kuma sake ƙaddamar da shafinta na yanar gizo domin faɗaɗa ayyukan yaɗa labarai ta hanyar dijital da kuma ƙarfafa aikin jaridar al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Relaunches Website to Strengthen Independent Community Journalism |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-relaunches-website-to-strengthen-independent-community-journalism |website=Factual Times |access-date=2026-06-26 |archive-date=2026-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260626161943/https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-relaunches-website-to-strengthen-independent-community-journalism/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == NupekoTV tana wallafa labaran cikin gida, na ƙasa da na ƙasashen duniya tare da maƙaloli, ra'ayoyi da bayanai masu amfani ga jama'a. Haka kuma tana ba da muhimmanci ga rahotannin da suka shafi yankin Kwara ta Arewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Relaunches Website to Strengthen Independent Community Journalism |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-relaunches-website-to-strengthen-independent-community-journalism |website=Factual Times |access-date=2026-06-26 |archive-date=2026-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260626161943/https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-relaunches-website-to-strengthen-independent-community-journalism/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kasancewa a kafafen sada zumunta == NupekoTV tana da shafuka masu aiki a kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook da YouTube, inda take yaɗa labarai da sauran shirye shirye ga masu bibiyarta. Har ila yau, kafar tana gudanar da rahotannin da suka shafi ci gaban al'umma tare da ba da muhimmanci ga batutuwan tsaro da shugabanci a yankin Kwara ta Arewa. == Jagoranci == Jagorancin NupekoTV ya haɗa da: * '''Mohammed Alhaji Tauheed''' — Wanda ya kafa kafar kuma Babban Darakta (CEO) * '''Usman Haruna''' — Mataimakin Babban Darakta (Sub CEO) * '''Mohammed Idris Shaaba''' — Mairubutu * '''Abdullahi Adam Santali''' — Mataimakin Mairubutu == Lambar yabo == A shekarar 2025, kungiyar Initial Language Legacy and Culture (ILLEC) ta karrama NupekoTV saboda gudummawar da take bayarwa wajen bunƙasa harshen Nupe da al'adunsa a Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=NupekoTV Gets Award for Promoting Nupe Language |url=https://factualtimesng.com/nupekotv-gets-award-for-promoting-nupe-language |website=Factual Times }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Shari'o'i da muhawara == NupekoTV ta shiga wasu shari'o'i da suka shafi 'yancin aikin jarida, waɗanda kafafen yaɗa labarai daban daban suka ruwaito. A wani lamari, wani kwamishina na Jihar Kwara ya shigar da ƙarar bata suna ta Naira miliyan 10 a kan kafar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara commissioner slams N10m lawsuit against media outlet over allegations of negligence |url=https://theinformant247.com/kwara-commissioner-slams-n10m-lawsuit-against-media-outlet-over-allegations-of-negligence |website=The Informant247}}</ref> Kungiyoyin kare aikin jarida da na farar hula, ciki har da ASKOMP, sun soki abin da suka bayyana a matsayin matsin lamba ga kafafen yaɗa labarai a Jihar Kwara.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASKOMP condemns govt official’s clampdown on media in Kwara |url=https://theinformant247.com/askomp-condemns-govt-officials-clampdown-on-media-in-kwara |website=The Informant247}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, wasu rahotanni sun ce an tsare wani ɗan jaridar NupekoTV bisa zargin bata suna, lamarin da jam'iyyun siyasa da ƙungiyoyin farar hula suka yi Allah wadai da shi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kwara PDP condemns Abdulrazaq’s govt over NupekoTV journalist’s remand, accuses it of silencing critics |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/16/kwara-pdp-condemns-abdulrazaqsa-govt-over-nupekotv-journalists-remand-accuses-it |website=SaharaReporters }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=TIB Movement condemns Kwara govt over NupekoTV journalist’s remand in prison, calls charges ‘malicious’ |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/15/tib-movement-condemns-kwara-govt-over-nupekotv-journalists-remand-prison-calls-charges |website=SaharaReporters}}</ref> Daga baya, wata kotu ta bayar da belin mawallafin NupekoTV a cikin shari'ar bata sunan da aka shigar a kansa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Court grants bail to NupekoTV publisher in defamation suit filed by Kwara commissioner Usman Lade |url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/10/21/court-grants-bail-nupekoTV-publisher-defamation-suit-filed-kwara-commissioner-usman-lade |website=SaharaReporters}}</ref> == Manufa == A cewar bayanan da kafar ta wallafa, manufar NupekoTV ita ce yaɗa labaran cikin gida da na ƙasashen duniya tare da bunƙasa al'adun Afirka da na al'ummar Nupe. == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.nupekotv.com Shafin yanar gizon NupekoTV] == Manazarta == {{reflist}} __FORCETOC____NOEDITSECTION____INDEX__ 1vbf4dypw1biz6e24nasm3929akdw4c 0 160568 964032 880306 2026-10-06T19:48:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Răzvan Gabriel Marin'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zvan_Marin</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1996) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Romania wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] a ƙungiyar Super League Greece AEK Athens da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Romania.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20201123003056/https://editorial.uefa.com/resources/0263-10de614232cd-de3927e3d25c-1000/unl_booking_list_before_md6.pdf</ref> Marin ya fara aikinsa na babban matsayi tare da Viitorul Constanța yana da shekaru 17, inda ya fara zama ɗan wasa na farko a ƙungiyar. Kwarewarsa ta sa ya koma ƙasar waje zuwa Standard Liège a farkon shekarar 2017, inda ya lashe Kofin Belgium a farkon kakarsa ta farko . A shekarar 2019, ya koma ƙungiyar Ajax ta Holland kan kuɗin da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 12.5, amma bai tilasta wa kansa ba, ya koma Cagliari a matsayin aro na farko. Marin ya fara buga wa Romania wasa a watan Oktoban 2016, bayan ya taɓa bugawa ƙasar wasa a matakin matasa da dama. Ya wakilci ƙasar a gasar UEFA Euro 2024, inda suka kai zagaye na 16 a matsayin waɗanda suka yi nasara a rukuni. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aiki da Viitorul Constanța === An haife shi a [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Marin ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa yana ɗan shekara shida tare da Pro Luceafărul na gida, kuma ya shiga makarantar koyon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Viitorul Constanța shekaru bakwai bayan haka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2016 |title=Povestea lui Răzvan Marin, noul puști-minune al naționalei României. Antrenorul care l-a descoperit: "La 10 ani avea calități de lider" |trans-title=The story of Răzvan Marin, new wonderkid of the Romania national team. The coach who discovered him: "He had leadership skills at the age of 10" |url=http://www.libertatea.ro/section/3/povestea-lui-razvan-marin-noul-pusti-minune-al-nationalei-romaniei-antrenorul-care-l-a-descoperit-la-10-ani-avea-calitati-de-lider-1621943 |access-date=21 January 2017 |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2013, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Steaua București a gasar La Liga ta 1 da ci 0-4. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2013 |title=Steaua – Viitorul Constanţa: 4–0 / A opta victorie din nouă meciuri pentru campioană |trans-title=Steaua – Viitorul Constanța: 4–0 / The eighth victory out of nine matches for the champion |url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/article.php?article_id=36146 |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Știrile TVR |language=Romanian}}</ref> Marin ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a wasan da suka doke CFR Cluj da ci 2-1 a ranar 15 ga Maris 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2015 |title=CFR Cluj - FC Viitorul 1-2. Răzvan Marin, fiul lui Petre Marin, a reuşit primul gol! |trans-title=CFR Cluj - FC Viitorul 1–2. Răzvan Marin, the son of Petre Marin, scored his first goal! |url=https://www.telekomsport.ro/video-cfr-cluj-fc-viitorul-1-2-razvan-marin-fiul-lui-petre-marin-a-reusit-primul-gol-17733751 |access-date=4 March 2018 |publisher=[[Telekom Romania|Telekom Sport]] |language=Romanian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172847/https://www.telekomsport.ro/video-cfr-cluj-fc-viitorul-1-2-razvan-marin-fiul-lui-petre-marin-a-reusit-primul-gol-17733751 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2016, yana da shekaru 20 kacal, jaridar yau da kullun ''ta Gazeta Sporturilor'' ta sanar da cewa ya zo na uku don kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Romania na 2016. A lokacin da yake Constanța, Marin ya tara jimillar wasanni 85 da kwallaye goma. === Standard Liège === A ranar 20 ga Janairu 2017, Marin ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu da rabi tare da ƙungiyar Standard Liège ta ƙasar Belgium. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2017 |title=Razvan MARIN joins the "Rouches" |url=http://www.standard.be/nouvelles-2/lire/~razvan-marin-joins-the-aurouches-ay.htm?lng=en#.WIILqcuxXqB |access-date=20 January 2017 |publisher=Standard Liège |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201233812/http://www.standard.be/nouvelles-2/lire/~razvan-marin-joins-the-aurouches-ay.htm?lng=en#.WIILqcuxXqB |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2017 |title=Răzvan Marin, prezentat oficial la Standard Liege! |trans-title=Răzvan Marin, official presentation at Standard Liège! |url=http://www.digisport.ro/Sport/FOTBAL/Competitii/Belgia/Razvan+Marin+prezentat+oficial+la+Standard+Liege |access-date=20 January 2017 |publisher=[[Digi Sport (Romania)|Digi Sport]] |language=Romanian}}</ref> Jaridun Romania sun fara bayar da rahoton ƙimar canja wurin a kan Yuro miliyan 2.4, <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2017 |title=Au bătut palma! Răzvan Marin s-a înțeles cu o nouă echipă și astăzi semnează contractul » Suma uriașă primită de Hagi + prima reacție |trans-title=They agreed the deal! Răzvan Marin came to terms with a new team and will sign the contract today » Huge sum received by Hagi + first reaction |url=http://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/exclusiv-au-batut-palma-razvan-marin-s-a-inteles-cu-o-noua-echipa-si-astazi-semneaza-contractul-suma-uriasa-primita-de-hagi-prima-reactie-499516.html |access-date=20 January 2017 |language=Romanian}}</ref> inda Viitorul ta riƙe sha'awar da ba a bayyana ba game da ribar jarin da za a iya samu daga canja wurin a nan gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=Răzvan Marin a costat SUB două milioane de euro! Anunțul făcut de Viitorul |trans-title=Răzvan Marin cost less than two million! The announcement made by Viitorul |url=http://www.sport.ro/stranieri/razvan-marin-a-costat-sub-doua-milioane-de-euro-anuntul-facut-de-viitorul.html |access-date=3 March 2017 |publisher=[[Sport.ro]] |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya buga wasa na farko a rukunin farko na ƙungiyar Belgian First Division A kwanaki biyu bayan haka, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a minti na 80 a wasan da suka sha kashi 0-3 a hannun Club Brugge a Stade Maurice Dufrasne . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2017 |title=Sterk Club Brugge wint ruim in Luik en duwt Standard met de neus op de feiten |trans-title=Strong Club Brugge win easily in Liège and leave Standard to face the music |url=https://www.voetbalkrant.com/nl/wedstrijden/2017-01-22/standard/club-brugge/verslag |access-date=23 January 2017 |language=Dutch}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2017, Marin ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga ''Les Rouches'' a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Sint-Truiden . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2017 |title=Răzvan Marin a marcat un gol pentru Standard Liege în egalul, 2-2, cu St. Truiden |trans-title=Răzvan Marin scored a goal for Standard Liège in the 2–2 draw with St. Truiden |url=http://www.mediafax.ro/sport/razvan-marin-a-marcat-un-gol-pentru-standard-liege-in-egalul-2-2-cu-st-truiden-16226847 |access-date=9 April 2017 |publisher=[[Mediafax]] |language=Romanian}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Satumba, ya zura kwallo daya sannan ya taimaka aka ci kwallo a wasan da suka doke Heist da ci 4-0 a gasar cin kofin Belgium ; <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2017 |title=Gol spectaculos reuşit de Răzvan Marin! Românul a oferit şi o pasă de gol în victoria din Cupa Belgiei |trans-title=Amazing goal scored by Răzvan Marin! The Romanian also offered an assist in the Belgian Cup victory |url=http://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/campionate-externe/video-gol-spectaculos-reusit-de-razvan-marin-romanul-a-oferit-si-o-pasa-de-gol-in-victoria-din-cupa-belgiei-16736840 |access-date=23 September 2017 |publisher=[[ProSport]] |language=Romanian}}</ref> a watan Disamba, ya zura kwallo a wasannin gasar da suka fafata da Waasland-Beveren, Sint-Truiden da Kortrijk . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2017 |title=Răzvan Marin este de neoprit! A marcat al treilea gol în ultimele patru meciuri » Standard rămâne fără victorie în ultimele 5 meciuri din campionat |trans-title=Razvan Marin is unstoppable! He scored his third goal in the last four games » Standard remains without victory in the last 5 league matches |url=http://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/video-razvan-marin-este-de-neoprit-a-marcat-al-treilea-gol-in-ultimele-patru-meciuri-standard-ramane-fara-victorie-in-ultimele-5-meciuri-din-campionat-529081.html |access-date=4 March 2018 |language=Romanian}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 2018, Marin ya zura kwallon karshe ta nasara 3-0 a kan Lokeren mintuna biyu kacal bayan ya maye gurbin Gojko Cimirot . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2018 |title=GOOOL Răzvan Marin! Românul a intrat pe teren de pe bancă şi a marcat în minutul 90 |trans-title=GOAL Răzvan Marin! The Romanian came from the bench and scored in the 90th minute |url=http://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/goool-razvan-marin-romanul-a-intrat-pe-teren-de-pe-banca-si-a-marcat-in-minutul-90-video-16969581 |access-date=3 February 2018 |publisher=ProSport |language=Romanian}}</ref> Wata daya bayan haka, ya taimaka wa dukkan kwallayen da kungiyarsa ta zura a raga yayin da suka ci 3-2 a kan Mechelen, wasan gida inda ya kuma rasa bugun fenariti a karshen wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2018 |title=Răzvan Marin, un nou super-meci pentru Standard Liege. Spectacol în Belgia |trans-title=Răzvan Marin, another great match for Standard Liège. Show in Belgium |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/belgia/razvan-marin-un-nou-super-meci-pentru-standard-liege-spectacol-in-belgia-402220 |access-date=4 March 2018 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=Romanian}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Maris, ya kasance dan wasa na farko a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Belgium da Genk . Standard ta buga wa kungiyar Club Brugge wadda ta lashe gasar a gasar Belgian Super Cup a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2018, inda Marin ya sake kasancewa a cikin 'yan wasa goma sha ɗaya, duk da haka kungiyarsa ta sha kashi a wasan da ci 1-2. Ya buga wasansa na farko [[UEFA|a Turai]] ga Standard a wasan share fage na uku na [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai]] da kungiyar Ajax ta Holland a zagaye na biyu na gasar, a ranar 7 ga Agusta. Daga nan Marin ya buga dukkan wasanni shida a matakin rukuni na gasar UEFA Europa League, yayin da kungiyarsa ta kare a matsayi na uku a bayan [[Sevilla FC|Sevilla]] da FC Krasnodar . Kyakkyawan rawar da Marin ya taka a tsawon shekarar ya sa ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan kwallon Romania a gasar ''Gala Fotbalului Românesc'' ta 2018, a ranar 3 ga Disamba. <ref name="GFR_RFY_2018">{{Cite web |date=3 December 2018 |title=Răzvan Marin a fost ales jucătorul anului la Gala Fotbalului Românesc. Dan Ștefănescu, cel mai bun comentator |trans-title=Răzvan Marin has been chosen the Footballer of the Year at the ''Gala Fotbalului Românesc''. Dan Ștefănescu, the Best Commentator |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/razvan-marin-a-fost-ales-jucatorul-anului-la-gala-fotbalului-romanesc-lista-castigatorilor-569344 |access-date=3 December 2018 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=Romanian}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga wannan watan, ya kare a matsayi na biyu a wannan kofi da jaridar ''Gazeta Sporturilor'' ta bayar. <ref name="GSP_RFY_2018">{{Cite web |title=Romania - Player of the Year Awards |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/roempoy.html |access-date=3 January 2019 |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> Marin ya zura kwallo ta farko a shekarar 2019 a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, a wasan da suka doke abokan hamayyarsa Anderlecht da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2019 |title=Răzvan Marin, gol de play-station în derby-ul cu Anderlecht. Nicio șansă pentru portar: "A tras cu tunul" |trans-title=Răzvan Marin, PlayStation goal in the derby with Anderlecht. No chance for the goalkeeper: "He took a cannon shot" |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/belgia/razvan-marin-gol-de-play-station-in-derby-ul-cu-anderlecht-nicio-sansa-pentru-portar-a-tras-cu-tunul-603019 |access-date=23 February 2019 |publisher=Digi Sport |language=Romanian}}</ref> === Ajax === A ranar 4 ga Afrilun 2019, an sanar da cewa Ajax ta sayi Marin kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar kan kudin canja wuri da aka ruwaito na Yuro miliyan 12.5, inda dan wasan zai shiga tawagar a lokacin bazara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Ajax sign highly-rated starlet Razvan Marin to replace Barcelona-bound Frenkie De Jong |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/transfers/ajax-razvan-marin-transfers-barcelona-frenkie-de-jong-news-a8855491.html |access-date=5 April 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Ajax contracteert Razvan Marin |trans-title=Ajax signs Răzvan Marin |url=https://www.ajax.nl/streams/actueel/ajax-contracteert-razvan-marin.htm |access-date=5 April 2019 |language=Dutch}}</ref> A lokacin, kudin shine na uku mafi girma da kungiyar Holland ta taba biya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2019 |title=Ajax bevestigt komst Roemeense aanwinst Marin |trans-title=Ajax confirms the arrival of Romanian Marin |url=https://www.ad.nl/nederlands-voetbal/ajax-bevestigt-komst-roemeense-aanwinst-marin~a5c0eeb9/ |access-date=5 April 2019 |language=Dutch |quote=''Marin is de op twee na duurste aankoop uit de geschiedenis van Ajax, na Miralem Sulejmani en Daley Blind.''}}</ref> === Cagliari === [[Fayil:Cagliari2425_(Răzvan_Marin).png|thumb|389x389px|Marin tare da Cagliari a shekarar 2024]] A ranar 31 ga Agusta 2020, Marin ya koma ƙungiyar Cagliari ta Italiya a matsayin aro tare da alƙawarin siye. A ranar 1 ga Yuli 2021, an sanya yarjejeniyar ta dindindin kuma Marin ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar da za ta ci gaba da kasancewa a ƙungiyar har zuwa 2024. Ƙungiyar ta biya Yuro miliyan 10 don cikakken canja wurin. A wasan farko na kakar wasa ta 2021-22, ya fara zura kwallaye a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1 a Coppa Italia da Pisa. ===Empoli=== A ranar 5 ga Yuli 2022, Marin ya koma Empoli a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa tare da zaɓin siye. A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2023, Empoli ta karɓi kwangilarsa kan Yuro miliyan 5. ===AEK Athens=== A ranar 23 ga Yuli 2025, Marin ya koma ƙungiyar Girka ta AEK Athens. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A watan Satumba na 2016, an zaɓi Marin mai shekaru 20 a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Romania don wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da Montenegro a 2018. A ranar 8 ga Oktoba, a wannan gasar, ya sami damar shiga gasar farko kuma ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka doke Armenia da ci 5-0 a waje. A ranar 7 ga Yuni 2024, an sanya Marin a cikin tawagar Romania don gasar UEFA Euro 2024. Bayan kwana goma, ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka doke Ukraine da ci 3-0 a wasan rukuni na farko, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga nasarar farko da kasarsa ta samu a gasar cikin shekaru 24. A ranar 26 ga Yuni, Marin ya zura kwallo a bugun fenariti a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Slovakia, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da Romania a matsayi na farko a rukuninta. Ya fara wasa a dukkan wasanni hudu, inda daga karshe Romania ta sha kashi 0-3 a hannun Netherlands a zagaye na 16. == Salon wasan == Yawanci ana amfani da Marin a matsayin ko dai ɗan wasan tsakiya ko kuma ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya, kodayake yana da ikon yin wasa a matsayi mafi girma a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari. == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mahaifin Marin, Petre, shi ma ɗan ƙasar Romania ne. Ɗan wasan baya ne, ya buga wa Steaua București da kuma National București da sauransu wasa. Ta hanyar mahaifinsa, Marin ɗan asalin Romani ne. == Ƙididdigar aiki == ===Kulub=== ''Kamar yadda aka buga wasan a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2026'' {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Bayyanar da kwallaye ta kulob, kakar wasa da gasa |- !rowspan="2"|Klub !rowspan="2"|Kakar wasa !colspan="3"|League !colspan="2"|Kofin ƙasa{{efn|Ya haɗa da [[Cupa României]], [[Cupa Belgium]], [[KNVB Cup]], [[Coppa Italia]], [[Cupa Football Cup|Cupa Greek]]}} !colspan="2"|Kofin League{{efn|Ya haɗa da [[Cupa Ligi]]}} !colspan = "2" | Nahiyar !colspan="2"|Sauran !colspan = "3" | Jima'i |- !Rarraba!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="5"|[[FC Viitorul Constanța|Viitorul Constanța]] |[2013–14 La Liga I|2013–14]] |[[Liga I]] |10||0||0||0||colspan="2"| |- |[2014–15 La Liga I|2014–15]] |Liga I |17||1||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||21||1 |- |[[2015–16 Liga I|2015–16]] |Liga I |28||3||3||1||1|0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||32||4 |- |[[2016–17 Liga I|2016–17]] |Liga I |20||4||0||0||0||0|2{{efn|name=UEL|Bayyanuwa a cikin [[UEFA Europa League]]}}||0||colspan="2"|—||22||4 |- !colspan="2"|Jimilla !75!!8!!5!!1!!3!!0!!2!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!85!!9 |- |rowspan="4"|[[Standard Liège]] |[[2016–17 Rukunin Farko na Belgium A|2016–17]] |[[Rukunin Farko na Belgium A]] |18||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||18||2 |- |[[2017–18 Rukunin Farko na Belgium A|2017–18]] |Rukunin Farko na Belgium A |33||4||6||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—|||39||6 |- |[[2018–19 Standard Liège kakar|2018–19]] |Ƙungiyar First Division ta Belgium |38||10||0||0||colspan="2"|—||8{{efn|Wasanni biyu a [[UEFA Champions League]], wasanni shida a gasar UEFA Europa League}}||0||1{{efn|name=BSC|Bayyanar a [[Belgian Super Cup]]}}||0||47||10 |- !colspan="2"|Jimilla !89!!16!!6!!2!!colspan="2"|—!!8!!0!!1!!0!!104!!18 |- |[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] |[[2019–20 kakar AFC Ajax|2019–20]] |[[Eredivisie]] |10||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—|4{{efn|name=UCL|Bayanan da suka fito a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA}}||0||1{{efn|name=DSC|Bayanan da suka fito a [[Johan Cruyff Shield]]}}||0||17||0 |- |[[Cagliari Calcio|Cagliari]] (rance) |[[2020–21 kakar Cagliari Calcio|2020–21]] |[[Series A]] |37||3||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"| |- |rowspan="3"|Cagliari |[2021-22 Cagliari Kalcio | 2021-22]] | Seri A |36||0||1||1||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"| |- |[2024-25 Cagliari Calcio kakar|2024-25]] |Seri A |33||3||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||35||3 |- !colspan="2"|Jimilla !69!!3!!3!!1!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!72!!4 |- |rowspan="3"|[[Empoli FC|Empoli]] (rance) |[[2022–23 Empoli FC kakar|2022–23]] |Serie A |33||2||1|0||colspan="2"|—|colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||34||2 |- |[[2023–24 Empoli FC kakar wasa ta 2023–24]] |Serie A |30||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||31||0 |- !colspan="2"|Jimilla !63!!2!!2!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!65!!2 |- |[[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]] |[[2025–26 AEK Athens F.C. kakar wasa ta 2025–26]] |[[Super League Girka]] |31||3||2||0||colspan="2"|—|15{{efn|name=CON|Bayyana a [[UEFA Conference League]]}}||4||colspan="2"|—||48||7 |- !colspan="3"|Jimillar aiki !374!!35!!22!!4!!3!!0!!29!!4!!2!!0!!430!!43 |} {{notelist}} ===Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa=== {{sabunta|wasan da aka buga a 2 ga Yuni 2026}}<ref name=EU>{{cite web|url=http://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=29550|title=Răzvan Marin|publisher=Turai Football|access-date=26 Maris 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Bayyanar da kwallayen ƙungiyar ƙasa da shekara |- !Ƙungiyar ƙasa!!Shekara!! Manhajoji!!Manufofi |- |rowspan="11"|[[Ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Romania ƙungiya|Romania]] |2016||4||1 |- |2017||5||0 |- |2018||5||0 |- |2019||7||0 |- |2020||4||1 |- |2021||11||0 |- |2022||8||0 |- |2023||8||1 |- |2024||13||8 |- |2025||7||1 |- |2026||3||0 |- !colspan="2"|Jimilla!!75!!12 |} :''Maki da sakamako sun jera jimillar kwallayen Romania da farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo ta Marin''.<ref name=EU/> {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Jerin kwallayen ƙasashen duniya da Răzvan Marin ya ci |- !scope=col|Alamar. !scope=col data-sort-type=date|Kwanan wata !scope=col|Wurin shiga !scope=col|Cap !scope=col|Abokin hamayya !scope=col|Maki !scope=col|Sakamakon !scope=col|Gasa |- |align="center"|1 | 8 Oktoba 2016 || [[Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium|Vazgen Sargsyan]], [[Yerevan]], Armenia || align="center"|1 || {{fb|ARM}} || align="center"|3–0 || align="center"|5–0 || [[2018 FIFA World Cup – UEFA Group E|2018 FIFA World Cup]] |- |align="center"|2 | 11 Nuwamba 2020 || [[Stadionul Ilie Oană]], [[Ploiești]], Romania || align="center"|24 || {{fb|BLR}} || align="center"|2–0 || align="center"|5–3 || [[Aboki (ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar)|Abokiki]] |- | align="center"|3 | 15 Oktoba 2023 || [[Arena Națională]], [[Bucharest]], Romania || align="center"|50 || {{fb|AND}} || align="center"|3–0 || align="center"|4–0 || [[UEFA Euro 2024 Group I | UEFA Euro 2024 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2024]] |- | align="center"|4 | 17 Yuni 2024 || [[Allianz Arena]], [[Munich]], Jamus|| align="center"| 56 || {{fb|UKR}} || ali ==Girmamawa== '''Viitorul Constanța''' *[[Liga I]]: [[2016–17 Liga I|2016–17]] '''Standard Liège''' *[[Belgian Cup]]: [[2017–18 Belgian Cup|2017–18]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2018/03/18/standard_victoriousinbelgiancupfinal-1-3165169/|title=Standard victorious in Belgian Cup Final|publisher=vrt|date=18 March 2018|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> *[[Belgian Super Cup]] runner-up: [[2018 Belgian Super Cup|2018]] '''Ajax''' * [[Johan Cruyff Shield]]: [[2019 Johan Cruyff Shield|2019]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://talksport.com/football/577434/ajax-frenkie-de-jong-matthijs-de-ligt-wonderkids/|title=Ajax have lost Frenkie De Jong and Matthijs de Ligt but a new batch of wonderkids are ready to fire them to glory|publisher=talksport|date=29 July 2019|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> '''AEK Athens''' * [[Super League Greece]]: [[2025–26 Super League Greece|2025–26]] '''Kai da kai''' *''[[Gazeta Sporturilor]]'' [[Romanian Footballer of the Year (Gazeta Sporturilor)|Romanian Footballer of the Year]] runner-up: 2018;<ref name="GSP_RFY_2018"/> third place: 2016;<ref name="GSP_RFY_2016"/> fifth place: 2021<ref name="winner_2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.gsp.ro/gsp-special/ideile-gazetei/gala-gsp-2021-649955.html#be5ff0|title=VIDEO GALA GSP 2021 » Gazeta a decernat Superlativele anului 2021 și a premiat 5 Legende: iată cine sunt laureații!|trans-title=VIDEO 2021 GSP GALA » ''Gazeta'' announced the Superlatives of the year 2021 and awarded 5 Legends: here are the winners!|newspaper=Gazeta Sporturilor|language=ro|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=21 December 2021}}</ref> *''Gala Fotbalului Românesc'' Romanian Footballer of the Year: 2018<ref name="GFR_RFY_2018"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] gpvfw8aqwkwj93656jjw32phm3pp8w1 0 160775 963958 889064 2026-10-06T17:53:57Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378273817|Thiago Pitarch]]" 963958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thiago Pitarch Pinar''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na kulob din La Liga [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Thiago Pitarch Pinar a Fuenlabrada, Spain kuma ya sami 'yan ƙasa biyu na Mutanen Espanya da Maroko kamar yadda kakansa ya fito ne daga Al Hoceima . <ref name=":1"> {{Cite web |last=Pacheco |first=Jorge |date=9 August 2025 |title=Quién es Thiago Pitarch, la joya de la cantera del Real Madrid que marcó un gol en su debut con Xabi Alonso |trans-title=Who is Thiago Pitarch, the jewel of the Real Madrid youth academy who scored a goal on his debut under Xabi Alonso |url=https://www.elespanol.com/deportes/futbol/20250805/thiago-pitarch-joya-cantera-real-madrid-marco-gol-debut-xabi-alonso/1003743875167_0.html |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=El Español |language=es}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Ayyukan matasa === Pitarch ya fara aikin matasa a makarantar [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]], inda ya shafe shekaru biyar. A shekara ta 2018, ya koma makarantar [[Getafe CF|Getafe]] inda ya zauna har zuwa 2022. Daga nan sai ya koma Leganés na kakar wasa daya kafin ya koma [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] a shekarar 2023.<ref name=":0"> {{Cite web |last=S. Tavero |first=Fernando |date=8 August 2025 |title=La sensación es Thiago Pitarch |trans-title=The sensation is Thiago Pitarch |url=https://as.com/futbol/primera/la-sensacion-es-thiago-pitarch-n/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809202551/https://as.com/futbol/primera/la-sensacion-es-thiago-pitarch-n/ |archive-date=9 August 2025 |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=Diario AS |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> A Real Madrid, Pitarch ya fara wasa a cikin Juvenil C team kafin ya yi tsalle zuwa Juvenil B gabanin kakar 2024-25. A watan Janairun 2025, kocin [[Arbeloa|Álvaro Arbeloa]] ya inganta shi zuwa Juvenil A, inda Pitarch ya zama mai farawa.<ref name=":2"> {{Cite web |last=Tamaral |first=Silvia |date=30 July 2025 |title=El Madrid se frota las manos con Thiago Pitarch |trans-title=Madrid rubs its hands with Thiago Pitarch |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2025/07/30/madrid-frota-manos-thiago-pitarch.html |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=MARCA |language=es}}</ref> Daga baya a watan Yulin 2025, an inganta shi zuwa Ƙungiyar ajiya su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveridge |first=Sam |date=20 August 2025 |title=Who Is Real Madrid Prodigy Thiago Pitarch? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/samleveridge/2025/08/20/who-is-real-madrid-prodigy-thiago-pitarch/ |publisher=Forbes}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2025 |title=Official: Real Madrid academy gem signs new contract with club |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/article/official-real-madrid-academy-gem-123000794.html |publisher=Yahoo! Sports}}</ref> === Ci gaban tawagar farko === A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun 2026, Pitarch ya fara bugawa a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa a lokacin dakatarwar 1-0 a kan Benfica a [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2026 |title=Benfica vs Real Madrid 0-1: Champions League playoff – as it happened |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/liveblog/2026/2/17/live-benfica-vs-real-madrid-champions-league-playoff |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haife shi a [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Spain|Spain]], Pitarch ya fito ne daga asalin [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Maroko]] ta wurin kakansa kuma ya cancanci buga wa Spain da Maroko wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pacheco |first=Jorge |date=9 August 2025 |title=Quién es Thiago Pitarch, la joya de la cantera del Real Madrid que marcó un gol en su debut con Xabi Alonso |url=https://www.elespanol.com/deportes/futbol/20250805/thiago-pitarch-joya-cantera-real-madrid-marco-gol-debut-xabi-alonso/1003743875167_0.html |website=El Español}}</ref> Ya buga wa Spain wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 ta 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2025 |title=Estos son los 21 futbolistas que defenderán a España en el Mundial Sub-20 de Chile |trans-title=These are the 21 players who will defend Spain in the Under-20 World Cup in Chile |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/estos-son-los-21-futbolistas-que-defenderan-espana-en-el-mundial-de-chile |website=[[Royal Spanish Football Federation]] |language=es}}</ref> == Hanyar wasa == Pitarch yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya. Yana iya haɗa layi, shiga cikin yankin don zira kwallaye, kuma yana da rarraba kwallon daidai a tsakiyar filin wasa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 23 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Sarki ! colspan="2" |[[UEFA|Turai]] ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Real Madrid C |2025–26 |Tarayyar ta Biyu |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- |Real Madrid Castilla |2025–26 |Tarayyar Farko |14 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |0 |- |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |2025–26 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |10 |0 |0 |0 |6{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 |0 |0 |16 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !26 !0 !0 !0 !6 !0 !0 !0 !32 !0 |} {{Notelist}} * Kungiyar Wasanni ta Turai ta kasa da shekaru 19 ta UEFA: 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2026 |title=2026 Under-19 EURO Team of the Tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under19/news/02a7-2118704726c7-538ae5e6641e-1000--2026-under-19-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=UEFA}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] abz6du6viz4qerum8ih2eegw4hsipqd 963991 963958 2026-10-06T18:51:20Z Khaleel767 49732 963991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thiago Pitarch Pinar''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na kulob din La Liga [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Thiago Pitarch Pinar a Fuenlabrada, Spain kuma ya sami 'yan ƙasa biyu na Mutanen Espanya da Maroko kamar yadda kakansa ya fito ne daga Al Hoceima . <ref name=":1"> {{Cite web |last=Pacheco |first=Jorge |date=9 August 2025 |title=Quién es Thiago Pitarch, la joya de la cantera del Real Madrid que marcó un gol en su debut con Xabi Alonso |trans-title=Who is Thiago Pitarch, the jewel of the Real Madrid youth academy who scored a goal on his debut under Xabi Alonso |url=https://www.elespanol.com/deportes/futbol/20250805/thiago-pitarch-joya-cantera-real-madrid-marco-gol-debut-xabi-alonso/1003743875167_0.html |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=El Español |language=es}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Ayyukan matasa === Pitarch ya fara aikin matasa a makarantar [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]], inda ya shafe shekaru biyar. A shekara ta 2018, ya koma makarantar [[Getafe CF|Getafe]] inda ya zauna har zuwa 2022. Daga nan sai ya koma Leganés na kakar wasa daya kafin ya koma [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] a shekarar 2023.<ref name=":0"> {{Cite web |last=S. Tavero |first=Fernando |date=8 August 2025 |title=La sensación es Thiago Pitarch |trans-title=The sensation is Thiago Pitarch |url=https://as.com/futbol/primera/la-sensacion-es-thiago-pitarch-n/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809202551/https://as.com/futbol/primera/la-sensacion-es-thiago-pitarch-n/ |archive-date=9 August 2025 |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=Diario AS |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> A Real Madrid, Pitarch ya fara wasa a cikin Juvenil C team kafin ya yi tsalle zuwa Juvenil B gabanin kakar 2024-25. A watan Janairun 2025, kocin [[Arbeloa|Álvaro Arbeloa]] ya inganta shi zuwa Juvenil A, inda Pitarch ya zama mai farawa.<ref name=":2"> {{Cite web |last=Tamaral |first=Silvia |date=30 July 2025 |title=El Madrid se frota las manos con Thiago Pitarch |trans-title=Madrid rubs its hands with Thiago Pitarch |url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/real-madrid/2025/07/30/madrid-frota-manos-thiago-pitarch.html |access-date=9 August 2025 |website=MARCA |language=es}}</ref> Daga baya a watan Yulin 2025, an inganta shi zuwa Ƙungiyar ajiya su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leveridge |first=Sam |date=20 August 2025 |title=Who Is Real Madrid Prodigy Thiago Pitarch? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/samleveridge/2025/08/20/who-is-real-madrid-prodigy-thiago-pitarch/ |publisher=Forbes}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2025 |title=Official: Real Madrid academy gem signs new contract with club |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/article/official-real-madrid-academy-gem-123000794.html |publisher=Yahoo! Sports}}</ref> === Ci gaban tawagar farko === A ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairun 2026, Pitarch ya fara bugawa a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa a lokacin dakatarwar 1-0 a kan Benfica a [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2026 |title=Benfica vs Real Madrid 0-1: Champions League playoff – as it happened |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/liveblog/2026/2/17/live-benfica-vs-real-madrid-champions-league-playoff |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haife shi a [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Spain|Spain]], Pitarch ya fito ne daga asalin [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Morocco|Maroko]] ta wurin kakansa kuma ya cancanci buga wa Spain da Maroko wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pacheco |first=Jorge |date=9 August 2025 |title=Quién es Thiago Pitarch, la joya de la cantera del Real Madrid que marcó un gol en su debut con Xabi Alonso |url=https://www.elespanol.com/deportes/futbol/20250805/thiago-pitarch-joya-cantera-real-madrid-marco-gol-debut-xabi-alonso/1003743875167_0.html |website=El Español}}</ref> Ya buga wa Spain wasa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 ta 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2025 |title=Estos son los 21 futbolistas que defenderán a España en el Mundial Sub-20 de Chile |trans-title=These are the 21 players who will defend Spain in the Under-20 World Cup in Chile |url=https://rfef.es/es/noticias/estos-son-los-21-futbolistas-que-defenderan-espana-en-el-mundial-de-chile |website=[[Royal Spanish Football Federation]] |language=es}}</ref> == Hanyar wasa == Pitarch yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya. Yana iya haɗa layi, shiga cikin yankin don zira kwallaye, kuma yana da rarraba kwallon daidai a tsakiyar filin wasa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Kididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 23 May 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Sarki ! colspan="2" |[[UEFA|Turai]] ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Real Madrid C |2025–26 |Tarayyar ta Biyu |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- |Real Madrid Castilla |2025–26 |Tarayyar Farko |14 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |0 |- |[[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] |2025–26 |[[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] |10 |0 |0 |0 |6{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 |0 |0 |16 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !26 !0 !0 !0 !6 !0 !0 !0 !32 !0 |} {{Notelist}} * Kungiyar Wasanni ta Turai ta kasa da shekaru 19 ta UEFA: 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2026 |title=2026 Under-19 EURO Team of the Tournament |url=https://www.uefa.com/under19/news/02a7-2118704726c7-538ae5e6641e-1000--2026-under-19-euro-team-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=13 July 2026 |website=UEFA}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ol9ifnutuhe1jjx0jq7d881o1a8h8wo 0 162146 963912 907064 2026-10-06T16:27:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Robert Scott Garrison''' (23 ga Janairu, 1960 – 27 ga Satumba, 2019) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka wanda aka fi sani da rawar Tommy a cikin fim ɗin ''The Karate Kid'' na shekarar 1984 da kuma kakar wasa ta biyu ta jerin ci gabansa ''Cobra Kai''. Garrison ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a shekarun 1970 kuma ya ci gaba da aiki a kai a kai a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990. Ya fito a cikin ''Brubaker'' (1980), ''The Karate Kid'' (1984), ''The Karate Kid Part II'' (1986) da ''Iron Eagle'' (1986). Haka kuma ya taka rawa a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin ''Coach'', ''St. Elsewhere'', ''MacGyver'' da ''Kung Fu: The Legend Continues''. == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Garrison a ranar 23 ga Janairu, 1960, kuma ya taso a Wheeling, West Virginia.<ref name=legacy>{{cite web |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/robert-garrison-obituary?pid=194017456 |title=Robert Scott Garrison: Kepner Funeral Homes Burke Chapel Obituary |access-date=2019-09-28 |date=2019-09-27 |publisher=[[Legacy.com]]}}</ref> == Aiki == Ya fara sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo ne a makarantar Wheeling Park High School, kuma ya taka ƙaramin rawa a cikin ''Starship Invasions'' (1977)<ref name="CNN">{{cite news |last=France |first=Lisa |title=Rob Garrison, 'Karate Kid' actor, dead at 59 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/27/entertainment/robert-garrison-obit/index.html |access-date=2019-09-28 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> kafin ya kammala karatu a shekarar 1978.<ref name=lwnr>{{cite web |url=https://www.theintelligencer.net/news/top-headlines/2014/12/stage-is-home-to-garrison/ |title=Stage Is Home to Garrison |access-date=2019-10-01 |last=Ayres |first=Eric |date=2014-12-05 |newspaper=[[The Intelligencer and Wheeling News Register]]}}</ref> Daga nan ya yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Ohio University da cikakken tallafin karatu, inda daga baya ya samu ƙaramin matsayi a matsayin fursuna a cikin fim ɗin gidan yari na [[Robert Redford]], ''Brubaker'' (1980).<ref name=lwnr/> Bayan ya kammala karatu daga Ohio University a shekarar 1982, an zaɓe shi ya taka rawar Tommy a cikin ''The Karate Kid'' na shekarar 1984, duk da cewa shi da [[William Zabka]] sun gwada shiga don rawar Johnny Lawrence.<ref name="lwnr" /><ref name="Variety">{{cite news |last1=Wheat |first1=Lorraine |title='The Karate Kid' Actor Rob Garrison Dies at 59 |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/rob-garrison-dies-dead-karate-kid-1203352113/ |access-date=2019-09-28 |newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=2019-09-27 |language=en}}</ref> Garrison ya sake taka wannan rawa a kakar wasa ta biyu ta jerin [[Netflix]] mai suna Cobra Kai a shekarar 2019.<ref name=rgtwitter>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/therobgarrison/status/1121411792956264455 |title=Rob Garrison@therobgarrison |access-date=2019-11-03 |last=Garrison |first=Rob |date=2019-04-25 |publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref name=reunion>{{cite journal |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/cobra-kai-reunion-episode/ |title='Cobra Kai' Season 2: About That 'Karate Kid' Reunion in Episode 6… |access-date=2019-10-21 |last=Topel |first=Fred |date=2019-04-27 |journal=[[/Film]]}}</ref><ref name=deadline/><ref name=radar/> An fi tuna halinsa Tommy daga ''The Karate Kid'' saboda furucin da ya yi, **"Samo masa jakar gawa! Ee!"**, a lokacin fafatawar ƙarshe tsakanin Daniel LaRusso na [[Ralph Macchio]] da Johnny Lawrence na [[William Zabka|Zabka]] a fim ɗin asali.<ref name="Rolling Stone">{{cite news |last1=Blistein |first1=Jon |title=Rob Garrison, Actor Who Played Tommy in 'The Karate Kid,' Dead at 59 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/rob-garrison-tommy-karate-kid-dead-891799/ |access-date=2019-09-28 |newspaper=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=2019-09-27}}</ref> Daga baya ya bayyana cewa wannan furuci ba ya cikin rubutun asali na fim ɗin: > "Shahararriyar jimlata, ban faɗe ta ba lokacin da ake ɗaukar fim. An saka ta ne watanni biyu bayan haka. Ina cikin ɗakin ɗaukar sauti tare da John Avildsen, sai ya ce yana buƙatar wani abu na kusan daƙiƙa biyu. Sai na ce, 'Samo masa jakar gawa!' a yunƙurina na farko. John ya ce, 'Wannan zai zama abin tarihi. Ba za a taɓa mantawa da kai saboda wannan jimla ba.'"<ref name=oralhistory>{{cite news |url=https://www.si.com/tech-media/2018/05/01/karate-kid-movie-oral-history-cobra-kai |title=The Crane Kick Is Bogus: A Karate Kid Oral History |access-date=2019-09-27 |last=Prewitt |first=Alex |date=2018-05-01 |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]]}}</ref><ref name=lwnr/> Garrison ya ci gaba da aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo a cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, inda ya fito a fina-finai kamar ''The Karate Kid Part II'' (fitowa ta musamman) (1986) da ''Iron Eagle'' (1986).<ref name="marvelmovies">{{cite news |title=What the Karate Kid Cast Looks Like Today |url=https://marvelmoviesnews.com/what-the-karate-kid-cast-looks-like-today |access-date=2019-10-01 |website=Marvel Movies |archive-date=2019-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928101222/https://marvelmoviesnews.com/what-the-karate-kid-cast-looks-like-today |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CNN"/> Haka kuma ya taka rawa a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin ''Coach'', ''St. Elsewhere'', ''MacGyver'' da ''Kung Fu: The Legend Continues''.<ref name=deadline>{{cite journal |url=https://deadline.com/2019/09/robert-garrison-dies-dead-karate-kid-actor-was-59-1202746785/ |title=Robert Garrison Dies: 'The Karate Kid' Actor Was 59 |access-date=2019-09-27 |last=Evans |first=Greg |date=2019-09-27 |journal=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref name=radar>{{cite journal |url=https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2019/09/karate-kid-robert-garrison-dies-health-battle/ |title=R.I.P. 'Karate Kid' Star Robert Garrison Dies After Long Health Battle |access-date=2019-09-27 |date=2019-09-27 |journal=[[Radar Online]]}}</ref> Ya fito a cikin bidiyon waƙar ƙungiyar No More Kings mai suna ''Sweep the Leg'' (2007), wanda ya yi barkwanci da ''The Karate Kid'',<ref name="musicvideo">{{cite news| url=https://www.gazettetimes.com/blogs/of-being-and-johnny-lawrence-sweep-the-leg/article_25cefe2c-c937-5dd9-8e04-8c92425d0103.html| title=Of Being and Johnny Lawrence (Sweep the Leg)| newspaper=[[Corvallis Gazette-Times]]| date=2018-03-10| author=Frye, Cory| access-date=2018-10-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260210225837/https://gazettetimes.com/blogs/of-being-and-johnny-lawrence-sweep-the-leg/article_25cefe2c-c937-5dd9-8e04-8c92425d0103.html| archive-date=2026-02-10| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="musicvideo2">{{cite news| url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/10/karate-kid-billy-zabka-cobra-kai-30th-anniversary| title='Karate Kid' villain Billy Zabka is still best friends with the Cobra Kais| newspaper=[[USA Today]]| date=2014-10-09| author=Strauss, Chris| access-date=2018-10-21}}</ref> sannan kuma ya fito a cikin ''The Pledge'' (2011) da gajeren fim ɗin ''The Static'', wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2016.<ref name="marvelmovies"/> Garrison ya kasance yana hulɗa da magoya bayansa ta kafafen sada zumunta, kuma ya sake taka rawar Tommy a kakar wasa ta biyu ta ''Cobra Kai'', wacce ta zama fitowarsa ta ƙarshe a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="Variety"/><ref name=CNN/> An sadaukar da gajeren girmamawa ga Garrison kafin fara rubutun ƙarshe na kakar wasa ta uku, kashi na farko na ''Cobra Kai'', mai taken ''Aftermath''. == Rayuwar sirri == A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, wasan kwaikwayo ba shi ne cikakken aikinsa ba, domin yana aiki a matsayin manajan gidan cin abinci.<ref name=lwnr/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2019/09/karate-kid-robert-garrison-dies-health-battle/|title=R.I.P. 'Karate Kid' Star Robert Garrison Dies After Long Health Battle|website=RadarOnline|date=2019-09-27 }}</ref> == Mutuwa == Garrison ya ci gaba da fitowa a kan mataki a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo na gida a Wheeling har sai lafiyarsa ta fara tabarbarewa. Ya rasu a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2019, yana da shekaru 59.<ref name="legacy" /><ref name="CNN" /> An kwantar da shi a wani asibiti a jihar West Virginia domin jinyar matsalolin ƙoda da hanta, inda ya shafe kusan wata guda a asibiti kafin gabobinsa suka daina aiki.<ref name="Variety" /> == Filmografi == === Fina-finai === *1977 ''Starship Invasions'' *1979 ''Search and Destroy'' *1979 ''Lost and Found'' *1980 ''Brubaker'' *1984 ''The Karate Kid'' *1984 ''Best Revenge'' *1986 ''Iron Eagle'' *1986 ''The Karate Kid Part II'' *1988 ''Human Error'' *1990 ''Hollywood Hot Tubs 2: Educating Crystal'' *2011 ''The Pledge'' === Talabijin === *1986 ''St. Elsewhere'' *1987 ''MacGyver'' *1988 ''Tour of Duty'' *1989 ''Columbo'' *1990 ''Coach'' *1995 ''Kung Fu: The Legend Continues'' *2019 ''Cobra Kai'' === Bidiyon kiɗa === *2007 ''Sweep the Leg'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1960]] [[Category:Mutuwan 2019]] i6cq4z6iyxde3zevvt7w1anjc0c8ea9 0 163320 964156 901541 2026-10-07T04:03:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sibylle Bergemann''' (29 Agusta 1941 - 1 Nuwamba 2010) ɗan Jamus mai daukar hoto ne. A shekarar 1990, ta kafa kamfanin daukar hoto na Ostkreuz tare. Ana tuna ta da rubuta abubuwan da suka faru a Gabashin Berlin a lokacin mulkin Kwaminisanci da kuma ayyukanta na ƙasashen waje a ''Stern'' sannan daga baya a ''Geo .'' == Rayuwar farko == Bergemann ya kammala karatun malaman addini a Gabashin Berlin tsakanin 1958 da 1960. Ta fara sha'awar daukar hoto yayin da take aiki a ma'aikatan edita na jaridar nishaɗi ta Gabashin Jamus mai suna ''Das Magazine'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kicken Berlin {{!}} Sibylle Bergemann |url=http://www.kicken-gallery.com/artists/sibylle-bergemann |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=www.kicken-gallery.com}}</ref> A shekarar 1966 ta fara karatun daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malamin jami'a Arno Fischer, wanda ya zama abokin aikinta na tsawon rai. <ref name=":0" /> == Aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto == Bayan ta fara bayar da gudummawa ga manyan mujallu na Jamus ta Gabas a lokacin, ''Das Magazine'' da ''Sonntag'', a farkon shekarun 1970, hotunanta sun fara bayyana a mujallar kayan kwalliya ta mata ''Sibylle'' inda ta ƙirƙiro salonta ba da daɗewa ba. Hotunanta ba na nazari ba ne, amma suna bayyana abubuwa, suna nuna mutane kamar yadda suke a rayuwa ta ainihi. Ta ci gaba da ɗaukar hotunan ƙasarta, Gabashin Jamus, daga baya kuma ta ɗauki hotunan sauran sassan duniya. A shekarar 1990, tare da [[Ute Mahler]] da Harald Hauswald, ta kafa hukumar Ostkreuz, wacce yanzu take wakiltar masu daukar hoto da dama. Wataƙila mafi mahimmancin gadon Bergemann shine jerin hotunan baƙi da fari da ta ɗauka na rayuwar yau da kullun a Gabashin Jamus yayin da take ci gaba a tsawon shekaru. Daga baya, ta tattara rahotannin hotuna game da birnin New York, Tokyo, Paris da [[São Paulo]] ; kuma kwanan nan, ta juya daga baƙi da fari zuwa launi, ta yi tafiya ta Afirka da Asiya a kan ayyukan ''Geo'' . <ref>[http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=576223 "Muere la fotógrafa alemana Sibylle Bergemann que documentó la vida en la RDA"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015020559/http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=576223 |date=2012-10-15 }}, ''ABC.es'', {{In lang|es}} 3 November 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.</ref> == Ganewa == A shekarar 1994, an gane baiwar Bergemann lokacin da ta zama memba na [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin]] . A cikin 2007, ta gudanar da nunin aikinta a gidan kayan tarihi für Photographie a [[Braunschweig]] . Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke birnin New York yana ɗauke da kwafi goma sha biyu na Bergemann. == Littattafai == === Bugawa daga Bergemann === * ''Polaroids.'' Berlin: Hatje Cantz, 2011. . Tare da rubutun Jutta Voigt, Bernd Heise, Frieda von Wild, da Arno Fischer. A cikin Jamusanci da Ingilishi. === Littattafai tare da gudummawa daga Bergemann === Wannan jerin bai cika ba. * ''Stadt Die.'' ''Vom Werden und Vergehen / Birnin.'' ''Zama da Rushewa.'' Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2010.{{ISBN|978-3-7757-2659-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2659-7|<bdi>978-3-7757-2659-7</bdi>]] . A cikin Jamusanci da Ingilishi. * ''Ostzeit.'' ''Geschichten aus einem vergangenen Land / Labarun Daga Ƙasar Bace.'' Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2010.{{ISBN|978-3-7757-2486-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2486-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-2486-9</bdi>]] . A cikin Jamusanci da Ingilishi. == Nune - Nune == * Tawayen Zamani na 2019–20: Mata Masu Zane-zane Masu Tsattsauran Ra'ayi a Bayan Labulen Karfe <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Medea Insurrection: Radical Women Artists Behind the Iron Curtain {{!}} Wende Museum |url=http://www.wendemuseum.org/programs/medea-insurrection-radical-women-artists-behind-iron-curtain |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=www.wendemuseum.org |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301211237/http://www.wendemuseum.org/programs/medea-insurrection-radical-women-artists-behind-iron-curtain |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] 0cozc3nmvypths9pmpgythsdgv8niyz 0 163374 963857 913822 2026-10-06T13:17:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ==Matsayi na shari'a da dokar aure == Aure shine tsarin da aka tsara inda matsayin mata daban-daban ya fi bayyana. Shekarar amincewa ta hukuma don aure ita ce 16 ga 'yan mata da 18 ga yara maza, kodayake auren yara na mata har yanzu yana ci gaba a wasu yankuna ba tare da sa hannun doka ba. Hanyoyin saki sun bambanta da jinsi, tare da saki da aka ba da kyauta ga maza. Mutum na iya saki matarsa ta hanyar cewa "kun sake aure" sau uku. Ana aiwatar da aikin a cikin kwanaki 30 ta hanyar yin rajistar saki tare da notary. Mata suna da damar samun tallafin kuɗi har zuwa shekaru biyu. Wasu mata, yayin da suke tattaunawa da mazajensu don saki, suna shirye su rasa taimakon kudi don musayar shi ya fara saki. Mata wani lokacin suna zaɓar wannan zaɓi saboda layin da ke cikin auren mata.<ref name="Overview">{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=Overview of Marriage and Divorce Laws in Egypt |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/egypt1204/3.htm |access-date=27 March 2014 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> A baya, ana buƙatar mata su tabbatar da kuskuren miji kafin a ba su saki. A shekara ta 2000, an yi wa dokar gyare-gyare ta hanyar "Dokar sake tsara wasu ka'idoji da hanyoyin shari'a a cikin batutuwan mutum", wani doka da aka yi hamayya sosai wanda ya fadada damar mata zuwa saki. A karkashin wannan sabuwar doka, mace za ta iya neman saki ba tare da tabbatar da kuskuren mijinta ba. Koyaya, irin wannan kisan aure, 'Khula', zai nufin raguwar haƙƙin kuɗi na mace. Dokar tana da ɗan sauƙi saboda tana ba da damar ma'aurata su bi ka'idodin kisan aure da aka kafa a gaba.<ref name="Overview" /> Mata har yanzu suna iya bin saki ta hanyar gargajiya inda dole ne a tabbatar da kuskuren miji. Wannan hanyar tana bawa mata damar samun karin hakkoki da kariya. Tare da rikice-rikicen siyasa na Masar da rikicewar shari'a, makomar haƙƙin mata a cikin aure (da sauran yankuna) ba ta da tabbas. Kungiyoyin Islama da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun nuna rashin amincewa da Dokar Khula. Wadannan kungiyoyi kuma suna adawa da kafa [[Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'o'in nuna bambanci ga mata|CEDAW]] (Kwamitin kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan nuna bambanci ga mata). Dokokin aure na Masar sun kuma ba da izinin Ma'aurata da yawa ga dukan maza Musulmai. Ba a ba da irin wannan alawus ga mata ba, kodayake mace tana da wasu maganganu game da ko mijinta ya ɗauki matar ta biyu ko a'a.<ref name="Philips">{{Cite web |last=Philips |first=Dr. Bilal |title=Islam's Position on Polygamy |url=http://www.islamswomen.com/marriage/islams_position_on_polygamy.php |publisher=Islam's Women – Jewels of Islam |access-date=2026-08-12 |archive-date=2017-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720163100/http://www.islamswomen.com/marriage/islams_position_on_polygamy.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kasancewa cikin siyasa == .<ref name="Coleman">{{Cite web |last=Coleman |first=Isobel |date=7 October 2013 |title=INSIGHT: Quotas and Women in Egyptian Politics |url=http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2013/10/insight-quotas-and-women-in-egyptian-politics-84510/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327112001/http://middleeastvoices.voanews.com/2013/10/insight-quotas-and-women-in-egyptian-politics-84510/ |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=8 April 2014 |publisher=Middle East Voices}}</ref> Bayan juyin juya halin da ya kori Mubarak, yawan mata a ofis ya ragu. Rahoton Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2013 ya bayyana cewa mata ne ke rike da mukamai 2.2% na majalisa.<ref name="Egypt">{{Cite web |title=Egypt |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/egypt-human-development-report-0 |access-date=8 April 2014 |publisher=Human Development Report}}</ref> A matsayin mahalarta siyasa, mata sun kasance masu aiki a cikin juyin juya halin Arab Spring, da kuma zanga-zangar da suka biyo baya da muhawara game da makomar al'ummarsu. Kimanin ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 55% na masu zanga-zangar mata ne kuma kusan kashi 60% na mutanen da suka jefa kuri'a a zaben da aka yi kwanan nan mata ne.<ref name="Bar'el">{{Cite web |last=Bar'el |first=Zvi |date=31 January 2014 |title=Trying to break through Egypt's political glass ceiling |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2014-01-31/ty-article/.premium/trying-to-break-through-egypts-political-glass-ceiling/0000017f-e235-d38f-a57f-e6773b1e0000 |access-date=8 April 2014 |publisher=Haaretz}}</ref> A farkon shekara ta 2014, an haɗa daidaito da kariya ga mata a cikin sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Masar, yana juyar da yawancin ƙuntatawa da gwamnatin Mohamed Morsi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta sanya. Kodayake ba a tabbatar da mata mafi ƙarancin kujeru a majalisa ba, an haɗa dokokin da ke hana nuna bambanci bisa ga jinsi. Bugu da kari, za a ba mata damar samun dama ga manyan mukamai na shari'a a karon farko.<ref name="Women's">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2014 |title=Women's Gains in the Egyptian Constitution of 2014 |url=http://www.agora-parl.org/news/womens-gains-egyptian-constitution-2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117011904/https://www.agora-parl.org/news/womens-gains-egyptian-constitution-2014 |archive-date=17 January 2018 |access-date=8 April 2014 |publisher=AGORA}}</ref> Wannan ya samar da tsarin doka don mafi girman daidaito tsakanin jinsi, kodayake tilasta zai tantance tasirinsa. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, Masar ta zabi shugabar jam'iyyar siyasa ta farko; Hala Shukrallah, Kirista ce ta Coptic, an zabe ta don wakiltar Jam'iyyar Tsarin Mulki.<ref name="Meet">{{Cite web |date=Feb 2014 |title=Meet Egypt's first female political party leader |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2014/02/22/Former-Egypt-VP-ElBaradei-s-party-votes-for-new-leader.html |access-date=8 April 2014 |publisher=Al Arabiya News}}</ref> == Ilimi == Yawan karatu da rubutu ga matasa (masu shekaru 15 zuwa 24) suna nuna wasu bambancin jinsi. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2011, yawan mutanen da suka iya karatu da rubutu sun kasance 93.2% na maza da 86.5% na mata. Wadannan lambobi sun karu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan yayin da Masar ta sanya hannun jari mafi girma a wannan bangaren.<ref name="UIS">{{Cite web |title=UIS Statistics in Brief: Egypt |url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=en&BR_Country=2200 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013231/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=en&BR_Country=2200 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=26 March 2014 |publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics}}</ref> Saboda ci gaba mai yawa a tsarin ilimi na Masar, ƙaramin ƙarni yana iya zama masu karatu fiye da tsofaffi. Ƙungiyar da ta fi fama da talauci ita ce matan karkara. Rahoton Ci gaban Dan Adam na 2006 (HDR) ya kiyasta cewa kashi 15% ne kawai na shugabannin gidaje mata a yankunan karkara suka iya karatu da rubutu.<ref name="Illiteracy">{{Cite web |date=8 March 2006 |title=Egypt: Illiteracy still rife among rural women |url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/26179/egypt-illiteracy-still-rife-among-rural-women |access-date=26 March 2014 |publisher=IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis}}</ref> Masar ta sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci wajen rage gibin ilimin firamare da sakandare tsakanin yara maza da mata. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, rabo na mata ga namiji ya kasance 0.96.<ref name="Middle">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Middle East and North Africa: Women in the Workforce |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/EXTMNAREGTOPPOVRED/0,,contentMDK:22497617~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:497110,00.html |access-date=27 March 2014 |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> Sabbin tsararraki na Masarawa sun sanya darajar da ta fi girma a kan ilimin mata fiye da baya. A shekara ta 2011 an kiyasta cewa daga cikin dalibai miliyan 2.6 da suka shiga makarantar sakandare, kashi 51% daga cikinsu mata ne. Wannan ya fi girma fiye da matsakaicin yankin Larabawa da na duniya na 24% da 29% bi da bi.<ref name="Education">{{Cite web |date=4 November 2013 |title=Education |url=http://wenr.wes.org/2013/11/education-in-egypt/ |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=World Education News and Reviews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517044318/http://wenr.wes.org/2013/11/education-in-egypt |archive-date=17 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Yankewar jima'i na mata (FGM) === Yankewar jima'i na mata, wanda kuma ake kira kaciya ta mata, ya haɗa da cire wasu ko duk jikin mace. Mafi tsanani - kuma mafi ƙarancin - siffofin sun haɗa da cirewa gaba ɗaya na al'aura da sutura daga farji har sai ƙaramin rami ne kawai ya rage don fitsari da jini na haila. FGM ya zama ruwan dare a Misira, tare da kimanin 90-97% na mata da ke fuskantar wasu nau'ikan tsari. Wannan aikin yana da zurfi a cikin al'ada kuma ya riga ya wuce [[Kiristanci]] da Islama. Babban manufarta ita ce kiyaye tsabtar rai, kodayake aikinta na zamantakewa yana da rikitarwa sosai. Dukkanin manyan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa suna ganin FGM a matsayin keta amincin jikin mace da lafiyar jima'i.<ref name="Against">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Violence Against Women in Egypt |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/vaw/ngocontribute/Egyptian%20Center%20for%20Women_s%20Rights.pdf |access-date=26 March 2014 |publisher=United Nations Egyptian Center for Women's Rights}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Female Genital Mutilation |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ |access-date=27 March 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Adadin matan da aka yi wa kaciya suna raguwa a cikin ƙananan shekarun. Daga cikin dukkan mata da aka bincika a cikin binciken 2011 na sama da mutane 15,000, kashi 75.5% na mata masu shekaru 10-29 sun bayar da rahoton kaciya. Wannan aikin ya fi zama ruwan dare a yankunan karkara inda kashi 83.7% na mata suka fuskanci kaciya. Duk da yake waɗannan lambobin sun fi ƙarancin shekarun da suka gabata, sun fi dacewa da ƙungiyar masu shekaru 10 zuwa 29 da aka bincika a cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2008. <ref name="Survey">{{Cite web |title=Survey of Young People in Egypt: Final report |url=http://www.popcouncil.org/uploads/pdfs/2010PGY_SYPEFinalReport.pdf |access-date=10 April 2014 |publisher=Population Fund}}</ref> Wannan zai nuna cewa duk wani raguwa a aikace ya ragu sosai ko kuma ya tsaya. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa yawancin masu amsawa, maza da mata, sun yi imanin cewa kaciya ta zama dole ga 'yan mata (64%). Yawancin maza (70.3%) sun yi imanin cewa ana buƙatar shi fiye da mata (57.6%). Bangaskiya a cikin aikin ya fi karfi a cikin ƙananan ƙididdigar samun kudin shiga kuma ya fi rauni a cikin ƙididdigari na sama. An dakatar da kaciya a Misira a shekara ta 2007. A shekara ta 2015 an yanke hukunci na farko don yin FGM. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8htsvlryc0c5eqlt9gw45sgfnlv5bw7 0 163782 964160 898181 2026-10-07T04:26:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Silvia Eugenia Arderius Martín'''(an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu ne na Sipaniya ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon hannu ta Erice da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Sipaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Silvia Arderius Profile |url=https://www.eurohandball.com/en/player/tJZmQpBD0TPY4mRQv0izAw/silvia-arderius-martin/ |access-date=3 November 2017 |publisher=[[European Handball Federation]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Silvia Arderius Profile |url=https://resultadosbalonmano.isquad.es/seleccion_jugadores_.php?genero=F&tipo=1# |access-date=2026-07-19 |website=Real Federación Española de Balonmano}}</ref>[a]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iglesias |first=Laia Diana |date=2026-07-18 |title=Silvia Arderius ficha por Handball Erice |url=https://www.balonmano.info/fichaje-arderius-erice-20265512743/ |access-date=2026-07-19 |website=balonmano.info |language=es}}</ref> == Nasarorin da aka samu == === Kungiyar === '''Super Amara Bera Bera''' * <nowiki><b id="mwKQ">Sashen girmamawa na mata na Mutanen Espanya</b></nowiki>: ** Wanda ya ci nasara: 2017-18, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Amara Bera Bera destrona al Mecalia Atlético Guardés {{!}} REAL FEDERACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE BALONMANO |url=https://www.rfebm.com/noticia/super-amara-bera-bera-destrona-al-mecalia-atl%C3%A9tico-guard%C3%A9s |access-date=2 August 2018 |website=www.rfebm.com |language=es}}</ref> 2019-20 * '''Kofin Sarauniya na Balonmano:''' ** Wanda ya ci nasara: 2017-18, 2019-20 '''Málaga Costa del Sol''' * <nowiki><b id="mwPw">Sashen girmamawa na mata na Mutanen Espanya</b></nowiki>: ** Wanda ya ci nasara: 2022-23 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-18 |title=Campeonas de Liga 2022/23 |url=https://www.bmmalagacostadelsol.com/2022-2023/glor1a |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Costa del Sol Málaga |language=es}}</ref> * '''Kofin Sarauniya na Balonmano:''' ** Wanda ya ci nasara: 2021-22 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-01 |title=¡Campeonas de la Copa de la Reina! |url=https://www.bmmalagacostadelsol.com/campeonas-de-la-copa-de-la-reina.htm |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Costa del Sol Málaga |language=es}}</ref> * Kofin Turai na EHF ** Wanda ya ci nasara: 2020-21 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-08 |title=¡¡¡CAMPEONAS!!! (31-28) |url=https://www.bmmalagacostadelsol.com/campeonas-31-28.htm |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Costa del Sol Málaga |language=es}}</ref> === Ƙungiyar ƙasa === * '''Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Jami'ar Duniya ta Mata:''' ** Wanda ya ci nasara: 2016 == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == * '''Kyautar Vicen Muñoz:''' ** Wanda ya ci nasara: 2013-14, 2016-17, 2021-22, 2022-23 * '''Sashen girmamawa na mata na Mutanen Espanya:''' ** Mafi kyawun tsakiya a baya: 2016-17 <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Gala del Balonmano Femenino 2017 alza el telón de la Temporada 2017/2018 {{!}} REAL FEDERACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE BALONMANO |url=https://www.rfebm.com/noticia/la-gala-del-balonmano-femenino-2017-alza-el-tel%C3%B3n-de-la-temporada-20172018 |access-date=2 August 2018 |website=www.rfebm.com |language=es}}</ref> ** Mafi kyawun mai zira kwallaye: 2016-17 <ref>{{Cite web |title=La Gala del Balonmano Femenino 2017 alza el telón de la Temporada 2017/2018 {{!}} REAL FEDERACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE BALONMANO |url=https://www.rfebm.com/noticia/la-gala-del-balonmano-femenino-2017-alza-el-tel%C3%B3n-de-la-temporada-20172018 |access-date=2 August 2018 |website=www.rfebm.com |language=es}}</ref> ** 3 x MVP: 2016-17, 2017-18, 2022-23 == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Silvia Arderius Martina cikinƘungiyar Kwallon hannu ta Duniya (an adana shi) * Silvia Arderíus Martina cikinƘungiyar Kwallon hannu ta Turai (kuma aTarihin EHF) * Silvia Arderius MartinaOlympics.com * Silvia Eugenia ArderiusaOlympics.com * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241006145614/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/silvia-eugenia-arderius_1948177 Silvia Eugenia Arderius] a gasar Olympics ta Paris 2024 (an adana, [https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024/atleta/silvia-eugenia-arderius_1948177 madadin hanyar haɗi]) * [https://esp.coe.es/atleta/silvia-eugenia-arderius-martin/355126/ Silvia Eugenia Arderius Martín - COE - Paris 2024] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) * Silvia Arderius Martina kanInstagram [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k5389lk9hxd3gwzzmnpgmzbtn1egs4b 0 165829 964137 923028 2026-10-07T02:15:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Marshaylee Knighten (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 1997) tsohuwar ƙwararriyar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka a ƙungiyar USSSA Pride kuma a halin yanzu mataimakin kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta San Diego Toreros . Ta taba buga wasan softball na kwaleji a Oklahoma, inda ta jagoranci kungiyar zuwa wasanni hudu a jere na Kwalejin Mata daga 2016 zuwa 2019, kuma ta lashe gasar kasa a matsayinta na sabuwar shekara a 2016 da kuma ta biyu a 2017 . An nada ta a matsayin 'yar wasa mafi fice a WCWS a shekarar 2017. == Aikin kwaleji == A shekarar farko ta shekarar 2016, ta buga wasanni 60 tare da fara wasa 36, kuma ta jagoranci ƙungiyar a matsakaicin bugun batting (.400), gudu (52), bugun (78), ninki biyu (22), uku uku (3) da kuma kashi na slugging (.682). Wasa biyu da ta yi sau 22 ya daidaita tarihin Big 12, kuma ta kasance ta 12 a ƙasa da maki 0.37 a kowane wasa. Ta zama ta farko a cikin sabbin 'yan wasa da ta jagoranci ƙungiyar a matsakaicin bugun batting tun 2010. Ta kammala kakar wasa da bugun gida 13, bugun gudu 62 da aka yi a (RBI), matsakaicin bugun .397 da kuma kashi .670 na bugun slugging. <ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |title=Shay Knighten |url=https://soonersports.com/sports/softball/roster/shay-knighten/1049 |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> A lokacin gasar World Series ta Kwalejin Mata ta 2016, ta yi nasara da ci 9-19 (.474) da bugun gida biyu, da kuma bugun RBI takwas, don taimakawa Sooners lashe gasar kasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2016 |title=Spotlight Shines on Title-Winning Sooners |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2016/6/15/211020189.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau, an nada ta a matsayin Babban Sabon Shekara na 12, ƙungiya ta biyu ta All-American, kuma ta kasance cikin manyan 'yan wasa uku na ƙarshe a gasar National Freshman of the Year ta NFCA . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Karl |date=June 1, 2016 |title=Parker Headlines OU's All-American Trio |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2016/6/1/210991202.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2016 |title=OU's Shay Knighten is finalist for Freshman of the Year |url=https://tulsaworld.com/sportsextra/ousportsextra/ous-shay-knighten-is-finalist-for-freshman-of-the-year/article_00c09e27-e69b-5796-8e06-715f5c823f16.html |access-date=July 1, 2021}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekararta ta biyu a shekarar 2017, ta buga wasanni 70 tare da fara wasa sau 69. Ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na bakwai a ƙasar a gasar RBI (70), ta 23 a bugun (76), ta 29 a gasar RBI a kowane wasa (1.00) da kuma ta 40 a jimillar maki (122). <ref name="Bio" /> A lokacin gasar World Series ta Kwalejin Mata ta 2017, ta samu maki .350, inda ta samu maki hudu, ta samu maki biyu, ta samu maki daya a gida, sannan ta samu maki daya a RBI. A wasan farko na gasar zakarun Turai da Florida, ta ci kwallaye uku a jere a zagaye na 17 don taimakawa Sooners ta lashe wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Karl |date=June 6, 2017 |title=Sooners Win Instant Classic in Game 1 |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2017/6/6/211617714.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> A wasa na biyu na gasar zakarun, ta ci kwallaye uku a jere don taimakawa Oklahoma lashe gasar zakarun ƙasa a jere, kuma daga baya aka naɗa ta a matsayin 'yar wasa mafi fice . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Karl |date=June 6, 2017 |title=National Champions Again!!! |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2017/6/6/211619191.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau, an nada ta a matsayin Babbar 'Yar Wasa ta Shekara ta 12 kuma ta biyu a ƙungiyar All-American. An kuma zaɓe ta a matsayin wacce ta fi kowacce kyau a Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai a Gasar ESPY ta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Karl |date=June 21, 2017 |title=Knighten Nominated for ESPY Award |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2017/6/21/211633493.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> A shekararta ta farko a shekarar 2018, ta fara wasanni 53 inda jimillar wasanni 14 tare da bugun da yawa da kuma wasanni bakwai tare da RBIs da yawa. A lokacin shekararta ta ƙarshe a shekarar 2019, ta buga wasanni 56 tare da fara wasa 55, ta zo ta biyu a ƙungiyar da maki 131. A lokacin gasar Duniya ta Kwalejin Mata ta 2019, ta yi nasara a wasanni biyu na gasar zakarun Oklahoma da UCLA, ciki har da bugun da ta yi da kunnen doki, wanda ya yi kunnen doki sau biyu a zagaye na bakwai a wasa na biyu. Bayan kakar wasa ta bana, an nada ta a matsayin ƙungiyar All-Big 12 second. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2019 |title=OU Sweeps Big 12 Individual End-of-Year Awards |url=https://soonersports.com/news/2019/5/8/211802914.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=soonersports.com}}</ref> Ta kammala aikinta da matsakaicin bugun .360, bugun 247 da kuma bugun 148 da ta ci, kuma ta zo ta huɗu a cikin bugun da aka yi wa sadaukarwa (10) da kuma na shida a cikin RBIs (197) a tarihin shirin. <ref name="Bio" /> == Sana'ar ƙwararru == An zaɓi Knighten a matsayi na 20 a jimilla ta hanyar USSSA Pride a cikin Tsarin NPF na 2019 . A ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2019, ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2019 |title=Knighten signs one year contract to Pride |url=http://www.usssapride.org/knighten-signs-one-year-contract-to-pride/ |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=usssapride.org |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182530/http://www.usssapride.org/knighten-signs-one-year-contract-to-pride/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko da ta yi da ƙungiyar a shekarar 2019, ta yi nasara da ci 2-3 da ci biyu da kuma ci uku a gasar Cowles Cup, don taimakawa USSSA Pride ta lashe gasar NPF. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lombardo |first=Kayla |date=August 17, 2019 |title=USSSA Pride Capture Second Straight Cowles Cup |url=https://www.softballamerica.com/stories/usssa-pride-capture-second-straight-cowles-cup/ |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=softballamerica.com}}</ref> == Aikin koyarwa == A ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2019, an naɗa Knighten a matsayin mataimakin kocin ɗalibai na Sooners. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2019 |title=OU softball: Oklahoma staff adds five former players |url=https://www.normantranscript.com/oklahoma/ou-softball-oklahoma-staff-adds-five-former-players/article_ccafc908-da3c-11e9-b342-234a1486c339.html |access-date=July 1, 2021}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2020, an naɗa Knighten a matsayin mataimakin koci ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta San Diego Toreros . <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 7, 2020 |title=National Champion, All-American Shay Knighten Joins Staff |url=https://usdtoreros.com/news/2020/10/7/softball-national-champion-all-american-shay-knighten-joins-staff.aspx |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=usdtoreros.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Knighten ga Kenny da Marci Knighten. Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Briayna da Marjani, da kuma ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Marquis. Mahaifinta, Kenny, yana buga ƙwallon baseball a USC, yayin da 'yar uwarta, Marjani, ke buga ƙwallon softball a Nebraska kuma ta kasance 'yar Amurka a 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shay Knighten bio |url=http://usssapride.com/player/shay-knighten/ |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=usssapride.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2016 |title=National Siblings Day: Softball Edition |url=https://www.flosoftball.com/articles/5050528-national-siblings-day-softball-edition |access-date=July 1, 2021 |website=flosoftball.com}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] 1i82m7v5i08ne5p2we9fmw0hlyrhl40 0 167757 964144 958261 2026-10-07T02:56:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tsarin Ayyukan Kasa don Sauyin Yanayi''' ( '''NAPCC''' ) wani shiri ne na Gwamnatin Indiya da aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 2008 don rage [[Tasirin canjin yanayi|tasirin sauyin yanayi da kuma daidaitawa da mummunan tasirinsa]] . An tsara kuma an buga shirin aiwatarwa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Majalisar Firayim Minista kan Sauyin Yanayi (PMCCC). Manyan ayyuka guda 8 sun yi nufin cimma manufofin ci gaban Indiya tare da mai da hankali kan rage yawan fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a tattalin arzikinta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pandve |first=Harshal T. |year=2009 |title=India's National Action Plan on Climate Change |journal=Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=17–19 |doi=10.4103/0019-5278.50718 |pmc=2822162 |pmid=20165607 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Shirin zai dogara ne akan tallafin da ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ke bayarwa, tare da mayar da hankali kan kiyaye fitar da hayakin carbon da ke cikinsa ƙasa da ƙasashe masu ci gaba a kowane lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Action Plan on Climate Change |url=http://www.climateaction.org/news/summary_indias_national_action_plan_on_climate_change |access-date=2020-09-21 |website=climateaction.org}}</ref> Manufa guda 8 da NAPCC ta gabatar sune kamar haka: * [[Ofishin Jakadancin Hasken rana na Kasa|Ofishin Jakadancin Rana na Ƙasa]] * Manufar Ƙasa don Inganta Ingantaccen Amfani da Makamashi * Manufar Ƙasa kan Matsugunan Dorewa * Ofishin Jakadancin Ruwa na Ƙasa * Manufar Ƙasa don Ci Gaban Tsarin Yanayi na Himalayan * Ofishin Jakadancin Green India * Manufar Ƙasa don Noma Mai Dorewa * Manufar Ƙasa kan Ilimi Mai Mahimmanci ga Sauyin Yanayi == Ofishin Jakadancin Rana na Ƙasa == An ƙaddamar da [[Ofishin Jakadancin Hasken rana na Kasa|Ofishin Jakadancin Rana na Ƙasa]] a matsayin Ofishin Jakadancin Rana na Ƙasa na Jawaharlal Nehru a shekarar 2010. An sake duba shi sau biyu tun daga lokacin. An ƙaddamar da Ofishin Jakadancin da nufin samar da Megawatts 20,000 na wutar lantarki ta hasken rana a matakai uku na (2010–2013); (2013–2017); da kuma (2017–2022). A jawabin kasafin kuɗi na shekarar 2015, an gyara wani shiri na Megawatts 100,000, wanda za a cimma har zuwa shekarar 2022. Ma'aikatar Sabbin Makamashi da Sabuntawa ta kuma tsara wani shiri na samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin gigawatts 40 na hasken rana ta hanyar 'Ruftop Solar Power Projects' yayin da ake shirin samun sauran Gigawatts 60 daga manyan ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin hasken rana da ke da alaka da layin wutar lantarki mai matsakaicin girma. <ref name="Down">{{Cite web |title=Modi government sets revised solar mission target at 100 GW |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/modi-government-sets-revised-solar-mission-target-at-100-gw-50236 |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=DownToEarth}}</ref> Ma'aikatar za ta samar da tallafin jari ta hanyar tallafin gibin rayuwa ga [[Kamfanin Makamashi na Hasken rana na Indiya|Kamfanin Makamashin Solar na Indiya]] (SECI). Gwamnatin Indiya ta kuma yi niyyar amfani da kuɗaɗen da ake samu daga masu ba da gudummawa na ƙasashen biyu kamar [[Asusun Yanayi Mai Lafiya|Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green Climate]] a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC), saboda samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana zai iya rage fitar da iskar gas daga tashoshin wutar lantarki na kwal. <ref name="Down" /> Manufar samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin GW 100 a rana wani bangare ne na samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin GW 175 ta hanyoyin da za a iya sabunta makamashi nan da shekarar 2022. A shekarar 2019, yayin da yake jawabi a taron kolin sauyin yanayi na babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Firayim Minista, [[Narendra Modi]] ya sanar da cewa za a fadada shirin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa na GW 175 fiye da matakin da aka tsara domin cimma burin da aka sa gaba na GW 450 har zuwa shekarar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PM Modi vows to more than double India's non-fossil fuel target to 450 GW by 2022 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/prime-minister-narendra-modi-addresses-the-un-climate-summit-in-new-york/article29492091.ece |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Committee Concerned Whether India Will Achieve Its Solar Power Target |url=https://thewire.in/environment/parliamentary-committee-india-solar-power-target |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=The wire}}</ref> Domin cimma burin da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin manufar, Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da tsare-tsare da dama domin haɓaka wutar lantarki ta hasken rana da kuma rage dogaro da hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki na gargajiya. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan tsari mai suna Kisan Urja Suraksha Evam Uthhan Mahabhiyan (KUSUM) ya sami amincewar kwamitin majalisar ministoci kan harkokin tattalin arziki a 2019. Shirin yana da nufin shigar da famfunan hasken rana marasa amfani a yankunan karkara da kuma rage dogaro da grid a yankunan da ke da alaƙa da grid. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Budget 2020: Major focus on PM KUSUM scheme to help farmers generate income from solar power |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/budget-2020-major-focus-on-pm-kusum-scheme-to-help-farmers-generate-income-from-solar-power/73832492 |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=Economic Times}}</ref> Takardar ''Sharuɗɗan Cikin Gida'' don siyan kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ta hasken rana ta ci gaba da zama wani mataki mai sarkakiya ga 'yan wasa na ƙasashen waje waɗanda galibi ke korafin wariya ga masana'antun su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=India-US renewable energy dispute reaches WTO yet again |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/energy/india-us-renewable-energy-dispute-reaches-wto-again-55628 |access-date=2020-09-12 |website=DownToEarth}}</ref> == Manufar Ƙasa kan Matsugunan Dorewa == Bangaren sufuri tare da gine-ginen birane su ne manyan masu amfani da makamashi a Indiya baya ga fannin samar da wutar lantarki. Manufar Ƙasa kan Tsarin Rayuwa Mai Dorewa shiri ne na laima don rage yawan amfani da makamashi da kuma haɗarin [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] saboda tsarin zama a birane. Manufar ta yi hasashen sauyi zuwa Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Makamashi (ECBC) wajen tsara sabbin gine-ginen kasuwanci da kuma kula da sharar gida mai ƙarfi da ruwa. Manufar kuma ta shafi manufofinta, kula da albarkatun ruwa da kuma kula da ruwan sha. Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman tsare-tsare da ke ƙarƙashin manufar ita ce share fagen sauya sheka zuwa sufuri na jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Do-you-know-about-indias-national-mission-on-sustainable-habitat? |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/do-you-know-about-indias-national-mission-on-sustainable-habitat-1525780107-1 |access-date=2020-09-18 |website=Jagranjosh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305101727/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/do-you-know-about-indias-national-mission-on-sustainable-habitat-1525780107-1 |archive-date=2021-03-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bincike da haɓaka muhimmin ɓangare ne na manufar haɓaka amfani da ruwan shara da amfani da najasa tare da kula da shara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=national-mission-on-sustainable-habitat |url=https://www.cseindia.org/national-mission-on-sustainable-habitat-1977#: |access-date=2020-09-18 |website=Centre for science and environment}}</ref> Ofishin Kula da Ruwa na Ƙasa shiri ne mai cikakken tsari don rarraba ruwa daidai gwargwado a faɗin ƙasar da kuma haɓaka tsarin gina ƙarfin aiki don kula da wuraren da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima. Tana mai da hankali kan magance matsalolin da suka shafi wadatar ruwa da gurɓataccen iska wanda ke haifar da ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi. Manufar ta inganta bincike da ci gaba, sannan kuma an gabatar da sake duba manufofin samar da ruwa na ƙasa kan lokaci. Manufar yayin da take haɓaka tsarin kiyaye ruwa na gargajiya, tana kuma haɓaka aiwatar da ayyukan ruwa masu amfani da yawa cikin sauri. Tana da burin ƙara yawan amfani da ruwa da kashi 20%. Haɗuwar tsare-tsaren kiyaye ruwa daban-daban don samun sakamako mafi kyau da kuma aiwatar da shirin kula da albarkatun ruwa ta hanyar hanyar MNREGA tare da halartar wakilan da aka zaɓa na wuraren da aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima shine babban jigon aikin. <ref name="pib">{{Cite web |title=IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL WATER MISSION |url=http://mowr.gov.in/schemes-projects-programmes/schemes/implementation-of-national-water-mission#:~ |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref> Shirin ya mayar da hankali kan tsarin rarraba iko wanda ke bayyana a cikin shirinsa na "matakin kwarin ruwa" na kula da albarkatun ruwa da wayar da kan matasan birni. Ofishin Kula da Ruwa na Ƙasa yana da wani buri da aka gano na sanya cikakken bayanan albarkatun ruwa a cikin hannun jama'a. Nauyin aiwatar da wannan aiki ya rataya a wuyan Ma'aikatar Jal Shakti . <ref name="pib" /> == Manufar Ƙasa don Tsarin Yanayi Mai Dorewa na Himalayan == Himalayas yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman halittu a Indiya, miliyoyin mutane suna dogara da shi. Mummunan tasirin sauyin yanayi ya ci gaba da yin illa ga Tsarin Halittu na Himalayan wanda ke samar da [[Sabis ɗin yanayin halittu|ayyuka daban-daban na Tsarin Halittu]] . Domin tabbatar da tanadin da aka samu daga tsaunukan Himalayas, manufar tana da hanyoyi daban-daban don fahimtar tasirin sauyin yanayi akan Tsarin Yanayi na Himalaya don Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na wani yanki na ƙasar. Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Fasaha ita ce ma'aikatar da ta fi mayar da hankali kan aiwatar da ita, amma haɗin gwiwar "jihohin Himalaya" da kuma [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi|Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Dazuzzuka da Sauyin Yanayi]] sun taimaka wajen samun nasarar wannan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Mission on Sustainable Himalayan Ecosystem |url=http://www.nihroorkee.gov.in/major-projects/national-mission-sustaining-himalayan-ecosystem-nmshe#:~: |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=National Institute of Hydrology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924050952/http://nihroorkee.gov.in/major-projects/national-mission-sustaining-himalayan-ecosystem-nmshe#:~: |archive-date=2020-09-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin wannan manufa ita ce tantance lafiyar tsarin muhalli na Himalayas, wanda aka fitar da shirin da kuɗin da ya kai Naira miliyan .550 a lokacin [[12th Five-Year Plan (India)|"Tsarin Shekaru Biyar" na 12.]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet approves mission to sustain Himalayan ecosystem |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/cabinet-approves-mission-to-sustain-himalayan-ecosystem/article5736496.ece |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == m4wz6u0opmsgwc54fm12kf8sq3nvlde 0 167782 963855 924154 2026-10-06T13:10:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rashin daidaito na gandun daji,''' na birane, wanda aka fi sani da '''rashin daidaito na inuwa''' ko rashin daidaito a kan bishiyoyi, shine rarraba bishiyoyi mara daidaito, tare da fa'idodi masu alaƙa, a fadin yankuna masu girma. <ref name=":022">{{Cite journal |last=Aznarez |first=Celina |last2=Svenning |first2=Jens-Christian |last3=Pacheco |first3=Juan Pablo |last4=Have Kallesøe |first4=Frederik |last5=Baró |first5=Francesc |last6=Pascual |first6=Unai |date=16 August 2023 |title=Luxury and legacy effects on urban biodiversity, vegetation cover and ecosystem services |journal=npj Urban Sustainability |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=47 |bibcode=2023npjUS...3...47A |doi=10.1038/s42949-023-00128-7 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana ganin rashin daidaito na gandun daji a matsayin nau'in [[Adalcin Muhalli|Rashin adalci na muhalli]] saboda al'ummomin da ke da karancin kudin shiga da kungiyoyin da aka ware galibi suna karɓar karancin amfanin zamantakewa, muhalli, da kiwon lafiya da gandun daji na birane ke bayarwa.<ref name=":432">{{Cite journal |last=Gerrish |first=Ed |last2=Watkins |first2=Shannon Lea |date=February 2018 |title=The relationship between urban forests and income: A meta-analysis |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |language=en |volume=170 |pages=293–308 |bibcode=2018LUrbP.170..293G |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.09.005 |pmc=5726445 |pmid=29249844}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenberger |first=Robert |date=2025-01-02 |title=Canopy inequity and 'hostile' public-space design |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13562576.2025.2529880 |journal=Space and Polity |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=64–68 |doi=10.1080/13562576.2025.2529880 |issn=1356-2576 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Rashin daidaito na gandun daji na birane yana da tasirin da yawa, gami da tasirin halittu masu yawa da kuma [[Tsibirin zafi na birni|Tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane]].<ref name="ReferenceA2">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Eric M. |last2=Esaian |first2=Sevan |date=2020 |title=The importance of street trees to urban avifauna |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=e02149 |bibcode=2020EcoAp..30E2149W |doi=10.1002/eap.2149 |jstor=27029104 |pmc=7583466 |pmid=32340072}}</ref><ref name=":232">{{Cite journal |last=Ryu |first=Young-Hee |last2=Baik |first2=Jong-Jin |date=2012 |title=Quantitative Analysis of Factors Contributing to Urban Heat Island Intensity |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=842–854 |bibcode=2012JApMC..51..842R |doi=10.1175/JAMC-D-11-098.1 |jstor=26175140 |id={{ProQuest|1014268224}} |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin daidaito na zafi na birane yana faruwa ne lokacin da tsibirai masu zafi na cikin birane, tare da mummunan tasirin lafiyar jiki da motsin rai, sun fi yawa kuma sun fi tsanani a cikin al'ummomin da ke da karancin kudin shiga.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2019-11-06 |title=Heat Islands and Equity |url=https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/heat-islands-and-equity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812155725/https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/heat-islands-and-equity |archive-date=August 12, 2020 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-19 |title=The Inequitable Distribution of Urban Trees |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/150351/the-inequitable-distribution-of-urban-trees |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref> Masu bincike sun sami alaƙa tsakanin rashin daidaito na gandun daji na birane da abubuwan tarihi da na ma'aikata, kamar redlining da saka hannun jari na jama'a a cikin kayan aikin kore.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Landry |first=Shawn M |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Jayajit |date=November 2009 |title=Street Trees and Equity: Evaluating the Spatial Distribution of an Urban Amenity |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a41236 |journal=Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space |language=en |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=2651–2670 |doi=10.1068/a41236 |issn=0308-518X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wasu tasirin da ya fi dacewa da [[Tsibirin zafi na birni|tsibirin zafi na birane]] sun haɗa da rashin lafiya da ke da alaƙa da zafi mai zafi, ƙarancin iska, da rage damar samun fa'idodin lafiyar hankali da na jiki da ke da alaka da sararin samaniya.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Wolch |first=Jennifer R. |last2=Byrne |first2=Jason |last3=Newell |first3=Joshua P. |date=2014-05-01 |title=Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities 'just green enough' |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204614000310 |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=125 |pages=234–244 |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017 |issn=0169-2046 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Venter |first=Zander S. |last2=Shackleton |first2=Charlie M. |last3=Van Staden |first3=Francini |last4=Selomane |first4=Odirilwe |last5=Masterson |first5=Vanessa A. |date=2020-11-01 |title=Green Apartheid: Urban green infrastructure remains unequally distributed across income and race geographies in South Africa |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204620303947 |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=203 |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103889 |issn=0169-2046 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":232" /> Bincike kan rashin daidaito na gandun daji ya fara ne daga ƙarshen karni na 20 kuma ya fadada zuwa shekarun 2000 tare da amfani da GIS, nesa mai zurfi, da bincike mai alaƙa da ƙididdiga. Tare da waɗannan kayan aikin masu bincike sun sami matakan yawan jama'a da tushen bayanai.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenberger |first=Robert |date=2025-01-02 |title=Canopy inequity and 'hostile' public-space design |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13562576.2025.2529880 |journal=Space and Polity |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=64–68 |doi=10.1080/13562576.2025.2529880 |issn=1356-2576 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Landry |first=Shawn M |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Jayajit |date=November 2009 |title=Street Trees and Equity: Evaluating the Spatial Distribution of an Urban Amenity |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a41236 |journal=Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space |language=en |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=2651–2670 |doi=10.1068/a41236 |issn=0308-518X |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Wolch |first=Jennifer R. |last2=Byrne |first2=Jason |last3=Newell |first3=Joshua P. |date=2014-05-01 |title=Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities 'just green enough' |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204614000310 |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=125 |pages=234–244 |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017 |issn=0169-2046 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin kan binciken sararin samaniya wanda ya rinjayi rashin daidaito na gandun daji na duniya ne, saboda ya haɗa da nazarin shari'a a Arewacin Amurka, Asiya, Afirka, da Latin Amurka. <ref name=":15" /> <ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Venter |first=Zander S. |last2=Shackleton |first2=Charlie M. |last3=Van Staden |first3=Francini |last4=Selomane |first4=Odirilwe |last5=Masterson |first5=Vanessa A. |date=2020-11-01 |title=Green Apartheid: Urban green infrastructure remains unequally distributed across income and race geographies in South Africa |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204620303947 |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=203 |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103889 |issn=0169-2046 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":343">{{Cite journal |last=Zuniga-Teran |first=Adriana A. |last2=González-Méndez |first2=Blanca |last3=Scarpitti |first3=Christina |last4=Yang |first4=Bo |last5=Murrieta Saldivar |first5=Joaquin |last6=Pineda |first6=Irene |last7=Peñúñuri |first7=Guadalupe |last8=Hinojosa Robles |first8=Eduardo |last9=Irineo |first9=Kassandra Soto |last10=Müller |first10=Sergio |last11=Valencia-Sauceda |first11=Javier |date=2022-11-26 |title=Green Belt Implementation in Arid Lands through Soil Reconditioning and Landscape Design: The Case of Hermosillo, Mexico |journal=Land |language=en |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=2130 |bibcode=2022Land...11.2130Z |doi=10.3390/land11122130 |issn=2073-445X |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Amsoshin da aka gabatar game da wannan sabon abu sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwar al'umma a manyan wurare da manyan wurare, shirye-shiryen dasa bishiyoyi da yadda za a kula da su, da kuma dabarun tsarawa kamar belin kore. Har ila yau, akwai muhawara tsakanin malamai game da yiwuwar sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba na shiga tsakani, kamar su green gentrification.<ref name=":343" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":42" /> == Ma'anar == === dazuzzuka na birane === [[Fayil:Boston_forest_cover_460.gif|alt=Satellite image of Boston, which visually depicts urban tree canopy variations across the city|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na Boston yana nuna bambance-bambance a cikin [[Ginin birane|gandun daji na birane]] a duk faɗin birnin.]] dazuzzuka na birane yankuna ne na ƙasar da bishiyoyi ko wasu ciyayi suka rufe a ciki da kewayen wuraren da ke da tasirin ɗan adam mai tsanani, musamman birane, yankunan birane kamar birane. dazuzzuka na birane, kodayake suna nan a kan jama'a da masu zaman kansu, yawanci ana samun su a wuraren jama'a saboda rinjaye na bishiyoyin tituna da mai bincike Steven Strom ya lura.<ref name=":12" /> An san gandun daji na birane saboda muhimmiyar rawar da suke takawa wajen rage tasirin [[Canjin yanayi]], wanda aka kwatanta da rawar da suke da ita wajen rage yawan zafi da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa kuma ana ganin gudummawarsu ga [[Korayen gine-gine|kayan aikin kore]] a matsayin mafita ta yanayi don daidaita [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]] da ragewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breyer |first=Betsy |last2=Mohr |first2=Hannah |date=2 September 2023 |title=Right tree, right place for whom? Environmental justice and practices of urban forest assessment |journal=Local Environment |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=1082–1096 |bibcode=2023LoEnv..28.1082B |doi=10.1080/13549839.2023.2184784}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Escobedo |first=Francisco J. |last2=Giannico |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Jim |first3=C.Y. |last4=Sanesi |first4=Giovanni |last5=Lafortezza |first5=Raffaele |date=January 2019 |title=Urban forests, ecosystem services, green infrastructure and nature-based solutions: Nexus or evolving metaphors? |url=https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/23418 |journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening |volume=37 |pages=3–12 |bibcode=2019UFUG...37....3E |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2018.02.011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728135950/https://repository.urosario.edu.co/handle/10336/23418 |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2026-09-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bishiyoyi da ciyayi suna shan ruwa kuma suna adana ruwan sama a lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa, rage haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma kama carbon dioxide daga yanayi a matsayin wani ɓangare na kokarin [[Rage canjin yanayi]].<ref name=":102" /> Bugu da ƙari, gandun daji na birane suna da mahimmanci wajen kula da bambancin halittu na birni, musamman avifauna (tsuntsaye) na yankin.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Eric M. |last2=Esaian |first2=Sevan |date=2020 |title=The importance of street trees to urban avifauna |journal=Ecological Applications |volume=30 |issue=7 |pages=e02149 |bibcode=2020EcoAp..30E2149W |doi=10.1002/eap.2149 |jstor=27029104 |pmc=7583466 |pmid=32340072}}</ref> Wadannan halaye na gandun daji na birane suna taimakawa wajen samar da birane masu lafiya, masu juriya, da masu ɗorewa a hanyar da ta dace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Berglihn |first=Elisabeth Cornelia |last2=Gómez-Baggethun |first2=Erik |date=October 2021 |title=Ecosystem services from urban forests: The case of Oslomarka, Norway |journal=Ecosystem Services |volume=51 |bibcode=2021EcoSv..5101358B |doi=10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101358 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Rashin daidaito na gandun daji === Rashin daidaito na gandun daji na birane wani abu ne wanda ke rarraba da kuma samun damar zuwa bishiyoyi na birane da wuraren kore.<ref name=":43" /> Manyan hukumomi a duk faɗin Amurka sun yi imanin cewa rashin daidaito na gandun daji na birane misali ne na [[Adalcin Muhalli|Rashin adalci na muhalli]], saboda yana da tasiri sosai ga al'ummomin da aka ware.<ref name=":43" /><ref name=":92" /> Bincike da yawa, gami da nazarin meta na 2017 da masu bincike Ed Gerrish da Shannon Lea Watkins suka yi, sun sami kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin samun kudin shiga da gandun daji na birane.<ref name=":43" /> Wannan ya gabatar da manufar tasirin alatu, wanda ke bayyana yadda bambance-bambance a cikin gandun daji na birane ya dace da abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da tarihi.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Threlfall |first=Caragh G. |last2=Gunn |first2=Lucy Dubrelle |last3=Davern |first3=Melanie |last4=Kendal |first4=Dave |date=February 2022 |title=Beyond the luxury effect: Individual and structural drivers lead to 'urban forest inequity' in public street trees in Melbourne, Australia |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=218 |bibcode=2022LUrbP.21804311T |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104311}}</ref> Sakamakon alatu yana nuna yadda yankuna masu arziki ke nuna mafi girman bambancin halittu, yana nuna tasirin abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da matakan ilimi wajen tsara yawan da ingancin sararin samaniya a cikin wani yanki.<ref name=":11" /> Bugu da ƙari, rarraba kayan lambu mara daidaituwa a cikin birane na iya ƙuntata daidaitattun rarraba fa'idodin gandun daji na birane, wanda ya haɗa da wasu fa'idodi kamar rage [[Anxiety|damuwa]] da damuwa, haɓaka al'umma mai aminci, cikawar motsin rai, rage tasirin dumamar duniya.<ref name=":92" /> Misali, murfin murfin murfi a cikin wani yanki na iya rage tasirin tsibirin zafi na birni kuma ƙara ƙuntata carbon daga yanayi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Aznarez |first=Celina |last2=Svenning |first2=Jens-Christian |last3=Pacheco |first3=Juan Pablo |last4=Have Kallesøe |first4=Frederik |last5=Baró |first5=Francesc |last6=Pascual |first6=Unai |date=16 August 2023 |title=Luxury and legacy effects on urban biodiversity, vegetation cover and ecosystem services |journal=npj Urban Sustainability |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=47 |bibcode=2023npjUS...3...47A |doi=10.1038/s42949-023-00128-7 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Abubuwa daban-daban na tarihi, al'adu, da kuma ma'aikata suna ba da gudummawa ga rashin daidaito a cikin kula da gandun daji na birane da rarraba kayan lambu na birane.<ref name=":92" /> Wata takarda ta 2022 da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Duniya ta Binciken Muhalli da Lafiya ta Jama'a ta gano cewa mazauna da ke cikin birane, musamman mazauna da ba su da isasshen kuɗi da waɗanda ke zaune daga gandun daji na birane da sararin samaniya, suna da saukin kamuwa da tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane.<ref name=":63" /> Akwai misalai na rashin daidaito na gandun daji a cikin birane a duniya, wasu daga cikinsu an jera su a ƙasa. == Tarihi == === Tarihin karatu === Nazarin rashin daidaito na gandun daji ya fara ne daga babban bangare na binciken [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]] a ƙarshen karni na 20. Ayyukan shari'ar muhalli na farko sun mayar da hankali kan yanayin da ba daidai ba na abubuwan more rayuwa na muhalli da rikice-rikice, gami da wuraren shakatawa da wuraren da ke da gurɓataccen yanayi, da kuma yadda waɗannan rarraba ke da alaƙa da launin fata, aji, da sauran abubuwan da ke tattare da matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.<ref name=":18" /> Sa'an nan kuma damuwa game da rashin adalci na muhalli ya karu kuma haka kuma sha'awar bincike a cikin rarraba sararin samaniya na albarkatun birane masu kyau kamar itatuwan tituna.<ref name=":18" /> Binciken farko game da daidaitattun [[Yankin birni mai laushi|sararin samaniya na birane]] ya sami shahara a cikin 2000s, tare da malamai da ke yin bincike ta amfani da kayan aikin bincike na kididdiga da na sararin samaniya, gami da ƙididdigar nesa, wurin bayanan ƙidayar jama'a, da GIS, don bincika yadda aka rarraba ciyayi na birane da kuma yadda yake da alaƙa da masu canjin yawan jama'a.<ref name=":18" /> Wannan binciken ya gano cewa a yawancin biranen Arewacin Amurka, unguwanni masu tsiraru suna da ƙananan murfin bishiyoyi da ƙananan sararin samaniya fiye da waɗancan unguwanni da suka fi arziki da matsayi mafi girma.<ref name=":18" /> Bincike game da alaƙar sararin samaniya da abubuwan da ke tattare da yawan jama'a sun samar da sakamako masu rikitarwa. Bincike da yawa sun tabbatar da kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin samun kudin shiga da murfin itace, amma alaƙar da ke tsakanin kabilanci da kabilanci sun fi gaurayewa. Wasu misalai suna cikin biranen Amurka, inda binciken da aka yi a birane ya gano cewa unguwanni na Afirka ko na Hispanic suna da ƙananan bishiyoyi yayin da wasu suka lura da mafi girman bishiyoyi a wasu unguwanni marasa rinjaye.<ref name=":18" /> Kwanan nan, filin ya fadada ya hada da ra'ayoyin duniya da aka rarraba a duk Kudancin duniya, a kasashe kamar Afirka ta Kudu da China. Masu bincike sun rubuta wasu rashin daidaituwa a cikin sararin samaniya na birane tsakanin kabilanci da kungiyoyin samun kudin shiga, wani lokacin ana tsara su ta hanyar nuna bambanci ko rashin daidaito.<ref name=":54" /> Duk da karuwar yawan karatu, wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa alaƙa ba koyaushe ba ne ke nuna dalilin dalilin dalilin, kuma cewa fifiko, manufofi na gida, har ma da abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayi suna ba da gudummawa ga tsarin rarraba gandun daji na birane na dorewa.<ref name=":18" /> Wasu masu sukar sun kuma ce ya kamata bincike na gaba ya fi mayar da hankali kan bincike na hadin gwiwa wanda aka tsara akan hanyoyin da ke sa rashin daidaito ya ragu a tsawon lokaci.<ref name=":18" /> === Tarihin tasirin === An bincika tasirin rashin daidaito a cikin gandun daji na birane galibi bisa ga tasirin muhalli, zamantakewa, da kiwon lafiya. Bincike ya bayyana cewa yankunan da ba su da murfin murfin suna da yanayin zafi, wanda zai ƙare da ƙirƙirar [[Tsibirin zafi na birni|tsibirin zafi na birane]], ƙarancin iska, har ma da ƙarancin damar samun damar samun lafiyar hankali da ta jiki na sararin samaniya.<ref name=":44" /><ref name=":18" /> Wadannan rashin daidaituwa an danganta su da bayyanar da ta fi girma ga raƙuman zafi da kuma mafi girman ƙimar cututtukan da suka shafi zafi a duk faɗin jama'a masu rauni.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burbidge |first=Manon |last2=Smith Larsen |first2=T. |last3=Feder |first3=S. |last4=Yan |first4=S. |date=2022-02-01 |title=Don't blame it on the sunshine! An exploration of the spatial distribution of heat injustice across districts in Antwerp, Belgium |journal=Local Environment |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=160–176 |bibcode=2022LoEnv..27..160B |doi=10.1080/13549839.2021.2005007 |issn=1354-9839}}</ref> Rarraba gandun daji na birane da alaƙar jin daɗi sun fi bambanta. Binciken da ya gabata ya kammala cewa fadada sararin samaniya a yankuna marasa kyau na iya inganta lafiyar jama'a, haɗin kai, da ƙimar dukiya.<ref name=":44" /> A gefe guda, akwai yiwuwar cewa babban birni mai girma zai iya taimakawa wajen sauƙaƙe yanayin muhalli ko "kore" gentrification ba da gangan ba, fitar da farashin gidaje, da kuma kawar da mutane masu karamin karfi, don haka maye gurbin wani nau'i na rashin daidaito da wani.<ref name=":44" /> Akwai muhawara game da hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa na magance rashin adalci a cikin gandun daji na birane. Wasu masu bincike suna inganta "kawai kore" shiga tsakani wanda zai iya kara samun dama ga sararin samaniya da kuma rage barazanar ƙaura da 'yan tsiraru ke fuskanta.<ref name=":44" /> Wasu suna jayayya cewa matakan manufofi dole ne su magance damuwa game da muhalli da adalci na zamantakewa a lokaci guda, suna gargadi cewa ayyuka kamar ƙarin dasa bishiyoyi ba za su yi komai ba don fuskantar rashin daidaito mai zuwa idan ba su tare da mafita ga abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a cikin birni, amfani da ƙasa, da gwamnati.<ref name=":54" /> Mutanen da ke sukar mayar da hankali kan rashin daidaito sun daɗe suna amsawa ta hanyar ba da shawarar cewa gandun daji da aka rufe a cikin birane na iya bayyana dandano na gida, ƙarfin kasuwa, ko yanayin yanayi, kuma sun yi gargadi game da karɓar mafita iri ɗaya ga birane ko yankuna daban-daban.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Landry |first=Shawn M |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Jayajit |date=November 2009 |title=Street Trees and Equity: Evaluating the Spatial Distribution of an Urban Amenity |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1068/a41236 |journal=Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space |language=en |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=2651–2670 |bibcode=2009EnPlA..41.2651L |doi=10.1068/a41236 |issn=0308-518X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sun kuma nuna cewa ya kamata a magance rashin daidaito game da yiwuwar sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba, alal misali, farashin aiki mafi girma don ci gaba ko rikici don amfani da ƙasa.<ref name=":18" /> Masana a wurare daban-daban sun gano dalilai da yawa na rashin daidaito na gandun daji na birane. Ayyukan da suka fara shekaru da suka gabata kamar redlining, zoning na nuna bambanci, da "White Flight" sun samar da rarrabuwar sararin samaniya a biranen da wuraren shakatawa da kayan aikin kore zasu iya aiki a matsayin iyakoki tsakanin yankuna daban-daban na launin fata da tattalin arziki.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Gobster |first=Paul H. |date=May 1998 |title=Urban parks as green walls or green magnets? Interracial relations in neighborhood boundary parks |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169204698000450 |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=43–55 |bibcode=1998LUrbP..41...43G |doi=10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00045-0 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, waɗannan "gidan shakatawa na iyaka" suna haɗarin yin sarari ba daidai ba ta hanyar raba al'ummomi a zahiri amma sun kasa samar da daidaitattun darajar saboda ƙarancin amfani, kulawa mara kyau, ko abubuwan da aka gani na tsaro, kamar "ganuwar kore". <ref name=":02" /> == Matsalolin da suka danganci == === Adalci na Muhalli da Yanayi === Adalci na muhalli da adalci na sararin samaniya ra'ayoyi ne guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da matsalolin da rashin daidaito na gandun daji na birane ya gabatar, kuma waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna neman fahimtar ingancin rayuwa saboda yanayin muhalli ko yanayin sararin samaniya da fa'idodi.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":83" /><ref name=":92">{{Cite journal |last=Grant |first=Amber |last2=Millward |first2=Andrew A. |last3=Edge |first3=Sara |last4=Roman |first4=Lara A. |last5=Teelucksingh |first5=Cheryl |date=November 2022 |title=Where is environmental justice? A review of US urban forest management plans |journal=Urban Forestry & Urban Greening |volume=77 |bibcode=2022UFUG...7727737G |doi=10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127737 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin wata takarda ta 2022, masanin rashin daidaito na zamantakewa da sararin samaniya Bernard Bret da masanin ilimin ƙasa Sophie Moreau sun bayyana adalci na muhalli da adalci na sararin samaniya a matsayin ra'ayoyi biyu da aka bayyana ta hanyar haɗin kai tsakanin sararin ƙasa da ingancin rayuwa. [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] ta bayyana adalci na muhalli a matsayin adalci ga dukkan mutane ba tare da la'akari da launin fata, launi, asalin ƙasa ko samun kudin shiga ba, amma a cikin bincikensu, sun ce rashin daidaito galibi ana iya gani tare da layin rashin daidaito na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-13 |title=Learn About Environmental Justice |url=https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/learn-about-environmental-justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414154809/https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/learn-about-environmental-justice |archive-date=April 14, 2016 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":32" /> Misali, Afirka ta Kudu a lokutan wariyar launin fata ya bar alama ta dindindin a kan rarraba sararin samaniya na sararin samaniya, tare da yawancin unguwanni na Black African, Colored da Indiya suna ci gaba da samun ƙananan wuraren ciyayi, ƙananan wuraren shakatawa da kuma mafi girman fallasawa ga wuraren da ba a ware su ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-20 |title=Apartheid: Definition & South Africa |url=https://www.history.com/topics/africa/apartheid |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=History |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> === Sakamakon lafiyar jama'a === Rarraba bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire na birane yana da sakamako kai tsaye da kai tsaye ga lafiyar jama'a da daidaito. Tare da kayan aikin kore, ana tace gurbataccen abu a cikin iska don inganta ingancinsa, ana rage damuwa ta zafi ta hanyar inuwa da evapotranspiration, kuma ana inganta lafiyar jiki tare da jin daɗin tunani saboda kayan aikin suna da sarari don nishaɗi da hulɗar zamantakewa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Venter |first=Zander S. |last2=Shackleton |first2=Charlie M. |last3=Van Staden |first3=Francini |last4=Selomane |first4=Odirilwe |last5=Masterson |first5=Vanessa A. |date=November 2020 |title=Green Apartheid: Urban green infrastructure remains unequally distributed across income and race geographies in South Africa |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169204620303947 |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |language=en |volume=203 |bibcode=2020LUrbP.20303889V |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103889 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Al'ummomin da ke da iyakantaccen murfin sau da yawa suna fuskantar iska mai haɗari da gurɓataccen ruwa suna fuskantar ƙimar cututtukan da suka shafi zafi, kuma suna da ƙananan damar yin aiki da hulɗa tare da mutanen da ke kewaye da su. Masu bincike a Afirka ta Kudu a cikin rahoton 2018 sun gano alaƙa tsakanin karuwar haɗarin ciwon daji da guba na sinadarai, da kuma cututtukan numfashi kamar asma, suna da yiwuwar mafi girma a cikin al'ummomin da aka ware waɗanda ke fama da mummunar tasirin muhalli da rashin adalci na sararin samaniya, saboda mutane da ke cikin haɗarin haɗari ga gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwa ko a cikin iska.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chersich |first=Matthew |last2=Wright |first2=Caradee |last3=Venter |first3=Francois |last4=Rees |first4=Helen |last5=Scorgie |first5=Fiona |last6=Erasmus |first6=Barend |date=31 August 2018 |title=Impacts of Climate Change on Health and Wellbeing in South Africa |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=15 |issue=9 |page=1884 |doi=10.3390/ijerph15091884 |pmc=6164733 |pmid=30200277 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tasirin tsibirin zafi na birni === E.P.A. ta Amurka ta bayyana tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane a matsayin abin mamaki inda yankunan birane ke fuskantar yanayin zafi fiye da yankunan da ke kewaye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OAR |date=2014-02-28 |title=Heat Island Effect |url=https://www.epa.gov/heatislands |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> Yanayin iska a cikin birane na iya zama kusan 1-3 ° C ko 1-7 ° F mafi girma fiye da yankunan karkara ko yanayin iska na kewaye, a matsakaici.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Ryu |first=Young-Hee |last2=Baik |first2=Jong-Jin |date=2012 |title=Quantitative Analysis of Factors Contributing to Urban Heat Island Intensity |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=842–854 |bibcode=2012JApMC..51..842R |doi=10.1175/JAMC-D-11-098.1 |jstor=26175140 |id={{ProQuest|1014268224}} |doi-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Wannan ya haifar da dalilai daban-daban, kamar albedo a kan birane, zafi na mutum da aka saki daga gine-gine da motoci, da kuma rage wuraren evapotranspiration.<ref name=":23" /> Asphalt da kankare, wuraren da suka fi zama ruwan dare a cikin birane, suna da ƙananan [[albedo]] fiye da wuraren da suka shafi bishiyoyi, ciyawa, ko dusar ƙanƙara. Bugu da kari, evapotranspiration tsari ne mai karfi na sanyaya, kuma raguwar kayan lambu a cikin birane idan aka kwatanta da yankunan karkara yana taimakawa ga tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane. Ba tare da gandun daji na birane ba, hanyoyin sanyaya na albedo mai girma da evapotranspiration ba sa aiki don sanyaya yankin ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, E.P.A. ta gano cewa al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi da waɗanda ke da launi suna da saukin kamuwa da abin da aka sani da tsibirin zafi na cikin birni, wanda ya faru, a wani ɓangare, ga tarihin tarihi.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-06 |title=Heat Islands and Equity |url=https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/heat-islands-and-equity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812155725/https://www.epa.gov/heatislands/heat-islands-and-equity |archive-date=August 12, 2020 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> Kamar yadda gandun daji na birane ke taimakawa wajen yaki da tsibirai masu zafi na birane da tsibannin zafi na cikin birane, redlining yana taimakawa ga wannan yanayin rashin adalci na muhalli. == Misalan == Wasu birane a tarihi sun fuskanci matsaloli game da rashin daidaito na gandun daji na birane. Suna iya samun sararin samaniya mai yawa a cikin al'ummomin da ke da mafi girma ko kuma suna fuskantar zargi daga waɗanda ke ba da shawara game da adalci na muhalli. Beijing, China yana daya daga cikin waɗancan misalai, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar rashin samun dama ga sararin samaniya idan aka kwatanta da al'ummomin da aka ƙofar. An buga bincike a cikin mujallar ''Muhalli da Shirye-shiryen B: Urban da City Analytics'' tare da bayanai daga Tsarin Tsarin Green Spaces na Beijing wanda ya gano cewa al'ummomin da ke da ƙofar shiga mafi girma suna da damar samun sararin samaniya fiye da al'ummomi masu karamin kuɗi kuma cewa shirin birane bai cika bukatar wuraren shakatawa da wuraren wasa na jama'a a cikin yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a na birnin ba.<ref name=":53">{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Jiayu |last2=He |first2=Qingsong |last3=Chen |first3=Yunwen |last4=Lin |first4=Jian |last5=Wang |first5=Shantong |date=May 2020 |title=Dismantling the fence for social justice? Evidence based on the inequity of urban green space accessibility in the central urban area of Beijing |journal=Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=626–644 |bibcode=2020EnPlB..47..626W |doi=10.1177/2399808318793139}}</ref> [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] wani misali ne na birni wanda ya fuskanci kalubale a tarihi tare da rashin daidaito na gandun daji na birane. Saboda tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane, kankare a cikin birni yana jawo ƙarin zafi kuma yana ɗaga yanayin zafi, don haka ana buƙatar ƙarin inuwa don kare mazauna. Wani Edita na 2023 da aka rubuta don New York Daily News ya gano cewa unguwa da yawa a cikin birni ba su da kariya ga inuwa kuma suna iya fuskantar yanayin zafi "20 zuwa 45 digiri mafi zafi fiye da waɗanda ke da inuwa," kuma waɗannan yawanci al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bottcher |first=Erik |last2=Brewer |first2=Gale |last3=Krishnan |first3=Shekar |last4=Maxwell |first4=Emily Nobel |date=2023-09-12 |title=We must protect NYC's urban forest |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2023/09/12/we-must-protect-nycs-urban-forest/ |access-date=2024-02-20 |website=New York Daily News |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike galibi sun ambaci [[Chicago]] a matsayin wani birni na Amurka da ke fuskantar matsaloli wajen rage rashin daidaito na gandun daji na birane. Birnin yana ƙoƙari sosai don magance rashin kayan lambu da gurɓataccen da suke fuskanta ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi a fadin unguwa daban-daban.<ref name=":73">{{Cite web |last=Openlands |date=2017-02-01 |title=Chicago's Urban Forest |url=https://openlands.org/2017/01/31/chicagos-urban-forest/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Openlands |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2021, wata takarda da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Duniya ta Binciken Muhalli da Lafiya ta Jama'a ta yi aiki don gano waɗanne yankuna a [[Delhi|Delhi, Indiya]] suna fuskantar matakan zafi na birane, kuma saboda haka idan suna da isasshen sararin samaniya ko yankuna tare da gandun daji na birane na wani nau'i.<ref name=":63">{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell |first=Bruce C. |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Jayajit |last3=Basu |first3=Pratyusha |date=30 April 2021 |title=Social Inequities in Urban Heat and Greenspace: Analyzing Climate Justice in Delhi, India |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=18 |issue=9 |page=4800 |doi=10.3390/ijerph18094800 |pmc=8124940 |pmid=33946259 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cewar masu binciken, sakamakon "ya rubuta yadda rarraba sararin samaniya na zafi da sararin samaniya ke da alaƙa da rarraba sarari na rashin lafiyar zamantakewa a matakin unguwa a Delhi".<ref name=":63" />Rafael Fernandez-Alvarez na Jami'ar Jihar Arizona ya gudanar da irin wannan bincike a [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico, Mexico]] game da rarraba wuraren jama'a masu kore ga mazauna. Masu bincike sun gano cewa waɗannan sarari galibi suna nuna bambanci ga yawan mutanen da aka ware. Shaidar ta nuna cewa galibi suna cikin yankuna masu arziki na babban birnin, yayin da yawancin al'ummomin da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi ba su da wuraren jama'a.<ref name=":83">{{Cite journal |last=Fernández-Álvarez |first=Rafael |date=2017 |title=Inequitable distribution of green public space in Mexico City: an environmental injustice case |journal=Economía, sociedad y territorio |volume=17 |issue=54 |pages=399–428 |doi=10.22136/est002017697 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Maganin da za a iya yi == Kokarin magance rashin daidaito na gandun daji na birane dole ne ya yi yaƙi da rashin adalci na muhalli da na sararin samaniya ban da tsibirin zafi na birane. Wasu mutane suna jayayya cewa wannan na iya haɗawa da masu gwagwarmaya da masu tsara manufofi da ke shiga kai tsaye tare da al'ummomin da aka ware, saka hannun jari na jama'a a cikin unguwanni marasa kulawa, da ƙuntatawa na gwamnati game da Amfani da ƙasa da damuwa game da gurɓataccen yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2017 |title=Contaminated Land |url=https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/contaminated-land |website=US EPA}}</ref> === Haɗin kai na al'umma === Wani labarin 2023 da aka buga a cikin National League of Cities ya ba da mafita da yawa don yaki da tsibirai masu zafi na birane, wanda ya haɗa amma ba a iyakance shi ba: ƙara sararin kore ta hanyar dasa bishiyoyi a kan tituna ko tituna, canza sararin rufin da ke akwai zuwa [[Tsanwan Rufi|rufin kore]], maye gurbin hanyar al'ada tare da madadin mai ɗorewa, tallafi don dasa bishiyoyi, da kuma shiga cikin al'ummomin da ba su da ke da riba, da sauransu.<ref name=":43">{{Cite journal |last=Gerrish |first=Ed |last2=Watkins |first2=Shannon Lea |date=February 2018 |title=The relationship between urban forests and income: A meta-analysis |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |language=en |volume=170 |pages=293–308 |bibcode=2018LUrbP.170..293G |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.09.005 |pmc=5726445 |pmid=29249844}}</ref> === Shuka itace === Hanyar da za a iya magance wannan batun ita ce aiwatar da shirye-shiryen dasa bishiyoyi. Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna da niyyar samar da albarkatu da tallafi ga yankunan da ba a kula da su ba a tarihi, don haka suna ba da gudummawa ga yanayin birane mai adalci.<ref name=":102" /> Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a gane cewa kawai dasa bishiyoyi a cikin ƙananan wuraren da aka rufe da rufin bazai isa yaƙi da wannan rashin daidaito na muhalli ba. Dole ne shirye-shirye su bi takamaiman ayyukan da suka dace da manufofin kula da gandun daji na birane don tabbatar da kirkirar yanayin birni mai adalci.<ref name=":102" /> Bugu da ƙari, yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da tasirin tasirin da ke tattare da shuka bishiyoyi kafin aiwatarwa, saboda suna iya ba da gudummawa ba da gangan ba ga haɓaka muhalli.<ref name=":122" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa a cikin buffer na mita 10 na sabbin bishiyoyin titin da aka dasa, kaddarorin suna fuskantar karuwar darajar, suna nuna kyakkyawar alaƙa tsakanin dasa bishiyoyin tituna da ƙimar dukiya.<ref name=":122" /> Koyaya, ya cancanci a lura cewa hauhawar ƙimar dukiya bazai iya fassara zuwa fa'idodi ga al'ummomin da ba su da sabis.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leets |first=Laura |last2=Sprenger |first2=Amber |last3=Hartman |first3=Robert O. |last4=Howard Jackson |first4=Jessica |last5=Britt |first5=Marge |last6=Gulley |first6=Andrew |last7=Simon Thomas |first7=Juli |last8=Wijesinghe |first8=Sanith |date=March 2022 |title=Promoting tree equity in Washington, D.C |journal=Trees, Forests and People |volume=7 |bibcode=2022TFP.....700209L |doi=10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100209 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Don magance yanayin muhalli, akwai wasu mahimman ayyuka don shirye-shiryen dasa bishiyoyi da za a bi, waɗanda Sousa-Silva et al. (2023) da Haffner (2015) suka bayyana, gami da haɗa shirye-shirye tare da dabarun gudanarwa na dogon lokaci, ƙirƙirar haɗin al'umma, da gabatar da canje-canje sannu a hankali.<ref name=":102">{{Cite journal |last=Sousa-Silva |first=Rita |last2=Duflos |first2=Marion |last3=Ordóñez Barona |first3=Camilo |last4=Paquette |first4=Alain |date=March 2023 |title=Keys to better planning and integrating urban tree planting initiatives |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=231 |bibcode=2023LUrbP.23104649S |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104649}}</ref> === Aiwatar da belin kore === An gabatar da 'yan sanda na kore a matsayin wata hanya don amincewa da batutuwan da suka shafi samun damar zuwa sararin samaniya na birane, ciyayi, da bishiyoyi. A cikin yankuna masu bushewa da tsaka-tsaki, belin kore na iya aiki don iyakance yaduwar birane da kuma kare wuraren da ke da mahimmanci ga muhalli da ƙirƙirar sabbin wuraren nishaɗi da kayan aikin kore ga al'ummomin da ba su da wakilci. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine binciken da aka yi a Hermosillo, Mexico, wanda ya bincika yadda haɗin belin kore tare da sake gina ƙasa da wuraren kula da ruwan sama ke ba da sabis na yanayin halittu da faɗaɗa sararin jama'a. Marubutan sun kuma ambaci cewa nasarar aiwatarwa tana buƙatar haɗin gwiwa tare da mazauna yankin da masu haɓakawa, da kuma matakan da ke adawa da gentrification da kasuwa waɗanda ke haifar da matsin lamba akan darajar ƙasa.<ref name=":34" /> Sauran bincike mai zurfi game da "green apartheid" a Afirka ta Kudu sun rubuta rashin daidaito a cikin kayan aikin kore a tsakanin kabilanci da kungiyoyin samun kudin shiga kuma sun ba da shawarar cewa tsarin tsara birane, gami da amfani da belin kore da ake buƙata, na iya taimakawa rage irin wannan rashin daidaito na sararin samaniya.<ref name=":54">{{Cite journal |last=Venter |first=Zander S. |last2=Shackleton |first2=Charlie M. |last3=Van Staden |first3=Francini |last4=Selomane |first4=Odirilwe |last5=Masterson |first5=Vanessa A. |date=2020-11-01 |title=Green Apartheid: Urban green infrastructure remains unequally distributed across income and race geographies in South Africa |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204620303947 |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=203 |bibcode=2020LUrbP.20303889V |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103889 |issn=0169-2046 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Nazarin sararin samaniya na birane a Amurka da China sun kuma jaddada damuwa game da adalci na muhalli, suna gargadi cewa manyan ayyukan shuke-shuke, idan ba a tsara su ba, na iya haifar da sakamako masu sabawa kamar "green gentrification" wanda ke kawar da masu cin gajiyar da aka nufa.<ref name=":44">{{Cite journal |last=Wolch |first=Jennifer R. |last2=Byrne |first2=Jason |last3=Newell |first3=Joshua P. |date=2014-05-01 |title=Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities 'just green enough' |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204614000310 |journal=Landscape and Urban Planning |volume=125 |pages=234–244 |bibcode=2014LUrbP.125..234W |doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017 |issn=0169-2046 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite journal |last=Zuniga-Teran |first=Adriana A. |last2=González-Méndez |first2=Blanca |last3=Scarpitti |first3=Christina |last4=Yang |first4=Bo |last5=Murrieta Saldivar |first5=Joaquin |last6=Pineda |first6=Irene |last7=Peñúñuri |first7=Guadalupe |last8=Hinojosa Robles |first8=Eduardo |last9=Irineo |first9=Kassandra Soto |last10=Müller |first10=Sergio |last11=Valencia-Sauceda |first11=Javier |date=2022-11-26 |title=Green Belt Implementation in Arid Lands through Soil Reconditioning and Landscape Design: The Case of Hermosillo, Mexico |journal=Land |language=en |volume=11 |issue=12 |page=2130 |bibcode=2022Land...11.2130Z |doi=10.3390/land11122130 |issn=2073-445X |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === MillionTreesNYC === Misali na shirin dasa bishiyoyi wanda a halin yanzu ke gudana shine Million Tree Initiative . [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] misali ne na birni wanda ya aiwatar da wannan shirin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Birnin ya ƙaddamar da shirin MillionTreesNYC a cikin shekara ta 2007, wanda yanzu an san shi a matsayin ɗayan manyan kuma mafi girman kuɗin dasa bishiyoyi a Amurka.<ref name=":122">{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Liqing |date=July 2023 |title=Environmental goods provision and gentrification: Evidence from MillionTreesNYC |journal=Journal of Environmental Economics and Management |volume=120 |bibcode=2023JEEM..12002828L |doi=10.1016/j.jeem.2023.102828 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan shirin hadin gwiwa ne tsakanin Ma'aikatar Gidan shakatawa ta Birnin New York da NY Restoration Project (NYPR), wanda ya haifar da nasarar dasa bishiyoyi miliyan daya a fadin yankuna biyar na Birnin Nework a cikin kasa da shekaru goma.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Kinney |first=J. |date=2015 |title=How 1 Million Trees Can Change a City |url=https://nextcity.org/urbanist-news/nyc-new-trees-goal-urban-canopy-one-million-trees |website=NextCity}}</ref> An jagoranta ta hanyar la'akari da lafiyar da abubuwan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, shirin ya yi niyya ga unguwanni da ke da karancin bishiyoyi, da nufin inganta girman birane da kashi 20%.<ref name=":122" /> NYPR, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta cikin gida, ta shiga cikin al'umma sosai wajen dasa da kula da sababbin bishiyoyi da aka dasa.<ref name=":13" /> Wannan shirin ya sami goyon baya ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da abokan hulɗa na waje kuma yana da taimako daga masu sa kai a kusa da birni.<ref name=":13" /> Bayan da shirin ya samu nasarar dasa bishiyoyi miliyan daya a fadin yankuna biyar, an yi shirye-shirye don sabunta ƙididdigar bishiyoyi na titi da kuma ba da taswirar bishiyoyi ta jama'a don kara yawan shiga cikin al'umma da ƙirƙirar al'adun kula da bishiyoyi.<ref name=":13" /> MillionTreesNYC yana aiki ne a matsayin sanannen misali na ingantaccen murfin murfin a yankunan da ba a ba da sabis na tarihi ba, yana karfafa irin wannan ƙoƙari a wasu biranen, gami da [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=":122" /> == Dubi kuma == * [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]] * [[Shirin Itace Miliyan]] * Redlining * [[Hakki zuwa lafiyayyen muhalli|Hakkin samun yanayi mai kyau]] * Adalci na sararin samaniya * [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] * Muhalli na birane * [[Dajin birni]] * [[Tsibirin zafi na birni]] * Sake dasa bishiyoyi a birane == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] elect2ocjedi9jyanbyzfeyzx48mdr5 0 167853 964227 924428 2026-10-07T09:25:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''TRINet''' (wanda a da ake kira Tsunami Rehab Information Network, Indiya) ta sauya zuwa " '''The Resource and Information Network: for the Coast''' " daga 1 ga Afrilu 2008. == Tarihi == [[Girgizar kasa da tsunami ta Tekun Indiya ta 2004|Tsunami da ya afku a Tekun Indiya a shekarar 2004]] ya lalata manyan yankunan bakin teku na Indiya. Sauƙi da gyaran jiki sun jawo hankalin 'yan wasa da yawa. An kafa cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa da kuma cibiyoyin albarkatu a [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Jihohi a Tarayyar Indiya|jihar Kudancin Indiya]] da tsunami ta fi shafa. An kafa '''TRINet''', ƙungiyar bayanai ta gyaran tsunami (Tsunami Information Networkwork) a watan Maris na 2005 a matsayin martani ga buƙatun bayanai masu yawa a jihar Tamil Nadu don matakan gyaran tsunami da sake ginawa don taimakawa wajen raba bayanai tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da ke aiki a fannoni daban-daban a gundumomi daban-daban na jihar. Manyan ƙungiyoyi uku ne suka fara shi, wato Ƙungiyar Sojin Masunta ta Kudancin Indiya SIFFS, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Tallafa wa Ma'aikatan Kifi (ICSF) da kuma Ƙungiyar Bhoomika Trust. TRINet tana tattara bayanai game da gyaran tsunami. Baya ga gidan yanar gizo, TRINet tana samar da labaran labarai na mako-mako - tarin bayanai daga kafofin watsa labarai, wasiƙar labarai ta wata-wata a Turanci da kuma wasiƙar labarai ta wata-wata a cikin harshen Tamil. Ana iya sauke su daga shafin yanar gizo. TRINet kuma tana da rumbun adana bayanai na rahotanni da sauran wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi tsarin gyara. == Ayyuka a fannin gyaran tsunami a Indiya == A cikin shekaru uku da ta yi a matsayin Cibiyar Ba da Bayani kan Gyaran Tsunami, TRINet ta shirya shawarwari da bita da dama kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka shafi gyaran tsunami. Rahotannin waɗannan da kuma gabatarwar da aka yi a waɗannan tarurrukan suna samuwa a shafin yanar gizo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Category: TRINET WORKSHOPS |url=http://www.trinet.in/modules/mydownloads/viewcat.php?cid=40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213004012/http://trinet.in/modules/mydownloads/viewcat.php?cid=40 |archive-date=13 December 2009 |access-date=6 April 2008}}</ref> Batutuwan da za a ambata sun haɗa da ayyukan kare gabar teku, tsafta da shugabanci a cikin al'ummomin kamun kifi. Baya ga tarurrukan da TRINet ta shirya, ana iya samun rahotanni da dama na tarurrukan gyaran tsunami waɗanda ba su samu damar shiga manyan kafofin watsa labarai ba a shafin yanar gizon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Category: MEETING REPORTS |url=http://www.trinet.in/modules/mydownloads/viewcat.php?cid=26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928044731/http://trinet.in/modules/mydownloads/viewcat.php?cid=26 |archive-date=28 September 2009 |access-date=6 April 2008}}</ref> Dangane da gogewar TRINet a lokacin bayan tsunami, an gabatar da wata takarda a taron Asiya-Pacific na Cibiyar Gudanar da Ayyuka mai taken Bukatun Gudanar da Ayyuka a Yanayin Bala'i: Darussan da aka koya daga Tsunami na Ranar Dambe. == Mayar da Hankali Kan Yanzu == Shekaru uku bayan ambaliyar tsunami a Tekun Indiya, hankalin TRINet ya canza daga gyara zuwa ci gaban yankin bakin teku na dogon lokaci. Musamman ma, TRINet za ta mayar da hankali kan samar da bayanai kan batutuwan bakin teku daga mahangar al'ummomin bakin teku waɗanda rayuwarsu ta dogara sosai kan samun albarkatun bakin teku. TRINet ta tattara wani fayil don Yaƙin Neman CZM a Indiya a cikin 2007. TRINet ta ci gaba da samar da wasiƙar labarai ta wata-wata wacce ke samuwa ga masu biyan kuɗi kuma ana iya samun damar shiga kai tsaye daga gidan yanar gizon https://web.archive.org/web/20071015045916/http://trinet.in/ Archived ƙarƙashin rubutun blog ɗin. Ofishin TRINet yana nan a Nagapattinam, Indiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na BEDROC . == Kayayyakin Yaɗawa == # Wasikar Labarai ta TRINet ta Wata-wata - kowace fitowa tana da muƙala mai taken da kuma tarin bayanai kan matsalolin bakin teku da kuma ci gaban gyaran tsunami a Indiya. # An aika da Taro na Labaran Mako-mako zuwa jerin wasiku daga Agusta 2005 zuwa Disamba 2008 kuma an samar da shi a gidan yanar gizon TRINet wanda ke ba da tarin labarai daga kafofin watsa labarai da suka shafi gyaran tsunami da batutuwan bakin teku. # "Alayathi", jaridar Tamil Ana iya samun damar shiga wannan da duk wasiƙun labarai na baya da sauran kayayyakin watsa labarai daga TRINet kyauta daga gidan yanar gizon TRINet. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cpftmpcneb54rf26f2ikrnnmt3y617u 0 168098 964211 925522 2026-10-07T07:58:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sulaiman Yahya Hazazi''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu na Al-Riyadh . <ref>{{Cite web |title=filgoal |url=https://www.filgoal.com/players/220190/هزازي-سليمان-يحيى}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=سليمان يحيى هزازي - Hazazi Sulaiman Yahya |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=138004 |access-date=2026-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228105746/https://www.kooora.com/?player=138004 |archive-date=2024-12-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Hazazi ya fara aikinsa a ƙungiyar matasa ta [[Al Wehda FC|Al-Wehda]], inda ya wakilci kulob ɗin a matakai daban-daban. Ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar babba wasa ne a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu 2021, a wasan da Al-Wehda ta doke [[Al-Faisaly FC|Al-Faisaly]] da ci 4–2.[2] Bayan da aka mayar da Al-Wehda zuwa rukuni na biyu, Hazazi ya bar kulob ɗin. A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2021, Hazazi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku da [[Al-Taawoun FC|Al-Taawoun]].[3] A ranar 15 ga Satumba 2023, ya koma ƙungiyar [[Al-Qaisumah FC|Al-Qaisumah]] ta rukuni na farko a matsayin aro.[4] A ranar 3 ga Agustan 2024, Hazazi ya koma [[Al-Zulfi FC|Al-Zulfi]].[5] A ranar 20 ga Yuni 2025, ya shiga [[Al-Riyadh SC|Al-Riyadh]] a matsayin ɗan wasa na dindindin. . <ref>{{Cite web |title=”سليمـان هـزازي“ رفقـة فخر الريـاض |url=https://x.com/AlRiyadhFC/status/1936164396885324263}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|28 May 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway|hazazi-sulaiman-yahya/689967|accessdate= 13 February 2021}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Sarki ! colspan="2" |Asiya ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="1" |Al-Wehda |2020–21 | rowspan="3" |SPL |9 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |10 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Al-Taawoun |2021–22 |8 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- |2022–23 |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !14 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !15 !0 |- | rowspan="1" |Al-Qaisumah (an ba da rancen) |2023–24 |FDL |22 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |22 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !45 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !47 !0 |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja == '''Saudi Arabia U20''' * Kofin Larabawa U-20: 2021 == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|sulaiman-hazazi/689967}} {{Al-Riyadh SC squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] 82y6o5sk1iygzf4a7e2k3zk42x2brz0 0 168131 964069 953472 2026-10-06T21:08:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sakiko Fukuda-Parr''' (サキコ・フクダ・探索,福田 京子) (an haife ta a shekara ta 1950) <ref name="Born">{{Cite web |title=Virtual International Authority File - Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko, 1950-... |url=http://viaf.org/viaf/262021671/#Fukuda-Parr,_Sakiko,_1950-.... |access-date=13 April 2014 |publisher=VIAF}}</ref> masanin tattalin arziki ne, Farfesa a Harkokin Kasa da Kasa a Sabon Makarantar Binciken Jama'a a New York, kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Manufofin Ci Gaban<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ms. Sakiko Fukuda-Parr {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/panelists/ms-sakiko-fukuda-parr-29716 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakiko Fukuda-Parr {{!}} The New School |url=https://www.newschool.edu/international-affairs/faculty/sakiko-fukuda-parr/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.newschool.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511050321/https://www.newschool.edu/international-affairs/faculty/sakiko-fukuda-parr/ |archive-date=2024-05-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta sami karbuwa saboda aikinta tare da Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), rubuce-rubucenta game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da ci gaba, da kuma kafa ''Jaridar Ci gaban Dan Adam da Capabilities .''<ref name="Contributors">{{Cite journal |date=2003 |title=Notes on contributors |url=https://archive.org/details/feminist-economics_july-november-2003_9_2-3/page/334 |journal=Feminist Economics |volume=9 |issue=2–3 |pages=333–335 |doi=10.1080/1354570032000114554 |s2cid=216645024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UN - dept of economic and social affairs |date=2023-04-10 |title=Ms. Sakiko Fukuda-Parr {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/panelists/ms-sakiko-fukuda-parr-29716 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Ita ce babban marubucin ''Rahotanni na Ci gaban Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (1995-2004) ''. <ref name=":1" /> == Ilimi == Fukuda-Parr tana da digiri na BA (Hons) daga Jami'ar Cambridge, MA a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'an Sussex, kuma duka MA da MALD (mashahurin zane-zane a shari'a da diflomasiyya) daga Makarantar Fletcher ta Shari'a da Diflomasiyya a Jami'ar Tufts. == Ayyuka == Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in rance tare da [[Bankin Duniya]] daga 1974 zuwa 1979, Fukuda-Parr ya yi aiki ne a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha a fannin tattalin arzikin noma a Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga 1979 zuwa 1985. Ta biyo bayan wannan tare da matsayi a matsayin Mataimakin Mai ba da shawara a Burundi (1985-1987), Babban Masanin Tattalin Arziki da Mataimakin Darakta a Ofishin Yankin Afirka (1986-1991), da kuma Shugaban Yankin Yammacin Afirka (1992-1994). A shekara ta 1995 an nada ta a matsayin Darakta na Ofishin Rahoton Ci gaban Dan Adam (1995-2006), inda take da alhakin rubuce-rubuce da buga Rahotanni na Ci gaban Dan Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] g7qrxtcd2krs5b3e09rp69j85q3mahc 0 168232 964124 926017 2026-10-06T23:41:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rubutu mai gwaɓi'''<templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Sashen Haɗin Tsarin Dan Adam (HSI) ofisoshi ne da dakunan gwaje-gwaje a cikin Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin samaniya ta Kasa, wanda aikinsa ke mai da hankali ne a cikin bincike don amfani da sabon ilimin kimiyya wanda ya dace da aikin mutum don amfana da manufofin shirin sararin samaniya na NASA. Rukunin yana neman ci gaba da ƙirar tsakiya ta mutum da ayyukan tsarin sararin samaniya mai rikitarwa ta hanyar gwaji da ya dace da aikin ɗan adam da hulɗar mutum-mutumi, don inganta aminci, inganci da yiwuwar nasarar manufofi.[1].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Systems Integration Division @ NASA Ames |url=https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/missiongoals.php#:~:text=The%20Human%20Systems%20Integration%20Division%20enables%20the%20development%20of%20complex%20aerospace%20systems%20through%20analysis%20and%20modeling%20of%20human%20performance%20and%20human-automation%20interactions. |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=humansystems.arc.nasa.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213105954/https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/missiongoals.php#:~:text=The%20Human%20Systems%20Integration%20Division%20enables%20the%20development%20of%20complex%20aerospace%20systems%20through%20analysis%20and%20modeling%20of%20human%20performance%20and%20human-automation%20interactions. |archive-date=2024-12-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manufofin == Rukunin yana da manufofi guda uku: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Systems Integration Division @ NASA Ames |url=https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/missiongoals.php |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=humansystems.arc.nasa.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213105954/https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/missiongoals.php |archive-date=2024-12-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> # Zane fasahar mutum, dabarun kimantawa, da ayyukan ƙungiya don inganta lafiyar jirgin sama, da aikin jirgin sama da ba a sarrafa shi ba. # Zane da haɓaka tsarin basira da haɓaka fasahar haɓaka don ba da damar haɗin gwiwar aiki tsakanin wakilai na ɗan adam, da tsarin masu cin gashin kansu. # Bayar da bincike na wata da zurfin sararin samaniya ta hanyar nazarin aikin ɗan adam a sararin samaniyya, da haɓaka fasahohi don inganta ayyukan dan sama jannati masu cin gashin kansu. == Ƙungiya == Rukunin ya kunshi (bayani na 16 ga Mayu, 2011) na ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa: * [Advanced Controls and Nuni]+ [Airspace Operations Laboratory (AOL) ]+ [Ames Flight Deck Display Research Group]+ [Sigaba da Nazarin Hadin Gizo da Kayan Gizo]+[Automation Interaction Design and Evaluation Group]+[Sigaba Rahoton Tsaro na Jirgin Sama (ASRS) ]+[Aviation Training Research Lab] * [Cognition Lab]+ [Cognitive Performance in Aviation Operations and Training] * [Yarjejeniyar Ƙungiya da aka rarraba] * [Binciken Gaggawa da Yanayi mara kyau] * [Flight Conognition] * [Human-Centered Systems Lab (HCSL) ] + [Human's-Computer Interaction Group (HCI) ] * [Integrated Safety Data for Strategic Response (ISDSR) Group]+ [Intelligent Spacecraft Interface Systems (ISIS) ] * [Man Machine Integration Design and Analysis (MIDAS) ] * [Binciken Bayani na Ayyuka] * [Lab na Horar da Jirgin Sama na Kwararru]+ [Gidan Bincike na Kwararre] * [Laboratori na Bayyanawa na Yankin] * [Yankin TH] * [Kimiyyar Bayyanawa da Fasaha]+ [Kwarewar Motar] == Tarihi == * 1960s: Injiniyoyin Ames sun gina na'urar kwaikwayo ta mutum, mai digiri shida na 'yanci don gwada rotorcraft. Har ila yau, ƙungiyar ta haɓaka ɗakin jirgin sama a ƙarshen hannun centrifuge wanda ke samar da ƙarfin G kamar waɗanda aka samu yayin ƙaddamar da jirgin sararin samaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Systems Integration Division @ NASA Ames |url=https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/history.php#:~:text=1960s-,Cockpit%20Simulators,-Ames%20human%20factors |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=humansystems.arc.nasa.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813093543/https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/history.php#:~:text=1960s-,Cockpit%20Simulators,-Ames%20human%20factors |archive-date=2024-08-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1970s: HSI ta kafa Tsarin Rahoton Tsaro na Jirgin Sama (ASRS) a cikin 1976. A cikin wannan shekaru goma, ƙungiyar ta haɓaka Gudanar da albarkatun Crew (CRM), saitin hanyoyin da ma'aikatan jirgin sama suka bi don tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da ƙa'idodin mahimman abubuwan ɗan adam don aminci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Systems Integration Division @ NASA Ames |url=https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/history.php#:~:text=training%20Apollo%20astronauts.-,1970s,-Aviation%20Safety%20Reporting |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=humansystems.arc.nasa.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813093543/https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/history.php#:~:text=training%20Apollo%20astronauts.-,1970s,-Aviation%20Safety%20Reporting |archive-date=2024-08-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1980s: Rukunin ya haɓaka NASA Task Load Index (TLX), kayan aiki na kimanta aikin aiki don kimanta aikin ma'aikaci a cikin hulɗar mutum da na'ura. Yana auna nauyin aiki bisa ga dalilai shida: buƙatar tunani, buƙatun jiki, buƙatun lokaci, aiki, ƙoƙari, da takaici.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Systems Integration Division @ NASA Ames |url=https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/history.php#:~:text=is%20a%20priority.-,1980s,-NASA%20Task%20Load |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=humansystems.arc.nasa.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813093543/https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/history.php#:~:text=is%20a%20priority.-,1980s,-NASA%20Task%20Load |archive-date=2024-08-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 1990s: The Vision Group ta haɓaka ƙididdigar ƙididdigat ɗin bidiyo na dijital wanda ya haɗa da abubuwan sarrafawa na gani na ɗan adam kamar daidaitawar haske, tace sararin samaniya, da rufe bambanci. An ba da izini a cikin 1995, wannan hanyar ta taimaka wajen kimanta kayan tarihi na matsawa da inganta matsawa ta hanyar cire gurɓatawar da ba a ganuwa yayin kiyaye inganci mai girma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Systems Integration Division @ NASA Ames |url=https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/history.php#:~:text=found%20here.-,1990s,-Digital%20Video%20Assessment |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=humansystems.arc.nasa.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813093543/https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/history.php#:~:text=found%20here.-,1990s,-Digital%20Video%20Assessment |archive-date=2024-08-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2000s: An kafa Laboratory na Vibration na Mutum don nazarin yadda girgizar jirgin sama ke shafar aikin gani, fahimta, da kuma aikin hannu na 'yan saman jannati, wanda ke haifar da shawarar nunawa a cikin jituwa tare da girgizar. Wannan dabarar ta inganta yawan karatun nuni a cikin kwaikwayon kuma ta haifar da sabon takardar shaidar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Systems Integration Division @ NASA Ames |url=https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/history.php#:~:text=patented%20in%201995.-,2000s,-Effects%20of%20Rocket |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=humansystems.arc.nasa.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813093543/https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/history.php#:~:text=patented%20in%201995.-,2000s,-Effects%20of%20Rocket |archive-date=2024-08-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2010s: The Human-Computer Interaction Group ya kirkiro kayan aikin tsarawa don ayyukan Mars da kuma mai tsarawa mai ci gaba, Score, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don daidaita ayyukan 'yan saman jannati a tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya (ISS). Score yana ba da damar ainihin lokaci, tsarawa na hadin gwiwa ga NASA da abokan hulɗa na duniya. Playbook, wani ci gaba daga baya, yana bawa 'yan saman jannati damar gudanar da jadawalin, yin rajistar ayyukan manufa, da kuma samun damar hanyoyin kai tsaye daga na'urorin hannu da kwamfutoci tare da karancin horo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Systems Integration Division @ NASA Ames |url=https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/history.php#:~:text=a%20new%20patent.-,2010s,-Scheduling |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=humansystems.arc.nasa.gov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813093543/https://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/organization/history.php#:~:text=a%20new%20patent.-,2010s,-Scheduling |archive-date=2024-08-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> d1uygcfsb2x5dd3jodt2b4jl93sw3cc 0 168347 963872 926386 2026-10-06T14:13:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cherish Life Queensland (wanda aka fi sani da Queensland Right to Life ) kungiya ce mai adawa da zubar da ciki ta Queensland. Kungiyar adawa da zubar da ciki ce da ba ta addini ba wacce aka kafa a [[Brisbane]] a shekarar 1970, kafin fitowar irin wadannan kungiyoyi a wasu jihohin Australia. Cherish Life Queensland ita ce ƙungiyar jihar ta Tarayyar Hakkin Rayuwa. == Tarihi == Cherish Life Queensland an kafa ta ne a cikin 1970 ta ƙungiyar mata Kirista masu damuwa waɗanda suka ga abin da ke faruwa a Amurka game da turawa don halatta zubar da ciki kuma suna so su hana halatta shi a cikin jiharsu. Tun lokacin da aka fara shi a matsayin Queensland Right to Life, an ba da kuɗin ne gaba ɗaya ta hanyar gudummawa kawai. A Babban Taron a ranar 21 ga Yuni 2008, mambobin da suka halarci taron sun kada kuri'a don canza sunan daga "Queensland Right to Life" zuwa "Cherish Life Queensland", wanda suka yi imanin cewa zai wakilci adawarsu ga binciken ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa, taimakawa kashe kansa, da kuma [[zubar da ciki]]. A watan Mayu 2019, Anna Palmer, matar dan kasuwa na Australiya [[Clive Palmer]] ta ba da gudummawar $ 20,000 ga Cherish Life Queensland don dalilai na zabe.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Third Party Return for 2018-19 |url=https://transparency.aec.gov.au/Download/ReturnImageByMoniker?moniker=76-BAQRC8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006060026/https://transparency.aec.gov.au/Download/ReturnImageByMoniker?moniker=76-BAQRC8 |archive-date=2023-10-06 |access-date= |website=AEC Transparency Register |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == mxgj62iem696j4hnqmc96iy7e80aeyr 0 168390 963865 926509 2026-10-06T13:35:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rikicin Da'awalay''' (wanda aka fi sani da Dacawalay ko '''Da'awaley''') rikici ne, kisan kiyashi da kuma kai hari a ƙauyen da ya faru a ranar 25 ga Disamba 2024 a garin Da'awaleys a cikin Gundumar Harshin, Jihar Somaliya, [[Itofiya|Habasha]] . Harin, wanda wasu kafofin suka ruwaito cewa rundunonin tsaro na yankin Habasha ne suka kai shi, wadanda aka fi sani da 'Yan sanda na Liyu da' yan bindiga na Somaliya, sun yi niyya ga mambobin dangin Isaaq da al'ummomin makiyaya na gida. Yawancin kafofin na cikin gida, na yanki da na duniya sun ba da rahoton mutuwar fararen hula da yawa, sace dattawa da aka aika a matsayin matsakanci, ƙone ƙauyuka, da kuma ƙaura dubban mutane.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gulaid Yusuf Idaan |date=27 December 2024 |title=Ethnic Violence and Governance Breakdown in Ethiopia's Somali Regional State: A Case Study of the Dacawalay Massacre |url=https://usercontent.one/wp/www.araweelonews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/A-Case-Study-of-the-Dacawalay-Massacre.pdf |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Araweelonews (PDF)}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cewar mai bincike da ke zaune a [[Somaliland]] kuma malamin [[Jami'ar Gollis]] Gulaid Yusuf Idaan, Yankin Somaliya na Habasha (wanda ake kira Ogaden) yana da dogon tarihin tashin hankali tsakanin kabilun da tashin hankali. A cikin watanni da shekaru da suka kai ga Disamba 2024 akwai rahotanni da yawa game da rikice-rikice a wasu sassan yankin Somaliya da suka shafi 'yan bindiga masu adawa da' yan tsaron yankin; masu kallo da masu sharhi sun bayyana tsarin karuwar soja, da ake zargi da kamfen din da aka yi da wasu al'ummomi da rushewa a cikin hanyoyin warware rikice-rikicen gida. <ref name=":1" /> Idaan kuma ya nuna rikice-rikice na akidar da tsarin iko tsakanin kabilun Somaliya daban-daban a cikin Yankin Somaliya a matsayin abubuwan da ke haifar da rikice-rikicen maimaitawa. Gidan Ogaden galibi yana goyon bayan "Babbar [[Somaliya]]" wanda ke da burin haɗa yankin Habasha tare da mulkin mallaka na Somaliya (wani ra'ayi da aka sani da "Darod irredentism" saboda kasancewar babban dangin Somaliya Darod a yankin). Sabanin haka, dangin Isaaq suna adawa da irredentism kuma sun fi son halin da ake ciki, wanda ke haifar da ƙiyayya da Ogaden. Idaan ya kuma tabbatar da cewa tilasta wa gwamnatin Habasha ta kabilanci a cikin shekarun 1990s ya kara tsanantawa da rikice-rikicen dangin, kuma a aikace ya ba da ikon Ogaden a kan kudin Isaaq. A ƙarshe, Idaan ya ci gaba da cewa gwamnatin yankin Somaliya ta Habasha karkashin jagorancin Shugaba Mustafe Cagjar ta yi amfani da ikon gwamnati don cutar da al'ummar Isaaq da kuma ikon tsakiya na musamman a cikin dangin Ogaden.<ref name=":1" /> == Harin == Rahoton zamani da bincike kwanaki da yawa bayan taron da Idaan ya yi ya ba da shaida da ke nuna cewa rundunonin 'yan sanda na Liyu sun kai hari kan Dacawalay da ƙauyuka makwabta. An ruwaito cewa harin ya fara da sassafe, ya haɗa da ayyukan gida-gida, kuma ya yi niyya ga matsakanci da fararen hula.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2024 |title=News: At least 35 killed in land dispute clashes between "pastoralists and gov't militias" in Dacawaley, Somali region: Sources |url=https://addisstandard.com/35-killed-in-clashes-between-pastoralists-govt-militias-over-land-dispute-in-somali-regions-dacawaley-sources/ |access-date=11 May 2026 |website=Addis Standard}}</ref> Shaidu sun ba da rahoton harbe-harbe, satar mutane, ƙonewa da gangan, da fashi. Rahotanni da yawa sun yi iƙirarin cewa kayan bidiyo da sakonnin kafofin watsa labarun da masu aikata laifin (ko magoya baya) suka rarraba sun kara tasirin harin kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga ta'addanci tsakanin wadanda suka tsira.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=The Lethal Assault Of Liyu Police: A Tragic Story From Da'awaley |url=https://saxafimedia.com/lethal-assault-liyu-police-tragic-daawaley/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Saxafi Media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116095617/https://saxafimedia.com/lethal-assault-liyu-police-tragic-daawaley/ |archive-date=2025-11-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yankunan Liyu na yankin - da ke aiki a matsayin dakarun musamman na yanki tare da mambobi 5,000 - 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na cikin gida da masu lura da haƙƙin ɗan adam sun zarge su da aiki tare da layin dangi da kuma aikata laifi yayin ayyukan tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 2024 |title=Da'awaley Massacre: Ethiopia's Somali Regional Forces Accused of Large-Scale Atrocity |url=https://www.horndiplomat.com/2024/12/daawaley-massacre-ethiopias-somali-regional-forces-accused-of-large-scale-atrocity/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Horn Diplomat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206061608/https://www.horndiplomat.com/2024/12/daawaley-massacre-ethiopias-somali-regional-forces-accused-of-large-scale-atrocity/ |archive-date=2025-12-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Asusun cikin gida da bincike na gaba sun ba da rahoton cewa an gayyaci dattawan Isaaq na gargajiya da matsakanci zuwa yankin Dacawalay don tattauna rikici na kiwo na gida tare da makiyaya na Ogaden da kuma sulhu tsakanin dangin dangi. A cewar wasu kafofin masu zaman kansu da na al'umma, kimanin dattawa 60 ne jami'an tsaro suka yi musu kwanton bauna, yayin da suke ƙoƙarin yin sulhu da takaddamar, kuma daga baya aka ruwaito cewa sun bayyana sa'o'i a wani "aikin kafofin watsa labarai da aka shirya da kyau" da masu satar yankin Somaliya a babban birnin jihar Jigjiga.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=Liyuu paramilitary forces massacre civilians in Ethiopia's Somali Region |url=https://somalilandchronicle.com/2024/12/27/liyuu-paramilitary-forces-massacre-civilians-in-ethiopias-somali-region/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Somaliland Chronicle}}</ref> Rahotanni sun kuma bayyana kashe-kashen sadarwa kafin harin da kuma amfani da karfi wanda ya hada da kone gidaje da kashe-kisan kai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2024 |title=Over-10 Killed in Deadly Clashes on Ethiopian-Somaliland Border |url=https://hornobserver.com/articles/3090/Over-10-Killed-in-Deadly-Clashes-on-Ethiopis-Somaliland-Border |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=Horn Observer}}</ref> Jami'an yankin Habasha, akasin haka, sun ci gaba da cewa kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai sun kai hari kan Liyu kanta da nufin tayar da rikici tsakanin Habasha da Somaliland. Sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun aika da ƙungiyar 'yan sanda ta yanki guda uku karkashin jagorancin shugaban tsaro na yankin Mohammaed Gedi don warware rikice-rikicen cikin gida game da haƙƙin kiwo, kawai don waɗannan masu makamai su yi musu kwanton bauna. An ce an kashe Gedi da mataimakinsa, yayin da ƙarfafawa da aka aika zuwa yankin suka yi yaƙi da 'yan ta'adda na kwanaki da yawa, inda suka rasa jami'an' yan sanda 30 kuma suka kama mambobi shida na maharan. Hukumomi sun yi iƙirarin cewa maharan suna sanye da bindigogi, manyan bindigogi (wanda ake zargin sun sanya shi a kan motocin gwamnatin lardin da aka kwace) da kuma makamai masu linzami. Jami'an yankin sun ci gaba da cewa maharan da aka kama sun yarda da kasancewa mambobi ne na Sojojin Tsaro na Somaliland da ke aiki a cikin farar hula.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Endale |first=Ashenafi |date=2024-12-28 |title=‘Dark Forces’ From Somaliland Kill At Least 83 On Ethiopian Territory {{!}} The Reporter Ethiopia |url=https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/43150/ |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=www.thereporterethiopia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Rahotanni na mutuwar da aka bayar sun bambanta a cikin tushe. Rahotanni na cikin gida da wasu maganganun Somaliland sun ba da rahoton cewa kimanin mambobi 135 na al'ummar Isaaq sun mutu a harin; wasu kafofin watsa labarai sun ba da rahoto ga mutane da yawa da suka mutu. Jaridar The Reporter da ke Addis Ababa ta ambaci bayanan gwamnati da ba a ambaci sunayensu ba da rahoton sama da mutane 200 da suka mutu, yayin da wani mai bincike mai zaman kansa ya ambaci adadin wadanda suka mutu har zuwa 300.[1] Baya ga wadanda aka kashe, fararen hula da yawa sun ji rauni, an tsare dattawa da matsakanci ko sun ɓace, kuma dubban mutane sun gudu zuwa yankunan makwabta ko a fadin iyaka zuwa Somaliland. Tushen da yawa sun rubuta kaburbura da yawa da kuma hanzarin binnewa bayan harin. Saboda rufewar sadarwa da ƙuntataccen damar ga masu bincike masu zaman kansu nan da nan bayan taron, tabbatar da ainihin abin da ya faru ya kasance da wahala a samu.[2][3] == Manazarta == 7fwyfde6e8lfugm14mjd2v7maqu3981 0 168424 964315 926589 2026-10-07T11:54:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964315 wikitext text/x-wiki An gudanar da zaman '''Majalisar Jama'a ta 9''' ( '''NPC''' ) daga 1998 zuwa 2003 a cikin zaman tattaunawa biyar. Hakan ya biyo bayan zaman ƙarshe na Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta 8. Akwai wakilai 2,979 a wannan Majalisar. == Bayani == Wannan shi ne babban taron farko da aka zaɓi 'yan majalisa waɗanda ke wakiltar yankin Hong Kong SAR da kuma sabon birnin Chongqing da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsa kai tsaye. An gudanar da zaɓe daga watan Oktoba na 1997 zuwa Fabrairu na 1998 ta hannun majalisun dokoki na larduna 22 da kuma na yankuna 5 masu cin gashin kansu, da kuma majalisun dokokin birni na ƙananan hukumomi huɗu da ake gudanarwa kai tsaye, waɗanda suka zaɓi mataimakansu zuwa NPC. == Rarraba kujeru == {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Babban jam'iyya ! Babban Sakatare ! Kujeru |- | style="background: {{party color|Chinese Communist Party}}" | | Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China | [[Jiang Zemin]] | 2,130 |- ! colspan="2" | Sauran Bangarorin ! Shugaba ! Kujeru |- | style="background: {{party color|Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party}}" | | Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Makiyaya da Ma'aikata ta China | Jiang Zhengua | rowspan="9" | 460 |- | style="background: {{party color|Jiusan Society}}" | | Ƙungiyar Jiusan | Wu Jieping |- | style="background: {{party color|China Democratic League}}" | | Ƙungiyar Democrat ta China | Ding Shisun |- | style="background: {{party color|China Association for Promoting Democracy}}" | | Ƙungiyar China don Inganta Dimokuradiyya | Xu Jialu |- | style="background: {{party color|China National Democratic Construction Association}}" | | Ƙungiyar Gine-gine ta Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Ƙasa ta China | Cheng Siwei |- | style="background: {{party color|Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang}}" | | Kwamitin Juyin Juya Halin Kuomintang na China | He Luli |- | style="background: {{party color|Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League}}" | | Ƙungiyar 'Yan Democrat ta Taiwan | Zhang Kehui |- | style="background: {{party color|China Zhi Gong Party}}" | | China Zhi Gong Party | Luo Haokai |- | style="background: #C0C0C0" | | Masu zaman kansu | ''Ba a Samu Ba'' |} == Zaman farko == === Shugabannin jihohi da aka zaɓa === * Shugaban Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China: [[Jiang Zemin]] * Shugaban Kwamitin Zama na Majalisar Dokokin Jama'ar Ƙasa: Li Peng <ref>{{Cite web |title=National People's Congress Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/57807.htm |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> * Shugaban Majalisar Jiha: Zhu Rongji * Shugaban Hukumar Soja ta Tsakiya: Jiang Zemin * Shugaban Kotun Koli ta Jama'a: Xiao Yang * Babban Lauyan Majalisar Koli ta Jama'a: Han Zhubin == Zaman na biyu == An amince da gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Sin na shekarar 1999 a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National People's Congress, 1999 Amendments to the PRC Constitution, March 15, 1999 {{!}} US-China Institute |url=https://china.usc.edu/national-peoples-congress-1999-amendments-prc-constitution-march-15-1999 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=china.usc.edu |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429053613/https://china.usc.edu/national-peoples-congress-1999-amendments-prc-constitution-march-15-1999 |archive-date=2024-04-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kasafin kuɗin Rundunar 'Yancin Jama'a ya ƙaru da kashi 12.8% a shekarar 1999 idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata, wanda hakan ke nuna ci gaba da sha'awar Majalisar Dokoki ta zamani ga tsarin soja.[1] == Manazarta == 5ent920gktrd9p607y731pf7eafcqa5 0 168425 964164 958343 2026-10-07T04:52:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Man Fetur da Sinopec na China''', ko kuma '''Sinopec Group''', wani kamfanin [[Danyen mai|mai]] da iskar gas ne na kasar Sin da ke gundumar Chaoyang, [[Beijing]]. SASAC tana gudanar da ƙungiyar ne domin amfanin Majalisar Jiha ta China . Sinopec Group tana gudanar da wani reshe na gwamnati da ake sayarwa a bainar jama'a, wanda kuma ake kira Sinopec, wanda aka jera a kasuwannin hannayen jari na Hong Kong da Shanghai . Sinopec Group ita ce babbar kamfanin tace mai a duniya, mallakar gwamnati, kuma ita ce ta shida a jerin kamfanonin da ke samun kudin shiga mafi girma a duniya. == Tarihi == === Na cikin gida === {{Image frame|width=300|content={{Bar chart | title = Sinopec crude oil production per year, in millions of barrels<ref>{{cite web |title=Sinopec's crude oil production 2023 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/279952/sinopecs-crude-oil-production-volume-in-china/ |website=Statista |access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref> | bar_width = 10 | label_type = year | label1 = 2013 | label2 = 2014 | label3 = 2015 | label4 = 2016 | label5 = 2017 | label6 = 2018 | label7 = 2019 | label8 = 2020 | label9 = 2021 | label10 = 2022 | label11 = 2023 | data_type = Domestic | data_max = 310.87 | data1 = 310.84 | data2 = 310.87 | data3 = 296.34 | data4 = 253.15 | data5 = 248.88 | data6 = 248.93 | data7 = 249.43 | data8 = 249.52 | data9 = 249.6 | data10 = 250.79 | data11 =251.63 | col2_data_type = International | col2_data_max = 310.87 | col2_data1 = 21.7 | col2_data2 = 49.86 | col2_data3 = 53.13 | col2_data4 = 50.36 | col2_data5 = 44.78 | col2_data6 = 39.58 | col2_data7 = 34.79 | col2_data8 = 30.7 | col2_data9 = 30.16 | col2_data10 = 30.07 | col2_data11 = 29.49 }}|align=left}}A shekarar 1994, Sinopec tana cikin manyan kamfanonin gwamnati mallakar masana'antu na kasar Sin wadanda aka zaba don shirin gwaji na sake fasalin kamfanoni masu rike da gwamnati, wanda hakan ya ba da damar yin jerin kadarorin rassanta na jama'a. : 49  An kafa Sinopec Limited a matsayin haɗin gwiwa a ƙarƙashin China Petrochemical Corporation Group (Sinopec Group) a watan Fabrairun 2000. An saka sunan kamfanin a Hong Kong, New York, da London a lokaci guda a watan Oktoba na 2000. Kamfanin IPO ya tara dala biliyan 3.5.<ref name="roots" /> {{Rp|146}}An kammala jerin sunayen kamfanonin da ke Shanghai a watan Yunin 2001.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} Kafin a fara aiki da shi a matsayin kamfani, kadarorin Sinopec sun fito ne daga Ma'aikatar Masana'antar Man Fetur da Ma'aikatar Masana'antar Sinopec waɗanda suka zama masu zaman kansu a shekarun 1980.<ref name="ghana1">{{Cite journal |last=Hardus |first=Sarah |date=8 October 2014 |title=Chinese National Oil Companies in Ghana: The Cases of cnooc and Sinopec |journal=Perspectives on Global Development and Technology |volume=13 |issue=5–6 |pages=588–612 |doi=10.1163/15691497-12341319}}</ref> {{Rp|592}}Ganin cewa kamfanin Sinopec Group ya kafa tarihi a fannin haƙar mai, masu sharhi sun rarraba shi a matsayin kamfanin da ya fi PetroChina samun riba fiye da sauran kamfanonin mai.<ref name="ghana1" /> {{Rp|592–593}}Duk da haka, tun daga shekarar 1998 Sinopec ta faɗaɗa zuwa ayyukan da suka shafi sama.<ref name="ghana1" /> {{Rp|592–593}}Wannan faɗaɗawar ta fara ne da musayar kadarorin da gwamnati ta ba wa Kamfanin Man Fetur na Ƙasa na China (CNPC) wanda ya ba wa CNPC wasu daga cikin matatun mai na Sinopec a madadin Sinopec da ta sayi wasu daga cikin kadarorin CNPC.<ref name="roots">{{Cite journal |last=Houser |first=Trevor |date=2008 |title=The Roots of Chinese Oil Investment Abroad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24904649 |journal=Asia Policy |issue=5 |pages=141–166 |issn=1559-0968 |jstor=24904649}}</ref> {{Rp|146}}<ref name="review2000">{{Cite journal |last=YUAN |first=S |last2=CHEN |first2=Y |last3=Weeks |first3=Ann |date=2000 |title=An Update on China's Oil Sector Overhaul |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_china-business-review_march-april-2000_27_2/page/n35 |journal=China Business Review |volume=27 |issue=2 |page=36}}</ref> Kasar Sin ta shiga cikin WTO a shekarar 2001, wanda wasu kwararru suka yi iƙirarin cewa ya ƙara matsin lamba ga masana'antar mai ta cikin gida don ta kasance mai inganci.<ref name="review2000" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=WTO China - Member information |url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/countries_e/china_e.htm |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=www.wto.org}}</ref> A yayin da ake shirin fara amfani da wannan tsari a bainar jama'a, Sinopec ta kori sama da guraben aiki 200,000 daga cikin jerin sunayenta.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=July 2, 1997 |title=Sinopec to slash jobs |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_chemical-week_july-02-09-1997_159_26/page/8 |journal=Chemical Week |volume=159 |issue=26 |page=8}}</ref> BP ta haɗu da Sinopec, a shekara ta 2005, don gina masana'antar samar da ethylene ta SECCO tare da saka hannun jari na farko na dala biliyan 2.7.<ref name="longSECCO">{{Cite journal |last=Tullo |first=Alexander H. |date=July 29, 2022 |title=Ineos makes major China push through deals with Sinopec |url=https://cen.acs.org/business/petrochemicals/Ineos-makes-major-China-push-deals-Sinopec/100/web/2022/07 |journal=Chemical & Engineering News |issn=0009-2347 |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref> Tana cikin masana'antar sinadarai ta Shanghai, kuma tana samar da sama da tan miliyan 3.2 na kayayyakin mai a kowace shekara.<ref name="SECCOmain">{{Cite web |title=Who We Are |url=http://www.secco.com.cn/en_us/aboutus/who-we-are.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523095107/http://www.secco.com.cn/en_us/aboutus/who-we-are.html |archive-date=2024-05-23 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=www.secco.com.cn}}</ref> <ref name="ogjGaoqiao">{{Cite journal |date=27 April 2017 |title=Sinopec to buy BP's interest in SECCO for $1.68 billion |url=https://www.ogj.com/refining-processing/article/17289944/sinopec-to-buy-bps-interest-in-secco-for-168-billion |journal=Oil & Gas Journal |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, Sinopec ta sayi sauran hannun jarin BP a SECCO ta hanyar reshenta na Gaoqiao kan dala biliyan 1.68.<ref name="SECCOmain" /> <ref name="BPsecco">{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2017 |title=BP agrees sale of interest in SECCO to Sinopec |url=https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/news-and-insights/press-releases/bp-agrees-sale-of-interest-in-secco-to-sinopec.html |access-date=19 September 2024 |publisher=BP}}</ref> Ayyukan Gaoqiao sun riga sun fara ƙirƙirar Sinopec kuma tana gudanar da masana'antu 75 don samar da kayayyakin mai da aka gama kamar mai, mai, da mahaɗan halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaoqiao |url=http://www.sinopecgroup.com/group/en/products/Finechem/Factory/Gaoqiao.shtml |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=www.sinopecgroup.com |publisher=Sinopec}}</ref> <ref name="ogjGaoqiao" /> Ineos ya sayi rabin kason Sinopec na SECCO a shekarar 2022 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa mai faɗi.<ref name="longSECCO" /> Sinopec tana gudanar da Kamfanin Man Fetur na Jiujang wanda aka fara ginawa a shekarar 1975 kuma an samu ci gaba da dama a tsawon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SINOPEC Jiujiang Company |url=http://www.sinopec.com/listco/en/about_sinopec/subsidiaries/refinery_petrochemical/20161109/news_20161109_369226794744.shtml |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=Sinopec.com |publisher=Sinopec |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110131110/http://www.sinopec.com/listco/en/about_sinopec/subsidiaries/refinery_petrochemical/20161109/news_20161109_369226794744.shtml |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Overall Design of Jiujiang Petrochemical Project Passed the Review {{!}} |url=http://lpec.sinopec.com/lpec/en/news/com_news/20240510/news_20240510_512837907980.shtml |access-date=25 November 2024 |website=lpec.sinopec.com |publisher=Sinopec |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127073559/http://lpec.sinopec.com/lpec/en/news/com_news/20240510/news_20240510_512837907980.shtml |archive-date=27 November 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Matatar tana sarrafa tan miliyan 8 na ɗanyen mai a kowace shekara.<ref name="spslow" /> [[Xi Jinping]] ya ziyarci matatar mai a shekarar 2023, lokacin da kamfanin ya nuna muhimmancin gurguzu tare da halayen kasar Sin tare da bayar da kyaututtuka. {{Rp|3}} Sinopec ta samu ribar aiki da kashi 6.8% a shekarar kuɗi ta 2006. Ribar ta takaita ne ta hanyar tsarin farashin gwamnati kan kayayyakin mai da ke cikin ƙasa. Hukumar Raya Kasa da Gyaran Kasa ta kayyade farashin man fetur da dizal, kuma Ma'aikatar Kudi ta tara harajin da ya wuce kima kan ribar da ake samu daga sama.<ref name="roots" /> {{Rp|147–148}}A farkon shekarar 2006, sayar da mai da dizal na kasar Sin ba su da riba ga Sinopec kuma tallace-tallacen sun shafi harkokin kudi na kamfanin. Domin matsa lamba ga NDRC, Sinopec da CNPC sun yanke samar da famfon, wanda hakan ya haifar da layuka masu tsawo a famfon. Wannan ya sa NDRC ta amince da karin kashi 15% a farashin famfon. Domin rage asarar da aka samu daga tsarin farashi, jihar ta bai wa Sinopec tallafin dala biliyan 1.1 a shekarar 2005 da kuma dala miliyan 647 a shekarar 2006.<ref name="roots" /> {{Rp|152}}Wannan misalin kuɗi ya nuna yadda Sinopec ta aiwatar da ribar da aka daidaita a manufofinta. {{Rp|8}}Hanyoyin China kan yadda ake bayyana, ƙididdigewa, da kuma bayar da rahoto kan ribar da manufofin siyasa ke ci gaba da cin karo da juna sun ci gaba a tsawon lokaci. Wasu masu sharhi kan Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Shanghai, inda Sinopec ke ciniki, suna kiran waɗannan hanyoyin "ƙimar da ke da halaye na Sin".<ref name="sseOP">{{Cite web |date=22 Feb 2024 |title=The Necessity and Suggestions for Enhancing Central SOEs' Market Value (Source: Chin@Moments) {{!}} SHANGHAI STOCK EXCHANGE |url=https://english.sse.com.cn/home/highlights/c/c_20240222_10751068.shtml |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=english.sse.com.cn}}</ref> Sinopec ta nuna hanyar "riba ɗaya, ƙimar biyar" a cikin 2023.<ref name="sseOP" /> <ref name="annualGroup2023" /> {{Rp|8}}Wannan hanyar tana buƙatar tantance aikin kamfanin tare da riba, "rabo tsakanin kadarori da alhakin kadarori, ribar da aka samu akan hannun jari, rabon kuɗin aiki, yawan aikin ma'aikata, da kuma ƙarfin saka hannun jari na bincike da ci gaba".<ref name="sseOP" /> [[File:Zigui-Sinopec-boat-fuel-station-4961.jpg|right|thumb| Ana yawan ganin tashoshin mai na Sinopec a titunan China da koguna.]] A watan Fabrairun 2007, [[Saudi Aramco]] da Exxon sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya da Sinopec don sake fasalin matatar mai ta Fujian tare da ninka ƙarfinta sau uku zuwa {{Convert|240000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} kafin 2009.<ref name="way3" /> Zuba jarin Saudi Aramco ya dace da dabarun saboda Saudi Aramco tana samar da mai mai nauyi wanda ba a fifita shi ga sauran matatun mai na China ba. Aramco, Exxon da Sinopec sun kuma sanya hannu kan kwangiloli don wani kamfani na tallata mai wanda zai kula da tashoshin sabis 750 da kuma hanyar sadarwa ta tashoshi a lardin Fujian. Kamfanonin su sun kuma faɗaɗa haɗin gwiwa a Tianjin a shekara mai zuwa. Sun zuba jari sama da dala biliyan 3 daga 2008 zuwa 2019 don fadada karfin samar da sinadarin ethylene sau da yawa, kuma a karshe sun cimma tan miliyan 1.3 a kowace shekara na samarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2009 |title=中沙合资天津100万吨/年乙烯及配套项目通过核准 |trans-title=The Sino-Saudi Joint Venture Tianjin 1 Million Tons/Year Ethylene and Supporting Project Approved |url=https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/cyfz/zcyfz/200907/t20090714_1148972.html |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=www.ndrc.gov.cn}}</ref> A Fujian, Sinopec kuma tana gudanar da wurin shakatawa na masana'antu na Gulei. Ya fara ne a matsayin haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyar kamfanonin Taiwan da ke aiki a matsayin Dynamic Ever Investments a shekarar 2015. Kamfanin ya ɗauki jarin dala biliyan 4 kuma yana da ƙarfin samar da tan miliyan 1 na ethylene a kowace shekara. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=The latest progress of China's 9 major refining and chemical projects! |url=https://www.echemi.com/cms/319575.html |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=ECHEMI}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=aranyamondal |date=2024-11-19 |title=petrochemical complex in Fujian province of China |url=https://www.offshore-technology.com/news/petrochemical-complex-in-fujian-province-of-china/ |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Offshore Technology}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-12-17 |title=China, Taiwan JV break ground on ethylene complex |url=https://www.ogj.com/refining-processing/article/17245950/china-taiwan-jv-break-ground-on-ethylene-complex |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Oil & Gas Journal}}</ref> A lokacin da aka amince da shi, shi ne kawai kamfanin haɗin gwiwar man fetur na Taiwan a babban yankin China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brelsford |first=Robert |date=24 January 2024 |title=SABIC, partner approve investment for new ethylene complex in China |url=https://www.ogj.com/refining-processing/refining/construction/article/14304031/sabic-partner-approve-investment-for-new-ethylene-complex-in-china |access-date=21 November 2024 |website=Oil & Gas Journal}}</ref> Reshen Fujian na NDRC wanda ke da hannun jari kashi 25% a cikin aikin ne ya amince da shi. Kamfanin ya fara samar da sinadarai masu guba a shekarar 2018 kuma ya fara aiki a intanet a shekarar 2021.<ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":2" /> Mataki na biyu ya fara ne a shekarar 2024, lokacin da Saudi Aramco ta ƙara zuba jari na dala biliyan 9.8 a fannin. An tsara cewa waɗannan faɗaɗawar za su fara aiki gaba ɗaya a shekarar 2030. Sinopec ta kammala gina sabuwar masana'antar ethylene a Wuhan a ƙarshen shekarar 2012. An yi ginin wannan masana'antar ne a matsayin haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyar SK ta Koriya ta Kudu. An tsara wannan cibiyar ne bisa ga burin Hukumar Ci Gaba da Gyaran Ƙasa na samar da ƙarin sinadarin ethylene a cikin gida domin rage dogaro da shigo da kayayyaki daga ƙasashen waje. Zai samar da tan 800,000 a kowace shekara wanda hakan wani muhimmin mataki ne ga burin NDRC na shekarar 2015 na haɓaka samar da kayayyaki a cikin gida da tan miliyan 7.5 a kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2013 |title=武汉80万吨/年乙烯工程变更投资主体通过核准 |trans-title=The Change of Investment Entity for the Wuhan 800,000 Tons/Year Ethylene Project Approved |url=https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/cyfz/zcyfz/201306/t20130605_1149704.html |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=NDRC.gov.cn |publisher=National Development and Reform Commission |language=zh}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2013, Sinopec ta amince ta biya dala biliyan 1.5 ga kadarorin kamfaninta na asali da ke samar da mai da iskar gas a ƙasashen waje. An kafa Kamfanin Kayayyakin Man Fetur na Zhejiang a shekarar 1950, amma ya fara aiki a ƙarƙashin kamfanin Sinopec a shekarar 1998. Ita ce babbar matatar mai a Sinopec kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanoni a Zhejiang.[1] Sinopec ta ci gaba da inganta ƙarfin tacewa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan matatun mai a duniya.[2] [3] Matatar tana fifita fitar da sinadarai marasa mai a farashi mai girma fiye da matatun mai iri ɗaya. Wannan babban samar da sinadarai masu ƙamshi, musamman na sinadarai masu ƙamshi, yana cutar da masu fafatawa da ƙasashen waje.[3] Wannan ya jawo hankalin ƙarin jari a China daga Saudi Aramco wanda ya sami kashi 10% na hannun jari a Kamfanin Kayayyakin Man Fetur na Zhejiang a shekarar 2023.[4] [5] == Manazarta == m7bnfhngha2k3b23ikace93y02aihs9 0 168489 964218 926894 2026-10-07T08:23:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''SuperSport''' kungiya ce ta tashoshin talabijin na Afirka ta Kudu da aka gudanar a dandamali na tauraron dan adam na DStv & CANAL+ + da kuma dandamali na ƙasa na GOtv don shirye-shiryen wasanni na kai tsaye. Yana samar da abubuwan wasanni a Afirka ta Kudu, Najeriya da duk ƙasashen Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ten Sports, Supersport sign multi-year digital content partnership |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/186518.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012055039/http://www.ameinfo.com/186518.html |archive-date=12 October 2010 |access-date=4 September 2010}}</ref> SuperSport tana watsa shirye-shirye da yawa na manyan abubuwan [[Wasannin Motsa Jiki|wasanni]] da wasannin, gami da kwallon kafa, rugby, cricket, [[Tennis]], golf, motorsport, keke, dambe, kokawa, hockey, da wasanni. A mafi girma, ita ce babbar mai watsa shirye-shiryen rugby da cricket a duniya, kodayake Sky Sports ta mamaye ta tun daga lokacin. Har ila yau, ta rike matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen Premier League na biyu mafi girma a duniya, tana ba da wasannin kai tsaye kuma, idan ya yiwu, watsa shirye-aikace masu mahimmanci ta hanyar Sabis ɗin Abun ciki na Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SuperSport wins South African contracts |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/events/tv/news/newsid=800528.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830033755/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/events/tv/news/newsid=800528.html |archive-date=30 August 2010 |access-date=4 September 2010}}</ref> Baya ga tashoshin tauraron dan adam, SuperSport yana ba da abun ciki ga M-Net, CSN, kuma wani lokaci M-Net HD. Biye da samfurin Sky Sports, a watan Satumbar 2020, SuperSport ya fara aiki da tashoshin jigogi, keɓe takamaiman tashoshin ga manyan wasanni. A halin yanzu, fiye da gidaje miliyan 3.5 a duk faɗin Afirka suna samun damar SuperSport ta hanyar dandalin DStv.<ref name="sb1">{{Cite web |title=SuperSport super brands |url=https://www.brandsearch.superbrands.com/download/1108/south-africa-volume-3/95900/south-africa-edition-3-supersport.pdf |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818003314/https://www.brandsearch.superbrands.com/download/1108/south-africa-volume-3/95900/south-africa-edition-3-supersport.pdf |archive-date=2024-08-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1986, an ƙaddamar da M-Net a matsayin tashar talabijin ta farko ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma, tare da Canal +, na biyu ne kawai a waje da Amurka. Nan da nan tashar ta nuna niyyarta ta hada wasanni a cikin shirye-shiryenta, ta hanyar tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka na wani muhimmin wasan Kofin Currie tsakanin Transvaal da Lardin Yamma don watsa shirye-shiryen farko. Daga shekara ta 1988, ɗaukar wasanni a kan M-Net ya gudana a ƙarƙashin tutar M-Net SuperSport. M-Net SuperSport ya fadada kewayon ɗaukar hoto, gami da wasan rugby na kasashen waje, wasan kurket, golf, dambe da keken keke. Bayan sake shigar da Afirka ta Kudu cikin wasan kurket na kasa da kasa, SuperSport ta sake zira kwallaye ta hanyar tabbatar da haƙƙin mallaka ga gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Cricket na 1992. Lokacin da rugby ya zama ƙwararre a 1995, an kulla yarjejeniya tsakanin sabuwar SANZAR da [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s News Corporation. A Afirka ta Kudu, an ba SuperSport damar watsa shirye-shirye na musamman na gasar Super 12, da kuma Tri Nations. Bayan wannan yarjejeniyar, rugby a hankali ya daina watsa shirye-shirye a kan SABC, yayin da SuperSport ya zama mai ɗaukar watsa shirye-aikacen rugby kai tsaye. A lokaci guda, Naspers ya fadada ayyukan talabijin na biyan kuɗi zuwa mai ɗaukar tauraron dan adam. Tare da ƙaddamar da DStv a cikin 1995, SuperSport ya zama cibiyar sadarwa mai tashoshi da yawa da kuma alamar mai zaman kanta, kodayake har yanzu ana danganta shi da M-Net.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-16 |title=SuperSport goes hi-tech for soccer's greatest month |url=https://mg.co.za/special-reports/2022-11-16-supersport-goes-hi-tech-for-soccers-greatest-month/ |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Cibiyar sadarwa ta yi amfani da dandalin tauraron dan adam don fadada wasantawa: Don wasannin Olympics, ana amfani da tashoshi shida don abubuwan da suka faru. A ranar 4 ga Satumba 2001, SuperSport ya motsa wuraren sa a dandalin DStv. Dukkanin tashoshin SuperSport yanzu suna cikin kewayon 21-29 yayin da SuperSport Zone ya koma tashar 20. An sake sunan SuperSport International SuperSport 3, tare da jaddada wasanni "babban 3" (ƙwallon ƙafa, wasanni, dambe) da cibiyar sadarwa ta ɗauka. Sabis ɗin mu'amala, SuperSport Zone, ya fara ne a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2001. A shekara ta 2007, SABC ta rasa hakkokinta na musamman ga gasar Firimiya ta gida (PSL) zuwa SuperSport, a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai R1.6 biliyan. &nbsp;Yarjejeniyar ta nuna cewa dole ne a raba wasu wasannin tare da SABC. A watan Agustan 2011, SuperSport ta sabunta kwangilarta tare da PSL na wasu shekaru biyar. Tun daga shekara ta 2011, haɗin SuperSport tare da M-Net ya fara ɓacewa, lokacin da M-net ya raba abincinsa na ƙasa daga tashar DStv. Masu kallo na DStv ba za su iya kallon abubuwan wasanni a kan M-Net ba, kodayake masu biyan kuɗi na ƙasa har yanzu suna samun abinci a kan babban tashar, da kuma Cibiyar Kula da Ayyuka ta Al'umma (CSN). Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya tana ɗauke da sunan tashar. [[SuperSport United FC]].C. da farko an san shi da Pretoria City amma M-Net ta sayi shi a 1995 bayan haka aka sake masa suna. A watan Yulin 2025, an sanar da cewa Siwelele FC za ta sayi kulob din.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=SuperSport United sold to Siwelele Football Club |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/828782/SuperSport-United-sold-to-Siwelele-Football-Club |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=African Football}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2020, SuperSport ta ba da sanarwar sake fasalin / sake fasalin tashoshin ta, ma'ana lambobin tashoshin tun lokacin da tashar ta fara fadadawa a 2003 kamar ''SuperSport 3'' za a maye gurbin su da takamaiman tashoshin talabijin na wasanni wanda suke " inganta kwarewar masu kallo na wasanni" kuma "''yana sauƙaƙa samun da kallon gasar da aka fi so, gasa ko wasanni''". Sabuntawa zai fara aiki daga Satumba 1, 2020, zuwa gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AsuquoE |date=2020-08-08 |title=SuperSport channels are getting a new makeover to give your favourite sport a dedicated home of its own |url=https://talkmediaafrica.com/2020/08/08/supersport-channels-are-getting-a-new-makeover-to-give-your-favourite-sport-a-dedicated-home-of-its-own/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=TalkMedia Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2021, SuperSport ya sami mallakar School Sport Live kuma ya sake sanya shi a cikin Makarantun SuperSport. A karkashin sabon mallaka, Makarantun SuperSport za su ci gaba da watsa shirye-shiryen wasanni mafi kyau a kan layi da kuma ta hanyar tashoshin SuperSport da ke kawo shi kusa da sauran abubuwan da suke ciki. A cikin wannan yarjejeniya, ana sa ran alamar za ta sami aikace-aikacen hannu daga baya a cikin shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SuperSport to invest in Schools Sport |url=https://www.multichoice.com/media/news/supersport-to-invest-in-schools-sport/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819051324/https://www.multichoice.com/media/news/supersport-to-invest-in-schools-sport/ |archive-date=2022-08-19}}</ref> === Abubuwan da ba su dace ba game da SuperSport === * A shekara ta 2009, SuperSport ta watsa shirye-shiryen kusan awanni 8,000 na wasanni kai tsaye a duk tashoshin ta. * Adadin masu kallo na SuperSport a duk faɗin Afirka ya wuce miliyan goma. * Cibiyar sadarwa tana karɓar kusan shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye 300 daga ko'ina cikin duniya kowane karshen mako. * SuperSport tana karbar bakuncin watsa shirye-shirye 420 a waje a kowace shekara, ban da wadanda ke Afirka. * A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009, SuperSport ya zama mai watsa shirye-shiryen [[Afirka]] na farko da ya ƙaddamar da tashar High Definition (HD) na awanni 24. * Shirin watsa shirye-shiryen kyamara 26 na Kaizer Chiefs / Orlando Pirates a cikin 2009 ya kafa sabon ma'auni don ɗaukar ƙwallon ƙafa na gida. * A wannan shekarar, SuperSport kuma ya zama na farko da ya watsa shirye-shiryen PSL a HD.<ref name="sb1" /> * A cikin 2021 SuperSport ya shiga cikin filin caca na kan layi ta hanyar ƙaddamar da [[SuperSportBet]]. == Jerin tashoshi == SuperSport yana da shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye 3 a nahiyar Afirka; [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Najeriya]] & Sauran Afirka (ROA). === Afirka ta Kudu === {| class="wikitable" !Sunan tashar !Lambar Tashar !Kunshin |- |SuperSport WWE HD |128 |Samun dama ga DStv |- |Abubuwan SuperSport HD |199 |Yarjejeniyar DStv |- |SuperSport Blitz HD |200 |Samun dama ga DStv |- |SuperSport Grandstand HD |201 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport PSL HD |202 |Iyalin DStv |- |SuperSport Premier League HD |203 |Yarjejeniyar DStv |- |SuperSport LaLiga HD |204 |Samun dama ga DStv |- |SuperSport Football HD |205 |Iyalin DStv |- |SuperSport Football Plus HD |206 |Yarjejeniyar DStv |- |SuperSport Kickoff HD |207 |DStv Compact Plus |- |SuperSport Afirka HD |208 |Samun dama ga DStv |- |SuperSport Action HD |209 |Yarjejeniyar DStv |- |SuperSport Extra HD |210 |DStv Compact Plus |- |SuperSport Rugby HD |211 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Cricket HD |212 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Golf HD |213 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Tennis HD |214 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Motorsport HD |215 |DStv Premium |- |Makarantun SuperSport HD |216 |DStv Easyview |- |SuperSport Extra 2 HD |217 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Mafi Girma 1 HD |241 |DStv Premium |- |Wasanni na SuperSport |243 |DStv Free to View |- |SuperSport OTT 1 |244 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 5 |245 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 2 |246 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 3 |247 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 4 |248 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 6 |950 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 7 |951 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 8 |952 |DStv App |- |SuperSport CSN |490 | |- |M-Net na Duniya |491 | |} === Najeriya === {| class="wikitable" !Sunan tashar !Lambar Tashar !Kunshin |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport WWE HD |128 ko 206 |DStv Confam |- |67 |GOtv Supa |- |Abubuwan SuperSport HD |199 |Yarjejeniyar DStv |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Blitz Afirka HD |200 |DStv Padi |- |60 |GOtv Smallie |- |SuperSport Grandstand HD |201 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Football Plus HD |202 |DStv Compact Plus |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Premier League HD |203 |Yarjejeniyar DStv |- |65 |GOtv Supa Plus |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport LaLiga HD |204 |DStv Confam |- |62 |GOtv Max |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Football HD |205 |DStv Confam |- |64 |GOtv Max |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Kickoff HD |207 |DStv Yanga |- |61 |GOtv Jinja |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Afirka HD |208 |DStv Yanga |- |63 |GOtv Jinja |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Action HD |209 |Yarjejeniyar DStv |- |66 |GOtv Supa Plus |- |SuperSport Extra HD |210 |DStv Compact Plus |- |SuperSport Rugby |211 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Cricket |212 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Golf |213 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Tennis HD |214 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Motorsport HD |215 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Extra 2 HD |217 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Mafi Girma 1 HD |241 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Mafi Girma 2 HD |242 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport OTT 1 |244 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 5 |245 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 2 |246 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 3 |247 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 4 |248 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 6 |950 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 7 |951 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 8 |952 |DStv App |} === Sauran Afirka === Yawancin tashoshin SuperSport Najeriya ana raba su tare da Sauran Abinci na Afirka (ROA), ban da tashoshin 3 kawai kamar yadda SuperSport ya ba da abinci na ROA daban don waɗannan. Su ne SS Football Plus, SS Premier League & SS LaLiga . An raba abincin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa yankuna 2, Afirka mai magana da Ingilishi (kasashen da ke magana da Inganci) da Afirka mai magana le Lusophone (kasashen Portuguese). ==== Afirka mai magana da Ingilishi ==== {| class="wikitable" !Sunan tashar !Lambar Tashar !Kunshin |- | rowspan="3" |SuperSport WWE HD |128 ko 226 |Iyalin DStv |- |67 |GOtv Supa |- |725 |CANAL+ Turanci da kuma Dukkanin CANAL+ |- |Abubuwan SuperSport HD |199 |Yarjejeniyar DStv |- |SuperSport PSL HD |202 |DStv Family (Afirka ta Kudu kawai) |- |Makarantun SuperSport HD |216 |DStv Access (Afirka ta Kudu kawai) |- |SuperSport Extra 2 HD |217 |DStv Premium |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Blitz Afirka HD |220 |Samun dama ga DStv |- |60 |GOtv Lite |- |SuperSport Grandstand HD |221 |DStv Premium |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Football Plus HD |222 |DStv Compact Plus |- |110 ko 253 ko 78 |CANAL+ Turanci da kuma Dukkanin CANAL+ |- | rowspan="3" |SuperSport Premier League HD |223 |Yarjejeniyar DStv |- |65 |GOtv Supa Plus |- |112 ko 255 ko 80 |CANAL+ Turanci da kuma Dukkanin CANAL+ |- | rowspan="3" |SuperSport LaLiga HD |224 |Iyalin DStv |- |62 |GOtv Max |- |113 ko 256 ko 81 |CANAL+ Turanci da kuma Dukkanin CANAL+ |- | rowspan="3" |SuperSport Football HD |225 |Iyalin DStv |- |64 |GOtv Max |- |111 ko 254 ko 79 |CANAL+ Turanci da kuma Dukkanin CANAL+ |- | rowspan="3" |SuperSport Kickoff HD |227 |Samun dama ga DStv |- |61 |GOtv Ƙari |- |727 |CANAL+ Turanci da kuma Dukkanin CANAL+ |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Afirka HD |228 |DStv Lite |- |63 |Darajar GOtv |- | rowspan="3" |SuperSport Action HD |229 |Yarjejeniyar DStv |- |66 |GOtv Supa Plus |- |726 |CANAL+ Turanci da kuma Dukkanin CANAL+ |- |SuperSport Extra HD |230 |DStv Compact Plus |- |SuperSport Rugby |231 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Cricket |232 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Golf |233 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Tennis HD |234 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Motorsport HD |235 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Mafi Girma 1 HD |241 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Mafi Girma 2 HD |242 |DStv Premium |- |Wasanni na SuperSport |243 |DStv Free To View (Afirka ta Kudu kawai) |- |SuperSport OTT 1 |244 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 5 |245 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 2 |246 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 3 |247 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 4 |248 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 6 |950 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 7 |951 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 8 |952 |DStv App |} ==== Afirka mai magana da harshen Lusophone ==== (Yafi amfani da shi a Angola da Mozambique) {| class="wikitable" !Sunan tashar !Lambar Tashar !Kunshin |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Mafi girma 360 |600 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grand, DStV Familia+, DStV Family |- |50 |GOtv Supa Plus |- |SuperSport Mafi Girma 1 HD |601 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grand |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Mafi Girma 2 HD |602 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grand, DStV Familia+ |- |52 |GOtv Supa Plus |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Mafi Girma 3 HD |603 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grand, DStV Familia+ |- |51 |GOtv Supa Plus |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport WWE HD |610 ko 626 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grand, DStV Familia+ |- |68 |GOtv Supa Plus |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Blitz Afirka HD |620 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grand, DStV Familia+, DStV Family |- |60 |GOtv Supa Plus |- |SuperSport Grandstand HD |621 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue |- |SuperSport Football Plus HD |622 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Premier League HD |623 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue, DStv Grande, DStV Familia+ |- |65 |GOtv Supa Plus |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport LaLiga HD |624 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grand, DStV Familia+, DStV Family |- |62 |GOtv Supa Plus |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Football HD |625 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grand, DStV Familia+, DStV Family, DStf Facil |- |61 |GOtv Supa Plus |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Kickoff HD |627 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, DStv Grand |- |63 |GOtv Supa Plus |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Afirka HD |628 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue, DStv Grande+, |- |64 |GOtv Supa Plus |- | rowspan="2" |SuperSport Action HD |629 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue, DStv Grande+ |- |66 |GOtv Supa Plus |- |SuperSport Extra HD |630 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue |- |SuperSport Rugby |631 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Cricket |632 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Golf |633 |DStv Premium |- |SuperSport Tennis HD |634 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue |- |SuperSport Motorsport HD |635 |DStv Mega ko DStv Bue |- |SuperSport OTT 1 |244 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 5 |245 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 2 |246 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 3 |247 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 4 |248 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 6 |950 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 7 |951 |DStv App |- |SuperSport OTT 8 |952 |DStv App |} === SuperSport Blitz (200) === SuperSport Blitz (Blitz Africa a waje da Afirka ta Kudu), wanda aka fi sani da SuperSport Update, an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2006 wanda ke nuna labarai, fasalulluka, sanarwa, abubuwan da suka faru, gabatarwa da abubuwan wasanni a duk duniya. Domin wasu sa'o'i yana watsa labarai na Sky Sports News kai tsaye daga Burtaniya. === SuperSport Grandstand (201) === Tashar SuperSport wacce ke nuna abubuwan da ke cikin rayuwa na rana ciki har da abubuwan da suka faru daga wasan tennis, rugby, cricket da kuma WWE live pay-per-views. Wannan tashar tana samuwa ne kawai ga masu biyan kuɗi na DStv Premium. === SuperSport PSL (202) === SuperSport PSL yana mai da hankali ne kan wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida a Afirka ta Kudu da sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta hanyar watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye, nuna mujallu da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa. Yanzu suna nuna wasannin Premier Soccer League (PSL) a kowace Talata, Laraba, Jumma'a, Asabar da Lahadi a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Super Diski" da suka nuna. Tashar kuma tana nuna labarai da yawa na PSL da kuma shirye-shiryen magana a ƙarƙashin alamar "PSL TV". Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna nuna akalla sabon wasan kwaikwayo daya da dare. Sun hada da Extra Time, Back Pages, Mzansi Legends, National First Division Show, PSL News, Thursday Night Live tare da Robert Marawa, Love PSL da kuma wasu mujallu na kulob din. Dukkanin wasannin cikin gida suna da sharhin [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]] da Sesotho. Kamar yadda wannan tashar ta kasance a cikin gida (Afirka ta Kudu), an haɗa ta a kan Family bouquet ga masu kallo na Afirka ta Kudu da Kudancin Afirka. === SuperSport Football Plus (202) === SuperSport Football Plus tashar kwallon kafa ce ta 24 hours, musamman an yi ta ne a matsayin sabon gida na UEFA Champions League don ROA Viewers tare da shirye-shiryen kwallon kafa, nunawa, labarai & wasanni. Har ila yau, yana aiki ne a matsayin tashar ƙwallon ƙafa da ke watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye lokacin da wasu tashoshin SuperSport ke aiki da abubuwan da suka faru. Wannan tashar CANAL+ samuwa ga Najeriya (Ch. 202) da Sauran Afirka (ROAńCh. 222/622) masu sauraro a kan kunshin DStv Compact Plus da kuma CANAL + Turanci Plus (Ch. 116) don masu kallo na Canal +. === SuperSport Premier League (203) === SuperSport Premier League tashar kwallon kafa ce ta awa 24. SuperSport yana da haƙƙin mallaka na watsa shirye-shiryen Premier League da UEFA Champions League (Ga masu kallo na Afirka ta Kudu), da sauran manyan wasannin kwallon kafa. Ana samunsa a kan DStv Compact, GOtv Supa Plus (Nigeria & ROA) & CANAL+ Ingilishi Plus kunshe-kunshe. === SuperSport LaLiga (204) === Gidan La Liga na Mutanen Espanya da UEFA Europa League yayin da suke nuna wasannin da suka wuce gona da iri daga UEFA Champions League. A Afirka ta Kudu, tashar tana samuwa a kan DStv Access yayin da sauran Afirka, ana samun ta ga abokan ciniki na DStv Family, da kuma DStv Confam (Nijeria), GOtv Max (Nijeriya & ROA) da CANAL+ Turanci Plus === SuperSport Football (205) === Da farko yana nuna Serie A na Italiya yayin da yake watsa shirye-shiryen wasannin daga Premier League, UEFA Champions League da UEFA Europa League, da kuma wasannin da aka zaba na kasa da kasa. Ana samun tashar don DStv Family da kunshe-kunshe na sama a Afirka ta Kudu Tashar Najeriya da ROA yawanci tana jinkirta watsa shirye-shirye da kuma zaɓaɓɓun wasannin kai tsaye daga Premier League, La Liga, [[Serie A|Jerin A]] da Premier Soccer League (PSL) da kuma UEFA Europa League & Ethiopian Football matches. Ana samun tashar don DStv Access, GOtv Plus da CANAL+ Turanci Plus don abokan ciniki na sauran Afirka & DStv Yanga da GOtv Jolli don abokan ciniki. === SuperSport Variety 1 (206) === Iri-iri 1 yana mai da hankali kan abubuwan da suka faru na keke da iyo yayin da yake aiki a matsayin tashar cikawa don ƙwallon ƙafa, golf, wasan tennis, rugby da abubuwan da suka shafi wasan cricket. Kamar yadda tashar ta haɗa da shiga tare da abun ciki mai yawa tare da rugby, tennis da sauran wasanni na Premium, tashar tana samuwa ga abokan ciniki na DStv Compact Plus a Afirka ta Kudu & Sauran Afirka (ciki har da Najeriya) === SuperSport Variety 2 (207) === Iri-iri na 2 yana nuna wasan motsa jiki, hockey, tafiye-tafiye da abubuwan da suka faru yayin da yake aiki a matsayin tashar cikawa don wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa. Tashar tana samuwa ga abokan ciniki na DStv Compact Plus (Afirka ta Kudu) a matsayin wani ɓangare na bayarwar SuperSport === SuperSport Variety 3 (208) === Iri-iri 3 yana watsa shirye-shiryen wasanni, marathons, UEFA Europa Conference League, shirye-shirye na WWE & UFC na rayuwa ciki har da abubuwan biyan kuɗi, kuma yana aiki a matsayin wadata ga wasu wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa daga PSL, Premier League & UEFA Champions League ga masu kallo na Afirka ta Kudu. Ana samun tashar ga masu biyan kuɗi na DStv Compact. === SuperSport Variety 4 (209) === Iri-iri 4 yana mai da hankali kan wasanni na kasa ciki har da rugby, netball, BNL, DStv Diski Challenge, SRC, da kuma abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na WWE a Afirka ta Kudu. Ana ba da tashar a ƙarƙashin kunshin DStv Access. === Ayyukan SuperSport (210) === SuperSport Action tana watsa shirye-shiryen wasanni masu tsananin gaske da kuma manyan wasannin dambe, UFC da EFC sun haɗu da shirye-shirye na zane-zane da abubuwan da ke cikin rugby, ƙwallon ƙafa da wasan kurket. Ana samunsa ga abokan ciniki na DStv Compact da GOtv Supa Plus (Nigeria & ROA). === SuperSport Rugby (211) === SuperSport rugby ita ce tashar da ke mai da hankali kan rugby. Yana nuna dukkan wasannin rugby na kasa kai tsaye, da kuma duk wasannin Super Rugby, Kofin Currie, Varsity Rugby da wasu wasannin makarantar sakandare da kulob din. Yawancin wasannin suna da sharhi a cikin Turanci da Afrikaans, tare da adadi mai yawa kuma yana nuna abincin Xhosa. A matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen rugby na biyu mafi girma a duniya, masu sharhi na SuperSport na yanzu a Turanci sune Matthew Pearce, [[Hugh Bladen]], Gavin Cowley, Owen Nkumane da [[Paul Stubbs]], yayin da tafkin masu sharhi suka hada da Joel Stransky, Gobanc Bobo, Bobby Skinstad, Breyton Paulse, Nick Mallett, Ashwin Willemse, Kobus Wiese, Victor Matfield, Jean de Villiers da Naas Botha. Tashar tana kan DStv Premium ne kawai. === SuperSport Cricket (212) === SuperSport [[Kurket|Cricket]] da farko yana nuna Cricket. Dukkanin wasan kurket na kasa da kasa da suka shafi tawagar wasan kurket ta Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma wasu wasan kurket a cikin gida, ana nuna su a wannan tashar. Kungiyar gabatarwa da sharhi da ke rufe wasannin gida na Afirka ta Kudu sun hada da Mark Nicholas, Mike Haysman, Pommie Mbangwa, Michael Holding, Shaun Pollock, Makhaya Ntini, [[JP Dumin|JP Duminy]] da baƙi daga ƙungiyar adawa. Hakanan ana samun tashar ne kawai a kan DStv Premium === SuperSport Golf (213) === SuperSport Golf shine gidan manyan tare da ɗaukar hoto na yawon shakatawa na PGA da sauran manyan abubuwan golf ciki har da Open, The Masters da sauransu da yawa. Wannan tashar tana samuwa ne kawai a kan DStv Premium === Tennis na SuperSport (214) === SuperSport Tennis tashar wasan tennis ce ta 24 da aka keɓe wacce ke nuna wasan tennis kai tsaye daga Grand Slams zuwa ATP Tour, WTA & sauran manyan abubuwan wasan tennis. Ana samunsa ga abokan ciniki na DStv Premium. === SuperSport Motorsport (215) === SuperSport Motorsport yana da abubuwan rayuwa da na tarihi ciki har da Formula 1, DTM, MotoGP, Superbikes, Formula E, NASCAR da sauransu. Musamman ga DStv Premium === SuperSport WWE (128) === Baya ga WWE Network da ake samu a cikin gida, tashar WWE ta SuperSport tana nuna watsa shirye-shiryen WWE na WWE Raw da WWE SmackDown, tare da ƙarin abubuwan WWE Network ciki har da abubuwan biyan kuɗi, WWE NXT, WWE 24, WWE Ride Along da sauransu. === SuperSport Máximo (241) === SuperSport Maximo ita ce tashar [[Harshen Portuguese]] da ke watsa shirye-shiryen irin wannan abubuwan daga sauran tashoshin SuperSport, galibi UEFA Champions League, Formula 1 da Premier League a wasu lokuta. Ana samunsa galibi a cikin ƙasashen Lusophone na Afirka, amma kuma a wasu ƙasashen Afirka ciki har da Afirka ta Kudu. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dc54roe7r119y44zl9y9nath2tj19zp 0 168524 964108 958202 2026-10-06T22:11:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Samuel Chu Muk-man''' (Chinese; an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1978) ɗan gwagwarmayar Hong Kong ne kuma ɗan Amurka kuma mai shirya al'umma. Chu shine wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaban Kamfen na Hong Kong, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Amurka wacce manufarta ita ce bayar da shawarwari ga jagorancin Amurka da manufofi da ke inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da dimokuradiyya a Hong Kong.<ref name="The Campaign for Hong Kong">{{Cite web |title=The Campaign for Hong Kong |url=https://www.hkcampaign.org/ |website=The Campaign for Hong Kong}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tattersall |first=Amanda |last2=ChangeMakers |last3=Chu |first3=Samuel |date=2020 |title=Changemaker Chat with Samuel Chu: Community Organising in the US for Hong Kong Democracy |url=https://commonslibrary.org/changemaker-chat-with-samuel-chu-community-organising-in-the-us-for-hong-kong-democracy/ |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=Commons Social Change Library}}</ref> Har ila yau, memba ne na kafa kwamitin ba da shawara na Axel Springer SE Freedom Foundation a Berlin (Jamus), babban mai ba da shawara ga shugaban da Shugaba na MAZON: Amsawar Yahudawa ga Yunwa, kuma mai ba da horo ga Midwest Academy, makarantar horo ga masu shirya al'umma a Amurka.<ref name="Axel Springer Freedom Foundation">{{Cite web |title=Axel Springer Freedom Foundation |url=https://freedom.axelspringer.com/en/home/ |website=Axel Springer Freedom Foundation}}</ref> Chu kuma shine wanda ya kafa [[Majalisar Dimokuradiyya ta Hong Kong]] (HKDC), wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2019, <ref name="HKDC">{{Cite web |title=The voice for Hong Kong and Hong Kongers in the US |url=https://www.hkdc.us/ |website=HKDC}}</ref> kuma shine manajan darakta har zuwa watan Agusta 2021. <ref name="hkfp_20210828">{{Cite web |last=Cheng |first=Selina |date=24 August 2021 |title=Hong Kong pro-democracy lobbying group in Washington DC sees leadership depart |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2021/08/24/hong-kong-pro-democracy-lobbying-group-in-washington-dc-sees-leadership-depart/ |access-date=28 August 2021 |website=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]}}</ref> Nasarar HKDC da Chu wajen turawa ga Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya ta Hong Kong da Dokar Cin Kofin Hong Kong, da kuma takunkumin tattalin arziki da haramtacciyar biza da Amurka ta yi wa jami'an kasar Sin da Hong Kong da ta dauki alhakin rushewar' yanci da cin gashin kai na Hong Kong, ya jagoranci hukumomin Hong Kong su ba da takardar shaidar kama Chu a watan Yulin 2020, wanda ya sa shi dan kasar waje na farko da za a yi niyya a karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Hong Kong. Samuel mai gabatar da shirye-shirye ne kuma mai magana a tarurruka, ciki har da Forum 2000, <ref name="Forum 2000">{{Cite web |title=Forum 2000 |url=https://www.forum2000.cz/en/forum-2000-conferences-2022-speakers-democracys-clear-and-present-danger-how-do- |website=Forum 2000}}</ref> Oslo Freedom Forum, <ref name="Oslo Freedom Forum">{{Cite web |title=Oslo Freedom Forum |url=https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel-chu-2/ |website=Oslo Freedom Forum |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224172052/https://oslofreedomforum.com/speakers/samuel-chu-2/ |archive-date=2024-02-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> #RealCollege, <ref name="#RealCollege">{{Cite web |title=The Hope Center &#124; For College, Community, and Justice |url=https://hope4college.com/ |website=The Hope Center |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251128193304/https://hope4college.com/ |archive-date=2025-11-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> da RightsCon, <ref name="RightsCon">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2022 |title=RightsCon |url=https://hrf.org/key-takeaways-from-hrf-at-the-2022-rightscon/ |website=RightsCon}}</ref> da kuma kungiyoyi kamar Jewish World Watch, Pacific Council on International Policy, Freedom House, da dai sauransu. Yana ba da shaida a kai a kai a gaban Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dattilai a duk faɗin Turai. <ref name="Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission: China and Human Rights in Hong Kong">{{Cite web |title=Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission: China and Human Rights in Hong Kong |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?515322-1/china-human-rights-hong-kong}}</ref> <ref name="2022 Pacific Council Annual Dinner: Freedom at Risk">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=2022 Pacific Council Annual Dinner: Freedom at Risk |url=https://www.pacificcouncil.org/2022AnnualDinner}}</ref> Daga 2011 zuwa 2021, Chu ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shirya kasa don MAZON: Amsawar Yahudawa ga Yunwa, <ref name="Mazon">{{Cite web |title=Advocacy is the Cornerstone of Our Strategy |url=https://www.mazon.org/ |website=MAZON: A Jewish Response to Hunger}}</ref> yana jagorantar kamfen na gida da na yanki game da batutuwan [[Tsaron abinci|Rashin tsaro na abinci]] da samun dama a jihohi daban-daban. Ya kasance ɗan'uwa a Cibiyar Addini da Al'adun Jama'a a Jami'ar Kudancin California, inda yake shiga bincike, rubuce-rubuce da koyarwa game da shirya al'umma, jagorancin jama'a, da rawar da cibiyoyin addini ke takawa a canjin zamantakewa.<ref name="CRCC fellow">{{Cite web |title=Samuel Chu |url=https://crcc.usc.edu/people/samuel-chu/ |website=crcc.usc.edu}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban da shugaban kwamitin daraktoci na One LA <ref name="OneLA">{{Cite web |title=One LA-IAF |url=https://www.onela-iaf.org/ |website=One LA-IAF}}</ref> - Masana'antu Yankin Gidauniyar, daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin sadarwar al'umma na kasar da kuma 1010 Development Corporation, <ref name="One LA leaders show clout, by Bill Boyarsky, LA Observed">{{Cite web |title=One LA activists show their clout – Bill Boyarsky |url=http://www.laobserved.com/boyarsky/2009/01/one_la_activists_show_their_cl.php}}</ref> mai haɓaka Gidaje masu araha a Los Angeles wanda ya samo asali ne daga al'adar United Methodist.<ref name="One LA IAF and 1010 Development Addresses Healthcare Reform's Impact on Small Businesses in California">{{Cite web |title=A Resounding "YES" we will work with ONE LA – From Insurance Commissioner Dave Jones, LA County Dir. of Health Services Mitchell Katz and Assemblyman Mike Feuer |url=http://templeemanuelbhblog.wordpress.com/2011/01/31/a-resounding-yes-we-will-work-with-one-la/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322072502/http://templeemanuelbhblog.wordpress.com/2011/01/31/a-resounding-yes-we-will-work-with-one-la/ |archive-date=22 March 2012}}</ref> Ya kuma ba da umarnin ayyuka na musamman ga Consumer Watchdog da kuma shirin adalci na zamantakewa, Minyan Tzedek, a IKAR, <ref name="IKAR">{{Cite web |title=IKAR |url=https://ikar-la.org/ |website=IKAR LA}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> al'ummar ruhaniya ta Yahudawa da ke tsaye a wurin haɗuwa da ruhaniya da adalci na zamantakewar al'umma a Los Angeles, CA, karkashin jagorancin Rabbi Sharon Brous. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Chu a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 1978 a Hong Kong . Ya girma a cikin gidan Baptist na Kudancin. Chu ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar California, San Diego a shekara ta 2000, tana karatun kimiyya ta siyasa. Ya kammala karatunsa a Fuller Theological Seminary a shekara ta 2002. == Takardar izinin kamawa a karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Kasa == A watan Yulin 2020, hukumomin Hong Kong sun ba da izinin kama Samuel Chu a karkashin sabuwar dokar tsaron kasa da aka kafa - wanda ya sa shi dan kasar waje na farko da dokar ta yi niyya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2020 |title=US Citizen Faces Hong Kong Arrest Warrant Under New Security Law |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-citizen-hong-kong-arrest-warrant-issued-new-security-law-2020-8 |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Mataki na 38 na dokar a bayyane ya tabbatar da ikon waje, yana ba da damar hukuma ta gurfanar da mutane - gami da wadanda ba mazauna ba - wadanda ke aikata laifuffuka daga wajen Hong Kong. Chu ya yi Allah wadai da takardar shaidar, yana mai bayyana cewa ya aikata laifuka game da haƙƙin tsarin mulki a Amurka - musamman, yana ba da shawara da kuma yin lobbying a madadin dimokuradiyya na Hong Kong daga kasashen waje. Ya bayyana shari'arsa a matsayin "matsalar gwaji" don aikace-aikacen doka ga 'yan kasashen waje, gargadi game da tasirin sanyi a kan gwagwarmayar diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2020 |title=US Activist Accused of Breaching HK's Security Law Says He Will Not Back Down |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_us-activist-accused-breaching-hks-security-law-says-he-will-not-back-down/6193812.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Voice of America}}</ref> Al'ummomin duniya sun amsa da damuwa. 'Yan majalisa na Amurka sun yi Allah wadai da aikin a matsayin wanda ba shi da tushe kuma mai ramawa, tare da Sakataren Harkokin Waje Mike Pompeo da sanatoci kamar Marco Rubio da Dick Durbin suna goyon bayan Chu a fili wajen kare jawabin dimokuradiyya da fafutukar jama'a a bayan iyakokin Hong Kong. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2020 |title=Samuel Chu: Hong Kong issues warrant for an American... |url=https://crcc.usc.edu/hong-kong-issues-warrant-for-samuel-chu-an-american-citizen-activist-and-pastors-son/ |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Center for Religion and Civic Culture, USC}}</ref> Daga baya, an rarraba Chu a cikin "masu gudun hijira da ake nema a karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Kasa ta Hong Kong, rarrabuwa da ke jaddada tsananin warrant da kuma hukumomi" niyyar aiwatar da dokar a waje.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2020 |title=LA Resident Targeted by Hong Kong Government |url=https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/southern-california/public-safety/2020/09/19/the-first-american-citizen-targeted-by-hong-kong-government |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Spectrum News 1 (CA)}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ya yi fasto a Ikilisiyar Presbyterian Immanuel (Presbyterian Church USA) a Los Angeles, CA daga 2002 zuwa 2009, <ref name="Immanuel Presbyterian">{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Edward |title=Home |url=https://immanuelpres.org/}}</ref> wata ikilisiya mai al'adu da yawa, shari'ar zamantakewa a Wilshire Boulevard . Ya kuma yi aiki a cikin kwamitin daraktocin wasu kungiyoyi daban-daban kamar Majalisar Ikklisiyoyin California . Chu ya kasance babban darakta na California Faith for Equality da California Faith for Equal Action Fund daga Janairu 2009 zuwa Maris 2011.<ref name="release">{{Cite web |last=Equality |first=California Faith For |date=7 April 2010 |title=California Faith for Equality News Blog: SAMUEL M. CHU NAMED EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF |url=https://cffenewsblog.blogspot.com/2010/04/samuel-m-chu-named-executive-director.html}}</ref> An nada Chu a matsayin darektan zartarwa na wucin gadi a watan Janairun 2009 kuma daga baya aka nada shi a matsayin darakta na dindindin na CFE na farko a watan Afrilun 2010 bayan bincike mai zurfi na kasa.<ref name="MLP release">{{Cite web |title=MLP Congratulation |url=http://www.mlp.org/article.php?story=20090417195443512 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719083012/http://www.mlp.org/article.php?story=20090417195443512 |archive-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> Shi ne mutum na farko madaidaici da ya jagoranci kungiyar goyon bayan 'yan mata, gay, bisexual, da transgender. A karkashin jagorancinsa, CFE ta gabatar da daya daga cikin manyan amicus briefs ga kotuna don tallafawa [[Aure na jinsi ɗaya|daidaito na aure]].<ref name="Amicus brief">{{Cite web |title=No. S189476 Amicus Curiae Brief of CA Faith for Equality |url=http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/21-s189476-amicus-curiae-brief-of-ca-faith.pdf |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006202236/https://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/21-s189476-amicus-curiae-brief-of-ca-faith.pdf |archive-date=2024-10-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, birnin [[Los Angeles]] ya amince da Chu tare da lambar yabo ta [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBT]] Pride Award don jagorancinsa wajen ingantawa da shirya goyon bayan addini ga 'yancin farar hula na LGBT da [[Aure na jinsi ɗaya|daidaito na aure]]. <ref name="LGBT Pride Awards 2011">{{Cite web |title=Bill Rosendahl LGBT Pride Awards Samuel Chu |url=https://vimeo.com/24980254 |via=Vimeo}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Chu ya shiga kokarin, a matsayin darektan kasa, don bunkasa cibiyar sadarwa ta kasa, ta bakin teku ta ayyukan ci gaban matasa da ake kira WorkUp, yana mai da hankali kan gina dukiya, ilimin kudi, da kuma [[Kasuwancin zamantakewa]]. <ref name="WorkUp Website">{{Cite web |title=WorkUp |url=http://www.workup.org/ |website=workup.org}}</ref> Ya shirya don OneLA <ref name="OneLA" /> inda nasarorin da ya samu sun hada da kirkirar da aiwatar da ayyukan kamar shirin rajista mafi girma na al'umma don Dokar Kulawa mai araha a California <ref name="OneLA Facebook">{{Cite web |title=OneLA |url=https://www.facebook.com/OneLA.IAF/ |via=Facebook}}</ref> da kuma shirin rage ka'idar jinginar gida na farko a lokacin rikicin rufewa <ref name="LA Times">{{Cite web |date=19 November 2012 |title=California works to get word out on health insurance exchange |url=https://www.latimes.com/health/la-xpm-2012-nov-19-la-me-health-reform-outreach-20121114-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name="Bloomberg News">{{Cite web |date=2013-11-15 |title=Obamacare Deductibles 26% Higher Make Cheap Rates a Risk |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-15/obamacare-deductibles-26-higher-make-cheap-rates-a-risk.html |access-date=2020-10-10 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref><ref name="CALHFA">{{Cite web |title=Industrial Areas Foundation Foreclosure Prevention Plan |url=http://www.calhfa.ca.gov/about/events/board-meetings/books/2010/Book287-20100326/Book287_Handouts.pdf/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195902/http://www.calhfa.ca.gov/about/events/board-meetings/books/2010/Book287-20100326/Book287_Handouts.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=31 October 2014}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Mai shirya Kasa don MAZON: Amsawar Yahudawa ga Yunwa, Chu yana kula da haɗin gwiwar abokan majami'a sama da 950 a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma yana jagorantar karuwar mazabar siyasa da ta lashe canje-canje na majalisa da gudanarwa a jihohi da yankuna - gami da dala miliyan 8 a cikin sabon tallafin jihar don samar da karin abincin rana kyauta ga ƙarin ɗalibai masu karamin kuɗi 62,000 a [[Minnesota]], karin abincin rana na duniya ga ɗalibai sama da 1,000,000 a cikin makarantun jama'a a [[Texas]], da kuma inganta damar shiga Shirin Taimako na Ƙarin Abinci na California (wanda aka sani da dubban 'yan ma'adanai marasa gida) ga'adanai na [[Pennsylvania]] (wanda aka fi sani da'adanai) ga'aikata da masu zaman kansu.&nbsp; === Magana game da jin kunya game da abincin rana === Yayinda yake aiki a matsayin Mai shirya kasa don kungiyar kare yunwa MAZON, Chu ya ƙaddamar kuma ya jagoranci yunkurin majalisa na farko na jihar don fallasawa da magance "abin kunya na abincin rana" a [[Minnesota]].<ref name="Lunch-aid Bill">{{Cite web |title=Lunch-aid bill feeds an essential need |url=https://www.startribune.com/rosenblum-lunch-aid-bill-feeds-an-essential-need/191756551/ |website=Star Tribune |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122094938/https://www.startribune.com/rosenblum-lunch-aid-bill-feeds-an-essential-need/191756551/ |archive-date=2023-11-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> "Lunch shaming" shine aikin da ma'aikatan makaranta da ma'aikata ke yi na ƙin ɗalibai masu lafiya, abinci mai gina jiki saboda rashin iya biyan ko ƙarin basussuka.<ref name="Lunch Shaming">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2017 |title=U.S. schools rethink 'lunch shaming' policies that humiliate children with meal debts |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/education/u-s-schools-rethink-lunch-shaming-policies-humiliate-children-meal-debts |website=PBS NewsHour}}</ref> Lokacin da dalibi ya kasa biyan kuɗin abinci na makaranta, ana iya ba shi madadin abinci (kamar rabin sandwich na cuku), wasu ana karkatar da su, wasu ana karɓar abincin su kuma a zubar da su. "Jin kunya" ya kai ga ayyukan kamar "hannun hannu" - yayin da aka buga hannun dalibi da kalmar "kudi" - ko wasu nau'ikan ayyukan karɓar bashi ga ɗalibai da iyalai. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya haifar da fadada abincin makaranta kyauta ga ƙarin ɗalibai masu ƙarancin kuɗi 62,000 a Minnesota kuma ya haifar da haramtacciyar doka ta farko a duk ayyukan kunya ta makarantu. Yin aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar lauya Jessica Webster na Mid-Minnesota Legal Aid, Chu ya ba da shaida a Majalisar Dokokin Minnesota a cikin 2013 don tallafawa sauye-sauyen da za su tabbatar da cewa ba a hana ɗalibai abinci ba, an jefa kwano, ko kuma an nuna musu saboda bashin abincin rana da ba a biya ba. Sakamakon "School Lunch Aid Act" an sanya hannu a cikin doka a cikin 2014 ta Gwamna Mark Dayton, kuma an ambaci shi a matsayin doka ta farko a cikin ƙasar don ƙuntata jin kunya game da abincin rana. MAZON daga baya ya bayyana wannan kamfen ɗin, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2012, a matsayin "kamfen ɗin farko da ya ci nasara don fallasawa da hana ayyukan 'jin kunya' <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2019 |title=Why Lunch Shaming Persists |url=https://mazon.org/news/blog/why-lunch-shaming-persists/ |publisher=MAZON}}</ref> [[File:Samuel_Chu_in_Prague,_2022-11-17.jpg|thumb|Samuel Chu, yana magana a Concert for the Future a Prague, yana tunawa da ranar tunawa da juyin juya halin Velvet a 2022.]] Daga 2016 zuwa 2017, Chu ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Shirin Kasuwanci na Jama'a don Murmuration - shirin matukin jirgi na makarantu 16 a cikin Los Angeles County wanda aka tsara don kara yawan masu jefa kuri'a da jagorancin iyaye ta hanyar hada tsarin al'umma, bayanan jefa kuri'u, da fasahar jama'a. Shirin ya haifar da rukunin jefa kuri'a sama da 6,000 a duk makarantun haɗin gwiwa, sun yi rajistar sabbin masu jefa kuri'u sama da 2,000 a cikin al'ummomin makarantu 16, kuma sun kara yawan masu jefa kuriʼa tsakanin makarantun matukin jirgi don ci gaba da wuce yawan masu jefa takara a jihar, gundumar, birni, da gundumar a kan zabubbuka biyar a jere. A cikin rawar da ya taka tare da Murmuration Chu ya kuma shirya daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan jama'a da iyaye ke jagoranta a watan Mayu 2017 don kare iyalai baƙi tare da shugabannin iyaye 300, Shugaban Majalisar Dattijai na California na wucin gadi Kevin de León, Lauyan Birnin Los Angeles Mike Feuer, Sashen Sheriff na Los Angeles County, da Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles. Chu ya kasance manajan darakta na Majalisar Demokradiyyar Hong Kong har zuwa watan Agusta 2021, lokacin da ya sauka tare da 'yan uwansa Victoria Hui da Annie Boyajian . Chu da Boyajian ba su ba da dalilai na murabus din su ba; Hui ya nuna matsaloli a cikin kwamitin bayan kokarin daukar sabbin shugabannin ya gaza.<ref name="hkfp_20210828" /> == Dubi kuma == * Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam da Dimokuradiyya ta Hong Kong * [[Dokar cin gashin kanta ta Hong Kong]] * Dokar Magnitsky * Takunkumin Amurka a kan kasar Sin * Chu Yiu-ming * Ci gaban dimokuradiyya a Hong Kong * Dokar Tsaro ta Hong Kong == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sublpkkdhk706odx0d7do0nhza7lnds 0 168693 963863 957693 2026-10-06T13:30:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:B&L_Spectronic_20_Colorimeter_Cat_no33-29-40_tp_verso.tif|right|thumb| Amfani da Bausch & Lomb Spectronic 20 Colorimeter, 1962]] '''Spectronic 20''' wani nau'in na'urar auna haske mai haske guda ɗaya ce, wacce aka ƙera don aiki a cikin bakan da ake iya gani a cikin kewayon tsawon rai na 340 nm zuwa 950&nbsp;nm, tare da bandpass na spectral na 20&nbsp;nm. <ref name="Murphy">{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Dr. Catherine J. |title=1 Chem 142 LABORATORY MANUAL |url=http://www.chem.sc.edu/faculty/murphy/chem142labmanualspring_09.pdf |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry |publisher=University of South Carolina |quote="The Bausch & Lomb Spectronic 20 spectrophotometer … operates in a wavelength range of 340 to 650 nm. The range may be extended to 950 nm by adding a red filter and changing the phototube detector."}}</ref> An tsara shi don auna yawan sha a tsawon tsayi ɗaya. <ref name="Skoog" /> Domin yana auna yadda haske ke wucewa ko kuma yadda yake sha ta hanyar wani bayani, <ref name="BioLab">{{Cite web |title=The Spectrophotometer |url=http://www.explorebiology.com/documents/Lab17Spectrophotometer2005.pdf |website=AP Biology Lab |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129092833/http://www.explorebiology.com/documents/Lab17Spectrophotometer2005.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> wani lokacin ana kiransa da na'urar auna launi . <ref name="Buie">{{Cite web |last=Buie |first=John |date=July 13, 2011 |title=Evolution of UV-Vis Spectrophotometers |url=http://www.labmanager.com/lab-product/2011/07/evolution-of-uv-vis-spectrophotometers |website=Lab Manager}}</ref> <ref name="Jarnutowski">{{Cite journal |last=Jarnutowski |first=R. |last2=Ferraro |first2=J. R. |last3=Lankin |first3=D. C. |date=1992 |title=Fifty years of commercial instrumentation in absorption spectroscopy, part II. Landmark instruments in UV/vis |journal=Spectroscopy |volume=7 |pages=22–24, 26}}</ref> Sunan kayan aikin alamar kasuwanci ce ta masana'anta. <ref name="Thermo2007" /> An ƙirƙiro ta Bausch &amp;amp; Lomb kuma aka ƙaddamar da ita a shekarar 1953, Spectronic 20 ita ce na'urar auna haske ta farko mai rahusa. <ref name="Buie" /> Ya zama mizani na masana'antu cikin sauri <ref name="Humboldt">{{Cite web |title=Spectronic 20 |url=http://www2.humboldt.edu/scimus/HSC.54-70/Descriptions/Spec20.htm |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Robert A. Paselk Scientific Instrument Museum |publisher=Humboldt State University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328100252/http://www2.humboldt.edu/scimus/HSC.54-70/Descriptions/Spec20.htm |archive-date=28 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> saboda ƙarancin farashi, juriya da sauƙin amfani, <ref name="50years">{{Cite web |title=Celebrating 50 years of spectrophotometry |url=http://www.laboratorytalk.com/analytical-instruments/spectroscopy/spectrophotometers/celebrating-50-years-of-spectrophotometry/54496.article |access-date=10 December 2003 |website=Thermo Fisher Scientific (Molecular Spectroscopy)}}</ref> kuma an kira shi da "mai auna hotuna masu ban mamaki". <ref name="Morris">{{Cite journal |last=Morris |first=Rob |date=November 2, 2015 |title=Spectrophotometry |journal=Current Protocols in Essential Laboratory Techniques |volume=11 |issue=Online |doi=10.1002/9780470089941.et0201s11 |s2cid=221579940}}</ref> An sayar da kimanin raka'a 600,000 a cikin kusan shekaru 60 na aikin samar da shi. Ita ce na'urar auna haske da aka fi amfani da ita a duk duniya. An daina samar da shi a shekarar 2011 lokacin da aka maye gurbinsa da Spectronic 200, <ref name="Ritter">{{Cite journal |last=Ritter |first=Stephen K. |date=April 4, 2011 |title=New And Notable At Pittcon: Pittcon Potpourri |url=http://cen.acs.org/articles/89/i14/New-Notable-Pittcon-Pittcon-Potpourri.html |journal=Chemical & Engineering News |volume=89 |issue=14 |pages=45–46 |access-date=11 November 2015}},</ref> amma har yanzu ana amfani da Spectronic 20 a ko'ina. <ref name="50years" /> A wasu lokutan ana kiransa da "Spec 20". <ref name="50years" /> == Zane == [[Fayil:Figure_2_Colorimeter_Cat_no33-29-40_p4.tif|right|thumb| Tsarin lantarki na Bausch & Lomb Spectronic 20 Colorimeter]] Mita mai launi na Bausch & Lomb Spectronic 20 yana amfani da monochromator mai rarrabawa tare da tsarin don ganowa, haɓakawa, da auna tsawon raƙuman haske a cikin 340 nm zuwa 950.&nbsp;Nisan nm. {{Rp|3}} [[Fayil:Figure_1_Colorimeter_Cat_no33-29-40_p3.tif|left|thumb| Zane-zanen gani na Bausch & Lomb Spectronic 20 Colorimeter]] Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zane-zanen gani na zane (duba hagu), hasken polychromatic daga tushen da ke cikin tsarin yana ratsa ta cikin ruwan tabarau waɗanda ke haskakawa kuma suna warwatse ta hanyar grating diffraction don iyakance kewayon tsawon haske. Wannan iyakataccen zangon tsayin tsayin ana wucewa ta cikin samfurin don a auna. Ana tantance ƙarfin hasken da aka watsa ta hanyar na'urar [[Sensor|gano bututun]] hoto . Motsin injina na rarrabawar haske ta hanyar kyamarar da aka haɗa da na'urar sarrafa tsawon rai yana bawa mai amfani damar zaɓar nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa daban-daban. Wannan shine "λ knob", inda λ ke nufin tsawon hasken da aka yi amfani da shi don aunawa. {{Rp|3–5}} == Ma'aunin adadi == [[Fayil:Beer's_Law_Plot.jpg|left|thumb| Labarin Alaƙar Beer-Lambert]] {{External media|width=200px|float=right|headerimage=[[File:Figure 3 Colorimeter Cat no33-29-40 p5.tif |200px]]|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdufRwbkeKo "Introduction to Colorimetry" (Spectronic 20)], David Frank|video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOftc3f60OE "Absorbance Spectrophotometry Video 02, Function test for Spectronic 20+"], Robin Aiken|video3=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkUGz6kEQMg "Lab Protocol - Spec 200 (Unit 2 Spectrophotometry)"], Mark Garcia}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{External media|width=180px|float=right|headerimage=[[File:Standard curve.png |180px]]|video1=[http://academics.wellesley.edu/Biology/Concepts/Html/standardcurve.html “The Standard Curve“ (Spec 20 Instructions)], [[Wellesley College]]}}Abubuwa da yawa suna shan haske a cikin hasken ultraviolet - wanda ake iya gani. Sha a kowane irin tsayin daka a cikin kewayon hasken ultraviolet da ake iya gani yana daidai da yawan abubuwan da ke cikin maganin ko wani abu makamancin haka, bisa ga alaƙar Beer-Lambert . A zahiri, ana iya bayyana dangantakar Beer-Lambert kamar haka: inda ''A'' shine ma'aunin shan ruwa da kayan aikin ke aunawa, ε shine ma'aunin shan ruwa na samfurin, ''l'' shine tsawon hasken da ke cikin samfurin, kuma c shine yawan sinadarin da ke cikin maganin ko matsakaici. <ref name="chemguide">{{Cite web |title=The Beer–Lambert Law |url=http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/uvvisible/beerlambert.html |access-date=7 April 2017 |website=chemguide.co.uk |publisher=Jim Clark}}</ref> Saboda haka, ana amfani da Spectronic 20 akai-akai don tantance adadi na yawan abin da ke cikin abin sha'awa. Spectronic 20 yana auna yadda haske ke sha a wani tsari da aka riga aka ƙayyade, kuma ana ƙididdige yawan da ke cikinsa daga alaƙar Beer da Lambert. <ref name="chemguide" /> Shaƙar haske shine tushen logarithm 10 na rabon Transmittance na tsantsar mai narkewa zuwa watsa samfurin, don haka shaƙar da watsawa biyu za a iya canzawa. <ref name="chemguide" /> Saboda haka, ana iya tsara ko dai transmittance ko absorbance idan aka kwatanta da maida hankali ta amfani da ma'auni daga Spectronic 20. Tsarin lanƙwasa ta amfani da kashi-kashi na watsa haske yana haifar da lanƙwasa mai faɗi. Duk da haka, shan ruwa yana da alaƙa da daidaituwa, don haka shan ruwa sau da yawa ana fifita shan ruwa don tsara lanƙwasa na yau da kullun. Wannan nau'in lanƙwasa na yau da kullun yana danganta yawan ruwan da ke cikinsa (a kan axis na x) da ma'aunin shansa (axis na y). <ref name="Austin">{{Cite web |title=BIOL 1406 PreLab 2.2 How can I use a spectrophotometer to determine the concentration of solutes in a solution? |url=http://www.austincc.edu/biocr/1406/labm/ex2/prelab_2_2.htm |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=Austin Community College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305130421/http://www.austincc.edu/biocr/1406/labm/ex2/prelab_2_2.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Domin samun irin wannan lanƙwasa, ana shirya jerin narkar da sinadarin da aka sani da yawansa kuma ana samun karatu ga kowace narkar da sinadarin (duba zane a hagu). <ref name="Austin" /> A cikin wannan zane, gangaren layin shine samfurin ε x ''l'' . Ta hanyar auna jerin ma'auni da ƙirƙirar madaidaicin lanƙwasa, yana yiwuwa a ƙididdige adadin ko yawan abu a cikin samfurin ta hanyar tantance shan abu akan Spec 20 da kuma nemo daidaiton ma'auni akan lanƙwasa daidaitawa. A madadin haka, ana iya tsara logarithm na kashi-kashi na watsawa idan aka kwatanta da maida hankali don ƙirƙirar lanƙwasa ta yau da kullun ta amfani da wannan tsari. <ref name="Bates">{{Cite web |title=Use of the Spec 20 |url=http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/spec20.html |access-date=29 February 2016 |website=Bates College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219222309/http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/spec20.html |archive-date=19 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shakar da Spectronic 20 ya auna shine jimlar shakar kowanne daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin maganin. Saboda haka, ana iya amfani da Spectronic 20 don yin nazarin mafi rikitarwa mafita. Misali, idan samfurin maganin yana da mahaɗan guda biyu masu ɗaukar haske a ciki, to mai amfani yana yin ma'auni a tsayin tsayi guda biyu daban-daban kuma yana gina lanƙwasa na yau da kullun ga kowane mahaɗi. Sannan za a iya [[Algebra|ƙididdige yawan kowace mahaɗi ta hanyar algebra]] . Ana iya amfani da Spectronic 20 don auna turbidimetric . A cikin [[Ilimin halittu|aikin ƙwayoyin cuta]], dattin al'adar ruwa ta ƙwayoyin cuta yana da alaƙa da ƙidayar ƙwayoyin halitta, kuma ana iya gudanar da ma'aunin OD600 don wannan dalili ta amfani da Spectronic 20. <ref name="OD600">{{Cite web |last=Baribeau |first=Hélène |title=Formation and Decay of Disinfection By-Products in the Distribution System |url=http://www.waterrf.org/PublicReportLibrary/91115.pdf |access-date=8 April 2017 |website=waterrf.org |publisher=AWWA Research Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409110921/http://www.waterrf.org/PublicReportLibrary/91115.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Haka kuma, ana iya tantance dattin ruwa na daskararrun [[yumbu]] da sauran barbashi masu girman da suka dace da watsa haske ta hanyar amfani da Spectronic 20. A da, ana amfani da Spectronic 20 don dalilai na ganewar asali . == Amfani == Kafin a gwada samfurin, ana daidaita Spectronic 20 ta amfani da maganin da babu komai a ciki, wanda shine tsantsar sinadarin da ake amfani da shi a cikin samfurin gwaji. Yawanci ruwa ne ko kuma wani sinadari na halitta . A cikin wannan daidaitawa, an saita watsawa a 100% ta amfani da maɓallin daidaitawa na kayan aiki (maɓallin sarrafa amplifier a cikin hoton da ke dama). Haka kuma za a iya daidaita kayan aikin da wani samfurin da aka samo a wani wuri da aka san yana da ma'aunin shan ruwa na 2 ko kuma mai siyarwa ya samar, ta amfani da maɓallin shan haske a cikin zane da aka nuna a dama. Bayan daidaitawa, mai amfani ya sanya bututun gwaji na inci 1/2 ko cuvette wanda ke ɗauke da maganin samfurin da za a auna a cikin ɗakin samfurin. {{Rp|5}}Ana maimaita daidaitawa duk lokacin da aka canza tsawon tsayin. Ana amfani da shi ko samfurin misali na yau da kullun don duba lokaci-lokaci don ganin ko akwai matsala . Domin auna tsawon tsayin da ke sama da 650 nm, an buɗe ƙasan kayan aikin, sannan a sanya matattarar ja da kuma wayar daukar hoto mai saurin jan hankali. <ref name="Reference" /> {{Rp|7}} Tsarin asali na Spectronic 20 ya yi amfani da na'urar auna sauti ta analog <ref name="Spectrophotometer">{{Cite web |title=The Spectrophotometer |url=http://www2.ohlone.edu/people/jklent/labs/101a_labs/spectrophotometer.pdf}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> don karanta watsawa daga 100%T zuwa 1%T (babban sikelin), <ref name="Murphy" /> 0A - 2A (ƙananan sikelin). Amfani da kayan aikin asali yana buƙatar saita tsawon tsayi da hannu <ref name="Murphy" /> da kuma yin karatu daga nunin allura mai motsi. <ref name="Comparison">{{Cite web |date=2001 |title=SPECTRONIC ® 20 + SERIES Spectrophotometers Operator's Manual |url=http://www.cienytec.com/PDFS/Espec_SPEC20_OpMan_ing.pdf |website=ThermoSpectronic}}</ref> == Sauyawa == Spectronic 20D (wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1985) daga baya kuma 20D+ ya maye gurbin dial ɗin analog da jajayen LED na dijital, wanda ke ba da daidaito mafi girma a cikin karatun, idan ba mafi girma a cikin ainihin karatun ba. Kwatanta siffofin 20+ da 20D+ yana samuwa a cikin littafin jagorar aiki na 2001. <ref name="Comparison" /> An maye gurbin Spectronic 20 da Spectronic 200 a cikin layin samfurin Thermo Scientific spectrophotometer a shekarar 2011. <ref name="Ritter" /> Spectronic 200 yana amfani da na'urar gano tsari da kuma sarrafa dijital na tsawon da aka auna, yayin da yake riƙe da maɓallin λ na Spec 20 don saita tsawon. Baya ga kwaikwayi yanayin masu amfani na Spec 20D+ (wanda zai iya kwaikwayonsa akan allon LCD mai launi), Spec 200 yana ɗaukar bututun gwaji da kuma murabba'i ba tare da buƙatar shigar da adaftar ba. Yanayin software da aka bayyana a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanai na Spectronic 200 sun haɗa da duba bayanai, auna tsawon rai guda huɗu a lokaci guda, da kuma nazarin adadi tare da ma'auni har zuwa huɗu, <ref name="Spec200">{{Cite web |title=Thermo Scientific SPECTRONIC 200 Visible Spectrophotometer |url=http://www.kobis.si/prodajni-program/molekulska-spektroskopija/SPECTRONIC%20200%20Visible%20Spectrophotometer_routine.pdf |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Thermo Scientific |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222084310/http://www.kobis.si/prodajni-program/molekulska-spektroskopija/SPECTRONIC%20200%20Visible%20Spectrophotometer_routine.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> sabanin SPEC 20D+ wanda ke ba da daidaitaccen maki ɗaya kawai. == Tarihin layin samfura == Bausch & Lomb ne suka fara gabatar da layin samfurin a shekarar 1953, kuma an sayar da layin samfurin ga Milton Roy a shekarar 1985. Milton Roy ya sayar da ƙungiyar kayan kida ta Life Sciences International, wacce aka sake mata suna Spectronic Instruments, Inc. a shekarar 1995. Kamfanin Thermo Optek ne ya sayi Spectronics Instruments a shekarar 1997, sannan ya sake masa suna Spectronic-Unicam a shekarar 2001 da kuma Thermo-Spectronic a shekarar 2002. A shekara ta 2003, an mayar da layin samfurin zuwa Madison, WI, aka kuma sake masa suna zuwa Thermo Electron . <ref name="Entities2015">{{Cite web |title=Thermo Fisher Scientific Legal Entity Reference Guide US and Canada |url=https://corporate.thermofisher.com/content/dam/tf/Footer/Documents/2015%20Legal%20Entity%20Reference%20Guide.pdf |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Thermo Fisher Scientific |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070632/https://corporate.thermofisher.com/content/dam/tf/Footer/Documents/2015%20Legal%20Entity%20Reference%20Guide.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Da haɗin Thermo Electron da Fisher Scientific a shekara ta 2006, alamar ta canza zuwa Thermo Scientific, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa haka har zuwa ƙarshen aikin samarwa. <ref name="Thermo2006">{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2006 |title=Thermo Electron and Fisher Scientific to Combine in Industry-Transforming Transaction |url=http://ir.thermofisher.com/investors/news-and-events/news-releases/news-release-details/2006/Thermo-Electron-and-Fisher-Scientific-to-Combine-in-Industry-Transforming-Transaction/default.aspx |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=Thermo Fisher Scientific}}</ref> Kayan aikin Spectronic 20 da ake samu a dakunan gwaje-gwaje a yau na iya ɗauke da kowanne daga cikin sunayen samfuran Bausch da Lomb, Milton Roy, Spectronic, Thermo Electron ko Thermo Scientific. <ref name="Entities2015" /> == Al'adar da ta shahara == Spectronic 20 a bayyane yake yana ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje kaɗan da suka ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da wata matsala ba bayan lalata dakin gwaje-gwajen a cikin fim ɗin ''Back to the Future'' . <ref name="50years" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a7nvox3ape8rotv8pop0kckyvys1jdt 0 168724 964247 927714 2026-10-07T10:37:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Talib Zanna | image = | caption = | position = Power forward / Center | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 9 | weight_lbs = 230 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|10|1}} | birth_place = [[Kaduna]], Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | high_school = Bishop McNamara High School | college = [[University of Pittsburgh]] | draft_year = 2014 | draft_round = | draft_pick = | draft_team = | career_start = 2014 | years1 = 2014–2016 | team1 = Oklahoma City Blue | years2 = 2016–2017 | team2 = Nanterre 92 | years3 = 2017–2018 | team3 = Ironi Nes Ziona | years4 = 2018 | team4 = Montakit Fuenlabrada | years5 = 2019 | team5 = Ironi Nes Ziona | years6 = 2019–2020 | team6 = Afyon Belediye | years7 = 2020–2021 | team7 = Hapoel Tel Aviv | years8 = 2022 | team8 = Long Island Nets | years9 = 2022 | team9 = Agua Caliente Clippers | years10 = 2022 | team10 = Maine Celtics | years11 = 2022 | team11 = Oklahoma City Blue | years12 = 2024 | team12 = Spartak Pleven | years13 = 2024 | team13 = Cañeros del Este | years14 = 2024–2025 | team14 = Cibona | years15 = 2025 | team15 = Tauranga Whai | nationalyears1 = 2018– | nationalteam1 = [[Nigeria men's national basketball team|Nigeria]] | highlights = * FIBA Europe Cup champion (2017) * French Cup winner (2017) * NBA D-League All-Star (2015) * NBA D-League All-Rookie Second Team (2015) * First-team All-ACC Tournament (2014) * Honorable mention All-ACC (2014) }} '''Talib Zanna''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1990) ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne ɗan Najeriya wanda yake taka leda a matsayin ''power forward'' ko ''center''. An haife shi a [[Kaduna]], Najeriya, kuma tsayinsa ya kai 206 cm (6 ft 9 in). Ya buga wasan kwando na jami'a a [[University of Pittsburgh]], sannan ya fara sana'ar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙwararru bayan da ba a zaɓe shi a cikin ''2014 NBA draft'' ba. Zanna ya kuma wakilci [[Nigeria men's national basketball team|tawagar ƙwallon kwando ta Najeriya]] a manyan gasannin FIBA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Nigeria - Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/180917-talib-zanna |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Talib Zanna a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1990 a [[Kaduna]], Najeriya. Daga baya ya koma Amurka domin ci gaba da karatunsa da kuma bunkasa wasan ƙwallon kwando. Ya halarci Bishop McNamara High School da ke Maryland, kafin daga bisani ya shiga [[University of Pittsburgh]] domin karatun jami'a da buga ƙwallon kwando a matakin NCAA Division I.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Men's Basketball |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/basketball/roster/talib-zanna/438 |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A Pittsburgh, Zanna ya taka leda a matsayin ''forward'' mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin kwando. Jami'ar ta bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ƙarfi da iya ''rebounding'', ''post-up'', jefa kwando daga matsakaicin nisa da kuma kare kwando. Ya kuma samu ''medical redshirt'' a farkon shekararsa, abin da ya ba shi damar samun ƙarin lokaci kafin ya kammala aikinsa na jami'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Men's Basketball |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/basketball/roster/talib-zanna/438 |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Aikin jami'a a Pittsburgh == Zanna ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan gaban Pittsburgh Panthers a shekarun ƙarshe na aikinsa a jami'a. Kafin kakar 2013–14, jami'ar ta nuna cewa ya riga ya buga wasanni 100 na rayuwarsa a Pittsburgh, kuma a kakar da ta gabata ya samu matsakaicin maki 9.6 da ''rebounds'' 6.1 a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Men's Basketball |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/basketball/roster/talib-zanna/438 |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A kakar 2013–14, Zanna ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Pittsburgh ta samu kyakkyawan sakamako. Ya buga wasanni 35, ya fara dukkan wasannin, kuma ya samu matsakaicin maki 13.0 da ''rebounds'' 8.6 a kowane wasa. Ya kuma jefa 58.6% na kwandunansa daga filin wasa da 66.7% daga ''free-throw line''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2013-14 Men's Basketball Cumulative Statistics |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-basketball/stats/2013-14 |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Maris 2014, Zanna ya yi ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wasanninsa na kakar lokacin da Pittsburgh ta doke Notre Dame 85–81 bayan karin lokaci. Ya ci maki 17, ya samu ''rebounds'' 14, ya yi ''assists'' 2 da ''blocks'' 1, inda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan Pittsburgh a nasarar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh Outlasts Notre Dame In OT, 85-81 |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/news/2014/3/1/Pittsburgh_Outlasts_Notre_Dame_In_OT_85_81 |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |date=1 March 2014 |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2014, Zanna ya ci maki 21 a wasan da Pittsburgh ta doke Boston College da 66–59. Ya jefa 7 daga cikin 10 na ''field goals'' da 7 daga cikin 8 na ''free throws'', sannan ya samu ''rebounds'' 6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh vs Boston College Box Score |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-basketball/stats/2013-14/boston-college/boxscore/2548 |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |date=26 February 2014 |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A gasar ACC Tournament ta 2014, Zanna ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Pittsburgh. A wasan da suka doke Wake Forest da ci 84–55, ya ci maki 17, yayin da Pittsburgh ta samu nasara a wasanta na farko a gasar ACC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Men's Basketball Wins ACC Tournament Debut, 84-55 Over Wake Forest |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/news/2014/3/13/Men_s_Basketball_Wins_ACC_Tournament_Debut_84-55_Over_Wake_Forest |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |date=13 March 2014 |access-date=11 September 2026}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na ACC Tournament da [[North Carolina Tar Heels|North Carolina]], Zanna ya yi wani gagarumin wasa inda ya ci maki 19 tare da ''rebounds'' 21. Ya jefa 8 daga cikin 13 na ''field goals'' da dukkan ''free throws'' uku da ya samu. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wasannin ''rebounding'' a tarihin gasar ACC na Pittsburgh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh vs North Carolina Box Score |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-basketball/stats/2013-14/north-carolina/boxscore/2553 |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |date=14 March 2014 |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> Saboda irin wannan bajinta, an zaɓi Zanna cikin '''First Team All-ACC Tournament''' a 2014, sannan an ba shi '''Honorable Mention All-ACC''' a ƙarshen kakar. Pittsburgh ta kuma kammala kakar 2013–14 da tarihin nasara da rashin nasara na 26–10, kafin Florida ta fitar da ita daga NCAA Tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014-15 Pitt Basketball Tradition and Achievements |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/documents/download/2014/10/23/tradition-achievements-14-15.pdf |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A wasan NCAA Tournament na zagayen biyu da Florida a ranar 22 ga Maris 2014, Zanna ya fara wasa kuma ya buga mintuna 38. Ya ci maki 10, ya samu ''rebounds'' 6 da ''blocks'' 1, amma Florida ta yi nasara da 61–45 ta fitar da Pittsburgh daga gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh vs Florida Box Score |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-basketball/stats/2013-14/florida/boxscore/2556 |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |date=22 March 2014 |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Fara sana'ar ƙwararru == Bayan kammala aikinsa a Pittsburgh, Zanna ya shiga ''2014 NBA Draft'', amma ba a zaɓe shi ba. Daga baya ya shiga tsarin NBA D-League, inda ya buga wa Oklahoma City Blue, ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da [[Oklahoma City Thunder]], wasa. Wannan ya zama farkon matakin sana'arsa ta ƙwararru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cibona sign contract with Talib Zanna |url=https://www.aba-liga.com/news/51339/cibona-sign-contract-with-talib-zanna/ |website=ABA League |date=28 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A shekararsa ta farko a NBA D-League, Zanna ya samu matsakaicin kusan maki 12 da ''rebounds'' 9 a kowane wasa. Ya kuma shiga NBA D-League All-Star Game na 2015, sannan aka zaɓe shi cikin '''NBA D-League All-Rookie Second Team''' saboda bajintarsa a kakar farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna |url=https://stats.gleague.nba.com/player/204075/ |website=NBA G League |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Nanterre 92 == A shekarar 2016, Zanna ya koma Turai inda ya shiga '''Nanterre 92''' ta Faransa. A kakar 2016–17, ya buga wasanni 25 a gasar LNB Pro A, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 7.8 da ''rebounds'' 3.6 a kowane wasa, tare da kaso 58.4% na jefa kwando daga filin wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna International Stats |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/players/talib-zanna-1.html |website=Basketball-Reference |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> Zanna ya kasance cikin ƙungiyar Nanterre wadda ta samu nasarori biyu masu muhimmanci a shekarar 2017. Ƙungiyar ta lashe '''FIBA Europe Cup''' da kuma '''French Cup''', abin da ya sa shekarar 2016–17 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi nasara a farkon sana'ar Zanna a Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cibona sign contract with Talib Zanna |url=https://www.aba-liga.com/news/51339/cibona-sign-contract-with-talib-zanna/ |website=ABA League |date=28 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A FIBA Europe Cup na 2017, Zanna ya buga wasanni 20 tare da Nanterre, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 5.9 da ''rebounds'' 3.2 a kowane wasa. Wannan ya taimaka masa wajen samun kwarewa a gasar Turai ta matakin ƙungiyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Nanterre 92 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/215-fiba-europe-cup/1620/players/180917-talib-zanna |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Ironi Nes Ziona da Fuenlabrada == Bayan kakarsa a Faransa, Zanna ya koma Isra'ila inda ya shiga '''Ironi Nes Ziona'''. A FIBA Europe Cup na 2019, ya buga wasanni biyar, yana samun matsakaicin maki 11.8 da ''rebounds'' 6.0 a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Ironi Ness Ziona |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/215-fiba-europe-cup/180917-talib-zanna |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Zanna ya kuma taka leda a Spain tare da '''Montakit Fuenlabrada''' a gasar Liga ACB. A wasanni tara da ya buga, ya samu matsakaicin maki 4.3 da ''rebounds'' 2.4 a kowane wasa, tare da kaso 41.2% daga filin wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna International Stats |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/players/talib-zanna-1.html |website=Basketball-Reference |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Afyon Belediye == A kakar 2019–20, Zanna ya koma Turkiyya inda ya shiga '''Afyon Belediye''' a gasar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙasar. Wannan ya ƙara masa ƙwarewa a gasannin Turai, bayan ya riga ya taka leda a Faransa, Isra'ila da Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/180917-talib-zanna |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Hapoel Tel Aviv == A kakar 2020–21, Zanna ya koma Isra'ila inda ya shiga '''Hapoel Tel Aviv'''. A gasar cikin gida ta Isra'ila, ya buga wasanni uku da aka rubuta a bayanan Basketball-Reference, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 11.7 da ''rebounds'' 8.3 a cikin mintuna 26.3 a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna International Stats |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/players/talib-zanna-1.html |website=Basketball-Reference |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A gasar Basketball Champions League qualifying, Zanna ya kuma buga wasa guda ga Hapoel Tel Aviv, inda ya ci maki 9, ya samu ''rebounds'' 5 da ''assists'' 1. Wannan ya nuna cewa ya ci gaba da samun damar taka leda a gasannin Turai na matakin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Hapoel Tel Aviv |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/112-fiba-mens-european-club-competitions-tier-1/180917-talib-zanna |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Komawa NBA G League == A shekarar 2022, Zanna ya koma Amurka domin sake taka leda a NBA G League. Ya buga wa '''Long Island Nets''', '''Agua Caliente Clippers''', '''Maine Celtics''' da '''Oklahoma City Blue''' a wannan lokacin, inda ya ci gaba da amfani da gogewarsa a matsayin babban ɗan wasa mai iya ''rebounding'' da wasa ƙarƙashin kwando.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna |url=https://stats.gleague.nba.com/player/204075/ |website=NBA G League |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Spartak Pleven == Bayan ya yi wani lokaci a wajen Turai, Zanna ya koma nahiyar a shekarar 2024 domin shiga '''Spartak Pleven''' ta Bulgaria. Wannan ya kasance wani mataki na komawarsa gasar Turai bayan ya shafe lokaci yana buga wasanni a Amurka da sauran yankuna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cibona sign contract with Talib Zanna |url=https://www.aba-liga.com/news/51339/cibona-sign-contract-with-talib-zanna/ |website=ABA League |date=28 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Cibona == A ranar 28 ga Satumba 2024, '''KK Cibona''' ta Croatia ta sanar da ɗaukar Zanna mai shekaru 33 domin ƙarfafa layin gaba na ƙungiyar. ABA League ta bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan wasan Najeriya mai taka leda a matsayin ''center'', tare da gogewa a NBA G League da kungiyoyin Turai da dama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cibona sign contract with Talib Zanna |url=https://www.aba-liga.com/news/51339/cibona-sign-contract-with-talib-zanna/ |website=ABA League |date=28 September 2024 |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A kakar 2024–25, Zanna ya buga wasanni uku a gasar ABA League tare da Cibona, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 8.7 da ''rebounds'' 3.0 a kowane wasa. Ya kuma jefa 47.1% na ''field goals'' da 55.6% na ''free throws'' a waɗannan wasannin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna International Stats |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/international/players/talib-zanna-1.html |website=Basketball-Reference |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Tauranga Whai == A shekarar 2025, Zanna ya koma New Zealand domin buga wa '''Tauranga Whai''' wasa a New Zealand National Basketball League. FIBA ta jera Whai a matsayin ƙungiyarsa a lokacin FIBA AfroBasket 2025, tare da tsayinsa na 206 cm da matsayinsa na ''power forward''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Nigeria - Player Profile - FIBA AfroBasket 2025 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025/teams/nigeria/180917-talib-zanna |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Tawagar Najeriya == Zanna ya fara zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan [[Nigeria men's national basketball team|tawagar ƙwallon kwando ta Najeriya]] a wasannin neman shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na FIBA. A wasannin neman shiga World Cup 2019 na Afirka, ya buga wasanni tara, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 6.2, ''rebounds'' 4.2 da ''assists'' 0.9 a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Nigeria - FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019 African Qualifiers |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/200-fiba-basketball-world-cup-qualifiers/10757/players/180917-talib-zanna |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A [[2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup]], Zanna ya buga wasanni huɗu ga Najeriya. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 1.8 da ''rebounds'' 2.0 a kowane wasa, tare da ''assists'' 1.0. Wannan gasar ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan matakan ƙasa da ƙasa da ya shiga tare da D'Tigers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Nigeria - FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-basketball-world-cup-2019/teams/nigeria/180917-talib-zanna |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A wasannin neman shiga [[FIBA AfroBasket 2025]], Zanna ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kai Najeriya gasar. Ya buga wasanni uku, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 12.7 da ''rebounds'' 7.0 da ''assists'' 1.0 a kowane wasa. A wasan da Uganda, ya samu ''double-double'' na maki 11 da ''rebounds'' 11, yayin da ya ci maki 14 da ''rebounds'' 8 a wasan da Libya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Nigeria - FIBA AfroBasket 2025 Qualifiers |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025-qualifiers/teams/nigeria/180917-talib-zanna |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A [[FIBA AfroBasket 2025]], Zanna ya buga wasanni huɗu ga Najeriya. Ya samu jimillar maki 15 da ''rebounds'' 10 da ''assists'' 2, wanda ya ba shi matsakaicin maki 3.8, ''rebounds'' 2.5 da ''assists'' 0.5 a kowane wasa. Ya kuma samu ''steals'' biyu da ''blocks'' biyu a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Nigeria - Player Profile - FIBA AfroBasket 2025 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025/teams/nigeria/180917-talib-zanna |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A wasannin neman shiga [[2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA Basketball World Cup 2027]], Zanna ya buga wasanni uku ga Najeriya a zagayen farko. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 9.7, ''rebounds'' 5.7 da ''assists'' 1.3 a kowane wasa. A wasan da Tunisia a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2025, ya yi babban wasa inda ya ci maki 22, ya samu ''rebounds'' 6 da ''assists'' 3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Nigeria - FIBA Basketball World Cup 2027 African Qualifiers |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-basketball-world-cup-2027-african-qualifiers/teams/nigeria/180917-talib-zanna |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Zanna ɗan wasa ne mai tsayin 206 cm wanda ya fi taka leda a matsayin ''power forward'' ko ''center''. A lokacin da yake Pittsburgh, an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ƙarfi da iya ''rebounding'', ''post-up'' da jefa kwando daga matsakaicin nisa, sannan yana iya taka leda da bayansa ga kwando da kuma kare ''rim''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Men's Basketball |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/basketball/roster/talib-zanna/438 |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> Ƙarfin Zanna wajen ''rebounding'' ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka bambanta shi tun daga zaman jami'a. Misali, a wasan ACC Tournament da North Carolina a 2014, ya samu ''rebounds'' 21, yayin da a wasan da Notre Dame a wannan shekarar ya samu 14. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancinsa wajen samun ƙwallo bayan harbi da kuma samar da damar kai hari ta biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pittsburgh vs North Carolina Box Score |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/sports/mens-basketball/stats/2013-14/north-carolina/boxscore/2553 |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |date=14 March 2014 |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Kididdigar tawagar Najeriya == {| class="wikitable" ! Shekara ! Gasar ! Wasanni ! PPG ! RPG ! APG |- | 2019 | World Cup Qualifiers | 9 | 6.2 | 4.2 0.9 2019 FIBA World Cup 4 1.8 2.0 1.0 - 2025 AfroBasket Qualifiers 3 12.7 7.0 1.0 - 2025 AfroBasket 4 3.8 2.5 0.5 - 2027 World Cup Qualifiers 3 9.7 5.7 1.3 } A bayanan FIBA na manyan tawagar ƙasa, Zanna yana da matsakaicin aikin ƙasa na kusan maki 6.3, ''rebounds'' 4.1 da ''assists'' 0.9 a kowane wasa a gasannin da FIBA ta rubuta masa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talib Zanna - Nigeria - Player Profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/180917-talib-zanna |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da nasarori == * '''FIBA Europe Cup champion''' — 2017 * '''French Cup winner''' — 2017 * '''NBA D-League All-Star''' — 2015 * '''NBA D-League All-Rookie Second Team''' — 2015 * '''First Team All-ACC Tournament''' — 2014 * '''Honorable Mention All-ACC''' — 2014 * Wakilin [[Nigeria men's national basketball team|Najeriya]] a [[2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019]] * Wakilin Najeriya a [[FIBA AfroBasket 2025]] * Wakilin Najeriya a wasannin neman shiga [[2027 FIBA Basketball World Cup|FIBA Basketball World Cup 2027]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014-15 Pitt Basketball Tradition and Achievements |url=https://pittsburghpanthers.com/documents/download/2014/10/23/tradition-achievements-14-15.pdf |website=University of Pittsburgh Athletics |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria men's national basketball team]] * [[FIBA AfroBasket]] * [[FIBA Basketball World Cup]] * [[Basketball Africa League]] * [[University of Pittsburgh]] * [[NBA G League]] == Manazarta == 9nesncuus8intg3uaf1hmo6meqg3r1g 0 168903 963871 957715 2026-10-06T14:05:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ravindranath Angre (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1956) tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda ne a Sashen' yan sanda na [[Maharashtra]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Feared Encounter Specialist You Should Know About. |url=http://www.etcglobe.com/facts/encounter-specialist/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705021147/http://www.etcglobe.com/facts/encounter-specialist/ |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> An san shi da kashe-kashen da ya yi wa masu laifi 54, galibi suna da alaƙa da aikata laifuka. Wadannan kashe-kashen sun kai shi ga zama "masanin gwagwarmaya".<ref name="joins BJP">{{Cite web |title=Ex encounter specialist joins BJP |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/ex-encounter-specialist-angre-joins-bjp.html |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223357/http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/ex-encounter-specialist-angre-joins-bjp.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya shiga Majalisa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Suryawanshi |first=Sudhir |date=2018-11-21 |title=Former encounter specialist Ravindranath Angre joins Congress |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-former-encounter-specialist-ravindranath-angre-joins-congress-2687676 |access-date=2019-08-31 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi da aiki == An haifi Ravindranath Angre a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1956 a [[Mumbai]] . Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya sami B.A daga Jami'ar Mumbai . Da zarar ya kammala karatunsa ya shiga rundunar 'yan sanda a matsayin Mataimakin Sufeto a shekarar 1983. Abokan aikinsa sun hada da jami'ai kamar Vijay Salaskar, Pradeep Sharma, Praful Bhosle da Vinayak Saude . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rise of '83 'encounter' Batch |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/rise-of-the-83-encounter-batch/article1-860364.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713155927/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/rise-of-the-83-encounter-batch/article1-860364.aspx |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> Angre ya harbe sanannun 'yan bindiga 33 a Mumbai, da kuma sanannun masu laifi 21 a gundumar [[Thane]].<ref name="joins BJP" /> Nasarorin da ya samu na musamman sun hada da harbe-harbe Manchekar Gang, ciki har da shugaban Gang Suresh Manchekar, ya karya bayan Amar Naik Gang a Mumbai kuma ya shiga cikin mafi girman kwace makamai a cikin bayanan 'yan sanda na Maharashtra har zuwa yau. Wannan kwace makamai ya faru ne a cikin 1998 kuma ya haɗa da bindigogi 11 na Type 56 (kwafin Sinanci na AK 47) fiye da 2,000 na harsashi da kusan 200 grenades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faces of Mumbai Police |url=http://www.dial100dotcom.worldbreak.com/photo.html |access-date=6 July 2015 |website=www.dial100dotcom.worldbreak.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707043250/http://www.dial100dotcom.worldbreak.com/photo.html |archive-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Matsalar == Wani mai ginin da ke Thane ya zarge shi da cin hanci da rashawa a shekarar 2008. Kotun Sessions ta Gundumar Thane ta wanke shi daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen a shekarar 2011.<ref name="dismissed">{{Cite web |title=ENCOUNTER SPECIALIST ANGRE, ACQUITTED BY COURT, BUT DISMISSED BY DGP FOR EXTORTION |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/cover-story/Encounter-specialist-Angre-acquitted-by-court-but-dismissed-by-DGP-for-extortion/articleshow/35934177.cms}}</ref> Har zuwa lokacin da aka dawo da shi, ya shiga wata kungiya mai suna Samarth Thane don magance da warware batutuwan jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ab tak chappan' Cop to eliminate Civic Problems. |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Ab-Tak-Chappan-cop-to-eliminate-civic-problems/articleshow/16173143.cms}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa an tura shi Gundumar Gadchiroli ta Maharashtra wanda ke da matsala tare da tawaye na Naxalite. An sanya shi a cikin dakin sarrafawa ba don aikin filin ba. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, ya bar Jam'iyyar Bhartiya Janata kuma ya shiga jam'iyyar Indian National Congress.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] npb0xcramv7aflyqqziar0qqavt0uau 0 168909 963899 957820 2026-10-06T15:56:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An haifi Ravindranath Angre a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1956 a [[Mumbai]] . Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya sami B.A daga Jami'ar Mumbai . Da zarar ya kammala karatunsa ya shiga rundunar 'yan sanda a matsayin Mataimakin Sufeto a shekarar 1983. Abokan aikinsa sun hada da jami'ai kamar Vijay Salaskar, Pradeep Sharma, Praful Bhosle da Vinayak Saude . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rise of '83 'encounter' Batch |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/rise-of-the-83-encounter-batch/article1-860364.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713155927/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/rise-of-the-83-encounter-batch/article1-860364.aspx |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> Angre ya harbe sanannun 'yan bindiga 33 a Mumbai, da kuma sanannun masu laifi 21 a gundumar [[Thane]].<ref name="joins BJP">{{Cite web |title=Ex encounter specialist joins BJP |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/ex-encounter-specialist-angre-joins-bjp.html |access-date=6 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223357/http://www.dailypioneer.com/nation/ex-encounter-specialist-angre-joins-bjp.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Nasarorin da ya samu na musamman sun hada da harbe-harbe Manchekar Gang, ciki har da shugaban Gang Suresh Manchekar, ya karya bayan Amar Naik Gang a Mumbai kuma ya shiga cikin mafi girman kwace makamai a cikin bayanan 'yan sanda na Maharashtra har zuwa yau. Wannan kwace makamai ya faru ne a cikin 1998 kuma ya haɗa da bindigogi 11 na Type 56 (kwafin Sinanci na AK 47) fiye da 2,000 na harsashi da kusan 200 grenades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faces of Mumbai Police |url=http://www.dial100dotcom.worldbreak.com/photo.html |access-date=6 July 2015 |website=www.dial100dotcom.worldbreak.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707043250/http://www.dial100dotcom.worldbreak.com/photo.html |archive-date=7 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rikicin tsakanin [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] da' yan zanga-zangar ya faru ne a kusa da gidan dan majalisa da ofisoshin' yan sanda na KG Halli da DJ Halli . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Arakal |first=Ralph Alex |date=2020-08-12 |title=Bengaluru: Man behind social media post that {{sic|nolink=y|trigged}} violence arrested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-violence-dj-halli-kg-halli-srinivas-murthy-derogatory-social-media-post-6551265/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da sanya dokar hana fita a yankunan da abin ya shafa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2020 |title=Bengaluru Violence: Bengaluru police chief Kamal Pant extends curfew up to 6 am on August 15 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/bengaluru-violence-latest-updates-section-144-imposed-in-the-city-curfew-in-dj-halli-kg-halli-police-station-limits/articleshow/77497309.cms |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> Mutane 3 sun mutu bayan 'Yan sanda sun bude wuta a kan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2020 |title=Deadly clashes in India's Bengaluru over Facebook post on Prophet |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/india-deadly-violence-breaks-bengaluru-facebook-post-200812033701368.html |access-date=2020-08-15 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> 'Yan sanda 30-80 da' yan jarida da yawa, sun ji rauni daga masu kai hari. <ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Sayeed |first=Vikhar Ahmed |date=12 August 2020 |title=Three dead after protests over a social media post turn violent in Bengaluru |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/three-dead-after-protests-over-a-social-media-post-turn-violent-in-bengaluru/article32333769.ece |website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Prasanna |first=Pooja |date=12 August 2020 |title=How two police stations in Bengaluru became targets of mob violence on Tuesday night |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-two-police-stations-bengaluru-became-targets-mob-violence-tuesday-night-130579 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> An ƙonewa dukiyar Murthy a lokacin tashin hankali. Kashegari, 'yan sanda sun kamawa mutane sama da 100.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-12 |editor-last=Ray |editor-first=Meenakshi |title=Bengaluru violence: Strong mob had gathered, pelted stones at police, says eyewitness |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengaluru-violence-60-000-strong-mob-had-gathered-pelted-stones-at-police-says-eyewitness/story-crI8IxdZtKJ6XMpglHNgHM.html |access-date=2020-08-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin taron sun kasance ana zargin su ne daga mambobin jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of India (SDPI), kuma ya haifar da kama wasu daga cikin shugabannin ta. <ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=S. |first=Rajashekara |date=13 August 2020 |title=The Dark Night: Three killed, 146 arrested, several vehicles torched after MLA's nephew posts a derogatory message |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/the-dark-night-three-killed-146-arrested-several-vehicles-torched-after-mlas-nephew-posts-a-derogatory-message/articleshow/77513376.cms |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> == Abin da ya faru == A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2020, dan dan dan majalisa na jihar Indiya Akhanda Srinivas Murthee{{Efn|elected as the representative of [[Pulakeshinagar (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Pulakeshinagar (SC) constituency]]}} ya yi zargin ya sanya wani karin magana a Facebook wanda ya yi niyya ga annabin Musulunci [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] . Wannan sakon ya bazu a yankin kuma mutane sun fara taruwa a gaban gidan dan majalisa a Kaval Byrasandra don nuna rashin amincewa, suna neman a kama wanda ake tuhuma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-12 |title=Bengaluru: Three people killed in police firing after violence breaks out over Facebook post |url=https://scroll.in/latest/970103/karnataka-violence-breaks-out-in-bengaluru-over-alleged-derogatory-facebook-post |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en-US}}</ref> 'Yan sanda sun aika da ƙungiyoyi biyu daga tashar DJ Halli don tsare dan uwan.<ref name=":032">{{Cite web |last=Dev |first=Arun |date=2020-08-12 |title=How An Angry Mob Launched Two Violent Attacks in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bengaluru-riots-how-two-simultaneous-attacks-shook-bengaluru-on-11-august |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> A cewar 'yan sanda, da misalin karfe 8 na yamma, kananan kungiyoyi sun isa Kaval Byrasandra, bayan haka daruruwan suka fara taruwa a kusa da ofishin' yan sanda na DJ Halli, suna neman mataki a kan wadanda ke da alhakin saƙon kafofin sada zumunta.<ref name=":2" /> {{Spaces}}An ruwaito cewa mambobin SDPI sun kasance a cikin taron a DJ Halli. Mutanen da ke wurin sun yi ƙoƙari su ba da rahoton korafi amma sun yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan sanda ba sa aiki da sauri, wanda ya girgiza taron.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":032" /> Jaridar News Minute ta ruwaito cewa akwai Musulmai 17-20 da ke zanga-zanga a gaban gidan dan majalisa da karfe 8:30 na yamma, duk da haka a cikin sa'a mai zuwa lambobin sun karu zuwa kusan 200, tare da mutanen da ke dauke da sanduna, man fetur da gwangwani.<ref name=":3" /> {{Spaces}}Wannan taron ya fara jefa duwatsu, ya lalata gidan kuma daga ƙarshe ya ƙone wani ɓangare na dukiyar.<ref name=":3" /> Dan majalisa da iyalinsa ba su kasance a cikin gidan ba a lokacin harin.<ref name=":122" /> An bayar da rahoton cewa taron sun shiga cikin fashi a gidan; a cewar Murthy, kayan ado da ''Saree'' sun ɓace daga gidansa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2020 |title=Congress MLA, Whose House Was Burnt In Bengaluru Violence, Seeks Police Protection |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-congress-mla-whose-house-was-burnt-in-bengaluru-violence-seeks-police-protection-news-358523 |access-date=2020-08-13 |website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> A halin yanzu, 'yan sanda a tashar DJ Halli sun yi ƙoƙari su warware tashin hankali tare da taimakon' yan al'umma na cikin gida <ref name=":42" /> amma lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin ya dawo ba tare da wanda ake tuhuma ba, taron sun shiga tashar, sun lalata shi har ma sun ƙone motocin' yan sanda. <ref name=":032" /><ref name=":3" /> Da karfe 10:30 na yamma, wasu 'yan majalisa biyu na jihar Zameer Ahmed Khan da Rizwan Arshad sun isa tashar DJ Halli don taimakawa wajen shawo kan halin da ake ciki amma an ruwaito cewa tashin hankali ya fita daga iko a wannan lokacin. <ref name=":42" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Bellie |date=13 August 2020 |title=Bengaluru violence: Police delay allowed matters to go out of hand: MLAs |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/police-delay-allowed-matters-to-go-out-of-hand-mlas/articleshow/77513943.cms |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> {{Spaces}}Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Bengaluru, Kamal Pant ma ya isa a lokaci guda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-12 |title=Bengaluru violence updates: Section 144 imposed in DJ Halli, KG Halli till 6 am on August 16 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/bengaluru-violence-updates-section-144-imposed-in-dj-halli-kg-halli-till-6-am-on-august-16-872289.html |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> Tsakanin karfe 11:00 na yamma da 12:30 na safe, wani rukuni na matasa Musulmai sun kafa sarkar mutum a kusa da haikalin yankin kusa da tashar DJ Halli don kare shi idan akwai wani hauhawar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Soumya |date=2020-08-13 |title=B'luru Violence: Muslim Youths Form Human Chain to Protect Temple |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bengaluru-violence-muslim-youth-form-human-chain-to-protect-temple |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref> A cewar wata shaida daga baya daga 'yan sanda, cewa abin farin ciki "hargitsi bai zama dusar ƙanƙara ba a cikin hargitsi na al'umma".<ref name=":122" /> A ƙarshe dole ne a kira 'yan sanda na Jihar Karnataka (KSRP) don watsar da taron kuma su saki' yan sanda da aka makale a cikin tashar. KSRP ta fara ne da cajin lathi, ta ci gaba da harba iskar hawaye, sannan ta harba harbe-harbe na gargadi kuma daga ƙarshe ta harbe-tarbe a kan taron.<ref name=":032" /> A Kaval Byrasandra, da karfe 10:30 na yamma taron jama'a a gidan Murthy sun koma gidan dan uwansa, suna buƙatar a ba su shi kuma ba su sami amsa ba, sun lalata kuma sun sace gidan. Iyalin mazauna sun nemi mafaka a gidan maƙwabci ta hanyar hawa ta hanyar shinge. An kuma ƙone motar iyalin. Daga bisani taron suka koma unguwar suna ƙone motoci da yawa da mashaya.<ref name=":032" /> Kusan karfe 11 na yamma, jita-jita sun fara yadawa cewa ofishin 'yan sanda makwabta, KG Halli, yana kare dan dan majalisa.<ref name=":3" /> {{Spaces}}A lokacin rikici da 'yan sanda a DJ Halli, wani bangare na taron ya warwatse kuma an kafa sabon taron a KG Halli wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga tashar. Koyaya, wannan taron ya sadu da juriya mai ƙarfi daga 'yan sanda kuma a ƙarshe ya koma ƙone motocin da aka ajiye a waje.<ref name=":032" /> 'Yan sanda da' yan jarida da yawa a waje da tashar sun ji rauni daga taron jama'a.<ref name=":3" /> Jama'a sun warwatse bayan 'yan sanda a tashar DJ Halli sun fara harbi.<ref name=":032" /> A cewar The ''Hindu'', jimlar adadin mahalarta a cikin taron ya kai 2000 yayin da 'yan sanda suka harbe DJ Halli ya haifar da mutuwar mutane 3. Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na birnin ya tabbatar da mutuwar daga baya, wanda a cewarsa akalla mutane 1000 ne ke da hannu.<ref name=":2" /> Tsakanin karfe 1 na safe da karfe 5 na safe, 'yan sanda sun fara share tituna yayin ganowa da kama wadanda ke da hannu a cikin tashin hankali.<ref name="StatesmanTookFiring12Aug">{{Cite web |date=2020-08-12 |title='It took police firing to control Bengaluru riot' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/took-police-firing-control-bengaluru-riot-1502916466.html |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en-US |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>{{Spaces}}{{Spaces}} == Manazarta == ls283tjji6tzo6ze686t5u016hx68td 0 169027 964042 945216 2026-10-06T20:15:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabari Karthik''' an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1990. 'yar wasan Karate ce ta Indiya. Ya wakilci [[Indiya]] a gasar karate ta kasa da kasa, ciki har da wasannin Asiya na 16 na 2010 a kasar Sin, Malaysian Open lambar azurfa, da kuma gasar zakarun Asiya ta Kudu ta farko a Delhi. == Rayuwa ta farko == An An haifi '''Sabari Karthik''' a ranar 30 ga watan Maris 1990, a [[Coimbatore]], Indiya, ga Gunasekaran da Geetha Kumari. Mahaifinsa ɗan sanda ne wanda ya rasu lokacin da Sabari yake da shekaru 11. Ya yi karatunsa na firamare da sakandare a Coimbatore. Sabari ya fara horo a fannin karate a makarantar zane-zane ta Zen, ƙarƙashin koyarwar Sensei N. Karthikeyan. Ya lashe lambobin yabo a matakin gunduma, jiha da ƙasa, kafin ya samu nasarar farko a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa a Philippines a shekarar 2005, yana da shekaru 15. Ya kuma halarci Gasar Karate ta Duniya a shekarar 2007. A matsayinsa na memba na tawagar Indiya, ya samu horo ƙarƙashin masu horarwa daga ƙasashen Iran, Spain da Malaysia. . == Nasarorin da aka samu == [[File:SabariKarthik_WithWKFPresident.jpg|thumb|Sabari karthik tare da Shugaban WKF Antonio Espinos a lokacin bikin lambar yabo ta kasa]] Sabari Karthik ya lashe lambar zinare ta farko ta kasa da kasa a Gasar Karate ta Duniya, wanda aka gudanar a Singapore, 4 ga watan Yulin 2009. Daga nan sai ya ci gaba da samun lambar azurfa da tagulla a gasar karate ta farko ta Kudancin Asiya, wanda aka gudanar a Delhi. Daga nan ya lashe lambar azurfa a [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] Open, wanda aka gudanar a Malaysia. == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="text-align:center;" |Abin da ya faru ! style="text-align:center;" |Shekara ! style="text-align:center;" |Sakamakon |- |Kofin Duniya na 13 na KOI Karate{{Flagicon|PHI}} |2004 | style="text-align:center;" |Kasancewa |- |5th World cadet & Junior Karate Championship{{Flagicon|TUR}} |2007 | style="text-align:center;" |Kasancewa |- |Gasar Karate ta Duniya{{Flagicon|SIN}} |2010 | style="text-align:center;" |'''Zinariya''' |- |[[Asian Games|Wasannin Asiya]] na 16{{Flagicon|CHI}} |2010 | style="text-align:center;" |Kasancewa |- |Gasar Karate ta Duniya ta 20{{Flagicon|SER}} |2010 | style="text-align:center;" |Kasancewa |- |Malaysian Open{{Flagicon|MAS}} |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |'''Azurfa''' |- |Gasar Karate ta Asiya ta 10{{Flagicon|CHI}} |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |Kasancewa |- |Gasar karate ta Kudancin Asiya ta 1{{Flagicon|IND}} |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |'''Azurfa, tagulla''' |- |Gasar Karate ta Duniya ta 21{{Flagicon|FRA}} |2012 | style="text-align:center;" |Kasancewa |- |Wasannin Kasa na 34{{Flagicon|IND}} |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |'''Zinariya''' |- |Gasar Karate ta Kasa ta 24, New Delhi{{Flagicon|IND}} |2012 | style="text-align:center;" |'''Zinariya''' |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250126092352/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sabari-karthik-does-coimbatore-proud/article2765606.ece Sabari Karthik ya yi alfaharin Coimbatore] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090719082907/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/15/stories/2009071550020200.htm Sabari Karthik ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar zakarun Singapore Open Karate] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] dxe04155hrjx7xmxmh5chvkc4oddj2q 0 169041 964168 928701 2026-10-07T05:17:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Slieve Coillte'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slievecoiltia |url=https://mountainviews.ie/summit/982/ |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> tudu ne a kudancin Gundumar Wexford, Ireland. Tudun shine mafi tsayi a yankin Hook, tare da tsayin {{Convert|268.5|m|ft}}. Ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da Slieve Coillte sun haɗa da New Ross, Slaught, Cassagh, [[Gusserane]], Campile, [[Ramsgrange]] da Duncannon . A rana mai kyau, za a iya kula da dukkan yankin tsibirin Hook, har zuwa hasumiyar hasken Hook ta ƙarni na 12 a kan Hook Head, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin hasumiyoyin aiki a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hook Lighthouse |url=https://www.irishtourism.com/scenic-attractions-in-ireland/hook-lighthouse-visitor-centre/1574 |access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref> == Tafiya a kan tudu == Slieve Coillte ta shahara a tsakanin masu tafiya a kan tsaunuka, inda dubban mutane ke hawa dutsen kowace shekara. A {{Convert|3|km|mi}} hanya tana kaiwa ga kallon kololuwar. Ana iya isa ga hanyar da mota, don haka ana iya jin daɗin kallon Slieve Coillte ba tare da tafiya zuwa saman ba. Daga wurin da ake gani, akwai wata hanya mai tsawon {{Convert|1.3|km|mile}} wadda ta dace da masu tafiya da ba su da ƙwarewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Slieve Coillte lookout |url=https://www.alltrails.com/explore/trail/ireland/county-wexford/slieve-coillte-lookout?ref=sidebar-view-full-map |access-date=2019-08-11}}</ref> A gefen kudu na tsaunin akwai John F. Kennedy Arboretum wanda ke da nau'ikan bishiyoyi da ciyayi kusan 4,500 a kan {{Convert|620|acre|ha}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John F Kennedy Arboretum & Slieve Coillte |url=https://visitnewross.ie/listings/john-f-kennedy-arboretum-new-ross/ |access-date=2019-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811074953/https://visitnewross.ie/listings/john-f-kennedy-arboretum-new-ross/ |archive-date=2019-08-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == A saman tsaunin akwai kuma wani dutse mai suna "Tsaron " wanda ke cewa: "'Yan tawayen sun yi sansani a kan Slieve Coillte daga ranar 7 zuwa 10 ga Yuni. Bagenal Harvey ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa a nan. Fr Philip Roche ya gaje shi. Wata runduna a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Thomas Cloney ta kai hari kan jiragen ruwan masu harbi a kogin Barrow a Fisherstown." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Slieve Coillte in 1798 |url=http://homepage.eircom.net/~horeswoodns/slieve_coillte.htm |access-date=2019-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012025725/http://homepage.eircom.net/~horeswoodns/slieve_coillte.htm |archive-date=2017-10-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An zaɓi Slieve Coillte saboda kyakkyawan yanayin sauran sansanonin da ke Wexford kamar Lacken Hill, Carrigbyrne Hill, Forth Mountain da Oulart Hill . Yana da nisan {{Convert|4.8|km|mi}} daga Scoil Mhuire kuma kuna iya ganin gundumomi da dama daga samanta kamar Waterford, Carlow, Kilkenny da Tipperary . == Tatsuniyoyi == Ana zargin Slieve Coillte da taka rawa a cikin tatsuniyoyin mutanen Ireland . Tudun da ke wajen New Ross shine Dutsen Ararat na Ireland inda aka fara mamaye Ireland a shekara ta 2242 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa lokacin da Cessair jikanyar [[Nuhu]], wacce ta tsere daga ambaliyar ruwa, ta fara mamaye Ireland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-30 |title=Sliabh Coillte's hidden history revealed at talk |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/newrossstandard/news/sliabh-coilltes-hidden-history-revealed-at-talk-27509290.html |access-date=2019-08-09}}</ref> == Manazarta == ax19g8w9vg24yhx6mui2aeuoa5ki0yt 0 169107 963964 957986 2026-10-06T17:57:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lybrate''' kamfani ne na fasahar kiwon lafiya ta wayar hannu wanda ya ƙirƙiro wani dandamali na kan layi don haɗa likitoci da marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=With Lybrate, a doctor is just a click away |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/startups/with-lybrate-a-doctor-is-just-a-click-away/48405/1 |access-date=2018-08-20 |website=[[Forbes India]] |language=en-US}}</ref> An kafa kamfanin a shekarar 2013 kuma hedikwatarsa tana a [[Delhi|Delhi, Indiya]] . Wannan sabis ɗin yana bawa marasa lafiya damar yin magana da likita ta yanar gizo ta hanyar kiran bidiyo ko tsara alƙawari kuma yana iya samun bayanai game da [[magani]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2016 |title=Now you can chat with a doctor on Facebook Messenger |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/now-you-can-chat-with-a-doctor-on-facebook-messenger/story/232089.html |access-date=2018-08-18 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref> == Tarihi == Saurabh Arora ce ta kafa wannan sabis a watan Yulin 2013 kuma a da tana aiki a [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] a Amurka da Rahul Narang, tsoffin ƙwararrun Snapdeal . Arora <ref>{{Cite web |title=Entrepreneurship journey: Challenging, yet gratifying - BPD |url=http://www.expressbpd.com/healthcare/healthcare-senate-special/entrepreneurship-journey-challenging-yet-gratifying/372152/ |access-date=2018-08-20 |website=www.expressbpd.com |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105730/http://www.expressbpd.com/healthcare/healthcare-senate-special/entrepreneurship-journey-challenging-yet-gratifying/372152/ |archive-date=2018-08-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> da Narang sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar wani dandamali na kan layi don haɗa marasa lafiya da likitoci da kuma kawar da [[Magani da kai|shan magunguna kai tsaye]] a [[Indiya]] . Sun fara gina kamfanin da kudadensu kuma a watan Agusta na 2014, sun tara tallafin iri na dala miliyan 1.23 daga Nexus Venture Partners. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2014 |title=Lybrate raises $1.23 million investment - MediaNama |url=https://www.medianama.com/2014/08/223-lybrate-investment/ |access-date=2018-08-20 |website=MediaNama |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2015, Lybrate ta tara dala miliyan 10.2 na tallafin Series A karkashin jagorancin Tiger Global, Nexus da [[Ratan Tata]], Shugaban Emeritus na Tata Sons <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2015 |title=Ratan Tata invests in online healthcare startup Lybrate |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/ratan-tata-invests-in-online-healthcare-startup-lybrate/story/221452.html |access-date=2018-08-20 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]}}</ref> don haɓaka fasaha da ayyuka, haɓaka samfura da kuma ɗaukar hazikai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lybrate gets $10.2m funding from Tata, Tiger Global & NVP |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/lybrate-gets-36102m-fundingtatatiger-globalnvp-1432689.html |access-date=2018-08-20 |website=[[Moneycontrol]] |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, Lybrate ta yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Indiya a matsayin abokin hulɗa ta dijital don ilmantar da likitoci, da haɗa fasaha a cikin ayyukansu don sadarwa da marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical-Technological Solution of Lybrate and the Resources Dilemma of India-DQWeek |url=http://www.dqweek.com/lybrate-medical-technological-solution-and-the-resources-dilemma-of-india/ |access-date=2018-08-20 |website=www.dqweek.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2015 |title=Lybrate, Indian Medical Association Join Hands as Digital Partner |url=http://ehealth.eletsonline.com/2015/08/lybrate-indian-medical-association-join-hands-as-digital-partner/ |access-date=2018-08-18 |website=ehealth.eletsonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kayayyaki da ayyuka == An fara ƙaddamar da Lybrate ne don haɗa mutane da [[Kwararre a fannin lafiya|ƙwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya]], wanda hakan ke ba su damar yin booking na alƙawura da likitoci ta amfani da shafin yanar gizo da manhajar wayar hannu . A watan Mayu na 2016, Lybrate ta ƙaddamar da Lybrate Lab+, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lybrate app now offers 'online' medical lab tests {{!}} Gadgets Now |url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/Lybrate-app-now-offers-online-medical-lab-tests/articleshow/52155869.cms |access-date=2018-08-18 |website=Gadget Now}}</ref> wani sabis na gwajin dakin gwaje-gwaje ta yanar gizo wanda ke ba da damar ɗaukar samfurin majiyyaci kai tsaye daga gidajensu, tare da raba sakamakon daga baya akan layi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lybrate Articles and Information - Franchise India |url=https://www.franchiseindia.com/content/Lybrate |access-date=2018-08-20 |website=www.franchiseindia.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETtech.com |title=Lybrate app to offer online medical lab tests - ETtech |url=https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/lybrate-app-to-offer-online-medical-lab-tests/52160911 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820111422/https://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/startups/lybrate-app-to-offer-online-medical-lab-tests/52160911 |archive-date=2018-08-20 |access-date=2018-08-18 |website=ETtech.com |language=en}}</ref> Haka kuma tana ba da ayyukan kula da marasa lafiya ga likitoci, da kuma ba da shawara daga likitoci da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu wannan sabis ɗin yana da likitoci sama da 1 lakh (100,000) masu takardar sheda kuma yana haɗa marasa lafiya da ƙwararrun likitoci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Online doctor consultation app Lybrate crosses 3 million downloadsDATAQUEST |url=https://www.dqindia.com/online-doctor-consultation-app-lybrate-crosses-3-million-downloads/ |access-date=2018-08-20 |website=www.dqindia.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lybrate launches online lab test service |url=http://www.indiatechonline.com/e-healthcare.php?id=29 |access-date=2018-08-18 |website=www.indiatechonline.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == izeg8j1sj9i6ernd0m9agf5y07rj4nu 0 169125 964212 928974 2026-10-07T08:05:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sumayhan Al-Nabit''' (Arabic: سميحان النابت; born 27 March 1996) is a Saudi Arabian professional [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|footballer]] who plays as a [[Mai buga tsakiya|winger]] for Al-Ula and the Saudi Arabia national team.<ref name="soc">{{Cite web |title=SUMAYHAN ALNABIT |url=https://us.soccerway.com/players/sumayhan-alnabit/495444/}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Al-Nabit ya fara aikinsa a kulob ɗinsa na [[Al-Lewaa Club|Al-Lewaa]] da ke [[Baqaa, Ha'il|Baqaa]]. [1] A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan 2011, ya bar Al-Lewaa ya koma ƙungiyar matasa ta [[Al-Ahli Saudi FC|Al-Ahli]]. [2] Ya shafe shekaru shida a Al-Ahli, inda ya wakilci kulob ɗin a dukkan matakan ƙungiyar, ban da tawagar farko. A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2017, ya bar Al-Ahli kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu da kulob ɗin [[Ohod Club|Ohod]] na Madina. [3] A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2019, Al-Nabit ya bar Ohod kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar watanni shida da [[Abha Club|Abha]]. [4] Bayan da Abha ta samu gurbin shiga gasar Pro League, Al-Nabit ya tsawaita kwangilarsa da ƙarin shekara guda. [5] A ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 2020, Al-Nabit ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shiga [[Al-Taawoun FC|Al-Taawoun]], inda aka shirya zai koma kulob ɗin bayan ƙarewar kwangilarsa. [6] A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun 2020, Al-Taawoun ya sanar da cewa ya sayi sauran lokacin kwangilar Al-Nabit. <ref>{{Cite web |title=التعاون ينهي شتويته بانضمام النابت |url=https://www.spl.com.sa/ar/node/3231}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 2023, Al-Nabit ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kwangila tare da tsohon kulob din Al-Ahli . <ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميا.. أهلي جدة يتعاقد مع سميحان النابت |url=https://www.kooora.com/?n=1207871}}</ref> Ya shiga kulob din a hukumance bayan kammala kakar 2022-23. A ranar 12 ga Satumba 2025, Al-Nabit ya shiga Al-Ula. <ref>{{Cite web |title=العُلا يتعاقد رسمياً مع سميحان النابت |url=https://slaati.com/2025/09/12/2748364.html |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912222014/https://slaati.com/2025/09/12/2748364.html |archive-date=2025-09-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 27 May 2025}}<ref name="soc" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Sarki ! colspan="2" |Asiya ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Ohod |2017–18 | rowspan="2" |SPL |7 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- |2018–19 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !7 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !8 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Abha |2018–19 |MS League |18 |3 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |20 |4 |- |2019–20 |SPL |14 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !32 !4 !5 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !37 !5 |- | rowspan="5" |Al-Taawoun |2019–20 | rowspan="4" |SPL |8 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |9 |0 |- |2020–21 |26 |4 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |30 |5 |- |2021–22 |27 |2 |2 |1 |7 |4 | colspan="2" | - |36 |7 |- |2022–23 |26 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |27 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !87 !9 !7 !2 !8 !4 !0 !0 !102 !15 |- | rowspan="3" |Al-Ahli |2023–24 | rowspan="2" |SPL |27 |3 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |4 |- |2024–25 |19 |2 |1 |0 |6 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Saudi Super Cup]]|name=SSC}} |0 |27 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !46 !5 !2 !1 !6 !0 !1 !0 !55 !6 |- | rowspan="1" |Al-Ula |2025–26 | rowspan="1" |FDL |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !162 !18 !15 !4 !14 !4 !1 !0 !202 !26 |} {{Notelist}} === Kasashen Duniya === ==== Manufofin kasa da kasa ==== : ''Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Saudi Arabia na farko.'' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1. |6 ga Janairu 2023 |[[Basra]]_International_Stadium" id="mwAVg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Basra International Stadium">Filin wasa na kasa da kasa na Basra, Basra, Iraki |{{Fb|YEM}} | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Kofin Tekun Larabawa na 25 |} == Daraja == '''Abha''' * MS League: 2018-192018–19 '''Al-Ahli''' * Kofin Saudiyya: 2025 * AFC Champions League Elite: 2024-25 <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Joey |date=3 May 2025 |title=Never taking their eyes off the prize, Al Ahli are champions of Asia at long last |url=https://global.espn.com/football/story/_/id/44984369/never-taking-eyes-prize-al-ahli-champions-asia-long-last |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=ESPN}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|sumayhan-alnabit/495444}} {{Al-Ula FC squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] 83dymvcavirjyfdrrspixrvi6kl2nef 0 169165 964175 929055 2026-10-07T06:21:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''St. Ignatius na Kwalejin Loyola''' ( Spanish ) wata makarantar firamare da sakandare ta Katolika ce mai zaman kanta da kuma kwalejin horar da sana'o'i, wacce ke Alcalá de Henares, [[Madrid]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] . Ƙungiyar Yesu ce ta kafa makarantar a shekarar 1953. == Tarihi == Tarihin Colegio San Ignacio ya fara ne a shekarar 1955 da gina makarantar falsafa ga ɗaliban Jesuit da ke karatu don aikin firist; makarantar firamare ta riga ta kasance a shekarar 1953. Da isowar masanin falsafa sai aka samu tarin kayan tarihi na Jesuit, wanda tun daga shekarar 2014 ya haɗa da mafi yawan kayan tarihi na Jesuits a Spain. [1] An buɗe ginin yanzu a shekarar 1971 lokacin da makarantar falsafa ta ƙaura zuwa Madrid. Makarantar ta haɗa da ƙananan yara, firamare, da kuma ESO, da kuma horar da sana'o'i a fannin wutar lantarki da na'urorin lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FPB Electricidad y electrónica - Educantabria |url=http://www.educantabria.es/etwinning/descripcion-etwinning/1288-infoinstitucional/sistemaeducativocantabria/etapas-educativas/formacion-profesional/oferta-formativa/oferta-cfpb/39712260-fpb-electricidad-y-electronica.html |access-date=2017-01-07 |website=www.educantabria.es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107172907/http://www.educantabria.es/etwinning/descripcion-etwinning/1288-infoinstitucional/sistemaeducativocantabria/etapas-educativas/formacion-profesional/oferta-formativa/oferta-cfpb/39712260-fpb-electricidad-y-electronica.html |archive-date=2017-01-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Akwai ɗalibai 532 da malamai 42 ke yi wa hidima.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2018}} A shekarar 1970, [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] na gaba zai zauna tare da iyayen Jesuit a Alcalá de Henares yayin da yake kammala shekararsa ta ƙarshe ta karatun ruhaniya wanda zai kai ga yin ikirari mai tsarki a cikin Ƙungiyar Yesu. == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == e8nkzsuacznbyvqx3k0c2ul5ezd5nx8 0 169297 964047 929433 2026-10-06T20:35:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Saddleroute3.JPG|thumb| Hanya ta hanyar sirdi]] '''Sirdi''' tsakanin tuddai ko duwatsu biyu shine yankin da ke kewaye da wurin sirdi, mafi ƙasƙanci a kan layin da ke bin rabe-raben magudanar ruwa wanda ke haɗa kololuwa. Lokacin da, kuma idan, sirdi yana da sauƙin tafiya, ko da kuwa a ƙafa ne kawai, sirdi na wucewa (mafi kyau) tsakanin manyan tsaunuka biyu, shine yankin da galibi ake samu a kusa da mafi ƙasƙancin hanya wanda mutum zai iya wucewa tsakanin saman biyu, wanda ya haɗa da wannan wurin wanda yake a lissafi idan aka zana hoton tsayin da ke tsakanin axis ɗaya, da kuma ƙasan da ke tsakanin axis, a lokaci guda; wannan wurin ta hanyar ma'anar shine layin sirdi. == Tsarin ƙasa == [[File:Wildspitze_(r.,_top)_with_saddle_Mittelbergjoch_and_ski_lift_in_front.jpg|left|thumb| Sirdi ''Mittelbergjoch'' (gefen ƙasa, hagu daga tsakiya) a Tyrolia a [[Austriya|Ostiriya]] . Masu hawa dutse kan ketare shi akai-akai a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Wildspitze (mita 3.768, kusurwar sama ta dama). A cikin zane na sama da dama, sirdi yana kama da nau'in da aka zana a gefen hagu.]] Sirdi shine mafi ƙasƙanci yanki tsakanin tsaunuka biyu ( fifiko ko kololuwa) wanda ke da fikafikai biyu waɗanda suka ratsa rabe-raben (layin da ke tsakanin fifiko biyu) ta hanyar ketare rabe-raben a kusurwa, kuma, a lokaci guda shine babban wurin saman ƙasa wanda ke faɗuwa a ƙasan hanya. Wato, [[Raba magudanan ruwa|rabuwar magudanar ruwa]] wani tudu ne da ke kan babban wurin sirdi, da kuma tsakanin kololuwar biyu, don haka yake bayyana babban ma'aunin tunani. Sirdi zai iya bambanta daga rata mai kaifi, kunkuntar zuwa wani faffadan kwari mai daɗi, mai juyawa, mai zurfi matuƙar yana kan babban wuri a cikin fuskokin da ke gangarowa zuwa ƙananan tsayi da kuma ƙaramin yanki tsakanin saman biyu (ko uku ko huɗu. {{Efn|See the center image '''point '-C-'''' in the [[topographic]]al map image.}} ) da ke gefen juna. A lokaci guda, a wani gefen daban, shine ƙaramin wuri tsakanin kololuwa biyu, don haka, shine mafi kyawun wurin da za a iya kaiwa idan aka bi ta kan hanya, hanya ko layin dogo. [[File:Cliffs_Saddles_Traverses_Passes_Ascents_&_Peaks--_from_Sources_of_Nesquehoning_creek_from_hzlt93sw-Rot90cw,_LargerType.png|thumb| Taswirar yanayin ƙasa ta USGS na tsaunuka da sirdi kusa da Hazelton, Pennsylvania (duba kusa). Maki -A-, -B-, -C-, -D- da, -E- duk suna wakiltar sirdi - mafi ƙarancin adadin da aka tsara don ƙololuwa biyu ko fiye da ke kusa, amma matsakaicin yanki idan aka kwatanta da ƙasan ƙasa.]] === Sadauki da cols === Ba a yarda da alaƙar da ke tsakanin sirdi da cols a ko'ina ba. Wani lokaci ana bayyana col a matsayin mafi ƙasƙanci a kan sirdi mai layi ɗaya tare da rabon magudanar ruwa wanda ke haɗa kololuwa. Whittow ya bayyana sirdi a matsayin ''"ƙasa ko kuma ƙasa a kan tudu tsakanin saman biyu"'', <ref>Whittow, John (1984). ''Dictionary of Physical Geography''. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 464. {{ISBN|0-14-051094-X}}.</ref> yayin da Oxford Dictionary of English ya nuna cewa col shine mafi ƙasƙanci a kan sirdi. <ref>Soanes, Catherine and Stevenson, Angus (ed.) (2005). ''[[Oxford Dictionary of English]]'', 2nd Ed., revised, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, p. {{ISBN|978-0-19-861057-1}}.</ref> Monkhouse ya bayyana sirdi a matsayin ''"faɗi, lebur mai faɗi a cikin tudu tsakanin ƙofofin dutse biyu."'' Kalmar col galibi ana danganta ta da tsaunuka, maimakon tudu. Tsayin saman da ke sama da babban sirdi (wanda ake kira mabuɗin sirdi ) a zahiri yana nuna fifikon tudu, muhimmin ma'auni ne na 'yancin kai na samansa. Sidik suna kan layin [[Raba magudanan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] tsakanin tuddai biyu. == Ilimin ƙasa na gine-gine == A fannin ilimin ƙasa, sirdi wani yanki ne da ke kan hanyar da ke fuskantar layin gaba . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary of Structural Geology |url=https://www.academia.edu/1266034 |access-date=15 May 2016}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sirdi na lissafi == 'Matsayin sirdi' a [[Lissafi|fannin lissafi]] ya samo asali ne daga gaskiyar cewa misalin samfurin a cikin girma biyu shine saman da ''ke lanƙwasa sama'' a hanya ɗaya, kuma ''yana lanƙwasa ƙasa'' zuwa wata hanya daban, kamar [[sirdi]] mai hawa ko kuma hanyar dutse tsakanin ƙololuwa biyu da ke samar da sirdi mai siffar ƙasa. == Manazarta == 1arffwq0nqyxjrr0s9dcf17u07ol196 0 169440 964264 958644 2026-10-07T11:06:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tania Pariona Tarqui''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1984) shugaba ce ta Quechua, ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa, 'yar siyasa kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam wacce ta wakilci Sashen Ayacucho a Majalisa ta Jamhuriyar Peru . A matsayinta na mai fafutuka, tana aiki ne don kafa [[Daidaiton zamantakewa|daidaito na zamantakewa]] ga 'yan asalin ƙasar, matasa da mata. A shekara ta 2016, an zabe ta a Majalisar Dattijai ta Peru ta Broad Front for Justice, Life and Freedom . A watan Satumbar 2017, ta shiga kungiyar New Peru. A ranar 15 ga watan Agustan 2018, ta zama shugabar Hukumar Mata da Iyali ta Majalisa. <ref>[http://www.congreso.gob.pe/congresistas2016/TaniaPariona/ Tania Edith Pariona Tarqui] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204151226/https://www.congreso.gob.pe/congresistas2016/TaniaPariona/ |date=2023-12-04 }} {{In lang|es}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Tania Pariona ta girma ne a lokutan da ta'addanci na Shining Path ya dame ta a birnin Huamanga, amma a lokacin yarinta sau da yawa tana zuwa garinsu na Cayara don taimakawa kakanninta. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara huɗu, sojoji na Sojojin Peru sun kashe mutane 39 a Cayara, bayan Shining Path ta kashe sojoji hudu.<ref>[http://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20VII/Casos%20Ilustrativos-UIE/2.27.%20CAYARA.pdf 2.27. LAS EJECUCIONES EXTRAJUDICIALES Y ENCUBRIMIENTO EN CAYARA (1988)] {{In lang|es}}</ref> A shekara 10 ta sadu da Red Ñuqanchik, ƙungiyar matasa Quechua daga Ayacucho da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar 'yan asalin Chirapaq . Ta kuma yi aiki tare a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙwararrun Yara da Matasa na Peru (MNNATSOP) kuma ta wakilce ta a watan Oktoba 2002 a gaban Hukumar Yara ta Majalisar Wakilai ta Italiya. A cikin kungiyar Chirapaq ta yi aiki tare a cikin ayyukan matasa da mata da yawa a cikin ƙasa da duniya. Ta kuma halarci taron kasa da kasa na masana kan batutuwan 'yan asalin a hedikwatar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a New York.<ref>[http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/spanish/2013/01/jovenes-indigenas-frente-a-la-perdida-de-su-identidad/ Jóvenes indígenas frente a la pérdida de su identidad] {{In lang|es}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tiempodelosderechos.es/component/content/article/99-entrevista-a-tania-pariona-y-pedro-loperena.html Entrevista a Tania Pariona y Pedro Loperena] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203052242/http://www.tiempodelosderechos.es/component/content/article/99-entrevista-a-tania-pariona-y-pedro-loperena.html |date=2020-02-03 }} {{In lang|es}}</ref> Tania Pariona ta yi karatun Ayyukan Jama'a a Jami'ar San Cristóbal ta Jami'ar Huamanga, ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 2009, sannan kuma Ci gaban Dan Adam a Jami'an Katolika na Pontifical na Peru a [[Lima]] . == Ayyukanta a matsayin 'yar majalisa == A shekara ta 2016, an zabe ta a sashen Ayacucho don Majalisa na Jamhuriyar Peru ta Broad Front for Justice, Life and Freedom . Da yake ɗaukar matsayinta a matsayin 'yar majalisa, ta yi rantsuwa a Quechuan a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2016, Don Cayara, Ayacucho da mutanenmu Quechua, Aymara da Amazonian. Don mutuncin su da rayuwa mai kyau. Domin ba mu da ta'addanci na kowane irin, mai tayar da kayar baya ko Jiha. Yawancin lokaci tana sa kayan gargajiya na Ayacucho don nuna asalinsa na Quechua. A cikin aikinta na majalisa ta sadaukar da kanta ga kare haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar da' yan asalin ƙasar daga kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai, tana da'awar haƙƙin tuntuɓar da suka gabata, haƙƙin ɗan adam ga ruwa da diyya ga waɗanda ke fama da rikici, har ma da rashin hukunci na masu aikata laifuka a wannan lokacin, gami da tilastawa a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[Alberto Fujimori]] <ref>[https://diariocorreo.pe/edicion/ayacucho/tania-pariona-tenemos-que-reforzar-la-ley-de-consulta-previa-690856/ Tania Pariona: Tenemos que reforzar la Ley de Consulta Previa] {{In lang|es}}</ref> .<ref>[https://www.ideeleradio.org.pe/lo-mas-visto/tania-pariona-caso-de-esterilizaciones-forzadas-debe-llegar-a-la-corte-idh/ Tania Pariona: Caso de esterilizaciones forzadas debe llegar a la Corte IDH] {{In lang|es}}</ref><ref>[http://kaosenlared.net/peru-no-cumple-con-las-mujeres-indigenas/ Perú: no cumple con las mujeres indígenas] {{In lang|es}}</ref><ref>[https://www.servindi.org/actualidad-noticias/14/03/2017/derogan-dl-1333-por-considerarlo-lesivo-para-los-pueblos-indigenas Comisión de Constitución dictaminó a favor de derogar DL 1333] {{In lang|es}}</ref> Tun daga watan Satumbar 2017 ta kasance wani ɓangare na bankin New Peru. A ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2018 an zabe ta shugabar Hukumar Mata da Iyali ta Majalisa. <ref>[https://manoalzada.pe/politica/comision-de-la-mujer-es-recuperada-por-nuevo-peru Comisión de la Mujer es recuperada por Nuevo Perú] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124112634/https://manoalzada.pe/politica/comision-de-la-mujer-es-recuperada-por-nuevo-peru |date=2025-01-24 }} {{In lang|es}}</ref> Daga cikin manufofin aikinta a cikin hukumar ta nuna yaki da tashin hankali ga mata da kisan mata ban da daidaito tsakanin maza da mata.<ref>[http://www.radionacional.com.pe/noticias/el-informativo/pariona-lucharemos-firmemente-contra-la-violencia-y-el-feminicidio Pariona: Lucharemos firmemente contra la violencia y el feminicidio] {{In lang|es}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] d8ts6segxe3tv0m37ypndq5kyv5sq9b 0 169583 964171 930223 2026-10-07T05:47:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sokodé''' ita ce birni na biyu mafi girma a [[Togo]], mai yawan jama'a kusan 189,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sokodé - Population - CityFacts |url=https://www.city-facts.com/sokod%C3%A9}}</ref> Cibiya ce ta kasuwanci ga yankunan noma da ke kewaye, kuma cibiyar Tchaoudjo Prefecture da Centrale Region . Tana tsakiyar ƙasar, {{Convert|339|km}} arewacin [[Lomé]], tsakanin kogin [[Kogin Mo|Mo]] da [[Kogin Mono|Mono]] . Birni ne mai kabilu daban-daban da addinai daban-daban, amma [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci]] ne ke iko da shi. Mafi yawan ƙabilun su ne Kotokolis, waɗanda ke zaune tare da Musulmai. == Tarihi == [[File:FROBENIUS(1911)_Tafel43_Wohnhaus_des_deutschen_Stationsassistenten_in_Sokode.jpg|thumb| Sokoto 1911]] Tsoffin 'yan asalin yankin sun haɗu da waɗanda suka ƙaura daga [[Mutanen Gurma|Gurma]], daga gabashin yankin [[Neja (kogi)|Niger Bend]], tsakanin [[Ouagadougou]] da [[Niamey]], waɗanda suka kawo tsarin siyasa na masarautu tare da su. An ƙara wa wannan tsari 'yan kasuwa da masu sana'a [[Harsunan Sudan|na Yammacin Sudan]] ( Mandinka, daga [[Daular Mali|tarihin Mali]] ) da kuma [[Hausawa|Hausa]], wani ƙarfi mai ƙarfi tun ƙarni na 16. Ta hanyar zaɓar, a ƙarshen 1897, don kafa sansani a Sokodé, Jamusawa sun tabbatar da matsayin sarakunan Kotokoli da ke da rinjaye a yanzu. Birnin ya bunƙasa a zamanin mulkin mallaka a matsayin hanyar kasuwanci a kan hanyar Kola goro tsakanin [[Ghana]] da [[Benin]] . A halin yanzu tana tsakiyar titin arewa-kudu daya tilo a Togo, wanda ya hada babban birnin Lomé da [[Burkina Faso]] . Bunkasar birane ta yi sauri a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Birnin ya ƙunshi tsoffin ƙauyuka waɗanda yanzu suka zama unguwanni. Ana ci gaba da mulkin Sokodé ta hanyar tsarin da ya daidaita tsakanin gwamnatin birni da sarakunan gargajiya. A tarihi, an haɗa sarakunan ƙauyuka daban-daban a cikin majalisar shugabanci, wato Tchaoudjo. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Sokodé-Kpangalam.jpg|right|thumb|280x280px| Kpangalam, unguwar Sokodé]] Yankin Sokodé yana da tarin koguna da tuddai. Manyan koguna guda biyu sune Kpondjo da Kpandi, waɗanda ke kwarara zuwa cikin Na wanda hakan ke ciyar da [[Kogin Mono]] . Iyakar da ke tsakanin [[Ruwan ruwa|magudanar ruwa]] [[Kogin Volta|ta kogin Mono da Volta]] tana da nisan kilomita kaɗan a arewacin birnin. Yanzu haka yana cikin [[Kogin Mo|kogin Mô]] . == Alƙaluma == [[File:Cavalier-semassi.JPG|right|thumb|373x373px| Mai doki yana kwaikwayon jarumin Semassi]] Sokodé ita ce birnin da ya fi yawan Musulmai a Togo. Kashi 70% na al'ummar Musulmi ne, sauran kashi 30% kuma [[Kiristanci|Kiristoci]] ne, galibinsu [[Cocin katolika|Katolika ne]] . Sokodé gida ne ga mutanen [[Mutanen Tem|Tem]] kuma yawancin mutanen Sokodé suna magana [[Harshen Tem|da Kotokoli]] (ko Tem). Sunan da 'yan kasuwar Niger Bend suka ba wa waɗannan masu magana shi ne Kotokoli. Ana amfani da wasu harsuna da yawa a Togo, musamman Ewé, harshen da ya fi rinjaye a kudancin ƙasar, da kuma [[Harshen Kabiye|Kabyé]], harshen da ya fi rinjaye a yankin Kara, a arewa. Harsunan Kotokoli da Kabyè suna da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut. Daga mahangar yanayin birane, za a iya raba birnin zuwa sassa biyu: tsakiya, mai gidaje na gargajiya masu yawan jama'a, da kuma unguwannin bayan gari, inda gidaje ke raguwa yayin da ake ƙaura daga tsakiya. Kayan zamani suna ƙara maye gurbin kayan gargajiya ( [[Mudbrick|bulo mai laka]] ). == Yanayi == Sokodé, wacce take a matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|340|m|ft|-1}}, a tsakiyar teku da yankin Sahel, tana fuskantar yanayi mai zafi na savanna ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] ''Aw'' ), tare da yanayi daban-daban guda biyu: lokacin damina, wanda ke ɗaukar lokaci daga Afrilu zuwa Oktoba, yana kaiwa kololuwa daga Yuli zuwa Satumba da kuma lokacin rani daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris. Ruwan sama yana tsakanin {{Convert|1,200|and|1,500|mm|0}} kowace shekara kuma adadin kwanakin ruwan sama ya bambanta tsakanin 100 da 130. Matsakaicin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|26|°C|0}} (1961–1990). Yawan tururin iska yana da yawa, an kiyasta cewa zai kai {{Convert|1500|mm|0}} / shekara, kuma ana yin alama musamman a lokacin harmattan daga Nuwamba zuwa Janairu. Danshin yana da bambanci sosai, kuma ya dogara da duk abubuwan da ke sama. == Tattalin Arziki == Tattalin arzikin Sokodé ya fi karkata ne ga sufuri, kasuwanci da sana'o'in hannu. Akwai ƙarancin ayyukan masana'antu, kamar gyaran auduga da sarrafa sukari. [[File:Sokodé-campagne.jpg|right|thumb|280x280px| Sokode]] Manoma suna noma [[masara]], [[rogo]], [[doya]], barkono da [[wake]], kuma manoma da yawa suna zaune a gefen Sokodé. Suna da garken shanu a gonaki. A halin yanzu, [[Fulani]] makiyaya kan wuce kusa da Sokodé, tare da garkensu na zebu suna kan hanyarsu tsakanin Burkina Faso da Najeriya. Ana noma kayan lambu musamman a gefen kogin Kpondjo da Inusayo. Yawancin yankunan noma suna da ambaliyar ruwa, inda manoma ke fara noma bayan damina. == Al'adu == [[File:Danseuses-Adossa.JPG|thumb| Masu rawa]] ''<nowiki/>'Gadao-Adossa-Kosso''' : babban bikin Kotokoli ya ƙunshi kwanaki uku na bukukuwa, daga Juma'a zuwa Lahadi. Ana bikin daren kafin Adossa, aikin Gadao shine gode wa kakannin saboda yawan amfanin gona. Adossa, ko kuma Bikin Wukake, wani biki ne na fara yaƙi wanda ya samo asali daga mayaƙan Semassi waɗanda ke nuna ƙarfinsu da jarumtaka ta hanyar fuskantar ƙalubalen jiki. Washegari kuma za a yi Kosso, Bikin Mata, inda mata za su yi rawa a wurin shakatawa na Municipal da ke birnin Sokodé. Daga cikin wasu, ana gudanar da manyan bukukuwa a tsakanin kabilu daban-daban na Sokodé. A mafi yawan bukukuwa, ana gayyatar masu rawa na gargajiya daga yankin, da kuma masu hawa suna kwaikwayon jaruman Semassi, suna juyawa da sauri a tsakiyar taron jama'a. == Alamomin ƙasa == [[File:Mosquée_au_grand_marché.JPG|right|thumb| Masallaci]] Daga cikin wuraren ibada, galibinsu masallatan [[Musulunci|musulmai]] ne. Akwai kuma majami'u da haikali [[Kiristanci|na Kirista]] : Daular Katolika ta Roman Katolika ta Sokodé ( [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] ), Cocin Presbyterian na Evangelical na Togo ( Cocin Duniya na Reformed ), Taron Baptist na Togo ( Baptist World Alliance ), Cocin Living Faith Cocin Duniya, [[Cocin Redeemed Christian Church of God|Cocin Allah na Kirista Mai Ceto]], Majami'un Allah . Sabuwar kasuwa, Kasuwar Sokodé Central, ta buɗe a ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2025, tare da bikin rantsar da shugaban Togo, [[Faure Gnassingbé|Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé]] . Katafaren ginin kasuwanci ne na zamani mai matakai biyu, wanda ke da shaguna 36 da wuraren tallace-tallace 508, wanda gwamnatin Togo ta ba da kuɗaɗen sa kan kuɗin CFA biliyan 2 (kimanin dala miliyan 3.2), tare da tallafin KfW na Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Segbedji, Julien |date=17 January 2025 |title=Sokodé: a new modern market to boost the local economy |url=https://ledefenseurinfo.tg/en/sokode-a-new-modern-market-to-boost-the-local-economy/ |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=ledefenseurinfo.tg}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Wasanni == Garin gida ne ga AC Semassi FC wacce ke wasa a Stade Municipal kamar yadda Tchaoudjo Athlétic Club take. == Mutane masu shahara == * [[Kotokro]] - wanda ya kafa Sokodé. * Zarifou Ayéva - ɗan siyasa * [[Mohamed Kader]] - ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa * [[Edem Kodjo]] - tsohon Firaministan Togo * Assimiou Touré - ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa * Arissou Traorè - ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sxqjgke8380b1skrv1qaqt9srstjl9n 0 169804 963984 931321 2026-10-06T18:39:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruth Kissam''' mai shirya al'umma ce kuma mai [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam|fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam]] wacce ta mayar da hankali kan zargin maita da ke da alaƙa da tashin hankali (SRV) a Papua New Guinea . An ba ta lambar yabo ta Westpac Outstanding Woman (WOW) a Papua New Guinea a shekarar 2018. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ruth Jewels Kissam ne a Lardin Enga . <ref name="ABC">{{Cite web |title=Meet the woman trying to stop Papua New Guinea's modern day witch hunts |url=https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/conversations/sorcery-witchcraft-accused-women-png-rpt/105754830 |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje, wanda ya buƙaci shi da iyalinsa su sauya zuwa ƙauyuka daban-daban akai-akai. Ta kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1998, tare da goyon bayan mahaifinta, ta tsayayya da matsin lamba daga wasu danginta don ta yi aure, saboda suna so su amfana daga Farashin amarya, kuma ta tafi Jami'ar Papua New Guinea a babban birnin PNG, Port Moresby, don karatun doka. Ba ta kammala digiri ba saboda bukatar komawa gida don kula da 'yan uwanta lokacin da mahaifiyarta ba ta da lafiya.<ref name="WB">{{Cite web |title=Thinking Equal in PNG: Ruth’s Path to Reducing Sorcery-Related Violence |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/03/05/ruth-kissam |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=World Bank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029175442/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/03/05/ruth-kissam |archive-date=29 October 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Yayinda take tare da iyalinta, Kissam ta fara aiki tare da al'ummomin yankin don gina da kula da filin jirgin sama da gina ɗakunan makaranta. A yankunan da ke kusa da birni na uku mafi girma na PNG na Dutsen Hagen ta gudanar da shirin wasanni da ake kira ''Sanap Wantaim'' (Ka tsaya tare), don raba bayanai game da cutar kanjamau da cutar kansar AIDS. Ta shirya shirin jagoranci ga 'yan mata a shekara ta 2009 da ake kira "Women of Wisdom", da nufin taimaka wa' yan mata su daidaita zuwa jami'a. Ta kuma shirya al'ummomi daban-daban don 'yan sanda da kansu. Ta hanyar aikinta na al'umma ta haɗu da jikin wata mace da ake zargi da maita da aka kashe. Ta tabbatar da cewa matar tana da jana'izar da ta dace. Wannan shine farkon aikinta kan zargin da ya shafi maita, wanda shine babban matsala a Papua New Guinea.<ref name="WB" /><ref name="Columbia">{{Cite web |title=Ruth Kissam |url=https://worldprojects.columbia.edu/node/77 |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=Columbia World Projects}}</ref><ref name="Catalpa">{{Cite web |title=IWD 2021: Meet Ruth J Kissam |url=https://catalpa.io/blog/iwd-2021-meet-ruth-j-kissam/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=Catalpa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Women in Papua New Guinea are Suffering an Epidemic of Violence - The Government Must Act |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/01/women-papua-new-guinea-are-suffering-epidemic-violence-government-must-act |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Kissam daga nan ya yi aiki a Malaumanda Development Corporation (Aiaba Minerals), kamfanin hakar ma'adinai mallakar 'yan asalin ƙasar, suna ba da shawara ga haƙƙin' yan asalin ƙasarsu don sarrafa ci gaban ƙasarsu. Daga nan sai ta koma wani kamfani na lauya, tana magance tashin hankali na jinsi da zargin da ya shafi maita. A cikin 2013, ta haɗu da wasu don taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen soke Dokar Maƙaryaci ta mulkin mallaka ta 1973 da kuma yin gyare-gyare ga dokar aikata laifuka don haɗawa da laifuka da aka aikata akan zargin maita. A shekara ta 2016, ta zama darektan ayyukan Gidauniyar Ƙabilar PNG, ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba da ke aiki a fannonin kiwon lafiyar uwaye da yara, ilimi, da tashin hankali na jinsi. Ta jagoranci kamfen din fim din ''Senisim Pasin'' (Changing Behavior), kamfen na kasa don canza halayen al'adu game da yadda ake darajar mata a PNG. A cikin 2021, ta shiga Catalpa International, ƙungiyar ci gaban ƙasa da ƙasa da ke aiki a PNG, wanda ke da niyyar amfani da fasaha don ƙirƙirar tasirin ci gaba mai ɗorewa.<ref name="Columbia" /><ref name="Catalpa" /><ref name="She">{{Cite web |title=Ruth Kissam: Fighting Sorcery Accusation Related Violence Against Women |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/ruth-kissam-sorcery-accusation-related-violence/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=shethepeople}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce Janar Manaja: Harkokin Kasuwanci na kamfanin Steamships a PNG . <ref name="ABC" /> A cikin 2021, Kissam ta kasance shugabar kwamitin Cibiyar Gudanar da Mata ta PNG kuma memba ne na kwamitin Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta PNG . <ref name="Catalpa" /> == Ƙarin horo == A cikin 2015 Kissam ta shiga cikin Shirin Maganin Al'umma na IREX a Jami'ar George Mason da ke [[Virginia]], Amurka. Wannan shirin na shugabannin al'umma ne da suka riga sun shiga don karfafa ƙwarewarsu don tasiri ga ƙalubalen tattalin arziki, muhalli, siyasa, da zamantakewa a cikin al'ummominsu. A shekara ta 2017 ta kasance mai halarta a [[California]] a Shirin Draper Hills na shekara-shekara na Summer Fellowship a kan Dimokuradiyya da Ci gaba a Cibiyar Dimokuradiya, Ci gaba da Dokar [[Jami'ar Stanford]]. A cikin 2019-20 ita ce 'yar asalin Papua New Guinea ta farko da ta zama malamin Gidauniyar Obama a Jami'ar Columbia da ke [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]], tare da kasancewa mai ba da horo a Gidauniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Kissam |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/ruth-j-kissam-b6b56a142/?originalSubdomain=pg |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=LinkedIn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Kissam |url=https://www.obama.org/programs/scholars/columbia-university/2019-2020-columbia-scholars/ruth-kissam/ |access-date=19 November 2025 |website=Obama Foundation}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * A cikin 2018 Kissam ta lashe lambar yabo ta Westpac Outstanding Women Award (WOW) don Papua New Guinea da kuma lambar yabo ta Trukai Community Responsibility Award.<ref name="She" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell Charlie |title=How a 7-Year-Old Girl Survived Papua New Guinea’s Crucible of Sorcery |url=https://time.com/longform/papua-new-guinea-witchcraft-justice/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |website=Time}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8nh1sshaqzrxw9r4o45bocw1cwbzsgs 0 169886 964150 931603 2026-10-07T03:36:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Shmuel_Trigano_par_Claude_Truong-Ngoc_avril_2013.jpg|thumb| Shmuel Trigano, Afrilu 2013]] '''Shmuel Trigano''' ( Hebrew ; an haife shi a shekarar 1948 a [[Blida]], [[Aljeriya ta Faransa|Faransa Algeria]] ) masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne, masanin falsafa, farfesa mai ƙwarewa a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Paris Nanterre (Shugaban "Sociology of knowledge, religion and politics"). Ya kasance Farfesa mai ziyara a Asusun Tikvah a fannin Shari'ar Yahudawa da Tunani a Makarantar Shari'a ta Benjamin N. Cardozo, New York (2009), kuma ƙwararren mai ba da shawara kan Templeton a shirin [[Herzl Institute]] (Jerusalem) mai suna "Falsafa ta Tanakh, Midrash da Talmud " (2012–2013), (2015–2017). Elia Benamozegh Shugabar Nazarin Sephardic ta Turai, Livorno, Italiya (2002).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}} Trigano yana da digirin farko a fannin fasaha (a [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima]] - Kimiyyar Siyasa, Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasashen Duniya), MA a Kimiyyar Siyasa (Jami'ar Paris II 1977), PhD a fannin ilimin zamantakewa na siyasa a Jami'ar Paris Nanterre ("Farko a fannin Addini na Zamanin Siyasa a Yahudanci" - 1981). Trigano ya kafa mujallu guda biyu, ''The Journal of Jewish Studies'' "Pardes, Revue européenne d'études juives", Ed. du Cerf, In-Press Editions (1985- yau). An kafa tare da Annie Kriegel (1926–1995),{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}} da kuma ''Mujallar Ra'ayoyin Siyasa "Masu Rikici"'' Ed. De l'Eclat (2006-2011).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}} == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Edmond Tenoudji don Ilimin Yahudawa, 1993. <ref name="rfech">{{Cite web |title=Liste des Lauréats |url=https://www.rfecj.org/liste-des-laureats/ |publisher=RFECJ}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Gidauniyar Yahudawa ta Faransa, Kyautar Francine da Antoine Bernheim, Kyautar Kimiyya, 2011. * The Impertinents 2013 Prize na jaridar Le Figaro, don littafinsa " ''La Nouvelle idéologie dominante'' " == Manyan littattafan da aka gyara == * ''Labarin'' bacewar, rubutun game da asalin Yahudawa (The tale of the disappeared-She, wani rubutun game da Asalin Yahudawa); Gallimard Les Essais 1977, Folio-Gallimard, 2001 * Sabon batun Yahudawa; Gallimard Idées 1982, Folio-Gallimard, 2002 * Jamhuriyar da Yahudawa; Jaridu na Yau 1982 * Gidan da aka manta, asalin addini na siyasa (The Forgotten Mansion, a Religious Genesis of Politics); Wuri na Jama'a 1984, Tel- Gallimard 1994, fassarar Italiyanci ''Alle radici della modernità'', ECIG, 1999 * Falsafar doka, asalin siyasa a cikin Tora; Le Cerf 1991, fassarar Turanci ta Gila Walker, ''Falsafar Shari'a. '' ''Siyasa a cikin Attaura'', Shalem Press, *   * Ba za a iya dawo da shi ba? haruffa ga Bayahude da ya ɓace (Bauta ba tare da dawowa ba? Wasiku ga Bayahudee da ya ɓoye); Stock 1996 * Rarraba soyayya, dabi'ar alkawari (The rabuwa da soyayya, a Covenantal Ethics); Arléa, 1998 * Kyakkyawan dimokuradiyya yana da gwajin Shoah (The uniqueness of the Shoa and the democratic universal); Odile Jacob ed. Paris 1999, fassarar Turanci ta Gila Walker, The Democratic Ideal, The Unthought in Political Modernity, SUNY Press, 2009. Fassara a cikin Ibrananci ta Avner Lahav, ''Haideal hademokrati bemivhan hashoah'', Cibiyar Ben Gurion, Jami'ar Ben Gurión ta Negev, 2009. * ''Monotheism shine ɗan adam'' (Monotheism shine bil'adama); Odile Jacob ed. 2000 * ''Lokacin gudun hijira'' (Lokacin gudun hijira); Manuels-Payot, 2001, Rivages poche/Petite Bibliothèque, 2005, fassara a cikin Italiyanci, ''Il tempo dell'esilio'', Giuntina, 2010 * Menene Addini? (''Menene addini? )'' ?); Flammarion, 2001 * Tunanin Popolo scorparso, Salomone Belforte & Co, 2003 * Rashin jituwa na Isra'ila. Falsafar tarihin Yahudawa (The shaking of Israel, a Jewish Philosophy of History); Le Seuil, 2002, fassarar Italiyanci, Il Terremoto di Israele, Giuda Judaica, 2007. * L'e (xc) lu, tsakanin Yahudawa da Kiristoci (The Chosen-Expelled: Tsakanin Yahudawa da Kiristoci); Denoël, 2003 *   * Rashin amincewa da jamhuriya, Yahudawa da Musulmai a Faransa (The Republican Abdication: Yahudawa da Musulmi a Faransa); P.U.F., 2003 * Yankin Auschwitz Rashin lalacewar aikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, (Auschwitz Frontiers, the Ravages of the Mission of Memory), Hachette-Livre de Poche, 2005, wanda Avner Lahav ya fassara cikin Ibrananci (Resling, 2016) * ''Makomar Yahudawa na Faransa'' (The Future of French Jewry), Grasset, 2006 * Manufar soyayya, Desire da jima'i a cikin Ma'aikatan Rai na R. Abraham Ben David de Posquières, (The Intent of Love, Desire and Sex in Rabad's Baalei Hanefesh), Editions de l'éclat, 2007. * ''Addinin Yahudanci da Ruhun Duniya'', (Yahudawa da Ruhun Duniya), Grasset, 2011. * Sabuwar ra'ayi mai rinjaye, (The New Dominant Ideology), Editions Hermann, 2012. * Mutanen Yahudawa, zamantakewa da falsafar siyasa (The Jewish People, Political Sociology and Philosophy), François Bourin ed. 2013. * Ibrananci, falsafar, (''Ibrananci a matsayin Falsafa''), Hermann-Filosophie, 2014 * Shekaru goma sha biyar na kaɗaici. Juïfs de France: 2000-2015, (''Shekaru goma sha biyar na Loneliness. Yahudawa na Faransa 2000-2015'') Berg International, 2015 * ''Sabuwar Jihar Yahudawa'', (The New Jewish State), Berg International, 2015 * ''Le Isra'ila ta biyu; Les Temps Modernes, n° 394 bis, Mai 1979'' * ''Penser Auschwitz; Pardès n°9-10, 1989 (TUNANIN AUSCHWITZ)'' * ''La société juive a travers l'histoire; Fayard, 1992-1993, juzu'i na 4: (AL'UMMAR YAHUDAWA A TARIHI)'' # ''Kayan da aka yi wa mutane'' # ''Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa'' # ''Tafiyar Isra'ila'' # ''Le mutane monde'' * ''L'école de pensée juive de Paris; Pardès 23, 1997 (Makarantar tunanin Yahudawa a Paris)'' * ''Le sionisme face à ses détracteurs; Fitowa Raphaël, 2002'' * ''L'exclusion des Juifs des biya larabawa; Pardès 33, 2003 (Korar Yahudawa daga ƙasashen Larabawa)'' * ''L'identité des Juifs d'Algérie; Nadir, 2004 (Alamar Yahudawan Aljeriya)'' * ''La Cité biblique, Pardès, 40, 2006 (Birnin Littafi Mai Tsarki)'' * ''Le monde sépharade, en deux kundin aux Editions du Seuil (2007) (The Spheradic World))'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] 7den1e2tvc2eyw1is5a8yaeaycs29h3 0 170013 964158 931940 2026-10-07T04:20:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964158 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''SigmaPlot''' kunshin software ne na mallaka don zane-zane na kimiyya da nazarin bayanai. Yana gudana akan [[Microsoft Windows]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SigmaPlot |url=https://softwarelist.oregonstate.edu/software/sigmaplot |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Oregon State University}}</ref> Software na iya karanta tsarin da yawa, kamar Microsoft Excel spreadsheets, kuma yana iya yin sauye-sauyen lissafi da nazarin kididdiga. Ɗaya, lasisin samfurin har abada yana biyan kuɗi tsakanin $ 899 da $ 1599 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grafiti Shop |url=https://grafiti.com/shop/ |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=Grafiti LLC |language=en-US}}</ref> dangane da haɗin ilimi, kamfanoni, ko gwamnati. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=SigmaPlot - Web Store |url=http://www.sigmaplot.co.uk/store/store.php |access-date=2016-09-30 |website=www.sigmaplot.co.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319121846/http://sigmaplot.co.uk/store/store.php |archive-date=2016-03-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan farashin lasisi na dindindin na iya zama ba daidai ba kamar yadda Grafiti LLC ke buƙatar tattaunawa game da ambaton don karɓar lasisi yanzu. Ya zuwa sigar 16, ana samun gwajin kwanaki 30 kyauta ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon. == Tarihi == Kamfanin Jandel Corporation ne ya kirkiro SigmaPlot don Windows 3.1x kuma sun kiyaye shi har zuwa sigar 4.0. A cikin 1996, Kamfanin Jandel ya haɗu da [[SPSS]]_Inc." id="mwHQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="SPSS Inc.">SPSS Inc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEC Info - SPSS Inc - S-4/A - On 11/7/96 - EX-99.1 |url=http://www.secinfo.com/dsvR3.94Ku.a.htm}}</ref> SPSS ta kiyaye SigmaPlot ta hanyar sigar 8. Ya zuwa sigar 9, SYSTAT Software ne ya mallake shi kuma ya kiyaye shi, kafin Inpixon ta sayi SYSTat a ranar 6 ga Yulin 2020. Siffofin yanzu sune 16.x da SigmaPlot NG Foundation don Windows XP zuwa Windows 10. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SigmaPlot 16 {{!}} University of Alberta Information Services and Technology {{!}} Academic Software Discounts |url=https://ualberta.onthehub.com/WebStore/OfferingDetails.aspx?o=21c1d8e4-7fb2-ef11-816d-000d3af41938 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321122433/https://ualberta.onthehub.com/WebStore/OfferingDetails.aspx?o=21c1d8e4-7fb2-ef11-816d-000d3af41938 |archive-date=2025-03-21 |website=ualberta.onthehub.com}} </ref> Yanzu Grafiti LLC ce ta haɓaka shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SigmaPlot Details |url=https://grafiti.com/sigmaplot-detail/}}</ref> == Sauran hanyoyin da clones ==  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Manyan masu fafatawa na SigmaPlot a halin yanzu sune Asalin da GraphPad Prism. Ayyukan budewa da asalin ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su sun haɗa da QtiPlot (kafin v0.9.9, yanzu mallakar) da SciDAVis. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100306020734/http://www.sigmaplot.com/products/sigmaplot/sigmaplot-details.php SigmaPlot], shafin yanar gizon * Sigmaplot tutorial, bidiyon YouTube p0nggmlt33flxqgozdcqxd6d6k8h80f 0 170048 964151 932007 2026-10-07T03:38:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Shola.jpg|thumb| Sholas a kudancin Yammacin Ghats .]] [[File:Shola_forest_and_grassland.jpg|thumb| Dajin Shola da ciyayi]] '''Shola''' sunan yankin ne na wani yanki na dajin tsaunuka masu tsayi da aka samu a kwaruruka a tsakiyar ciyayi a yankunan tsaunuka masu tsayi na Kudancin Indiya, galibi a [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]] da [[Tamil Nadu|Tamilnadu]] . Waɗannan yankunan dajin Shola ana samun su ne galibi a kwaruruka kuma galibi suna rabuwa da juna ta hanyar ciyawar tsaunuka masu tsayi. Yankunan shola da ciyayi tare suna samar da hadaddun ciyayi na shola ko mosaic. Ba duk irin waɗannan ciyayi masu tsayi ba ne ke da sholas a cikin kwarurukansu, musamman idan an ware su daga sauran irin waɗannan ciyayi, kamar ciyayin da ake samu a cikin Dajin Idamalayar Reserve a gundumar Ernakulam ta [[Kerala]] . Kalmar 'Shola' wataƙila an samo ta ne daga kalmar [[Yaren Tamal|harshen Tamil]] cōlai (சோலை) ma'ana grove . An bayyana rukunin dazuzzukan Shola da ciyawa a matsayin wani yanayi mai cike da yanayi mai cike da yanayi mai cike da sake farfaɗo da kuma faɗaɗa dazuzzuka waɗanda yanayi kamar sanyi ko yanayin ƙasa ya takaita, yayin da wasu suka nuna cewa yana iya samun asali daga ɗan adam a cikin ƙona da kuma cire dazuzzukan da makiyaya na farko da masu noma suka canza. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meher-Homji VM |year=1997 |title=Phytogeography of the South Indian Hill Stations |journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=230–242 |doi=10.2307/2483901 |jstor=2483901}}</ref> == Rarrabawa da asali == [[File:Brahmagirishola.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Dajin Shola ya haɗu a cikin kwaruruka tsakanin ciyayi masu tsayi a kan tuddan Brahmagiri]] Ana samun dazuzzukan Shola a yankunan tuddai masu tsayi na Nilgiris, Anaimalai, kewaye da Anamudi, tuddan Palni, Meghamalai, Agasthyamalai a kudu da kuma Malnad da kuma yankunan da ke da alaƙa a sassan Wayanad, Coorg, Baba Budangiri, Kudremukh a arewa, zuwa [[Goa]], gundumar Satara da gundumar Sindhudurg a jihohin [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Goa]], [[Maharashtra]] da [[Tamil Nadu]] . Duk da cewa galibi ana cewa suna faruwa sama da mita 2000 sama da matakin teku, ana iya samun dazuzzukan Shola a tsayin mita 1600 a tsaunuka da yawa (misali Tuddan Biligirarga ). == Fauna == Saboda keɓewarsu, tsayinsu, da kuma yanayinsu na kore, dazuzzukan Shola suna gida ne ga nau'ikan halittu da yawa da ke fuskantar barazana da kuma waɗanda ke rayuwa a wurare daban-daban .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2011}} Wasu daga cikin nau'ikan da ake samu a nan suna da dangi na kud da kud ne kawai a cikin dazuzzukan da ba su dawwama a Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya, [[Himalaya|Himalayas]] da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya . Wasu kuma ba a samun su a wani wuri a duniya. Yammacin Ghats suna ɗaya daga cikin [[Hotspot na halittu masu yawa|wuraren da aka san su a duniya game da bambancin halittu]] . ''Colias nilagiriensis'' nau'in malam buɗe ido ne da ke zaune a cikin ciyawar shola sama da mita 2000, wani lokacin ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in ''Colias erate'' . Kamar sauran nau'ikan halittu a cikin nau'in Colias, ana samunsa a wurare masu tsayi da kuma yanayin zafi mai zafi. Duk da haka, wannan ita ce kaɗai da ake samu a Kudancin Indiya. Daga cikin manyan dabbobi da ke zaune a wurin da ake kiwon dabbobin daji , akwai damisa, [[Damisa|giwaye]] da kuma gaur . Nilgiri tahr (na dangin Bovidae, wanda ya haɗa da barewa, barewa, da barewa na daji) yana da yawa a cikin ciyawar shola, kuma yanzu an iyakance shi zuwa tsawon kilomita 400 na mosaic na ciyawar shola, daga Tuddan Nilgiri zuwa Tuddan Agasthyamalai . Laughingthrushes, Nilgiri woodpigeons, shortwings, da kuma wasu daga cikin flycatchers da ke da alaƙa da wannan cuta ( baƙi da lemu da kuma Nilgiri flycatcher ) wasu daga cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 300 da ke zaune a wannan yanki. Yankin yana da yawan jama'a kuma dazuzzukan arewa maso gabashin Indiya ne kawai ke gogayya da shi; kashi 35 cikin 100 na tsirrai, kashi 42 cikin 100 na [[Kifi|kifaye]], kashi 48 cikin 100 na dabbobi masu rarrafe, da kashi 75 cikin 100 na tsuntsayen ruwa, da kuma kusan kashi 13 cikin 100 na kwari, kusan kashi 25 cikin 100 ba a samu a gabashin [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] ba, waɗanda ke zaune a cikin waɗannan dazuzzukan nau'ikan halittu ne da ke rayuwa a cikin yanayi na musamman.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2011}} == Flora == [[File:Strobilanthes_kunthianus_in_Kurunji._..jpg|thumb| Gefen tudu mai cike da furannin Kurinji a shekarar 2018]] [[File:Shola_flower.jpg|thumb| ''Exacum tetragonum'', wani shukar ciyawar shola]] Aƙalla nau'ikan bishiyoyi 25 ne ke nan a manyan tsaunukan Nilgiri . <ref name="Premalatha S. 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Premalatha S. |last2=Sanil R. |last3=Franklin Charles Jose |year=2009 |title=Shola trees in the upper Nilgiris of Western Ghats |journal=Journal of Basic & Applied Biology |volume=3 |issue=3–4 |pages=97–102}}</ref> Bishiyoyi masu rinjaye a cikin irin wannan gandun daji sune ''Magnolia nilagirica'', ''Bischofia javanica'' (bishof itace), ''Calophyllum tomentosum'', ''Toona ciliata'' (Mahogany Indiya), ''Eugenia'' (myrtle) spp. , ''Ficus glomerata'' (atti ko itacen ɓaure ko itacen ɓaure mai siffar gular) da ''Mallotus'' spp. Dazuzzukan Shola suna da ƙananan bishiyoyi a saman bene, galibi ''Prunus ceylanica'', ''Heptapleurum racemosum'', ''Chionanthus ramiflorus'', ''Syzygium'' spp. , <nowiki><i id="mwqw">Rhododendron arboreum</i></nowiki> subsp. <nowiki><i id="mwrA">nilagiricum</i></nowiki>, ''Berberis napaulensis'', ''Elaeocarpus recurvatus'', ''Ilex denticulata'', ''Magnolia nilagirica'', ''Actinodaphne bourdillonii'', da ''Litsea wightiana'' . A ƙasan babban bene akwai wani ƙaramin bene mai faɗi da kuma wani yanki mai yawa na bishiyoyi . ''Strobilanthes kunthiana'', wanda aka sani da '''Kurinji''' ko '''Neelakurinji''' a [[Yaren Tamal|Tamil]], wani sanannen shrub ne da ke da alaƙa da Western Ghats wanda ke fure sau ɗaya kawai cikin shekaru 12. Akwai tarin gansakuka da ke tsirowa a kan ƙasan ƙasa da kuma ferns da yawa a cikin kunkuntar canjin hasken rana zuwa ciyawa. Dazuzzukan Shola suna hade da ciyayi na montane, suna da yanayin sanyi da nau'in ciyawa mai jure wuta kamar ''[[Chrysopogon nodulibarbis]]'', ''Cymbopogon flexuosus'', ''[[Arundinella ciliata]]'', ''[[Arundinella mesophylla]]'', ''[[Arundinella tuberculata]]'', ''[[Themeda tremula]]'', da ''[[Sehima nervosa|Sehima nervo]]'' . == Barazanar == Nau'ikan halittu masu mamaye da aka shigo da su suna da babbar barazana ga wannan yanayin halittu masu tsayi. Wasu, kamar ''Acacia mearnsii'' da ''Eucalyptus globulus,'' sune sakamakon noma na kasuwanci da kuma dashen bishiyoyi, musamman a tsaunukan Nilgiri . Sauran nau'ikan halittu masu barazana sun haɗa da ''Lantana camara'' da ''Ageratina adenophora'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomas, S. M. |last2=Palmer, M. W. |year=2007 |title=The montane grasslands of the Western Ghats, India: Community ecology and conservation |url=http://www.akademiai.com/content/w7613053k523056r/fulltext.pdf |journal=Community Ecology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=67–73 |bibcode=2007ComEc...8...67T |doi=10.1556/ComEc.8.2007.1.9}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Kiyayewa == Ana ɗaukar gobara lokaci-lokaci tana taimakawa wajen kula da ciyawa, duk da haka, ƙonawa mai yawa ya haifar da raguwar wuraren dazuzzuka da kuma haɓakar nau'ikan halittu masu mamayewa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rawat, G.S |last2=Karunakaran, P.V. |last3=Uniyal, V.K |year=2003 |title=Shola grasslands of the Western Ghats: conservation status and management needs |url=http://envis.iifm.ac.in/EB/Sholagrass.pdf |journal=ENVIS Bulletin on Grassland Ecosystems and Agroforestry |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=57–64 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050302152745/http://envis.iifm.ac.in/EB/Sholagrass.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2005}}</ref> Biome na shola yana da ƙarfin riƙe ruwa mai yawa kuma yana wanzuwa a matsayin tushen ruwa ga halittu masu tsayi shine asalin koguna da koguna da yawa a Yammacin Ghats.<ref name="Premalatha S. 2009" /> == Hotuna == <div align="center"><gallery widths="140px" heights="140px" mode="packed" style="text-align:left"> File:Shola_Grasslands_and_forests_in_the_Kudremukh_National_Park,_Western_Ghats,_Karnataka.jpg|alt=Shola-Grasslands complex in the Kudremukh National Park| Ginin Shola-Grasslands a cikin Wurin Shakatawa na Kasa na Kudremukh File:Shola-grass-mountain-Grass_HillsNP.JPG|alt=Shola, grass and mountain en route to Grass Hills, Indira Gandhi National Park| Shola, ciyawa da dutse a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa tuddan ciyawa,<br /><br /><br /><br /> Filin shakatawa na ƙasa na Indira Gandhi File:Shola_Tadiandamol_1.jpg|alt=Shola forest & grasslands on way to the Tadiandamol peak| Dajin Shola da ciyayi suna kan hanyarsu ta zuwa tsaunin Tadiandamol File:Shola_forests.jpg </gallery></div> == Manazarta == 3cmxe494e8n1e6pp042a4zvn3ywebsr 0 170177 964192 932261 2026-10-07T07:04:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Stephen Domingo | full_name = Stephen George Adeniran Domingo | birth_date = 9 May 1995 | birth_place = San Francisco, California, U.S. | nationality = American / Nigerian | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 7 | weight_lb = 215 | position = Forward | high_school = St. Ignatius College Preparatory | college = Georgetown<br/>California | draft_year = 2017 | draft_round = | draft_pick = | career_start = 2017 | years1 = 2017–2018 | team1 = Donar | years2 = 2019–2021 | team2 = Lakeland Magic | years3 = 2021–2022 | team3 = Fort Wayne Mad Ants | years4 = 2023 | team4 = Tindastóll | nationalyears1 = 2021 | nationalteam1 = Nigeria }} '''Stephen George Adeniran Domingo''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne ɗan ƙasar Amurka mai asalin Najeriya. An haife shi a San Francisco, California, kuma ya buga wasan ƙwallon kwando a matakin jami'a da ƙwararru. Ya buga wa Georgetown Hoyas da California Golden Bears wasa a lokacin karatunsa na jami'a, sannan ya taka leda a Turai da NBA G League. Daga baya ya zama kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙwallon kwando ta Najeriya, D'Tigers, sannan ya shiga harkar mallaka da gudanar da ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How former Nigeria captain Stephen Domingo came to own BAL side Nairobi City Thunder |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/45282396/how-former-nigeria-captain-stephen-domingo-came-own-bal-side-nairobi-city-thunder |website=ESPN |last=Solms |first=Leonard |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Domingo a San Francisco, California, a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1995. Mahaifinsa ɗan Najeriya ne daga Legas, yayin da Domingo ya girma a Amurka. Asalinsa na Najeriya daga wajen mahaifinsa ne ya ba shi damar wakiltar Najeriya a wasan ƙwallon kwando na duniya daga baya a rayuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How former Nigeria captain Stephen Domingo came to own BAL side Nairobi City Thunder |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/45282396/how-former-nigeria-captain-stephen-domingo-came-own-bal-side-nairobi-city-thunder |website=ESPN |last=Solms |first=Leonard |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Domingo ya halarci St. Ignatius College Preparatory da ke San Francisco, inda ya fara nuna kwarewarsa a wasan ƙwallon kwando. Daga makarantar sakandare ya samu damar shiga tsarin ƙwallon kwando na jami'a tun yana matashi, abin da ya kai shi Georgetown University kafin daga baya ya koma California. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stephen Domingo - Men's Basketball |url=https://calbears.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/stephen-domingo/7737 |website=California Golden Bears Athletics |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Wasan ƙwallon kwando na jami'a == Domingo ya fara karatunsa na jami'a a Georgetown University, inda ya buga wa Georgetown Hoyas wasa daga shekarar 2012 zuwa 2014. Bayan shekaru biyu a Georgetown, ya koma University of California, Berkeley, inda ya shiga California Golden Bears bayan ya kammala lokacin da dokokin NCAA suka tanada ga ɗan wasan da ya sauya jami'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stephen Domingo - Men's Basketball |url=https://calbears.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/stephen-domingo/7737 |website=California Golden Bears Athletics |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A California, Domingo ya ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. A kakar 2016–17, wadda ita ce shekararsa ta ƙarshe, ya buga wasanni 31, ciki har da huɗu da ya fara, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 2.4 da rebounds 2.1 a kowane wasa. Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wasanninsa shi ne wasan da UC Irvine, inda ya zura maki 11 kuma ya karɓi rebounds tara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stephen Domingo - Men's Basketball |url=https://calbears.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/stephen-domingo/7737 |website=California Golden Bears Athletics |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Baya ga wasan kwando, Domingo ya samu nasarori a fannin karatu a California. An zaɓe shi cikin Pac-12 All-Academic Second Team a shekarar 2016, sannan ya samu karramawar Honorable Mention a shekarar 2017. Wannan ya nuna cewa ya haɗa wasan ƙwallon kwando da karatun jami'a a matsayin wani muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stephen Domingo - Men's Basketball |url=https://calbears.com/sports/mens-basketball/roster/stephen-domingo/7737 |website=California Golden Bears Athletics |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar ƙwallon kwando == Bayan kammala karatunsa a California, Domingo ya shiga 2017 NBA Draft amma ba a zaɓe shi ba. Bayan haka ya fara sana'ar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙwararru a Turai, inda ya sanya hannu da Donar na Netherlands a shekarar 2017. Wannan ya zama matakin farko na aikinsa a ƙwallon kwando na ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World champion Domingo sees Donar as perfect place to begin pro journey |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/europecup-17-18-news-world-champion-domingo-sees-donar-as-perfect-place-to-begin-pro-journey |website=FIBA |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Donar, Domingo ya buga gasar FIBA Europe Cup. A gasar ya nuna kwarewa wajen zura maki da karɓar rebounds, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 8.9 da rebounds 3.8 a kowane wasa a cikin mintuna 21.9. Ya kuma samu nasarar zura maki biyu-biyu a wasanni da dama na gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World champion Domingo sees Donar as perfect place to begin pro journey |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/europecup-17-18-news-world-champion-domingo-sees-donar-as-perfect-place-to-begin-pro-journey |website=FIBA |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Domingo ya koma Amurka inda ya shiga Lakeland Magic a NBA G League. A lokacin da yake kungiyar ya samu damar ci gaba da nuna kansa a matsayin forward mai iya taimakawa wajen zura maki da karɓar rebounds. Daga baya ya ci gaba da zama cikin tsarin NBA G League har zuwa lokacin da ya koma Fort Wayne Mad Ants. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mad Ants acquire returning player rights to Stephen Domingo from Lakeland |url=https://fortwayne.gleague.nba.com/news/mad-ants-acquire-returning-player-rights-to-stephen-domingo-from-lakeland |website=NBA G League |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Domingo ya shiga San Antonio Spurs a NBA Summer League. Wannan ya ba shi wata dama ta nuna kwarewarsa a gaban kungiyoyin NBA bayan da bai samu zaɓe a NBA Draft ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=San Antonio Spurs 2021 NBA Summer League roster |url=https://www.nba.com/summer-league/2021/vegas/team/1610612759/spurs |website=NBA |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Daga baya a shekarar 2021, Fort Wayne Mad Ants ta samo haƙƙin Domingo daga Lakeland Magic. Ya shiga kungiyar domin kakar 2021–22 ta NBA G League, inda ya ci gaba da sana'arsa a gasar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙwararru a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mad Ants acquire returning player rights to Stephen Domingo from Lakeland |url=https://fortwayne.gleague.nba.com/news/mad-ants-acquire-returning-player-rights-to-stephen-domingo-from-lakeland |website=NBA G League |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, Domingo ya koma Iceland inda ya shiga Tindastóll. Zaman nasa a kungiyar bai daɗe ba, domin kungiyar ta sanar da rabuwa da shi a watan Oktoban 2023. Wannan shi ne ɗaya daga cikin matakan ƙarshe na aikinsa na ƙwallon kwando a matsayin ɗan wasa kafin ya ƙara mayar da hankali kan harkar kasuwancin wasanni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tindastóll segir upp samningi við Domingo |url=https://www.visir.is/g/20232464612d/tindastoll-segir-upp-samningi-vid-domingo |website=Vísir |date=24 October 2023 |access-date=12 September 2026}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tawagar ƙasar Amurka == Kafin ya fara buga wa Najeriya wasa, Domingo ya wakilci Amurka a matakin matasa. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Amurka 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 17 da ta shiga FIBA Under-17 World Championship ta 2012. Tawagar Amurka ta lashe gasar kuma Domingo ya samu lambar zinariya tare da ita. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stephen Domingo |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/249-fiba-u17-basketball-world-cup/5078/players/189256-stephen-domingo |website=FIBA |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Tawagar Najeriya == Saboda asalinsa na Najeriya, Domingo ya samu damar wakiltar D'Tigers. A shekarar 2019 an haɗa shi cikin shirin tawagar Najeriya kafin gasar FIBA Basketball World Cup da aka gudanar a China. A cikin shirye-shiryen gasar, ya buga wasan sada zumunci da Dominican Republic, inda ya zura maki 16. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How former Nigeria captain Stephen Domingo came to own BAL side Nairobi City Thunder |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/45282396/how-former-nigeria-captain-stephen-domingo-came-own-bal-side-nairobi-city-thunder |website=ESPN |last=Solms |first=Leonard |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Domingo ya zama kyaftin ɗin tawagar Najeriya a FIBA AfroBasket da aka gudanar a Kigali, Rwanda. A lokacin gasar ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan tawagar, kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a matsayin kyaftin bayan Najeriya ta fuskanci matsalolin rashin samun wasu daga cikin manyan 'yan wasanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How former Nigeria captain Stephen Domingo came to own BAL side Nairobi City Thunder |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/45282396/how-former-nigeria-captain-stephen-domingo-came-own-bal-side-nairobi-city-thunder |website=ESPN |last=Solms |first=Leonard |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A wasan farko na Najeriya a AfroBasket 2021, D'Tigers ta doke Mali da maki 81–73. Domingo ya taimaka wa Najeriya da maki 16, rebounds biyar da assists biyar, abin da ya nuna muhimmancin da yake da shi a tawagar a matsayin kyaftin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=D'Tigers beat Mali in first game |url=https://guardian.ng/sport/dtigers-beat-mali-in-first-game/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Domingo ya kasance wani ɓangare na tawagar Najeriya da ta shiga shirye-shiryen gasar Olympics ta Tokyo 2020, kuma daga baya ya jagoranci tawagar a AfroBasket 2021. A cewar ESPN, ya yi alfahari da yadda tawagar Najeriya ta iya tara ƙwararrun 'yan wasa da kuma yadda nasarar da aka samu kan Amurka a shirye-shiryen Tokyo Olympics ta taimaka wajen ƙara jan hankalin duniya zuwa ƙwallon kwando na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How former Nigeria captain Stephen Domingo came to own BAL side Nairobi City Thunder |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/45282396/how-former-nigeria-captain-stephen-domingo-came-own-bal-side-nairobi-city-thunder |website=ESPN |last=Solms |first=Leonard |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Sana'ar kasuwanci da gudanar da wasanni == Bayan ya rage taka leda a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasa, Domingo ya mayar da hankali sosai kan harkar kasuwanci da bunƙasa wasanni a Afirka. Ya yi karatun MBA a University of California, Berkeley, a lokaci guda da yake ci gaba da alaƙa da ƙwallon kwando, kuma ya bayyana cewa burinsa shi ne haɗa harkar wasanni da kasuwanci a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How former Nigeria captain Stephen Domingo came to own BAL side Nairobi City Thunder |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/45282396/how-former-nigeria-captain-stephen-domingo-came-own-bal-side-nairobi-city-thunder |website=ESPN |last=Solms |first=Leonard |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Domingo yana cikin waɗanda suka kafa Twende Sports Limited tare da Colin Rasmussen, Sandra Kimokoti da Kush Diriye. Kamfanin ya samu ikon mallakar Nairobi City Thunder a Kenya a shekarar 2023, kuma ya fara mayar da kungiyar zuwa wata ƙungiya mai tsarin ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the 2025 Nile Conference teams |url=https://bal.nba.com/news/meet-the-2025-nile-conference-teams |website=Basketball Africa League |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> Nairobi City Thunder ta samu gagarumar nasara bayan zuwan sabon tsarin mallakar Twende Sports. A shekarar 2024 kungiyar ta lashe gasar KBF Premier League, sannan ta ci gaba da samun damar shiga gasar Basketball Africa League. A cewar BAL, nasarar shiga gasar ta sanya Nairobi City Thunder ta zama kungiyar Kenya ta farko da ta kai matakin BAL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the 2025 Nile Conference teams |url=https://bal.nba.com/news/meet-the-2025-nile-conference-teams |website=Basketball Africa League |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Domingo ya kasance tare da Nairobi City Thunder a Kigali a lokacin da kungiyar ta shiga Basketball Africa League a karon farko. ESPN ta bayyana cewa wannan lokaci ya kasance muhimmin zagaye a rayuwarsa, domin shekaru huɗu kafin hakan ya kasance a Kigali a matsayin kyaftin ɗin Najeriya a AfroBasket, sannan ya dawo a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwar mallakar wata kungiyar da ke buga BAL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How former Nigeria captain Stephen Domingo came to own BAL side Nairobi City Thunder |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/45282396/how-former-nigeria-captain-stephen-domingo-came-own-bal-side-nairobi-city-thunder |website=ESPN |last=Solms |first=Leonard |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Harkokin kasuwanci a Afirka == Baya ga harkar ƙwallon kwando, Domingo ya ci gaba da shiga wasu ayyukan kasuwanci da suka shafi bunƙasa Afirka. A shekarar 2026, Winko Solar ta bayyana shi a matsayin Co-Founder kuma Chief Strategy Officer na kamfanin, tare da bayyana cewa yana amfani da iliminsa na MBA da gogewarsa a wasanni wajen jagorantar dabarun kamfani da haɗin gwiwa a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Team |url=https://www.winkosolar.com/ |website=Winko Solar |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Salon aikinsa da tasirinsa == A lokacin da yake ɗan wasa, Domingo ya taka leda a matsayin forward mai iya taimakawa wajen karɓar rebounds, zura maki daga waje da kuma taka rawa a bangaren tsaro. Hanyarsa ta aiki ta ci gaba da kasancewa a bayan fage bayan ya rage taka leda, inda ya koma harkar gudanar da ƙungiyoyin wasanni da saka jari a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How former Nigeria captain Stephen Domingo came to own BAL side Nairobi City Thunder |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/45282396/how-former-nigeria-captain-stephen-domingo-came-own-bal-side-nairobi-city-thunder |website=ESPN |last=Solms |first=Leonard |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> A matsayinsa na ɗan asalin Najeriya da aka haifa a Amurka, Domingo ya zama misali na 'yan wasan da suka yi amfani da kwarewar wasanni da ilimin kasuwanci wajen taimakawa wajen bunƙasa ƙwallon kwando a Afirka. Aikin da ya yi da Twende Sports da Nairobi City Thunder ya haɗa tarihin rayuwarsa a matsayin ɗan wasan Najeriya da kuma sabon matsayinsa na ɗan kasuwa a fannin wasanni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How former Nigeria captain Stephen Domingo came to own BAL side Nairobi City Thunder |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/espn/story/_/id/45282396/how-former-nigeria-captain-stephen-domingo-came-own-bal-side-nairobi-city-thunder |website=ESPN |last=Solms |first=Leonard |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=12 September 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[D'Tigers]] * [[Basketball Africa League]] * [[Nairobi City Thunder]] * [[Georgetown Hoyas]] * [[California Golden Bears]] * [[Nigeria Basketball Federation]] ==Manazarta== [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nigerian men's basketball players]] [[Category:American men's basketball players]] [[Category:Nigerian-American basketball players]] [[Category:Basketball players from San Francisco]] [[Category:Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball players]] [[Category:California Golden Bears men's basketball players]] [[Category:Lakeland Magic players]] [[Category:Fort Wayne Mad Ants players]] [[Category:Nigeria men's national basketball team players]] [[Category:Donar players]] [[Category:Basketball executives]] [[Category:Nigerian sports executives]] 9w239o22ek498doie6icx6oqyutp3jd 0 170199 964143 945665 2026-10-07T02:37:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964143 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Shekarar samfuri a cikin ƙirar kwamfuta wani yanki ne na lokacin kwaikwayo wanda ke wakiltar shekara ɗaya ta kalandar a cikin samfurin kwamfuta ko kwaikwayo. Ana amfani da kalmar a fannoni kamar ƙirar yanayi, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki, da ƙirar haɗari, inda kwaikwayon na iya wakiltar shekaru da yawa na ayyukan gaske. Kwamfuta na iya ƙididdige shekarun samfura da yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na ainihin lokaci, yana ba masu bincike damar yin nazarin halayen tsarin na dogon lokaci da yanayin gaba yadda ya kamata fiye da yadda zai yiwu ta hanyar lura kai tsaye.[1] == Aikace-aikacen == Ana amfani da shekarun samfurin a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya da nazari. Misalai na yanayi na iya kwaikwayon daruruwan shekaru na samfurin don nazarin canjin yanayi na dogon lokaci, yayin da tsarin ruwa, muhalli, da tattalin arziki ke amfani da shekarun samfurin don nazarin yanayin, hasashen yanayin gaba, da kimanta tasirin yanayi daban-daban ko manufofi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Models |url=https://www.climate.gov/maps-data/climate-data-primer/predicting-climate/climate-models |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=www.climate.gov }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyukan kwamfuta == Adadin da kwamfuta ke aiwatar da shekarun samfurin ya dogara da ƙirar samfurin da kayan aikin da ke akwai. Supercomputers na zamani na iya lissafin shekaru masu yawa a kowace rana don rikitarwa na yanayi, yayin da samfuran da suka fi sauƙi na iya kwaikwayon shekaru da yawa a cikin seconds. Saboda lokacin kwaikwayon yana da 'yanci daga ainihin lokacin duniya, samfurin na iya lissafin dogon lokaci na gaba ko yanayin da ya gabata da sauri fiye da yadda suke faruwa a zahiri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Model time {{!}} AnyLogic Help |url=https://anylogic.help/anylogic/experiments/model-time.html |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=anylogic.help |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416102644/https://anylogic.help/anylogic/experiments/model-time.html |archive-date=2026-04-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} b57qp3xclrv60g53pl5zkfrlwmrxy8w 0 170278 963879 932503 2026-10-06T14:34:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Reema Omer''' (Urdu: ریما عمر; an haife shi 3 Yuni 1986) [[lauya]] ce ta Pakistan, ƙwararren mai kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma Mai sharhi kan labarai. A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Asia & the Pacific Programme |url=https://www.icj.org/staff/asia-regional-office/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=International Commission of Jurists |language=en-US}}</ref> Ita memba ce mai ziyara a Makarantar Shari'a ta Lahore . A kai a kai tana rubuta ra'ayinta game da yanayin [[Doka|shari'a]] da Batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam a Pakistan, kuma tana ba da gudummawa ga bincikenta na shari'a le [[siyasa]] a cikin al'amuran yanzu a tashoshin labarai daban-daban.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=News stories for Reema Omer - DAWN.COM |url=https://www.dawn.com/authors/815/reema-omer |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=www.dawn.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Reema, ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya biyu kuma ta girma a [[Lahore]], Punjab . Ta yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar ta Lahore, inda ta kammala karatunta na O' Level a shekarar 2002 kuma ta sami digiri na uku a fannin shari'ar A' Level a shekarar 2004. Ta yi BA-LL ɗinta. B daga Jami'ar Kimiyyar Gudanarwa ta Lahore a shekarar 2009, inda aka ba ta lambar zinare ga ɗalibi mafi kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=620 graduates get degrees at LUMS convocation |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/211657-620-graduates-get-degrees-at-lums-convocation |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya, ta yi digirin LLM wanda ya ƙware a fannin Shari'ar Jama'a ta Duniya a shekarar 2010 daga Jami'ar Cambridge, Birtaniya. Reema ta auri Dr. Ali Jan kuma tana da 'ya mace ɗaya. == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2011, Reema ya shiga Hukumar Shari'a ta Duniya a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Kudancin Asiya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ta kasa da kasa ga Pakistan daga 2013 zuwa 2018, kuma a matsayin Babban mai ba da shawarar shari'a na kasa da kasa na ICJ na Kudancin Asiya daga 2018 zuwa 2025. A yau, tana jagorantar aikin ICJ kan 'yancin alƙalai da lauyoyi.<ref name=":0" /> Kotun Koli ta Pakistan da Babban Kotun sun nada ta amicus curiae kan manyan shari'o'in tsarin mulki da haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatti |first=Haseeb |date=2024-01-02 |title=SC intends to wrap up lifetime disqualification case at next hearing to prevent ‘confusion’ for ROs |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1802576 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Dawn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Asad |first=Malik |date=2021-11-17 |title=IHC seeks responses over GB ex-judge’s affidavit |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1658512 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=Dawn}}</ref> Tana shiga a kai a kai a matsayin mai sharhi na shari'a da siyasa a cikin al'amuran yanzu a tashoshin labarai daban-daban. Sau da yawa tana ba da gudummawa ga labarai ga jaridu da yawa a kan layi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Op-eds |url=https://www.icj.org/category/news/op-eds/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=International Commission of Jurists |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma buga <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Writer - Geo.tv: Latest News Breaking Pakistan, World, Live Videos |url=https://www.geo.tv/writer/reema-omer |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en-US}}</ref> a kan jigogi da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam [3] kamar [[Dokokin doka|mulkin doka]], [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]], Adalci na zamantakewa, samun damar adalci, bambancin jinsi a bangaren shari'a, alkawuran kasa da kasa na Pakistan, da cibiyoyin haƙƙin ɗan Adam na ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Opinio Juris articles by Reema |url=http://opiniojuris.org/author/reema-omer/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Reema Omer Archives |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/writer/reema-omer/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031080747/https://dailytimes.com.pk/writer/reema-omer/ |archive-date=2020-10-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Reema Omer:The News on Sunday (TNS) » Weekly Magazine - The News International |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/ |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Reema Omer:Writer - The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/writer/reema-omer |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref> Gudummawar da ta bayar a matsayin marubuciyar ra'ayi ga Dawn, Geo News, The News, Daily Times, da The Friday Times suna aiki ne don kara fahimtar rashin daidaito na shari'a a cikin dokokin ƙasa, da kuma samar da hanyoyin ci gaba don magance batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam da ke cikin Pakistan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Friday Times Newspaper |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/author/reema-omer/}}</ref> == Katin Rahoto == Reema Omer a kai a kai yana bayyana a matsayin mai sharhi tare da manyan masu sharhi da masu ba da ra'ayi wadanda suka hada da Suhail Warraich, Mazhar Abbas, Hassan Nisar, Benazir Shah, Shahzad Iqbal, Muneeb Farooq, Ather Kazmi da Irshad Hameed, a kan abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu na Geo News da ake kira "Report Card" inda ta gabatar da ra'ayinta da bincike kan batutuwan shari'a da halin siyasa a Pakistan. == Katin Aurat == Reema Omer, tare da 'yan jarida mata Benazir Shah, Mehmal Sarfaraz da Natasha Zai, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=Aurat Card: Why did these four women create their own show? - BBC URDU |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zg55Wm12nU |website=youtube.com |publisher=BBC News {{lang|ur|اردو}} |language=ur |format=video}}</ref> sun kirkiro wani shirin YouTube da ake kira "Aurat Card" don ba mata dandamali don bayyana damuwarsu da raba hangen nesa. Suna tattauna batutuwa da batutuwa daban-daban da suke da ƙwarewa da sha'awa musamman da suka shafi siyasa, doka, wasanni ko nishaɗi. Suna nazarin al'amuran yanzu, sake nazarin fina-finai da wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma sake nazarin samfuran amfani daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurat Card shows |url=https://www.unewstv.com/category/Aurat+Card |website=www.unewstv.com}}</ref> == Tsoro da cin zarafi == A cikin 2019, [[Twitter]] ta aika da sanarwa ga Reema Omer cewa tweets dinta da ke tambayar hanyoyin kotunan soja, sun saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jahangir |first=Ramsha |date=2019-01-25 |title=Explainer: Legal notices to users: Twitter says it prefers to protect free speech |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1459638 |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, Ministan Bayanai na Tarayya Fawad Chaudhry ya musanta sa hannun gwamnati wajen gabatar da wasikar hukuma ga Twitter game da Reema a cikin tweets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |date=2019-01-23 |title=Govt not behind the complaint to Twitter regarding lawyer Reema Omer's tweet: info minister |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1459300 |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Reema tare da sauran 'yan jarida mata sun bayyana a gaban kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa kuma sun nemi Shugabanta Bilawal Bhutto Zardari da 'yan majalisar su magance matsalolin cin zarafin mata da 'yan jarida mata da masu sharhi ke fuskanta a shafin Twitter. Bayan jin labarin, Ministan Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Tarayya, Shireen Mazari ya yi Allah wadai da [[Cin-zarafi|cin zarafin]] 'yan jarida mata kuma ya yi alƙawarin ɗaukar mataki a kan mutanen da ke da hannu a [[cin zarafin yanar gizo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women journalists should give proof of alleged harassment, says Mazari, vowing action |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/702379-women-journalists-should-give-proof-of-alleged-harassment-says-mazari-vowing-action |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Mata a Aikin Jarida ta kuma yi Allah wadai da ci gaba da caccakar magoya bayan PTI waɗanda ke sukar matsayin Reema Omer kan halin da ake ciki a Pakistan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: CFWIJ Condemns The Persistent Trolling Faced By Political Commentator Reema Omer |url=https://www.womeninjournalism.org/threats-all/pakistan-condemns-the-persistent-trolling-faced-by-political-commentator-reema-omer |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=Coalition For Women in Journalism |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == Omer ya ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafe da yawa musamman takardu da rahotanni da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da samun damar adalci a Pakistan. # Takaitaccen Bayani game da Shari'ar Soja a Pakistan: Glaring Surrender of Human Rights <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Military Justice in Pakistan: A Glaring Surrender of Human Rights |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Briefing-paper_Military-Justice-in-Pakistan.pdf |access-date=29 September 2025 |website=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> # Ikon ba tare da lissafi ba: Neman adalci a Pakistan <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Authority without accountability: The search for justice in Pakistan |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/530f088d4.pdf}}</ref> # Takaitaccen Bayani game da keta haƙƙin 'yancin addini ko imani a Pakistan <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |title=Violations of the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief in Pakistan |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Pakistan-FoRB-Advocacy-Analysis-biref-2021-ENG.pdf |website=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> # Takaitaccen Bayani game da Mutanen Transgender (Kariya ga Hakki) Dokar, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2020 |title=Pakistan: Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Pakistan-Transgender-Advocacy-Analysis-brief-2020-ENG.pdf |website=International commission of Jurists}}</ref> # Takaitaccen Bayani game da Karfafawa Rashin Hukunci, Ƙaryata Gyara: Hukumar Bincike kan Kashewa a Pakistan <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2020 |title=Pakistan: Entrenching Impunity, Denying Redress: The Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Disappearances |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Pakistan-Commission-of-Inquiry-Advocacy-Analysis-Brief-2020-ENG.pdf |access-date=28 September 2025 |website=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> # A Shari'a: Aiwatar da Dokokin Cin Hanci na Pakistan <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2015 |title=On Trial: The Implementation of Pakistan's Blasphemy Laws |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Pakistan-On-Trial-Blasphemy-Laws-Publications-Thematic-Reports-2015-ENG.pdf |website=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> # Takaitaccen Bayani game da Kalubale ga 'Yanci na Addini ko Bangaskiya a Myanmar <ref>{{Cite web |title=Challenges to Freedom of Religion or Belief in Myanmar |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Myanmar-Freedom-of-religion-brief-Advocacy-Analysis-brief-2019-ENG.pdf |website=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> # Takaitaccen Bayani game da Kalubale ga 'Yanci na Addini ko Bangaskiya a Nepal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Challenges to Freedom of Religion or Belief in Nepal |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Nepal-Freedom-of-religion-brief-Advocacy-Analysis-brief-2018-ENG.pdf |website=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> # Rahoto game da Laifin Kashewa a Kudancin Asiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=No More Missing Persons |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/South-Asia-Enforced-Disappearance-Publications-Reports-Thematic-Reports-2017-ENG.pdf |website=International Commission of Jurists}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == An ba ta kyautar tallafin karatu na Commonwealth Pegasus a shekara ta 2010 inda ta yi aiki a cikin ɗakunan lauyoyi a London kan shari'o'in kare hakkin dan adam.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] dx22tt19uts53e411rkk9m102dkohp2 0 170407 964236 946296 2026-10-07T09:49:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tafkin Meston''' [[Tafki|tafki ne na halitta]] a yankin [[Tsaunukan Tsakiya (Tasmania)|arewacin]] Tasmania, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a cikin Ganuwar Wurin Shakatawa na Urushalima, kuma shine tushen Kogin Mersey . == Mazauna Farko == A shekarar 1922, 'yan'uwa Arthur da Percy Youd sun gina bukka a Tafkin Meston <ref>{{Cite web |title=The story of Blizzard Plain and the Lake Myrtle Track |url=http://www.simoncubit.com.au/blizzard-plain |access-date=23 April 2017 |publisher=Simon Cubit |archive-date=23 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423152537/http://www.simoncubit.com.au/blizzard-plain |url-status=dead }}</ref> inda suka kafa babban yankin farauta don gashin tsuntsaye <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tales of the Old Tasmanian Bushmen |url=http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacine/history/bushmen/bushmen_6.htm |access-date=23 April 2017 |publisher=C Campbells' Natural Worlds}}</ref> wanda ya mamaye yanki mai faɗi a arewa, gabas da kudu na tafkin. Percy ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ya mutu a shekarar 1928, Arthur ya ci gaba da farauta daga Tafkin Meston tsawon shekaru 60. A wani lokaci dusar ƙanƙara ta kama Arthur a cikin bukkarsa. An isar da wannan labarin ga Dick Read, wani mutumin daji wanda ke yawo a tsaunuka, kuma an haɗa shi cikin ƙirar sabuwar bukka da Dick da abokansa suka gina a Tafkin Meston. <ref>{{Cite web |title=August 4th - Lake Meston and Junction Lake |url=http://blogs.abc.net.au/tasmania/remembering-tasmanias-history/ |access-date=23 April 2017 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Commission}}</ref> == Amfani na baya-bayan nan == Masu yawo a daji da masunta suna amfani da wannan bukka a yanzu. An fara shigar da kifin bakan gizo cikin waɗannan hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyar saukar da iska zuwa Tafkin Meston a shekarun 1950. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Craig Rist |title=Junction Lake |url=http://www.tasfish.com/articles/156-lakes/other/657-junction-lake |access-date=23 April 2017 |publisher=Tasfish |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423153709/http://www.tasfish.com/articles/156-lakes/other/657-junction-lake |archive-date=23 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> nmbfck2aib3ee7x4kdoy0ehf8153wsu 0 170446 963851 933243 2026-10-06T13:02:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963851 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miroslava Breach Velducea''' (7 ga watan Agustan 1962 - 23 ga watan Maris 2017) 'yar jarida ce mai bincike ta Mexico a La Jornada da Norte de Juárez a Birnin Chihuahua, Mexico da aka sani da rahotonta game da take hakkin dan adam, fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, da Cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati. An kashe ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 2017 yayin da take barin gidanta. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jarida shida da aka kashe a Mexico a shekarar 2017. A lokacin mutuwarta, Breach ta kasance wakilin La Jornada, mai haɗin gwiwa ga jaridar El Norte de Chihuahua, kuma darektan edita na El Norte de Ciudad Juárez . Ita uwa ce mai ɗauke da yara 2. == Na Mutum == An haifi Miroslava Breach Velducea a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 1962 a Chínipas a yankin Sierra Tarahumara na jihar Chihuahua ta Mexico . Ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Los Mochis, Sinaloa, da kuma makarantar sakandare da sakandare a Navojoa, Sonora . Mahaifin Breach ya mutu lokacin da take ƙarama, kuma 'yan uwanta da mahaifiyarta ce suka tashe ta. Bayan makarantar sakandare, ta koma La Paz, Baja California Sur kuma ta shiga Jami'ar Baja California Sud. Ta fara karatun kimiyyar halittu na tsawon shekaru biyu, bayan haka ta koma Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Siyasa da Gudanar da Jama'a. Ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1987. <ref> name="procesoA" </ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta ta zama mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam, Breach ta yi aiki a jaridu biyu na gida a Los Cabos. Tsakanin 1989 da 1992, ta kasance darakta na Sadarwar Jama'a na Municipality na Los Cabos . A lokacin da yake da shekaru 34, Breach ya bar Los Cabos kuma ya koma Chihuahua City tare da 'yarta Andrea bayan auren da ya gaza. A can, ta yi aiki ga ''El Heraldo na Chihuahua'', <ref> name="procesoA" </ref> El Diario de Chihhua, sannan ta zama wakilin jaridar La Jornada a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1997. Ta kafa kamfanin dillancin labarai na MIR . A ''Ranar'' 4 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2016, La Jornada ta wallafa wani yanki na Breach wanda ya fallasa cewa mambobin kungiyar sun shiga cikin jerin sunayen 'yan takarar magajin gari na jam'iyyun juyin juya halin ma'aikata da na kasa a yankunan karkara, tsaunuka na Chihuahua. Breach investigated issues such as human rights violations and [[Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba|illegal logging]] in Rarámuri communities in the Sierra Tarahumara region; environmental damage in the region; female homicides in Ciudad Juárez; the murder of Marisela Escobedo Ortiz; and [[Rashin da aka tilasta|forced disappearances]] and drug trafficking in Chihuahua. She also exposed the extensive corruption in the government of former Governor of Chihuahua César Duarte Jáquez. On 5 November 2016, she announced that in six years of government, Duarte had operated a private network of friends and family that embezzled 900 million pesos. Affronted, Mexican President Peña Nieto pledged to send Duarte to prison. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da Breach ya bayyana shi ne binciken Babban Lauyan Mexico game da kasancewar kaburbura da ake amfani da su a El Largo Maderal. Binciken da ta yi ya nuna cewa Sergio Almaráz Ortiz, Sakataren Tsaron Jama'a a Ciudad Juárez, ya kasa gwajin tsaro daga Tsarin Tsaron Jamaʼa na Kasa; wannan daga baya ya haifar da cire shi daga ofis. Wani labarin 5 ga Yuni 2016 na Breach ya bayyana cewa mambobin aikata laifuka suna ƙoƙarin shiga siyasa ta hanyar hanyoyin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, musamman ta hanyar Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Halin (PRI) da Jam'iyyar Aiki ta Kasa (PAN). A lokacin shugabancin Felipe Calderón (2006-2012), Breach ya rubuta karuwar tashin hankali a Chihuahua yayin da ya zama fagen yaƙi tsakanin Sinaloa da Juárez Cartels. Da farko a watan Agustan 2016, ta ba da rahoto game da ƙaurawar 'yan asalin ƙasar Chihuahua ta hanyar aikata laifuka, wato ta ƙungiyar da ake kira "Los Salazares" wacce ta yi imanin cewa an haɗa ta da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba. A sakamakon aikinta, Breach da iyalinta sun sami barazanar mutuwa. == Mutuwa == A ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017 da karfe 7:06 na safe CST, wani dan bindiga ya harbe Breach sau takwas a tsakiya na Rio Aros da José María Mata yayin da ta kori Renault Duster SUV dinta daga gidanta a unguwar Granjas, Chihuahua City don ɗaukar ɗanta mai shekaru 14 zuwa makaranta. &nbsp;Masu aikata laifin sun harbe ta da harsashi 9 mm. Carlos bai ji rauni ba, amma Breach ya mutu a kan hanyar zuwa asibiti.<ref name="nortedigital3">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2017 |title=Asesinan a periodista Miroslava Breach Velducea – Nortedigital |url=http://nortedigital.mx/asesinan-a-periodista-miroslava-breach-velducea/}}</ref><ref name="sinembargo">{{Cite web |last=Embargo |first=Redacción / Sin |date=23 March 2017 |title=Miroslava Breach, corresponsal de La Jornada, es asesinada a balazos en la capital de Chihuahua |url=http://www.sinembargo.mx/23-03-2017/3179407 |access-date=13 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421001229/https://www.sinembargo.mx/23-03-2017/3179407 |archive-date=21 April 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CPJ">{{Cite web |title=Miroslava Breach Velducea |url=https://cpj.org/killed/2017/miroslava-breach-velducea.php |access-date=10 November 2017 |website=cpj.org |publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref> La Jornada ta ruwaito cewa an sami bayanin katako da ke karantawa, "Don kasancewa mai ba da labari. Kai Gwamna ne na gaba. -El 80," an same shi a wurin kisan. "El 80" an gano shi a matsayin [[Carlos Arturo Quintana]], ɗan César Raúl Gamboa Sosa (wanda aka kashe kwana uku Layin kisan Breach) kuma shugaban ƙungiyar masu aikata laifuka La Línea, wani ɓangare na Juárez Cartel.<ref name="Jornada1" /><ref name="Jornada2" /> Sa'o'i bayan kisan, César Augusto Peniche Espejel, shugaban Ofishin Mai gabatar da kara na Jiha (FGE), ya ce Breach "ba ta nemi kariya ba saboda babu wata shaida mai kyau game da barazanar ta", duk da shaidar akasin haka. Gwamna Javier Corral Jurado da sakatarensa na sirri Francisco Muñoz sun ziyarci 'ya'yan Breach don ta'azantar da su kuma sun ayyana lokacin makoki na kwana uku a gare ta. An kai gawar Breach zuwa Ofishin Kiwon Lafiya na Ciudad Juárez don binciken gawa. Gwamna Corral ta ce Breach ba ta bayar da rahoton karbar wata barazana ba, duk da cewa ta sami barazanar rayuwarta shekaru biyu kafin kisan ta. A cewar 'yan uwa, Breach kwanan nan yana jin "marasa jin daɗi sosai" kuma ba zai gaya wa mai gabatar da kara ba. Corral ya kuma bayyana cewa dangin Breach sun riga sun sami tsaro daga j ihar Mexico. Wata daya bayan kisan Breach, 'yar'uwarta, Rosa María, ta roki hukumomi da su ajiye kuɗi kaɗan don samun adalci ga Miroslava. === Bincike === A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2017, Gwamna Corral ya ba da sanarwar cewa an gano masu aikata laifin da suka kashe Breach, amma ba a kama su ba. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2017, Corral ya tabbatar da bayanan da suka ɓace a wannan rana ga manema labarai ta hanyar bayyana cewa binciken 'yan sanda game da kisan Breach ya tabbatar da cewa kungiyar masu aikata laifuka "Los Salazares", wani bangare na Gente Nueva, wani bangare mai dauke da makamai na Sinaloa Cartel, ya jagoranci kisan. Dalilin kisan mai yiwuwa shine [[Ramuwar gayya|fansa]] ga fallasawar Breach game da dan takarar magajin gari na lokacin na Chínipas na Almada Juan Miguel Salazar da ake zargi da alaƙa da Sinaloa Cartel ta ''Ranar'' La Jornada, wanda ya sa ya rasa zaben ga wani dan takarar cartel. Breach ta ba da rahoton cewa bayan da aka buga wannan labarin, ta fara karɓar barazanar mutuwa. Har ila yau a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 'yar'uwar Breach Rosa María Breach Velducea ta bayyana a fili a ranar tunawa da watanni shida na kisan don hukunta kisan. El Heraldo na Chihuahua ya ba da rahoton cewa mai harbi dan dan Crispín ne da Adán Salazar, yana aiki bisa umarnin kawunsa, Juan Miguel Salazar. [2] Mai kai farmaki ya isa wurin a cikin Chevrolet Malibu na azurfa na 2008. Jami'an Tarayya sun bincika ta hanyar bidiyon don gano hanyar abin hawa da tserewa daga mai kai farmaki a cikin motar tserewa da wasu maza biyu da ba a san su ba suka tuka. A lokacin binciken kisan Breach, an gano rikodin sauti na Breach yana magana da mai magana da yawun PAN a kwamfutar Jasiel Vega Villa, wanda ake zargi da kisan Brech, wanda ya tabbatar da rahotonta na makirci tsakanin masu aikata laifuka da 'yan siyasa na gida a Chihuahua. A kan tef ɗin, mai magana da yawun ya bukaci a san tushen (s) na Breach don wani labarin 4 ga Maris 2016 wanda ya kawo ƙarshen takarar [[Juan Miguel Salazar]], kawun Adán Salazar, don Chínipas da Bachiniva da ke hannun PRI, ya tilasta wa jam'iyyar ta musanya Salazar da wani dan takara, yayin da Los Salazares suka gudanar da PAN. Breach ta ki bayyana wani tushe, tana zargin cewa ta zo ga nata kammalawa kuma ta tabbatar wa mai magana da yawun cewa ba ta sadu da magajin garin PAN na Chínipas a lokacin ba, Hugo Amed Schultz, game da Salazar. Ta kuma bayyana cewa an ba kawunta barazanar kisa, kuma ta bayyana cewa "idan za su kashe wani ya kamata ya zama mai ba da rahoto".Breach a baya ya zargi Schultz da kare Los Salazares, kuma bai taimaka masa shari'arsa ba lokacin da ya kawo bidiyon ga Los Salazaros don share sunansa. An gabatar da tef ɗin a matsayin shaida a sauraron [[Juan Carlos Moreno Ochoa]], <ref name="kc3">{{Cite web |last=Nalvarte |first=Paola |title=Politicians and drug traffickers suspected in murder of Mexican journalist Miroslava Breach |url=https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/00-19129-politicians-and-drug-traffickers-allegedly-implicated-murder-mexican-journalist-mirosl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107060143/https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/00-19129-politicians-and-drug-traffickers-allegedly-implicated-murder-mexican-journalist-mirosl |archive-date=7 January 2018 |access-date=8 March 2018 |website=knightcenter.utexas.edu |publisher=Knight Center}}</ref> wanda aka kama a ranar 25 ga Disamba 2017 a Bacobampo, Sonora, saboda rawar da ya taka a kisan Breach, kuma masu gabatar da kara sun tabbatar da cewa ya kula da kisan, wanda [[Ramón Andrés Zavala Corral]] ya aikata, wanda aka kashe kansa a kusa da Chínipas a ranar 19 ga Disamba. An yi imanin cewa Moreno Ochoa ya shirya kashe Breach a matsayin kyautar ranar haihuwar ga Adán Salazar Zamorano, shugaban Los Salazares . <ref name="kc3" /> == Tasirin == [[File:Estación_Miroslava_Breach.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Tashar bas din Bowí 'Justice' a Birnin Chihuahua an sake masa suna 'Miroslava Breach', a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2019, shekaru 2 bayan kisan mata.]] An kafa lambar yabo ta Miroslava Breach a cikin 2017 ta cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa, da kuma mujallu da jaridu, don girmama Breach ga 'yan jarida na Latin Amurka ko Caribbean waɗanda ke bugawa game da tashin hankali da ilimi ko aikin jarida.<ref name="nortedigital2">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2017 |title=Nace el Premio Miroslava Breach, tributo a los periodistas asesinados en Latinoamérica |url=http://nortedigital.mx/nace-premio-miroslava-breach-tributo-los-periodistas-asesinados-latinoamerica/ |publisher=Nortedigital |language=es}}</ref><ref name="kc2">{{Cite web |last=de Assis |first=Carolina |title=Miroslava Breach Award announced to honor journalists killed in Latin America |url=https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/00-18907-miroslava-breach-prize-launched-honor-journalists-killed-latin-america |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728152935/https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/blog/00-18907-miroslava-breach-prize-launched-honor-journalists-killed-latin-america |archive-date=28 July 2019 |access-date=24 November 2017 |publisher=Knight Center, The University of Texas at Austin}}</ref> A Birnin Chihuahua, abokai da dangi na Breach da sauran 'yan jarida da abokansu da dangi za su taru don neman adalci ga Breach, farawa a karfe 07:00 CST 22 Maris 2018 a Quinta Gameros. Kashegari, shekara guda da aka yi wa kisan Breach, za su sake haɗuwa a Cruz de Clavos na Hidalgo Plaza a gaban Fadar Gwamnan Jiha, sannan su gama a ranar 24 tare da taron bincike a Jami'ar Chihuahua mai zaman kanta mai suna don girmama Breach. Ayyukan Miroslava sun ci gaba da Forbidden Stories . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Project Miroslava |url=https://forbiddenstories.org/case/project-miroslava/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-10-26 |website=[[Forbidden Stories]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Javier Valdez Cárdenas * Jerin 'yan jarida da ma'aikatan watsa labarai da aka kashe a Mexico * Yaƙin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Mexico == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i1b7ny2ic5mh277i7xqsnqwa2apfxy4 0 170486 964095 933425 2026-10-06T21:48:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Samantha Carolina Gómez Fonseca''' (13 ga Oktoba 1987 - 14 ga Janairu 2024) 'yar siyasa ce ta Mexico kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin fursunoni da kare Hakkin LGBTQ. An harbe ta a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2024, a Birnin Mexico. A lokacin da aka kashe ta, ta kasance yar takara daga Jam'iyyar Morena don Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Fonseca a Monterrey, Nuevo León, kuma ta yi karatun shari'a da Gudanar da kasuwanci. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aquino |first=Eriendira |date=2017-05-13 |title=De la cárcel a la defensa de derechos: Samantha cuenta cómo es la política para una mujer trans |trans-title=From prison to defense of rights: Samantha tells what politics is like for a trans woman |url=https://animalpolitico.com/sociedad/defensa-derechos-samantha-mujer-trans |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Animal Político |language=es}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, wani tsohon abokin ta ya zarge ta da fashi mai tsanani da yunkurin kisan kai, zargin da ta musanta.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Tavira Álvarez |first=Alberto |date=2011-05-24 |title=Samantha, una transexual en el reclusorio varonil |trans-title=Samantha, a transsexual in the men's penitentiary |url=https://animalpolitico.com/sociedad/samantha-una-transexual-en-el-reclusorio-varonil |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Animal Politico |language=es}}</ref> An tsare ta a kurkukun maza na Reclusorio Preventivo Varonil Norte, duk da cewa ta kasance mace mace mai canza launin fata.<ref name=":5" /> A kurkuku, ta sha wahala ta jiki da cin zarafin jima'i'i daga wasu fursunoni.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> An sake ta bayan watanni uku saboda rashin shaidar. Lauyan Jaime López Vela na kungiyar Agenda LGBT ta taimaka wajen sakin ta.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> === Ayyuka === Bayan an sake ta, López Vela ta gabatar da ita ga Jam'iyyar Labor (PT), inda ta shiga Ofishin Kula da Bambancin Jima'i a Cuauhtémoc . [1][2] Ta tashi ta hanyar jam'iyya, daga ƙarshe ta zama mai kula da bambancin jima'i da daidaiton jinsi. [1] [3] A lokacin da take PT, ta ba da gudummawa wajen tsara Dokar Biyanci na Jima'i, wanda aka gabatar wa Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar.[4] Ta ziyarci kurkuku a ko'ina cikin Mexico don yin magana da fursunoni game da keta haƙƙin, taimakawa tare da sake hadewar jama'a, ba da bita, da kuma gudanar da abubuwan da aka shirya don amfanin fursunoni. [1] [5] Daga baya ta shiga jam'iyyar Citizens' Movement, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a [[Mexico (birni)|Gundumar Tarayya]] . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Paz |first=Pamela |date=2024-01-15 |title=¿Quién Era Samantha Fonseca, Activista Asesinada en CDMX? |trans-title=Who Was Samantha Fonseca, Activist Murdered in CDMX? Her fight against discrimination |url=https://www.nmas.com.mx/ciudad-de-mexico/quien-era-samantha-gomes-fonseca-activista-asesinada-cdmx-carrera-politica-mexico/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[Noticieros Televisa|N+]] |language=es}}</ref> Ta zama 'yar takara a zaben Majalisar Dokoki ta Yuni 2016 na New Alliance Party . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2016-05-31 |title=Conoce a Samantha Fonseca, candidata transexual a la Asamblea Constituyente |trans-title=Meet Samantha Fonseca, transgender candidate for the Constituent Assembly |url=https://www.sdpnoticias.com/diversidad/transexual-candidata-samantha-fonseca-conoce.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Sdpnoticias |language=es}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2023, an zabi ta ne don lambar yabo ta Merit for Human Rights Defenders 2022 ta Majalisa ta Mexico City . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ramírez |first=Iván |date=2024-01-14 |title=Asesinan a Samantha Carolina Gomes, activista trans-en-CdMx |trans-title=Samantha Carolina Gomes, trans activist murdered in Mexico City |url=https://www.milenio.com/politica/asesinan-samantha-carolina-gomes-activista-trans-en-cdmx |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[Milenio]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-24 |title=Congreso CDMX reconoce a personas defensoras de derechos humanos |trans-title=CDMX Congress recognizes human rights defenders |url=https://www.congresocdmx.gob.mx/comsoc-congreso-cdmx-reconoce-personas-defensoras-derechos-humanos-4843-1.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[Congress of Mexico City]] |language=es}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, ta yi rajista a matsayin dan takarar Majalisar Dattijai na jam'iyyar Morena.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Fuentes |first=David |date=2024-01-14 |title=Asesinan a la activista y mujer trans Samantha Fonseca, al salir del Reclusorio Sur; fue candidata a senadora por Morena |trans-title=Trans woman and activist Samantha Fonseca was murdered as she left Reclusorio Sur; she was a candidate for senator for Morena. |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/metropoli/asesinan-a-la-activista-trans-samantha-gomez-al-salir-del-reclusorio-sur-fue-candidata-a-senadora-por-morena/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[El Universal (Mexico City)|El Universal]] |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-14 |title=Matan a activista trans Samantha Gomes en CDMX; fue precandidata de Morena al Senado |trans-title=Trans activist Samantha Gomes killed in CDMX; she was Morena's pre-candidate for the Senate |url=https://www.radioformula.com.mx/cdmx/2024/1/14/matan-activista-trans-samantha-gomes-en-cdmx-fue-precandidata-de-morena-al-senado-797728.html |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[Radio Fórmula]] |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217171558/https://www.radioformula.com.mx/cdmx/2024/1/14/matan-activista-trans-samantha-gomes-en-cdmx-fue-precandidata-de-morena-al-senado-797728.html |archive-date=2025-02-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Factora |first=James |date=2024-01-16 |title=At Least Three Trans People Have Been Killed in Mexico This Month |url=https://www.them.us/story/at-least-three-trans-people-have-been-killed-in-mexico-this-month |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[Them (website)|Them]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kashewa == A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2024, sa'o'i kafin a kashe ta, Fonseca ta wallafa a kafofin sada zumunta tana goyon bayan zanga-zangar adawa da tsattsauran ra'ayi a rana mai zuwa.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sandoval |first=Por Anayeli Tapia |date=2024-01-15 |title=Quién era Samantha Gomes Fonseca, activista trans que fue asesinada en Xochimilco |trans-title=Who was Samantha Gomes Fonseca, trans activist who was murdered in Xochimilco? |url=https://www.infobae.com/mexico/2024/01/15/quien-es-samantha-gomes-fonseca-activista-trans-que-fue-asesinada-al-salir-de-una-visita-en-el-reclusorio-sur/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[Infobae]] |language=es-ES}}</ref> A wannan rana, Fonseca ya ziyarci gidan yarin maza na Reclusorio Sur a unguwar Tepalcatlalpan na [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]], yana magana da fursunoni.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Na'a |first=Joseph |date=2024-01-15 |title='El Carnes', el reo al que visitó la activista trans Samantha Gomes antes de ser asesinada |trans-title=El Carnes', the inmate visited by trans activist Samantha Gomes before she was killed |url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/comunidad/el-carnes-reo-visito-activista-trans-samantha-gomes-antes-ser-asesinada/1630210 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[Excélsior]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=López |first=América |date=2024-01-15 |title=Precandidata al Senado, Samantha Fonseca, es asesinada tras visita a Reclusorio Sur |trans-title=Senate pre-candidate, Samantha Fonseca, is murdered after visit to Reclusorio Sur |url=https://www.tvazteca.com/aztecanoticias/activista-samantha-fonseca-es-asesinada-visita-a-reclusorio-sur-candidata-a-morena |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[TV Azteca]] |language=es}}</ref> Fonseca ya shiga cikin motar DiDi bayan ya bar kurkuku.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Transgender rights activist Samantha Gomes Fonseca murdered in Mexico City |url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/transgender-activist-samantha-gomes-fonseca-murdered-in-mexico-city/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[Mexico News Daily]] |language=en-US}}</ref> An harbe harsasai da yawa a Fonseca a cikin motar a cikin garin Xochimilco, inda suka kashe ta nan take. Tana da shekaru 36.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> 'Yan siyasa daban-daban na Morena, kungiyoyin LGBT+ da masu gwagwarmaya sun yi Allah wadai da kisan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> Babban Lauyan Birnin Mexico ya ba da sanarwar bincike game da kisan a matsayin aikin kisan gilla.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":9" /> Ita ce mutum na huɗu da aka kashe a Mexico a 2024, an kashe ta kwana uku bayan kisan Miriam Noemi Rios, wata mace mai canza launin fata kuma mai fafutuka, a [[Michoacán]]" id="mw1g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jacona, Michoacán">Jacona, Michoacán.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Janetsky |first=Megan |date=2024-01-16 |title=Wave of transgender slayings in Mexico spurs anger and protests by LGBTQ+ community |url=https://apnews.com/article/mexico-transgender-killings-lgbtq-violence-samantha-gomez-266056d1f8a811b30ce69ef69741c26a |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[Associated Press]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Savinar |first=William |date=January 16, 2024 |title=Trans women demand dignity after activist murdered in Mexico City |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/trans-women-demand-dignity-after-activist-murdered-in-mexico-city/ |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=[[Courthouse News Service]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Kashegari, a lokacin zanga-zangar da ta shirya halarta, masu zanga-zambe sun nuna rashin amincewa da kisan da ta yi kuma sun yi kira ga karin dokoki na aikata laifukan ƙiyayya.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-15 |title=Protestan por ola de transfeminicidios en México |trans-title=Protest against wave of transfeminicides in Mexico |url=https://www.ejecentral.com.mx/protestan-ola-transfeminicidios-mexico |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Eje Central |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Protest at Mexico's National Palace after murder of trans activist |url=https://efe.com/en/latest-news/2024-01-15/protest-at-mexicos-national-palace-after-murder-of-trans-activist/ |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=[[EFE]] |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130104648/https://efe.com/en/latest-news/2024-01-15/protest-at-mexicos-national-palace-after-murder-of-trans-activist/ |archive-date=2025-01-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An binne ta a Panteón Jardines a Tlalnepantla a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Morales Ponce |first=Rogelio |date=2024-01-16 |title=Sepelio Samantha Fonseca |trans-title=Funeral Samantha Fonseca |url=https://cuartoscuro.com/fotos/individual/963515/239681 |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Cuartoscuro |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] cy340ovmfg5ouhq0v72nokyzs6pathg 0 170499 964155 945855 2026-10-07T04:01:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964155 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ustad_performance_babulilm.jpg|thumb|Sibt-e-Jaafar (a tsakiya) yana jawabi ga majalis]]{{Databox}} [[Sayyid]] '''Sibte Jaffar Zaidi''' (Urdu) ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da Ustad Sibte Jaffar (Urdu: اُستاد سبطِ__hau____hau____hau__) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957) farfesa ne na Pakistan, mawaki, lauya, shugaban, mai karatun addini, marubuci kuma ma'aikacin zamantakewa.<ref name="thenews.com.pk">{{Cite web |title=The News International: Latest News Breaking, Pakistan News |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-166042-Educationist-Sibte-Jafar-shot-dead |website=The News International |access-date=2026-09-13 |archive-date=2015-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206210642/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-4-166042-Educationist-Sibte-Jafar-shot-dead |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2013 |title=No one spared: Liaquatabad college loses its principal in shooting – The Express Tribune |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/522884/no-one-spared-liaquatabad-college-loses-its-principal-in-shooting/}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2013 |title=Prof. Sibte Jafar laid to rest amid more attacks – The Express Tribune |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/523440/prof-sibte-jafar-laid-to-rest-amid-more-attacks}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Sibt-e-Jaafar Zaidi a ranar 7 ga Maris 1957 a [[Karachi]], Sindh, Pakistan . Ya sami karatunsa na farko daga makarantar gwamnati a Liaquatabad kafin ya bi karatun sakandare a fannin fasaha da kimiyyar zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sibt-e-Jaafar Zaidi, Date of Birth, Place of Birth, Date of Death |url=https://www.bornglorious.com/person/?pi=7902167 |url-status=live |website=BornGlorious.com}}</ref> Baya ga rawar da ya taka a matsayin shugaban kwaleji da farfesa, Sibt‐e‐Jaafar Zaidi ya cancanci jarrabawar aikin gwamnati, gami da CSS (Central Superior Services) - ƙwarewar ƙwararru a Pakistan - kodayake ya zaɓi ya keɓe rayuwarsa ga ilimi da aikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=smg_admin |date=2023-01-17 |title=Sibte Jaffar Hussain Zaidi: Victim of Slow Genocide Campaign – Sadiq Suleman Shia Muslim Genocide |url=https://shiamuslimgenocide.com/sibte-jaffar-hussain-zaidi-victim-of-slow-genocide-campaign-sadiq-suleman/,%20https://shiamuslimgenocide.com/sibte-jaffar-hussain-zaidi-victim-of-slow-genocide-campaign-sadiq-suleman/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya fara kwalejoji bakwai a cikin Sindh, kowannensu yana da tsada kusan Rs miliyan 6. Ya kafa cibiyoyin ilimi. Baya ga kula da fuka-fukan ilimi na kusan kungiyoyi biyar na jin dadin jama'a, ya kula da kungiyoyin agaji da yawa da marayu. Ya sami lambar yabo ta girmamawa daga Jami'ar Harvard . Ya gudanar da makaranta a Tando Adam inda Musulmi da Hindu suka yi karatu kyauta. Ya kasance mawaki, mai ilimi, shugaban kwaleji. An harbe shi lokacin da yake dawowa daga kwalejinsa a kan kekensa.[1] == Ayyukan zamantakewa == Sayyid Sibte Jaffar Zaidi ya shiga cikin kafa shirye-shiryen jin daɗi da ilimi. A shekara ta 2009, ya taimaka wajen kafa Gidauniyar JDC ta Pakistan, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan ayyukan gaggawa, kiwon lafiya, da tallafin ilimi a Pakistan. == Ayyuka da Littattafai == Sayyid Sibte Jaffar Zaidi ya rubuta kuma ya tattara littattafai da yawa na ilimi da na addini, gami da matani na ilimi don Nazarin Pakistan da Ilimin zamantakewa a matsakaici da matakan digiri, da kuma tarin waƙoƙin addini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dedicated to the Martyrs - KhanwadeAbuTalib.com |url=https://www.khanwadeabutalib.com/public/ilm/article/Dedicated-to-the-Martyrs/734/78 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=www.khanwadeabutalib.com}}</ref> Ayyukan da aka danganta shi sun haɗa da: == Manqabats == * Abu Turab Aaty Hain * Zahoor Ka Waqat Aa Gaya Ha * Jab Imam Ayenge * Jab Khuda Ko Pukara Ali Aa Gae * Ashaab They Kya Buzar O Salman Wagaira * Gar Ali Nahi Aatay Zindagi Nahi Aati == Mutuwa == [[File:Wadi-e-Hussain_Cemetery_(Karachi,_Pakistan).jpg|alt=Garveyard|thumb|415x415px|Kabarin Shaheed Ustad Sibt-e-jaafar yana cikin Kabarin Wadi-e-Hussain]] Mutane biyu ne suka harbe Sibt e Jaafar a kan babur a Liaquatabad, Karachi a ranar 18 ga Maris 2013.<ref name="thenews.com.pk" /><ref name="tribune.com.pk" /><ref name="ReferenceA" /> A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2013, an kama mutane biyu da ake zargi a Karachi.<ref name="thenews.com.pk" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2013-03-18 |title=No one spared: Liaquatabad college loses its principal in shooting |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/522884/no-one-spared-liaquatabad-college-loses-its-principal-in-shooting |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] oslhdyzwsgr8i7q66lmzbev4si9uw4b 0 170535 963831 933554 2026-10-06T12:05:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rakem Balogun''', wanda sunansa na shari'a shine '''Christopher Daniels''', ɗan gwagwarmayar Amurka ne, wanda aka fi sani da sa hannu a cikin wani abin da ya faru na [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] wanda ya faru a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2017, wanda ya zama babban labarai a Amurka. == Tarihi == Balogun ya shiga aikin sojan Ruwa na Amurka a shekara ta 2001 kuma ya yi aiki a Yaƙin Iraki a shekara ta 2003. Balogun ya ambaci lokacin da yake aiki a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka a matsayin mai banƙyama saboda halayyar da halayen launin fata na fararen jami'an, kuma ya bar Sojojin ruwa shekaru 3 cikin kwangilar shekaru 8 a kan fitarwa ta "Wani Fiye da Mai Girma". Balogun ya zama memba na kafa kungiyoyi irin su Guerrilla Mainframe a cikin 2016 bayan wani fallout tare da Huey P. Newton Gun Club wanda ake zargin ya kafa shi a cikin 2014, duka biyu suna zaune a [[Dallas]], [[Texas]]. Balogun ya ambaci kisan baƙar fata marasa makami da jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi a matsayin dalilin da ya sa aka kirkiro wadannan kungiyoyi.<ref name="Simek, Peter October 2018" /> A cikin 2016, Balogun ya nisanta kansa daga Huey P. Newton Gun Club, saboda ya ji cewa New Black Panther Party (kuma yana zaune a Dallas) ya rinjaye shi sosai, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin kungiyar [[Rbuwar Baƙar fata|Black Separatist]], wani abu da ya yi karo da ra'ayinsa na Socialist.<ref name="Simek, Peter October 2018" /> Koyaya, a lokacin wata hira ta 2019 a kan ''Klepper'', ana ganin Balogun yana jagorantar zanga-zangar da ta haɗa da mahalarta da yawa a cikin Huey P. Newton Gun Club paraphernalia . == Kamawa ta 2017 == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, jami'ai sun gano cewa Balogun yana da bindiga, wanda ya tilasta wa aka kama shi, saboda shi mutum ne da aka haramta, saboda hukuncin tashin hankali na cikin gida don kai hari kan tsohuwar budurwarsa.<ref name="casetext.com">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=United States v. Daniels |url=https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-daniels-185 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807092428/https://casetext.com/case/united-states-v-daniels-185/ |archive-date=Aug 7, 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=casetext.com |language=en}}</ref> Balogun ya firgita a cikin gidansa na [[Dallas]] ta hanyar babban hadari kuma jami'an 'yan sanda suna ihu a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2017, lokacin da aka tilasta shi da ɗansa mai shekaru 15 a waje da gidan su na Dallas suna sanye da tufafinsu kawai. An ɗaure Balogun kuma ya koyi jami'an FBI suna binciken Ta'addanci na cikin gida kuma suna sa ido a kansa shekaru da yawa don sakonni a [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] suna sukar 'yan sanda da kuma yabon Micah Johnson, wanda ya aikata harbin jami'an' yan sanda na Dallas a shekarar 2016. An ambaci cin zarafin bindigar Balogun da kuma sakonninsa a matsayin dalilin kama Balogun.<ref name="casetext.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schladebeck |first=Jessica |date=11 May 2018 |title=Black activist jailed for Facebook posts slams secret surveillance and FBI for 'their tyranny' - NY Daily News |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/black-activist-jailed-facebook-posts-slams-fbi-article-1.3984603 |website=nydailynews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Is a Court Case in Texas the First Prosecution of a 'Black Identity Extremist'? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/01/30/is-a-court-case-in-texas-the-first-prosecution-of-a-black-identity-extremist/ |website=foreignpolicy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Branigin |first=Anne |date=11 May 2018 |title=Is This the 1st Victim of COINTELPRO 2.0? Jailed 'Black Identity Extremist' Speaks Out |url=https://www.theroot.com/is-this-the-first-victim-of-cointelpro-2-0-jailed-blac-1825968073 |website=theroot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krueger |first=Katherine |date=11 May 2018 |title=Activist Thought To Be First Jailed As 'Black Identity Extremist' |url=https://splinternews.com/the-fbi-reportedly-cited-a-black-activists-facebook-pos-1825962211 |website=splinternews.com |access-date=13 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202002626/https://splinternews.com/the-fbi-reportedly-cited-a-black-activists-facebook-pos-1825962211 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Levitz |first=Eric |date=11 May 2018 |title=Feds Jailed Gun Owner for Making Politically Incorrect Facebook Posts |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/05/rakem-balogun-black-identity-extremists-prosecuted-fbi-gun-owner.html |website=nymag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2018 |title=Texas judge dismisses FBI case against 'Black Identity Extremist' |url=https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/rakem-balogun-black-activist-case-dismissed/ |website=dailydot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Levin |first=Sam |date=11 May 2018 |title=Black activist jailed for his Facebook posts speaks out about secret FBI surveillance |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/11/rakem-balogun-interview-black-identity-extremists-fbi-surveillance |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> A cewar Balogun yana amfani da haƙƙinsa na 'yancin magana lokacin da ya yaba wa Johnson, kuma ba ya amincewa da tashin hankali a kan kowane jami'in 'yan sanda, amma gwagwarmaya ta gaba ɗaya da Sashen' yan sanda na Dallas. Wannan taron ya zama labarai a duniya saboda Balogun shine mutum na farko da FBI ta sanya shi a matsayin "Black Identity Extremist", wanda ya haifar da muhawara ta kasa game da dacewa da wannan kalmar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Speri |first=Alice |date=2019-03-23 |title=The Strange Tale of the FBI's Fictional "Black Identity Extremism" Movement |url=https://theintercept.com/2019/03/23/black-identity-extremist-fbi-domestic-terrorism/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The Intercept |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2018, Balogun ya sauke dukkan zarge-zargen da aka yi masa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bourmont |first=Martin de |date=11 May 2018 |title=Charges Dropped in First Case Against 'Black Identity Extremist' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/charges-dropped-in-first-case-against-black-identity-extremist |website=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == 9nlt1t1qm56q7zzb7ul43lt88af0c5p 0 170751 964068 934155 2026-10-06T21:07:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964068 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sea_Otters_(Enhydra_lutris),_from_a_raft_of_about_15,_(8625968237).jpg|thumb|Sea otters wani nau'in maɓallin da ake buƙata don sarrafa yawan urchins na teku wanda ya sa sake gabatar da su zuwa gabar tekun Pacific na Kanada ya zama nasarar sake ginawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gregr |first=Edward |date=2021-07-07 |title=Sea otters: how welcome should a recovering top predator be? |url=https://www.thesciencebreaker.org/breaks/evolution-behaviour/sea-otters-how-welcome-should-a-recovering-top-predator-be |journal=TheScienceBreaker |language=en |volume=07 |issue=3 |doi=10.25250/thescbr.brk563 |issn=2571-9262 |s2cid=237986623 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]]{{Databox}} Sea rewilding (wanda aka fi sani da marine rewilding) tsari ne na [[Kare Muhalli|kiyaye muhalli]] wanda ya haɗa da rewilding, maido da kwayoyin halitta da yanayin halittu zuwa jihohin su na halitta. An gudanar da ayyukan sake gina teku a duk faɗin duniya kuma sun haɗa da ƙoƙari don sake gina kwayoyin halitta da yawa, gami da giant clams, sharks, skates, sea sturgeons, da sauran nau'o'in.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-04 |title=A drop in the ocean: rewilding the seas |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/04/rewilding-the-seas-overfishing-oceans |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Sake gina yanayin ruwa da na bakin teku yana ba da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don [[Rage canjin yanayi|ragewa]] [[Sauyin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]] da kuma hana carbon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reports |url=https://www.bluemarinefoundation.com/about/reports/ |access-date=2022-01-20 |website=[[Blue Marine Foundation]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-02 |title=COP 26: Ocean action is climate action and the time to act is now! |url=https://seas-at-risk.org/ |access-date=2022-01-20 |website=Seas at Risk |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukan sake gina teku a halin yanzu ba su da yawa fiye da waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan sake gina ƙasa, kuma teku suna ƙarƙashin karuwar damuwa daga Tattalin arzikin shuɗi - ayyukan kasuwanci waɗanda ke ƙara ƙarin damuwa a kan yanayin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-21 |title=Ocean protection and Marine Directive review: past present future. Interview with Monica Verbeek, Executive Director of Seas At Risk |url=https://seas-at-risk.org/ |access-date=2022-01-20 |website=Seas at Risk |language=en}}</ref> Ayyukan sake ginawa da aka gudanar a kusa da al'ummomin bakin teku na iya amfana da kasuwancin cikin gida da kuma mutane da al'umma gaba ɗaya. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Sea rewilding yana da niyyar ƙirƙirar yanayi inda yanayin halittu na ruwa zai iya murmurewa daga lalacewar da ta gabata da damuwa don ya bunƙasa da kansa a tsawon lokaci. Ayyuka don sauƙaƙe wannan tsari sun haɗa da sake shigar da nau'ikan jinsuna da sake cikawa, watau na oysters, kelp, da gadajen seagrass.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=Pioneering Scottish marine rewilding initiative joins the European Rewilding Network |url=https://rewildingeurope.com/news/pioneering-scottish-marine-rewilding-initiative-joins-the-european-rewilding-network/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Rewilding Europe |language=en-GB}}</ref> Sea rewilding yana taimakawa wajen yaki da [[Matsalar Yanayi|Rikicin yanayi]] ta hanyar [[Cire carbon dioxide|kama carbon dioxide]], tallafawa tattalin arzikin cikin gida tare da yawon shakatawa, juyar da asarar halittu, da inganta lafiya da jin daɗi ta hanyar samar da shimfidar wurare na halitta, iska mai tsabta, ruwa, da ƙasa mai lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why we need rewilding |url=https://www.rewildingbritain.org.uk/why-rewild/benefits-of-rewilding/why-we-need-rewilding |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=Rewilding Britain |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan yanzu == === Ciyawa ta Seagras === [[File:Posidonia_oceanica_(L).jpg|alt=Long wide leaved grass under clear light blue water|thumb|Ciyawa a La Ciotat, Faransa]] Yankunan ciyawa suna adana [[Cire carbon dioxide|carbon dioxide]]. Fiye da kashi 90% na tarihin ciyawa na Burtaniya sun ɓace tun daga shekarun 1930.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advancing the conservation of seagrass through education influence research and action |url=https://www.projectseagrass.org/seagrass-ocean-rescue/ |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=Project Seagrass |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=Rewilding Cornwall's seas: the challenges and opportunities of marine conservation work {{!}} Cornwall Wildlife Trust |url=https://www.cornwallwildlifetrust.org.uk/blog/james-webb/rewilding-cornwalls-seas-challenges-and-opportunities-marine-conservation-work |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=www.cornwallwildlifetrust.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Maido da makiyaya na iya rage hayakin carbon da samar da wurin zama ga nau'in kifi da shellfish da yawa. Bincike game da ciyawa, wanda ya rufe kusan kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na ƙarƙashin teku ya nuna cewa yana iya isar da kashi 15-18% na ajiyar carbon a cikin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assessment of Blue Carbon Resources in Scotland's Inshore Marine Protected Area Network |url=https://www.nature.scot/doc/naturescot-commissioned-report-957-assessment-blue-carbon-resources-scotlands-inshore-marine |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=[[NatureScot]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=The problem with blue carbon: can seagrass be replanted … by hand? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/05/seagrass-meadows-could-turn-tide-of-climate-crisis-aoe |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=[[the Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Meadows suna raguwa tun daga shekarun 1930 kuma ana rasa su da tsananin tsoro.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-06-04 |title=Out of the Blue: The Value of Seagrasses to the Environment and to People |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/report/out-blue-value-seagrasses-environment-and-people |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=[[UN Environment Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> Saboda karancin su an sanya su a matsayin mazaunin Burtaniya na babban mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIFE 3.0 – LIFE Project Public Page |url=https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/life/publicWebsite/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id=7321 |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=[[European Commission]] LIFE public database}}</ref> A Amurka, wani aikin a Chesapeake Bay an dauke shi nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Unsworth |first=Richard K. F. |last2=Callaway |first2=Ruth |date=6 November 2017 |title=How underwater gardening can rewild the Atlantic Ocean |url=http://theconversation.com/how-underwater-gardening-can-rewild-the-atlantic-ocean-85794 |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |language=en}}</ref> === Ostiraliya na asali === [[File:Green_grass_marsh_with_oyster_beds.jpg|alt=Green grass marsh with oyster beds and water in the foreground|thumb|Gidajen Oyster]] Oysters tace ruwa, sake amfani da abubuwan gina jiki da taimakawa wajen karewa daga Rushewar bakin teku.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-05 |title=Helping Oyster Growers and Marine Ecosystems in Rhode Island |url=https://www.farmers.gov/blog/helping-oyster-growers-and-marine-ecosystems-in-rhode-island |access-date=2022-02-17 |website=Farmers.gov |language=en}}</ref> Kasuwancin Oyster sun ragu da kashi 95 cikin 100 a Turai saboda yawan girbi, asarar mazaunin, gurɓata da cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Essex Native Oyster Restoration Initiative |url=https://essexnativeoyster.com/ |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=Essex Native Oysters |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> A Rhode Island, Amurka, "yawan mutanen da ke cikin daji suna cikin ƙarancin lokaci", a cewar Eric Schneider, babban masanin ilimin halittu na ruwa tare da Sashen Gudanar da Muhalli na Rhode Island na Kifi na Marine. Ya kuma bayyana cewa "oysters suna ba da sabis na muhalli masu mahimmanci, daga [[tace ruwa]] zuwa mazaunin kifi da kariya ta bakin teku. Ta hanyar samun mazaunin oyster reef ba tare da waɗannan tsarin ba, waɗannan ayyukan na iya zama masu matukar damuwa. "<ref name=":1" /> An nuna cewa maido da gadajen oyster na tarihi yana inganta ingancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2020 |title=Restoring oysters on the Humber |url=https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/blog/guest/restoring-oysters-humber |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=[[The Wildlife Trusts]]}}</ref> === dazuzzuka na Kelp === [[File:Kelp_forest_at_Taranga_pinnacles_Hen_and_Chicken_Islands_PA232359.JPG|alt=Large light green fronds under water|thumb|Dajin Kelp a tsaunukan Taranga na Tsibirin Hen da Chicken, New Zealand]] dazuzzukan Kelp sune mahimman wuraren zama waɗanda aka rasa a tsawon lokaci a cikin ruwan bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sussex Kelp Restoration Project |url=https://sussexwildlifetrust.org.uk/helpourkelp |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=[[Sussex Wildlife Trust]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117191852/https://sussexwildlifetrust.org.uk/helpourkelp |archive-date=2022-01-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2021 |title=Paradigm Shift On How To Restore Kelp Forests |url=https://sea-trees.org/blogs/in-the-news/paradigm-shift-on-how-to-restore-kelp-forests |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=Sea Trees |language=en}}</ref> dazuzzukan Kelp suna samar da wurin zama ga kifi, kare bakin teku daga rushewa da kama carbon dioxide daga teku. Suna girma da sauri kuma suna shan carbon mai yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-17 |title=Plantwatch: kelp – forgotten forests that help tackle climate crisis |url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/mar/17/plantwatch-kelp-forgotten-forests-that-help-tackle-climate-crisis |access-date=2022-01-20 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Maido da gandun daji na kelp wata dabara ce don [[Rage canjin yanayi|magance canjin yanayi]] da wadatar da nau'in teku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kelp Forest Restoration Project |url=https://www.santamonicabay.org/what-we-do/projects/kelp-forest-restoration-project/ |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=The Bay Foundation |language=en}}</ref> == Yankunan da aka kare a cikin ruwa == Yankunan da aka kare na ruwa sune wuraren da aka kare daga wasu ayyukan ɗan adam. Ana amfani da su don adanawa da kiyaye wuraren da aka rushe ko kuma an dame rayuwar ruwa. Irin wannan rikice-rikicen na iya zama [[Kifi da yawa|Yawan kamun kifi]], [[Gurbacewar ruwa|gurɓataccen teku]], da sauran irin wannan rikicewar. A [[Chile]], kungiyoyin muhalli kamar su Rewilding Chile suna kamfen don ƙirƙirar sabbin wuraren da aka kiyaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marine Program |url=https://www.rewildingchile.org/en/projects/marine-program/ |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=Fundación Rewilding Chile |language=en-US}}</ref> A kasar Sin, Huidong Sea Turtle National Reserve ya bude wurin sake [[Sin|China]] tururuwan teku na farko a kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=郭凯 |title=China opens its first sea turtle rewilding facility |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202009/11/WS5f5ae3f2a310f55b25a81f7e.html |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=global.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> == Kama carbon == An bayyana sake gina teku a matsayin "sabuwar hanyar kama carbon".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-24 |title=Rewilding the sea is the new way to capture carbon, says Eustice |url=https://www.bluemarinefoundation.com/2020/06/24/rewilding-the-sea/ |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=Blue Marine Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin == * [https://www.projectseagrass.org/ Shirin Seagrass] * Seawilding, aikin sadaka na Scotland tare da al'ummomi <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seawilding – an entity, and an idea that was born out of the hopes, aspirations and motivations of a community association called CROMACH |url=http://www.decadeonrestoration.org/stories/seawilding-entity-and-idea-was-born-out-hopes-aspirations-and-motivations-community |access-date=2022-01-17 |website=UN Decade on Restoration |language=en}}</ref> * [[NatureScot]] * Sake gina Burtaniya * [https://www.arrancoast.com/ Kayan Ruwa] * [https://www.santamonicabay.org/ Gidauniyar Bay] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bssh8wbtryt5dpfylmwq1t0qdt1t204 0 171067 964147 935265 2026-10-07T03:04:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Shirin Ci gaban Gasar Gasar Gasa ta Kudu maso Gabas wani shiri ne da aka mayar da hankali kan sauya motocin jama'a da masu zaman kansu daga man fetur zuwa Gasar Gidan Gasa ta Propane a kudu maso gabashin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Shine mafi girma Clean Cities madadin man fetur motar turawa a tarihi. Shirin ya sami tallafi daga Dokar Amincewa da sake saka hannun jari ta Amurka ta 2009 (ARRA) ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Tsabtace Makamashi ta Amurka.<ref name="DOE">{{Cite web |title=DOE Offers $300 Million in Recovery Act Funds for Clean Cities Program |url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/news/news_detail.cfm/news_id=12476 |access-date=26 September 2011}}</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Shirin yana canza kimanin motoci 1,100 daga man fetur zuwa propane autogas da aiwatar da tashoshin man fetur na propane autogasi sama da ashirin.<ref name="Govfleet">{{Cite web |title=Virginia Clean Cities Helps Convert 1,000+ Vehicles to Propane Autogas |url=http://www.government-fleet.com/News/Story/2011/05/Virgina-Clean-Cities-Helps-Fleets-Convert-1-000-Vehicles-to-Propane-Autogas.aspx |access-date=26 September 2011 |publisher=Government Fleet}}</ref> Shirin yana gudanar da Virginia Clean Cities da Ma'aikatar Ma'adinai, Ma'adanai da Makamashi ta Virginia, kuma an ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 8.6 daga ARRA. Gidan yanar gizon Shirin ya bayyana cewa "a karkashin wannan babban shiri, motocin jama'a da masu zaman kansu a Washington DC da jihohi tara na kudu maso gabas ... za a canza su zuwa propane autogas don rage hayakin mota, kawar da amfani da man fetur da ƙirƙirar ayyukan Amurka. "<ref name="SPADP">{{Cite web |title=About This Program |url=http://www.usepropaneautogas.com/about-this-program/ |access-date=26 September 2011 |website=usepropaneautogas.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>&nbsp; == Manazarta == anxtt3r2w4v8ycdw5w9w68gxwototu2 0 171220 964165 935866 2026-10-07T05:11:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sjur Aasmundsen Sexe''' (14 ga Agusta 1808 &#x2013; 17 Fabrairu 1888) ɗan ƙasar Norway ne masanin ma'adinai kuma malami. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sjur Aasmundsen Sexe |url=https://www.tfb.no/db/personalhistorie/3_7_20070228_153436.pdf |access-date=January 1, 2017 |publisher=tfb.no/db |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003090300/http://www.tfb.no/db/personalhistorie/3_7_20070228_153436.pdf |archive-date=October 3, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sjur Aamundssøn Sexe |url=https://snl.no/Sjur_Aamundss%C3%B8n_Sexe |access-date=September 1, 2020 |website=Store norske leksikon}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Sexe ya fito ne daga Ikklesiya ta Ullensvang a gundumar Søndre Bergenhus, Norway. Shi ɗan Aamund Sjursen Sexe (1769-1864) da Brita Torsteinsdatter Mæland. Ya girma a gona tare da iyayen masu bin addinin Kirista waɗanda suka kasance membobin ƙungiyar Haugean . Ya halarci Makarantar Cathedral ta Bergen kuma ya yi jarrabawar artium a 1834. Sexe ta yi karatun kimiyyar duwatsu a Jami'ar Christiania (wanda yanzu Jami'ar Oslo ce) kuma ta kammala karatunta da digirin haƙar ma'adinai. digiri a shekarar 1840. A shekarun 1843–1844 ya sami tallafin karatu na gwamnati don kammala tafiye-tafiyen karatu a ma'adanai a Sweden da Jamus da kuma a Jami'ar Berlin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Øvre – Sekse, Ullensvang herad, Hordaland |url=https://www.dokpro.uio.no/cgi-bin/stad/matr50 |access-date=January 1, 2017 |publisher=Matrikkelutkastet av 1950}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sjur Sexe |url=https://nbl.snl.no/Sjur_Sexe |access-date=September 1, 2020 |website=Norsk Biografisk Leksikon}} </ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1840, ya zama ɗan takarar neman aiki a ma'adinan azurfa na Kongsberg kuma a shekarar 1841 ya zama mataimakin shugaban ma'adinai a gundumar tsaunukan Nordenfjells . A shekarar 1846, ya fara aiki a [[Trondheim|Trondhjem]] a matsayin mai kula da ma'adinai, daga baya ya yi aiki a ma'adinan azurfa na Kongsberg . An kore shi daga muƙamin a shekarar 1850. Ya yi magajin garin Kongsberg na tsawon watanni uku a shekarar 1851, inda Jens Landmark, wanda shi ne darektan masana'antar makamai ta Kongsberg, ya gaje shi. A shekara ta 1852, ya sami aiki a matsayin malami a Makarantar Hartvig Nissen da ke Christiania. Daga shekarar 1860 zuwa 1877, farfesa ne a fannin ilimin ƙasa a Jami'ar Christiania . Ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Wasiku ta Norway . [1] == Manazarta == 0lb9czn8j1gxvris1ud8r5hdgugwj9o 0 171232 964149 935890 2026-10-07T03:28:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shirley Green-Reese''' [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama]] ce, [[farfesa]], kuma [[Bincike|mai bincike]] wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan mata na 1963 Leesburg Stockade . Tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan mata goma sha huɗu na Afirka da aka ɗaure a lokacin Yunkurin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama a Dawson, Jojiya da Leesburg, Jojiya . Green-Reese ta kasance [[Kansila|'yar majalisa]] a Americus, Jojiya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2017 |title=John Lewis Fellowship hears story of Leesburg Stockade Girls |url=https://www.albanyherald.com/news/local/john-lewis-fellowship-hears-story-of-leesburg-stockade-girls/image_0a45373f-4405-508e-8771-b485d5d0d240.html |website=[[The Albany Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta farko daga [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] da ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta na Intercollegiate Athletics a Jami'ar Jihar Albany . Har ila yau, memba ne na Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star . <ref name="ATR">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2021 |title=Shirley Green-Reese, Ph.D. to run for District 5 |url=https://www.americustimesrecorder.com/2021/09/16/shirley-green-reese-ph-d-to-run-for-district-5/ |website=[[Americus Times-Recorder]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BP">{{Cite web |last=Tuten |first=Kassandra |date=2 August 2016 |title=The Stolen Girls (1963) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/stolen-girls-july-august-1963/ |website=[[BlackPast.org]]}}</ref> Ita ce kuma mace ta farko daga Georgia da ta yi aiki a kwamitoci kamar Majalisar Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Wasanni ta Kwalejoji ta Ƙasa, Shirin Wasannin Matasa na Ƙasa na NCAA, da Kwamitocin Kula da Kuɗi da sauransu. <ref name="FSU">{{Cite web |last=Klopfenstein |first=Kelsey |date=30 November 2020 |title=FSU College of Education to honor 2020 distinguished alumni |url=https://news.fsu.edu/news/education-society/2020/11/30/fsu-college-of-education-to-honor-2020-distinguished-alumni/ |website=[[Florida State University]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An zaɓe ta don wakiltar [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Jihar Georgia]] a shekarar 2018 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Ƙungiyar Baƙar fata ta Ƙasa ta 'Yan Majalisar Dokoki ta Jiha . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parks |first=Jennifer |date=1 November 2018 |title=Shirley Green-Reese to receive national honor, pass on stockade message to National Action Network |url=https://www.albanyherald.com/news/local/shirley-green-reese-to-receive-national-honor-pass-on-stockade-message-to-national-action-network/article_5b15a8a0-bfcc-5fbd-a9cb-d3ddfc316dce.html |website=[[The Albany Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> == Ilimi == Green-Reese ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Savannah, inda ta sami digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin Lafiya da Ilimin Jiki. Ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Georgia, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da harkokin lafiya, ilimin motsa jiki, da kuma nishaɗi. Ta kammala digirinta na uku a fannin Gudanarwa, Kulawa, da Shirye-shiryen Ƙwararru a Jami'ar Jihar Florida . == Kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama == An haifi Green-Reese a Americus, Jojiya, a lokacin zamanin [[Rarraba launin fata|wariyar launin fata]]. A lokacin rani na 1963, tana da shekaru 13, ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar kare hakkin bil'adama da Kwamitin Gudanar da Dalibai (SNCC) da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa don Ci gaban Mutanen Launi (NAACP) suka shirya. Wannan zanga-zangar ta yi niyyar kalubalantar dokokin wariyar launin fata a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Americus, inda ake buƙatar masu baƙar fata su yi amfani da ƙofar daban a bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Esty-Kendall |first=Jud |last2=Bowman |first2=Emma |title='I Gave Up Hope': As Girls, They Were Jailed In Squalor For Protesting Segregation |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/01/18/685844413/i-gave-up-hope-as-girls-they-were-jailed-in-squalor-for-protesting-segregation |website=[[National Public Radio]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Loyd |first=Greg |date=16 December 2021 |title=Georgia Civil Rights pioneer, educator seeking kidney donor |url=https://wgxa.tv/news/local/georgia-civil-rights-pioneer-educator-seeking-kidney-donor |website=[[WGXA]] |language=en}}</ref> A sakamakon shiga cikin zanga-zangar, Green-Reese da akalla 200 ko fiye an kama su ta hanyar tilasta bin doka ta Americus. An tsare ita da sauran masu zanga-zangar a cikin kurkuku da yawa da ke kusa da su da kuma wuraren da ke riƙe da su, kafin a kai ta da wasu 'yan mata 13 a asirce zuwa Leesburg Stockade. Duk da cewa suna da nisan kilomita 20 kawai daga gidajensu, iyayensu ba su da masaniya game da inda suke.<ref name="BP" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Poitevint |first=Bobby |date=24 October 2020 |title=Leesburg Stockade girl searching for kidney |url=https://www.walb.com/2020/10/23/leesburg-stockade-girl-searching-kidney/ |website=[[WALB]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2021 |title=One of the Leesburg Stockade Girls seeks kidney donor |url=https://www.wsav.com/news/local-news/one-of-the-leesburg-stockade-girls-seeks-kidney-donor/ |website=[[WSAV-TV]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ceto da sakamakonsa == Danny Lyon, mai daukar hoto na SNCC ne ya gano Green-Reese da 'yan uwanta kuma ya cece su. Lyon ya ɗauki hotuna da yawa na Green-Reese da 'yan mata a cikin stockade, suna fallasa yanayin da suka jimre. An buga hotunan a cikin jaridu daban-daban, suna kawo hankalin kasa ga halin da ake ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levins |first=Sandy |date=2 February 2022 |title=The Leesburg Stockade Girls - A Civil Rights Horror of 1963 |url=https://wednesdayswomen.com/the-leesburg-stockade-girls-a-civil-rights-horror-of-1963/ |website=WednesdaysWomen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Tom Zeller |date=18 April 2016 |title=The Unstudied Scars of Civil Rights Resistance |url=https://undark.org/2016/04/18/unstudied-scars-civil-rights-resistance/ |website=Undark Magazine}}</ref> Bayan an sake su, 'yan matan Leesburg Stockade sun koma gidajensu ba tare da wata sanarwa ko neman gafara ba saboda kurkuku mara kyau. Green-Reese ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin sirri na shekaru da yawa har zuwa 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parker |first=Marilyn |date=1 March 2019 |title=56 years later: Stockade Girls continue telling their story |url=https://www.walb.com/2019/02/26/years-later-stockade-girls-continue-telling-their-story/ |website=[[WALB]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gustafson |first=Ken |date=17 January 2020 |title=Former "Leesburg Stockade Girl" Dr. Shirley Green-Reese shares her experience |url=https://www.americustimesrecorder.com/2020/01/16/former-leesburg-stockade-girl-dr-shirley-green-reese-shares-her-experience/ |website=[[Americus Times-Recorder]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Leesburg Stockade Girls, a Forgotten Moment in Civil Rights History |url=https://storycorps.org/stories/the-leesburg-stockade-girls-a-forgotten-moment-in-civil-right-history/ |website=StoryCorps}}</ref> == Sanarwa == Gidan Tarihi da Al'adu na Ƙungiyar Smithsonian ya nuna labarinsu a cikin 2016, kuma an gina alamar tarihi da Green-Reese ya ba da shawara a shafin yanar gizon ta Georgia Historical Society a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=WALB News |date=3 March 2016 |title=Smithsonian honoring south Ga. Stockade Girls |url=https://www.walb.com/story/31371864/smithsonian-honoring-south-ga-stockade-girls/ |website=[[WALB]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parks |first=Jennifer |date=6 March 2016 |title=Photo of Lee County Stockade Girls to be included in Smithsonian publication |url=https://www.albanyherald.com/news/local/photo-of-lee-county-stockade-girls-to-be-included-in-smithsonian-publication/article_cdfb8c78-b3d3-592b-8303-f835a8bc5af3.html |website=[[The Albany Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6nrv193k9tmh0a9h3vtx0wrd44qxxy5 0 171438 964177 946186 2026-10-07T06:38:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Reverend '''Stanley St John Redwood''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Maris 1965) minista ne kuma tsohon ɗan siyasa daga Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Ƙasa . Ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa ta Jamaica na 10, ya yi aiki daga 18 ga Janairu 2012 zuwa 10 ga Mayu 2013. Tsohon ministan addinin Moravian kuma wanda ya kafa Cocin New Holland, Redwood ya riƙe muƙaman jagoranci a jami’o’i da dama kafin ya shiga siyasa. Bayan ya kasa samun kujerar Majalisar Wakilan Jamaica a ƙoƙarinsa na shekarun 2002 da 2007, an naɗa shi a Majalisar Dattawa bayan babban zaɓen shekarar 2011. Matakin da Redwood ya ɗauka na yin murabus daga Majalisar Dattawa tare da ƙaura zuwa Kanada tare da iyalinsa a watan Mayun 2013 ya haifar da cece-kuce, duk da cewa Redwood ya yi alkawarin komawa Jamaica bayan ya zaunar da iyalinsa a ƙasashen waje. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Stanley Redwood a ranar 3 ga Maris 1965 a [[Joint Wood]], Saint Elizabeth Parish, Jamaica. A shekarar 1989, Redwood ya sami takardar shaidar Diploma a fannin Nazarin Ministoci da kuma digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a fannin Tauhidi daga Kwalejin Tauhidi ta United of the West Indies, kuma ya zama ministan Moravian . An naɗa shi a matsayin shugabanni a kan wasu Cocin Moravian da ke birnin Manchester, a gabashin Saint Elizabeth Parish. <ref name="JO_Profile">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2002 |title=Profile on Rev Stanley Redwood |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/westernnews/31939_Profile-on-Rev-Stanley-Redwood |access-date=3 April 2014 |website=[[Jamaica Observer]]}}</ref> Redwood zai ci gaba da aiki a wasu mukamai na gudanarwa a fannin ilimi. A shekarar 1995 ya zama shugaban karatu a [[Jamaica Bible College|Kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki ta Jamaica]] . <ref name="JO_Profile" /> A shekarar 1996 ya fara koyarwa da kuma kula da karatun ɗaliban tauhidi a Jami'ar Duniya ta Caribbean (IUC). Ya zama cikakken ma'aikacin IUC a shekarar 2005, kuma ya yi aiki a lokuta daban-daban a matsayin malami, shugaban sashen yanki, da kuma mataimakin mataimakin shugaban ƙasa a IUC. <ref name="JO_IUC">{{Cite web |last=Sutherland |first=Alicia |date=20 May 2013 |title=IUC says Bon Voyage to Redwood |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/regional/IUC-says-Bon-Voyage-to-Redwood_14298009 |access-date=3 April 2014 |website=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1990, Redwood ya kuma riƙe muƙamai a Hukumar Ci Gaban Jama'a da kuma Hukumar Kula da Matasa ta Ƙasa. <ref name="JO_Profile" /> A lokacin da Redwood ya fara harkokin siyasa, bai da alaƙa da Cocin Moravian, wanda ke da ƙaƙƙarfan doka kan fastoci shiga siyasa, tsawon shekaru da dama. Bayan hutunsa daga Cocin Moravian, Redwood ya kafa Cocin New Holland a Saint Elizabeth Parish. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Taneisha |date=2 September 2007 |title=Church disagree on clergy involvement in representational politics |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/126929_Church-disagree-on-clergy-involvement-in-representational-politics |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == A shekara ta 2002, Redwood ya tsaya takarar kujerar Saint Elizabeth North Western a Majalisar Wakilai ta Jamaica, daya daga cikin kujeru hudu na Saint Elizabeth Parish, a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Kasa . Redwood ya yi iƙirarin cewa aikinsa na zamantakewa ya kai shi ga shiga siyasa, kuma ya yi kamfen a kan wani dandamali na kawo ababen more rayuwa da jami'a a gundumar. Abokin hamayyarsa shine wakilin da ke kan mulki William JC Hutchinson na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Jamaica, wakilin wa'adi na farko wanda ya lashe zaben da kuri'u 504 a fafatawar da aka yi ta hanyoyi hudu a lokacin babban zaben 1997 . Abokin hamayya na biyu, Harold Smith na National Democratic Movement /New Jamaica Alliance, ya janye daga takarar, saboda rashin lafiya. Duk da cewa Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Kasa ta lashe babban zaɓen 2002 gabaɗaya, Hutchinson ya ci gaba da riƙe kujerarsa, inda ya kayar da Redwood da ƙuri'u 247 cikin 10,903 da aka kaɗa. <ref name="JO_Profile" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Lincoln |date=30 September 2002 |title=NDM/NJA candidate withdraws from North West St Elizabeth |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/32818_NDM-NJA--candidate-withdraws-from-North-West--St-Elizabeth |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=General Elections 1993 |url=http://www.eoj.com.jm/content-70-222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080731/http://www.eoj.com.jm/content-70-222.htm |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Election results |publisher=Electoral Commission of Jamaica}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=General Elections 1997 |url=http://www.eoj.com.jm/content-70-223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109143113/http://www.eoj.com.jm/content-70-223.htm |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Election results |publisher=Electoral Commission of Jamaica}}</ref> <ref name="E_2002">{{Cite web |title=General Elections 2002 |url=http://www.eoj.com.jm/content-70-225.htm |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Election results |publisher=Electoral Commission of Jamaica |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407080726/http://www.eoj.com.jm/content-70-225.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2003, Redwood ta kasance ɗan takara a ɗaya daga cikin kujeru goma sha biyar a ƙaramar hukumar Saint Elizabeth ta Arewa maso Yamma. An ayyana kujerar, wacce ke wakiltar Ipswich, a matsayin babu kowa a cikinta bayan da tsohon mai riƙe da ita ya kasa halartar tarurruka da dama. Bayan da aka dage zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi sau da dama, Redwood ya janye don a yi la'akari da shi, yana mai cewa akwai matsin tattalin arziki da yaƙin neman zaɓen ke fuskanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Lincoln |date=3 April 2003 |title=PNP's Ipswich candidate withdraws |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/41967_PNP-s-Ipswich-candidate-withdraws |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> A babban zaɓen 2007, Redwood ya tsaya takarar kujerar Saint Elizabeth South Western . Donald Buchanan na Jam'iyyar People's National Party ne ya riƙe wannan matsayi, wanda ba ya neman sake tsayawa takara. Redwood ya yabi Buchanan a fili, kuma ya yi kamfen kan ci gaba da gadonsa. Abokin hamayyar Redwood shine Christopher Tufton na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Jamaica. A wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Maris na 2007, kashi 62% na waɗanda suka amsa sun nuna ra'ayinsu game da Tufton, yayin da kashi 21% kawai suka nuna ra'ayinsu game da Redwood. Mutane da yawa (29%) sun nuna rashin jin daɗin ra'ayoyinsu game da Redwood fiye da waɗanda suka nuna kyakkyawan ra'ayi. Garwin Davis na ''Jamaica Gleaner'' ya yi nuni da cewa goyon bayan da Redwood ke bai wa Buchanan na iya zama illa ga kamfen ɗin Redwood, yayin da kashi 59% na waɗanda suka amsa suka nuna rashin jin daɗin wakilin da ya bar jam'iyyar. Bugu da ƙari, fiye da ninki biyu na waɗanda suka amsa sun haɗu da Tufton fiye da waɗanda suka haɗu da Redwood. Jam'iyyar Labour ta Jamaica ta lashe babban zaɓen, kuma Tufton ta kayar da Redwood da tazarar ƙuri'u 1,825 daga cikin 17,973 da aka kaɗa. <ref name="Gleaner_2007">{{Cite web |last=Garwin |first=Garwin |date=22 April 2007 |title=The Reverend Stanley Redwood: Doing it his way |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20070422/news/news1.html |access-date=3 April 2014 |website=[[Jamaica Gleaner]] |publisher=Gleaner Company Ltd.}}</ref> <ref name="E_2007">{{Cite web |title=General Elections 2007 |url=http://www.eoj.com.jm/content-70-226.htm |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Election results |publisher=Electoral Commission of Jamaica}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan babban zaɓen 2011, wanda ya ga Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta sake samun rinjaye, Firayim Minista Portia Simpson-Miller ta naɗa Redwood a Majalisar Dattawan Jamaica, inda nan take aka naɗa shi Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa. Yana ɗaya daga cikin sabbin sanatoci shida, kuma ɗaya daga cikin sabbin sanatoci biyar daga jam'iyyar People's National Party mai mulki. An rantsar da Redwood da wasu sabbin membobi 62 a Majalisar a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Ingrid |date=17 January 2012 |title=Six fresh faces in new Senate |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Six-fresh-faces-in-new-Senate |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2012 |title=Jamaican legislators sworn in |url=http://www.caribbean360.com/news/jamaica_news/549072.html |access-date=3 April 2014 |website=Caribbean360 |publisher=Insite Inc.}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2013, an samu labarin cewa Redwood zai yi murabus daga Majalisar Dattawa ya yi hijira zuwa Kanada tare da iyalansa. Redwood ya yi murabus a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2013, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen wa'adin watanni goma sha shida a Majalisar Dokokin Jamaica. Redwood ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya shigar da buƙatar yin ƙaura zuwa Kanada shekaru biyar da suka gabata, bayan shan kaye a zaɓen gama gari na 2007, kuma bai san ko za a karɓi buƙatarsa ko kuma lokacin da za a karɓi ba. Ya bayyana sha'awar komawa Jamaica bayan ya zaunar da iyalinsa, kuma ya ci gaba da yi wa Jamaica hidima daga ƙasashen waje, yana mai cewa "Na san cewa wannan shawarar za ta kawo cikas ga aikina a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dattawa. Ina da shakku da rashin tabbas game da wannan batu. Duk da haka, ina da tabbacin cewa wannan matakin zai buɗe sabbin ƙofofi kuma ya samar da ƙarin damammaki a gare ni don ci gaba da yi wa ƙasata da nake ƙauna hidima a tsakanin 'yan ƙasar Jamaica da ke ƙaruwa a Kanada." <ref name="JO_Best">{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Balford |date=12 May 2013 |title=Rev Stanley Redwood – one of the best Senate presidents |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Rev-Stanley-Redwood---one-of-the-best-Senate-presidents_14251165 |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Spaulding |first=Gary |date=14 April 2013 |title=I'm not done with Jamaica – Redwood |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20130414/lead/lead83.html |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Jamaica Gleaner |publisher=Gleaner Company Ltd.}}</ref> Duk da haka, an soki shawararsa ta ƙaura daga jam'iyyar adawa ta Jamaica Labour da kuma 'yan jarida. Alando Terrelonge, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a na reshen matasa na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Jamaica, Generation 2000, ya kira shawararsa "tsoratarwa", kuma ya ci gaba da cewa "Abin damuwa ne cewa Redwood zai yi gudu da sauri fiye da yawancin waɗanda suka kammala karatun jami'a da ma'aikatan gwamnati, waɗanda ke da irin wannan zaɓi, amma waɗanda suka yi sadaukarwa don yaƙi don Jamaica da muke yi imani da ita". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Matthews |first=Kimmo |date=20 May 2013 |title=Is migrating Senate President a coward? |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Is-migrating-Senate-President-a-coward_14296192 |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> Shafin {{'}} ''Gleaner'' mai suna "The Gavel" ya soki Redwood saboda fafutukar neman "koyarwar farko ta Jamaica" wadda za ta hana 'yan ƙasa biyu shiga Majalisar Dokoki, duk da cewa ta riga ta shigar da takardu don yin ƙaura daga Jamaica. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title=Redwood's resignation and Vision 2030 |url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20130513/news/news1.html |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Jamaica Gleaner |publisher=Gleaner Company Ltd.}}</ref> A jawabinsa na bankwana ga Majalisar Dattawa, Redwood ya roƙi majalisar da ta ɗauki mataki zuwa ga cikakken 'yancin kai na siyasa daga Birtaniya, ta yi tattaunawa kan rungumar makamashin nukiliya, ta kafa wata hukuma mai ƙarfi ta yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, da kuma inganta yawan aiki a Jamaica. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunkley |first=Alicia |date=12 May 2013 |title=Senate surprise |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/Senate-surprise_14246265 |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Presidents of the Senate of Jamaica}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d59bo5lf1b6kwv8ywt7qlrslmjjem5h 0 171713 963849 937451 2026-10-06T12:57:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963849 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Roar Hauglid''' (26 Disamba 1910 &#x2013; 18 Nuwamba 2001) [[Art historian|masanin tarihin fasaha]] ne na ƙasar Norway, mai fasahar adana kayan tarihi da kuma mai tallata kayayyaki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roar Hauglid |url=http://lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php?title=Roar_Hauglid&oldid=391032 |access-date=1 January 2017 |publisher=lokalhistoriewiki.no |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314060903/http://lokalhistoriewiki.no/index.php?title=Roar_Hauglid&oldid=391032 |archive-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hauglid a Kristiania, yanzu [[Oslo]], Norway a 1910. Shi ɗan Kristian Hauglid (1864-1927) da Hedvig Hansen (1871-1946). Ya halarci [[Makarantar Cathedral ta Oslo]] da Jami'ar Oslo kuma ya sami digirinsa na magister a 1937 da kuma digirin digirgir a 1950. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kayan tarihi kuma ya rubuta littattafai da dama kan tarihin al'adun Norway, musamman majami'u masu tsayi . Ya maye gurbin Arne Nygård-Nilssen a matsayin shugaban hukumar kula da al'adun gargajiya ta Norway, daga shekarar 1958 zuwa 1977. An yi masa lambar yabo ta Knight, Ajin Farko na Order of St. Olav, da kuma Kwamandan Order of the Polar Star . [1] == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == * ''Norway: Shekaru Dubu na Fasaha da Sana'o'in 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa'' (1959) * ''Fasaha ta 'Yan Asalin Norway'' (1967) * ''Cocin Stave na Norway'' (1977) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]] jvjtxmrgiofu67yzdykl25xem07lj1k 0 171742 963832 937605 2026-10-06T12:19:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} 90 Day Jane wani blog ne da yaudara wanda wata mace ba a san ta ba, wacce aka sani da Jane, wacce ta yi alkawarin mutuwa ta hanyar [[Kisan kai|kashe kansa]] kwanaki 90 bayan kaddamar da blog, tare da taken "Ina zuwa Kashe kaina cikin kwanaki 90. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2008 |title=90 Day Jane |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/buzz/90_Day_Jane |access-date=August 6, 2022 |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Trent |date=February 12, 2008 |title=Weird World, Part Three: 90 Day Jane Comments |url=https://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2008/02/weird-world-pt.html |website=[[WFMU]] |access-date=September 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917074246/https://blog.wfmu.org/freeform/2008/02/weird-world-pt.html |archive-date=September 17, 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rubutun shafinta na yanar gizo ya ba da labarin rayuwarta a cikin kwanakin da suka kai ga shirin kashe kanta kuma ya nemi masu karatu su taimaka mata su zaɓi hanyar da za su kashe kanta, suna ambaton Christine Chubbuck da R. Budd Dwyer a matsayin wahayi don yada kashe kanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Emily |date=November 21, 2008 |title=Florida Teen Live-Streams His Suicide Online |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/MindMoodNews/story?id=6306126&page=1 |access-date=August 8, 2022 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> Maganganun da aka yi a shafin yanar gizon sun kasance daga tausayi zuwa mara kyau, tare da Laura Conaway ta NPR ta rubuta cewa "wasu daga cikinsu suna nuna mafi muni - da gaske, mafi muni - a cikin mutane".[are]<ref name="npr">{{Cite web |last=Conaway |first=Laura |date=February 12, 2008 |title=The Word About '90 Day Jane' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/bryantpark/2008/02/the_word_about_90_day_jane.html |access-date=August 6, 2022 |website=[[NPR]] |language=en}}</ref>  Masu ba da shawara game da rigakafin kashe kansa sun ƙi 90 Day Jane, suna tsoron cewa zai ƙarfafa wasu su yi koyi da halayenta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moore |first=Tina |date=February 13, 2008 |title=Controversial 90-Day Jane blogger maintains suicide countdown is real |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/controversial-90-day-jane-blogger-maintains-suicide-countdown-real-article-1.311634 |access-date=August 6, 2022 |website=[[New York Daily News]]}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008, ta bayyana cewa an fara shafin yanar gizon ne a matsayin aikin fasaha da aka yi wa wani karamin rukuni na abokanta kuma ba ta shirya kashe kanta ba; ta saukar da shafin yanar gizon ba da daɗewa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=90 Day Jane Not Killing Herself, Not As Hot As You Hoped |url=https://www.gawker.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712112545/https://www.gawker.com/356131/90-day-jane-not-killing-herself-not-as-hot-as-you-hoped |archive-date=2008-07-12 |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=[[Gawker]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2hcuyeeb06uk66x77f5royk7nleck88 0 172434 964237 939939 2026-10-07T09:51:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tafkin Moraine''' tafki ne mai dusar ƙanƙara da kuma cike da ruwan sanyi a Banff National Park, {{Convert|14|km}} a wajen ƙauyen Tafkin Louise, Alberta, Kanada. Tana cikin kwarin tsaunuka goma, a tsayin da ya kai kimanin {{Convert|1884|m|ft}}. Fadin tafkin yana da fadin {{Convert|50|ha}} . Tafkin, wanda kusan gaba ɗaya ke ciyar da shi da dusar ƙanƙara da kuma narkewar ƙanƙara, ba ya isa samansa har sai tsakiyar watan Yuni zuwa ƙarshensa. Idan ya cika, yana nuna wani launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi. Launin da ya bambanta ya faru ne saboda launin shuɗin gefen hasken rana daga laka mai laka da ke cikin tafkin a lokacin rani ta hanyar dusar ƙanƙara da ke kewaye da shi. Tafkin gaba ɗaya an ƙirƙira shi ne ta hanyar yanayi kuma mutane ba su yi masa katanga, ko sun zubar da ruwa, ko kuma sun canza shi ta kowace hanya ba, sai dai ayyukan baƙi waɗanda National Park ke kula da su sosai. Hanyar zuwa Tafkin Moraine a buɗe take ne kawai a lokacin bazara (Yuni-Satumba). Tun daga shekarar 2023, [[Gidajen shakatawa na Kanada|Parks Canada]] ta rufe ta ga motocin mutane a duk shekara, tare da motocin bas na Park, sufuri na jama'a da masu gudanar da kasuwanci ne kawai aka yarda su shiga hanyar. Baƙi kuma za su iya yin tafiya a kan keke ko tafiya a kan hanya, wadda tsawonta ya kai kilomita 10 / mil 6 a hanya ɗaya. Ruwan da ke fitowa daga tafkin, kamar sauran tafkuna masu ƙanƙara, ba za a iya sha ba tare da isasshen magani ba (duka tacewa da tafasa). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parks Canada Agency |first=Government of Canada |date=2024-09-18 |title=Canoeing in Banff National Park - Paddling |url=https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/ab/banff/activ/nautiques-sports/canotage-canoeing |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=parks.canada.ca}}</ref> Wannan kuwa saboda ruwan yana ɗauke da datti da ƙwayoyin cuta, duk da cewa yana da launin shuɗi mai haske. == Yawon Bude Ido == === Hanyoyin yin yawo === Yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin yana da hanyoyi da dama na tafiya/hawan dutse waɗanda, lokaci zuwa lokaci, ke da iyaka. <ref name="pcMoraineRes">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2017 |title=Moraine Lake area seasonal trail restrictions |url=https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/ab/banff/visit/~/link.aspx?_id=75A76C6D0E0E41DA8AE28D07D5713D87&_z=z |access-date=2023-10-21 |publisher=Parks Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416145212/https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/ab/banff/visit/~/link.aspx?_id=75A76C6D0E0E41DA8AE28D07D5713D87&_z=z |archive-date=2025-04-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hanyar da masu yawon bude ido suka fi bi ita ce Hanyar Rockpile, wadda take kan titin Moraine . Hanyar tana da tsawon {{Convert|300|m}} tsayi, tare da canjin tsayi na {{Convert|24|m}} . Kallon tafkin daga saman tarin duwatsu yana ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka fi ɗaukar hotuna a duk faɗin Kanada. Wannan kallon tsaunukan da ke bayan tafkin a Kwarin Kololuwa Goma ana kiransa da "Ra'ayin Dala Ashirin", kamar yadda aka nuna Tafkin Moraine a gefen baya na fitowar 1969 da 1979 na lissafin dala ashirin na Kanada ; duba Scenes of Canada § Dala $20 . Yankin sau da yawa yana fuskantar cunkoso saboda yawan yawon bude ido. Tare da wannan hanyar, hanyar Consolation Lakes ta fara, wanda ke da kimanin kilomita 3, tare da canjin tsawo na mita 90 (300 . Bayan sun isa Consolation Lakes masu tafiya na iya ci gaba zuwa tafkin sama, wanda ba a gani daga ƙarshen tafkin ƙasa. Akwai, duk da haka, babu wata hanya da aka yi alama a sarari, kuma sau da yawa yana iya zama rikici a kan manyan wuraren duwatsu. [[File:Moraine_Lake_Alberta_Canada_canoe_docks.jpg|right|thumb| Tashoshin jiragen ruwa na kwale-kwale]] Kusa da tashar [[Kwale-kwale|jiragen ruwa]] na Moraine Lake Lodge akwai wani titin tafiya. Wannan hanyar ita ce farkon hanyoyi biyu, ɗaya daga cikinsu ta rabu zuwa hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban - don haka jimilla akwai hanyoyi biyar da suka fara daga wannan hanyar (Moraine Lake Lakeshore Trail, Eiffel Lake, Wenkchemna Pass, Larch Valley, da [[Sentinel Pass (Banff National Park)|Sentinel Pass]] ). Taswirar Lake Louise da Yoho tana ba da bayanai kan waɗannan hanyoyin. === Hanyoyin hawa tsaunuka === Ana iya isa ga Neil Colgan Hut cikin awanni 8 zuwa 12 ta hanyar hawa hanyar Perren daga tafkin Moraine. <ref name="spperren">{{Cite web |title=Perren route to Neil Colgan Hut |url=http://www.summitpost.org/route/162264/Perren-route-to-Neil-Colgan-Hut.html |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=summitpost.org}}</ref> === Hanyar shiga hanya === A shekarar 2023, Parks Canada ta sanar da cewa ba za a sake barin motocin mutane su yi tafiya a kan hanya a duk shekara ba. Baƙi za su buƙaci amfani da Jirgin Ruwa na Parks Canada, sufuri na jama'a, ko wani ma'aikaci mai zaman kansa don shiga tafkin. Mutane masu nakasa ba za a iya cire su ba idan suna da izini, kuma har yanzu ana iya samun hanyar ta hanyar keke da ƙafa. <ref name="pcMoraineRoad">{{Cite web |title=Visiting Lake Louise and Moraine Lake |url=https://parks.canada.ca/pn-np/ab/banff/visit/~/link.aspx?_id=8E827CA789664D99BB5DA22EBF279BE3&_z=z |access-date=2023-10-21 |publisher=Parks Canada}}</ref> Hukumar ta ce matakin ya zama dole saboda filin ajiye motoci ba zai iya ɗaukar cunkoson ababen hawa ba, inda aka ba da izinin yin amfani da "kashi kaɗan" na motoci a kan hanya a shekarar 2022, sauran kuma dole ne a mayar da su baya. Haka kuma ta lura da yadda korar motoci da yawa ke haifar da haɗarin tsaro, inda ma'aikata ke fuskantar ƙalubale daga baƙi marasa jin daɗi. == Manazarta == m68fnnayo1130qicco6ulmn4nivhj1y 0 172641 963935 940812 2026-10-06T16:50:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963935 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Offbearlakeroad_edit.jpg|right|thumb|Garin Pine na Ponderosa a cikin Rocky Mountain National ParkGidan shakatawa na Rocky Mountain]]{{Databox}} Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine wani shuka ne a tsawo na mita 2,000-2,700 (6,600-8,900 a cikin Rocky Mountains . <ref name="Peet81">{{Cite journal |last=Peet |first=RK |year=1981 |title=Forest vegetation of the Colorado front range |journal=Vegetatio |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=3–75 |doi=10.1007/BF00240202}}</ref><ref name="Peet88">{{Cite book|edition=W. D.}}</ref>: 89 Yana da muhimmiyar yankin [[Kudancin daji mai laushi|gandun daji mai laushi]], gami da wasu nau'ikan namun daji da ciyawa waɗanda ake samu ne kawai a cikin wannan mazaunin ponderosa pine (''[[Pinus ponderosa]]'' var. ''scopulorum''). == Muhalli == [[File:Aspen_trees_line_FR418_(3971478005).jpg|right|thumb|Mixed ponderosa pine da girgizar kasa aspen gandun daji, Arizona]] Ponderosa pine yana faruwa a matsayin nau'in tsakiya kuma Douglas-fir shine gandun daji a cikin Dutsen Rocky. Quaking aspen da lodgepole pine sune abokan tarayya na farko na ponderosa pine a waɗannan shafuka. <ref name="Graham1998" />: 6 Shuke-shuke na ƙasa sun haɗa da tarabark (''Physocarpus'' spp.), elk sedge (''Carex geyeri''), da kuma ciyawa (''Calamagrostis rubescens''). Wadannan nau'o'in, musamman, suna nuna alamun wadanda suka tsira bayan rikici (misali, wuta, shirye-shiryen rukunin inji) kuma suna da karfi masu fafatawa ga haske da abubuwan gina jiki waɗanda ke gasa da tsiro na ponderosa pine. : 6 {{Rp|6}} Uku sune manyan tushen rikice-rikice guda uku na maye gurbin gandun daji na Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine: [[Wildfire|gobarar daji]], [[Kwango na dutse|kwari na dutse]], da guguwa. A tarihi, mafi yawan waɗannan shine gobarar daji.<ref name="Ehle03">{{Cite journal |last=Ehle |first=DS |last2=Baker |first2=WL |year=2003 |title=Disturbance and Stand Dynamics in Ponderosa Pine Forests in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA |url=https://www.sierraforestlegacy.org/Resources/Conservation/FireForestEcology/FireScienceResearch/FireEcology/FireEcology-Ehle03.pdf |journal=Ecological Monographs |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=543–566 |bibcode=2003EcoM...73..543E |doi=10.1890/03-4014}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Yanayi == Tsuntsaye masu tsabta na Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine gandun daji suna karɓar kimanin inci 15-20 (380-510 na ruwan sama na shekara-shekara.<ref name="ah475" /> A cikin arewacin Rockies, kimanin 40-50% sun fadi a watan Afrilu zuwa Satumba, yayin da a kudancin Rockies.<ref name="ah475">{{Cite web |ref=et al}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan watanni akwai babban evapotranspiration saboda ''Populus tremuloides'' yana tsayar da yawancin hazo. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na wannan al'umma, a matsakaici, ya fi zafi fiye da sauran al'ummomin conifer da aka yi nazari. Matsakaicin zafin jiki kusan 5 zuwa 8 ° C (41 zuwa 46 ° F), yana haifar da kwanaki 50-100 marasa sanyi a kowace shekara.<ref name="Peet81" />{{Rp|7}} == Dabbobi na daji == [[File:Aberts_squirrel.jpg|right|thumb|Squirrel na Abert]] Dajin Pine na ponderosa, ba kamar lodgepole pine da gandun daji na spruce / fir ba, suna tallafawa nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa ciki har da Abert's squirrel (''Sciurus aberti''), wanda ke zaune ne kawai a cikin al'ummomin Pine na ponderona.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patton |first=David R |year=1975 |title=Abert squirrel cover requirements in Southwestern ponderosa pine |url=https://archive.org/details/CAT92273518 |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station |id=Res. Pap. RM-145}}</ref> ''S. aberti'' yawanci ya fi son tarin bishiyoyi kuma yana cin abinci a kan tsaba na cones. ''S. aberti'' ya kuma saba da sunadarai da ponderosa pine ke samarwa don kariya ta hanyar yin niyya ga bishiyoyin da suka rage matakan sunadarai. Pygmy nuthatches (''Sitta pygmaea'') suma sun dace da gandun daji na ponderosa pine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=John |date=11 November 2014 |title=Pygmy Nuthatch |url=https://flatheadaudubon.org/bird-of-the-month/pygmy-nuthatch/ |publisher=Flathead Audubon Society}}</ref> Wani nau'in da za'a iya tallafawa ta hanyar ponderosa pine shine Colorado chipmunk (''Tamias quadrivitattus''). ''T. quadrivitattus'' yana taimakawa yada tsaba na Pine ponderosa ta hanyar yadawa da binne wuraren da yake ɓoyewa. Wannan yana haifar da tsaba daga bishiyoyi da kuma ingantaccen tsiro. Wannan al'umma kuma tana karbar bakuncin maciji na gopher (''Pituophis catenifera''), wanda ke shiga cikin ramukan gopher. Har ila yau, itacen ponderosa yana ba da wurin zama ga Cougar (Puma concolor) da Bobcat (''Lynx rufus'') da tsuntsaye kamar yammacin tanager (''Piranga ludoviciana''), Turkey na daji (''Meleagris gallopavo''), [[Sialia currucoides|Sialia currucoides">dutse bluebird]] (Sialia currucoides), da kuma fararen nono nuthatch (''Sitta carolinensis''). Nau'in da ke cikin wannan yanki yana shafar ciyayi kuma yana ba da ƙimar kyawawan halaye ga mutanen da ke amfani da wannan yanki don nishaɗi. == Wutar daji == A arewacin Rocky Mountains na Idaho da yammacin Montana, saitunan busassun gandun daji na ponderosa pine da aka ƙone a tarihi ta hanyar ƙananan gobara da ba su kashe bishiyoyi masu yawa a cikin shekaru 15 zuwa 23 ba. : 7 Kashewar al'adu ta 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun karu har ma sun mamaye konewa a wurare da yawa. <ref name="Graham1998" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |url-status=647–651}}</ref> : 7 {{Rp|7}} A tarihi, gobarar kambi ta halitta ta faru ne a cikin gandun daji na Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine, kuma ya haifar da tsufa masu tsayi su girma, wanda aka maye gurbin su da ƙananan gobara. Bambancin ƙarfin wuta ya bambanta da tsarin tarihi na gandun daji na ponderosa pine a Kudu maso Yamma.<ref name="Ehle03" /> == Manazarta == a7p4n242icsl4am9gce3gkuedd82gkz 0 172709 964198 941097 2026-10-07T07:29:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Strachur''' ƙungiyoyin coci ne masu haɗin gwiwa a Argyll da Bute, Scotland. Strachur ƙaramin ƙauye ne a gabashin gabar tekun Loch Fyne. == Yanayin ƙasa == Cowal babban yankin ƙasa ne da ke tsakanin Loch Long a gabas da Loch Fyne a yamma kuma yana da iyaka da arewa ta hanyar babban titin A83. Strachur yana da nisan {{Convert|7|mi}} kudu da A83, wanda ke haɗa Loch Lomond da A82 zuwa Inveraray, Lochgilphead da Campbeltown, kuma yana da {{Convert|18|mi}} arewa da Dunoon, babban gari a yankin. Yankin da ke kewaye da Strachur yana da iyaka da [[Loch Lomond da Gidan shakatawa na Trossachs|Loch Lomond da Trossachs National Park]]. Loch Fyne - Strachur ne ke da iyaka da yankin arewa maso yamma, kuma Strathlachlan ne ke da iyaka da yankin kudu maso yamma; kuma a wasu bangarorin, yankunan Lochgoilhead, Kilmun, Dunoon da Kilmodan ne ke da iyaka da shi. Galibi tsaunuka ne, kuma tsayin da ke sama ya kai {{Convert|3000|ft}}. Loch Eck ya taɓa cocin tsawon {{Convert|3|mi|0}} a kudu maso gabas. Sufurin cikin gida yana tafiya ne ta bas tare da sabis na yau da kullun tsakanin Dunoon da Inveraray, da kuma Dunoon da Carrick Castle, waɗanda ke kudu da Lochgoilhead a kan Loch Goil . Shiga Inveraray a da yana tafiya ne ta jirgin ruwa daga St Catherine's da ke arewacin Strachur. Wannan jirgin ruwa ya rufe a shekarun 1960. Sunan 'Strachur' ya fito ne daga Gaelic don 'Kwarin Kogin na Cur' - Cur shine sunan kogin da ke gudana daga tsaunukan gabashin ƙauyen Strachur, yana juyawa kudu don kwarara zuwa Loch Eck. == Tarihi == Cocin cocin Strachur ya samo asali ne daga shekarar 1789 kuma yana iya ɗaukar mutane 400. An gina Strathlachlan a shekarar 1792 kuma zai iya ɗaukar 150. An haɗa kan majami'u a shekarar 1950. A kan wani tudu da ke kallon ƙauyen, Cailleach Bheur ( Scottish Gaelic yana tsaye ), dutse ne da ake kyautata zaton yana da ikon motsawa daga saman tudu zuwa saman tudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Strachur |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst3569.html |access-date=17 January 2018 |website=The Editors of The Gazetteer for Scotland |publisher=School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh and The Royal Scottish Geographical Society}}</ref> An gina ƙofar shiga cocin a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 ta hannun Stonemason Mr John Magee na Strachur. == Mutane masu shahara == [[File:Glenbranter.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Glenbranter Mansion House, wurin zama na Sir Harry Lauder]] A al'adance, an riƙe Strachur a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin wuraren tarihi na Clan Campbell, kuma a cikin 1870 manyan masu filaye na cocin sune Campbell na Strachur da McLachlan na wannan nau'in. Manyan gidajen ƙauye a wancan lokacin sune Strachur Park, Castle Lachlan, Strachurmore, Glenshellis, Balliemore, da Glenbranter. Fitzroy Maclean ne ya sayi Strachur House kuma a halin yanzu shine gidan ɗansa, Charles Maclean. Iyalan MacLachlan har yanzu suna zaune a yankin Strathlachlan. An gyara ganuwar Tsohon Castle Lachlan. Matasa 'yan ƙabilar MacLachlan a halin yanzu suna gudanar da Inver Cottage, ɗaya daga cikin gidajen cin abinci na Argyll's Seafood Trail. Wataƙila "ɗan Strachur" mafi shahara shine John Campbell na Strachur (1727-1806), kodayake Sir Harry Lauder shine magajin gidan ''Glenbranter'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Petrie |first=SM |date=10 September 1951 |title=History of Glenbranter Forest 1921-1951 |url=https://www.forestry.gov.uk/PDF/FCFH082.pdf/$FILE/FCFH082.pdf |access-date=17 January 2018 |publisher=H.M Forestry Commission |page=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118011143/https://www.forestry.gov.uk/PDF/FCFH082.pdf/$FILE/FCFH082.pdf |archive-date=18 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> tsakanin Lock Eck da Strachur, a rabin farko na ƙarni na ashirin. Akwai wani abin tunawa ga ɗansa [[Captain John Lauder|Kyaftin John Lauder]], na rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta 8 ta Argyll &amp;amp; Sutherland Highlanders, a Glenbranter wanda ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1916, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain John Lauder |url=http://www.edinburghs-war.ed.ac.uk/ArgyllBute/Casualties/Captain-John-Lauder |website=Scotland's War |access-date=2026-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119174918/http://www.edinburghs-war.ed.ac.uk/ArgyllBute/Casualties/Captain-John-Lauder |archive-date=2022-01-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta mallaki mafi yawan kadarorin Glenbranter daga baya, waɗanda suka ƙarfafa jama'a su shiga ƙasar. A shekarun 1930, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta buɗe sansanin aiki a yankin ga matasa maza marasa aikin yi. An san su da Cibiyoyin Koyarwa, tsarin sansanin ya yi ƙoƙarin "ƙarfafa" marasa aikin yi, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga masana'antu na Yammacin Scotland kuma sun taɓa yin aiki a ma'adinai ko wasu masana'antu da baƙin ciki ya shafa, da kuma shirya su don yin aiki a wani wuri. Sansanin Glenbranter ya shahara a kanun labarai a shekarar 1935 lokacin da ɗaliban suka shirya fita daga jama'a, kuma a shekarar 1936 lokacin da aka yi taron jama'a don nuna rashin amincewa da yanayi. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Rundunar Haɗin Gwiwa ta mamaye Gidan Glenbranter da filayen ginin. Ya zama makarantar siginar jiragen ruwa, kuma an sanya shi a matsayin cibiyar jiragen ruwa ta Royal Navy, kuma an sanya masa suna [[HMS Pasco]] . Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta kasa kula da gidan katafaren gidan, kuma ya faɗi cikin rugujewa akai-akai. Saboda mummunan yanayin, an rushe Gidan Glenbranter a shekarun 1960. Dr Peter Laird McKinlay ya yi ritaya daga aiki a Strachur kuma ya mutu a can a shekarar 1972. Marubuciyar abinci Lady Veronica Maclean ta zauna a Strachur, tana gudanar da Creggans Inn . == Wasanni == Strachur kuma shine sunan ƙungiyar Shinty ta gida. Sun kai wasan karshe na cin Kofin Camanachd a 1983, inda suka sha kashi a hannun abokan hamayyar Kyles Athletic da ci 3-2. Sun kuma lashe kofin duniya mai sheƙi sau takwas. An gudanar da gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta swamp ta Burtaniya ta 2008 a Strachur a watan Yunin 2008. == Makaranta == Makarantar Firamare ta Strachur ƙaramar makaranta ce mai matsakaicin ɗalibai 60, tana da azuzuwa uku da filin wasa mai girman gaske. Makarantar tana aiki ga al'umma kamar: tsaftace bakin teku a Loch Fyne, ɗaukar shara a ƙauyen, da kuma ayyuka daban-daban tare da Loch Lomond Park Rangers da GRAB Trust. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Strachur Primary School Website |url=http://www.strachur.argyll-bute.sch.uk/ |access-date=2013-09-15 |publisher=Strachur.argyll-bute.sch.uk}}</ref> == Kayan more rayuwa == Strachur tana da ofishin gidan waya, majami'u biyu na Strachur da Strathlachlan, Creggans Inn, da mashaya, Clachan. Tunawa da ƙauyen da sabbin dakunan taro suna shirya tarurruka na gida da kuma na Cowal gaba ɗaya da kuma wajenta. Gidan Smiddy na gida, wanda aka rufe a matsayin maƙera a shekarun 1950 bayan sama da shekaru 150 da tsararraki huɗu na dangin maƙera na Montgomery, yanzu shine Gidan Tarihi na Smiddy, wanda aka buɗe daga Ista zuwa 30 ga Satumba. Strachur yana da nasa ofishin gidan waya duk da cewa tun daga shekarar 2013 yana buɗe kwana uku a mako amma yana fuskantar barazanar rufewa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-12 |title=Argyll News: Strachur Post Office under threat of closure |url=http://forargyll.com/2013/06/strachur-post-office-under-threat-of-closure/ |access-date=2013-09-15 |publisher=For Argyll}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-13 |title=Reduced Hours At Strachur Post Office |url=http://www.dunoon-observer.com/index.php/news/the-news/6107-reduced-hours-at-strachur-post-office |access-date=2013-09-15 |publisher=Dunoon-observer.com}}</ref> Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Strachur ta ƙunshi babban yanki na ƙasa wanda ya kama daga Cairndow zuwa Strathlachlan. Ya zuwa shekarar 2012, likitan ya yi ikirarin cewa asibitinsa ya kusa durkushewa saboda canje-canjen kuɗaɗen NHS. <ref>{{Cite web |title='Bankrupt' Practice Meeting |url=http://www.dunoon-observer.com/index.php/news/latest-news/3922-bankrupt-practice-seeks-funds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314013311/http://www.dunoon-observer.com/index.php/news/latest-news/3922-bankrupt-practice-seeks-funds |archive-date=2012-03-14 |access-date=2013-09-15 |publisher=dunoon-observer.com}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" class="center"> File:Loch_Fyne_near_Strachur,_looking_toward_Inverarry.jpg|alt=Loch Fyne near Strachur, looking toward Inveraray.| Loch Fyne kusa da Strachur, yana kallon Inveraray . File:The_remains_of_the_pier_at_Strachur_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1312100.jpg|alt=The remains of the pier at Strachur Bay.| Ragowar tashar jiragen ruwa a Strachur Bay . File:On_the_north_ridge_of_Beinn_Lagan_-_geograph.org.uk_-_88384.jpg|alt=On the north ridge of Beinn Lagan. looking east to Beinn Lochain along what is now the route of the Cowal way.| A gefen arewa na Beinn Lagan. yana kallon gabas zuwa Beinn Lochain tare da hanyar da yanzu ake kira hanyar Cowal. File:Strachur_-_St,_Catherines,_Creag_a'_Phuill_shoreline_-_geograph.org.uk_-_156446.jpg|alt=Strachur - St, Catherines, Creag a' Phuill shoreline Taken from the old Road with Inveraray in the background.| Strachur - St, Catherines, Creag a' Phuill bakin teku An ɗauko daga tsohon Titin tare da Inveraray a bango. File:View_of_Strachur_-_geograph.org.uk_-_147078.jpg|alt=View of Strachur. Taken from hill Beinn Lagen Road leading to Strachurmore.| Ra'ayin Strachur. An ɗauko daga tudun [[Beinn Lagen]] Road wanda ke kaiwa Strachurmore. File:View_over_Strachur_village_-_geograph.org.uk_-_19262.jpg|alt=View over Strachur village.| Duba ƙauyen Strachur. File:A_burn,_Strachur_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1044282.jpg|alt=A burn, Strachur From the bad old days when conifer forests were planted right up to watercourses.| Konewa, Strachur Daga mummunan zamanin da ake dasa dazuzzukan conifer har zuwa magudanan ruwa. File:Extraction_lane,_Strachur_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1044280.jpg|alt=Extraction lane, Strachur Thinned spruce forest above the River Cur.| Layin cirewa, Strachur. Dajin spruce mai sirara a saman Kogin Cur. </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] knxn2gb10oxynk9yyi910lx4pg6pbq7 0 172737 964170 957054 2026-10-07T05:27:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Snorri Helgason''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1984) mawaki ne ɗan ƙasar Iceland. Shi ne babban mawaƙin ƙungiyar Sprengjuhöllin kafin ya fara aikin solo. Ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a kasar Amurka da Kanada. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Beckmann |first=Jim |date=28 October 2013 |title=Song of the Day: Snorri Helgason – Calling |url=http://blog.kexp.org/2013/10/28/song-of-the-day-snorri-helgason-calling/ |access-date=22 September 2014 |publisher=[[KEXP-FM]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Calendar of Events 2014 |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/ne/ne1.aspx |access-date=22 September 2014 |publisher=Parks Canada}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reykjavik Calling – Free Concert at 3 Kings Tavern Presented By KGNU 88.5 FM & 1390 AM |url=http://www.kgnu.org/cgi-bin/moreinfo.py?Notice=1378828381 |access-date=22 September 2014 |publisher=[[KGNU]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424043402/http://www.kgnu.org/cgi-bin/moreinfo.py?Notice=1378828381 |archive-date=24 April 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == * ''Zan Saka Sunana a Ƙofar Gidanka'' (2009) * ''Lokacin hunturu'' (2011) * ''Sararin Samaniya na Kaka'' (2013) * ''Vittu til'' (2016) * ''Margt býr í þokunni'' (2017) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] bqerzd7gapkepcs6l1pd7til3gmgqm6 0 172914 964239 941635 2026-10-07T09:53:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Stamp_of_USSR_1191.jpg|thumb| Tambarin Soviet na 1947 wanda ke nuna gine-ginen wurin shakatawa a Tafkin Ritsa]] '''Tafkin Ritsa''' wani tafki ne da ke arewa maso yammacin [[Abkhazia]], a cikin tsaunukan Caucasus. Yana kewaye da dazuzzukan tsaunuka masu gauraye da kuma filayen kiwo na subalpine . An gina hanyar daga bakin tekun [[Black Sea|Bahar Maliya]] a shekarar 1936. Wurin shakatawa na Avadhara yana arewacin tafkin. Tafkin ya kasance muhimmin wurin yawon bude ido a lokacin mulkin [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet]] . Duk da cewa rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet da yakin Rasha da Georgia sun lalata yawancin masana'antar yawon bude ido a ƙasar, har yanzu masu yawon buɗe ido na Rasha suna yawan ziyartar tafkin. == Yanayin ƙasa == Tafkin Ritsa shine tafki mafi zurfi a [[Abkhazia]] (mita 116), kuma yana da wadataccen kifin kifi . Koguna shida ne ke ciyar da shi, ɗaya kuma, Kogin Iupshara, yana zubar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-08 |title=State of the Environment Georgia - Biodiversity |url=http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/georgia/soegeor/english/biodiv/reserves/ritsa.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508174549/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/georgia/soegeor/english/biodiv/reserves/ritsa.htm |archive-date=2016-05-08 |access-date=2021-08-29}}</ref> == Muhalli == Ruwan tafkin Ritsa yana da sanyi kuma yana da tsabta. Duwatsu masu tsayin mita 2,200 zuwa 3,500 sun kewaye tafkin. Yankin da ke kewaye da tafkin Ritsa wani ɓangare ne na dazuzzukan da ba su da danshi na Euxine-Colchic tare da tarin bishiyoyin katako masu launin kore. Yawancin samfuran Nordmann Fir, waɗanda suka kai tsayin sama da mita 70 (230)&nbsp;ft), ana samun su a kusa da tafkin. A shekarar 1930, Ritsa Nature Reserve (162.89) ta gina wurin adana namun daji (162.89) a yankin.&nbsp;km ² ) an kafa shi ne don kare yanayin halitta na tafkin da kuma ƙasar da ke kewaye da shi. == Fitattun mazauna == Shugaban Soviet [[Joseph Stalin]] yana da ɗaya daga cikin gidajen bazara (dacha) kusa da tafkin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ritsa Nature Reserve |url=http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/georgia/soegeor/english/biodiv/reserves/ritsa.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192749/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/georgia/soegeor/english/biodiv/reserves/ritsa.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2006-01-15}}</ref> Daga baya [[Leonid Brezhnev]] ma yana da gidan bazara a kusa. A yau, gidan kayan gargajiya mallakar gwamnatin Abkhazia ne. == Yanayi == Matsakaicin zafin shekara-shekara a yankin shine digiri 7.8 na Celsius (Janairu −1.1)&nbsp;°C, Agusta 17.8&nbsp;°C). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana kimanin. 2,000–2,200&nbsp;mm. Lokacin sanyi wani lokacin yana da dusar ƙanƙara, lokacin bazara kuma yana da dumi. == Tatsuniyoyi da labaran Ritsa == Akwai tatsuniyoyi da almara da yawa game da tafkin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=World |first=Abkhaz |title=Lake Ritsa: an Abkhazian legend |url=https://abkhazworld.com/aw/abkhazians/culture/650-the-lake-ritsa-an-abkhazian-legend |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Abkhaz World {{!}} History, Culture & Politics of Abkhazia |language=en-gb}}</ref> === Asali === A zamanin da akwai kwari da kogi a wurin da tafkin zamani yake. Wata yarinya mai suna Ritsa ta zauna a can tare da 'yan'uwa uku Agepsta, [[Atsetuka]] da [[Pshegishkha]] . Ritsa ta kan yi kiwon dabbobinta a kwarin, 'yan'uwanta kuma suna farauta a tsaunuka masu tsayi da rana, kuma suna komawa kwarin da yamma, inda suke cin abinci, suna rera waƙa, kuma suna yaba wa 'yar'uwarsu. Wata rana 'yan'uwan sun yi nisa sosai a cikin tsaunuka. Ritsa ta yi kewarsu ta kuma rera waƙa. 'Yan fashin daji Gega da Iupshara sun ji ta kuma suka yanke shawarar yin garkuwa da ita. Iupshara ta kama ta ta hau kwarin, yayin da Gega ya rufe gefensa. 'Yan'uwan Ritsa sun ji kukan ta kuma suka zo suka taimaka mata. Pshegishkha ya jefa wa 'yan fashin takobi, amma ya rasa inda takobin ya ke, sai ya tashi ya wuce kogin. Kwarin ya cika da ruwa ya koma tafki. Ritsa ta karye daga hannun Iupshara, amma ta faɗa cikin tafkin. 'Yan'uwan ba su iya cetonta ba. Sai Pshegishkha ya jefa ɗan fashin Iupshara cikin tafkin, amma ruwan Ritsa bai karɓe shi ba, sai ya jefa shi a kan takobin Pshegishkha, ruwan kuma ya kai shi teku. Gega ya gudu ya bi Iupshara, amma bai sami nasarar ceto shi ba. Saboda baƙin ciki, 'yan'uwan suka koma tsaunuka, kuma har yanzu suna tsaye a nan don kare wurin hutawa na Ritsa. === Sai anjima, Uwa! === An yi ta tatsuniyoyi da dama game da asalin sunan "Sannu da zuwa Uwa!" wanda aka bai wa duwatsu da benen lura da ke kan hanyar zuwa Tafkin Ritsa. Da alama jagororin yawon bude ido ne suka ƙirƙiro sunan, domin ainihin sunan yankin shine "Chabgar Cornice." Wani labari ya nuna cewa a shekarun 1930, a lokacin gina dacha na Stalin, sojoji sun ɗauki kayan gini a kan titin tsaunuka masu tsauri da rashin tsaro. A lokacin ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen, a ɗaya daga cikin wurare mafi haɗari, wata babbar mota ta faɗo daga gefen hanya. Yayin da motar ke faɗuwa, direban ya yi ihu: "Sannu da zuwa, Uwa!" ("Pрощай, Родина!"). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Op Brotherhood |url=https://forums.eagle.ru/topic/52784-op-brotherhood/ |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=ED Forums |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani tatsuniya ya ce wata babbar mota dauke da Jamusawa da aka kama ta faɗi cikin rami. Wasu daga cikin Jamusawa, waɗanda suka kamu da ƙaunar Abkhazia a matsayin ƙasar asali, sun yi ihu: "Sannu, Uwa!" Wani kuma ya ce ba fursunoni a cikin motar ba ne, sojoji ne ke ja da baya a kan hanya da daddare. A kan wata kunkuntar hanya, direban ya rasa iko, motar ta faɗa cikin wani rami. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Смотровая площадка "Прощай, Родина" в Абхазии |url=https://www.tourister.ru/world/europe/abkhazija/city/gagra/viewpoints/33811 |access-date=2021-08-29 |website=Туристер.ру |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721225836/https://www.tourister.ru/world/europe/abkhazija/city/gagra/viewpoints/33811 |archive-date=2024-07-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="150"> File:Road_to_Ritza.jpg|alt=Road to lake Ritza| Hanya zuwa tafkin Ritza File:Ritsa2.jpg|alt=Tourists boating at Ritsa| Masu yawon bude ido suna shawagi a Ritsa File:Greater_Ritsa_Lake.jpg|alt=Ritsa Lake in 2013| Tafkin Ritsa a shekarar 2013 </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7uqmmoledn1hzv5bpbhz2sy7b79t6et 0 173067 964174 958383 2026-10-07T06:10:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Gidan shakatawa na Jihar Yuba ta Kudu yana kusa da Kudancin Fork na Kogin Yuba a cikin Sierra Nevada, a cikin Nevada County, a Arewacin [[California]]. == Yanayin ƙasa == Yankin wurin shakatawa mai nisan kilomita 35 na Kogin Yuba na Kudu ya shimfiɗa daga Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Malakoff Diggins zuwa Bridgeport, inda Cibiyar baƙi da Bridgeport Covered Bridge suke. Gidan shakatawa yana kare sama da kadada 11,000 (44.5 km2), tare da kadada 2,000 (8 km2) ta Ma'aikatar Parks da Recreation ta California, da kadada 9,000 (36 km2) ta Tarayyar Tahoe National Forest.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ana samun damar wurin shakatawa daga Hanyar Hanyar 20 a yammacin Grass Valley ko daga Hanyar 49 a arewacin Nevada City.   == Abubuwan da ke cikin wurin shakatawa == An san wurin shakatawa da: * kyakkyawa na: kogin ruwa da ke da kyau wanda ke zubowa a kan manyan dutsen dutse da kuma hanyoyin da ke cikin kogi; da kuma yankuna daban-daban na halitta, tare da tafiya, tafiya, keken dutse, da kuma hanyar shiga hanya. * tarihin halitta game da bambancin wurin shakatawa: ilimin ƙasa da Tsarin dutse na dutse; tsire-tsire na halitta, gandun daji, da furanni na daji; da dabbobi ciki har da kallon tsuntsaye. * Tarihin haɗi na hakar zinariya da wuraren Gold Rush, tare da zanga-zangar zinariya. Yankin ya zama wurin ƙaura a lokacin 1849 - farkon shekarun 1850 na California Gold Rush . * gadoji da yawa na karni na 19 da aka gina tare da tsawon wannan ɓangaren Kudancin Fork, gami da 1862 Bridgeport Covered Bridge da 1865 Purdon Crossing bridge. * Hanyar tafiya ta Independence Trail da keken guragu - hanyar da za a iya samun dama. * ramukan yin iyo na halitta, sananne ne a matsayin yanayin zafi a cikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su ya kai lambobi uku. == Dubi kuma == * Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Malakoff Diggins - ''kusa da arewa maso gabas''. * Jerin wuraren shakatawa na jihar California == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=496 Gidan shakatawa na Jihar California: shafin yanar gizon Gidan shakata na Jihar Yuba ta Kudu] * [https://www.southyubariverstatepark.org/ Gidan yanar gizon Kudancin Yuba River Park] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260918122035/http://www.ncgold.com/Museums_Parks/syrp/ Nevada County Gold: Bayanan Baƙo na Kogin Yuba ta Kudu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250803084134/http://syrpa.lindberglce.com/ Kudancin Yuba River Park Adventures: hotuna, abubuwan da suka faru, taswira, furanni na daji] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n6l3askqh8wemdb3h23vd51l7cgr0qj 0 173148 963950 942301 2026-10-06T17:43:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruadh Stac Mor''' ko '''Ruadh-Stac Mòr'''<ref name="ainmean">{{Cite web |title=Ruadh Stac Mor |url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/ruadh-stac-mor-2/ |website=[[Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba]]: Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland |access-date=2026-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003111236/https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/placename/ruadh-stac-mor-2/ |archive-date=2022-10-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> dutse ne mai tsayin {{Convert|919|m|ft}} a cikin [[Tuddan Yankin Arewa maso Yamma|tsaunukan Arewa maso Yamma]] na Scotland. Tana cikin dajin Dundonnell da Fisherfield a Wester Ross. Yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi nisa a Munros a Scotland, yana ba da kyawawan ra'ayoyi daga samansa. Yawanci hawa dutse yana farawa ne daga ƙauyen Poolewe zuwa yamma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=walkhighlands Ruadh Stac Mor |url=https://www.walkhighlands.co.uk/munros/ruadh-stac-mor |access-date=31 May 2019 |publisher=walkhighlands.co.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == od4vr5f7pd2xbe7mdc9p3vw5i49a4dt 0 173256 964166 942682 2026-10-07T05:13:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964166 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:True_Skov_(syd).jpg|right|thumb|Skov na Gaskiya.]] Gaskiya Skov (Gaskiya Forest) ita ce gandun daji mai girman hekta 385, yammacin Skjoldhøjkilen a [[Aarhus]], Denmark . An sanya sunan True Skov ne bayan ƙaramin ƙauyen True kuma yana cikin Sabbin dazuzzuka na Aarhus . Kwanan nan ne gandun daji - kuma mafi girma a cikin yankin Søhøjlandet -, wanda aka haifa da farko a 1994 a kan tsoffin gonakin noma. Har yanzu ana dasa sabbin bishiyoyi a nan a wasu lokuta kuma an shirya gandun daji don rufe jimlar hekta 650, a nan gaba. Kodayake yana cikin Karamar Hukumar Aarhus, Jihar Denmark ce ke gudanar da True Skov. == Yanayi da wuraren == Gaskiya Skov da farko gandun daji ne mai laushi, amma tare da conifers da pines a wasu sassan. An dasa Alder, poplar da larch a matsayin bishiyoyi masu kula da gandun daji. Dajin yana da nau'o'in halittu iri-iri, yana mai da hankali kan nau'o-nau'in asali kuma an dasa nau'o"in daji da bishiyoyi a gefen gandun daji. Wani sashi a sassan yamma, wanda aka sani da Little America, yana riƙe da nau'ikan bishiyoyi na Arewacin Amurka kawai, a matsayin wani ɓangare na binciken [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]] da kuma sanya gandun daji ya fi ban sha'awa gaba ɗaya. Cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyi ta yanke ta hanyar shuke-shuke masu yawa na True Skov. Ba a ba da izinin motoci ba, amma ana amfani da hanyoyin don ayyuka da yawa kamar yawo, tseren doki, tsere da tseren kankara a cikin hunturu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Langrendsløjper i Århusområdet [Cross-country skiing trails around Aarhus] |url=http://aarhusskiklub.dk/langrend/langrendsloejpe-i-aarhusomradet |access-date=11 July 2015 |publisher=Aarhus Skiklub |language=Danish |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712183521/http://aarhusskiklub.dk/langrend/langrendsloejpe-i-aarhusomradet |archive-date=12 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yankunan arewa maso yamma suna riƙe da Jirgin sama mai saukowa kuma ana ba da shawara a nan. Gaskiya Skov tana da wuraren da aka kewaye da su guda biyu da aka keɓe don motsa jiki na karnuka. Irin waɗannan yankuna an san su da hundeskove (lit.: karnuka-bishiyoyi) a Denmark kuma ana iya samun su a duk faɗin ƙasar, galibi suna kusa da garuruwa da ƙauyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=With dogs in nature |url=http://naturstyrelsen.dk/publikationer/andre-foldere/med-hunden-i-naturen/ |access-date=20 September 2014 |website=Danish Nature Agency |language=Danish}} An overview of dog-forests in Denmark.</ref><gallery> File:True_Skov_7.1.jpg|View across the southern parts of True Skov. File:True_Skov_9.jpg|Recent plantations. Beech. File:Indflyvning_3.jpg|A sail plane landing on the air-fields. </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7283qfoniz5dizk2tkpn6sz9loyrvyf 0 173284 964235 942783 2026-10-07T09:46:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tafkin Mashapaug''' gandun daji ne mai girman kadada (1.20 ) wanda ke kewaye da Bigelow Hollow State Park da Nipmuck State Forest a garin Union a arewa maso gabashin Connecticut . Tafkin yana da matsakaicin zurfin 39.5 feet (mita 12.0), da kuma matsakaicin matsakaicin 15 feet (mita 4.6). Tsayinsa na yau da kullun shine {{Convert|706|feet}} . Tafkin ya shahara sosai tare da masunta da masu jirgin ruwa daga yankin, kuma ana iya amfani da shi don yin iyo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mashapaug Pond |url=https://www.landbigfish.com/fishingspots/showcase.cfm?ID=1046 |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.landbigfish.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == Tafkin Mashapaug na asali ne, amma gina madatsun ruwa guda biyu ya ɗaga matakin ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan madatsun ruwa yana kan iyakar arewacin tafkin, a wani tashar da ke gudana cikin tsarin Kogin Quinnebaug, yayin da ɗayan ke kan iyakar kudu, a tashar Bigelow Brook. Ruwa yana gudana a kan madatsar ruwan Bigelow Brook a kudancin ƙarshen Tafkin Mashapaug a kowane lokaci na shekara. Dam din a arewacin ƙarshen tafkin, duk da haka, ana amfani dashi ne kawai don zubar da ruwan tafkin a lokacin hunturu. == Bayyanawa == Yawancin tafkin Mashapaug sun ƙunshi dutse da yashi, tare da wasu duwatsu, bishiyoyi, da kututture. A cikin zurfin, wuraren da ke cikin tafkin, ana iya samun yashi mai kyau, yashi, da muck na kwayoyin halitta. Tafkin Mashapaug yana ciyar da Wells Brook da rafi da yawa. Yana gudana a kudu zuwa Bigelow Brook, amma lokacin da aka saukar da matakin ruwa don hunturu, ana fitar da ruwa zuwa arewa zuwa tsarin Kogin Quinnebaug.<ref name=":0" /> == Ci gaba == Ana iya samun gidaje masu zaman kansu a bakin tekun Mashapaug, da kuma tsibirai biyu. Yankin arewa da arewa maso yammacin tafkin, duk da haka, sun fi yawan jama'a fiye da sauran tafkin. Inda babu gidaje, bakin tekun yana da gandun daji sosai, tare da Bigelow Hollow State Park da ke kewaye da kudancin da kudu maso yammacin tafkin.<ref name=":0" /> == Wasanni == Tafkin Mashapaug yana buɗewa ga jama'a don kamun kifi da jirgin ruwa. Kifi a kan kankara a tafkin ya shahara a lokacin watanni na hunturu. Mutane kuma na iya yin iyo a cikin tafkin. Baƙi na iya samun damar Tafkin Mashapaug ta hanyar Bigelow Hollow State Park a ƙarshen kudancin. Ana iya samun jirgin ruwa a wannan hanyar shiga.<ref name=":0" /> == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Shuke-shuke na ruwa suna da yawa a mafi yawan yankuna na Tafkin Mashapaug, sai dai a wasu yankuna na ruwa mai zurfi; kodayake kwanan nan, raguwar tafkin a lokacin hunturu ya kara yawan shuke-shike na ruwa. Wasu tsire-tsire da za a iya samu a cikin ƙananan sune yellow pond-lily (Nuphar variegata), pickerel weed (Pontederia cordata), da pondweeds (Potamogeton spp.). <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin nau'ikan kifi suna zaune a cikin Tafkin Mashapaug. Wadannan nau'o'in sun hada da sunfish, yellow perch, chain pickerel, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, brown trout, rainbow trout, da channel catfish. Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Connecticut ta adana tafkin tare da launin ruwan kasa da bakan gizo. An kafa rikodin jihohi guda biyu daga kifin da aka kama a Tafkin Mashapaug. An kama bass mafi nauyi da aka taɓa kamawa a Connecticut a cikin Tafkin Mashapaug a cikin 1961 (12 lbs. 14 oz.), kuma mafi girman tashar catfish da aka taɓa ɗauka a cikin jihar an kama shi a can a cikin 2004 (29 lbs. 39 oz.). <ref name=":0" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0scwlkqbd3td2k00r8dwd50igbmcstd 0 173328 964157 945897 2026-10-07T04:11:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sidney Hartman''' (Maris 15, 1920 - Oktoba 18, 2020) ɗan jaridar wasanni ne na Amurka na Minneapolis ''Star Tribune'' da gidan rediyo na WCCO 830 AM . {{Spaced en dash}}Shekaru 20, ya kuma kasance mai ba da shawara a cikin shirin talabijin na mako-mako Sports Show tare da Mike Max, wanda aka watsa daren Lahadi a karfe 9:30 na yamma a kan WUCW 23 a yankin Twin Cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports Show Hosts – Mike Max Bio – Sid Hartman Bio – Patrick Reusse Bio – Dark Star Bio |url=http://sportsshowonline.com/hosts/ |access-date=June 30, 2016 |website=The Sports Show |archive-date=February 2, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120202223548/http://sportsshowonline.com/hosts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> &nbsp;Ya ci gaba da rubutu ga ''Star Tribune'' har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 2020. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Sidney Hartman a asibitin Maternity a kan Glenwood Avenue a Minneapolis, Minnesota, a ranar 15 ga Maris, 1920.<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 years. 100 things. All about Sid Hartman. |url=https://www.startribune.com/100-years-100-things-all-about-sid-hartman/568142332/ |website=Star Tribune |access-date=2026-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260917204656/https://www.startribune.com/100-years-100-things-all-about-sid-hartman/568142332 |archive-date=2026-09-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya girma a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a arewacin Minneapolis . Mahaifinsa, Jack Hechtman, an haife shi ne a Rasha kuma ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka yana da shekaru 16, <ref name="auto3" /> ya canza sunansa zuwa Hartman bayan ya isa. Mahaifiyar Sid Hartman, Celia Weinberg, ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka daga [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] tana da shekaru tara.<ref name="auto3" /> Iyayensa biyu sun mutu a shekara ta 1972. Jack Hartman ba zai iya karatu ko rubutu ba kuma ya sha wahala daga maye. Ya yi rayuwa ta hanyar tuka motar jigilar kayayyaki, da farko yana yin isar da kayan aiki. Celia Hartman ta mallaki kantin sayar da tufafi a gefen arewacin Minneapolis kuma ta yi lissafin kuɗi don kasuwancin isar da Jack Hartman.<ref name="auto2" /> Iyalin sun koma sau da yawa, suna zaune da farko a gida a kan Aldrich Avenue, sannan a gida a Humboldt Avenue, sannan daga baya a gidaje a cikin 700 block na Irving Avenue. Hartman ya halarci makarantar Yahudawa ta Talmud Torah daga shekaru 10 zuwa 14, kafin ya shiga makarantar sakandare ta Minneapolis ta Arewa. Ya fara sayar da jaridu yana da shekaru tara.<ref name="auto" /> Yayinda yake matashi, ya haɓaka amfani da akwatunan jarida, inda kwastomomi za su biya jaridu a kan tsarin girmamawa ta hanyar barin tsabar kudi a cikin akwatin canji. Hartman ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Minneapolis ta Arewa amma ya bar ƙaramin shekarunsa lokacin da ya sami labarai masu fa'ida don isar da Minneapolis Tribune . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports legend Sid Hartman still works his beat at 89 |url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2009/03/13/sports-legend-sid-hartman-still-works-his-beat-at-89 |website=MPR News}}</ref> A shekara ta 1941, ya rasa labarai na Tribune lokacin da jaridar Des Moines mai suna John Cowles Sr. ta sayi Kamfanin Tribune. A ɗan gajeren lokaci, Hartman ya zama mai siyar da iska, amma aikin bai dace da shi ba. A cikin tarihin kansa, Hartman ya yarda cewa shi ne "mafi munin mai sayar da tsabta a duniya".<ref name="auto1" />Bayan Pearl Harbor, Hartman ya yi ƙoƙari ya shiga cikin sojojin Amurka a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] amma an ƙi shi saboda asma. A farkon shekarun 1940, Hartman ya sami maɓallin hutu daga Louie Mohs, manajan watsa labarai na Minneapolis Times . Mohs ya ba shi labarai na Times don tsakiyar Minneapolis, wanda ya biya da kyau kuma ya fitar da Hartman daga kasuwancin iska.<ref name="auto1" /> A shekara ta 1944 Hartman ya sami hutu mafi girma ''Lokaci'' da Mohs ya ba da shawarar shi ga editan wasanni na Times kuma marubucin jarida Dick Cullum, wanda ke neman mai horar da wasan motsa jiki.<ref name="auto1" /> Cullum ya hayar da Hartman, farkon aikin rubuce-rubucen wasanni wanda zai kasance sama da shekaru 75. <ref name="auto1" /> === Minneapolis Lakers === Yayinda yake dan shekara 27 a 1947, Hartman ya zama mukaddashin janar manajan Minneapolis Lakers . Hartman ya taimaka wajen gina abin da zai zama daular farko a cikin [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]. == Mawallafin wasanni == Hartman ya kasance sananne, mai karantawa da yawa kuma mai jin labarin wasanni a duk lokacin da yake aiki. Shekaru ashirin, Hartman ya yi aiki a matsayin "radio da muryar bugawa na wasanni na Minnesota".Ginshiƙan da ya rubuta sun kasance masu ƙarfi a kan bayar da rahoto, yayin da rubuce-rubucen ba su da sha'awa. Dick Cullum, editan farko na Hartman, ya bayyana shi kamar haka: "Wasu rubuce-rubuce suna da tsabar kudi goma sha biyu, amma ba za a iya samun manema labarai ba".Steve Rushin na Sports Illustrated ya lura cewa "Turanci wani lokacin ya zama harshen sa na biyu".A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1945, Hartman ya rubuta shafi na farko don jaridar Minneapolis '''Star Tribune'' kuma zai ci gaba da rubuta ginshiƙai tare da jaridar har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 2020. <ref name="salutesid" /> Daga 1955 har zuwa mutuwarsa, Hartman ya kuma bayyana a matsayin mai ba da labari a rediyo da kuma mai sharhi a Rediyon WCCO na Minneapolis. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikin salon sa - sau da yawa ana nuna shi ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na gida da sauran mutanen rediyo - shine al'adarsa yayin da yake hira da wani dan wasan da ke magana da shi a matsayin "abokina na kusa". A cikin shekaru, "abokansa na kusa" sun haɗa da George Steinbrenner, [[Bob Knight]], Lou Holtz, da Carl Yastrzemski. == Kyauta == An bayyana wani mutum-mutumi na Hartman a waje da Cibiyar Target a cikin garin Minneapolis a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2010. [1] Minnesota Vikings sun girmama Hartman ta hanyar sanya sunan shigar da kafofin watsa labarai a Filin wasa na Bankin Amurka bayan shi, tare da hotuna na Hartman yana yin ado da ƙofar kafofin watsa labarai na filin wasa na bankin Amurka. Sun kuma ba da sunan ɗakin hira a sabon wurin aikinsu a Eagan, Minnesota, don girmama shi.[2] Bugu da ƙari, an sanya wa pizza - Sid's Special - suna don girmama shi a gidan cin abinci na Italiyanci Vescio's a Dinkytown, Minneapolis (an rufe shi a watan Maris na 2018). [3] Wani mutum-mutumi na Hartman kuma yana waje da filin Target . [4] Baya ga samun ɗakin kafofin watsa labarai a filin wasa na Bankin Amurka mai suna don girmama shi, Hartman zai kuma sami ɗakunan kafofin watsa labarai na Target Field mai suna don darajarsa.[4] Jami'ar Minnesota ta sake ba da sunan akwatin manema labarai a gidan kwallon kafa na TCF Bank Stadium Sid Hartman Press Box a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2018. Jami'ar ta fitar da sanarwar manema labarai da ta ƙare da, "The Sid Hartman Press Box kyauta ce ga aikinsa, rayuwarsa da gadonsa". == Rayuwa ta mutum == Sunan Hartman yana cikin dubban dubban a cikin jerin abokan ciniki na Ponzi Bernie Madoff. Ba a san yawan kuɗin ba, idan akwai, Hartman ya rasa tare da Madoff lokacin da aka fallasa zamba na dala biliyan 50 a ƙarshen shekara ta 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phelps |first=David |last2=Alexander |first2=Steve |date=June 29, 2009 |title=Hundreds in Minnesota are Madoff clients |url=https://www.startribune.com/hundreds-in-minnesota-are-madoff-clients/39143327/ |website=Star Tribune |access-date=September 17, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260918062604/https://www.startribune.com/hundreds-in-minnesota-are-madoff-clients/39143327 |archive-date=September 18, 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref>&nbsp; Hartman ya auri Barbara Balfour a shekarar 1964. Daga baya sun sake aure a shekara ta 1972. <ref name="sidexandfam" /> Dan Hartman Chad Hartman kuma yana da shirin rediyo a WCCO. Ya kuma haifi 'yar da aka karɓa.<ref name="sidexandfam" /> Hartman ya bayyana tsohon dan wasan Lakers, tsohon kocin Vikings kuma baƙon rediyo mai yawa [[Bud Grant]], wanda ya san shi tun 1945, a matsayin "aboki na kusa". Shi ne kuma wanda ya gabatar da Grant a cikin Hall of Fame na Pro Football a shekarar 1994. <ref name="salutesid" /> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2016, an kwantar da Hartman a asibiti a Minneapolis bayan ya fadi ya karya cinyarsa ta dama.<ref name="fall">{{Cite web |last=Andy Greder |date=December 18, 2016 |title=Star Tribune columnist Sid Hartman, 96, hospitalized |url=http://www.twincities.com/2016/12/18/star-tribune-columnist-sid-hartman-hospitalized-with-a-broken-hip/ |access-date=December 29, 2016 |publisher=Twin Cities Pioneer Press.com}}</ref> An yi masa tiyata don gyara cinyarsa washegari. A sakamakon haka, Hartman ya sanar da cewa za a sanya ginshiƙansa a kan hutu.<ref name="fall" /> Ya koma aiki a ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2017, yana halartar taron manema labarai na sabon kocin kwallon kafa na Gophers P. J. Fleck . Hartman ya cika shekaru 100 a watan Maris 2020. Yana da layi 21,149 a wannan lokacin. Minnesota Twins Hall of Famer Rod Carew ya bayyana Hartman a matsayin "aboki" kuma "mutumin da na amince da shi kawai lokacin da nake [a Minnesota], wanda zan iya magana da shi kuma kada in damu da shi".<ref name="sid100" />Mai tsaron gida na Minnesota Vikings Hall of Fame Fran Tarkenton ya bayyana Hartman a matsayin "aboki mafi kyau a Minnesota" kuma "babban ɗan jarida, mai gaskiya, ɗan jarida mai zuwa, ɗan jaridar wasanni da na taɓa sani".<ref name="sid100" /> Hartman ya kuma sadu da sanannen mawaƙi na gida Prince a lokacin da yake shirin wasan kwaikwayo na Super Bowl XLI na 2007. == Mutuwa == A ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2020, Hartman ya mutu yana da shekaru 100. Shafinsa na karshe, tattaunawa tare da mai karɓar Minnesota Vikings Adam Thielen, ''Star Tribune'' ne ya buga shi a wannan rana. Thielen, Vikings Hall of Famer Randy Moss da masu mallakar Vikings Markus da Zygi Wilf suna daga cikin wadanda suka biya haraji, tare da 'yan wasan Minnesota Twins da masu gudanarwa da yawa, Minnesota Timberwolves da mai mallakar Lynx Glen Taylor, kocin Timberwolbes Ryan Saunders, masu magana da yawun kungiyar kwallon kwando da kwallon kafa ta Minnesota Golden Gophers da gwamnan Minnesota Tim Walz. == Ayyuka == Hartman ya wallafa littattafai biyu: * Sai dai! : The Sports Legends, the Inside Scoops, and the Close Personal Friends wani Tarihin rayuwar Sid Hartman ne.<ref name="Levy 1997">{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Paul |date=July 27, 1997 |title=Simply Sid; Sid Hartman says in his new autobiography that he doesn't think there are enough geniuses to duplicate his imprint on the newspaper business |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62613724.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110032742/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-62613724.html |archive-date=January 10, 2016 |access-date=January 5, 2016 |website=Star Tribune |via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref> Littafin ya tattauna yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a fagen wasanni na Minnesota daga 1940 zuwa gaba. * ''Sid Hartman's Great Minnesota Sports Moments'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7gw5e14d3v1x0w1t6p41qx874efdlru 0 173528 963882 943638 2026-10-06T14:50:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rettet die Naturvölker (Ceton mutanen yanayi, raguwa: '''RdN''') kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Jamus wacce ke aiki a fagen kare hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Da farko an san shi da Freunde der Naturvölker ('''FdN'''), ta amfani da sunayen Ingilishi na hukuma Friends of People Close to Nature ('''fPcN''') da '''fPcN InterCultural''', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Infos: Naturvölker, Indigene Völker und Stammesvölker weltweit helfen - Über Uns |url=http://www.naturvoelker.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=4&Itemid=38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216041234/http://www.naturvoelker.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=section&id=4&Itemid=38 |archive-date=2012-02-16 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.naturvoelker.org}}</ref> Hartmut Heller ne ya kafa shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1991, hedkwatar sa a Lauenburg. Tun bayan rasuwar wanda ya kafa shi kuma shugaban farko a shekara ta 2003, an kafa hedikwatar fPcN a Ludwigslust. Ya zuwa 2025, kujerun sa na yanzu sune Arne Salisch da Katarina Respondek . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Impressum |url=https://naturvoelker.de/impressum/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Rettet die Naturvölker e.V. |language=de}}</ref> Ana gudanar da kamfen ɗin fPcN a matakin duniya, tare da membobin da ke tafiya zuwa [[Gabashin Afirka]], da gandun daji na Amazon da [[Filipin|Philippines]]. == Aikin == fPcN yana ganin "matsalar" 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke kwance a cikin tilasta wa' yan kasashen waje kuma ba a cikin rashi na hanyar rayuwarsu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-04-01 |title=German NGOs - making a difference |url=http://www.german-info.com/press_shownews.php?pid=2409 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711090605/https://www.german-info.com/press_shownews.php?pid=2409 |archive-date=2011-07-11 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=german-info.com |publisher=German Information Centre New Delhi}}</ref> == Fim din == fPcN ta samar da shirye-shiryen filin da yawa game da gwagwarmayar mutanen asalin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EngageMedia |url=http://www.engagemedia.org/author/fPcN_interCultural |access-date=2019-08-20 |website=www.engagemedia.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723184007/http://www.engagemedia.org/author/fPcN_interCultural |archive-date=2019-07-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet Archive Search: fpcn |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=fpcn |access-date=2019-08-28 |website=archive.org |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 1998, fPcN ta samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim game da Mutanen Aeta, wanda ake kira Save the Savages, game da mutanen kabilanci a [[Filipin|Philippines]]. Fim din ya yaba da hanyar rayuwar hadin gwiwar mutane da kuma yadda ake barazana ga su ta hanyar katako da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. fPcN ta shiga cikin yin shirye-shirye da yawa game da gwagwarmayar mutanen yankin Yammacin Papua, wanda [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] ke gudanarwa. Blood On the Cross wani shirin ABC ne na 1999 game da sa hannun [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]] a cikin Asusun Gidajen namun daji na Duniya a cikin 1996 da kuma alaƙar da ake zargi da kisan 'yan asalin ƙasar West Papua. Mark Davis yayi bincike kan zarge-zargen game da rawar da kungiyar Red Cross ta Duniya da sojojin Burtaniya suka taka a wani kisan kiyashi a kudancin tsaunuka na Yammacin Papua a watan Mayu 1996. Red Cross daga baya ta kafa bincike mai zaman kansa game da ikirarin, wanda ya gano cewa ba daidai ba ne. A shekara ta 2003, fPcN ta fitar da shirin ''Papua Merdeka'' (Papua Free), game da gwagwarmayar kasashe da kabilu na Yammacin Papua don samun 'yancin kai daga mulkin Indonesiya. Ya haɗa da tarihin abubuwan da suka faru da ke nuna kuri'un [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] wanda ya ba da damar ci gaba da mulkin mallaka da amfani da albarkatun su. A cikin shekara ta 2007, fPcN ta fitar da shirin West Papua - Yakin sirri a Asiya game da yakin da aka yi da mutanen kabilanci a New Guinea . Ya bayyana yadda Indonesia ta yi amfani da Yammacin Papua tare da kamfanoni na kasa da kasa da kuma tashin hankali na rashin amincewa. Akalla 100,000 Papuans sun rasa rayukansu a wannan rikici.<ref name="fpcnvideos" /> Forgotten Bird of Paradise wani shirin da aka yi tare da taimakon al'adu da hadin kai na fPcN, wanda aka saki a cikin 2009. An yi fim a ɓoye a Yammacin Papua 2008, wannan shirin ya nuna ƙoƙarin mutanen Yammacin Papuan na tsayayya da mamayar ƙasar kakanninsu.<ref name="fpcnvideos" /> Film ɗin Prisoners of a White God shiri ne na gaskiya game da mutanen Akha, wanda Twin Star ta shirya kuma ta rarraba a watan Satumba na 2008. Ta lashe kyautar Grand Prix a bikin fina-finai na RAFF, a bikin Ecofilm, a bikin fina-finan tsaunuka, a bikin fina-finai na "It's Up To You" da kuma babbar kyautar a Ekotopfilm a shekarar 2008. [ana buƙatar hujja] Labari ne game da wani mai bincike ɗan ƙasar Czech wanda ya je tsaunukan Thailand da Laosen domin ya bincika da kuma rubuta musabbabin zargin aikata ba daidai ba da kuma cin zarafin da Kiristoci masu wa'azin bishara suka yi wa 'yan asalin ƙasar da 'ya'yansu. == Dubi kuma == * 'Yan asalin ƙasar * Rikicin Papua * [[Turawan mulkin mallaka|Mulkin mallaka]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] izhowu3ivkc3p5ogljx4rth64wk47sq 0 173535 964148 943663 2026-10-07T03:14:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Erling Ozer Schild''' ( [[Ibrananci]] : עוזר שילד; 25 ga Satumba, 1930 - 2006), wani malamin Isra'ila haifaffen Danish, shi ne shugaban Jami'ar Haifa kuma shugaban Kwalejin Yahudiya da Samariya, wanda aka sani da "Kwalejin Ariel". <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |last=Dromi |first=Uri |date=December 21, 2006 |title=Professor Ozer Schild, 1930-2006 / He Devoted His Life to Higher Education |url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.4941801 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426054149/https://www.haaretz.com/2006-12-21/ty-article/professor-ozer-schild-1930-2006-he-devoted-his-life-to-higher-education/0000017f-dc40-db5a-a57f-dc6a1fc50000 |archive-date=April 26, 2025 |website=Haaretz}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Schild a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] . <ref name="auto3" /> Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Bayahude ɗan Orthodox kafin [[The Holocaust|kisan kiyashin Holocaust]], kuma ba shi da alaƙa da shi bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . A lokacin kisan kiyashin Holocaust, ya ɓoye a ƙarƙashin wani ƙarya a Copenhagen, da kuma a Saunte, Denmark. <ref name="auto" /> Ya kammala digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Copenhagen a shekarar 1957, sannan ya zama aliyah kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa Isra'ila a wannan shekarar. <ref name="auto3" /> A shekarar 1965, ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Ibraniyawa ta Kudus|Jami'ar Ibrananci ta Urushalima]] . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> Bayan kammala karatun digirin digirgir a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins da ke Baltimore, Maryland, ya koma Isra'ila a shekarar 1968 don jagorantar Sashen Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam a Jami'ar Hebrew. <ref name="auto3" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Psychology &#124; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem &#124; About us &#124; History of the department |url=http://old.psychology.huji.ac.il/en/?cmd=About.112 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118152302/http://old.psychology.huji.ac.il/en/?cmd=About.112 |archive-date=2020-01-18 |access-date=2020-02-09 |website=old.psychology.huji.ac.il}}</ref> Tare da Daniel Kahneman, Schild ya yi aikin sa kai don taimakawa Kwalejin Jiragen Sama ta Isra'ila wajen inganta zaɓenta da hanyoyin horarwa. <ref name="auto3" /> A shekarar 1973, ya koma Beer Sheva don yin aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Kula da Dan Adam a Jami'ar Ben-Gurion ta Negev . <ref name="auto3" /> A shekarar 1974, an naɗa shi Babban Masanin Kimiyya na Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Isra'ila . <ref name="auto3" /> A shekarar 1976, Schild ya koma Jami'ar Haifa don jagorantar Makarantar Ilimi. <ref name="auto3" /> A shekarar 1978 aka naɗa shi shugaban jami'ar. <ref name="auto3" /> An naɗa Schild a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Haifa a shekarar 1990. <ref name="auto3" /> A watan Oktoban 1993, Schild, wanda ke da wa'adin shekaru huɗu a gabansa, ya yi murabus daga shugabancin Jami'ar Haifa ya kuma ƙaura daga Haifa zuwa Ariel . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=November 3, 1993 |title=Head of Haifa U. Moving to West Bank Israeli College |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Head-of-Haifa-U-Moving-to/93569 |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education}}</ref> <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=January 21, 1994 |title=Getting off the Sidelines |url=https://digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1994.01.21.001/28 |website=The Detroit Jewish News - Image 28 |access-date=September 17, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426052827/https://digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1994.01.21.001/28 |archive-date=April 26, 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A Kwalejin Judea and Samariya, wadda aka fi sani da "Ariel College," Schild ya koyar da ƙididdiga da hanyoyin bincike. <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto1" /> <ref name="auto2" /> Daga baya ya zama shugaban kwalejin da ke can. <ref name="auto3" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] pf7uq4960ip7odpe6thv00t3ribfpma 0 173544 963944 944806 2026-10-06T17:04:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rokiškis''' ( pronunciation ⓘ ) birni ne a arewa maso gabashin [[Lithuania]], kusa da kan iyakar Latvia-Lithuania, yana da yawan jama'a 11,606 (2023). <ref name="RokiskisVle">{{Cite web |title=Rokiškis |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/rokiskis/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |language=lt}}</ref> Birnin babban birnin gundumar Rokiškis ne mai yawan jama'a 28,715 (2021). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pradžia |url=https://rokiskis.lt/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Rokiškio rajono savivaldybė |language=lt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gyventojai gyvenamosiose vietovėse: Lietuvos Respublikos 2021 metų gyventojų surašymo rezultatai |url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/9601028/Gyventojai_gyvenamosiose_vietovese.xlsx |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=osp.stat.gov.lt |language=lt |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307204851/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/9601028/Gyventojai_gyvenamosiose_vietovese.xlsx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dattawan birnin Rokiškis ne ke mulkinta. An kafa tsakiyar birnin (Tsohon Garin Rokiškis) a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 lokacin da dangin Tyzenhauz ke mulkin Rokiškis. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepriklausomybės aikštė Rokiškio senamiestyje |url=https://www.rokiskiotic.lt/objektai/nepriklausomybes-aikste-rokiskio-senamiestyje |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Rokiškio turizmo informacijos centras |language=lt}}</ref> Gidan Rokiškis da Cocin St. Matthew misalai ne masu mahimmanci na gine-ginen ƙarni na 19 a Lithuania da kuma hanyar da masu tafiya a ƙasa ta tsakiyar dandalin Independence da Titin Tyzenhauzų suka haɗa Cocin da Fadar Manor. <ref name="RokiskioarchVle">{{Cite web |title=Rokiškio architektūra |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/rokiskio-architektura/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |language=lt}}</ref> <ref name="BaznyciaSekunde">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2013 |title=Rokiškio bažnyčia – didžiausias grafų palikimo perlas |url=https://sekunde.lt/leidinys/sekunde/rokiskio-baznycia-didziausias-grafu-palikimo-perlas/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Sekunde.lt |language=lt}}</ref> <ref name="Rokiskiodvaras">{{Cite web |date=25 November 2024 |title=Rokiškio dvaro ansamblis |url=https://www.muziejusrokiskyje.lt/rokiskio-dvaro-ansamblis |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Rokiškio krašto muziejus |language=lt-LT}}</ref> Kogin Laukupė yana gudana ta cikin birnin. <ref name="RokiskisVle" /> == Tarihi == [[File:1501._Roman_Catholic_churches_within_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania,_where_the_priests_must_know_the_Lithuanian_language.svg|left|thumb|200x200px| Rokiškis wuri ne da ɗaya daga cikin majami'un Roman Katolika ke zaune, inda firistoci suka san yaren Lithuania a cewar Babban Duke na Lithuania Alexander Jagiellon a shekara ta 1501.]] Tatsuniya game da kafa Rokiškis ta ba da labarin wani mafarauci mai suna Rokas wanda ya kasance yana farautar zomo ( a zahiri "kiškis"). Duk da haka, biranen da suka ƙare da "-kiškis" suna da farin jini sosai a yankin. An fara ambaton gidan Rokiškis a shekarar 1499 lokacin da wani fitaccen ɗan ƙasar Lithuania mai {{Interlanguage link|Grigalius Astikas|lt}} ya mulki shi. . <ref name="RokiskioIstorijaVle">{{Cite web |title=Rokiškio istorija |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/rokiskio-istorija/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |language=lt}}</ref> Da farko, gidan Yarima Kroszyński ne, daga baya Tyzenhaus ya gina cocin neogothic na St. Matthew da Rokiškis Manor, wanda aka kiyaye shi sosai a yau kuma yana ɗauke da Gidan Tarihi na Yankin Rokiškis. <ref name="RokiskioarchVle" /> <ref name="BaznyciaSekunde" /> <ref name="Rokiskiodvaras" /> An tsara garin ne ta hanyar gargajiya . <ref name="RokiskioarchVle" /> Rokiškis wani ɓangare ne na Grand Duchy na Lithuania wanda daga baya ya kasance wani ɓangare na Commonwealth na Poland-Lithuania har zuwa 1795 lokacin da aka raba ta daga wanzuwa kuma aka haɗa Rokiškis da Daular Rasha . <ref name="RokiskioIstorijaVle" /> An haɗa Rokiškis a cikin Gundumar Vilna, har zuwa 1843 lokacin da aka mayar da Gundumar Zarasai zuwa sabuwar Gundumar Kovno da aka kafa. Tun daga shekarar 1873, iyalin Tyzenhaus suka ɗauki nauyin Makarantar Kiɗa ta Rokiškis wadda ta fara aiki har zuwa shekarar 1904 kuma ta mai da hankali kan shirya masu koyar da organism na coci, duk da haka, wasu fitattun mawakan Lithuania da suka fito daga yaƙi sun kasance tsofaffin mawakan (misali Mikas Petrauskas, Juozas Gruodis, Juozas Tallat-Kelpša, da sauransu). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jurkštas |first=Vytautas Povilas |title=Rokiškio muzikos mokykla |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/rokiskio-muzikos-mokykla/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |language=lt}}</ref> Birnin ya fara bunƙasa a shekarar 1873 lokacin da aka gina reshe na layin dogo na Libava-Romny wanda ya haɗa Dinaburg/ Daugavpils zuwa gabas da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Baltic ta Libava/ Liepāja wadda ba ta da ƙanƙara. <ref name="RokiskioIstorijaVle" /> [[File:Independence_Monument_in_Rokiskis_(1931).jpg|left|thumb| Buɗe Abin Tunawa na Cika Shekaru 10 da Samun 'Yanci a Rokiškis, a shekarar 1931. Mazauna Rokiškis ne suka ɗauki nauyin wannan abin tunawa kuma suka jure wa mamayar Soviet . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2020 |title=Atspindžiai. Paveldo kolekcija. Sovietų naikinti istorinės atminties sergėtojai – tarpukario paminklai, žymėję svarbiausius Lietuvos įvykius |url=https://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/irasas/2000089706/atspindziai-paveldo-kolekcija-sovietu-naikinti-istorines-atminties-sergetojai-tarpukario-paminklai-zymeje-svarbiausius-lietuvos-ivykius |access-date=9 February 2020 |website=[[Lithuanian National Radio and Television]] |language=lt}}</ref>]] A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1915, sojojin Jamus na Daular Musulunci suka mamaye birnin. A farkon shekarar 1919, rundunar sojin Red Army ta mamaye Rokiškis, amma a watan Yunin shekarar 1919, rundunar sojin Lithuania ta 'yantar da ita daga hannun Soviet a lokacin Yaƙin Lithuania da Soviet kuma ta zama wani ɓangare na Jamhuriyar Lithuania. <ref name="RokiskioIstorijaVle" /> An ba Rokiškis haƙƙin birni a cikin 1920. <ref name="RokiskioIstorijaVle" /> Saboda rashin jituwa tsakanin Lithuania da sabuwar Jamhuriyar [[Poland]] da [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] da aka kafa, Rokiškis ya kasance mai zaman kansa a fannin tattalin arziki a lokacin yakin basasa. Tsararru shida na dangin Komorowski sun mallaki {{Interlanguage link|Kavoliškio dvaras|lt}} a kusa da {{Interlanguage link|Kavoliškis|lt}}ƙauyen har zuwa 1940 lokacin da Soviets suka mamaye Lithuania . <ref name="Pilieciai">{{Cite web |title=Rokiškio krašto garbės piliečiai |url=https://www.rokiskis.rvb.lt/rokiskio-krasto-garbes-pilieciai/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Rokiškio rajono savivaldybės Juozo Keliuočio viešoji biblioteka |language=lt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Grafų Komorovskių pėdsakais |url=https://www.muziejusrokiskyje.lt/apie-muzieju/ekspedicijos-tyrimai/grafu-komorovskiu-pedsakais |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Rokiškio krašto muziejus |language=lt}}</ref> <ref name="Minkeviciene">{{Cite web |last=Minkevičienė |first=Aldona |title=Grafai Komorovskiai – lietuvybės puoselėtojai |url=https://www.15min.lt/kultura/naujiena/asmenybe/grafai-komorovskiai-lietuvybes-puoseletojai-285-626081 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=[[15min.lt]] |language=lt}}</ref> Bronisław Komorowski, Shugaban Poland a 2010-2015, wanda kakansa {{Interlanguage link|Juliusz Komorowski|pl}} shine mamallakin Komorowski na ƙarshe na Kavoliškis Manor, ɗan ƙasa ne mai daraja na Rokiškis wanda da kansa ya ziyarci Rokiškis kuma ya ba da takardu da hotuna masu mahimmanci na tarihi ga Gidan Tarihi na Yankin Rokiškis. <ref name="Pilieciai" /> <ref name="Minkeviciene" /> Bayan da Soviet ta sake mamaye Lithuania a shekarar 1944, 'yan jam'iyyar Lithuania sun yi yaƙi da Sojojin Soviet a yankin Rokiškis. <ref name="RokiskioIstorijaVle" /> A cikin 1950, Rokiškis ya zama cibiyar gundumar Rokiškis. <ref name="RokiskioIstorijaVle" /> A cikin shekarun 1980, Rokiškis ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi, al'adu, da kiwon lafiya a Arewacin Lithuania. <ref name="RokiskioIstorijaVle" /> Tun daga watan Agusta na shekarar 1988, mazauna Rokiškis suka goyi bayan ƙungiyar Sąjūdis, kuma a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, shekarar 1988, suka ɗaga tutar ƙasar Lithuania . <ref name="RokiskioIstorijaVle" /> Bayan sake kafa Jihar Lithuania a shekarar 1990, an sami sauye-sauye a tattalin arziki a Rokiškis kuma an rufe wasu tsoffin kamfanoni, duk da haka sabbin kamfanoni suma sun fara kasuwancinsu (misali a shekarar 1992 aka kafa Rokiškio sūris, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da kayayyakin kiwo a Lithuania kuma mafi girman mai samar da [[cuku]] a jihohin Baltic ). <ref name="RokiskioIstorijaVle" /> <ref name="Rs">{{Cite web |title=Rokiškio sūris |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/rokiskio-suris/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |language=lt}}</ref> Makarantar kiɗa da aka sanya wa suna bayan mawakin Czech {{Interlanguage link|Rudolf Liehmann|cs}}, wanda ya yi aiki a Makarantar Kiɗa ta Rokiškis da Tyzenhaus ke bayarwa, yana aiki a Rokiškis. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Istorija |url=https://mm.rokiskis.lm.lt/mokyklos-istorija/ |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=Rokiškio Rudolfo Lymano muzikos mokykla |language=lt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222135642/https://mm.rokiskis.lm.lt/mokyklos-istorija/ |archive-date=22 December 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Alamar makamai == [[File:Close_up_Freedom_Momument,_Rokiskis.JPG|left|thumb|270x270px| Abin tunawa da 'Yanci a Rokiškis]] An tsara makamai na farko na birnin a shekarar 1970 amma an soke su a wannan shekarar. An amince da yarjejeniyar makamai ta yanzu a shekarar 1993. An raba garkuwar zuwa kashi 4. 3 daga cikin kwata suna nuna iyalai 3 da suka mulki birnin: candelabrum yana wakiltar dangin [[Kroszinski]] ; bijimin alama ce ta dangin Tyzenhaus, kuma an ɗauki sanduna uku da fleur-de-lis daga hannun dangin Przezdziecki . Kashi na huɗu yana nuna organ ɗin da ke cikin Cocin St. Matthew kuma yana nuna tarihin kiɗan birnin (duba Makarantar Kiɗa ta Rokiškis ). == Masana'antu == A ƙarni na 19, Rokiškis yana kan layin dogo na Daugavpils-Liepaja, kuma a lokacin ƙarni na 19, ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci ga babban yankin karkara da kuma wurin fitar da itace, hatsi, da flax. Rokiškis sananne ne saboda cukuwar sa. "Rokiškio sūris" yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin kera cuku a Lithuania. <ref name="Rs" /> Ya girma ne daga ƙaramin kiwo na gida da aka kafa a shekarar 1925. A shekarar 1964, Soviets sun gina wata masana'anta ta musamman. <ref name="Rs" /> A halin yanzu bayan sake ginawa da saka hannun jari a ƙasashen waje, tallace-tallacen sa sun kai Yuro miliyan 233 a shekarar 2021. <ref name="Rs" /> Kimanin kashi 70% na samarwa ana sayar da su ne a kasuwannin ƙasashen waje, galibi ga [[Italiya]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[Jamus]], [[Laitfiya|Latvia]], da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . <ref name="Rs" /> Kamfanin yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen ɗaukar ma'aikata a yankin. <ref name="Rs" /> Haka kuma muhimmin mai goyon bayan shirye-shiryen al'umma ne. == Tarihin Yahudawa == Akwai wata al'umma mai cike da jama'a ta Yahudawa a Rokiškis ( Yiddish ) tsawon ɗaruruwan shekaru. Matsugunin Yahudawa na farko ya kasance kafin 1574 kuma yana nan a wurin da ake kira tsohon makabartar Yahudawa (kimanin rabin kilomita kudu maso yamma daga dandalin kasuwa) har zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1700, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pinkas Hakehillot Lita: Rokiskis |url=http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/pinkas_lita/lit_00646.html}}</ref> lokacin da al'ummar suka ƙaura zuwa yankin kusa da dandalin kasuwa da Titin Kamai (wanda yanzu ake kira Respublikos gatvė). A shekara ta 1847 akwai Yahudawa 593 a garin, kuma a shekara ta 1897 akwai Yahudawa 2,067 (75% na jimillar yawan jama'a). Al'ummar tana da ƙungiyar Hasidic mai ƙarfi tare da Lubavitch, Babroiser, da Ladier shuls. Duk da haka, a farkon ƙarni na 20, haskalah ( Haskalah ) ya yi tasiri kuma makarantar Yahudawa mai darussa na addini ta fara, wasu ɗaliban Yahudawa sun halarci dakin motsa jiki a Rokiškis da Dvinsk, kuma a shekarar 1910 aka kafa dakin motsa jiki na Rasha don ɗaliban Yahudawa. Akwai kuma wani gagarumin juyin juya hali a cikin al'umma. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sdlw2so5kafmut4nsxfl88xqhfusuz9 0 173588 964131 945535 2026-10-07T00:40:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Scuderie Detetive Le Cocq ko Esquadrão Le Cocq kungiya ce ta Sojoji da jami'an 'yan sanda suka kirkira a Rio de Janeiro a shekara ta 1965 kuma wacce ke aiki galibi a cikin shekarun 1960, 1970 da 1980, an kashe ta hanyar umarnin kotu a shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-01 |title=Camiseta de esquadrão da morte é vendida nos Jardins, em SP |url=http://www.pavablog.com/2011/08/01/camiseta-de-esquadrao-da-itlemorte-e-vendida-nos-jardins-em-sp/ |access-date=1 August 2011 |website=Pavablogue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2004 |title=Justiça Federal determina extinção da Scuderie Le Cocq |url=http://www.conjur.com.br/2004-dez-11/justica_federal_determina_extincao_scuderie_le_cocq |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=Consultor Jurídico |language=pt-BR}}</ref> Wannan kungiyar ta kashe akalla mutane 1,500 a Espírito Santo kuma an dauke ta kungiyar kisan gilla ta farko a Rio de Janeiro kuma mafi shahara a Brazil. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-04 |title=Uma breve história de Ronnie Lessa, o acusado de matar Marielle |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/epoca/uma-breve-historia-de-ronnie-lessa-acusado-de-matar-marielle-23572452 |access-date=2023-08-18 |website=Época |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2020 |title=A polícia toma o poder |url=https://piaui.folha.uol.com.br/policia-toma-o-poder/ |access-date=2020-12-22 |website=Piauí |publisher=UOL |language=pt-BR |via=Folha}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2015, jami'an 'yan sanda ta amfani da sunan kungiyar, a ƙarƙashin sunan Associação Filantrópica Scuderie Detetive Le Cocq, sun gudanar da kamfen ɗin takarda don ƙarfafa amfani da hotline.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=Le Cocq gerou o Esquadrão da Morte e 'parcerias' com os bicheiros do Rio |url=https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/le-cocq-gerou-o-esquadrao-da-morte-e-parcerias-com-os-bicheiros-do-rio-29062022/}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kirkiro Scuderie Le Cocq ne don rama mutuwar Milton Le Cocq, sanannen jami'in 'yan sanda daga jihar Rio de Janeiro (tsohon Gundumar Tarayya memba na mai tsaron Getúlio Vargas kuma dan uwan Brigadier Eduardo Gomes. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 1974 |title=Dez Anos de Saudade |url=http://memoria.bn.gov.br/DocReader/Hotpage/HotpageBN.aspx?bib=123307&pagfis=2122 |access-date=2015-07-05 |website=Opinião |publisher=Inúbia |via=Biblioteca nacional |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251023224055/https://memoria.bn.gov.br/DocReader/Hotpage/HotpageBN.aspx?bib=123307&pagfis=2122 |archive-date=2025-10-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An yi zargin cewa Manoel Moreira, wanda aka fi sani da Cara de Cavalo, mai aikata laifuka wanda ke aiki a Favela do Esqueleto a cikin shekarun 1960, yayin da yake kare bankunan daga Wasan caca na dabba don kada a sace wuraren caca.<ref name="bib2">{{Cite web |last=Leitão |first=Alexandre |date=16 July 2014 |title=A Scuderie Le Coq |url=http://www.revistadehistoria.com.br/secao/artigos/a-scuderie-le-cocq |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831193733/http://www.revistadehistoria.com.br/secao/artigos/a-scuderie-le-cocq |archive-date=2016-08-31 |access-date=3 February 2016 |website=Revista da Biblioteca Nacional}}</ref> A cewar rahotanni a lokacin, duk da haka, Cara de Cavalo bai amsa harbe-harbe da Le Cocq da wasu jami'an 'yan sanda uku suka harba ba, kuma harbin da ya kashe mai binciken ya fito ne daga motar da yake ciki. Mutuwar ta tattara jami'an 'yan sanda da yawa waɗanda suka ba da kansu don shiga cikin binciken.<ref name="bib2" /> An gano Cara de Cavalo kuma an kashe shi bayan 'yan kwanaki, tare da fiye da harbe-harbe 50.<ref name="bib2" /> Daga cikin masu kisa akwai Luiz Mariano da José Guilherme Godinho Ferreira, wanda aka fi sani da Sivuca, wanda daga baya za a zabe shi Mataimakin jihar na Rio de Janeiro, tare da taken wani ɗan fashi mai kyau shine matattu, <ref name="bib2" /> daga baya an kara shi da kuma an binne shi tsaye, don kada ya ɗauki sarari mai yawa". <ref name=":0" /> Kalmomin EM a cikin makamai na Scuderie Le Cocq suna tsaye ne don Motorized Squad, wani bangare na 'yan sanda na musamman wanda mai bincike Milton Le Cocq ya kasance lokacin da yake memba na' yan sanda na musamman, ba [[Kungiyar kisa|ƙungiyar mutuwa]] ba.<ref name="bib2" /> Alamar Scuderie Le Cocq wani kwanyar ne a saman kasusuwa.<ref name="bib2" /> Tare da ƙarewar 'yan sanda na musamman, Le Cocq, tare da abokan aikinsa Sivuca da Euclides, sun koma' 'Yan sanda na gari.<ref name="bib2" /> == Maza Gwarzon Goma Biyu == Kungiyar ta jagoranci abin da ake kira "Mutanen Zinariya goma sha biyu", <ref name="AdepolRJ">{{Cite web |last=Adepol RJ |date=11 September 2015 |title=A lenda dos doze homens de ouro |url=http://www.adepolrj.com.br/adepol/noticia_dinamica.asp?id=17843 |access-date=2024-06-24 |archive-date=2024-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228150302/http://www.adepolrj.com.br/adepol/noticia_dinamica.asp?id=17843 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wadanda suka kasance sanannun jami'an 'yan sanda goma sha biyu da Sakataren Tsaron Jama'a na Rio de Janeiro, Luis França, ya zaba don "tsabtace" birnin da kuma kawar da masu laifi, masu canza tufafi da marasa gida. <ref name=":0" /> Kungiyar ta kunshi jami'an 'yan sanda masu zuwa: # Aníbal Beckman dos Santos, wanda aka fi sani da "Cartola" # Elinto Pires <ref name="AdepolRJ" /> # Euclid Haihuwar Marinho # Hélio Guahyba Nunes # Humberto de Matos # Jaime na Lima # José Guilherme Godinho, wanda aka fi sani da Sivuca # Lincoln Monteiro # Mariel Mariscot # Neils Kaufman, wanda aka fi sani da "Diabo Loiro" # Nelson Duarte # Vigmar Ribeiro == Manazarta == isk0du6gvpuwa8xv6yriffmuupsrxed 0 173776 964225 958587 2026-10-07T09:02:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sir Sydney Woolf Kentridge''' KCMG KC SCOB (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba 1922) lauya ne na Afirka ta Kudu, alƙali kuma memba na Bar na Ingila da Wales . Ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Afirka ta Kudu da Ingila daga shekarun 1940 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2013. A Afirka ta Kudu, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu manyan gwaje-gwaje na siyasa a zamanin wariyar launin fata, gami da Trial na [[Nelson Mandela]] da kuma binciken 1978 game da mutuwar [[Steve Biko]] . Matar Kentridge, [[Felicia Kentridge]], ita ma babbar lauya ce mai [[Internal resistance to apartheid|adawa da wariyar launin fata]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kentridge a shekara ta 1922 a [[Johannesburg]], ɗan lauyan [[Yahudawa]] da ɗan siyasa {{Interlanguage link|Morris Kentridge|af|}} (an haife shi Kantrovitch; 1881-1964).<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Glasgow :: Story :: Biography of Morris Kentridge |url=https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH24647&type=P |access-date=2026-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815154119/https://www.universitystory.gla.ac.uk/biography/?id=WH24647&type=P |archive-date=2022-08-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kentridge, Morris |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0012_0_11038.html |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref> Sydney Kentridge ta halarci Makarantar King Edward VII ta Johannesburg, kafin ta yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] . Ya kammala karatu a 1942, kuma ya yi aiki a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] a matsayin jami'in leken basira a cikin Sojojin Afirka ta Kudu a [[Gabashin Afirka]] da [[Italiya]].<ref name="Presidency">{{Cite web |title=Sir Sydney Kentridge |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7593 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215201043/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7593 |archive-date=15 February 2016 |access-date=2 February 2015 |publisher=Presidency of the Republic of South Africa}}</ref> BA yaƙin, ya halarci Kwalejin Exeter, Oxford, a kan kyautar tsohon soja, kuma ya kammala karatu tare da BA na farko a Jurisprudence a shekarar 1948. <ref name="Presidency" /> A shekara ta 1949, bayan ya yi aiki a takaice a matsayin magatakarda na alƙali, an shigar da Kentridge a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Babban Kotun Afirka ta Kudu. An nada shi Babban Mai ba da shawara a shekarar 1965. Ya zama babban lauyan karewa a cikin shari'o'in siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da wasu manyan shari'oʼinsa ciki har da Trial Trial (1956-61), inda ya kare [[Nelson Mandela]], da kuma Prisons Trial (1968-69). Wani abokin adawar wariyar launin fata, Kentridge ya wakilci masu lashe Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya guda uku a lokacin aikinsa - Mandela, [[Desmond Tutu]] da [[Albert Luthuli]] . A shekara ta 1978, ya wakilci dangin mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata [[Steve Biko|Stephen Biko]] a binciken da ya biyo bayan mutuwar Biko a hannun 'yan sanda a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1977. "Akwai shaidar da ba za a iya musantawa ba, "Kentridge ya ce a lokacin binciken, "cewa... Mista Biko ya shiga dakin tambayoyi da rai kuma yana da kyau...[amma] ya fito da lalacewar jiki da tunani. Ya mutu da mutuwa mai wahala da kaɗaici a gidan kurkuku mai sanyi. "[but]Ubangiji Alexander na Weedon ya rubuta game da aikinsa: "Ta hanyar rashin jin daɗi da kuma jarrabawar giciye, wani lokacin tare da ba'a mai ban sha'awa, Kentridge ya tabbatar da cewa wanda ya kafa Black Consciousness Movement an kashe shi ta hanyar zalunci na 'yan sanda. "A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na Burtaniya na 1984 na binciken Biko, Albert Finney ne ya nuna Kentridge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Biko Inquest (1984) |url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6f506b78 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725072111/http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6f506b78 |archive-date=25 July 2012 |access-date=4 March 2015 |publisher=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> Kentridge ta yi aiki a The English Bar tsakanin 1977 da 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2013 |title=Sir Sydney Kentridge QC Retires |url=http://www.charlescrawford.biz/blog/sir-sydney-kentridge-qc-retires |access-date=8 May 2013 |publisher=CharlesCrawford.biz}}</ref> kuma an nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Sarauniya a shekarar 1984. Ya zama Bencher na Lincoln's Inn a shekarar 1985. Ya kasance memba na Brick Court Chambers, babban tsarin [[Barristers' chambers|saita]]-linkid="143" href="./Commercial_law" id="mwXQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Commercial law">kasuwanci na London, kuma an dauke shi a matsayin "tsohon dan majalisa" na Bar na Ingila kafin ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2013. Daga cikin sanannun shari'o'insa a Burtaniya shine nasarar da ya samu na kare P & O Ferries game da zargin kisan kai a bayan bala'in jirgin ruwa na Zeebrugge na 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2004 |title=Mandela's QC goes into battle for the hunters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/oct/04/hunting.ruralaffairs |access-date=2 February 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Kentridge ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin alƙali a wasu hukunce-hukunce, yana zaune a matsayin Alkalin daukaka kara a [[Botswana]] (1981-89), a matsayin Alƙali na [[Kotun daukaka kara|Kotunan daukaka kara]] na [[Jersey]] da Guernsey (1988-92) kuma a matsayin Wakilin Alƙali ya Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Afirka ta Kudu (1995-96). A farkon shekarun 2000, ya kuma kasance lauyan [[Abdullah Öcalan]] a aikace-aikacensa ga Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai (ECHR). <ref>{{Cite journal |year=2003 |title=European Court of Human Rights (ECHR): Öcalan v. Turkey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20694349 |journal=International Legal Materials |volume=42 |issue=2 |page=259 |issn=0020-7829 |jstor=20694349}}</ref> == Daraja == Kentridge kwamandan Knight ne na British Order of St Michael da St George (1999) kuma Babban Mai ba da shawara na South African Order of the Baobab in Gold (2008).[1][2] An ba shi lambar yabo ta LL.D. ta Jami'o'in Leicester (1985), Cape Town (1987), Natal (1989), Landan (1995), Sussex (1997), Witwatersrand (2000) da Buckingham (2009). An zabe shi a matsayin mai girmamawa na Kwalejin Exeter, Oxford - alma mater - a shekarar 1986. [3] Ya kuma kasance Fellow na Cibiyar Nazarin Shari'a ta Ci gaba (1997), Fellow na girmamawa na Kwalejin Lauyoyin Shari'a na Amurka (1998) kuma memba na girmamawa ne na New York City Bar Association (2001). A watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, an yi hira da Kentridge a gidan rediyo na Burtaniya na Desert Island Discs . [4] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2013, ya sami lambar yabo ta rayuwa a bikin kaddamar da Halsbury Legal Awards.[5] Majalisar Babban Lauyan Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da kyautar shekara-shekara a cikin sunan Kentridge, lambar yabo ta Sydney da Felicia Kentridge, don ƙwarewa a cikin dokar fa'idar jama'a.[6] A watan Nuwamba 2020, yana da shekaru 98, Kentridge ya sami lambar yabo ta [[Helen Suzman]] Lifetime Achievement a Absa Jewish Achiever Awards, don nuna godiya ga aikin lauya a Afirka ta Kudu da Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2020 |title=Sir Sydney Kentridge: real-life hero at the bar |url=https://www.sajr.co.za/news-and-articles/2020/12/03/sir-sydney-kentridge-real-life-hero-at-the-bar |access-date=24 December 2020 |publisher=South African Jewish Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205121519/https://www.sajr.co.za/news-and-articles/2020/12/03/sir-sydney-kentridge-real-life-hero-at-the-bar |archive-date=5 December 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An buga tarihin Kentridge da ke mai da hankali kan manyan shari'o'in wariyar launin fata, wanda Thomas Grant QC ya rubuta, a watan Yulin 2022. A shekara ta 2024, a bikin cin abincin dare na bikin cika shekaru 120 na Hukumar Yahudawa ta Afirka ta Kudu, an girmama shi tsakanin manyan Yahudawa 100 na Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga Afirka ta Kudu. Bikin ya haɗa da jawabai daga Cif Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis, kuma an girmama Kentridge tsakanin sauran lauyoyi kamar Isra'ila A. Maisels da [[Bob Hepple]] . <ref name="gala" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 1952, Kentridge ya auri [[Felicia Kentridge|Felicia Geffen]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2015 |title=Rights campaigner Felicia Kentridge dies |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/06/09/Rights-campaigner-Felicia-Kentridge-dies |access-date=17 June 2015 |website=Sunday Times}}</ref> lauya kuma mai fafutukar adawa da wariyar launin fata wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Shari'a ta Afirka ta Kudu (LRC); Kentridge da kansa ya kasance mai kula da kafa LRC. Ya zauna a Maida Vale, [[Landan]], tun daga shekarun 1990, kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu, jikoki tara da jikoki biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2015 |title=Statement From the LRC on Learning of the Death of Lady Felicia Kentridge |url=http://www.lrc.org.za/press-releases/3507-statement-from-the-lrc-on-learning-of-the-death-of-lady-felicia-kentridge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721132411/http://www.lrc.org.za/press-releases/3507-statement-from-the-lrc-on-learning-of-the-death-of-lady-felicia-kentridge |archive-date=21 July 2015 |access-date=17 July 2015 |publisher=[[Legal Resources Centre]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Nelson Mandela's lawyer Sir Sydney Kentridge QC approaches 100 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/law/article/nelson-mandelas-lawyer-sir-sydney-kentridge-qc-approaches-100-s9kvsp25h |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=[[The Times]]}}</ref> Ɗan fari na Kentridge shine ɗan wasan Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai shirya fina-finai William Kentridge . Sydney Kentridge mai sha'awar [[Kurket|wasan kurket]] da [[opera]] ce, kuma kawun mawaƙin Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma mawaƙi Trevor Rabin.<ref name="ft" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2008 |title=Obama teams with 'Titans' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-nov-08-et-bigpicture8-story.html |access-date=4 February 2015 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Ya cika shekaru 100 a watan Nuwamba 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Joubert |first=Jan-Jan |date=4 November 2022 |title=Treason Trial and Biko inquest advocate, a hero: Sydney Kentridge turns 100 |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-11-04-treason-trial-and-biko-inquest-advocate-a-hero-sydney-kentridge-turns-100/ |url-access=registration |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=[[Daily Maverick]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Feinberg |first=Tali |date=10 November 2022 |title=Kentridge reflects on a lifetime of fascination with the law |url=https://www.sajr.co.za/kentridge-reflects-on-a-lifetime-of-fascination-with-the-law/ |access-date=27 November 2022 |website=[[Jewish Report]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0spavvtk64pzpf4kpvkt8vizhp3t75q 0 173829 964130 944329 2026-10-07T00:34:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Schuyler Miwon Hong Bailar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996) ɗan wasan ruwa ne na Amurka, marubuci, malami, kuma mai ba da shawara ga [[Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki|Hakkin LGBTQ]] . Shi ne na farko a bayyane mai yin iyo na NCAA Division I, kuma shi ne na farko da aka rubuta a fili na NCAA D1 mai canza launin fata don yin gasa a matsayin mutum a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Zoe Christen |date=2021-06-11 |title=Schuyler Bailar, first trans athlete to compete on a NCAA Division 1 men's team, wants all trans athletes to feel represented |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/schuyler-bailar-transgender-swimmer-pride/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jami'ar Harvard]] ce ta dauki Bailar kuma ta yi iyo a kungiyar Harvard Men's Swimming and Diving a karkashin kocin Kevin Tyrrell; ya kasance memba na Harvard Class na 2019. An samo shi ne a shekarar 2013 a matsayin memba na tawagar mata ta Harvard Women's Swimming and Diving head coach Stephanie Morawski . Bayan sauyawa a lokacin shekara mai nisa, kocin Tyrrell ya ba Bailar damar zabar kowanne kungiya a cikin tawagar maza, wanda ya ba Baiar damar zabar kowace kungiya. Ya zaɓi ya yi iyo a cikin ƙungiyar maza. == Rayuwa ta farko == An sanya Bailar mace a lokacin haihuwa a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] ga iyaye Gregor Bailar da Terry Hong . Mahaifiyarsa 'yar asalin Koriya ce. Bailar ya girma a McLean, Virginia, inda ya zauna har sai ya halarci kwaleji. Ya halarci makarantar Georgetown Day School daga makarantar sakandare har zuwa aji na 12. == Yin iyo == A shekara ta 2005, yana da shekaru tara, Bailar ya shiga Sea Devil Swimming (wanda aka fi sani da Capitol Sea Devils), ƙungiyar kulob din da aka ba da izini a duk shekara ta Amurka Swimming. A karkashin kocin Ron Larkin, ƙaunarsa ta gaskiya ta yin iyo ta fara. Bailar ya yi gasa a cikin Potomac Valley LSC na Amurka Swimming kuma da sauri ya tashi ta hanyar tsani na gasar zakarun yin iyo. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 10, ya shiga gasar Olympics ta Potomac Valley Junior ta 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2007 PVS Junior Olympic Champhionships Results |url=http://www.pvswim.org/0607meet/31w10.htm |access-date=February 22, 2016 |website=PVSwim.org |publisher=Potomac Valley Swimming |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214111728/http://www.pvswim.org/0607meet/31w10.htm |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da hawa zuwa 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 JOs da 2010, 2011, 2012 Eastern Zones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PVS Meet Results 1996-2015 |url=http://www.pvswim.org/oldmeets.html |access-date=February 22, 2016 |website=PVSwim.org |publisher=Potomac Valley Swimming |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302050034/http://www.pvswim.org/oldmeets.html |archive-date=March 2, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bailar ya kafa rikodin makaranta da ke fafatawa da 'yan mata a kusan kowane taron a Georgetown Day School. Takardun sarauta na makarantar sakandare na Bailar sun haɗa da matsayi na 1 a duka 2013 da 2014 a cikin 100yd breaststroke a Gasar Cin Kofin Makarantar Mai Zaman Kanta (ISLs), Gasar Ciniki da Diving League (WMPSSDLs) <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2013 |title=Conger, Ledecky Crush Records at Metro Prep Champs |url=https://swimswam.com/conger-ledecky-crush-records-at-metro-prep-champs/ |access-date=February 23, 2016 |website=SwimSwam.com |publisher=Swim Swam Partners}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 Winter Sports News - Swimming Championship Results |url=http://www.gds.org/page/News-Detail?pk=835048&fromId=198497 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104829/http://www.gds.org/page/News-Detail?pk=835048&fromId=198497 |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=February 29, 2016 |website=GDS.org |publisher=Georgetown Day School}}</ref> da kuma Gasar Cinki ta Metropolitan Interscholastic (Metros). Bailar ya kasance dan Amurka ne na 2 (NICSA) don nono na 100yd, Masanin Kwalejin Potomac da Masanin Swimming na Amurka. A matakin kasa na yin iyo na gasa, Bailar ta lashe girmamawa da yawa a duka makarantun sakandare da kulob din da suka faru na yin iyo mata ciki har da kafa rikodin Amurka Swimming National Age Group a cikin 400yd Medley Relay a 2013 USA Swimming AT&T National Championships tare da abokan aiki Katie Ledecky, Janet Hu, da Kylie Jordan . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=USA Swimming 2013 Winter Nationals Results |url=http://www.usaswimming.org/_Rainbow/Documents/3c2e5a9e-3a19-4c45-8c4f-65bf6e3dc912/winter%20national%20results.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314012215/http://www.usaswimming.org/_Rainbow/Documents/3c2e5a9e-3a19-4c45-8c4f-65bf6e3dc912/winter%20national%20results.pdf |archive-date=March 14, 2014 |access-date=February 22, 2016 |website=USASwimming.org |publisher=USA Swimming}}</ref> Dancing ya yi iyo don shahararren National's Capital Swim Club (NCAP) a wannan taron; kuma tawagar ta lashe gasar cin kofin kasa ta Amurka ta 2013 .<ref name="NAG">{{Cite web |last=Keith |first=Braden |date=December 5, 2013 |title=NCAP Girls Break Another NAG Record; This Time in the 400 Yard Medley Relay |url=https://swimswam.com/ncap-girls-break-another-nag-record-time-400-yard-medley-relay/ |website=SwimSwam.com |publisher=Swim Swam Partners, LLC}}</ref> Dancing na 100 yadudduka na tsalle-tsalle a 2013 NCSA Junior National Championships ya cancanci US Open, gasar zakarun kasa mafi sauri. Bailar kuma ya cancanci shekaru da yawa ga NCSA Jr. Nationals. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=USA Swimming 2013 Winter National Championships Team Scores |url=http://www.usaswimming.org/_Rainbow/Documents/d2ee44d6-97ef-4730-848d-bb292b3b8d5a/team%20scores.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919060215/http://www.usaswimming.org/_Rainbow/Documents/d2ee44d6-97ef-4730-848d-bb292b3b8d5a/team%20scores.pdf |archive-date=September 19, 2015 |access-date=February 22, 2016 |website=USASwimming.org |publisher=USA Swimming}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=2013 NCSA Junior National Championship results |url=https://www.teamunify.com/recndncsa/UserFiles/File/Results2013.pdf |access-date=February 22, 2016 |website=National Club Swimming Association}}</ref> A cikin 2019, Bailar ya kammala aikinsa na kwaleji inda ya sanya "na uku mafi sauri" lokaci don bugun nono na 100-yadi ga ƙungiyar Harvard a kakar 2018-2019, kuma ya lashe zobe na uku na Ivy-League Championship a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Crimson mafi girma tun lokacin 1960-1961, wanda ya sanya 8th a Gasar NCAA ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schuyler Bailar |url=https://www.gocrimson.com/sports/mswimdive/2018-19/bios/bailar_schuyler_t0zu?view=bio |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607003141/https://www.gocrimson.com/sports/mswimdive/2018-19/bios/bailar_schuyler_t0zu?view=bio |archive-date=2019-06-07 |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=Harvard |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-04 |title=Men's Swimming and Diving 2018-19 Season-In-Review |url=https://www.gocrimson.com/sports/mswimdive/2018-19/releases/20190404jh75rc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510120709/https://www.gocrimson.com/sports/mswimdive/2018-19/releases/20190404jh75rc |archive-date=2019-05-10 |access-date=2019-06-06 |website=Harvard |language=en}}</ref> Kodayake Bailar ya fara aikinsa na yin iyo a kwaleji tare da ƙananan tsammanin, lokacinsa na karshe na bugun nono na 100-yadi ya sanya shi a cikin saman 15% na duk NCAA maza na iyo don kakar kuma a saman 34% na duk NCA Division 1 yana iyo don kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Graduate and Transgender Swimmer Schuyler Bailar Looks to the Future |url=https://spark.adobe.com/page/lFAP5VK2L4tu3/ |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=spark.adobe.com}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, Bailar ya haɗu da wasu 'yan wasa biyu, mai tsere Cal Calamia da mai tuka keke Chella Man, don yin gasa a cikin ragowar a Ironman 70.3 a [[Oceanside, California]]. Kungiyar ta kasance ta uku daga cikin ƙungiyoyi 200 na sakewa. == Gwagwarmaya da yabo == Bailar mai ba da shawara ne ga haƙƙin LGBTQ da haɗa kai. Ya taimaka tare da kuma an nuna shi a cikin jagororin hada al'adu na Amurka Swimming ga 'yan wasa na LGBTQ da na Asiya na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Truex |first=Mariejo |date=November 8, 2017 |title=USA Swimming Cultural Inclusion Guide |url=https://usaswimming.org/docs/default-source/diversity-inclusion/resource-guides/resource-guide-2016-asian-americanweb.pdf}}</ref> Ya kuma halarci shirin NCAA Common Ground, ƙungiyar 'yan wasa da aka zaɓa, masu horar da 'yan wasa waɗanda suka haɗu don tattauna shigarwa cikin ayyukan NCAA. Babban aikin Bailar yana kan da'irar magana, yana bayyana a makarantu, kamfanoni da wadanda ba riba ba. Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Harvard a shekarar 2019, ya fara aiki na cikakken lokaci a matsayin mai magana da jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Schuyler Bailar |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/schuyler-bailar-39280b14a/ |website=LinkedIn}}</ref> Bailar ya sami lambar yabo ta SMYAL Community Advocate Award na shekara ta 2016 saboda aikinsa a matsayin "mai ba da shawara ga haƙƙin LGBT". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chibbaro |first=Lou |date=November 14, 2016 |title=SMYAL Awards |url=http://www.washingtonblade.com/2016/11/14/smyal-open-lgbt-homeless-youth-facility/ |website=Washington Blade}}</ref>An zabi bayanin martaba na ''Minti 60'' na Bailar mai taken "Switching Teams" don lambar yabo ta 28th GLAAD Media Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 15, 2017 |title=28th Annual GLAAD Media Awards |url=http://www.glaad.org/mediaawards/factsandfigures |access-date=February 3, 2017 |website=GLAAD Media}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Yuni, 2017, Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Duniya ya bayyana Bailar a cikin jerin da ake kira IDENTIFY saboda gwagwarmayarsa wajen inganta hada jinsi a wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Identify' premieres in New York {{!}} Olympic Channel |url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/playback/identify-premieres-in-new-york/ |access-date=2017-07-02 |website=Olympic Channel |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the transgender swim star who's earned a spot on the men's team {{!}} Olympic Channel |url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/playback/identify/identify/meet-the-transgender-swim-star-whos-earned-a-spot-on-the-mens-team/ |access-date=2017-07-02 |website=Olympic Channel |language=en}}</ref> An gabatar da Bailar a matsayin memba na mujallar Out ta 2017 OUT 100 kuma a wani na farko, shi ne kawai ɗan wasan LGBTQ da aka haɗa a cikin jerin sunayen ƙwararrun na shekara ta 2017. A cikin 2018, Bailar ya sami yabo da yawa: An sanya masa suna a cikin jerin 'yan gwagwarmayar LGBTQ na Advocate's Champions of Pride a kowace jiha.[1] An sanya masa suna a cikin Gold House A100 jerin sunayen Amurkawa masu tasiri na Asiya.[2] A cikin 2019, an ba Bailar lambar yabo ta NBIC Best-of-the Best Visibility Award, wanda NGLCC ta shirya don misalinsa na "ƙarfi da canza rayuwa" a matsayin mai tsere mai murya.[3] A matsayinsa na sanannen digiri na aji na 2019, ya sami lambar yabo ta Daraktan Wasanni na Harvard ga ɗan wasan da ke ba da gudummawa mai ban mamaki ga wasanni ta hanyar ilimi.[4] Ya zuwa 2023, aikin Bailar ya haɗa da karbar bakuncin bita da shirye-shiryen da ke inganta bambancin da hadawa, gami da horar da DEI, jawabai masu motsawa, tarurruka, shawarwari, da jerin iliminsa LaneChanger, waɗanda ake miƙa wa kamfanoni da kungiyoyin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Services |url=https://www.pinkmantaray.com/services |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=www.pinkmantaray.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2023, Bailar ya fara karbar bakuncin kwasfan fayiloli da ake kira Dear Schuyler, inda shi da baƙi suka tattauna "yadda jinsi, lafiyar hankali da haƙƙin jama'a ke shafarmu duka a kowace rana". Baƙi sun haɗa da Lia Thomas da Dylan Mulvaney . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Dear Schuyler |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CrJQOHILtCc/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=[[Instagram]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023, Bailar ta wallafa wani littafi, He/She/They: How We Talk About Gender and Why It Matters . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Bailar ya auri Sarah Ehsani a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2022, kuma ya sanar da auren a shafinsa na Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yesterday, Sarah Ehsani and I celebrated our one year wedding anniversary |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cw6HqVTLkhb/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA/ |access-date=September 7, 2023 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> === Lafiya da canji === Bailar ya fara gwagwarmaya da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa a farkon shekara ta 2012, ƙaramin shekarunsa a makarantar sakandare. Ya tafi magani kuma daga baya ya shiga Cibiyoyin Oliver-Pyatt, cibiyar kula da gida don cututtukan cin abinci, inda ya fara tattaunawa da bincika asalin jinsi. Mai rawa ya halarci bitar jinsi a YES! Cibiyar a [[Miami]], Florida, wanda ya ce ya taimaka masa ya fahimci kuma ya yarda da jinsi. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan an sallame shi daga cibiyar a watan Oktoba 2014, ya fara sauyawa. Ya yi tiyata ta farko (mastectomy biyu na biyu) a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015 kuma ya fara maganin maye gurbin hormone a watan Yuni. Ya ba da rahoto game da ci gabansa ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta, kuma MTV ta zaɓi ''Washington Post'' ɗaukar hoto na Bailar don Mafi kyawun Lokaci na 2015 don Al'ummar Trans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marusic |first=Kristina |title=2015's Best Moments for the Trans Community |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2196129/2015s-best-moments-for-the-trans-community/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707011941/http://www.mtv.com/news/2196129/2015s-best-moments-for-the-trans-community/ |archive-date=July 7, 2015 |access-date=March 21, 2016 |website=MTV}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Bambancin yin iyo == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9dzs51pwtrmytla6u2yw7qzxrs914l3 0 173987 964243 953413 2026-10-07T10:23:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Takardun tarihi a cikin harshen Hausa''' sun tattaro dukkan takardu da aka samar a baya a cikin al'ummomin [[Harshen Hausa|da ke jin Hausa]] kuma aka adana su a rubuce, ko dai ta amfani da [[Baƙaƙen larabci|haruffan Larabci]], wanda daga nan za a kira da kalmar [[ajami]], ko kuma ta amfani da haruffan Latin, ko kuma boko. Takardar ta ƙunshi nassoshi a cikin ajami hausa da aka adana mafi tsufa da aka sani zuwa yanzu a ɗakin karatu na ƙasa na Faransa kuma ya kasance tun daga shekara 1752 ko shekara 1763, yayin da aka tattara ƙamus na farko a cikin haruffan boko a cikin wannan harshe a [[Kwapanhagan|Kwapanhagen]] a shekara 1772 kuma aka buga shi a [[Jamus]] a shekara 1792. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan takardu na tarihi a cikin harshen Hausa an rubuta su daɡa baki kuma suna cikin jerin adabin baka na [[harshen Hausa]], yayin da wasu kuma suna cikin jerin [[Rubutaccen adabi|rubutaccen ''adabi'']] waɗanda ke da alaƙa da [[ilimin Musulunci]]. Sha'awar da wannan harshe ya jawo wa masana, masanan harsunan da da kuma na yanzu, tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, a zahiri harshe ne na Afirka wanda aka yi bincike mafi yawa a kansa a ƙarni na gaba, don haka aka adana majiyoyi masu yawa. == Al'adar baki da rubutu a cikin harshen Hausa == Harshen Hausa harshe ne na danɡin [[yarukan Chadi]] wanda, a farkonn ƙarni na 21, ya ƙunshi mutane kusa da miliyan 94.5 ke magana da shi, galibi a [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]], amma kuma a [[Kamaru]], [[Sudan]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Benin]], [[Ghana]], [[Togo]], [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], [[Gabon]] da [[Burkina Faso]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hausa |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hau/ |access-date=18 mai 2026 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}.</ref> . A cikin [[Hausawa|al'ummomin da ke jin harshen Hausa]], harshe yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar yau da kullum, kuma a cikin wannan mahallin, ana samar da rubuce-rubuce da yawa na baka, a cewar Karin Barber. Ana kiyaye waɗannan ta hanyar haddace abubuwa da ake kira al'adar baka. Ana yin amfani da [[Singing|waƙoƙi]], labarai, [[karin magana]] da wasannin harshe wajen tsara ayyukan yau da kullum, duk nau'ikan magana da ake haddacewa kuma suna shiga wajen yaɗuwar al'adun baka na Hausawa da dukkan sassan al'umma ke rabawa . Wannan magana ta ƙunshi nau'ikan adabi da dama da aka tsara, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu an yi musu fassara, [[waƙa]], yabo, [[kirari]], [[karin magana]] da sauran nau'ikan adabi, kamar [[tatsuniyoyi]] ''da'' labaru . [[Fayil:Lettre_autographe_d'al-Hajj_Ahmadu.jpg|thumb| Wasiƙa da al-Hajj Ahmadu ya rubuta da hannunsa a cikin Hausa Ajami, wadda aka adana a cikin rumbun tarihi Rudolf Prietze, a ɗakin karatu na jihar [[Hamburg]] .]] Harshen Hausa ya zama kuma batun rubuce-rubucen al'adu. A ƙarni na 18 da kuma na 19, duk da cewa [[Larabci]] shine harshen rubutu da aka fi so, masana daga [[Sahel|tsakiyar Sahel]] su ma wani lokaci suna rubutu da ajami hausa, takardun yau da kullum, kamar [[Wasika|wasiƙa]], littattafan lissafi, amma kuma rubuce-rubucen addini - tafsirin Alqur'ani ( ''[[Tauhidi|tawhid]]'' ), [[waƙa]] ( ''wa'azi'' ), hadisai ( ''[[hadisi]]'' ), tarihin rayuwar [[Annabi]] ( ''sira'' ), tarihin da ya shafi [[Jihadin na Fulani|jihadin]] [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]] , . Waɗannan nau'ika sun sami karbuwa ne daga wani [[Malamai a cikin Islama|malami]] na Musulunci, wanda aka horar kuma aka koyar a manyan cibiyoyin ilmantarwa a kasar Hausa ta ƙarni na 18 da na 19 : [[Kano#Tarihin Kano|Kano]], [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]], [[Tarihin Zariya|Zaria]], [[Zinder]] kuma daɡa baya [[Lokoja]], Bida da [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]] . A cikin al'adun adabi na Hausa, babu wani bambanci bayyananne tsakanin nau'ikan rubutu na musamman da na baki na musamman, ana amfani da su daga baki zuwa rubutu a cikin aikin adabi da kuma a cikin kafofin watsa [[labarai]] na [[sadarwa]] . Ko da yake ana iya adana waƙa a rubuce, an rubuta ta ne da farko don a karanta ta kuma wataƙila an rubuta ta ne kawai don ta zama goyon baya ga ƙwaƙwalwar mai rerawa<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M.B. Duffill |date=1986 |title=Hausa Poems as Sources for Social and Economic History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3171536.pdf |journal=History in Africa |language=anglais |volume=13 |page=35-88}}.</ref>. Graham Furniss, ƙwararre a fannin adabin Hausa, ya nuna cewa waƙa na iya ƙunsar karin magana kuma labari na iya ƙunsar sassa na waƙar musulunci, nau'ikan ba a daidaita su ba amma an daidaita su bisa ga masu sauraro, mahallin da kuma yanayin saƙon da za a isar<ref name=":4" />. Hakazalika, dangane da harshe da kuma hanyar da ake amfani da ita, ma'anar saƙon na iya canzawa sosai. :<blockquote>A wannan mahallin, mutum ɗaya yana ba da labarin iri ɗaya daban-daban dangane da harshen da yake amfani da shi; wani malami yana rubutu da Larabci bisa ga maganganun Musulunci, yana tambaya game da halatta wani aiki ko yi, kuma a cikin ''Hausa'' Ajami a cikin salon [[Epic Poetry|almara]], sau da yawa tare da barkwanci .</blockquote>Duk da haka, ba a kiyaye kayayyakin wannan al'ada daidai gwargwado ba, kuma akwai babban bambanci, ba sosai tsakanin al'adar baki da ta rubutu ba, amma tsakanin [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adar jama'a]] da al'adar ilimi, wadda aka tsara a cikin al'adar Musulunci. Saboda haka, a cikin dukkan tarin rubuce-rubucen da aka adana har zuwa yau a yankin, babu wata alama ta ayyukan magana ta yau da kullun . Rubuce-rubucen da aka kiyaye a matsayin fifiko sune waɗanda suka shafi ilimi mai daraja, [[Tafsiri|tafsirin Alƙur'ani]], [[nahawu]], da [[Fiƙihu|kuma fikihu]], waɗanda galibi ake rubuta su da [[Larabci]] . Wannan rashin daidaiton kiyayewa yana haifar da son zuciya na takardu waɗanda ke tasiri kai tsaye ga fahimtarmu game da tarihin waɗannan al'ummomi : don haka tarihin masarautar [[Sokoto (Birni)|Sokoto]] ya zo mana ne kawai ta hanyar corpora galibi a cikin [[Larabci]], wanda birane, masu ilimi da kuma galibin maza suka samar <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ari Awagana, Femi Kolapo, Camille Lefebvre et Benedetta Rossi |date=2024 |title=On the tracks of Thomas Cole John |url=https://langarchiv.hypotheses.org/ |website=https://langarchiv.hypotheses.org/ |language=anglais}}.</ref> . == Takardun da aka adana mafi tsufa == [[Fayil:Maqāmāt_al-Ḥarīrī_-_Ecrit_en_ajami_haoussa.jpg|thumb| Rubutu a cikin Hausa ajami, wanda Nikolay Dobronravin ya gano a cikin rubutun ''Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī'' wanda BNF ta adana, a birnin Paris. An rubuta rubutun a shekarar 1752 ko 1763.]] Takardu ƙalilan ne kawai a cikin ajami hausa tun kafin ƙarshen XVIII na 18 an gano ko an kiyaye XVIII . An samo takardar da aka fi sani da ita zuwa yanzu a shekarar 2019 ta masanin ilimin falsafa na Rasha Nikolay Dobronravin a cikin tarin Laburaren Ƙasa na Faransa, a cikin rubutun Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī (a cikin), wataƙila an kwafi shi a shekarar 1166 ta [[Hijira]] (1752 ta zamanin Kirista ), ko kuma 1177 ta Hijira (1763 ta zamanin Kirista), ya danganta da hanyoyi daban-daban na karanta rubutun <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dmitry Bondarev |date=21 mars 2019 |title=he Revelation: The earliest known use of ʿajamī as a label |url=https://ajami.hypotheses.org/635 |access-date=28 juin 2026 |website=A-label: African Languages Between the Lines |language=en}}.</ref> . An tattara tsoffin rubuce-rubucen Hausa da aka adana a rubutun Latin a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] a shekarar 1772. A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1772, wani jakada daga gwamnatin Tripoli, karkashin jagorancin jami'in diflomasiyyar Tripolitan kuma dan siyasa Abd-al-Rahman Aga, ya isa Denmark, kuma an nemi matafiyi kuma masanin kimiyya Carsten Niebhur ya taimaka wa mai fassara na hukuma, {{Interlanguage link|Andreas Æreboe}} wanda ba shi da isasshen ilimin Larabci. Carsten Niebhur da Abd-al-Rahman Aga sun haɗu a wani haɗin gwiwa na ilimi wanda ya haifar da buga jerin kasidu, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya ƙunshi jerin ƙamus na farko na Hausa da aka taɓa rubutawa da haruffan Latin . [[Fayil:Premier_vocabulaire_haoussa_publié_en_Europe_en_1792.png|center|thumb| An fara buga ƙamus na Hausa a rubutun Latin a Turai a shekarar 1792.]] == Juyin juya halin da ake ciki game da jihadin Usman Dan Fodio == Bayan [[Jihadin Danfodio|jihadin Usman dan Fodio]] da kuma kafa [[Daular Sokoto|masarautar Sokoto]] a shekarar 1804, harshen Hausa ya zama babban harshen masarautar, ba wai kawai na arewacin [[Najeriya]] da yankin kudancin Nijar ba, har ma da dukkan al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka a manyan biranen kasuwanci na ketare hamada kamar Ghadames, [[Tripoli]] da [[Tunis]] . Kafa [[Daular Sokoto|masarautar Sokoto]] da kuma kwace iko daga hannun wani fitaccen masanin gyara, wanda ke cikin 'yan'uwantakar [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] [[Qadiriya|na Qadiriyya]], ya nuna wani sauyi a cikin nau'ikan furucin ilimi a cikin harshen Hausa . [[Jihadin Danfodio|Jihadin Usman Dan Fodio]] yana da burin kawo sauyi kuma magoya bayansa suna shiga ayyukan mishan , musamman a harsunan yankin don isa ga mafi yawan mutane, duka a cikin [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] (harshen Fulani) da kuma a cikin [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] <ref name=":3" /> . Waƙoƙin addini sun zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin [[jihadi]], domin ana ganinsa a matsayin wata hanya mai tasiri ta taɓa lamiri . Kamar yadda ɗan'uwan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman ɗan Fodio]], Abdullahi ɗan Fodio, ya bayyana a cikin bayaninsa na jihadi <ref name=":7" /> :<blockquote>Don haka muka tashi tsaye tare da Sheikh [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|ʊsman dan Fodiyo]], muna taimaka masa a cikin aikinsa na addini. Ya yi tafiya don wannan dalili daga Gabas zuwa Yamma, yana kiran mutane zuwa ga addinin Allah ta hanyar wa'azinsa da Qasidas a Ajami [Hausa da Fulfulde] da kuma lalata al'adu da suka saba wa dokokin Musulunci .</blockquote>'Ya'yan [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], musamman 'ya'yansa maza Isa, al-Hasan da [[Muhammadu Bello|Mohammed Bello]], da kuma 'yarsa [[Nana Asma'u|Asma]], wacce aka fi sani da [[Nana Asma'u|Naana Asmaa'u]], sun ƙara ƙarfafa amfani da harshen Hausa . Isa ya rubuta, cikin harshen Hausa, wani rubutu mai suna hagiography don girmama mahaifinsa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mervyn Hiskett |date=1971 |title=Son of the Shehu's miracles: a Hausa hagiography from Sokoto |journal=African Language Studies |language=anglais |volume=12 |page=71-107}}.</ref>, kuma ya fassara wakokinsa daga Larabci da Fulfulde. [[Nana Asma'u|Naana Asmaa'u,]] a nata ɓangaren, ta rubuta waƙoƙi cikin harshen Hausa, waƙoƙin yabo ga 'yan uwanta, addu'o'i ga [[Muhammad|Annabi]], da kuma ''Waƙar Yawo'', ''Wakar gewaye'', wani labari mai inganci da ke ba da labarin rayuwar mahaifinta da kuma yaƙin neman zaɓe daban-daban da aka yi a lokacin jihadi . A cikin takaddamar da ke tsakaninsu, masana harsuna Nikolay Dobronravine da John Edward Philips sun yi muhawara kan girman ayyukan al'adu na rubutu a {{Interlanguage link|ajami haoussa}} a ƙarni na XIX a yankin Sahel . Nikolay Dobronravine ya nuna cewa duk da muhimmancin da Hausa ke da shi a musayar yawu a [[Daular Sokoto|masarautar Sokoto]] da ma wasu sassan kasar, rubutu a harshen Hausa ''na Ajami'' ya kasance a cikin tsirarun mutane a cikin da'irar masu ilimi na masarautar <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolaï Dobronravine |last2=John Edward Philips |date=2004 |title=Hausa ajami literature and script : colonial innovations and post-colonial myths in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25653414.pdf |journal=Sudanic Africa |language=anglais |volume=15 |page=85-110}}.</ref> . An fi rubuta wakoki da Larabci da Fulfulde, kuma Dobronravine ya yi hasashen cewa ƙarfafa harshen Hausa a matsayin ''harshen da ya dace da al'ada'' ya sa masana su ƙara rubutu da [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]] domin kiyaye harshen <ref name=":6" /> . Haɓaka iko na wani fitaccen mutum da ke kare al'adar Musulunci ta gargajiya wani lokacin yana karo da nau'ikan al'adun gargajiya na Hausawa da suka riga suka wanzu. Don haka, masu jihadi na Sakkwato sun soki ayyukan yabo, ''kirari'' da ''roko'', waɗanda suka yi Allah wadai da yabon da aka yi wa mutane marasa addini da kuma abubuwan da aka yi magana a kansu a cikin waɗannan waƙoƙin , <ref>{{Cite journal |last=M.G. Smith |date=1957 |title=The Social Functions and Meanings of Hausa Praise Singing |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1156364.pdf |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |language=anglais |volume=27 |issue=1 |page=26-45}}.</ref> . A [[Daular Sokoto|masarautar Sokoto]], wasannin kwaikwayo na mata a bainar jama'a sun zama ruwan dare, inda ake ƙarfafa ayyukan keɓewa mata a cikin gidaje ta hanyar [[jihadi]] . Komawar mata zuwa ga [[Keɓantawa|harkokin sirri]] bai hana su ci gaba da watsa al'adun baki, karin magana, tatsuniyoyi da waƙoƙi na duniya ba, amma an watsa wannan yaɗuwar galibi ga yara ko wasu mata . A wajen masarautar Sokoto, nau'ikan ayyukan mata na jama'a sun ci gaba da wanzuwa, musamman a [[Yankin Maradi|Maradi]] da [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barbara Cooper |date=1994 |title=Reflections on Slavery, Seclusion and Female Labor in the Maradi Region of Niger in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1994_35_1/page/61 |journal=Journal of African History |language=anglais |volume=35 |issue=1 |page=61-78}}.</ref> . Daga cikin takardun da aka rubuta da hannu da aka samar a XIX na 19 karni a ''ajami'' haoussa kuma an adana shi a cikin ɗakunan karatu na Sahel, nau'ikan [[Shahararrun al'adu|al'adun gargajiya na hausa]] ba sa bayyana. [[Larabci]] ya ci gaba da kasancewa harshen musayar ra'ayi tsakanin diflomasiyya da addini, amma kuma yaren rubuta [[tarihi]] . Saboda haka, a cikin XIX na 19 , karni, rubuce-rubucen tarihi kalilan ne aka rubuta a cikin ''[[ajami]]'' hausa bisa ga shirin malaman Musulunci, domin ba a dauki hausa a matsayin yaren da ya dace don isar da wannan nau'in bayanai <ref name=":6" /> . Duk da haka, an rubuta labaran tarihi a wancan lokacin, da kuma rubuce-rubuce da yawa daga cikin waƙoƙin Hausa na baka, amma an rubuta su ne bisa buƙatar Turawa, waɗanda suka fara zama masu wa'azi da masana harsuna sannan kuma jami'an mulkin mallaka, waɗanda ke da sha'awar nazarin harshen Hausa <ref name=":6" /> . == Tarin harsuna Baƙar fata-Turai » == Duk da cewa ba a rubuta ayyukan yau da kullun na baki a [[Sahel|tsakiyar Sahel]] a XIX na 19 ba, sun ci gaba da tsara rayuwar yau da kullun ta mutane. Saboda haka, a rabin ƙarni na biyu, sun jawo hankalin Turawa masu wa'azi, masana harsuna, da masu bincike waɗanda ke yin bayanin harsunan da ba na Turai ba, musamman ma a XIX na 19. ƙarni, harsunan Afirka . Hausa, saboda matsayinta a matsayin harshen da ya dace da al'ada, ita ce ginshiƙin wannan motsi . A mafi yawan lokuta, ana aika waɗannan waƙoƙin da aka rubuta ta baki ga masu tattarawa na Turai a yankunan da ke nesa da Sahel kanta. Galibi a manyan biranen kasuwanci da ke kewaye da Bahar Rum, kamar [[Tunis]] da [[Tripoli]], a biranen da ke kan [[Aikin Hajji|hanyar]] zuwa [[Makkah|Makka]], kamar [[Kairo|Alkahira]] da [[Jerusalem|Urushalima]], da kuma yankunan da mutanen da ke jin Hausawa ke zaune a cikin bauta, kamar [[Brazil]], ko kuma a cikin al'ummomin bayin da aka 'yanta a [[Saliyo]], Turawa sun haɗu da mutanen da za su iya isar da iliminsu game da Hausa . Saboda haka, ɗaya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen farko a cikin Hausa, wanda ya ƙunshi tatsuniyoyi da karin magana, an tattara shi ta hannun Father Andrada a Brazil a shekarar 1819, daga mutanen da aka kama aka kuma bauta musu a Amurka <ref>{{Cite journal |last=José Bonifacio Adrada y Silva |date=1826 |title=Haussah Vocabulary |journal=Journal des Voyages |volume=32}}.</ref> . [[Fayil:Magana_Hausa.jpg|thumb| Muƙalar littafin ''Magana Hausa'' .]] An buga sakamakon waɗannan tarin a cikin mujallun kimiyya ko littattafan Turai, inda aka fi rubuta rubutun Hausa zuwa haruffan Latin . Ba a cika samunsa da sigar ''[[Ajami]]'' Hausa ba, wani lokacin kuma ana fassara shi zuwa harshen Turai, galibi Ingilishi da Jamusanci. An yi nufin kayan da aka tattara su zama misalai ga mutanen da ke son koyon harshen kuma galibi ana buga su a cikin sigar asali <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Camille Lefebvre |date=2010 |title=Ce que l'itinéraire nous dit du voyage. Listes d’itinéraire, voyage et imaginaire spatial au Soudan central au {{S-|XIX}} |url=https://journals.openedition.org/afriques/835 |journal=Afriques |volume=2}}.</ref> . Duk da cewa masu wallafa waɗannan rubuce-rubucen wani lokacin suna ba da bayanai game da mutanen da suka ba su wannan kayan, amma har yanzu yanayin gabaɗaya yana kan hanyar da ba za a iya ganin su ba. An bayyana su a matsayin masu ba da labari kawai, waɗannan mutane galibi malamai ne '','' ''malamai'' da kuma masana waɗanda suka yi tafiye-tafiye kuma suka mallaki al'adun baki masu wadata, waɗanda aka samu a lokacin tafiye-tafiyensu ko lokacin ƙuruciyarsu, har ma da al'adun Musulunci na ilimi, waɗanda aka kafa a tsakiyar Sahel da kuma ƙasashen waje . Domin daidaita wannan rashin ganuwa, masu bincike Ari Awagana da Camille Lefebvre sun yi kira da a sake gano ɓangaren Afirka na waɗannan tarin. "'Yan Afirka-Turai", ta hanyar yin nazari a mataki ɗaya kan rawar da masanin Afirka da kuma mai tattarawa na Turai ke takawa . Wasu daga cikin waɗannan tarin waƙoƙin Afro-Turai sanannu ne, kamar ''tarin Magana Hausa ,'' tarin [[karin magana]], tatsuniyoyi, labaran tarihi da na labari da kuma wasiƙu, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin aikin adabin Hausa da harsuna. Wannan tarin ya samo asali ne sakamakon haɗuwa da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Reverend [[James Schön|James Frederick Schön]], wani mai wa'azin Jamus wanda ke aiki a ƙungiyar mishan ta coci, da kuma shahararren matafiyi [[Dorugu]], wani saurayi da aka kama tun yana ƙarami a lokacin hare-haren bayi na shekarun 1840 wanda, bayan ya shiga hidimar matafiyi [[Heinrich Barth]], ya yi tafiya a Turai tsawon shekaru da yawa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Julia Winckler |date=2009 |title=Regards croisés: James Henry Dorugu's Nineteenth-Century European Travel Account |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/journeys/10/2/jy100201.xml |journal=Journeys |volume=10 |issue=2}}.</ref> . [[Dorugu]] ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa ga Schön, wanda ya ƙunshi ɗaya daga cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka fi sani da wannan nau'in a Hausa, da kuma tarin rubuce-rubucen da suka shafi al'adun gargajiya na Hausa . [[Fayil:Capture_d’écran_2024-06-24_131643.png|left|thumb| An karbo daga wakar Mahsra῾u mā'I al-khabar li waridin 'awradahu bi al-naẓar (Gibrill 2015.)]] Wani sanannen tarin littattafai kuma shine aikin da al-Hajj Umaru, wani malamin Hausa daga Kano ya tattara, wanda masanin harsunan Jamus Adolf Gottlob Krause ya fara tattarawa, wanda Umaru ya koyar da Hausa, daga baya kuma wani mai wa'azin Jamus Adam Mischlich ya koyar da shi. Aikin al-Hajj Umaru ya kasu kashi-kashi a cikin rukunoni daban-daban na rubuce-rubuce, ciki har da wakokin siyasa da na tarihi, waƙoƙin addini, waƙoƙin yabo, da sauransu, waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin Larabci da Hausa ''Ajami'' . Rubuce-rubucensa na waka wani lokaci suna ba da labarin abubuwan tarihi da ya faru a zamaninsa, kamar waƙar ''Mashra῾u mā'i al-Khabar'', wataƙila an rubuta ta a ƙarshen XIX19 . karni, inda ya ba da labarin tashin hankalin da aka yi a lokacin mulkin mallaka . Sauran tarin littattafai ba a san su sosai ba, kamar waɗanda suka samo asali daga haɗin gwiwar masanin harsunan da ba su da sha'awar rubutu Rudolf Prietze da wasu masana da marubutan Hausa. Na farko ya fito ne daga haɗin gwiwarsa a Tunis a shekarar 1902 tare da marubucin al-Hajj Ahmadu, wanda ya haifar da buga jerin rubuce-rubucen adabi a cikin harshen Hausa. Tarin na biyu ya samo asali ne daga taron da aka yi a Alkahira a shekarar 1904 tsakanin Rudolf Prietze da masanin [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Bornu]] [[Al-Hajj Musa bin Hissein|al-Hajj Musa Ibn Hissein]] . Haɗin gwiwarsu ta ilimi, wadda ta ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma, ta ba wa [[Al-Hajj Musa bin Hissein|al-Hajj Musa]] damar isar da ɗaruruwan waƙoƙi, karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, da labaran tarihi ga Prietze, cikin harsunan Hausa da [[Kanuri]] . Duk waɗannan labaran, waɗanda Rudolf Prietze ya buga a matsayin labaran ilimi tsakanin 1916 da 1926, an rubuta su ne ga Prietze kuma an rubuta su zuwa haruffan Latin kuma an rubuta su da ajami haoussa (a cikin) ta al-Hajj Musa da kansa . Saboda haka, a yau suna da sauƙin samu a gare mu ta hanyoyi biyu. [[Fayil:Rudolf_Prietze,_“Lieder_des_Haussavolkes”,_Mitteilungen_des_Seminars_für_Orientalische_Sprachen_an_der_Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität_zu_Berlin,_vol._30,_1927,_p._36-37.jpg|center|thumb| Al-Hajj Musa ibn Hissein ne ya tattara kuma ya watsa shi a wata kasida ta Rudolf Prietze, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1927 a cikin ''Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische'' ''Sprachen an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin'' .]] == Ɗan Afirka na farko mai tattarawa kuma ƙwararre a fannin harshen Hausa == A XIX na 19 A ƙarni na 1980, yawancin tarin rubutun Hausa da aka samar da haruffan Latin an yi su ne da alaƙa da roƙon Turawa da kuma masu tattarawa na Turai, ban da tarin da Thomas Cole John ya tattara. Ɗan 'Yan Liberated Africans Yanci, wato bayi biyu da Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Royal Marine ta 'yanta bayan [[Kashe yin bauta a kasar ingila|an soke]] cinikin bayi na Atlantic kuma suka zauna a [[Freetown]] a [[Saliyo]], Thomas Cole John ya sami horo a Kwalejin Fourrah Bay kuma ya zama mai wa'azi na Cocin Missionary Society . A lokacin da yake aiki a birnin [[Lokoja]] na Najeriya, ya tattara takardu a cikin harshen Hausa waɗanda daga baya [[James Schön|James F.]] [[James Schön|Schön]] a cikin ayyukansa da dama, ciki har da ''Magana Hausa'' <ref name=":8" /> . == Takardu a cikin harshen Hausa da aka buga a na ƙarni 19 da ƙarni 20 da yawa == === Kalmomin asali === * {{Cite journal |last=Carsten Niebuhr (da Abd al-Rahman Aga) |date=1790 |title=Das Innere von Afrika |url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10614697?q=%28neue+deutsches+museum%22%29&page=290,291 |journal=Neues Deutsches Museum |language=de, ha, kr |volume=octobre 1790 |page=963–1003}} . * (en + ha) James Frederick Schön, Vocabulary of the Hausa Language, London, Church Missionary House, 1843, 190 p. * (en + ha) Balfour Baikie, Abubuwan da Aka Lura Kan Harsunan Háusa da Fulfúlde, London, An Buga don yaɗawa na sirri, 1861 ( karantawa akan layi ) . Buga rubuce-rubuce da jerin kalmomi a cikin Fulfulde da Hausa a cikin haruffan Latin. * (ha + en) James Frederick Schön (avec Dorugu, Thomas Cole John, Adolf Gottlob Krause), Magána Hausa/Hausa Speech: Native Literature, or Proverbs, Tales, Fables and Historical Fragments in the Hausa Language to which is Added a Translation in English, Londres, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1885 (lire en ligne). * (fr + ha) Maurice Delafosse, Manuel de langue haoussa ou Chrestomathie haoussa, précédé d’un abrégé de grammaire et suivi d’un vocabulaire, Paris, J. Maisonneuve, 1901. Édition de textes et fables en haoussa, sans traduction, dont certaines sont extraites de ''Magana Hausa.'' * (de + ha) Adam Mischlich, Lehrbuch der hausanischen Sprache, Berlin, G. Dietrich Reimer, 1902. (Contenant une grammaire des exercices, des textes et un vocabulaire allemand/haousa, quelques page en ajami). * (ha + en) George Merrick, Hausa Proverbs, Londres, Paul Kegan, Trench, Trübner & Co, 1905 (lire en ligne) Édition de 431 proverbes, plusieurs énigmes et expressions communes en haoussa, transcrits en caractères latins et traduits en anglais. * (de + ha) Adam Mischlich, Wörterbuch der Hausasprache, Berlin, G. Reimer, 1906. (Dictionnaire haoussa/allemand). * {{Cite journal |last=Adam Mischlich (avec al-Hajj Umaru) |date=1907 |title=Über Sitten und Gebräuche in Hausa [1ère partie] |url=https://digitalisate.sub.uni-hamburg.de/recherche/detail?tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=31279&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=169&tx_dlf_navigation%5Baction%5D=main&tx_dlf_navigation%5Bcontroller%5D=Navigation&cHash=cde6adb3656b2bfbfd66b7a1c0182836 |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin |language=de, ha |volume=10 |issue=3 |page=155-181}}. * (ha) Hermann Gundert Harris, Hausa Stories and Riddles, with Notes on the Language, etc., and A Concise Hausa Dictionary, Weston-super-Mare, Mendip Press, 1908 (lire en ligne). Recueil de texte en haoussa collecté à Tunis auprès de différents interlocuteurs sans traduction. * {{Cite journal |last=Adam Mischlich (avec al-Hajj Umaru) |date=1908 |title=Über Sitten und Gebräuche in Hausa [2e partie]. |url=https://digitalisate.sub.uni-hamburg.de/recherche/detail?tx_dlf%5Bdouble%5D=0&tx_dlf%5Bid%5D=22146&tx_dlf%5Bpage%5D=17&tx_dlf_navigation%5Baction%5D=main&tx_dlf_navigation%5Bcontroller%5D=Navigation&cHash=0f4049b383749335fb536533361e5b10 |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars fürOrientalische Sprachen zu Berlin |language=de, ha |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=1-81}}. * (de + ha) Adam Mischlich, Lehrbuch der Hausa-sprache, Berlin, Reimer, 1911 (lire en ligne). (Réédition de l'ouvrage de 1902, contient alphabet et nombre et proverbes en ''ajami'', en caractère latin et en traduction allemande, textes en ''ajami'', sans transcription latine, ni traduction). * (en + ha) Roland S. Fletcher, Hausa sayings and folk-lore : with a vocabulary of new words, Londres, Oxford University Press, 1912, 173 p. (lire en ligne). * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1924 |title=Wüstenreise des Haussa-Händlers Mohammed Agigi. In Gesprächen geschildert von Hazz Ahmed aus Kano |journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand, haoussa |volume=27 |page=1-36}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1925 |title=Wüstenreise des Haussa-Händlers Mohammed Agigi. Fortsetzung. Nach dem Diktat un den Erlaüterungen von Hazz Ahmed aus Kano heraus gegeben von Dr Rudolf Prietze |journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand, haoussa |volume=28 |page=175-246}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1926 |title=Der Besuch des deutschen Kaisers 1898 in Jerusalem : Nach dem von einem Augenzeugen, dem Haussa-Pilger Achmed, aufgeschriebenen und erläuterten Bericht |journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand, haoussa |volume=29 |page=99-134}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1926 |title=Die Mädchen von Gaia. Ein mittelafrikanisches Sittenbild aus den Mitteilungen Ḥāž Ahmed wiedergegeben von R. Prietze |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand,haoussa |volume=29 |page=135-190}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Adam Mischlich (avec al-Hajj Umaru) |date=1943 |title=Religiöse und Weltliche Gesänge der Mohammedaner aus dem Sudan |journal=Studien zur Auslandskunde: Afrika |language=de, ha |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=129–198}}. == Takardu a cikin rubutun Latin da ''Ajami'' na Hausa, XIX na 19 Kuma 20th ƙarni da yawa == * (ha + en) Charles Henry Robinson, Samfuran Adabin Hausa, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1896 ( karanta a yanar gizo ) . Waƙa a cikin Hausa, tare da fassarar Turanci. An buga ainihin rubutun Ajami Hausa a cikin fakitin rubutu. * (ha + en) Lionel Evelyn Oswald Charlton, Littafin Karatun Hausa; Ya ƙunshi Tarin Rubuce-rubucen da aka sake bugawa a cikin Fakis daga Rubutun Asalin, An Shirya don Amfani da Masu Farawa da Ɗalibai Masu Ci gaba, London, F. Frowde, 1908 ( karanta a yanar gizo ) . Tarin rubuce-rubucen da aka fassara zuwa Turanci. An buga ainihin rubutun da aka rubuta a Ajami Hausa a ƙarshen littafin. * (ha + en) Sutherland R. Rattray, Al'adun Hausa na Tarihi, Karin Magana, Da sauransu, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1913 ( karanta a intanet ) . Buga tarin rubuce-rubucen Hausa da Rattray ya tattara daga ''Malam'' Shehu, wanda ya haɗu da shi a Yegi, Ghana, kuma wanda da kansa ya tattara ɗaruruwan shafuka da aka rubuta da hannu a lokacin tafiye-tafiyensa a faɗin Afirka ta Yamma. An buga rubutun a cikin ''Ajami'' Hausa da kuma rubutun Latin. * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ibn Hissein) |date=1916 |title=Lieder fahrender Haussa-Schüler |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/Y3YVOARU672JYYSSQHXTKOTQG26CZVOY |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=de, ha |volume=19 |page=1-115}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1916 |title=Haussa-Sänger mit Übersetzung und Erklärung |url=https://archive.org/details/nachrichten1916akaduoft/page/n5/mode/2up |journal=Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse |language=de, ha |volume=4 |page=552-604}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ibn Hissein) |date=1917 |title=Gesungene Predigten eines fahrenden Haussalehrers |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/WX6VHD2XHPMTFXVE43JNAY7ZIGS75ML6 |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=de, ha |volume=20 |page=1-60}} . * (de + ha) Rudolf Prietze (tare da al-Hajj Ibn Hissein), « Landwirtschaftliche Haussa-Lieder ", a cikin Festschrift Eduard Hahn zum 60. Geburtstag, dargebracht von Freunden und Schülern, Stuttgart, Strecker & Schröder, 1917 ( karanta online ), p. 167-189 . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ibn Hissein) |date=1918 |title=Haussa-Preislieder auf Parias. Gesammelt und erklärt von Rudolf Prietze |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/ENZDTZTU3J2H4O2567D3PV4VMBI24DJM |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Friedrich Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=de, ha |volume=21 |page=1-53}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ibn Hissein) |date=1927 |title=Lieder des Haussavolkes |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=de, ha |volume=30 |page=5-172}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1924 |title=Wüstenreise des Haussa-Händlers Mohammed Agigi. In Gesprächen geschildert von Hazz Ahmed aus Kano |journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand, haoussa |volume=27 |page=1-36}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1925 |title=Wüstenreise des Haussa-Händlers Mohammed Agigi. Fortsetzung. Nach dem Diktat un den Erlaüterungen von Hazz Ahmed aus Kano heraus gegeben von Dr Rudolf Prietze |journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=ha, de |volume=28 |page=175-246}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1926 |title=Der Besuch des deutschen Kaisers 1898 in Jerusalem : Nach dem von einem Augenzeugen, dem Haussa-Pilger Achmed, aufgeschriebenen und erläuterten Bericht |journal=Mittheilungen des Seminars für orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand, haoussa |volume=29 |page=99-134}} . * {{Cite journal |last=Rudolf Prietze (avec al-Hajj Ahmadu) |date=1926 |title=Die Mädchen von Gaia. Ein mittelafrikanisches Sittenbild aus den Mitteilungen Ḥāž Ahmed wiedergegeben von R. Prietze |journal=Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin |language=allemand,haoussa |volume=29 |page=135-190}} . == Sake buga rubutu na zamani == * (ha + en) Neil Skinner, Karatun Hausa: Zaɓaɓɓun littattafai daga Tatsuniyoyi na Edgar, Madison, Jami'ar Wisconsin Press, 1968. Rubuce-rubuce daga tarin rubuce-rubucen Hausa da Frank Edgar ya buga tsakanin 1910 da 1913. * {{Cite journal |last=Mark B. Duffill |date=1986 |title=Hausa Poems as Sources for Social and Economic History |url=https://www.jstor.org/tc/accept?origin=%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F3171536.pdf&is_image=False |format=pdf |journal=History in Africa |language=en, ha |volume=13 |page=35-88}} == Sake bugun rubutu na zamani cikin Ajami Hausa == * (ha + en) Jean Boyd, Beverly B. Mack, Tarin Ayyukan Nana Asma'u, 'Yar Usman 'dan Fodiyo (1793-1864), East Lansing, Michigan State University Press, 1997. Bugun zaɓaɓɓun ayyukan Nana Asma'u cikin harshen Hausa cikin haruffan Larabci da Latin, tare da fassarar Turanci. * (ha + en) Mervyn Hiskett, Ma’aikatar Shehu Usuman dan Fodio kamar yadda Malam Isa ya fassara zuwa Hausa, London, Department of Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1977. Buga wakar Usman dan Fodio, wanda aka rubuta da Larabci kuma dansa ya fassara shi zuwa ''Hausa'' ajami, fassarar turanci a cikin littafin. * (ha + en) Stanisław Piłaszewicz, Rubuce-rubucen Hausa a cikin Ajami na Alhaji Umaru daga tarin A. Mischlich / H. Sölken, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, 2000. Bugun rubuce-rubuce goma sha ɗaya cikin harshen Hausa, Ajami, da rubutun Latin, tara daga cikinsu al-Hajj Umaru ne ya rubuta su kuma suna cikin rukuni shida da Piłaszewicz ya gano. Waƙoƙin siyasa da na tarihi, waƙoƙin addini, yabon waƙoƙi, waƙoƙin godiya, waƙoƙin yabo, da samfuran waƙoƙi da zayyana waɗanda al'adar Larabci ta zamanin da ta yi wahayi zuwa gare su. A cikin rubutunsa, ''Mashara῾u mā'i al-Khabar'', wataƙila an rubuta shi a ƙarshen XIX na 19. karni na 19, al-Hajj Umaru ya ba da labarin nasarar mulkin mallaka ko kuma ya ba da ''labarin'' jihadin Sekou Amadou a farkon XIX na 19. An ainihin rubutun ''Ajami'' Hausa a ƙarshen littafin. == Tarin rubuce-rubucen hannu a ''Ajami'' Hausa == === Najeriya === {| class="wikitable" !Wurin kiyayewa ! Tsarin tarawa ! Lokaci ! Harsunan Rubutu ! Hanyoyin haɗi |- | Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Jos, '''Jos''' | * Rubuce-rubuce 1,500, waɗanda malamai daga Zariya, Kano, Sokoto, Katsina da Bauchi suka rubuta XVI 16th da kuma 20th ƙarni . An sami rubuce-rubuce da aka rubuta a cikin Ajami Hausa da Fulfulde a cikin wannan tarin. | ƙarni XVI 16 XX 20 ƙarni | Larabci, Ajami, Hausa, Fulfulde | [https://humanities.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/content_migration/humanities_uct_ac_za/1009/files/Salisu%2520Bala.pdf Duba akan layi] |- | Gidan Arewa, Jami'ar Ahmad Bello, '''Zariya''' | * Bayanan hotuna 207 na rubuce-rubuce * Haruffa 527 da aka rubuta da hannu * Tun daga shekarar 2009, kimanin rubuce-rubuce 3000 da suka fito daga Adamawa, Katsina da Filato | | Larabci, Ajami Hausa, Ajami Fulfude | [https://africacommons.net/artifacts/2672691/arewa-house/3695759 Duba akan layi] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- | Taskar Labarai ta Ƙasa ta Kaduna, '''Kaduna''' | * Fayil in Ajami Hausa (NA), O/AR2/56. Containing documents titled: ''Tarihin Barno'' / ''Labarin asalin Pabir na Buja / Asalin sarauta Barno / Labarin yakin sarikin Duguri Dan Fada da Angasawa'' etc. | | Hausa Ajami | |} {| class="wikitable" !Wurin kiyayewa ! Tsarin tarawa ! Lokaci ! Harsunan Rubutu ! Hanyoyin haɗi |- | Sashen Larabci da Rubutun Ajami (MARA) na Cibiyar Bincike kan Kimiyyar Dan Adam na Jami'ar Abdou Moumouni, '''Yamai.''' | * Tarin rubuce-rubucen Boubou Hama na asali guda 428, ciki har da guda 16 a cikin Ajami, Hausa, da Fulfulde. * Daga cikin rubuce-rubuce 5,000 da ke cikin tarin yanzu, kimanin 400 suna cikin Ajami (Fulani, Hausa da Songhai-Zarma) | | Larabci, Ajami Hausa, Ajami Fulfude | An buga kundin adireshi : ''Ḥ asan Mawāy,'' ''Ayman Fuʾād Sayyid, Fihris al-maẖṭ ūṭ āt al-islāmiyya al-mawǧūda bi-Ma'had al-abḥ āṯ fi ʿUlūm al-insaniyyat, al- Nīảr,'' London li-l-turāṯ al-islamī, 2004-2005, 4 juzu'i. Ga wasu daga cikin sauran rubuce-rubucen, gidan yanar gizon [https://waamd.lib.berkeley.edu/home Manuscript na Yammacin Afirka] wanda Bruce S. Hall da Charles C. Stewart. |- | Chetima Mamadou Library, '''Zinder''' | * Adabin addini da na sihiri a cikin Larabci (tafsir, hadisi, nahawun Larabci, waƙoƙin yabo ga Annabi da waƙoƙin Sufaye) * Mamadou Chétima (wanda ya rasu a shekarar 1922) da ɗansa Aboubacar Chétima sun karɓi wasiƙu 400. * Takardu masu aiki da suka shafi ayyukan qadi Mamadou Chétima * Kimanin takardu ɗari da suka shafi kimiyyar asiri da sihiri | ƙarni XVII 17 XX 20 ƙarni | Larabci, ajami Hausa, ajami fulfude, tsohon kanembu | [https://langarchiv.hypotheses.org/ Duba akan layi] |} {| class="wikitable" !Wurin kiyayewa ! Tsarin tarawa ! Lokaci ! Harsunan Rubutu ! Hanyoyin haɗi |- | Tarin Laburaren Herskovits, Jami'ar Northwestern, '''Evanston''' | * Laburaren ya ƙunshi takardu sama da 5000 da suka fito daga Yammacin Afirka. Rubuce-rubucen sun wakilci kashi 60% na abubuwan da ke cikin tarin kuma sun fito ne daga Najeriya (Kano), Ghana, Senegal da Mali. Rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta a Ajami Hausa suna wakiltar kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na tarin 'Umar Falke, amma kuma suna nan a cikin sauran tarin ɗakin karatu (tarin John Paden, tarin John Hunwick da tarin Jami'ar Ghana) | ƙarni XIX 19 XX 20 ƙarni | Larabci, Ajami Hausa, Ajami Fulfude | [https://libguides.northwestern.edu/arabic-manuscripts Duba akan layi] |- | Laburaren Jami'ar Boston | * Laburaren Afirka na Ajami wani shiri ne na haɗin gwiwa na tattara takardu na ɗakin karatu a yanar gizo a ajami, wanda Jami'ar Boston da Cibiyar Bincike ta Yammacin Afirka (WARC) da kuma shirin Tarihin Tarihin Dake Fuskantar Barazana na Burtaniya suka haɓaka tare. | ƙarni XIX 19 XX 20 ƙarni | Hausa Ajami | [https://open.bu.edu/collections/26818882-8fc7-4dfd-b366-c37fc8297d18 Duba akan layi] |} === Ƙarin Rubutu === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Asusun Kuɗi ! Gefe ! Yanayin rubutun ! Harshe ! Soyayya ! Folios ! Asali ! Hanyoyi/Nassoshi |- | ? | ? | Manuscript in Ajami Hausa producer in Wurno, Nigeria by Malam Haliru Mahammad Wurno (John E. Philips) | | | | Marubuci = Khidr b. Muhammad wanda aka fi sani da ''Malam'' Haliru | [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/history-manuscript-in-hausa-ajami-from-wurno-nigeria-by-malam-haliru-mahammad-wurno1/C2422F0C80AB7CDA6B13164ECEB9744D Duba akan layi] |- | SOAS, Landan | MS 98013 | ''Tarihin Babatu da Samori da sauransu'' ''[Labarin Shamuri]'' | Hausa Ajami | A kusan shekara ta 1914 | 180 | Ghana | [https://books.openedition.org/pressesinalco/30178#ftn4 Duba akan layi] |- | Kwalejin Trinity, Dublin | IE TCD MS 2258 | Cakudar rubutun da aka jingina ga Usman Dan Fodio, Abdillahi bin Fodiyo, Muhammad Bello, da sauransu. | Larabci da Hausa Ajami | A farkon XIX na 19 ƙarni | 391 | Kano | [https://digitalcollections.tcd.ie/concern/works/dn39x726h?locale=en Duba akan layi] |- | Laburaren Ƙasa na Faransa, Paris | Hoto ko C 7 | ''Tarihin sarakunan Damaġaran'' | Larabci da sunaye a cikin Ajami Hausa | | | | |} ==== Bayani ==== Gabaɗaya, rubuce-rubucen Larabci da yawa da aka samar a Yammacin Afirka kuma waɗanda ke cikin tarin Turai sun ƙunshi, a gefensu ba a cikin babban jikin rubutun ba, bayanan da ke cikin ''ajami'', waɗanda wani lokacin ba a rubuta su a cikin kundin littattafai ba. Duk da cewa ci gaban manhajar OCR ta harshen Larabci yana bunƙasa, har yanzu ba ta san ''nau'ikan rubutun ajami'' daban-daban ba, wanda ke jinkirta gano gajerun sassa da kuma gajerun sassa a cikin harsunan Afirka a cikin rubuce-rubucen Musulunci <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stephanie Marius |last2=Alfa Mamadou Diallo Lelouma |date=2024 |title=À propos d’un fonds de manuscrits islamiques conservés au Musée du quai Branly |journal=La Revue de la BNU |volume=30}}</ref> . == Bayanan kula da nassoshi == <references responsive="1"></references> == Littattafan tarihi == * (en) Umaru B. Ahmed (dir.), The Hausa World of Rudolf Prietze : Being the Complete Collection of the Scholar in the Hausa and German Originals and the English Versions, Zaria, Ahmadu Bello Univ. Press, 2013. * Ari Awagana et Camille Lefebvre, L’oeuvre en kanouri d’al-Hajj Musa ibn Hissein, un savant du Borno (Niger-Nigéria), Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2025, 500 p. * Elara Bertho, « Mallam Abu, chroniqueur haoussa des empires africains et de la conquête coloniale », dans Nathalie Kouamé et al., Encyclopédie des historiographies : Afriques, Amériques, Asies, Paris, Presses de l’Inalco, 2020 * (en) Hamid Bobboyi, « Ajami literature and the study of the Sokoto caliphate », dans Shamil Jeppie et Souleymane Bachir Diagne, The Meanings of Timbuktu, HSRC, 2008. * {{Cite journal |last=Dmitry Bondarev |date=2019 |title=The Revelation: The earliest known use of ʿajamī as a label |journal=A-label: African Languages Between the Lines |language=en}}. * {{Cite journal |last=José Bonifacio Adrada y Silva |date=1826 |title=Haussah Vocabulary |journal=Journal des Voyages |volume=32}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Barbara Cooper |date=1994 |title=Reflections on Slavery, Seclusion and Female Labor in the Maradi Region of Niger in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-african-history_1994_35_1/page/61 |journal=Journal of African History |language=anglais |volume=35 |issue=1 |page=61-78}}. * {{Cite journal |last=Nikolaï Dobronravine |last2=John Edward Philips |date=2004 |title=Hausa ajami literature and script : colonial innovations and post-colonial myths in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25653414.pdf |journal=Sudanic Africa |language=anglais |volume=15 |page=85-110}} * {{Cite journal |last=M.B. Duffill |date=1986 |title=Hausa Poems as Sources for Social and Economic History |journal=History in Africa |language=en |volume=13 |page=35-88}}. * (en) Graham Furniss, Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa, Londres, Edinburgh University Press, 1996, 338 p. * (en) Muhammed Al-Munir Gibrill, A Structural-Functional Analysis of the Poetics of Arabic Qasidah : An Ethnolinguistic Study of three Qasidas on colonial conquest of Africa by Hal-Hajj 'Umar B. Abi Bakr B. 'Uthman Krachi (1858-1934), Indiana University, thèse, 2015 (lire en ligne). * {{Cite journal |last=Mervyn Hiskett |date=1971 |title=Son of the Shehu's miracles: a Hausa hagiography from Sokoto |journal=African Language Studies |language=en |volume=12 |page=71-107}}. * (en) Mervyn Hiskett, The Sword of the Truth. The Life and Times of the Shehu Usuman dan Fodio, New York, Oxford University Press, 1973. * John Hunwick, The writings of Central Sudanic Africa, 2, Leiden/New York, Brill, 1995. * {{Cite journal |last=Camille Lefebvre |date=2010 |title=Ce que l'itinéraire nous dit du voyage. Listes d’itinéraire, voyage et imaginaire spatial au Soudan central au {{S-|XIX}} |url=https://journals.openedition.org/afriques/835 |journal=Afriques |volume=2}}. * (en) Camille Lefebvre, « The Life of a Text : Carsten Niebuhr and Abd al-Raḥmān Aġa Das innere von Afrika », dans Benedetta Rossi et Toby Green, Landscapes, Sources and Intellectual Projects of the West African Past, Leyde, Brill, 2018, p. 379-385. * Camille Lefebvre, « 1856 Dorugu, un voyageur haoussa en Europe », dans Romain Bertrand,, L’Exploration du monde, Une autre histoire des Grandes Découvertes, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2019, p. 389-393 (ISBN 978-2021406252, lire en ligne). * Camille Lefebvre, Des pays au crépuscule. Le moment de l'occupation coloniale (Sahara-Sahel), Paris, Fayard, 2021, 352 p. * (en) Berverly Mack, Muslim Women Sing. Hausa Popular Song, Bloomington/Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 2004, p. 7. * {{Cite journal |last=Stephanie Marius et Alfa Mamadou Diallo Lelouma |date=2024 |title=À propos d’un fonds de manuscrits islamiques conservés au Musée du quai Branly |journal=La Revue de la BNU |volume=30}}. * (en) Stanislas Piłaszewicz, Hausa Prose Writings in Ajami by Alhaji Umaru from A. Mischlich/H. Sölken's Collection, Dietrich Verlag, 2000. * Mahaman Sabo Moutari, Les emprunts arabes en hausa dans l’œuvre poétique de Nana Asma’u (1792-1864) : étude linguistique et statistique (thèse de doctorat), Bordeaux, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, 2018. * {{Cite journal |last=M.G. Smith |date=1957 |title=The Social Functions and Meanings of Hausa Praise Singing |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1156364.pdf |journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute |language=anglais |volume=27 |issue=1 |page=26-45}}. * Cécile Van den Avenne, « Colonialisme », dans Josiane Boutet, James Costa, Dictionnaire de sociolinguistique, Paris, Maison des sciences de l'Homme, 2021, 348 p. * {{Cite journal |last=Julia Winckler |date=2009 |title=Regards croisés: James Henry Dorugu's Nineteenth-Century European Travel Account |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/journeys/10/2/jy100201.xml |journal=Journeys |volume=10 |issue=2}}. == Labarai masu alaƙa == * [[Harshen Hausa|Hausawa]] * Carsten Niebuhr * Abd al-Rahman Aga * [[James Schön|James Frederick Schön]] * [[Dorugu]] * Thomas Cole John * [[Al-Hajj Musa bin Hissein|al-Hajj Musa ibn Hissein]] * al-Hajj Ahmadu [[Rukuni:Hausa]] falqzpufgbwk64qvcgqxonqfbze9jup 0 174464 964316 946381 2026-10-07T11:55:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taron Makamashi na Hydrogen na Duniya''' (WHEC) jerin abubuwan da suka faru na kasa da kasa ne da ke rufe matsalolin da suka shafi amfani da hydrogen a matsayin Mai ɗaukar makamashi. Wadannan sun hada da hanyoyin samar da hydrogen, kayan aiki don adana hydrogen, ci gaban ababen more rayuwa da fasahar amfani da hydrogen, musamman aikace-aikacen tsarin sel mai. Ana gudanar da WHEC a kowace shekara biyu a wurare daban-daban a duniya kuma, a hade tare da Yarjejeniyar Fasahar Hydrogen ta Duniya (WHTC), an shirya shi tare da tallafin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Hydrogen Energy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Association for Hydrogen Energy |url=http://www.iahe.org/ |access-date=21 August 2013 |publisher=Iahe.org}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru a baya == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="background:#cfcfcf; text-align:center;" |Sno !Year !Venue !Date |- |1 |1976 |Miami Beach, {{Flag|United States}} | - |- |2 |1978 |Zurich, {{Flag|Switzerland}} | - |- |3 |1980 |Tokyo, {{Flag|Japan}} | - |- |4 |1982 |Pasadena, {{Flag|United States}} | - |- |5 |1984 |Toronto, {{Flag|Canada}} | - |- |6 |1986 |Vienna, {{Flag|Austria}} | - |- |13 |2000 |Beijing, {{Flag|China}} | - |- |12 |1998 |Buenos Aires, {{Flag|Argentina}} | - |- |11 |1996 |Stuttgart, {{Flag|Germany}} | - |- |10 |1994 |Cocoa Beach, {{Flag|United States}} | - |- |9 |1992 |Paris, {{Flag|France}} | |- |8 |1990 |Honolulu, {{Flag|United States}} | |- |7 |1988 |Moscow, {{Flag|Russia}} | |- |18 |2010 |Essen, {{Flag|Germany}} |16–20 May 2010<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2010: Home |url=http://www.whec2010.com/ |access-date=20 September 2014 |publisher=Whec2010}}</ref> |- |17 |2008 |Brisbane, {{Flag|Australia}} |15–18 June 2008<ref>{{Cite web |title=【福祉Wiki】認知症ケアガイド |url=http://www.whec2008.com/ |access-date=20 September 2014 |publisher=Whec2008.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703235400/http://www.whec2008.com/ |archive-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |16 |2006 |Lyon, {{Flag|France}} |13–16 June 2008<ref>{{Cite web |title=世界水素エネルギー会議 |url=http://www.whec2006.com/ |access-date=20 September 2014 |publisher=Whec2006.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218120007/http://whec2006.com/ |archive-date=18 December 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |15 |2004 |WHEC, Yokohama, {{Flag|Japan}} | |- |14 |2002 |Montreal, {{Flag|Canada}} | |- |19 |2012 |Toronto, {{Flag|Canada}} |Jun 3–7<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen Systems: Enabling Energy Solutions |url=http://www.whec2012.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315133817/http://www.whec2012.com/ |archive-date=March 15, 2012 |access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> |- |20 |2014 |Gwangju, {{Flag|South Korea}} |Jun 15–20<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHEC 2014 |url=http://www.whec2014.com/ |access-date=20 September 2014 |publisher=Whec2014.com}}</ref> |- |21 |2016 |Zaragoza, {{Flag|Spain}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=WHEC (World Hydrogen Energy Conference) WHTC (World Hydrogen Technology Conventions) |url=http://www.iahe.org/whecwhtc.asp/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318053407/http://www.iahe.org/whecwhtc.asp |archive-date=March 18, 2012 |access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> |- |22 |2018 |Rio de Janeiro, {{Flag|Brazil}} |Jun 17–22<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.whec2018.com/main_frontend.php |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318053407/https://www.whec2018.com/main_frontend.php |archive-date=2012-03-18 |access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> |- |23 |2022 |Istanbul, {{Flag|Turkey}} |Jun 26–30 |} == Abubuwan da ke zuwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="background:#cfcfcf; text-align:center;" |Rashin fahimta !Shekara !Wurin da ake ciki !Ranar |- |24 |2024 |{{Flag|Mexico}} |TBD |} == Manazarta == 05jdkjcxxbwzyzi4oixvq6tsar5441x 0 174481 963869 954772 2026-10-06T13:47:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rashin ruwa yana daya daga cikin rabin halayen rabuwa da ruwa: : ₂ → O₂ + 4H+ + 4e⁻ Oxidation (tsarin dioxygen)   : 4H+ + 4e⁻ → ₂ Ragewa (tsara ta dihydrogen)   : ₂ → ₂ + O₂ Cikakken amsawa  Daga cikin halayen rabi guda biyu, matakin oxidation shine mafi mahimmanci saboda yana buƙatar haɗuwa da canja wurin lantarki 4 da proton da kuma samar da haɗin oxygen-oxygen. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne ta halitta a cikin tsire-tsire photosystem II don samar da protons da electrons don tsarin [[photosynthesis]] da saki iskar oxygen zuwa yanayi, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blankenship |first=R.E. |last2=Tiede |first2=D.M. |last3=Barber |first3=J. |last4=Brudvig |first4=G.W. |last5=Fleming |first5=G. |last6=Ghirardi |first6=M. |last7=Gunner |first7=M.R. |last8=Junge |first8=W. |last9=Kramer |first9=D.M. |last10=Melis |first10=A. |last11=Moore |first11=T.A. |last12=Moser |first12=C.C. |last13=Nocera |first13=D.G. |last14=Nozik |first14=A.J. |last15=Ort |first15=D.R. |date=2011 |title=Comparing Photosynthetic and Photovoltaic Efficiencies and Recognizing the Potential for Improvement |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9cf6c2dq |journal=Science |volume=332 |issue=6031 |pages=805–9 |bibcode=2011Sci...332..805B |doi=10.1126/science.1200165 |pmid=21566184 |s2cid=22798697}}</ref> da kuma wasu matakai na electrowinning. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kotyk |first=J.F.K. |last2=Chen |first2=C. |last3=Sheehan |first3=S.W. |date=2018 |title=Corrosion Potential Modulation on Lead Anodes Using Water Oxidation Catalyst Coatings |journal=Coatings |volume=8 |issue=7 |page=246 |doi=10.3390/coatings8070246 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tun da za a iya amfani da hydrogen a matsayin madadin mai tsabta mai ƙonewa, akwai buƙatar raba ruwa yadda ya kamata. Koyaya, akwai sanannun kayan da za su iya yin sulhu da raguwar matakin yadda ya kamata saboda haka yawancin binciken da ake yi a yanzu an yi niyya ne ga rabin aikin oxidation wanda aka fi sani da Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER). Binciken yanzu yana mai da hankali kan fahimtar tsarin OER da ci gaban sabbin kayan da ke haɓaka tsari.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Anode - Lewis Research Group |url=http://nsl.caltech.edu/research:anode |access-date=2012-08-05 |publisher=Nsl.caltech.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807035551/http://nsl.caltech.edu/research:anode |archive-date=2012-08-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Thermodynamics == Dukkanin matakan oxidation da ragewa sun dogara da pH. Halin da ke ƙasa yana nuna daidaitattun yiwuwar a pH 0 (mai ƙarfi) kamar yadda aka ambata ga wutar lantarki ta hydrogen (NHE). : Oxidation ₂ → 4H+ + 4e⁻ + O₂ E° = -1.23 V vs. NHE (a pH = 0)    : Ragewa 4H+ + 4e⁻ → ₂ E° = 0.00 V vs. NHE (a pH = 0)    : Gabaɗaya ₂ → ₂ + O₂ E°cell = -1.23 V; ΔG = -475 kJ/mol  <br /> Za'a iya yin rarraba ruwa a ƙimar pH mafi girma duk da haka daidaitattun yiwuwar za su bambanta bisa ga daidaitattun Nernst sabili da haka canzawa ta -59 mV don kowane karuwar pH. Koyaya, jimlar yiwuwar tantanin halitta (bambanci tsakanin oxidation da rage yiwuwar rabin tantanin halitta) zai kasance 1.23 V. Wannan yiwuwar za a iya danganta shi da Gibbs free energy (ΔG) ta hanyar: ΔG°cell = -nFE°cell Inda n shine yawan electrons ta kowane samfurin mole kuma F shine Faraday constant. Sabili da haka, yana ɗaukar 475 kJ na makamashi don yin kwayar O2 kamar yadda aka lissafa ta hanyar thermodynamics. Koyaya, a zahiri babu wani tsari da zai iya zama wannan inganci. Tsarin koyaushe yana fama da karfin da ke tasowa daga shingen kunnawa, tasirin maida hankali da saukowar ƙarfin lantarki saboda juriya. Shingen kunnawa ko makamashi na kunnawa yana da alaƙa da Jihohin canji makamashi masu ƙarfi waɗanda aka kai yayin tsarin electrochemical na OER. Rage waɗannan shingen zai ba da damar OER ya faru a ƙananan ƙwarewa da sauri. == Hanyar aiki == Heterogeneous OER yana da hankali ga farfajiyar da abin da ke faruwa kuma yana shafar pH na mafita. An nuna tsarin gaba ɗaya don maganin acidic da alkaline a ƙasa. A karkashin yanayin acidic ruwa yana ɗaure zuwa farfajiya tare da cirewa mara juyawa na lantarki ɗaya da proton ɗaya don samar da hydroxide na platinum.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conway |first=B.E. |last2=Liu |first2=T.C. |date=1990 |title=Characterization of electrocatalysis in the oxygen evolution reaction at platinum by evaluation of behavior of surface intermediate states at the oxide film |journal=Langmuir |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=268 |doi=10.1021/la00091a044}}</ref> A cikin wani alkaline bayani wani reversible binding na hydroxide ion haɗe da wani electron oxidation ana zaton ya riga wani turnover-limiting electrochemical mataki ya shafi cire daya proton da daya electron don samar da surface oxide species.<ref name="Birss1">{{Cite journal |last=Birss |first=V.I. |author-link=Viola Birss |last2=Damjanovic |first2=A. |last3=Hudson |first3=P.G. |date=1986 |title=Oxygen Evolution at Platinum Electrodes in Alkaline Solutions: II . Mechanism of the Reaction |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-electrochemical-society_1986-08_133_8/page/1621 |journal=J. Electrochem. Soc. |volume=133 |issue=8 |page=1621 |bibcode=1986JElS..133.1621B |doi=10.1149/1.2108978 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Canjin da ke cikin ma'auni tsakanin matsanancin pH an danganta shi da kayan aikin motsa jiki na oxidizing hydroxide ion dangane da ruwa. Yin amfani da ma'aunin Tafel, mutum na iya samun bayanai game da kinetics na kayan lantarki kamar musayar halin yanzu da gangaren Tafel.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=K. |last2=Zhang |first2=D. |date=2010 |title=Recent progress in alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production and applications |journal=Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. |volume=36 |issue=3 |page=307 |bibcode=2010PECS...36..307Z |doi=10.1016/j.pecs.2009.11.002}}</ref> Ana zaton OER ba zai faru a kan tsaunuka masu tsabta kamar platinum ba, amma a maimakon haka an kafa wani oxide surface kafin juyin halitta na oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Damjanovic |first=A. |last2=Yeh |first2=L.S.R. |last3=Wolf |first3=J.F. |date=1980 |title=Temperature Study of Oxide Film Growth at Platinum Anodes in H2SO4 Solutions |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-electrochemical-society_1980-04_127_4/page/874 |journal=J. Electrochem. Soc. |volume=127 |issue=4 |page=874 |doi=10.1149/1.2129773}}</ref> [[Fayil:Acidic_OER.png|center|thumb|810x810px|OER a karkashin yanayin acidic.]] [[Fayil:Alkaline_OER.png|center|thumb|810x810px|OER a karkashin yanayin alkaline.]] == Kayan haɓaka == An yi nazarin OER a kan kayan aiki iri-iri ciki har da: * Yankin platinum <ref name="Birss1" /> * canjin ƙarfe oxides <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matsumoto |first=Y. |last2=Sato |first2=E. |date=1986 |title=Electrocatalytic properties of transition metal oxides for oxygen evolution reaction |journal=Mater. Chem. Phys. |volume=14 |issue=5 |page=397 |doi=10.1016/0254-0584(86)90045-3}}</ref> * spinels na ƙarfe na farko da Perovskites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parmon |first=V.M. |last2=Elizarova |first2=G.L. |last3=Kim |first3=T.V. |date=1982 |title=Spinels as heterogeneous catalysts for oxidation of water to dioxygen by tris-bipyridyl complexes of iron(III) and ruthenium(III) |journal=Reaction Kinetics and Catalysis Letters |volume=21 |issue=3 |page=195 |doi=10.1007/BF02070609 |s2cid=97265373}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bockris |first=John O'M. |last2=Otagawa |first2=Takaaki |date=1983-07-01 |title=Mechanism of oxygen evolution on perovskites |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry |publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) |volume=87 |issue=15 |pages=2960–2971 |doi=10.1021/j100238a048 |issn=0022-3654}}</ref> Kwanan nan, an nuna kayan aikin ƙarfe-organic (MOF) a matsayin dan takara mai ban sha'awa sosai don ƙarancin ruwa tare da ƙarfe na farko.;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nepal |first=Binod |last2=Das |first2=Siddhartha |date=2013-05-31 |title=Sustained Water Oxidation by a Catalyst Cage-Isolated in a Metal-Organic Framework |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |publisher=Wiley |volume=52 |issue=28 |pages=7224–7227 |doi=10.1002/anie.201301327 |issn=1433-7851 |pmid=23729244}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hansen |first=Rebecca E. |last2=Das |first2=Siddhartha |year=2014 |title=Biomimetic di-manganese catalyst cage-isolated in a MOF: robust catalyst for water oxidation with Ce(iv), a non-O-donating oxidant |journal=Energy Environ. Sci. |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=317–322 |bibcode=2014EnEnS...7..317H |doi=10.1039/c3ee43040e |issn=1754-5692}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen farfajiyar da yanayin electrolysis suna da babban tasiri a kan amsawa (kuskuren, matakai, kinks, ƙananan rukunin yanar gizo) saboda haka yana da wahala a hango hasashen kaddarorin kayan OER ta hanyar tsarinsa. Tasirin saman yana da babban tasiri a kan kinetics da thermodynamics na OER. === Platinum === Platinum ya kasance abu ne da aka yi nazari sosai don OER saboda shine mafi yawan aiki don wannan martani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dau |first=Holger |last2=Limberg |first2=Christian |last3=Reier |first3=Tobias |last4=Risch |first4=Marcel |last5=Roggan |first5=Stefan |last6=Strasser |first6=Peter |author-link6=Peter Strasser (chemist) |date=2010-06-28 |title=The Mechanism of Water Oxidation: From Electrolysis via Homogeneous to Biological Catalysis |journal=ChemCatChem |publisher=Wiley |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=724–761 |doi=10.1002/cctc.201000126 |issn=1867-3880 |s2cid=35384870}}</ref> Yana nuna musayar ƙimar yanzu a kan tsari na 10⁻⁹ A / cm². Yawancin ilimin inji na OER an tattara shi ne daga nazarin platinum da oxides.<ref name="Birss1" /> An lura cewa akwai jinkiri a cikin juyin halitta na iskar oxygen a lokacin electrolysis. Sabili da haka, fim din oxide dole ne ya fara samuwa a farfajiyar kafin OER ya fara.<ref name="Birss1" /> Tushen Tafel, wanda ke da alaƙa da kinetics na amsawar electrocatalytic, an nuna shi mai zaman kansa ne daga kauri na oxide a ƙananan ƙididdigar yanzu amma ya dogara da kauri na oxid a babban ƙididdigat na yanzu <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Birss |first=V. I. |last2=Damjanovic |first2=A. |date=1987-01-01 |title=Oxygen Evolution at Platinum Electrodes in Alkaline Solutions: I . Dependence on Solution pH and Oxide Film Thickness |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-electrochemical-society_1987-01_134_1/page/113 |journal=Journal of the Electrochemical Society |publisher=The Electrochemical Society |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=113–117 |bibcode=1987JElS..134..113B |doi=10.1149/1.2100385 |issn=0013-4651}}</ref> === Iridium oxide === Iridium oxide (IrO₂) shine ma'auni na masana'antu OER da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin [[Proton musayar membrane electrolysis|polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis]] saboda babban kwanciyar hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rakousky |first=C. |last2=Keeley |first2=G.P. |last3=Wippermann |first3=K. |last4=Carmo |first4=M. |last5=Stolten |first5=D. |date=2018 |title=The stability challenge on the pathway to high-current-density polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers |journal=Electrochim. Acta |volume=278 |page=324 |doi=10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.154 |s2cid=103333449}}</ref> An fara gabatar da shi a cikin shekarun 1970s a matsayin mai haɓaka OER, kuma an yi bincike sosai kuma an aiwatar da shi tun daga lokacin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beni |first=G. |last2=Schiavone |first2=L.M. |last3=Shay |first3=J.L. |last4=Dautremont-Smith |first4=W.C. |last5=Schneider |first5=B.S. |date=1979 |title=Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution on reactively sputtered electrochromic iridium oxide films |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1979-11-15_282_5736/page/281 |journal=Nature |volume=282 |issue=5736 |page=281 |bibcode=1979Natur.282..281B |doi=10.1038/282281a0 |s2cid=4264659}}</ref> === Ruthenium oxide === Ruthenium oxide (RuO₂) yana nuna wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun aiki a matsayin kayan OER a cikin yanayin acidic. An yi nazarin shi tun farkon shekarun 1970s a matsayin mai haɓaka ruwa tare da ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin rahotanni don OER a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trasatti |first=Sergio |last2=Buzzanca |first2=Giovanni |year=1971 |title=Ruthenium dioxide: A new interesting electrode material. Solid state structure and electrochemical behaviour |journal=Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=A1–A5 |doi=10.1016/s0022-0728(71)80111-0 |issn=0022-0728}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin an bincika shi don OER a cikin Ru (110) saman crystal oxide guda ɗaya, fina-finai masu mahimmanci, da fina-fukkuna masu goyon bayan titanium.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Castelli |first=Piero |last2=Trasatti |first2=Sergio |last3=Pollak |first3=Fred H. |last4=O'Grady |first4=William E. |year=1986 |title=Single crystals as model electrocatalysts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-electroanalytical-chemistry-and-interfacial_1986-10-10_210_1/page/189 |journal=Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=210 |issue=1 |pages=189–194 |doi=10.1016/0022-0728(86)90325-6 |issn=0022-0728}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1978">{{Cite journal |last=Lodi |first=G. |last2=Sivieri |first2=E. |last3=De Battisti |first3=A. |last4=Trasatti |first4=S. |year=1978 |title=Ruthenium dioxide-based film electrodes |journal=Journal of Applied Electrochemistry |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=135–143 |doi=10.1007/bf00617671 |issn=0021-891X |s2cid=92764049}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Trasatti |first=S |year=2000 |title=Electrocatalysis: understanding the success of DSA® |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_electrochimica-acta_2000_45_15-16/page/2377 |journal=Electrochimica Acta |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=45 |issue=15–16 |pages=2377–2385 |doi=10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00338-8 |issn=0013-4686}}</ref> Ana iya shirya fina-finai na RuO₂ ta hanyar lalacewar zafi na ruthenium chloride a kan substrates inert.<ref name="autogenerated1978" /> === Kayan aiki na Spinel === Magungunan spinel suna da amfani sosai wajen tsara abubuwan da ke haifar da ruwa. Gabaɗaya waɗannan spinels suna da rufi a kan kayan carbon kuma an rage su don ƙirƙirar gurbin iskar oxygen a cikin lattice don haɓaka ƙarfin [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10904-016-0365-z rufewa].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sahoo |first=Pathik |last2=Tan |first2=Jing-Bo |last3=Zhang |first3=Zhi-Ming |last4=Singh |first4=Shiva Kumar |last5=Lu |first5=Tong-Bu |date=2018-02-06 |title=Engineering the Surface Structure of Binary/Ternary Ferrite Nanoparticles as High-Performance Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction |journal=ChemCatChem |publisher=Wiley |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=1075–1083 |doi=10.1002/cctc.201701790 |issn=1867-3880 |s2cid=104164617}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tan |first=Jing-Bo |last2=Sahoo |first2=Pathik |last3=Wang |first3=Jia-Wei |last4=Hu |first4=Yu-Wen |last5=Zhang |first5=Zhi-Ming |last6=Lu |first6=Tong-Bu |year=2018 |title=Highly efficient oxygen evolution electrocatalysts prepared by using reduction-engraved ferrites on graphene oxide |journal=Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=310–318 |doi=10.1039/c7qi00681k |issn=2052-1553}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dijj6lwzda7qkenv44leqpxstezdx4z 0 174532 964146 958262 2026-10-07T03:03:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964146 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SMOG_-_NARA_-_542581.tif|right|thumb|Fadar Amurka tana tsaye a bayan wani smoggy Los Angeles a shekarar 1972. Shirin Binciken Smog na California ƙoƙari ne na rage smog a California.]]{{Databox}} '''Shirin Binciken Smog na California''' yana buƙatar motocin da aka ƙera a 1976 ko daga baya don shiga cikin shirin binciken smog na shekaru biyu (kowace shekaru biyu) a cikin yankuna masu halarta.<ref name="counties">{{Cite web |title=Smog Information |url=https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-registration/smog-inspections |access-date=January 21, 2022 |website=www.dmv.ca.gov |publisher=California Department of Motor Vehicles |quote=Frequently Asked Questions: Do I have to get a smog inspection when I renew my registration? ... If you live in one of these counties, you need a smog inspection when you renew your vehicle registration: ...}}</ref> Manufar shirin da aka bayyana ita ce rage gurɓataccen iska daga motoci ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa ana gyara motocin da ke da hayaki mai yawa daidai da jagororin tarayya da jihohi. Tare da wasu banbanci, motocin da ke amfani da man fetur, motocin matasan, da motocin da suka fi amfani da manfutuka waɗanda suka tsufa shekaru takwas ko sabo ba a buƙatar shiga ba; a maimakon haka, waɗannan motocin suna biyan kuɗin rage smog na shekaru 8 na farko maimakon ana buƙatar su don wuce binciken smog. Shekaru takwas ba su shafi motocin da ba mazauna ba (wanda aka yi rajista a baya) da aka yi rajistar a California a karon farko, motocin diesel na 1998 ko sabo kuma suna da nauyin 14,000 lbs ko ƙasa da haka, <ref name="Cal BAR">{{Cite web |title=Ca. Dept. of Consumer Affairs, Bureau of Automotive Repair: Vehicles Subject to Smog Check |url=https://www.bar.ca.gov/Consumer/Smog_Check_Program_General_Information.aspx#13-what-vehicles-require-a-smog-check |access-date=2020-05-10 |publisher=bar.ca.gov |format=Web}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="Cal Statutes">{{Cite web |date=2012-01-01 |title=State of California Laws and Regulations Sec. 44011(a)(1)(C) |url=http://www.bar.ca.gov/80_BARResources/05_Legislative/RegulatoryActions/BAR_Laws_and_Regulations.pdf |access-date=2012-02-15 |publisher=bar.ca.gov |page=94}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ko motocin da aka gina musamman na 1976 da sabo. &nbsp;Shirin wani hadin gwiwa ne tsakanin Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Jirgin Sama ta California, Ofishin Gyaran Motoci na California, da Ma'aikatar Motoci ta California. A Smog Check is '''not''' required for electric vehicles, diesel-powered vehicles manufactured before 1998 or weighing over 14,000&nbsp;lbs, trailers, motorcycles, or gasoline-powered vehicles 1975 or older.<ref name="DMV">{{Cite web |last=Vehicles |first=California Department of Motor |title=Smog Requirements |url=http://dmv.ca.gov/vr/smog.htm |website=dmv.ca.gov |access-date=2026-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901035530/https://www.dmv.ca.gov/vr/smog.htm |archive-date=2014-09-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In April 2015, hybrid vehicles became subject to smog check requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hybrid Vehicle Exempted From Initial Smog Check |url=http://www.bar.ca.gov/Industry/Industry_Resources/Hybrid_Vehicles.html |access-date=2015-06-03 |website=www.bar.ca.gov}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Although vehicles 1975 and older or diesel vehicles 1997 or older are not required to get a smog check, owners of these vehicles must still ensure that their emissions systems are intact.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2011}} Duk wanda yake so ya sayar da abin hawa wanda ya wuce shekaru huɗu dole ne ya fara yin binciken smog. Hakki ne na mai siyarwa don samun takardar shaidar smog kafin siyarwa. Idan an yi rajistar abin hawa a California kuma an samo shi daga matar, abokin gida, ɗan'uwa, yaro, iyaye, kakanni, ko jikansa an cire shi.<ref name="DMV" /> == Manazarta == l49rr0zrqtaw5hq8d6ohl724gno8ma9 0 175050 964035 951670 2026-10-06T20:02:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964035 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:N_cyclers_and_anammox.png|thumb|400x400px|Misali na nitrification na ammoniya zuwa nitrite da anammox sunadarai. ]]{{Databox}} ''''''A'''">S''' (Tsa'''R''' react'''O''' guda ɗaya do'''N''' Babban aiki Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite) tsari ne na maganin datti. Tsarin nitrification na ɓangaren maganin datti wanda aka yi amfani da shi don cire ammoniya da abubuwan nitrogen na kwayoyin daga kogunan ruwa. Tsarin yana haifar da tsari mai ɗorewa na nitrite, maimakon cikakkiyar oxidation zuwa nitrate. Tsar''i'' nitrate ta hanyar nitrite oxidising bacteria (NOB) (kamar ''Nitrobacter'') ana hana shi ta hanyar daidaita zafin jiki, pH, da kuma lokacin riƙewa don zaɓar nitrifying ammonia oxidising bacteria, AOB (kamar ''Nitrosomonas''). Denitrification na magudanar sharar gida ta amfani da magungunan SHARON na iya ci gaba tare da ragewar anoxic, kamar anammox.<ref name="Volke">{{Cite journal |last=Sir |first=Shalini |date=December 2012 |title=Nitrogen management in landfill leachate: Application of SHARON, ANAMMOX and combined SHARON–ANAMMOX process |journal=Waste Management |volume=32 |issue=12 |pages=2385–2400 |bibcode=2012WaMan..32.2385S |doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2012.06.006 |pmid=22766438}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Tsarin SHARON (Tsarin reactor guda ɗaya don Babban aiki Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite) tsarin maganin ruwa mai guba shine haɗuwa da halayen cire nitrogen guda biyu da aka riga aka yi amfani da su. Ɗaya daga cikin tsari yana amfani da nitrifiers masu saurin girma ta amfani da nitnification na ammoniya zuwa nitrite da Anammox wanda shine denitrification na nitrite zuwa nitrogen na yanayi ta amfani da ammoniya a matsayin mai ba da gudummawar lantarki. Haɗin matakai biyu yana ba da damar ingantaccen jujjuyawar ammoniya kuma yana hana haɓaka nitrate a cikin ruwa. Wannan haɗuwa kuma tana ba da ci gaba ga hanyoyin da aka riga aka kafa ta hanyar samun ƙaramin makamashi da bukatun COD.<ref name="Volke" /> Sharar da ke shiga wannan tsari dole ne ya fara fuskantar nitrification na ammoniya zuwa nitrite don haka akwai nitrite a cikin isasshen maida hankali don anammox don a cika shi. Wannan mataki na farko yawanci yana buƙatar canza ~50% na ammoniya a cikin kwararar kafin anammox ya fara.<ref name="STOWA">{{Cite journal |last=Van Dongen |first=U. |date=2001 |title=The SHARON®-Anammox® process for treatment of ammonium rich wastewater |url=https://archive.org/details/water-science-and-technology_2001_44_1/page/153 |journal=Water Science and Technology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=153–160 |bibcode=2001WSTec..44..153V |doi=10.2166/wst.2001.0037 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Don samun wannan jinkirin, mahimmin dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita ita ce amfani da ƙimar girma daban-daban da aka samu a cikin ammonia oxidizers da nitrite oxidizers. Ammoniya oxidizers suna da girma mafi girma sa'an nan Nitrite oxidizers a yanayin zafi don haka idan aka yi amfani da ammoniya oxidizarers yadda ya kamata za su kai matakin log kuma su fara nitrification kafin nitrite oxidizers fara anammox.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Mulder |first=J.W. |last2=Duin |first2=J.O.J. |last3=Goverde |first3=J. |last4=Poiesz |first4=W.G. |last5=van Veldhuizen |first5=H.M. |last6=van Kempen |first6=R. |last7=Roeleveld |first7=P. |date=2006-01-01 |title=Full-Scale Experience with the Sharon Process through the Eyes of the Operators |url=https://accesswater.org/publications/-293446/full-scale-experience-with-the-sharon-process-through-the-eyes-of-the-operators |journal=Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation |language=en |volume=2006 |issue=7 |pages=5256–5270 |doi=10.2175/193864706783763444 |issn=1938-6478 |url-access=subscription}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Da zarar tsarin Anammox ya fara yawan halayen nitrification vs Anammox dole ne a sarrafa shi sosai don cire ammoniya gaba ɗaya daga rafin. Don kula da ma'auni tsakanin waɗannan matakai biyu ana amfani da kula da pH.<ref name="STOWA" /> A cikin wannan tsari yana aiki azaman chemostat yana yin SLT (Sludge Retention Time) daidai da HLT (Hydraulic Retention Time). Wannan halayyar ta sa tsarin ya zama mara tausayi ga ɗorewar abubuwa masu ƙarfi a cikin ruwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == drxszwsjv3f31db9ef2wn0hffm9xfar 0 175194 963949 957961 2026-10-06T17:36:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963949 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:An_oil_rig_offshore_Vungtau.jpg|right|thumb|Fitar da kayayyaki a wuraren da ake fitar da mai daga Vietnam a Tekun Kudancin China.]]{{Databox}} Flaring na yau da kullun, wanda aka fi sani da flaring na samarwa, hanya ce da kuma halin yanzu na zubar da adadi mai yawa na iskar mai mai mai da ke tattare da shi (APG) yayin hakar mai. An fara raba iskar gas daga ruwa da abubuwa masu ƙarfi a cikin rijiyar, sannan a saki shi cikin tarin flare kuma a ƙonewa shi cikin yanayin Duniya (yawanci a cikin harshen wuta). Inda aka yi, iskar gas da ba a so (yawanci '''iskar gas''' ta halitta da ke mamaye [[methane]]) an dauke ta da rashin fa'ida, kuma ana iya kiranta da iskar gas, iskar flare, ko kuma kawai "gas mai [[Shara|sharar gida]]". Ba za a rikita fashewar yau da kullun ba tare da fashewar tsaro, fashewar kulawa, ko wasu ayyukan fashewar da ke da gajeren lokaci ko ƙaramin ƙarar gas.{{Rp|1}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPIECA - Resources - Flaring Classification |url=http://www.ipieca.org/resources/energy-efficiency-solutions/flaring-and-venting/flaring-classification/ |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=[[IPIECA|International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association]] (IPIECA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321080727/https://www.ipieca.org/resources/energy-efficiency-solutions/flaring-and-venting/flaring-classification/ |archive-date=2022-03-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Fiye da {{Convert|145|e9m3|e12cuft|0}} (5 na iskar gas an kiyasta cewa an ƙone su a duk duniya a cikin shekara ta 2018. <ref name="wb2019pr">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-12 |title=Increased Shale Oil Production and Political Conflict Contribute to Increase in Global Gas Flaring |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/06/12/increased-shale-oil-production-and-political-conflict-contribute-to-increase-in-global-gas-flaring |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260617183844/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/06/12/increased-shale-oil-production-and-political-conflict-contribute-to-increase-in-global-gas-flaring |archive-date=2026-06-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yawancin wannan an yi amfani da APG akai-akai a dubban wuraren rijiyar, kuma adadi ne mai yawa daidai da amfani da iskar gas na Kudancin da Amurka ta Tsakiya. Manyan ma'aikata bakwai tun daga shekara ta 2014 sune Rasha, Iraki, Iran, Amurka, Aljeriya, Venezuela da Najeriya.<ref name="top30">{{Cite web |date=June 2019 |title=Top 30 Flaring Countries (2014 –2018) |url=http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/645771560185594790/pdf/New-ranking-Top-30-flaring-countries-2014-2018.pdf |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> Ayyuka a yankuna masu nisa na Rasha sun fi girma, tare da rikice-rikicen siyasa da ke kara matakan a wasu ƙasashe. Amurka ta ba da gudummawa kusan kashi 10% na jimlar duniya ta 2018.<ref name="eiaflvdata">{{Cite web |title=Natural Gas Gross Withdrawals and Production Data |url=https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_sum_a_EPG0_VGV_mmcf_a.htm |access-date=2019-12-28 |publisher=[[U.S. Energy Information Administration]]}}</ref> Flarewar yau da kullun, tare da [[fitar da iskar gas]] da gangan da kuma fitar da isar gas da ba da gangan ba, suna da mummunar sakamako. Rashin amfani da albarkatun farko ba ya samar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki na yanzu ko na gaba, yayin da yake haifar da alhakin ta hanyar gina iskar gas da sauran [[Mai gurɓata|gurɓataccen abu]] a cikin biosphere.<ref name="GGFRP">{{Cite web |title=Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/gasflaringreduction#1 |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=World Bank}}</ref><ref name="resil">{{Cite web |last=Zoheir Ebrahim and Jörg Friedrichs |date=2013-09-03 |title=Gas flaring - the burning issue |url=https://www.resilience.org/stories/2013-09-03/gas-flaring-the-burning-issue/ |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=resilience.org}}</ref> Tare da mafi yawan tsinkaye da ke nuna amfani da man fetur da iskar gas suna ƙaruwa a cikin makomar da za a iya gani, [[Bankin Duniya]] a cikin 2002 ya ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar Rage Gas na Duniya (GGFRP); haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu tare da manufar yin ritaya daga aikin lalacewa.<ref name="unsds">{{Cite web |title=Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=1532 |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015, ta ci gaba da ƙaddamar da Zero Routine Flaring ta hanyar 2030 Initiative; wanda kasashe 32, kamfanoni 37, da cibiyoyin banki 15 suka amince da shi a ƙarshen 2019. <ref name="uncip">{{Cite web |title=UN Climate Initiatives Platform - Zero Routine Flaring by 2030 |url=http://climateinitiativesplatform.org/index.php/Zero_Routine_Flaring_by_2030 |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527015828/http://climateinitiativesplatform.org/index.php/Zero_Routine_Flaring_by_2030 |archive-date=2018-05-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Masu goyon baya da ke zaune a Amurka sune Gwamnatin Tarayyar Amurka, Jihar California, da Bankin Duniya. Bayanan duniya na 1996-2018 sun nuna cewa yawan iskar gas ya fadi 10%, yayin da samar da mai ya karu da kashi 40%.<ref name="wbdata">{{Cite web |date=June 2019 |title=Global gas flaring and oil production (1996-2018) |url=http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/182101560185376968/pdf/Global-gas-flaring-and-oil-production-1996-2018.pdf |publisher=World Bank |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524033136/https://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/182101560185376968/pdf/Global-gas-flaring-and-oil-production-1996-2018.pdf |archive-date=2025-05-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Looking_S_at_gas_flare_at_dawn_002_-_near_Arnegard_North_Dakota_-_2013-07-07.jpg|right|thumb|Farin samarwa (cibiyar hoto) a wani wurin hakar mai a yankunan karkara a Arewacin Dakota.]] [[File:ISS-42_Texas_and_the_Gulf_Coast_at_night.jpg|right|thumb|Hoton dare daga sararin samaniya wanda ke kama yaduwar al'ada na fashewa a kudu maso gabashin Texas. An bayyana babban bakan hasken fitilu da aka warwatsa daga sama da hagu daga ƙananan tsakiya ta hanyar daruruwan fitila na gas daga rijiyoyin mai na karkara a cikin Eagle Ford Group a kudancin San Antonio. Hoton da aka ɗauka daga tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya, Fabrairu 2015.]] An yi amfani da fashewar APG na yau da kullun tun lokacin da aka fara sayar da maɓuɓɓugar mai na farko a ƙarshen shekarun 1850. Kodayake hydrocarbons na ruwa da iskar gas suna da irin wannan ƙarfin makamashi ''ta hanyar taro'', abin da ke cikin makamashi mafi girma 1000 ''ta hanyar girma'' man fetur yana sa ajiya da sufuri ya fi tattalin arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fuel energy density |url=https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Energy_density |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=University of Calgary}}</ref> Hanyoyin da aka yadu don shawo kan wannan rashin amfani na iskar man fetur an samu ne kawai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Misali, bututun mai na transcontinental, wanda ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin tattarawa da rarrabawa na yanki, yanzu ya bazu a ko'ina cikin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global natural gas pipeline network |url=http://www.snamatlas.it/world_of_gas |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=snam}}</ref> Flare Gas Recovery Systems (FGRS) don sarrafa APG cikin ruwa ko matse mai a cikin rijiyar sun kuma zama masu saurin motsi kuma sun bambanta da iyawarsu.{{Rp|50}} Hanyoyin yanke shawara da ke haifar da lalacewar APG a zamanin yau sun dogara sosai ga yanayin yanki. Gabaɗaya, manufofin kudi da kuɗi da haɗari na kusa na masu yanke shawara za su ƙayyade sakamakon. Wasu nau'o'in izini ko wasu [[Tsarin mulki|ka'idoji]] aikin flaring da fitarwa sun wanzu a mafi yawan [[Yanke hukunci|hukunce-hukunce]], amma cikakkun bayanai sun bambanta sosai.: 20 : 7 Abubuwan da zasu iya kara yawan ayyukan lalacewa sun hada da (ba cikakken jerin ba): * saurin fadada hakar mai a cikin yankuna da ke nesa da kayan aikin bututun mai na yanzu. : 49 {{Rp|49}} * hanzarta jadawalin cirewa wanda ya haifar da damuwa game da Rashin dukiya. * karuwar kalubale a cikin kayan aiki, kamar jinkiri a fadada karfin sufuri. * Yawan iskar gas wanda ke haifar da ƙananan ko ƙarancin farashi. * gasa daga ƙananan farashi da ƙananan tushen gurɓataccen iskar gas.<ref name="eiange">{{Cite web |title=Natural gas and the environment |url=https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/natural-gas/natural-gas-and-the-environment.php |access-date=2019-12-29 |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration}}</ref> * mafi ɗan lokaci (duka na lokaci da na ƙasa) yanayin wasu ayyukan hakar mai (misali mai mai tsayi). <ref name="resil" /> * Rashin madadin a shafin tare da isasshen hanzari don haɗin kai tare da ayyuka da jadawalin daban-daban. : 55 {{Rp|55}} * raunin tsari, kamar yadda ya haifar da cin hanci da rashawa, rikice-[[Siyasa|Rikicin siyasa]] ko Rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.<ref name="wb2019pr" /> == Manazarta == rbmsihx6nnz2hmlvvz7trt2pt7xrzhu 0 175228 963884 948694 2026-10-06T15:07:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Ribes echinellum.jpg|status={{TNCStatus}}|status_system=TNC|genus=Ribes|species=echinellum|authority=([[Frederick Vernon Coville|Coville]]) [[Alfred Rehder|Rehder]] 1926|synonyms_ref=<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-29100499 The Plant List, ''Ribes echinellum'' (Coville) Rehder ]</ref>|synonyms=*''Grossularia echinella'' <small>Coville 1924</small>}} '''''Ribes echinellum''''', '''Miccosukee gooseberry''', wani tsiro ne mai matukar wahalar samu a Arewacin Amurka a cikin dangin currant, wanda asalinsa ya fito daga kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Tana da ƙalilan mutane da aka sani. An fara gano al'ummar [[Florida]], a shekarar 1924 a Tafkin Miccosukee . An sami al'ummar [[South Carolina]] a shekarun 1957 da 1981, kuma na farko an kare shi ne a Steven's Creek Heritage Preserve . ''Ribes echinellum'' itace ce mai tsayi har zuwa 150 cm&nbsp;cm (ƙafa 5) tsayi tare da kashin baya a ƙusoshin (wuraren da ganyen ke haɗe da tushe). Ganyayyaki suna da zagaye ko siffar ƙwai tare da lobes uku. Yana da furanni masu launin fari ko rawaya mai haske da 'ya'yan itacen da aka lulluɓe da kashin baya. == Noma == Ana noma ''ribes echinellum'' a wurare kaɗan a wajen yankunan asali, har zuwa kudu da Hudson, Florida, amma ba ya yaduwa a can. Ya fi yawa a inuwar bishiyoyin da ke da danshi amma suna da tsafta, inda [[PH na ƙasa|pH]] ɗinsu ya kai 6.7 zuwa 7.4. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Hotunan [https://web.archive.org/web/20230430013318/https://natureinfocus.com/tags/gooseberry+family/content/ Yanayi a cikin Mayar da Hankali] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250911180954/http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/13-039 R. Todd Engstrom da Tom Radzio (2014) Me Yake Cin 'Ya'yan Itacen Miccosukee Gooseberry?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20250911180954/http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/13-039 Castanea: Maris 2014, Vol.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20250911180954/http://www.castaneajournal.org/doi/abs/10.2179/13-039 79, Lamba ta 1, shafi na 27-31.] barazanar halitta ga nau'in halittu {{Taxonbar|from=Q7322343}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bm624h2t15wn07csn7qhxf9na77vlsp 0 175310 963892 948934 2026-10-06T15:39:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Richard Jay Zeckhauser''' (an haife shi a cikin shekara ta 1940) masanin Tattalin Arziki ne na ƙasar Amurka, sannan kuma Farfesa Frank P. Ramsey na Tattalin Arziki a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-12 |title=Richard Zeckhauser |url=}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Zeckhauser yana da BA, ''summa cum laude'', da Ph.D. a cikin tattalin arziki daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]]. Da farko a cikin aikinsa, yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴara masu ƙanshi" da Sakataren Tsaro Robert S. McNamara ya tara don yin amfani da bincike mai zurfi ga dabarun soja na Cold War. Ya auri Sally H. Zeckhauser . Shi ne marubucin littattafai da yawa da kuma fiye da guda 300 da aka sake dubawa. Ayyukansa mafi mahimmanci suna mai da hankali kan gudanar da haɗari, kimiyyar yanke shawara, saka hannun jari, da kuma yin manufofi a ƙarƙashin rashin tabbas. Zeckhauser ya gabatar da kalmar "rashin sani" a cikin yanke shawara a ƙarƙashin rashin tabbas, kamar yadda a cikin: akwai "hadari", "rashin tabbas", da kuma "rashin fahimta".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeckhauser |first=Richard |date=11 January 2011 |title=Investing in the Unknown and Unknowable |url=https://www.cfapubs.org/doi/abs/10.2470/rf.v2010.n2.7 |journal=Journal of Risk and Uncertainty |language=EN |doi=10.2470/rf.v2010.n2.7 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Littafinsa na baya-bayan nan, tare da Peter Schuck, shi ne "Targeting in Social Programs". Littafin ya bincika wasu dalilin da ya sa za a tura albarkatun jama'a kaɗan don magance matsalolin jama'a. Duk da yake ba shi da wani muƙami na yau da kullun, ya daɗe a matsayin jagora na yau da kullum a Makarantar Harvard Kennedy da kuma Harvard. Sannan kuma Ya asance gwani a Ƙungiyar Bincike . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Analysis Group {{!}} Richard J. Zeckhauser |url=http://www.analysisgroup.com/richard_zeckhauser.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817062109/http://www.analysisgroup.com/richard_zeckhauser.aspx |archive-date=2009-08-17 |website=www.analysisgroup.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1994, an zaɓe shi a cikin Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ƙasa. == Ayyukan gada == Zeckhauser ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. === Nasara === * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka (2) ** Blue Ribbon Biyu (1) 1966 ** Haɗuwa da Biyu (1) 2007 === Masu gudu === * Gasar Cin Kofin Arewacin Amurka (2) ** Kungiyoyin maza-a-Match (1) 1968 ** Ƙungiyoyin Mixed Board-a-Match (2) 2003, 2012 == Ayyuka masu muhimmanci == * Summers, Lawrence, and Richard Zeckhauser. "Policymaking for posterity." Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 37.2–3 (2008): 115–140. * Zeckhauser, Richard. "[https://www.cfapubs.org/doi/abs/10.2470/rf.v2010.n2.7 Investing in the Unknown and Unknowable] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." (2010): 77–117. * Samuelson, William, and Richard Zeckhauser. "[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00055564 Status quo bias in decision making]." Journal of risk and uncertainty 1, no. 1 (1988): 7–59. * Zeckhauser, Richard (2006) [http://www.bepress.com/cas/vol1/iss2/art5/ "Investing in the Unknown and Unknowable"], ''Capitalism and Society'': Vol. 1 : Iss. 2, Article 5. {{Doi|10.2202/1932-0213.1009}} * Schuck, Peter H. & Zeckhauser, Richard J. ''Targeting in Social Programs: Avoiding Bad Bets, Removing Bad Apples'', Brookings Institution Press, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0815704287}} * Zeckhauser, Richard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YsapejLQstkC&q=Richard+Zeckhauser ''Strategy and choice''], MIT Press, 1991, {{ISBN|978-0262240338}} * Zeckhauser, Richard, Keeney, Ralph L., Sebenius, James K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=i-L0EGtVnG4C&q=Richard+Zeckhauser ''Wise choices: decisions, games, and negotiations''], Harvard Business Press, 1996, {{ISBN|978-0875846774}} *   == Abubuwan da ba su da muhimmanci == Zeckhauser yana da alaƙa da abin da ake kira Dokar Yhprum, akasin Dokar Murphy, yana cewa: "Wani lokaci tsarin da bai kamata ya yi aiki ba, ya yi aiki duk da haka".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Resnick |first=Paul |last2=Zeckhauser, Richard |last3=Swanson, John |last4=Lockwood, Kate |date=June 2006 |title=The value of reputation on eBay: A controlled experiment |url=http://www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/rzeckhau/postcards.pdf |journal=Experimental Economics |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=79–101 |doi=10.1007/s10683-006-4309-2 |s2cid=195331813}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * [https://sites.hks.harvard.edu/fs/rzeckhau/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * [https://www.nber.org/authors/richard_zeckhauser Littattafan NBER na Richard J. Zeckhauser] * Richard Zeckhauser a Library of Congress, tare da rubuce-rubucen kundin ɗakin karatu 25 (ciki har da 2 a matsayin marubuci na biyu 'Richard J.') *   * Dalili na yau da kullun [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] jqtuqmtgw73lqbqdti1fkygxz75lkxr 0 175604 964135 949596 2026-10-07T01:49:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964135 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}{{Databox}} '''Shane Cloete''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1971) malami ne kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabue]]. Ya kasance mai buga kwallo da hannun dama kuma mai tsaron gida. An haife shi a Salisbury, Rhodesia (yanzu [[Harare]]). Cloete ya buga wasanni biyu na farko, na farko ga Mashonaland a 1994-95, inda ya zira kwallaye shida kuma ya gudu daya. Wasansa na biyu, a gasar kakar wasa mai zuwa, ga Young Mashonaland, ya gan shi ya zira kwallaye 34 a wasan farko da 41 a wasan na biyu, kodayake bai iya samun wani bayyanar aji na farko ba.[1] Cloete ya kasance dan wasan kwallon kafa na tsakiya. Bayan aikinsa na wasan kurket, ya ci gaba da horar da kuma gudanar da tawagar U18, U19, U21 1st inda suka kai ga wasan kusa da na karshe. Ya daina aiki ga Zimbabwe Cricket a shekara ta 2004, lokacin da ya koma Ingila don neman aiki a koyarwa. Tun daga shekara ta 2004, ya yi aiki a makarantu hudu, yana aiki a matsayin Darakta na Wasanni a uku daga cikinsu.[https://uk.linkedin.com/in/shane-cloete-67824111] A halin yanzu shi ne Daraktan Wasanni na Clifton High School, Bristol . [https://web.archive.org/web/20240403114238/https://cliftonhighams.azureedge.net/Staff_List_Spring_2023_24-897.pdf?version=638409163126430000] == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] r8gpn4zp59ohbqvj6ois7b2wvouh7w6 0 175762 963881 950164 2026-10-06T14:44:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Renate Magdeleen na Plessis''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1981) tsohuwar 'yar wasan ruwa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta kware a abubuwan da suka faru.<ref>{{Cite sports-reference|title=Renate du Plessis|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/du/renate-du-plessis-1.html|access-date=21 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111105149/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/du/renate-du-plessis-1.html|archivedate=11 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta karya rikodin Afirka ta Kudu da yawa a cikin malamin mita 100 a Gasar Cin Kofin Pan Pacific ta 1997 a Fukuoka, Japan, kuma daga baya ta wakilci Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin mai shekaru 18 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2000 a Athens, Girka. Ta sami girmamawa goma na Amurka a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Florida Gators. == Ayyuka == === Shekaru na farko === An haifi Du Plessis a [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]], 'yar Andre da Jeanette du Plessis. Tana da ƙaramar 'yar'uwa mai suna Ciska da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa mai taken Marnitz, dukansu mambobi ne na cikakken lokaci na Fellowship of Christian Athletes . Ta fara yin iyo tun tana 'yar shekara goma bayan ta kalli wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1992, inda tawagar Afirka ta Kudu ta dawo cikin shekaru 42 saboda wariyar launin fata: "Ina tunawa da iyayena suna kallo da bayyana mini abin da zoben da kuma abin da wasannin Olympics suka kasance". Shekaru hudu bayan haka, ta rasa damar da za a zaba ta don ƙungiyar Olympics ta kusan ɗan ƙaramin lokaci. Du Plessis ta farko gasa swimming kware da aka gyara tare da Bellville Aquarama (yanzu Barracudas Aquarama) kocin Heinz Dittrich . A lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha takwas, Du Plessis ta bar iyalinta a Afirka ta Kudu don zuwa Amurka kuma daga ƙarshe ta yi iyo don Jami'ar Hawaii: ""Na kasance ina tafiya don yin iyo tun ina da shekaru 13, don haka da farko kawai ya ji kamar tafiya mai tsawo ko sansani". === Ayyukan kwaleji === Du Plessis ya fara halartar Jami'ar Hawaii a Honolulu, Hawaii, kuma ya yi gasa don ƙungiyar yin iyo da nutsewa ta Hawaii Rainbow Wahine, a ƙarƙashin kocin Sam Freas, a lokacin kakar 2000-2001. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Western Athletic Conference sau hudu kuma ta buga mafi kyawun aiki a cikin malamin 100-yard (54.30). A cikin fall of 2001, Du Plessis ta koma Jami'ar Florida a Gainesville, Florida, inda ta horar da kocin Gregg Troy a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Florida Gators.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2006 Florida Gators Swimming & Diving Media Guide – Gator Olympians |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/swimmingdiving/media/2006/pdf/history/olympic.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511204138/http://www.gatorzone.com/swimmingdiving/media/2006/pdf/history/olympic.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=5 May 2013 |website=[[Florida Gators]] |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |pages=6–8}}</ref> Yayinda take iyo ga Gators, ta sami mafi kyawun aiki a cikin malamin 100-yard (53.02), malamin 200-yard (1:59.79), da kuma 100-yard backstroke (53.87), kuma ta sami jimlar goma All-American da biyar Southeastern Conference girmamawa a duk aikinta na kwaleji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 Florida Gators Swimming & Diving Media Guide – All-Time Top-10 Gator Performers (SCY) |url=http://www.gatorzone.com/swimmingdiving/media/2008/pdf/85_history.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511235522/http://www.gatorzone.com/swimmingdiving/media/2008/pdf/85_history.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=14 June 2013 |website=[[Florida Gators]] |publisher=[[University of Florida]] |pages=111–112}}</ref> Ta kammala karatu daga jami'a a shekara ta 2004 tare da digiri na farko na kimiyya a fannin ilimin motsa jiki. === Ayyukan kasa da kasa === Du Plessis ta fara bugawa a gasar cin kofin Pan Pacific Swimming na 1997 a Fukuoka, Japan, inda ta kafa rikodin Afirka ta Kudu na 1:02.10, amma ta kammala ta huɗu a cikin malamin mita 100. A Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2000 a Sydney, Ostiraliya, Du Plessis ta fafata don Afirka ta Kudu a tseren mata na mita 100, tare da abokin aikinta Mandy Loots . Ba ta fito daga Gwaji na Olympics ba, ta gama a bayan Loots daga Mare Nostrum Swim Meet a Roma, Italiya tare da lokacin FINA A-standard na 1:00.66. [1][2] Ta kalubalanci wasu masu iyo bakwai a cikin zafi huɗu, ciki har da Orsolya Ferenczy mai shekaru 16 na Hungary da Marja Pärssinen mai wasan Olympics na Finland sau uku. Da yake fitowa daga na huɗu a farkon juyawa, ta ɓace tare da gajiya da jinkirin tafiya don karɓar iri na biyar a cikin 1:01.32, fiye da rabin dakika (0.50) a ƙasa da ma'auni na shigarwa. Du Plessis ta kasa ci gaba zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe, yayin da ta sanya ta ashirin da takwas gabaɗaya a ranar farko ta farko.[3][4] == Dubi kuma == * Florida Gators * Jerin tsofaffin jami'ar Florida * Jerin 'yan wasan Olympics na Jami'ar Florida == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] hrt4podkycljxc5d85bnpa0q54976iu 0 175768 963918 950181 2026-10-06T16:39:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robert James na Preez''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 1993, a [[Durban]]) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ingila. Matsayinsa na yau da kullun shine tashi-rabi. == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Du Preez ya wakilci Sharks a gasar Craven Week ta kasa da shekaru 13 a shekara ta 2006 da kuma gasar Craven mako ta kasa da shekara 18 a shekara ta 2011 kafin ya shiga Sharks Academy. Ya buga wa kungiyar Sharks U19 wasa a 2011 da 2012. A cikin gasar ta 2012, Du Preez shine babban mai zira kwallaye a gasar inda ya zira kwallayen bakwai, sauye-sauye talatin da kuma azabtarwa goma sha biyar don jimlar maki 140. Bayan ya dawo cikin aikin cikin gida, ya auna maki 108 ga kungiyar Sharks U21 a lokacin gasar zakarun kasa da shekaru 21 ta 2013 don kammala na uku a cikin jerin masu zira kwallaye. A shekara ta 2014, ya koma Stellenbosch don shiga Maties a kan aro don kamfen din Varsity Cup na 2014. Ya sake zama a saman sigogi, inda ya zira kwallaye 84 a lokacin da Maties ya gudu zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar. An kuma kira shi "Mai kunnawa wanda Rocks" don gasar.<ref name="Du Preez ends top of the pile">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2014 |title=Du Preez ends top of the pile |url=http://varsitycup.co.za/rocking-content/fnb-player-that-rocks/du-preez-ends-top-of-the-pile/ |access-date=30 April 2014 |website=Varsity Cup |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502003448/http://varsitycup.co.za/rocking-content/fnb-player-that-rocks/du-preez-ends-top-of-the-pile/ |archive-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Maimakon komawa [[Durban]] a ƙarshen Kofin Varsity na 2014, Du Preez ya yanke shawarar zama a Yammacin Cape, ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Lardin Yamma har zuwa 2016.<ref name="WP scoop Sharks' Du Preez">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2014 |title=WP scoop Sharks' Du Preez |url=http://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/WP-scoop-Sharks-Du-Preez-20140401 |access-date=30 April 2014 |publisher=Sport24}}</ref> An haɗa shi a cikin manyan 'yan wasan su nan da nan kuma ya fara wasan farko na aji a wasan Vodacom Cup na 2014 da Free State XV, kuma ya zira kwallaye don taimakawa kungiyarsa zuwa nasara ta 28-15. === Lokacin 2018 === Du Preez ya tashi daga Stormers zuwa Sharks don kakar Super Rugby ta 2018 don shiga iyalinsa. Ya yi tsalle-tsalle a cikin 2018, ya zama mai farawa na yau da kullun ga sabuwar tawagarsa kusan nan da nan, ya kori Curwin Bosch daga matsayinsa a rabi, wanda ya sa Bosch ya koma fullback. A ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, Du Preez ya zira kwallaye 38, ciki har da yunkurin da ya yi da Blues a Eden Park a Auckland, wanda ya ba Sharks damar doke Blues 63-40. Sabon kocin Afirka ta Kudu Rassie Erasmus ne ya ba shi suna a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 17 da ba a buga ba a cikin tawagar Springbok mai mutum 43 don wasannin duniya na Yuni 2018. Har ila yau, an ambaci 'yan uwan Du Preez guda biyu a cikin tawagar, tare da Robert, Jean-Luc da Dan Du Preez suna yin tarihi a matsayin saiti na farko na' yan uwa uku da za a kira su a cikin tawajin Springbok tare. == Na Mutum == Mahaifin Du Preez - wanda kuma ake kira Robert - tsohon dan wasan Springbok ne wanda ya buga wasanni bakwai a Afirka ta Kudu tsakanin 1992 da 1993. <ref name="Meet the Du Preez Trio: Robert, Daniel and Jean-Luc">{{Cite web |date=24 May 2011 |title=Meet the Du Preez Trio: Robert, Daniel and Jean-Luc |url=http://www.saschoolsports.co.za/rugby/kwazulu-natal/meet-the-du-preez-trio-robert-daniel-and-jean-luc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502001001/http://www.saschoolsports.co.za/rugby/kwazulu-natal/meet-the-du-preez-trio-robert-daniel-and-jean-luc.html |archive-date=2 May 2014 |access-date=30 April 2014 |website=S.A. School Sports}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana da 'yan uwan tagwaye guda biyu - Dan da Jean-Luc - waɗanda dukansu an haɗa su a cikin tawagar Afirka ta Kudu 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta IRB ta 2014. Yaran Du Preez a halin yanzu abokan aikinsa ne a cikin Sharks. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] ofai10p68fljnp3qcgkv5wcw4plwbaa 0 176033 964199 953079 2026-10-07T07:29:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:The_River_Spey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2412314.jpg|thumb| Kogin Spey yana ratsawa ta [[Strathspey, Scotland|Strathspey]]]] '''Strath''' babban [[Ƙorama|kwari]] ne, yawanci kwarin kogi ne mai faɗi da zurfi (sabanin [[Glen|dutse mai faɗi]], wanda yawanci yake da kunkuntar da zurfi). == Kalma da Asalin Ma'anarta == Fassarar kalmar Gaelic {{Lang|gd|srath}}, yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan da suka shahara a harsunan [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] da Scots. Ana amfani da shi a yankunan karkara na Scotland don bayyana wani babban kwari, har ma da waɗanda ba sa jin yaren Gaelic. A cikin sunayen wurare na Scotland, ''Strath-'' asalinsa na Gaelic ne da Brittonic.<ref name="BLITON">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Alan G |title=The Brittonic Language in the Old North - A Guide to the Place-Name Evidence |url=https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2020_Edition.pdf |access-date=14 June 2020 |website=Scottish Place Name Society |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614190739/https://spns.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Alan_James_Brittonic_Language_in_the_Old_North_BLITON_Volume_II_Dictionary_2020_Edition.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sunaye ''na Strath'' sunaye ne da suka yi kama da na Gaelic {{Lang|gd|srath}}, ma'ana "faɗin kwarin", da kuma ga Cumbric da Pictish masu alaƙa ( ''cf.'' [[Harshen Welsh|Welsh]] {{Lang|cy|ystrad}} ).<ref name="BLITON" /> Gaelic {{Lang|gd|srath}} an samo shi ne daga Tsohon Irish {{Lang|sga|srath}}, an rubuta shi a matsayin yana nufin "ciyawa". Ma'anar Gaelic ta zamani ta Scotland ta "faɗaɗɗen kwarin", wacce ke daidai da ma'anar Brittonic cognates, ta samo asali ne daga tasirin substrate daga Pictish. <ref name="pp" /> == Sunan mai suna Toponym == [[Fayil:Derry_Stranorlar_N13_roadsign_cropped.JPG|thumb| Shiga don Stranorlar tare da sunan Irish {{Lang|ga|Srath an Urláir}}, 'matattarar benen [kwarin]'.]] Yana faruwa a wurare da dama a cikin [[Scotland|Scotland,]] ciki har da [[Kwarin Strathmore|Strathmore]], [[Strathspey, Scotland|Strathspey]] da Strathclyde . A ƙasashen waje, wurare da yawa waɗanda ke da al'adun [[Scotland]] suma suna amfani da prefix ɗin, ciki har da Strath-Taieri a [[New Zealand]] ; Strathalbyn a Kudancin Ostiraliya, Strathfield, wani yanki na [[Sydney]], Ostiraliya; Strathewen, Victoria, Ostiraliya; Strathpine, wani yanki na [[Brisbane]], Ostiraliya; da wurare daban-daban a [[Kanada]] : Strathmore, Alberta ; Strathcona ; Strathroy, Ontario ; da Strathburn, Ontario. A ƙasar Ireland, kalmar nan an rubuta ta da Anglicised a matsayin ''srah'', ''stra'' -, ''strath'' ko ''straw'', kamar yadda yake a Ardstraw, Stranorlar, Strathfoyle, Strabane . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary - ‘srath’ |url=https://www.logainm.ie/en/glossary/139-srath |website=logainm.ie}}</ref> Haka kuma yana faruwa a cikin sunayen jiragen P&amp;amp;O guda biyar, huɗu daga cikinsu, ''Strathaird'', ''Strathnaver'', ''Stratheden'' da ''Strathmore'', sun ɗauki dubban 'yan cirani zuwa Ostiraliya tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960. Jiragen ruwan sun yi aiki a matsayin jigilar sojoji a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] kuma jirgin ruwa na biyar, ''Strathallan'', ya nutse a [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]] a shekarar 1942 ya kai sojoji zuwa wurin saukar jiragen ruwa a Arewacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Strathallan Story |url=http://www.thestrathallan.com/strathallan.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009152523/http://www.thestrathallan.com/strathallan.htm |archive-date=2007-10-09 |access-date=2007-12-20}}</ref> Kalmar tana da alaƙa da Welsh {{Lang|cy|Ystrad}}, kamar yadda yake a {{Lang|cy|Strat Clut}}, Sunan Tsohon Welsh na Masarautar Strathclyde . A Keith akwai wani kamfanin sarrafa giya da ke samar da Strathisla whisky. Wiski ne na malt guda ɗaya wanda kuma shine sinadari a cikin haɗin Chivas Regal . == A fannin ilmin ƙasa == A [[Ilmin duwatsu|fannin ilimin ƙasa]], strath wani yanki ne mai faɗi a cikin kwarin kogi wanda ke nuna [[Matsayi na asali|matakin]] [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] ƙasa da kogin ya yi. Wannan na iya zama tushen bene na kwarin strath na zamani, wanda ya yi daidai da matakin tushe na yanzu, amma kuma yana iya dacewa da tsohon matakin tushe wanda yanzu aka adana a cikin tarihin ƙasa . Idan aka [[Sabuntawa na Kogin|sake farfaɗo]] da kogi a cikin kwarin strath ta hanyar faɗuwar matakin tushe, za a iya adana ragowar tsohon bene na kwarin a matsayin [[Yankin ruwa|baranda strath]]. Waɗannan na iya yin rikodin canjin yanayi a baya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pan |first=Baotian |last2=Burbank |first2=Douglas |last3=Wang |first3=Yixiang |last4=Wu |first4=Guangjian |last5=Li |first5=Jijun |last6=Guan |first6=Qingyu |date=2003 |title=A 900 k.y. record of strath terrace formation during glacial-interglacial transitions in northwest China |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_2003-11_31_11/page/957 |journal=Geology |volume=31 |issue=11 |pages=957 |doi=10.1130/G19685.1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuller |first=Theodore K. |last2=Perg |first2=Lesley A. |last3=Willenbring |first3=Jane K. |last4=Lepper |first4=Kenneth |date=May 2009 |title=Field evidence for climate-driven changes in sediment supply leading to strath terrace formation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_2009-05_37_5/page/467 |journal=Geology |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=467–470 |doi=10.1130/G25487A.1}}</ref> ko kuma sakamakon [[Menander|kwararar]] kogi ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finnegan |first=Noah J. |last2=Dietrich |first2=William E. |date=February 2011 |title=Episodic bedrock strath terrace formation due to meander migration and cutoff |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_geology_2011-02_39_2/page/143 |journal=Geology |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=143–146 |doi=10.1130/G31716.1}}</ref> Idan canjin ƙimar laka ya haifar da sabunta ajiyar laka ( ƙaruwa ) a cikin kwarin laka, za a iya binne asalin saman laka a ƙarƙashin sabbin laka kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na tarihin ƙasa. Misali, akwai aƙalla irin waɗannan ramuka guda uku a kwarin Kogin Rio Grande kusa da Albuquerque, New Mexico . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Connell |first=Sean D. |last2=Love |first2=David W. |year=2001 |title=Stratigraphy of middle and upper Pleistocene fluvial deposits of the Rio Grand (post-Santa Fe Group) and the geomorphic development of the Rio Grande Valley, Northern Albuquerque Basin, Central New Mexico |url=https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/publications/openfile/downloads/400-499/454/papers/OFR454B_pdf/J-Connell_QuaternaryTerrace.pdf |journal=New Mexico Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Open File Reports |volume=454B |pages=167–178 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7oq3u70a1s81aht84h6hvp9v8xccl2s 0 176325 964201 952576 2026-10-07T07:32:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Streptanthus vernalis.jpg|status={{TNCStatus}}|status_system=TNC|genus=Streptanthus|species=vernalis|authority=R.O'Donnell & R.W.Dolan}} '''''Streptanthus vernalis''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure da ba kasafai ake samunsa ba a cikin dangin mustard wanda aka fi sani da suna '''na farko mai launin jawul''' . An fara lura da shi a shekarun 1970 amma ba a bayyana shi ga kimiyya ba sai a shekarar 2005. Yana da yawa a gundumar Lake County, California, inda aka san shi daga faruwa sau ɗaya a Three Peaks kusa da layin gundumar Napa . A bayyane yake cewa an takaita shi ga wuraren da ke da dazuzzuka da kuma wuraren zama na chaparral . Binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa nau'in ya bambanta da sauran ''Streptanthus'' kuma yana da alaƙa ta kusa da ''Streptanthus morrisonii'', wanda yake kama da shi. <ref name="odon" /> Itacen shekara-shekara ne wanda ba shi da gashi wanda ke samar da rassan da suka miƙe ko kuma ba su da rassan da suka kai tsawon santimita 2 zuwa 20. Ganyen basal na ɗan lokaci suna da ganye masu kauri da laushi waɗanda kore ne kuma ba su da wani lahani a sama, kuma shunayya ne a ƙasan su. Ganyen da ke sama a kan tushe suna da siffar layi zuwa lance kuma ba su da petioles . Furanni suna bayyana a takai-takai a saman tushe. Kowace fure tana da siffar calyx mai siffar ƙura wadda take kore mai ƙarfi ba tare da launin shunayya ko rawaya ba. Furen da ke fitowa daga ƙarshen suna da fari ba tare da wani jijiyar da ta yi duhu ba. 'Ya'yan itacen suna da siliki mai faɗi madaidaiciya, tsawon santimita 3 zuwa 5, wanda ke ɗauke da 'ya'yan lemu. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=81541 Maganin Jepson da Manual] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120326191518/http://northcoastcnps.org/cgi-bin/inv/inventory.cgi/Show?_id=streptanthus_vernalis Bayanin Shuke-shuken da Ba a Taɓa Samu a California ba] * [http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Streptanthus+vernalis Tsarin Kula da Yanayi] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Streptanthus+vernalis Hotunan hoto] {{Taxonbar|from=Q7623330}} bdm0fnff42lytgx43hmwhq52l7x5n81 0 176541 963908 953869 2026-10-06T16:12:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Rikicin tseren a Miami ya haɗa da jerin abubuwan tashin hankali da suka faru a Miami galibi a cikin shekarun 1980. Bayan kawar da wariyar launin fata, yawancin tashin hankali na launin fata a Miami ya kwantar da hankali ne kawai don sake kunnawa a cikin shekarun 1980. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2015 |title=Miami Black History: 1980s to 1990s |url=https://thenewtropic.com/miami-black-history-1980s-1990s/ |access-date=2019-05-07 |website=thenewtropic.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507165201/https://thenewtropic.com/miami-black-history-1980s-1990s/ |archive-date=2019-05-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shekaru goma na tashin hankali sun kasance sakamakon rikice-rikicen 'yan sanda da tashin hankali na kabilanci wanda aka haifar da barazanar da baƙi na baya-bayan nan ke yi wa [[Afirkawan Amurka|'Yan Afirka na Afirka]] a kasuwar aiki ta Miami.<ref name="dunn">{{Cite book|last3=Marvin Dunn}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cikin Amurka ta hanyar shekarun 1960, rarrabewa yana ba da iko ga al'ummomin Afirka na Amurka da ba su da wadata don cimma sabbin nasarorin siyasa da tattalin arziki. A Miami gudun hijirar Cuban kamar ta rage sabbin nasarorin Afirka ta Amirka yayin da Cubans suka fara gasa don ayyuka, zama, da ikon siyasa. Nasarorin da aka samu daga baya na yawancin mutanen Cuba sun ba da rashin iko ga 'yan Afirka na gida. Yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar Cuban ba su da ƙwarewar harshen Ingilishi kuma sun ƙare suna zaune a cikin unguwanni masu karamin kuɗi kuma suna ɗaukar ayyukan blue collar waɗanda yawancin' yan Afirka na Amurka suka riƙe. A cikin shekara ta 1963, Mujallar Ebony ta bayyana gudun hijirar Cuban a matsayin " mamayewa" wanda ya kawo "babban matsalolin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki". <ref name="edge">{{Cite journal |last=Raymond A Mohl |year=1990 |title=On the Edge: Blacks and Hispanics in Metropolitan Miami since 1959 |journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=37–56 |jstor=30148998}}</ref> A shekara ta 1968, Miami ta ga wani tashin hankali a unguwar Liberty City a lokacin Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta 1968, wanda ya haifar da takaici na 'yan Afirka na Afirka da suka fuskanta a kasar. A cikin shekarun 1970s, yawan mutanen Hispanic na Miami sun fi yawan mutanen Afirka na Amurka kuma an bude kasuwancin mallakar Hispanic fiye da kasuwancin mallakar Afirka na Amurka.<ref name="edge" /> Tsakanin tashin hankali na Miami na shekarar 1968 da tashin hankali na 1980 na Miami, har zuwa goma sha uku "mini-riots" za su faru a Miami, duk sun samo asali ne daga rikice-rikicen 'yan sanda da' yan Afirka.<ref name="making">{{Cite book|last3=Marvin Dunn}}</ref> == Rikicin da abubuwan da suka faru == === Rikicin Brownsville na 1970 === Rikicin 1970 ya kasance Rikicin launin fata wanda ya fara a unguwar Brownsville ta Miami a cikin harbe-harbe wanda ya ji wa mutane shida rauni, na baƙi huɗu da fari biyu sannan ya bazu zuwa unguwanni na Liberty City da Coconut Grove duk da dokar hana fita a wurin. Baƙi shida sun ji rauni a rikice-rikice da 'yan sanda sannan harin bindiga da harin bam. An janye 'yan sanda masu tayar da kayar baya tare da masu sintiri na baƙar fata sannan aka sanya su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordheimer |first=Jon |date=1970-06-18 |title=6 More Shot as Race Unrest Resumes in Miami Despite Curfew |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/18/archives/6-more-shot-as-race-unrest-resumes-in-miami-despite-curfew.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |publisher=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordheimer |first=Jon |date=1970-06-19 |title=Riot Police in Miami Are Withdrawn |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/19/archives/riot-police-in-miami-are-withdrawn.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === 1980 Rikicin Arthur McDuffie === Rikicin 1980 ya kasance Rikicin launin fari wanda ya faru a Miami, wanda ya fara da gaske a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 1980, biyo bayan wankewar jami'an 'yan sanda biyar da suka yi wa dan wasan babur baƙar fata Arthur McDuffie mummunan rauni. === 1982 Rikicin Overtown === Bayan harbin 'yan sanda da suka yi wa wani mutum a cikin gidan wasan bidiyo na Overtown, tashin hankali ya ɓarke a unguwar. An ƙone motoci, an sace kasuwanci, kuma an harbe 'yan sanda. Ivey Kearson, darektan Shirin Ayyuka na Overtown, ya ce game da dalilin tashin hankali "rashin aikin yi a yankin yana da kashi 50 ko sama da haka"."Yawancin mutane a nan, ba su ga wani abu da ke faruwa a gare su da maƙwabtansu da mutumin da ke kan titi ba. Ba wai kawai zai kasance a Miami ba kuma ba zai zama baƙi ba kawai. Mutane suna jin cewa dole ne su amsa da tashin hankali. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overtown Violence Worst Since Liberty City |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/29/Overtown-Violence-Worst-Since-Liberty-City/8359409986000/ |access-date=2020-01-02 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref>'Yan sanda a cikin harbi na asali sun kasance Latin Amurka. "Bari waɗannan Latins su fita daga nan, a yanzu in ji Rev. Jonathan Rolle, a cikin wata hira ta talabijin game da lamarin. Daga baya, a cikin wata hira ta waya, zai ce, 'Yan sanda na Latin, kawai suna tafiya a cikin motocinsu, kuma ba su taɓa fita ba". ". . . Latins sune wadanda ke kashe baƙi. === Manazarta === a2fidwojwmeqp5ck5kkleco7s3eldmr 0 176547 964275 953889 2026-10-07T11:29:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jaridar Kanada ta Tarihin Likitanc'''i mujallar ilimi ce da aka yi nazari a kanta don tarihin likitanci, lafiya, da sauran fannoni masu alaƙa. Manufarta ita ce ta sanya tarihin lafiya, magani, da kimiyyar likitanci a cikin mahallin gida, yanki, da kuma ƙasashen duniya. Yana buga labarai cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi, kuma ana buga su sau biyu a shekara ta Jami'ar Toronto Press . [1] == Takaitawa da kuma nuna bayanai == An taƙaita mujallar kuma an yi mata lissafi a cikin: <ref>{{Cite web |title=CBMH Indexing |url=http://www.utpjournals.press/journals/cbmh/indexing |access-date=2017-06-29 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525123727/https://utpjournals.press/journals/cbmh/indexing |archive-date=2019-05-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Amurka: Tarihi da Rayuwa * Amurka: Tarihi da Rayuwa tare da Cikakken Rubutu * [[Biomedical Reference Collection: Corporate Edition|Tarin Bayanan Halittar Lafiya: Bugun Kamfani]] * Fihirisar Lokaci-lokaci ta Kanada * [[History of Science, Technology & Medicine|Tarihin Kimiyya, Fasaha & Magani]] * PubMed * Scopus == Duba kuma == * Tarihin lafiyar jama'a a Kanada == Manazarta == qnnlfh261dzf47035zwihehtf8q15jf 0 176783 964173 955440 2026-10-07T05:59:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sorabh Pant''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1981) ɗan wasan barkwanci ne kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Indiya. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |last=Saraiya, Naman |date=21 February 2012 |title=The Secret Behind Sorabh Pant's Hair Loss |url=http://nh7.in/indiecision/2012/02/21/the-secret-behind-sorabh-pants-hair-loss/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806090929/http://nh7.in/indiecision/2012/02/21/the-secret-behind-sorabh-pants-hair-loss/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Nh7.in}}</ref> <ref name="Written by TWB">{{Cite web |last=TWB |date=28 September 2011 |title=Pant on Fire! |url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/?p=4199 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701194320/http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/?p=4199 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=This Week Bangalore}}</ref> Ya yi wasanni sama da 250.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2012 |title=Funny Thursdays in Bangalore |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_funny-thursdays-in-bangalore_1718985 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804030244/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_funny-thursdays-in-bangalore_1718985 |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref name="dubainightplanner1">{{Cite web |title="Pant on Fire" Comedian Sorabh Pant's English Comedy Special |url=http://www.dubainightplanner.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NID=98&t=-Pant-on-Fire--Comedian-Sorabh-Pants-English-Comedy-Special |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623164217/http://www.dubainightplanner.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NID=98&t=-Pant-on-Fire--Comedian-Sorabh-Pants-English-Comedy-Special |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Dubainightplanner.com}}</ref> Jaridar ''The Times of India'' ta sanya shi cikin fitattun 'yan barkwanci goma a Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nona Walia |date=11 September 2011 |title=Comic Relief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Comic-Relief/articleshow/9942909.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906124516/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-11/tv/30141653_1_stand-up-comedy-comedians-russell-peters |archive-date=6 September 2013 |access-date=7 August 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A wani bincike da IBN Live ya gudanar a watan Maris na 2012, an saka shi a cikin jerin mutane talatin mafi sha'awa a shafin [[X (kafofin sada zumunta)|Twitter]] a Indiya.<ref name="dubainightplanner1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter@6: 30 interesting Indians to follow – India News – IBNLive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/twitter6-30-interesting-indians-to-follow/241387-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823052709/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/twitter6-30-interesting-indians-to-follow/241387-3.html |archive-date=23 August 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Pant ya fara rubutawa a talabijin.<ref name="Written by TWB" /><ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite web |last=Nona Walia |date=11 September 2011 |title=Comic Relief |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Comic-Relief/articleshow/9942909.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906124516/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-11/tv/30141653_1_stand-up-comedy-comedians-russell-peters |archive-date=6 September 2013 |access-date=22 September 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2008, ya haɗu da Vir Das kuma sun yi wani shiri tare a CNBC-TV18 mai suna ''News on the Loose'' . <ref name="indiatimes1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=About R.I.P.Ping The Decade |url=http://www.starworld.in/show/ripping-the-decade/about_89.aspx |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Starworld.in}}</ref> Aikin Pant a cikin barkwanci ya fara ne lokacin da ya fara a matsayin mai gabatarwa a shirin Das, ''Walking on Broken Das'', daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite web |last=Catherine Rhea Roy |date=13 October 2011 |title=FEATURES / METRO PLUS : Laugh Your Pant Off |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article2532560.ece?textsize=small&test=2 |access-date=22 September 2012 |website=[[The Hindu]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan ya yi aiki da Das na tsawon shekaru uku da rabi, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na farko da shi kaɗai a Hedkwatar. <ref name="dnaindia1">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2009 |title=Wearing the comic pants |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_wearing-the-comic-pants_1308928 |access-date=22 September 2012 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2009, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan barkwanci uku 'yan Indiya da suka halarci manyan taro tare da shirinsa na kashin kansa, ''Pant on Fire.''<ref name="Written by TWB" /><ref name="dnaindia1" /> Sorabh ya kuma fito a cikin Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi a talabijin na Pogo . A watan Yulin 2011, lokacin da ɗan wasan barkwanci ɗan Amurka Wayne Brady ya ziyarci Indiya, Pant shi ne farkon wasansa. <ref name="Written by TWB" /> <ref name="thehindu1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2011 |title=Wayne Brady's Performance – DNA |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/slideshow_wayne-brady-s-performance_1563756#top |access-date=22 September 2012 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2011, Pant ya buɗe wa ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci na Amurka Rob Schneider a rangadin da yake yi a Indiya.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2011 |title=Rajinikanth Looks Like Me, I Don't Look Like Him: Rob Schneider |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Hollywood/rajinikanth-looks-like-me-i-don-t-look-like-him-rob-schneider/Article1-775424.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104160948/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Hollywood/Rajinikanth-looks-like-me-I-don-t-look-like-him-Rob-Schneider/Article1-775424.aspx |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodricks, Ranjit |date=29 November 2011 |title=Hollywood Star Rob 'Hot Chick' Schneider Had Sidhartha Mallya, Atul Kasbekar, Elahe Hiptoolah Apand Nagesh Kukunoor in Splits at The Black Dog Comedy Evenings in Mumbai |url=http://www.missmalini.com/2011/11/29/hollywood-star-rob-hot-chick-schneider-had-sidhartha-mallya-atul-kasbekar-elahe-hiptoolah-and-nagesh-kukunoor-in-splits-at-the-black-dog-comedy-evenings-in-mumbai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429061720/http://www.missmalini.com/2011/11/29/hollywood-star-rob-hot-chick-schneider-had-sidhartha-mallya-atul-kasbekar-elahe-hiptoolah-and-nagesh-kukunoor-in-splits-at-the-black-dog-comedy-evenings-in-mumbai/ |archive-date=29 April 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=MissMalini}}</ref> Pant ya fitar da littafinsa na farko, ''The Wednesday Soul'', a watan Disamba na 2011. <ref name="Written by TWB" /> === ''Wando a kan Wuta'' === ''Pant on Fire'' shine fim na musamman na Pant na musamman, kuma an shirya shi a birane sama da goma a Indiya, Dhaka, da Dubai. Rangadin ya isa Arewacin Amurka a watan Nuwamba na 2012.<ref name="Written by TWB" /><ref name="dubainightplanner2">{{Cite web |title='Pant on Fire' Comedian Sorabh Pant's English Comedy Special |url=http://www.dubainightplanner.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NID=98&t=-Pant-on-Fire--Comedian-Sorabh-Pants-English-Comedy-Special |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623164217/http://www.dubainightplanner.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NID=98&t=-Pant-on-Fire--Comedian-Sorabh-Pants-English-Comedy-Special |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Dubainightplanner.com}}</ref><ref name="outlookindia1">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2011 |title=Sorabh Pant &#124; Madhavi Tata |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?277738 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924030534/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?277738 |archive-date=24 September 2011 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Outlookindia.com}}</ref> === ''Wandon Tafiya'' === ''Wandon Tafiya'' wani shiri ne na musamman na barkwanci wanda ke ɗaukar al'adu da mutane a Indiya da kuma ko'ina cikin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Travelling Pants (A) event tickets now available |url=http://in.bookmyshow.com/events/The-Travelling-Pants-A/ET00009961 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012232531/http://in.bookmyshow.com/events/The-Travelling-Pants-A/ET00009961 |archive-date=12 October 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=In.bookmyshow.com}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2012, ya zama shiri na biyu da wani ɗan wasan barkwanci ɗan ƙasar Indiya ya shirya a Shagon Barkwanci da ke Mumbai. <ref name="dubainightplanner2" /> === Barkwancin Gabashin Indiya === A shekarar 2012, Pant ya kafa kamfanin barkwanci na East India Comedy, kuma a cikin shekara mai zuwa ya ɗauki 'yan wasan barkwanci kamar Kunal Rao, Sapan Verma, Sahil Shah, Atul Khatri, Azeem Banatwalla da Angad Singh Ranyal. Pant da Khatri ba sa cikin EIC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2012 |title=Comic Timing |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/comic-timing/960084/ |access-date=22 September 2012 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=After 'Amicable' Split With EIC, Sorabh Pant & Atul Khatri to Start Own Comedy Collective - DeadAnt |url=https://deadant.co/sorabh-pant-atul-khatri-to-start-own-comedy-collective/ |access-date=2026-07-08 |website=Deadant |language=en-US}}</ref> Barkwancin Gabashin Indiya ya yi wasanni 130 a faɗin ƙasar a shekarar 2013, ciki har da shirin musamman na ''Men Are from Bars'' da kuma ''Comedy News Network'' . === Littattafan tarihi === === Littattafai === * ''Rayuwar Laraba: Rayuwar Bayan Tashi da Gilashin Rana (2011)'' * ''A ƙarƙashin Delhi (2014)'' <ref>{{Cite web |title='Under Delhi' by Sorabh Pant {{!}} Book Review |url=https://indiannerve.com/under-delhi-by-sorabh-pant-book-review-16732/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Indian Nerve}}</ref> * ''Pawan: Babban Akanta Mai Tafiya (2017)'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-12-12 |title=It took comedian Sorabh Pant 5 years to write his new humour novel. Here's why |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/it-took-comedian-sorabh-pant-took-5-years-to-write-his-new-humour-novel-here-s-why/story-I24i4vRbtpDDaN018mhN0J.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> * ''Kuri'a ga Pant: Amma, Kada ku yi (2022)'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pant |first=Sorabh |title="Vote for Pant: But, Don't": A book of political satire by comedian Sorabh Pant |url=https://www.thedispatch.in/vote-for-pant-but-dont-a-book-of-political-satire-by-comedian-sorabh-pant/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=The Dispatch}}</ref> == Salon barkwanci == An bayyana kayan wandon a matsayin "mai ƙarfi", "mai saurin fushi", kuma wani lokacin "mai rashin kwanciyar hankali."<ref name="dubainightplanner2" /> Wayne Brady, wanda Pant ya buɗe wa fim ɗinsa, ya ce: "Shi ne ɗan wasan barkwanci na biyu na Indiya da na taɓa gani, bayan Russell Peters ."<ref name="Written by TWB" /><ref name="dubainightplanner2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sorabh Pant – Artist Profile |url=https://eventseeker.com/artist/49202-sorabh-pant |access-date=2020-02-27 |website=eventseeker.com}}</ref> Barkwancin Pant ya yi kama da na al'ummomi kuma ya shafi jima'i da yawa - abubuwa biyu da ya ce suna aiki "a lokaci mai tsawo" a Indiya. <ref name="dnaindia1" /> Yana kuma yin kwaikwayon al'ummomi, kuma wasu daga cikin barkwancinsa suna game da mata ne.<ref name="outlookindia1" /> Pant ya ce, "Ni ɗan wasan barkwanci ne na gida. Ina da hankali na Indiya".<ref name="dnaindia1" /> Ya kuma yi aiki a kan abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi siyasa da kuma maganganun batsa.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> == ''Rayuwar Laraba'' == Littafin Pant mai suna ''The Wednesday Soul'' "wani labari ne mai ban dariya da ban dariya game da rayuwa bayan mutuwa".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2012 |title=How to Get Published: Sorabh Pant |url=http://idiva.com/interviews-work-life/how-to-get-published-sorabh-pant/12214/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626024625/http://idiva.com/interviews-work-life/how-to-get-published-sorabh-pant/12214/1 |archive-date=26 June 2012 |access-date=22 September 2012 |publisher=iDivayhyyg6g6g6d6h.com}}</ref> Kamfanin Westland Books ne ya buga shi. == Rayuwa ta sirri == 'Yar'uwar Pant ita ce marubuciya Meghna Pant.<ref name="dnaindia">{{Cite web |title=Sibling Speak |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/1875922/report-sibling-speak |access-date=2013-08-18 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2012 |title=The Metrognome – Two Pants on Fire |url=http://www.themetrognome.in/art-and-culture/read/two-pants-on-fire}}</ref> Yana da aure da Iva Bagchi, kuma suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p9t1ivd52fp6yoju8b7mgqt1sxh4oss 0 176835 963830 955578 2026-10-06T12:03:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rajni Kothari''' (16 ga Agusta 1928 - 19 Janairu 2015) [[Kimiyyar siyasa|masanin kimiyyar siyasa]] ne na Indiya, masanin ka'idar siyasa, malami kuma marubuci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles by Rajni Kothari |url=http://www.epw.in/authors/rajni-kothari |publisher=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] portal}}</ref> Shi ne ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙungiyoyi Masu Ci Gaba (CSDS) a shekarar 1963, wata cibiyar bincike ta kimiyyar zamantakewa da ɗan adam, wadda ke Delhi<ref name="csds">{{Cite web |title=Honorary Fellows: Rajni Kothari |url=http://www.csds.in/people-page/6# |publisher=Centre for the Study of Developing Societies (CSDS) portal}}</ref> da ''Lokayan'' (Tattaunawa da Jama'a), ta fara a shekarar 1980 a matsayin dandalin hulɗa tsakanin masu fafutuka da masana.<ref name="right">{{Cite web |title=Right Livelihood Award Laureates: 1985 - Lokayan |url=http://www.rightlivelihood.org/lokayan.html |access-date=2014-01-13 |publisher=Right Livelihood Award Foundation}}</ref> An kuma haɗa shi da Majalisar Nazarin Kimiyyar Zamantakewa ta Indiya, Gidauniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa don Sauran Rarraba Ci Gaba, da Ƙungiyar Jama'a don 'Yancin Bil'adama . <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Short history of PUCL |url=http://www.pucl.org/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520122546/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Gender/sati.htm |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=30 January 2018 |website=PUCL}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana siyasa na ƙarni na 20, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2009 |title=Print Pick |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/print-pick/article404948.ece |access-date=2014-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113204119/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/print-pick/article404948.ece |archive-date=2014-01-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="tri">{{Cite web |last=G.V. Gupta |title=Journey of a political thinker |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020714/spectrum/book2.htm |access-date=2014-01-13}}</ref> daga cikin ayyukansa da aka fi sani sun haɗa da ''Siyasa a Indiya'' (1970), ''Ƙabila a Siyasar Indiya'' (1973), da kuma ''Sake Tunani kan Dimokuraɗiyya'' (2005). A shekarar 1985, an ba Lokayan kyautar Right Livelihood Award saboda "haɗawa da ƙarfafa ƙungiyoyin gida da ke aiki don kare 'yancin jama'a, haƙƙin mata da muhalli." <ref name="right" /> == Rayuwar Farko da Tarihi == Kothari shi ne ɗa tilo ga mahaifinsa, ɗan kasuwan Jain. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu tun tana ƙarama. <ref name="tri" /> == Sana'a == Kothari ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malami a Jami'ar Baroda (wanda yanzu shine Jami'ar Maharaja Sayajirao ta Baroda ). A lokacin da yake aiki a nan, ya fara samun yabo a shekarar 1961, lokacin da aka buga jerin makalolinsa, "Form and Substance in Indian Politics" a cikin Jaridar ''Tattalin Arziki da Siyasa ta Mako-mako'' (a wancan lokacin ''Jaridar Tattalin Arziki ta Mako-mako'' ) kan batutuwa shida. Ya kuma fara rubutu a ''taron karawa juna sani'', mujallar da Romesh Thapar ta buga. Bayan haka, Farfesa Shyama Charan Dube ya gayyace shi ya zama Mataimakin Darakta na Cibiyar Ci gaban Al'umma ta Ƙasa, Mussoorie. A shekarar 1963, ya koma Delhi, inda ya yi amfani da tallafin kuɗi na Rs. 70,000 da Farfesa Richard L. Park, shugaban reshen Asiya na Indiya wanda [[C.I.A|CIA]] ke goyon baya, ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙungiyoyin Ci Gaba (CSDS), a harabar Ƙungiyar Ilimin Manyan Indiya da ke Indraprastha Estate, Delhi, kafin ya koma wurin da yake a yanzu a Civil Lines, Delhi . A nan, tare da Ashis Nandy, DL Sheth, Ramashray Roy, Bashiruddin Ahmed da sauransu, an buga manyan ayyuka a fannin kimiyyar zamantakewa a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa. A shekarar 1970 ya buga littafin ''Politics in India'', wanda ya fara ka'idar Indian National Congress a matsayin tsari maimakon jam'iyya. Bayan haka ya buga fitattun ayyuka kamar ''Caste in Indian Politics'' (1973) da ''Footsteps into the Future'' (1975). <ref name="today">{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Harsh |date=3 June 2002 |title=Book review: 'Memoirs' by Rajni Kothari : Books |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20020603-book-review-memoirs-by-rajni-kothari-795033-2002-06-02 |access-date=2014-01-13 |publisher=India Today}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=2012 |title=Interview Rajni Kothari, The Centre and Indian reality |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2012/639/639_interview_kothari.htm |access-date=13 January 2014 |publisher=India-seminar}}</ref> <ref name="Rajni">{{Cite web |year=1999 |title=Rajni Kothari, Personally speaking |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/1999/481/481%20kothari.htm |access-date=2014-01-13 |publisher=Seminar}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1970, ya kasance yana da alaƙa da shugabar Congress [[Indira Gandhi]], kuma ya yi shawarwari da gwamnatin tsakiya da Congress ke jagoranta don ƙungiyar Navnirman, wata ƙungiya ta zamantakewa da siyasa ta 1974 da ke yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa a Gujarat, wadda daga ƙarshe ta haifar da rugujewar gwamnatin jihar. Duk da haka, da shigar Sanjay Gandhi, ya nisanta kansa daga Majalisar Dokoki, sannan ya kusanci Jaya Prakash Narayan da Jam'iyyar Janata maimakon haka. Bayan [[Matsalar Gaggawa (India)|Gaggawar 1975]], ya ƙaura daga jam'iyyun siyasa, ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai fafutuka. Wannan matakin ya ƙare da tushen ''Lokayan'' - Tattaunawar Jama'a a shekarar 1980, wani dandali na hulɗa tsakanin masu fafutuka, masu tunani da masana don tattaunawa game da canje-canje masu kyau a fannonin addini, noma, lafiya, siyasa, da ilimi. <ref name="today" /> Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara alaƙa da ''Citizens for Democracy'', da kuma People's Union for Civil Liberties, wata ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka kafa a shekarar 1976, inda ya ci gaba da zama Babban Sakatare daga 1982 zuwa 1984, daga baya kuma ya zama Shugabanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PUCL National Council office bearers: Former Presidents |url=http://www.pucl.org/admin/national_council.html |access-date=2014-01-13 |publisher=People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL)}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Nazarin Kimiyyar Zamantakewa ta Indiya kuma ya ci gaba da zama memba na Hukumar Tsare-tsare . <ref name="today" /> Baya ga rubuce-rubucen ilimi, ya kuma rubuta ginshiƙan jaridu, kuma a shekara ta 2002 ya buga tarihin rayuwarsa mai taken, ''Memoirs: Uneasy is the Life of the Mind'' . <ref name="today" /> A cikin littafinsa na ƙarshe, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vIJskzV2tsgC Rethinking Democracy]'' (2005), Kothari ya yi bincike kan yiwuwar ma'anonin [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuraɗiyya]] . Daga baya an haɗa wani ɓangare daga littafin a cikin kundin farko na littafin ''Indiya Tun daga shekarun 1990'', ''The Hunger of the Republic: Our Present in Retrospect'', wanda Ashish Rajadhyaksha ya shirya. CSDS inda ya kasance babban jami'in girmamawa, <ref name="csds" /> a shekara ta 2004 ya kafa ''Rajni Kothari Chair in Democracy'' don girmama shi, wanda Ford Foundation da Sir Ratan Tata Trust suka dauki nauyinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rajni Kothari Chair in Democracy at CSDS |url=http://www.csds.in/rajni-kothari-chair |access-date=2014-01-13 |publisher=CSDS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119164700/http://www.csds.in/rajni-kothari-chair |archive-date=2014-01-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 2012, CSDS ta yi bikin cika shekaru 50 da kafuwa, karkashin jagorancin Kothari. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananya Vajpeyi |date=4 December 2012 |title=After the party: In celebration of mavericks, visionaries, loners and outliers |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121204/jsp/opinion/story_16268972.jsp#.UtPKzdIW2Ao |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207072407/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121204/jsp/opinion/story_16268972.jsp#.UtPKzdIW2Ao |archive-date=7 December 2012 |access-date=2014-01-13}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya yi aure a shekarar 1947, kuma matarsa Hansa ta rasu a shekarar 1999. <ref name="Rajni" /> A shekarunsa na ƙarshe, ɗansa na fari Smitu ya mutu a shekara ta 2009. Smitu, wanda aka horar a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, sadarwa da zamantakewa, ya shiga cikin batutuwan muhalli, al'adu da kare hakkin dan adam. Ya kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Jami'o'in Cornell da Princeton. Rajni Kothari yana da wasu 'ya'ya maza guda biyu, Miloon da Ashish, <ref name="NDTV 2015">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2015 |title=Eminent Scholar, Political Scientist Rajni Kothari Dies at 86 |url=http://m.ndtv.com/article/india/eminent-scholar-political-scientist-rajni-kothari-dies-at-86-651020?update=1422091156 |access-date=24 January 2015 |website=NDTV}}</ref> da kuma jikoki biyu, Emma da Gyan. == Mutuwa == Ya mutu a ranar 19 ga Janairu 2015 a gidansa da ke Patparganj a Gabashin Delhi sakamakon kamuwa da cutar fitsari da sauran cututtuka masu alaƙa da shekaru. <ref name="NDTV 2015" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2015 |title=Ex-Plan panel member Rajni Kothari dies at 86 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ex-plan-panel-member-rajni-kothari-dies-at-86/ |website=Indian Express}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 824oe6m769yqu19micva914e6yxjseb 0 176921 964222 956048 2026-10-07T08:32:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susan Anton''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mawaƙiya ta Amurka. Fim dinta na farko na 1979, ''Goldengirl,'' ya ba ta kyautar Golden Globe, wanda ya haifar da kwangila tare da [[NBC]] don nunawa iri-iri, ''Gabatar da Susan Anton.'' . Daga baya, NBC ta sanya mata hannu don jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Cliffhangers .''Rashin tsaunuka. Ayyukan Anton na Broadway sun haɗa da rawar da ya taka a cikin Tommy Tune's The ''Will Rogers Follies'' da David Rabe's Hurlyburly, wanda Mike Nichols ya jagoranta. Ta buga Velma Von Tussle a cikin [[Las Vegas]] production of Hairspray, wanda Jack O'Brien ya jagoranta kuma Jerry Mitchell ya tsara shi, kuma ya sake maimaita wannan rawar a Hollywood Bowl . Anton ya kuma taka rawa a cikin yawon shakatawa na kasa na All Shook Up kuma ya bayyana na tsawon shekaru bakwai a cikin "The Great Radio City Music Hall Spectacular" tare da The Rockettes, wanda Joe Layton ya jagoranta. Sauran aikinta na mataki sun hada da Neil Simon / Marvin Hamlisch samar da "Sun Playing Our Song" da kuma yawon shakatawa na kasa na "A Couple of White Chicks Sitting Around Talking" tare da Elizabeth Ashley . Anton ya yi aiki tare da sanannun masu nishadantarwa kamar [[Frank Sinatra]], Sammy Davis Jr., da Tom Jones . Ta yi tafiya tare da Kenny Rogers kuma tana da kasashe 10 da aka buga tare da "Killing Time".A duniya, ta sami nasara tare da rikodin zinariya "Foxy. An kafa ta a Las Vegas sama da shekaru 20 tare da mijinta, darektan Jeff Lester, sun kafa Big Picture Studios a shekarar 1997. Ta hanyar kamfaninsu, Anton ya samar da ayyukan zartarwa kamar The Last Real Cowboys tare da Billy Bob Thornton da kuma shirin Speed of Life wanda ke nuna Amy Purdy . == Rayuwa ta farko == Anton ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Yucaipa a Yucaipa, California, kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1968. Bayan makarantar sakandare, Anton ya halarci Kwalejin San Bernardino Valley . Ta fara samun shahara ta hanyar lashe gasar Miss Redlands da ke kusa da ita kuma daga baya gasar Miss California a shekarar 1969 kuma ta kasance ta biyu a gasar Miss America Scholarship Pageant ta 1969 da aka gudanar a ranar 6 ga Satumba a wannan shekarar. <ref name="mscahist">{{Cite web |title=Miss California History |url=http://www.misscalifornia.org/miss-california/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013082256/https://www.misscalifornia.org/miss-california/history/ |archive-date=October 13, 2018 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |publisher=[[Miss California]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Farawa a shekara ta 1976, Anton ta haɓaka mabiya ga tallan Muriel Cigars inda ta raira waƙa, "Bari Muriel ta kunna ku / Wannan shine sha'ata / Muriel ta haskaka wuta a cikin ni / Inda akwai hayaki na Muriel, akwai wuta". Daga baya a cikin shekarun 1970s, Anton ya bayyana kusan sau 30 a shirin talabijin na Merv Griffin. Ana ganinta akai-akai kuma ana jin ta a cikin talabijin, bugawa da tallace-tallace na rediyo don Matrix Perfect Sleeper ta Serta. A cikin waɗannan tallace-tallace, ta sanar da sunanta kuma ta raira jingle na kamfanin. Daga baya ta fito a cikin nata nau'o'i daban-daban, ''Gabatar da Susan Anton,'' a cikin Stop Susan Williams (daya daga cikin jerin uku a cikin jerin Cliffhangers), kuma a cikin fina-finai ''Goldengirl,'' Spring Fever, da ''Cannonball Run II.'' .<ref name="NYT">{{Cite web |last=Canby |first=Vincent |author-link=Vincent Canby |date=June 15, 1979 |title=Goldengirl (1979) Screen: A Witty 'Goldengirl':Nurtured to Win |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9403EFD61539E732A25756C1A9609C946890D6CF |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="NYT2">{{Cite web |last=Maslin, Janet |author-link=Janet Maslin |date=January 15, 1983 |title=The Last American Virgin (1982) FROLICS IN FLORIDA AND OTHER ANTICS |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B04E2DA143BF936A25752C0A965948260 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Ta kuma yi rikodin kiɗa, mafi girman abin da ta buga shi ne "Killin' Time" a cikin 1980, duet tare da mawaƙin ƙasar Fred Knoblock . Rubuce-rubucen ya sanya Top 10 a kan sigogi na ƙasar kuma ya buga # 28 a kan Billboard's Hot 100. A cikin 1990, Anton ta bayyana a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na TV na Night Court a cikin wani labari da ake kira "The Talk Show" inda ta buga wasan kwaikwayo na Margo Hunter . Anton yana kan murfin kasuwar kasuwa na ''Goldengirl,'' wanda Peter Lovesey ya rubuta (ta amfani da sunan alkalami Peter Lear). Ta bayyana a matsayin mai taken a cikin fim din wanda ya fito da James Coburn kuma Joseph Sargent ne ya ba da umarni. Anton ya yi bidiyon motsa jiki guda hudu a cikin 1989 a ƙarƙashin taken ''Slimatics'' . Littattafai huɗu sune ''Aerobic Dance Workout, Matakai na Farko zuwa Fitness, Total Body Toning'' da Fat Burner Workout. Anton ya kasance mai karɓar bakuncin nasarar "Great Radio City Music Hall Spectacular" a Flamingo Hilton a Las Vegas don wasan kwaikwayo sama da 5,000 har zuwa 31 ga Yuli, 2000. Ta kuma bayyana a cikin kamfanin Las Vegas na Hairspray na kiɗa kuma a Broadway a cikin The Will Rogers Follies, Hurlyburly, da All Shook Up . Anton tana da rawar da ta taka akai-akai a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen TV na ''Baywatch'' daga 1992 zuwa 1994 kuma ta bayyana a matsayin kanta a kan Queer Eye for the Straight Guy (2006), The Larry Sanders Show (1993) da It's Garry Shandling's Show (1987), da kuma fina-finai da yawa. Ta bayyana a cikin wani labari na Law & Order: Special Victims Unit wanda aka watsa a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Ann-Margret to Guest onSVU |url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Exclusive-Ann-Margret-1015300.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224064855/http://www.tvguide.com/News/Exclusive-Ann-Margret-1015300.aspx |archive-date=February 24, 2010 |publisher=TVGuide.com}}</ref> A cikin 2016 Anton ya bayyana a cikin fim din Sharknado: The 4th Awakens . A cikin 2020, ta fito a cikin fim <nowiki><i id="mwtQ">Mai zane</i></nowiki> tsoro mai suna Painter . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-18 |title=Painter (2020 movie) |url=https://www.startattle.com/2020/10/painter-2020-movie/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Startattle |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ayyukan fim na Susan Anton ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Matsayi ! scope="col" |Bayani |- |1977 |''Masu sihiri'' |Gimbiya Elinore / The Balladeer |muryar waka (ba a san ta ba) |- |1979 |''Goldengirl'' |Goldine Serafin | |- |1982 |''Rashin zazzabi na bazara'' |Gidan sarauta na Stevie | |- |1984 |''Cannonball Run II'' |Jill, Lamborghini Babe | |- |1987 |''Yin Mr. Dama'' |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Soap Opera | (ba a san shi ba) |- |1989 |''Zaɓuɓɓuka'' |Gimbiya Nicole (a cikin fim din telefilm) | |- |1991 |''Hutun Lena'' |Sara | |- |1999 |''New Jersey Turnpikes'' | | |- |2004 |''Whistlin' Dixie'' |Dixie Dawson | (gajere) |- |2008 |''Yin wasa da Wuta'' |Sandra Nevell | |- |2020 |<nowiki><i id="mwAQg">Mai zane</i></nowiki> |Carree Tole |Fim din Indie |- |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ayyukan Susan Anton na talabijin ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Matsayi ! scope="col" |Bayani |- |1973 |''Babban Gasar Kyakkyawan Amurka'' |Betty Sue Allen - Sarauniyar Shekara ta gabata |Fim din talabijin |- |1976 |''Maciji'' |Misali |Kashi: "Yin aiki!"(1.5) |- |1976 |''Labarin 'yan sanda'' |Yarinyar jam'iyya # 2 |Fim: "Monster Manor" (4.8) |- |1977 |''Hunter'' |Cissy |Fim: "The Costa Rican Connection" (1.5) |- |1977 |''Canja wuri'' |Marcy |Fim: "Ku tafi Broke" (3.7) |- |1978 |''Jim Nabors Show'' |Shi da kansa | |- |1978 |''Filin Hollywood'' |Bayyanar Baƙo |Abubuwa 3 |- |1978 |''Hoton Mike Douglas'' |Shi da kansa - Mai ba da labari |(17.33) |- |1979 |''Kyautar Kiɗa ta Amurka ta 1979'' |Shi da kansa - Mai gabatarwa | |- |1979 |''Hoton Mike Douglas'' |Shi da kansa - Mai ba da labari |(17.90) |- |1979 |''Ka dakatar da Susan Williams'' |Susan Williams |Abubuwa 10 |- |1979 |''Gabatar da Susan Anton'' |Shi da kansa - Mai masaukin baki |Abubuwa 4 |- |1979 |''<nowiki/>'Yan matan da suka ceci duniya'' |Susan Williams |Fim din talabijin |- |1980 |''Kyautar Fim ta Amurka'' |Shi da kansa - Mai wasan kwaikwayo |Talabijin na musamman |- |1982 |''Kyautar Kiɗa ta Amurka ta 1982'' |Shi da kansa | |- |1982 |''Kyautar Golden Globe'' |Shi da kansa | |- |1982 |''Kyautar Kwalejin'' |Shi da kansa | |- |1983 |''[[The Love Boat|Jirgin Soyayya]]'' |Leslie Webb |Fim: "The Alkawari / Gabas ya haɗu da Yamma / ƙaunatacciyar Roberta / My Dumplings: Sashe na 1" (7.1) |- |1983 |''[[The Love Boat|Jirgin Soyayya]]'' |Leslie Webb |Fim: "The Alkawari / Gabas ya sadu da Yamma / ƙaunatacciyar Roberta / My Dumplings: Sashe na 2" (7.2) |- |1984 |''Yaron da ya fi son Trolls'' |Kalotte |Fim din talabijin |- |1984 |''Mike Hammer'' |Noelle Roberts |Fim: "The Deadly Prey" (2.8) |- |1985 |''Placido Domingo: Fitar da Mata'' |Shi da kansa |Talabijin na musamman |- |1985 |''Kyautar Tony ta 39'' |Shi da kansa - Mai gabatarwa & Mai wasan kwaikwayo |Talabijin na musamman |- |1986 |''Kyautar Tony ta 40'' |Shi da kansa - Mai wasan kwaikwayo & Mai gabatarwa: Littafin Mafi Kyawun Musical |Talabijin na musamman |- |1986 |''Super Password'' |Shi da kansa |Abubuwa 5 |- |1986 |''Gidan Ƙarfi'' |Charlotte Montgomery |Fim din talabijin |- |1986 |''Kashewa, Ta rubuta'' |Christine Clifford |Fim: "Naman shanu da yanka" (3.5) |- |1987 |''Yin Mr. Dama'' |'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Soap Opera | (ba a san shi ba) |- |1987 |''Mista Belvedere'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Rarraba" (3.20) |- |1987 |''Otal din'' |Linda Davis |Fim: "Dukan dawakai na Sarki" (4.22) |- |1987 |''Jonathan Winters: A kan Ledge'' | |Fim din talabijin |- |1987 |''Shirin Garry Shandling ne'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Babu jariri, Babu Nuna" (2.2) |- |1988 |''Alfred Hitchcock Gabatarwa'' |Diane Lewis |Fim: "Masu son dabbobi" (3.2) |- |1988 |''Asirin da nake da shi'' |Susan Anderson |Fim: "Memories" (1.5) |- |1989 |''Hoton Pat Sajak'' |Shi da kansa |(1.66) |- |1989 |''Gidan Gida'' |Shi da kansa - Co-Host | |- |1989 |''Kashewa, Ta rubuta'' |Celia James |Fim: "Jack da Bill" (6.5) |- |1989 |''Shahararren Teddy Z'' |Esther Luna |Fim: "Baking tare da Esther Luna" (1.7) |- |1990 |''Kotun dare'' |Margo Hunter |Fim: "The Talk Show" (7.17) |- |1990 |''Quantum Leap'' |Helen Baron |Fim: "Daya Strobe Over the Line - Yuni 15, 1965" (3.4) |- |1990 |''Daga Wannan Duniya'' |Sandy Martin |Fim: "Abokai Mafi Kyawu" (4.6) |- |1991 |''Furewa'' |Rashin hankali |Fim: "Bincike" (2.10) |- |1992 |''Hanyoyin da ke da haɗari'' |Ellen Tarbuck |Fim: "Mafi Mutuwa Fiye da Maza" (1.8) |- |1992 |''Nunin Ben Stiller'' |Susan Anton |Fim: "Tare da Dennis Miller" (1.10) |- |1993 |''Yaƙe-yaƙe na cikin gida'' |Cassie Strait |Fim: "Dances with Sharks" (2.13) |- |1993 |''Nunin Larry Sanders'' |Susan Anton |Fim: "The Breakdown: Sashe na 2" (2.2) |- |1992–1994 |''Baywatch'' |Jackie Quinn |Abubuwa 13 |- |1997 |''Mutanen birni'' |Misis Anderson |Fim: "Domin Ƙaunar Uwar" (1.2) |- |1997 |''Mutanen birni'' |Misis Anderson |Fim: "Red Ferrari" (1.7) |- |2002 |''Filin Hollywood'' |Bayyanar Baƙo | |- |2002 |''Hotunan talabijin: Suzanne Somers - Mastering Success'' |Shi da kansa |Hotunan fim na talabijin |- |2006 |''CMT: Mafi Girma Miss Amurka Moments'' |Shi da kansa |Talabijin na musamman |- |2006 |''Ido mai kama da mutum mai madaidaiciya'' |Shi da kansa |Fim: "Ka juya Poker Dud cikin Kayan Katin Biyar: Ed M" (4.3) |- |2009 |''Jima'i a cikin '69: Juyin Juya Halin Jima'a a Amurka'' |Shi da kansa |Talabijin na musamman |- |2010 |''Shari'a da Hanyar: Ƙungiyar Wadanda aka azabtar ta Musamman'' |Jenny Coswold |Fim: "Lokacin barci" (11.18) |- |2016 |''Sharknado: Farkawa ta 4'' |Betty |Fim din talabijin |- |2022 |''Uwargidan Tsabtacewa'' |Ginger Cline |Fim: "The Brit" (2.5) |} == Bayanan da aka yi == {| class="wikitable" |+Susan Anton albums ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Album ! scope="col" |Alamar |- |1981 |''Foxy'' |Scotti Bros. |- |1981 |''Lokacin Kashewa'' |Scotti Bros. |- |2001 |''Ɗaya da dare'' |Varese Sarabande |} {| class="wikitable" |+Susan Anton guda ɗaya ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Ɗaya daga cikin |- |1980 |"Killin' Time" (tare da Fred Knoblock) |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 988j0asqha9zued898gms6282sx5h4l 0 177121 964291 957111 2026-10-07T11:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Tun daga shekarun 1890, Amurka ta dogara ga ma'aikatan jinya na ƙasar Philippines akai-akai don taimakawa wajen biyan buƙatun tsarin kiwon lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Filipino and Filipino American Nurses in the United States {{!}} School of Nursing |url=https://nursing.uw.edu/article/filipinos-and-filipinos-americans-nurses-in-the-united-states/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106034103/https://nursing.uw.edu/article/filipinos-and-filipinos-americans-nurses-in-the-united-states/ |archive-date=2024-01-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan haɗin gwiwar ya taimaka sosai wajen ƙaura da 'yan Philippines zuwa Amurka, yayin da 'yan Philippines ke ƙara samun alaƙa ta sirri a Amurka. Tun daga shekarar 1960, ma'aikatan jinya sama da 150,000 sun yi ƙaura daga Philippines. == Tarihin farko (1898–1930) == Bayan Yaƙin Spain da Amurka (1898), Amurka ta sami iko a kan Philippines kuma ta ba wa al'ummar tsibiran matsayin ƙasar Amurka. Rundunar Sojan Amurka ta horar da kuma ɗaukar 'yan ƙasar Philippines a matsayin Mataimakan Masu Aikin Jinya da kuma Ma'aikatan Jinya don yin aiki a Philippines, suna mai da hankali kan cututtukan da ke shafar wurare masu zafi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Filipino Nurses in the U.S. |url=https://www.conexusmedstaff.com/blog/2019/09/filipino-nurses-in-the-us-a-brief-history}}</ref> Asibitocin da aka kafa sun yi aiki da muradu biyu na Amurka: kula da sojojinsu da kuma fitar da al'adun "wayewa" na Yamma zuwa Philippines. An aika da ma'aikatan jinya da dama zuwa San Francisco da birnin New York don ƙarin horo da aiki. A shekarar 1907, an kafa tsarin koyar da aikin jinya na musamman wanda aka tsara bisa manhajar Amurka a Philippines don horar da ma'aikatan jinya a can. Karancin ma'aikatan jinya ya zama abin gaggawa saboda annobar tarin fuka, typhoid da sauran cututtuka masu yaduwa da kuma farkon [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] . Dokar Pensionado (1903) ta kafa kuma ta kafa wani tsari na musamman don aika ɗaliban Philippines (malamai da gwamnati ke tallafawa) zuwa Amurka don ƙarin ilimi da horo. Wasu sun zauna a Amurka don neman aiki. Ana ci gaba da samun kwararar ma'aikatan jinya 'yan ƙasar Philippines a birnin New York, kuma sun taimaka wajen biyan buƙatun kiwon lafiya a wancan lokacin. An kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Philippines - New York a shekarar 1928 ta hannun ma'aikatan jinya na Philippines da nufin haɓaka fahimtar al'adu da kuma daidaita jagorancin ƙwararru ga sauran ma'aikatan jinya na Philippines. Shugabar farko ita ce Marta Ubana, wacce ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin kimiyya a Kwalejin Malamai, Jami'ar Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2017 |title=US nursing shortage may again spur recruitment from PH |url=https://usa.inquirer.net/7777/us-nursing-shortage-may-spur-recruitment-ph}}</ref> == Shekarun 1940-1970 == === Shirin Baƙon Musayar === A shekarar 1948, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Smith-Mundt, wadda ta ƙirƙiri Shirin Baƙi na Musayar Kuɗi. [1] Shirin ya ba wa ɗalibai da ma'aikata ƙwararru damar zama a Amurka na tsawon shekaru biyu don haɓaka musayar al'adu. [2] Duk da cewa shirin an yi shi ne don yaƙar farfagandar da Tarayyar Soviet ta yaɗa a farkon Yaƙin Cacar Baki, ya zo ne a lokacin da Amurka ta sake tsinci kanta a tsakiyar ƙarancin ma'aikatan jinya bayan yaƙin. Asibitoci sun fara ɗaukar nauyin mata 'yan ƙasar Philippines waɗanda aka horar da su a shirye-shiryen jinya irin na Amurka a ƙasashen waje cikin sauri. [3] [4] Saboda wannan dalili, duk da cewa an buɗe wa dukkan ƙasashe, EVP ya haifar da ɗimbin ƙaura daga Philippines. [4] A ƙarshen shekarun 1960, masu neman aiki 'yan ƙasar Filifin, waɗanda yawancinsu ma'aikatan jinya ne, sun ƙunshi kashi 80% na mahalarta shirin. [5] === Dokar Shige da Fice da Ƙasa === A shekarar 1965, Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Shige da Fice da Ƙasa, wadda ta sauƙaƙa wa ma'aikatan jinya na Philippines su nemi a ci gaba da zama a Amurka har abada. Bugu da ƙari, asibitoci sun fahimci cewa da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jinya sun fito ne daga Philippines kuma sun fara ɗaukar mata aiki tuƙuru don zuwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Why are there so many Filipino nurses in the U.S.? |url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/05/28/filipino-nurses-in-the-us-podcast |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Berkeley |language=en-us}}</ref> Dokar ta tanadi wani tanadi wanda ya samar da biza ga ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa. Sakamakon haka, ma'aikatan jinya ba wai kawai za su iya zuwa na dindindin ba, har ma su kawo iyalansu. Wannan ya kawo tarin bakin haure daga Philippines, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu wataƙila suna cin gajiyar shirin. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan amincewa da INA, adadin cin jarrabawar hukumar ga ma'aikatan jinya daga Philippines ya yi ƙasa sosai, wanda ya haifar da kafa Hukumar Kula da Makarantun Jinya na Ƙasashen Waje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Filipino Nurses Working in the U.S. |url=https://www.conexusmedstaff.com/blog/2019/09/filipino-nurses-in-the-us-a-brief-history?source=google.com |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.conexusmedstaff.com |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar da aka amince da INA, an kuma ƙirƙiri Medicare da Medicaid, wanda hakan ya sa kiwon lafiya ya fi sauƙi ga miliyoyin Amurkawa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin damar shiga. 'Yan Amurka miliyan goma sha tara ne suka yi rajista a shekarar farko ta shirye-shiryen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=A brief history of Medicare in America |url=https://www.medicareresources.org/basic-medicare-information/brief-history-of-medicare/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=medicareresources.org |language=en}}</ref> Bukatar ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a Amurka ta sake zarce wadatar da take bayarwa. Ferdinand Marcos, shugaban ƙasar Philippines daga 1966-1986, ya ga ƙaura daga ma'aikatan jinya a matsayin mafita ga rikicin tattalin arzikin cikin gida. Kasar na fama da yawan rashin aikin yi. Ma'aikatan jinya da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje sun rage yawan gasa a cikin kasuwar aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neil, Kevin |date=2004-01-01 |title=Labor Export as Government Policy: The Case of the Philippines |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/labor-export-government-policy-case-philippines}}</ref> Albashi ya yi ƙasa sosai a Philippines fiye da Amurka; a shekarun 1970, ma'aikaciyar jinya a Philippines za ta yi aiki kusan shekaru 12 don ta sami daidai da albashin shekara ɗaya ga ma'aikatan jinya 'yan Filipino a Amurka, wanda hakan ke haifar da babban abin ƙarfafa gwiwa na ƙaura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Choy {{!}} |first=Catherine Ceniza |date=2019-09-30 |title=Why Are There So Many Filipino Nurses in California? {{!}} Essay |url=https://www.zocalopublicsquare.org/2019/09/30/why-are-there-so-many-filipino-nurses-in-california/ideas/essay/ |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Zócalo Public Square |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ma'aikatan jinya da yawa sun ci gaba da aika kuɗi zuwa gida ga iyalansu a ƙasashen waje, wanda Marcos ya yi fatan zai iya ƙarfafa tattalin arziki. Marcos ya ƙarfafa ƙaura daga ma'aikatan jinya a matsayin hanyar daidaita tattalin arziki. Wannan ƙoƙarin na ɗan lokaci ya zama tsari na musamman a matsayin shiri don ƙarfafa fitar da ma'aikatan jinya. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Masselink |first=Leah E. |last2=Shoou-Yih |first2=Daniel Lee |date=March 21, 2012 |title=Government officials' representation of nurses and migration in the Philippines |url=https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/28/1/90/645345 |journal=Health Policy and Planning |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=90–99 |doi=10.1093/heapol/czs028 |pmid=22437505 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-03-08}}</ref> Duk da cewa an yi niyyar shirin ya zama na ɗan lokaci, ya shiga cikin tattalin arzikin ƙasar kuma bai ƙare ba sai a shekarar 2022. A shekarar 2005, kashi 85% na ma'aikatan jinya na ƙasar Philippines suna aiki a ƙasashen duniya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Masselink |first=Leah E. |last2=Shoou-Yih |first2=Daniel Lee |date=2010-07-01 |title=Nurses, Inc.: Expansion and commercialization of nursing education in the Philippines |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277953610002297 |journal=Social Science & Medicine |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=166–172 |doi=10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.043 |pmid=20399550 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == ck6oz55zh13k4mpp8kim2jy6pwuxnmx 0 177200 964240 958603 2026-10-07T09:54:20Z TothMPeter 49752 964240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Sipos}}'''Béla Sipos''' (Sopron, 7 ga Afrilu 1945) masanin tattalin arziki ne ɗan ƙasar Hungary, masanin kididdiga, mai bincike kuma malamin jami'a. Ya kasance farfesa emeritus a Jami'ar Pécs tun daga shekarar 2013. An san shi musamman da bincikensa kan hasashen tattalin arziki, jerin bayanan lokaci da zagayowar Kondratiev. == Rayuwa da ilimi<ref>https://ktk.pte.hu/hu/munkatarsak/dr-sipos-bela</ref> == An haifi Sipos a Sopron a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1945. Iyayensa, Dr. Béla Sipos da Dóra Szakács, sun ƙaura daga Transylvania zuwa Hungary a shekarar 1944. Ya fito daga iyali mai ilimi. Yana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Dóra (an haife ta a 1947) da Judit (an haife ta a 1951). Ya zauna a Budapest har zuwa shekarar 1971, sannan ya koma Pécs. Ya yi makarantar firamare a gundumar II ta Budapest, a Margit Boulevard daga 1951 zuwa 1955, sannan a Bear Street daga 1956 zuwa 1959. A shekarar 1963 ya kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandaren Árpád da kyakkyawan sakamako. Daga nan ya shiga Jami'ar Kimiyyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Karl Marx da ke Budapest, inda ya sami digirin MSc a fannin tattalin arziki a shekarar 1967. A shekarun karatunsa na uku da na huɗu ya samu tallafin karatu na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Hungary. Tun daga shekarar 1968 ya mai da hankali kan binciken hasashen tattalin arziki. Bincikensa ya yi nazari kan yiwuwar bayyana zagayowar Kondratiev, wato dogayen sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki masu ɗaukar kusan shekaru 50 zuwa 60, a cikin jerin bayanan tattalin arzikin ƙasashen gurguzu. An dage tattaunawar kan kundin digirinsa na digiri na uku a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Hungary har zuwa shekarar 1987, lokacin da Nikolai Kondratiev ya samu cikakkiyar farfaɗowar suna a Tarayyar Soviet. Matarsa ita ce Dr. Katalin Rédey, wadda ita ma masaniyar kididdiga ce. Baya ga tattalin arziki da kididdiga, Sipos ya gudanar da binciken tarihin zuriyarsa. Tun daga shekarar 2013 ana aika sakamakon bincikensa da kayan tarihi zuwa Taskar Tarihin Ƙasa ta Hungary. Tarin yana ɗauke da sunan ''dr. Béla Sipos' family history collection, including digital registry and bibliography images created during the research. From 1772 to the 21st century. OL. 03/63/2013.'' Tun daga 2015 yana wallafa sakamakon binciken zuriyarsa a mujallar yanar gizo ta MACSE MATRICULA. == Sana'ar ilimi == A shekarar 1967 ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙaramin ma'aikaci a Magyar Optikai Művek, wata babbar masana'antar Hungary da ta ƙware wajen fasahar gani. Daga baya ya shiga bincike a Sashen Tsarin Masana'antu na Jami'ar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Karl Marx. A shekarar 1971 ya koma Pécs, inda ya zama mataimakin malami a sashen tattalin arziki na reshen jami'ar. Ya zama malami a shekarar 1975, mataimakin farfesa a 1981, sannan farfesa a 1989. Daga baya ya zama farfesa emeritus a Jami'ar Pécs. Tsakanin 1982 da 1996 ya kasance mai kula da ɗaliban karatun digiri na gaba a fannin tsarawa da nazari. Ya kuma kasance memba na Majalisar Rector da Majalisar Jami'a, sannan aka zaɓe shi shugaban Majalisar Ma'aikatan Jama'a. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin rector na Jami'ar Pécs a lokuta daban-daban: daga 1997 zuwa 1999 mai kula da harkokin gaba ɗaya da na ilimi; daga 2000 zuwa 2003 mai kula da harkokin gaba ɗaya da haɗin gwiwa; sannan daga 2003 zuwa 2007 mai kula da aikace-aikace. A farkon aikinsa ya kasance ƙwararren mai hasashen tattalin arziki a Ganz Electric Works daga 1968 zuwa 1971. Daga 1980 zuwa 1989 ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan hasashen farashi a Pécs Leather Factory. == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == A shekarar 1967, wata takardar bincikensa da ya rubuta a lokacin ɗalibantakarsa ta samu matsayi na farko a taron kimiyya na ƙasa na Hungary. A shekarar 1979 an karrama aikinsa da wata lambar yabo ta fannin kididdigar tallace-tallace na masana'antu da gine-gine. A 1980 ya samu Fényes Elek Prize daga ''Statisztikai Szemle'', mujallar kididdiga ta Hungary. A shekarar 1988 kuma ya samu lambar yabo daga Ministan Al'adu. Sipos ya shiga binciken tarihin farfesa Farkas Heller (1877–1955) da makarantar tattalin arzikinsa, inda ya rubuta nazarce-nazarce da dama da kuma littattafai biyu kan batun. Daga 1998 zuwa 2002 ya kasance mai karɓar Széchenyi Professorial Fellowship. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2000, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Hungary Árpád Göncz ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Zinariya ta Shugaban Jamhuriyar saboda gudummawar da ya bayar a fannin kimiyya da hidimar jama'a. A shekarun 2003 da 2007 ya samu Gold Ring na Jami'ar Pécs. == Ayyukan da ya wallafa == Sipos ya wallafa ayyuka da dama a fannonin hasashen tattalin arziki, dogayen zagayowar tattalin arziki, kididdiga da fasahar bayanai. A cewar bayanan MTMT na ranar 20 ga Satumba 2026, yana da wallafe-wallafe 305 da kuma ambato masu zaman kansu 2,863. Daga cikin fitattun ayyukansa akwai: * ''Prognostification and Empiric Research of Kondratiew Cycles''. Studia Oeconomica Auctoritate Universitatis Pécs Publicata, Pécs, 1987. * ''Empirical Research and Forecasting Based on Hungarian and World Economic Data Series''. A cikin ''The Long-Wave Debate'', Springer Verlag, 1987. * Béla Sipos da Tibor Kiss, ''Extrapolation Economic Indicators with REGAL, Expert System for Multiple Regression Analysis'', 1995. * ''Empirical research of long-term cycles''. ''Statisztikai Szemle'', 75, 1997. * Sipos Béla da Tibor Kiss, ''REGAL: Expert system for multiple linear regression analysis''. ''Statisztikai Szemle'', 76, 1998. * Tibor Kiss da Béla Sipos, ''ExpS for Windows, a software application''. ''Statisztikai Szemle'', 78, 2000. * ''The Development of Informatics in University of Pécs'', 2002. * ''Analysis of long-term tendencies in the world economy and Hungary''. ''Statisztikai Szemle'', 80, 2002. * Béla Sipos da Dániel Kehl, ''Secular Trends and Long Cycles in the US Economy''. ''Development and Finance'', 5, 2007. * Béla Sipos da Dániel Kehl, ''Potential Impacts of Changes in per Capita GDP''. ''Development and Finance'', 7, 2009. == Manazarta == * ''International Who's Who in Education'', Cambridge, 1987, International Biographical Centre. * ''Who's Who in Finance and Industry'', MARQUIS Who's Who, 30th Edition, 1998–1999. * ''MARQUIS Who's Who in the World'', 18th Edition, New Providence, 2001. * ''Who's Who in America'', MARQUIS Who's Who, 57th Edition, 2003. * ''Who is Who Magyarországon'', Hübners Who is Who, 2006. * ''Ki Kicsoda a magyar oktatásban'', Budapest, 2005. * ''Pécsi Egyetemi Almanach'', Jami'ar Pécs. * ''Az MTA köztestületének tagjai – Sipos Béla'', Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Hungary. * ''Sipos Béla – ODT Személyi adatlap'', Országos Doktori Tanács. * ''MTA doktorok a PTE-n – Sipos Béla'', Jami'ar Pécs. * ''Béla Sipos – ORCID'', ORCID. * ''Béla Sipos – WorldCat Entity'', OCLC. * ''Sipos Béla – Magyar Nemzeti Névtér'', National Hungarian Name Space. * ''Sipos Béla – MTMT'', Magyar Tudományos Művek Tára, bayanan wallafe-wallafe da ambato. {{Authority control}} == Bayanan kula == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] bdxs7j4z4gknaae55a4umq4b0ndruh2 0 177337 963837 958426 2026-10-06T12:36:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 963837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rania El Mugammar''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Sudan-Kanada da ke Toronto, marubuciya, mai adawa da zalunci da kuma mai fafutukar adalci.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Torontoist |date=2016-12-01 |title=Three Local Anti-Racism Campaigns You Need to Know About Now |url=https://torontoist.com/2016/12/three-local-anti-racism-campaigns-you-need-to-know-about-now/ |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Torontoist}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa kungiyar SpeakSudan kuma an yaba da ita sosai saboda aikinta The Anatomy of An Apology . == Rayuwa ta mutum == El Mugammar baƙar fata ce, mai son kai, baƙo, mace musulma. Ta girma a cikin Regent Park da unguwar St. James Town na Toronto . Tana da ɗa.<ref name=":0" /> == Ayyuka == El Mugammar shine wanda ya kafa kungiyar SpeakSudan ba don riba ba.[1][2] Tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a a Toronto, ta gudanar da bita na jama'a da ake kira Shut It Uncle Bob! An tsara su don taimakawa mutane su magance wariyar launin fata a cikin iyalansu.[3] El Mugammar ya rubuta waka kuma yana yin magana da magana da kuma ba da labari na baki a kan jigogi na kasancewa, Blackness, jinsi, ainihi, ƙaura, jima'i, da mace.[4] Littafin El Mugammar mai suna The Anatomy of an Apology ya rinjayi masana kimiyya da masu fafutuka kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman ma'auni don sukar neman gafara ga shahararrun mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donsky |first=Dr Debbie |date=2021-04-19 |title=Apology |url=https://medium.com/reflective-stance/apology-8adee3df63e4 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Reflective Stance |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305204413/https://medium.com/reflective-stance/apology-8adee3df63e4 |archive-date=2022-03-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisa and Shoshana HQ: Lisa and Shoshana HQ #28 The Apology or The Art of "Sorry" on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/ca/podcast/lisa-and-shoshana-hq-28-the-apology-or-the-art-of-sorry/id1539366363?i=1000542901849 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Apple Podcasts |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ICCC |date=2019-05-21 |title=Anti-Oppressive Communication Workshop Resources |url=https://www.iowachange.org/post/anti-oppressive-communication-workshop-resources |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=Iowacoalition |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azrin Awal: Advocate, Activist, Ally {{!}} College of Education and Human Service Professions |url=https://cehsp.d.umn.edu/articles/azrin-awal-0 |access-date=2022-03-05 |website=cehsp.d.umn.edu}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0f1jl2r4hy9y99xxyo0fulwfbziloas 0 177371 964125 958782 2026-10-06T23:47:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saumyendranath Tagore''' (8 Oktoba 1901 - 22 Satumba 1974), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya, Satya Brata |date=April 2016 |title=Saumyendranath Tagore and the Peasant Movement of Murshidabad: A Study on Historical Perspectives |url=http://www.ajms.co.in/sites/ajms2015/index.php/ajms/article/view/1764 |access-date=2026-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718123652/http://www.ajms.co.in/sites/ajms2015/index.php/ajms/article/view/1764 |archive-date=2020-07-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ɗan Sudhindranath Tagore, ɗa na huɗu ga Dwijendranath Tagore, kuma jikan Rabindranath Tagore, shi ne shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Juyin Juya Halin Indiya, kuma shine farkon mai fassara Manifesto na Kwaminisanci zuwa [[Yaren Bengali|Bengali]], wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar ''Langal'' wanda Kazi Nazrul Islam ya shirya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saumyendra Nath Tagore |url=https://www.marxists.org/francais/tagore/index.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617160214/https://www.marxists.org/francais/tagore/index.htm |archive-date=17 June 2025 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]] |language=fr}}</ref> == Ilimi == Tagore ya kammala karatunsa na digiri a shekarar 1917 daga Mitra Institution da ke [[Kolkata]] kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digiri na biyu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Kwalejin Shugaban Kasa a shekarar 1921. == Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci == A shekarar 1920, Tagore ya shiga " ''[[Akhil Bharat Chatra Sammelan]]'' " ("Taron Daliban Indiya na Duk-Duk") a [[Ahmedabad]] . Ya yi abota da [[Muzaffar Ahmad|Muzaffar Ahmed]] da mawakin, Kazi Nazrul Islam . Bayan Tagore ya shiga Jam'iyyar Ma'aikata da Manoma (WPP) a watan Afrilun 1926, ya fara tattara ma'aikatan injin jute na Bengal don kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Jute ta Bengal. Ingancinsa a matsayin mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ma'aikata da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na jawo hankalin masu juyin juya hali zuwa ga WPP ya jawo hankalin hukuma zuwa gare shi. Domin gujewa kamawa, Tagore ya tafi Turai a watan Mayun 1927. A can, ya haɗu da shugabannin gurguzu na duniya kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya isa [[Moscow]] . Ya halarci Babban Taro na 6 na Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Duniya ( Comintern ). === Bambance-bambance da Comintern === Tagore ya bambanta da Comintern akan "Tambayar Mulkin Mallaka". Daga baya, ya zo ya fifita ka'idar [[Leon Trotsky]] ta " Juyin Juya Halin Dindindin " fiye da ra'ayin [[Joseph Stalin]] na " Gurguzanci a Ƙasa Ɗaya ". <ref name="rcpi">{{Cite web |last=Revolutionary Communist Party of India |date=22 September 2018 |title=On the 44th death anniversary of Comrade S.N. Tagore |url=https://www.rcpi-communist.in/2018/09/on-44th-death-anniversary-of-comrade-sn.html |access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> <ref name="mia">{{Cite web |last=Tagore |first=Saumyendranath |title=Permanent Revolution |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/tagore/1944/permanent-revolution.htm |access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> Ya kuma yi adawa da dabarun Comintern na " Popular Front " a shekarun 1930, yana mai ɗaukar hakan a matsayin cin amanar juyin juya halin proletarian . <ref name="rcpi" /> A taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Kwaminisanci na 1928, Tagore ya nemi ya ƙalubalanci rawar da MN Roy ke takawa a cikin ƙungiyar. Tagore ya nuna ƙiyayya ga Stalin, wataƙila a matsayin martani ga gazawarsa na neman amincewa daga ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci ta Duniya a 1928. <ref name="Laushey1975" /> Da ya dawo Indiya a shekarar 1934, ya yi kira ga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Indiya (CPI) da ta yi watsi da layinta na hagu. Duk da cewa CPI za ta daidaita matsayinta daga baya bayan taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kwaminisanci na Bakwai, Tagore ya katse hulɗar CPI. A watan Mayu na shekarar 1934 ya kafa 'kwamitin farko' don kafa sabuwar jam'iyya. === Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci === Tagore ya kafa [[Communist League of India|ƙungiyar Kwaminis ta Indiya]] a ranar 1 ga Agusta, 1934. Sauran waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci sun haɗa da Sudhir Dasgupta, Prabhat Sen, Ranjit Majumdar da Arun Banerjee. ==== Ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci da manoma ==== Bayan kafa ƙungiyar Kwaminis, Tagore ya fara rangadin yankunan karkara na Bengal, yana shirya manoma don fafutukar kawar da tsarin ''zamindari.'' A ya gina reshen manoma, 'Bangiyo Pradeshik Kisan Sabha' (BPKS), daban da Krishak Samiti na CPI. BPKS na Tagore ya buƙaci a soke tsarin zamindari ba tare da ba wa masu gidaje wani diyya ba, rarraba filaye kyauta tsakanin manoma da ma'aikatan noma, rage buƙatun samun kuɗi da kuma soke basussukan ga masu ba da lamuni. ==== Tagore a Assam ==== A shekarar 1941, an sake kiran ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci da suna "Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indiya", amma a watan Maris na 1943, aka sake kiranta da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Juyin Juya Halin Indiya (RCPI) domin a bambanta ta da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Indiya "a hukumance". RCPI ita ce ƙungiya ta farko ta hagu da ta kafa kanta a [[Assam]] . A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1938, Tagore ya ziyarci Assam kuma ya haɗu da ƙungiyar ɗalibai da matasa. Dan majalisa [[Debranath Sarma]] ne ya shirya ziyarar tasa. <ref name="Saikia2015134" /> An kafa reshen ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci a lardin a shekarar 1939. <ref name="Saikia2015134" /> Tagore ya sake ziyartar Assam a watan Disamba na shekarar 1941. A wannan karon ya ziyarci [[Khagen Barbarua]] a ƙauyensa da ke Upper Assam kuma ya tattauna batun gina ƙungiyar jam'iyyar a lardin. <ref name="c" /> An kori Tagore daga Assam a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1941. <ref name="c" /> === Raba a cikin RCPI === Bayan dawowarsa Indiya, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta kama Tagore sau da dama kuma ya shafe kusan shekaru goma yana tsare a gidan yari. <ref name="battacharyya">{{Cite web |last=Battacharyya, Satyabrata |date=2016 |title=Saumyendranath Tagore and the Communist Movement of Bengal, 1920-1947 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/234270 |access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref> Bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku a shekarar 1948, Tagore ya fuskanci wani bangare a cikin RCPI, karkashin jagorancin [[Pannalal Dasgupta]], wanda ya dage kan mayar da yakin gina panchayats zuwa wani tawaye na gaba daya. <ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> Tagore ya yi jayayya, maimakon haka, cewa juyin juya hali na makamai ya kasance ba da daɗewa ba a Indiya. <ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> Ƙungiyar Dasgupta ta shirya taron jam'iyyar All India a Birbhum a shekarar 1948. Tagore ya gabatar da murabus dinsa daga Kwamitin Tsakiya na RCPI, bukatar da taron Birbhum ya ki amincewa da ita. <ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> Bayan taron, mabiyan Dasgupta suka fara tattara makamai da kuma shiryawa don gwagwarmayar makamai. A nasa ɓangaren, Tagore ya yi jawabi a wani taron jama'a a [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] inda ya yi Allah wadai da jerin tawayen Dasgupta. <ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> Jawabin Tagore ya tilasta wa ƙungiyar Dasgupta amincewa da murabus ɗinsa daga Kwamitin Tsakiya. <ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> Bayan rabin shekara Tagore ya tara mabiyansa don wani taron jam'iyya daban, wanda ya kira shi Babban Taron Jam'iyya na 5, a Burdwan . <ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> <ref name="tr" /> Don haka aka sami ƙungiyoyi biyu masu kama da juna, ɗaya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Dasgupta da ɗaya ƙarƙashin jagorancin Tagore. <ref name="Sadasivan1977" /> Tsohuwar ƙungiyar ta wakilci mafi rinjaye a cikin RCPI. An san jam'iyyun biyu da suna ' RCPI (Tagore) '. Tagore ne ya jagoranci wannan birni har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 1974. === Lokaci a Jamus === A shekarar 1933, an kama Tagore bisa zargin shirya kisan gillar shugaban Nazi na Jamus, [[Adolf Hitler]], lokacin da yake birnin [[München|Munich, Jamus]], kuma aka tsare shi a gidan yarin Gestapo . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saumyendranath Tagore (1933): Reichstag Fire. |url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/tagore/1933/reichstag.htm |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.marxists.org}}</ref> Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton kuskure cewa an kama "ɗan shahararren mawakin duniya, Sir Rabindranath Tagore ", maimakon ɗan'uwan ɗan'uwansa; bayan shigar jakadan Birtaniya daga Indiya, an saki Tagore washegari ya tafi Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamalakaran |first=Ajay |date=2024-02-13 |title=When Tagore's grandnephew was arrested in Germany over a plot to kill Hitler |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/1063515/when-tagores-grandnephew-was-arrested-in-germany-over-a-plot-to-kill-hitler |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan adabi == Saumyendranath Tagore marubuci ne na ƙungiyar ''Kallol'' akai-akai. Ya rubuta labarai a harsunan Faransanci, Rashanci, Jamusanci, Ingilishi da Bengali. Littattafan ''Biplabi Russia, Trayee, Jatri, Rabindranather Gaan'', 'Communism and Fetishism ', ' Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and India', 'Permanent Revolution', 'Dactics and strategy of revolution' 'Gandhi' (Faransa) kaɗan ne daga cikinsu. Ayyukan juyin juya hali na Tagore sun sa hukumomin Birtaniya suka haramta wasu daga cikin ayyukansa. <ref name="battacharyya" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saumyendranath Tagore Archive |url=https://www.rcpi-communist.in/p/saumyendranath-tagore.html |access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref> == Iyali == Saumyendranath Tagore ya auri Srimati Hutheesingh daga dangin [[Jainanci|Jain]] Gujarati Hutheesing na Ahmedabad. Ta kasance ɗaliba a Shantiniketan kuma fitacciyar mai rawa da kuma mai tsara rawa wadda ta yi horo a fannin rawa a Indiya da ƙasashen waje. Ɗan'uwan Srimati Tagore, Gunottam (Raja) Hutheesingh, ya auri Krishna Nehru, ƙaramar 'yar Motilal Nehru kuma 'yar'uwar Firayim Ministan [[Indiya]] na farko Jawaharlal Nehru. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] owxh9supm1wjfhwspljs4egxdrfzdor 0 177679 964126 961006 2026-10-06T23:50:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saundarya Rajesh''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya wanda ya kafa kuma shine shugaban ƙungiyar Avtar.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Added Perspective': Avtar Group's Saundarya Rajesh on importance of regional diversity in the workplace |url=https://www.peoplematters.in/article/diversity/added-perspective-avtar-groups-saundarya-rajesh-on-importance-of-regional-diversity-in-the-workplace-34971 |access-date=2022-10-19 |language=en}}</ref> An san ta da ƙoƙarinta na haɓaka damar aiki ta biyu ga mata a ɓangaren kamfanoni a Indiya. Tana gudanar da Project Puthri, wani shiri na ƙarfafa 'yan mata marasa galihu don samun aikin yi. Ministar Mata da Ci gaban Yara ta ba ta lambar yabo ta 'Mata 100 Masu Nasara a Indiya' a shekarar 2016 saboda aikinta. Ta sami kyautar Mata Masu Canza Tsarin Indiya daga NITI Aayog da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women Transforming India » United Nations in India |url=http://in.one.un.org/page/women-transforming-india-campaign-womentransform |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423024403/http://in.one.un.org/page/women-transforming-india-campaign-womentransform |archive-date=23 April 2016 |access-date=2016-06-01 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Ita ce mawallafin littattafai guda biyu, ''Kalubalen Bambancin Rana 99: Ƙirƙirar Wurin Aiki Mai Haɗaka'' (2018) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanabar |first=Kavita |last2=Raina |first2=Bhavna |date=2019 |title=Book Review: The 99 Day Diversity Challenge |url=http://jdrvesim.ves.ac.in/images/jdr/volume12/issue4/Volume-12-Issue-4-Book-Review.pdf |journal=Journal of Development Research |publisher=[[Vivekanand Education Society's Institute of Management Studies and Research]] |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=30–31 |doi=10.54366/JDR.12.4.2019.30-31 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |s2cid=249690579}}</ref> da ''Tattaunawa da Likitan Aiki: Mata Masu Ci Gaba da Nasara a Aiki'' (2024), waɗanda Penguin Random House ta buga duka. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Tana da digiri a fannin adabin Turanci daga Jami'ar Madras sannan daga baya ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Pondicherry. A shekarar 2005, ta sami tallafin karatu na Chevening, wanda Ofishin Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth na [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ya dauki nauyinsa, kuma gwamnatin Amurka ta kuma zaɓe ta don Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Duniya (IVLP). Daga baya, ta kammala karatun digirin digirgir (PhD) a fannin shigar mata cikin ma'aikata. == Sana'a == Saundarya ta fara aikinta da Citibank a shekarar 1990. Ta ɗauki hutu daga aikinta bayan ta zama uwa. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa kuma ta yi aiki a gidan rediyon All India da Doordarshan tsakanin 1992 da 1995, bayan haka ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Kwalejin Mata ta MOP Vaishnav da ke [[Chennai]] tsakanin 1996 da 2003. A shekara ta 2000, Saundarya Rajesh ta kafa Avtar Career Creators, wanda aka sake sanya masa suna a shekara ta 2011 zuwa Flexi Careers India Limited. Avtar yanzu kamfani ne mai mai da hankali kan bambancin ra'ayi, daidaito, da haɗa kai (DEI) a Indiya. A shekarar 2005, ta ƙaddamar da Avtar I-Win don taimaka wa mata su koma aiki bayan hutun aiki. Wannan dandali ya rikide zuwa MyAvtar.com, wani shafin yanar gizo na aiki da aka yi niyya ga mata da sauran ƙungiyoyin da ba su da wakilci sosai. A shekarar 2008, Saundarya ta kafa Avtar Human Capital Trust, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke aiki don karfafa tattalin arzikin mata. Tana gudanar da wani shiri mai suna Project Puthri, wanda ke da nufin ƙirƙirar niyyar aiki a tsakanin ɗaliban mata marasa galihu tsakanin shekaru 13 zuwa 18. Wani shiri da take gudanarwa shi ne MITR (Men Impacting Trust & Respect), wanda ke ilmantar da yara maza daga azuzuwan IX zuwa XII don su zama masu haɗa kai da tausayi ga mata. A shekarar 2019, ta gabatar da jawabi a shirin TEDx kan batun Sana'o'i na Biyu ga Mata - Sake gina wani muhimmin tushe, inda ta jaddada muhimmancin shigar mata cikin ma'aikatan Indiya ta hanyar jerin labarai da bincike. == Ayyukan da aka buga == A shekarar 2018, Saundarya Rajesh ta buga littafinta na farko, ''Kalubalen Bambancin Rana 99: Ƙirƙirar Wurin Aiki Mai Haɗaka'', ta hanyar Penguin Random House . Littafin ya yi nazari kan bambancin ra'ayi da kuma haɗa kai, yana ba da bayanai masu amfani ga shugabannin kasuwanci da ƙwararru ta hanyar labarai da labarai. Sarika Chavan na ''Reputation Today'' ya sake duba littafin kuma ya ba da shawararsa, musamman ga shugabanni da manyan jami'ai, yana mai lura da cewa yana ba da hangen nesa wanda ya wuce tattaunawa ta gargajiya kan bambancin ra'ayi. Littafin ya sami Kyauta ta Farko a Kyautar Littafin ISTD na 2020–21, wanda Ƙungiyar Horarwa da Ci Gaban Indiya (ISTD) ta bayar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2023 |title=53rd Annual Report & Accounts |url=https://www.istd.in/files/reports/ISTD-Annual-Report-2022-23.pdf |publisher=Indian Society for Training & Development |page=15}}</ref> Littafinta na biyu, ''Tattaunawa da Likitan Aiki'', Penguin Random House ne ya buga a watan Afrilun 2024. Littafin ya ba da jagora ga ƙwararrun mata 'yan Indiya kan batutuwa kamar haɗakar aiki da rayuwa, gina ƙwarewar fasaha, tallan kai, da kuma ƙwarewar kuɗi. An buga wasu bayanai daga ''Tattaunawa da Likitan Aiki'' a cikin ''The Hindu Business Line'' da ''Livemint'' . == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == Shugaban ƙasar Indiya ya ba ta lambar yabo ta 'Mata 100 Masu Nasara a Indiya' a shekarar 2016. A shekarar 2016, NITI Aayog, ƙungiyar masu nazari kan manufofin jama'a da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ba ta kyautar "Mata Masu Canza Indiya ". A watan Maris na 2019, a lokacin bikin [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya]], Ma'aikatar Mata da Ci gaban Yara tare da haɗin gwiwar [[X (kafofin sada zumunta)|Twitter India]] sun ba Saundarya lambar yabo ta WebWonderWomen. Maneka Gandhi, Ministar Tarayyar Mata da Ci gaban Yara ce ta bayar da kyautar. ''Femina'' ta haɗa Saundarya Rajesh a cikin jerin "Femina Fab 40" na 2022. A shekarar 2023, an ba ta kyautar 'Gudunmawa ga Al'umma' daga ''The Hindu'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinsu na 'Duniyar Mata'. [[File:Saundarya_Rajesh_receiving_the_Indian_Today_Business_Wizards_of_Tamilnadu_Award_from_His_Excellency_the_Governor_of_Tamilnadu,_Dr._Rosiah,_in_Chennai,_in_November_2011..jpg|thumb|250x250px| Saundarya Rajesh yana karbar lambar yabo ''ta Indiya a yau'' Business Wizards daga Gwamna 13th na Tamil Nadu, Konijeti Rosaiah, a cikin Nuwamba 2011.]] Ta sami wasu kyaututtuka da dama kamar: * 2019: Kyautar Winds of Change a cikin rukunin mutum ɗaya da The Forum on Workplace Inclusion, Jami'ar St. Thomas, [[Minnesota]], Amurka ta bayar <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Diversity Award Winners |url=https://forumworkplaceinclusion.org/diversity-awards/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606112509/https://forumworkplaceinclusion.org/diversity-awards/ |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=12 October 2022 |publisher=The Forum on Workplace Inclusion, [[Augsburg University]]}}</ref> * 2019: An zaɓe shi a cikin jerin masu canjin kuɗi 35 na Chevening da tallafin karatu na Chevening wanda gwamnatin Burtaniya ke ɗaukar nauyinsa <ref>{{Cite web |title=35 Chevening Changemakers |url=https://35.chevening.org/changemakers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313160937/https://35.chevening.org/changemakers/ |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=35 chevening.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saundarya Rajesh Profile |url=https://35.chevening.org/changemakers/saundarya-rajesh/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313160937/https://35.chevening.org/changemakers/saundarya-rajesh/ |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=13 September 2019 |website=chevening.org}}</ref> * 2019: Kyautar Karfafawa Matan Chennai Carnatic Empowerment Award daga Rotary Club of Chennai Carnatic. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Saundarya |date=March 16, 2019 |title=Achievers from Chennai honoured by Rotary Club |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/achievers-from-chennai-honoured-by-rotary-club/articleshow/68439725.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> * 2014: Kyautar Naturals ta Musamman ga Mata a [[Ranar mata ta duniya|Ranar Mata ta Duniya]] . * 2012: Kyautar FICCI FLO Mace 'Yar Kasuwa ta Shekara saboda ginawa da ƙirƙirar hidimar mata ta farko a Indiya. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Dr.Saundarya |title=Award |url=http://3.wearethecity.in/female-entrepreneur-dr-saundarya-rajesh-founder-president-avtar-group/ |website=3.wearethecity |access-date=2026-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711081943/http://3.wearethecity.in/female-entrepreneur-dr-saundarya-rajesh-founder-president-avtar-group/ |archive-date=2019-07-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2011: TiE Stree Shakti, kyautar ɗan kasuwa na shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajesh |first=Dr.Saundarya |date=3 October 2011 |title=Award |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/Avtar-bags-TiE-Stree-Shakti-award/article20344487.ece}}</ref> <ref name="auto" /> * 2011: Kyautar Mayen Kasuwanci ''ta Indiya ta Yau'' <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Generational Diversity in the Indian Workforce: An Exploratory Study |url=https://www.99daydiversitychallenge.com/documents/Dr.SaundaryaRajesh-GenerationalDiversityInTheIndianWorkforce.pdf |journal=International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research |page=63 |issn=2349-0349}}</ref> * 2011: Kyautar Kirkire-kirkire ta CavinKare Chinnikrishnan * 2007: Kyautar 'Yan Kasuwa Mata ta Yuvashakthi <ref name="auto" /> * 2006: Kyautar Misalin Mata ta Standard Chartered SCOPE <ref name="auto" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana auren V. Rajesh, wanda ta haɗu da shi a makarantar koyon kasuwanci. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, namiji ɗaya da mace ɗaya. Tana zaune a [[Chennai]], Indiya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] igk4f35ga5vllj8n2lvrtljtilmqod0 0 177739 964307 963777 2026-10-07T11:44:43Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 Ibrahim abusufyan moved page [[Draft:Tarihin aikin jarida a Najeriya]] to [[Tarihin aikin jarida a Najeriya]] over redirect 963777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{subst:submit}} Aikin jarida a Najeriya ya samo asali tun zamanin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa labarai, ilimantar da jama'a da kuma tattauna harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa.[1] ==Rediyo== A shekarar 1978, aka kafa Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), wadda ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan rediyon tarayya a Najeriya. Rediyo ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu, wasanni da nishaɗi ga jama'a. ==Talabijin== A shekarar 1959, aka kafa Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) a Ibadan. An danganta WNTV da kasancewarta tashar talabijin ta farko a Afirka. A shekarar 1977, aka kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) domin gudanar da tsarin talabijin na ƙasa. Talabijin ta ƙara faɗaɗa damar jama'a wajen samun labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu da nishaɗi. Aikin jarida a lokacin mulkin soja A lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya, kafafen yaɗa labarai sun fuskanci dokoki da ƙuntatawa daban-daban. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa gwamnatocin soja sun yi amfani da dokoki, dokokin soja da wasu matakai na gudanarwa wajen takaita 'yancin aikin jarida.[2][3] Duk da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, jaridun Najeriya sun ci gaba da taka rawa wajen bayyana ra'ayoyi da tattauna harkokin gwamnati da siyasa.[2] ==Bayyanar kafafen watsa labarai masu zaman kansu== A shekarun 1990, tsarin watsa shirye-shirye a Najeriya ya fara samun ƙarin buɗewa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A shekarar 1992, aka kafa National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) domin tsara harkokin watsa shirye-shirye, ciki har da bayar da lasisi da sa ido kan gidajen rediyo da talabijin. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwa da yawan kafafen watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya. ==Aikin jarida a zamanin intanet== Zuwan intanet ya kawo babban sauyi a aikin jarida a Najeriya. Jaridu suka fara kafa shafukan yanar gizo, yayin da gidajen rediyo da talabijin suka fara amfani da intanet wajen yaɗa labarai da shirye-shirye. Kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook, X, YouTube da Instagram sun kuma zama hanyoyin yaɗa labarai da tattauna al'amuran jama'a. ==Aikin jarida na zamani== A yau, aikin jarida a Najeriya ya ƙunshi jaridu, mujallu, rediyo, talabijin, shafukan yanar gizo da kafafen sada zumunta. Ci gaban wayoyin hannu da intanet ya sauƙaƙa samarwa da rarraba labarai. A lokaci guda, ya ƙara muhimmancin tantance sahihancin bayanai da bambance labaran gaskiya da bayanan ƙarya. ==Tasirin aikin jarida a Najeriya== A tsawon tarihinsa, aikin jarida ya taka rawa a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar Najeriya, ciki har da: * yaɗa labarai da bayanai; * ilimantar da jama'a; * wayar da kan al'umma; * tattauna harkokin siyasa; * adana bayanan tarihi; * yaɗa al'adu da harsuna; * ba jama'a damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu. ==Duba kuma== * [[Aikin jarida]] * [[Kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin rediyo a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin talabijin a Najeriya]] * [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]] * [[Nigerian Television Authority]] * [[National Broadcasting Commission]] ==Manazarta== [1] Akinfeleye, Ralph. Essentials of Journalism. Lagos: Miral Printing Press. [2] Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2004). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993: An Historical and Legal Narrative. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press.[4] [3] Ekwelie, Sylvanus A. (1979). “The Nigerian Press Under Military Rule.” Gazette, 25(4), shafi 219–232.[5] [4] Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2023). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993. CODESRIA.[6] [5] Agboaye, Ehikioya (1984). Nigerian Military Government and Press Freedom, 1966–1979. North Texas State University.[7] mo5n2lakz33hegv0c70x35ya96ch9f1 964309 964307 2026-10-07T11:45:03Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 964309 wikitext text/x-wiki Aikin jarida a Najeriya ya samo asali tun zamanin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa labarai, ilimantar da jama'a da kuma tattauna harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa.[1] ==Rediyo== A shekarar 1978, aka kafa Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), wadda ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan rediyon tarayya a Najeriya. Rediyo ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu, wasanni da nishaɗi ga jama'a. ==Talabijin== A shekarar 1959, aka kafa Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) a Ibadan. An danganta WNTV da kasancewarta tashar talabijin ta farko a Afirka. A shekarar 1977, aka kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) domin gudanar da tsarin talabijin na ƙasa. Talabijin ta ƙara faɗaɗa damar jama'a wajen samun labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu da nishaɗi. Aikin jarida a lokacin mulkin soja A lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya, kafafen yaɗa labarai sun fuskanci dokoki da ƙuntatawa daban-daban. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa gwamnatocin soja sun yi amfani da dokoki, dokokin soja da wasu matakai na gudanarwa wajen takaita 'yancin aikin jarida.[2][3] Duk da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, jaridun Najeriya sun ci gaba da taka rawa wajen bayyana ra'ayoyi da tattauna harkokin gwamnati da siyasa.[2] ==Bayyanar kafafen watsa labarai masu zaman kansu== A shekarun 1990, tsarin watsa shirye-shirye a Najeriya ya fara samun ƙarin buɗewa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A shekarar 1992, aka kafa National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) domin tsara harkokin watsa shirye-shirye, ciki har da bayar da lasisi da sa ido kan gidajen rediyo da talabijin. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwa da yawan kafafen watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya. ==Aikin jarida a zamanin intanet== Zuwan intanet ya kawo babban sauyi a aikin jarida a Najeriya. Jaridu suka fara kafa shafukan yanar gizo, yayin da gidajen rediyo da talabijin suka fara amfani da intanet wajen yaɗa labarai da shirye-shirye. Kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook, X, YouTube da Instagram sun kuma zama hanyoyin yaɗa labarai da tattauna al'amuran jama'a. ==Aikin jarida na zamani== A yau, aikin jarida a Najeriya ya ƙunshi jaridu, mujallu, rediyo, talabijin, shafukan yanar gizo da kafafen sada zumunta. Ci gaban wayoyin hannu da intanet ya sauƙaƙa samarwa da rarraba labarai. A lokaci guda, ya ƙara muhimmancin tantance sahihancin bayanai da bambance labaran gaskiya da bayanan ƙarya. ==Tasirin aikin jarida a Najeriya== A tsawon tarihinsa, aikin jarida ya taka rawa a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar Najeriya, ciki har da: * yaɗa labarai da bayanai; * ilimantar da jama'a; * wayar da kan al'umma; * tattauna harkokin siyasa; * adana bayanan tarihi; * yaɗa al'adu da harsuna; * ba jama'a damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu. ==Duba kuma== * [[Aikin jarida]] * [[Kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin rediyo a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin talabijin a Najeriya]] * [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]] * [[Nigerian Television Authority]] * [[National Broadcasting Commission]] ==Manazarta== [1] Akinfeleye, Ralph. Essentials of Journalism. Lagos: Miral Printing Press. [2] Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2004). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993: An Historical and Legal Narrative. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press.[4] [3] Ekwelie, Sylvanus A. (1979). “The Nigerian Press Under Military Rule.” Gazette, 25(4), shafi 219–232.[5] [4] Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2023). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993. CODESRIA.[6] [5] Agboaye, Ehikioya (1984). Nigerian Military Government and Press Freedom, 1966–1979. North Texas State University.[7] dk2yv07x2fbckfbouzr1w4sn08q4mb8 964311 964309 2026-10-07T11:47:00Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 /* Manazarta */ 964311 wikitext text/x-wiki Aikin jarida a Najeriya ya samo asali tun zamanin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa labarai, ilimantar da jama'a da kuma tattauna harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa<ref>.Akinfeleye, Ralph. Essentials of Journalism. Lagos: Miral Printing Press.</ref> ==Rediyo== A shekarar 1978, aka kafa Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), wadda ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan rediyon tarayya a Najeriya. Rediyo ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu, wasanni da nishaɗi ga jama'a. ==Talabijin== A shekarar 1959, aka kafa Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) a Ibadan. An danganta WNTV da kasancewarta tashar talabijin ta farko a Afirka. A shekarar 1977, aka kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) domin gudanar da tsarin talabijin na ƙasa. Talabijin ta ƙara faɗaɗa damar jama'a wajen samun labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu da nishaɗi. Aikin jarida a lokacin mulkin soja A lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya, kafafen yaɗa labarai sun fuskanci dokoki da ƙuntatawa daban-daban. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa gwamnatocin soja sun yi amfani da dokoki, dokokin soja da wasu matakai na gudanarwa wajen takaita 'yancin aikin jarida.[2][3] Duk da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, jaridun Najeriya sun ci gaba da taka rawa wajen bayyana ra'ayoyi da tattauna harkokin gwamnati da siyasa.[2] ==Bayyanar kafafen watsa labarai masu zaman kansu== A shekarun 1990, tsarin watsa shirye-shirye a Najeriya ya fara samun ƙarin buɗewa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A shekarar 1992, aka kafa National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) domin tsara harkokin watsa shirye-shirye, ciki har da bayar da lasisi da sa ido kan gidajen rediyo da talabijin. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwa da yawan kafafen watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya. ==Aikin jarida a zamanin intanet== Zuwan intanet ya kawo babban sauyi a aikin jarida a Najeriya. Jaridu suka fara kafa shafukan yanar gizo, yayin da gidajen rediyo da talabijin suka fara amfani da intanet wajen yaɗa labarai da shirye-shirye. Kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook, X, YouTube da Instagram sun kuma zama hanyoyin yaɗa labarai da tattauna al'amuran jama'a. ==Aikin jarida na zamani== A yau, aikin jarida a Najeriya ya ƙunshi jaridu, mujallu, rediyo, talabijin, shafukan yanar gizo da kafafen sada zumunta. Ci gaban wayoyin hannu da intanet ya sauƙaƙa samarwa da rarraba labarai. A lokaci guda, ya ƙara muhimmancin tantance sahihancin bayanai da bambance labaran gaskiya da bayanan ƙarya. ==Tasirin aikin jarida a Najeriya== A tsawon tarihinsa, aikin jarida ya taka rawa a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar Najeriya, ciki har da: * yaɗa labarai da bayanai; * ilimantar da jama'a; * wayar da kan al'umma; * tattauna harkokin siyasa; * adana bayanan tarihi; * yaɗa al'adu da harsuna; * ba jama'a damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu. ==Duba kuma== * [[Aikin jarida]] * [[Kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin rediyo a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin talabijin a Najeriya]] * [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]] * [[Nigerian Television Authority]] * [[National Broadcasting Commission]] ==Manazarta== [1] Akinfeleye, Ralph. Essentials of Journalism. Lagos: Miral Printing Press. [2] Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2004). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993: An Historical and Legal Narrative. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press.[4] [3] Ekwelie, Sylvanus A. (1979). “The Nigerian Press Under Military Rule.” Gazette, 25(4), shafi 219–232.[5] [4] Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2023). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993. CODESRIA.[6] [5] Agboaye, Ehikioya (1984). Nigerian Military Government and Press Freedom, 1966–1979. North Texas State University.[7] n6hzxo9g3i0tv549ki2i0nv30s81upk 964312 964311 2026-10-07T11:48:17Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 /* Manazarta */ 964312 wikitext text/x-wiki Aikin jarida a Najeriya ya samo asali tun zamanin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa labarai, ilimantar da jama'a da kuma tattauna harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa<ref>.Akinfeleye, Ralph. Essentials of Journalism. Lagos: Miral Printing Press.</ref> ==Rediyo== A shekarar 1978, aka kafa Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), wadda ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan rediyon tarayya a Najeriya. Rediyo ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu, wasanni da nishaɗi ga jama'a. ==Talabijin== A shekarar 1959, aka kafa Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) a Ibadan. An danganta WNTV da kasancewarta tashar talabijin ta farko a Afirka. A shekarar 1977, aka kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) domin gudanar da tsarin talabijin na ƙasa. Talabijin ta ƙara faɗaɗa damar jama'a wajen samun labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu da nishaɗi. Aikin jarida a lokacin mulkin soja A lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya, kafafen yaɗa labarai sun fuskanci dokoki da ƙuntatawa daban-daban. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa gwamnatocin soja sun yi amfani da dokoki, dokokin soja da wasu matakai na gudanarwa wajen takaita 'yancin aikin jarida.[2][3] Duk da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, jaridun Najeriya sun ci gaba da taka rawa wajen bayyana ra'ayoyi da tattauna harkokin gwamnati da siyasa.[2] ==Bayyanar kafafen watsa labarai masu zaman kansu== A shekarun 1990, tsarin watsa shirye-shirye a Najeriya ya fara samun ƙarin buɗewa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A shekarar 1992, aka kafa National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) domin tsara harkokin watsa shirye-shirye, ciki har da bayar da lasisi da sa ido kan gidajen rediyo da talabijin. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwa da yawan kafafen watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya. ==Aikin jarida a zamanin intanet== Zuwan intanet ya kawo babban sauyi a aikin jarida a Najeriya. Jaridu suka fara kafa shafukan yanar gizo, yayin da gidajen rediyo da talabijin suka fara amfani da intanet wajen yaɗa labarai da shirye-shirye. Kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook, X, YouTube da Instagram sun kuma zama hanyoyin yaɗa labarai da tattauna al'amuran jama'a. ==Aikin jarida na zamani== A yau, aikin jarida a Najeriya ya ƙunshi jaridu, mujallu, rediyo, talabijin, shafukan yanar gizo da kafafen sada zumunta. Ci gaban wayoyin hannu da intanet ya sauƙaƙa samarwa da rarraba labarai. A lokaci guda, ya ƙara muhimmancin tantance sahihancin bayanai da bambance labaran gaskiya da bayanan ƙarya. ==Tasirin aikin jarida a Najeriya== A tsawon tarihinsa, aikin jarida ya taka rawa a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar Najeriya, ciki har da: * yaɗa labarai da bayanai; * ilimantar da jama'a; * wayar da kan al'umma; * tattauna harkokin siyasa; * adana bayanan tarihi; * yaɗa al'adu da harsuna; * ba jama'a damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu. ==Duba kuma== * [[Aikin jarida]] * [[Kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin rediyo a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin talabijin a Najeriya]] * [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]] * [[Nigerian Television Authority]] * [[National Broadcasting Commission]] ==Manazarta== 0q6j1sukin19y7g5bx1u9ajgl4cokg5 964313 964312 2026-10-07T11:49:21Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 /* Talabijin */ 964313 wikitext text/x-wiki Aikin jarida a Najeriya ya samo asali tun zamanin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa labarai, ilimantar da jama'a da kuma tattauna harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa<ref>.Akinfeleye, Ralph. Essentials of Journalism. Lagos: Miral Printing Press.</ref> ==Rediyo== A shekarar 1978, aka kafa Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), wadda ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan rediyon tarayya a Najeriya. Rediyo ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu, wasanni da nishaɗi ga jama'a. ==Talabijin== A shekarar 1959, aka kafa Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) a Ibadan. An danganta WNTV da kasancewarta tashar talabijin ta farko a Afirka. A shekarar 1977, aka kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) domin gudanar da tsarin talabijin na ƙasa. Talabijin ta ƙara faɗaɗa damar jama'a wajen samun labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu da nishaɗi. Aikin jarida a lokacin mulkin soja A lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya, kafafen yaɗa labarai sun fuskanci dokoki da ƙuntatawa daban-daban. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa gwamnatocin soja sun yi amfani da dokoki, dokokin soja da wasu matakai na gudanarwa wajen takaita 'yancin aikin jarida.<ref>Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2004). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993: An Historical and Legal Narrative. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press</ref> Duk da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, jaridun Najeriya sun ci gaba da taka rawa wajen bayyana ra'ayoyi da tattauna harkokin gwamnati da siyasa.<ref>Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2004). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993: An Historical and Legal Narrative. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press</ref> ==Bayyanar kafafen watsa labarai masu zaman kansu== A shekarun 1990, tsarin watsa shirye-shirye a Najeriya ya fara samun ƙarin buɗewa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A shekarar 1992, aka kafa National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) domin tsara harkokin watsa shirye-shirye, ciki har da bayar da lasisi da sa ido kan gidajen rediyo da talabijin. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwa da yawan kafafen watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya. ==Aikin jarida a zamanin intanet== Zuwan intanet ya kawo babban sauyi a aikin jarida a Najeriya. Jaridu suka fara kafa shafukan yanar gizo, yayin da gidajen rediyo da talabijin suka fara amfani da intanet wajen yaɗa labarai da shirye-shirye. Kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook, X, YouTube da Instagram sun kuma zama hanyoyin yaɗa labarai da tattauna al'amuran jama'a. ==Aikin jarida na zamani== A yau, aikin jarida a Najeriya ya ƙunshi jaridu, mujallu, rediyo, talabijin, shafukan yanar gizo da kafafen sada zumunta. Ci gaban wayoyin hannu da intanet ya sauƙaƙa samarwa da rarraba labarai. A lokaci guda, ya ƙara muhimmancin tantance sahihancin bayanai da bambance labaran gaskiya da bayanan ƙarya. ==Tasirin aikin jarida a Najeriya== A tsawon tarihinsa, aikin jarida ya taka rawa a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar Najeriya, ciki har da: * yaɗa labarai da bayanai; * ilimantar da jama'a; * wayar da kan al'umma; * tattauna harkokin siyasa; * adana bayanan tarihi; * yaɗa al'adu da harsuna; * ba jama'a damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu. ==Duba kuma== * [[Aikin jarida]] * [[Kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin rediyo a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin talabijin a Najeriya]] * [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]] * [[Nigerian Television Authority]] * [[National Broadcasting Commission]] ==Manazarta== 2wms4bq31kp4kfsfemy1w23aqidfn9b 964314 964313 2026-10-07T11:50:06Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 /* Aikin jarida na zamani */ 964314 wikitext text/x-wiki Aikin jarida a Najeriya ya samo asali tun zamanin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa labarai, ilimantar da jama'a da kuma tattauna harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa<ref>.Akinfeleye, Ralph. Essentials of Journalism. Lagos: Miral Printing Press.</ref> ==Rediyo== A shekarar 1978, aka kafa Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), wadda ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan rediyon tarayya a Najeriya. Rediyo ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu, wasanni da nishaɗi ga jama'a. ==Talabijin== A shekarar 1959, aka kafa Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) a Ibadan. An danganta WNTV da kasancewarta tashar talabijin ta farko a Afirka. A shekarar 1977, aka kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) domin gudanar da tsarin talabijin na ƙasa. Talabijin ta ƙara faɗaɗa damar jama'a wajen samun labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu da nishaɗi. Aikin jarida a lokacin mulkin soja A lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya, kafafen yaɗa labarai sun fuskanci dokoki da ƙuntatawa daban-daban. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa gwamnatocin soja sun yi amfani da dokoki, dokokin soja da wasu matakai na gudanarwa wajen takaita 'yancin aikin jarida.<ref>Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2004). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993: An Historical and Legal Narrative. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press</ref> Duk da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, jaridun Najeriya sun ci gaba da taka rawa wajen bayyana ra'ayoyi da tattauna harkokin gwamnati da siyasa.<ref>Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2004). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993: An Historical and Legal Narrative. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press</ref> ==Bayyanar kafafen watsa labarai masu zaman kansu== A shekarun 1990, tsarin watsa shirye-shirye a Najeriya ya fara samun ƙarin buɗewa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A shekarar 1992, aka kafa National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) domin tsara harkokin watsa shirye-shirye, ciki har da bayar da lasisi da sa ido kan gidajen rediyo da talabijin. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwa da yawan kafafen watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya. ==Aikin jarida a zamanin intanet== Zuwan intanet ya kawo babban sauyi a aikin jarida a Najeriya. Jaridu suka fara kafa shafukan yanar gizo, yayin da gidajen rediyo da talabijin suka fara amfani da intanet wajen yaɗa labarai da shirye-shirye. Kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook, X, YouTube da Instagram sun kuma zama hanyoyin yaɗa labarai da tattauna al'amuran jama'a. ==Aikin jarida na zamani== A yau, aikin jarida a Najeriya ya ƙunshi jaridu, mujallu, rediyo, talabijin, shafukan yanar gizo da kafafen sada zumunta. Ci gaban wayoyin hannu da intanet ya sauƙaƙa samarwa da rarraba labarai. A lokaci guda, ya ƙara muhimmancin tantance sahihancin bayanai da bambance labaran gaskiya da bayanan ƙarya. <ref>Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2023). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993. CODESRIA.</ref> ==Tasirin aikin jarida a Najeriya== A tsawon tarihinsa, aikin jarida ya taka rawa a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar Najeriya, ciki har da: * yaɗa labarai da bayanai; * ilimantar da jama'a; * wayar da kan al'umma; * tattauna harkokin siyasa; * adana bayanan tarihi; * yaɗa al'adu da harsuna; * ba jama'a damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu. ==Duba kuma== * [[Aikin jarida]] * [[Kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin rediyo a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin talabijin a Najeriya]] * [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]] * [[Nigerian Television Authority]] * [[National Broadcasting Commission]] ==Manazarta== oivdfgidmc7v5snnr4e95b2of0l5owj 0 177763 964162 961543 2026-10-07T04:30:56Z Kamal JB 24987 964162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} "The Laugh of the Medusa" wata kasida ce ta 1975 ta mai sukar mata ta Faransa Hélène Cixous . Asalin da aka rubuta a Faransanci a matsayin "Le Rire de la Méduse", Paula Cohen da Keith Cohen suka fassara shi zuwa Turanci a cikin 1976. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == A cikin rubutun, Cixous ya ba da ultimatum: cewa mata za su iya karatu kuma su zaɓi su kasance a cikin jikinsu ta hanyar harshe wanda ba ya ba su damar bayyana kansu, ko kuma za su iya amfani da jiki a matsayin hanyar sadarwa. Ta bayyana salon rubuce-rubuce, rubuce-bucen mata, wanda ta ce yana ƙoƙari ya fita daga ka'idojin al'ada da aka samu a cikin tsarin shugabanci. Ta yi jayayya cewa rubuce-rubucen ''Rubutun mata'' suna bawa mata damar magance bukatunsu ta hanyar gina labarai masu karfi da kuma ainihi. Wannan rubutun yana cikin tarihin tattaunawar mata wanda ya raba mata saboda jinsi musamman dangane da marubuci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jarrat |first=Susan C. |date=Winter 1992 |title=Performing Feminisms, Histories, Rhetoric |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3885650 |journal=[[Rhetoric Society Quarterly]] |volume=22 |issue=22 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1080/02773949209390936 |jstor=3885650 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> "Dariya ta Medusa" tana magana game da wannan magana, rubuce-rubuce game da mutum da kuma umarnin mata su yi amfani da rubutu da jiki a matsayin tushen iko da wahayi. Cixous ta yi amfani da kalmar "Logic of Antilove" don bayyana fahimtar da take yi game da zalunci ga mata ta hanyar adadi. Ta bayyana Ma'anar Antilove a matsayin matan da ke ƙin kansu suna lura da cewa, "sun yi wa mata antinarcissism! Narcissism wanda ke son kansa kawai don abin da mata ba su da shi. "Wannan ra'ayin yana tsananta mata ta hanyar bayyana su ta hanyar abin da al'adar misogynistic ta yi imani ya sa jima'i na mata ya fi ƙasa. Cixous ya umarci mata da su mai da hankali kan mutum, musamman mutum na jiki da kuma rubuta don sake bayyana kansa a cikin tarihinta da labarinta. Rubutun ya yi jayayya cewa rubuce-rubuce kayan aiki ne dole ne mata su yi amfani da su don ba da shawara ga kansu don samun 'yancin da aka hana mata a tarihi. Koyaya, Cixous ya nuna cewa ''Rubutun mata'' ba'a iyakance shi ga "mata" ba. Ta ambaci Colette, [[Marguerite Duras]], da Jean Genet a matsayin "kawai rubuce-rubucen mata da taɓa gani" a cikin wallafe-wallafen Faransanci na ƙarni na ashirin. Ta kuma soki mata marubuta na karni na sha tara don rubutawa don yin kira ga maza. Ga Cixous, ba jikin mutum ba ne ya kamata ya bayyana asalinmu; wannan shine 'don rikitar da kwayoyin halitta da al'adu'. "The Laugh of the Medusa" gargaɗi ne kuma kira ga "yanayin mata" na rubuce-rubuce wanda Cixous ya kira "farin tawada" da rubuce-bucen mata. Cixous yana gina rubutun ta amfani da abubuwan wannan yanayin kuma ya cika shi da alamun wallafe-wallafen. Tana umurni mata da su yi amfani da rubutu a matsayin hanyar iko. Cixous ya binciki yadda jikin mace ke da alaƙa da marubucin mata. Tana isar da wannan sakon ta hanyar amfani da tattaunawa inda take koya wa masu sauraron ta kai tsaye. Ta bukaci masu sauraronta su rubuta, ta amfani da maganganun tattaunawa kai tsaye kamar "Rubuta a gare ku, ku ne a gare ku; jikinku naka ne, ku dauki shi. "Cixous ta maimaitawa a cikin saƙonta cewa mata dole ne su rubuta wa kansu kuma su ce jikinsu ya rufe rata tsakanin jiki na jikin mace da marubucin su. A yin haka ta kalubalanci bambance-bambance tsakanin ka'idar da aiki da ke fadada al'adar maganganun mata. "The Laugh of the Medusa" ya ci nasara wajen kirkirar salon rubuce-rubuce wanda ke ba mata damar da'awar iko saboda an halicce shi ne a kan tushen ikirarin mace ga kanta da jikinta, saboda haka kawar da tasirin zalunci na ikon shugabanci na maganganu. Wannan rubutun kuma yana sukar logocentrism da phallogocentrism, saboda yana ba da fifiko ga nau'in namiji na dalili da ke da alaƙa da al'ada, yana da alaƙa sosai da tunanin Jacques Derrida na baya. == Abin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi == An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar rubutun Cixous, wani littafi na baya-bayan nan mai taken Laughing with Medusa (2006) ya bincika aikin haɗin gwiwar Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray, Bracha Ettinger da Hélène Cixous . == Manazarta == pnpeehnvpo7e40gx3op7gyilj7dl8we 0 177800 964100 961598 2026-10-06T22:00:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964100 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Samkon Kaltho Gado''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1982) masanin ilimin hawan jiki ne na Najeriya da Amurka. Ya kasance tsohon kwararren [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] wanda ke gudana a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL) na Green Bay Packers, Houston Texans, Miami Dolphins, da St. Louis Rams . Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Liberty . Kansas City Chiefs ne suka sanya hannu a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a shekara ta 2005. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife shi a Kufai, [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]], sunansa na farko (Samkon) yana nufin "gaskiya" a cikin [[Harshen Tangale]], kuma sunansa na ƙarshe yana nufin "gadadi".<ref name="True" /> Iyalinsa sun ƙaura daga Kufai zuwa Wheaton, Illinois, lokacin da Gado ke da rabin shekara; mahaifinsa ya halarci Kwalejin Wheaton a wannan lokacin. Sun koma Najeriya lokacin da Samkon ke da shekaru biyu.<ref name="True">{{Cite web |last=Wilde |first=Jason |date=November 20, 2005 |title=Gado Stays True: RB Samkon Gado Has Remained Humble as His Career Has Surprisingly Taken Off |url=https://madison.com/sports/gado-stays-true-rb-samkon-gado-has-remained-humble-as/article_b53a4c48-2a65-5885-9e24-f38a15599b98.html |access-date=December 22, 2019 |website=[[Wisconsin State Journal]] |publisher=Capital Newspapers, Inc.}}</ref> Bayan ya koma Najeriya, mahaifinsa ya sake yin ƙaura a 1990 don samun digiri na biyu a fannin allahntaka a Jami'ar Columbia International. Wani coci a Kudancin Carolina ya ba da gudummawar kuɗi bayan shekara guda don Gado da mahaifiyarsa su iya tafiya zuwa Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2006 |title=Samkon Gado Looks Forward To New Offensive Scheme |url=https://www.packers.com/news/samkon-gado-looks-forward-to-new-offensive-scheme-2451484 |access-date=April 11, 2020 |publisher=Green Bay Packers}}</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Ben Lippen a Columbia, ta Kudu Carolina, kuma ya rubuta wasika a kwallon kafa, kwando da baseball, inda ya sami girmamawa a kwallon kafa.<ref name="Titans bio">{{Cite web |title=Samkon Gado |url=http://prod.static.titans.clubs.nfl.com/assets/docs/Gado_Samkon_bio.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207182112/http://prod.static.titans.clubs.nfl.com/assets/docs/Gado_Samkon_bio.pdf |archive-date=December 7, 2013 |access-date=April 11, 2020 |publisher=Tennessee Titans}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Gado ya karɓi tallafin ƙwallon ƙafa daga Jami'ar Liberty, makarantar Division I-AA a Lynchburg, Virginia. Ya yi aiki mafi yawa a matsayin mai gudu na uku, ya fara wasanni biyu kawai a lokacin da yake tare da Flames.<ref name="ESPN">{{Cite web |last=Crossman |first=Matt |date=6 November 2017 |title=How ex-Packers phenom Samkon Gado became a doctor on a mission |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/21185965/how-samkon-gado-went-being-green-bay-packers-phenom-doctor-mission |access-date=December 22, 2019 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Raunin da aka samu ga abokan aiki biyu, Eugene Goodman da Dr. Barnes, sun ga Gado ya sami mafi yawan lokacin wasa a matsayin babban jami'in bayan da ya fara shirin jan tufafi.<ref name="True" /> Ya shiga kungiyar All-Big South a ƙarshen kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2019 |title=Game On: Samkon Gado - Rushing to Help Others |url=https://www.liberty.edu/flames/index.cfm?PID=36963&newsID=22197 |access-date=May 11, 2020 |website=[[Liberty Flames football]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Shugabannin Birnin Kansas === Bayan an sallami kanson Gado daga kansar city chiefs aranr 4 ga octoba,2005,yakoma Green Bay packers aranar 17 ga octoba 2005 inda yafara da practice squad.daga baya aka dagashi zuwa jerin babban danwasa saboda raunin wasu running backs awatan nuwanba 2005 Gado yayi fice sosai,inda yasamu yards 283 da touchdowns 5,kuma aka bashi lambar yabo ta NFL. === Green Bay Packers === A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2005, Green Bay Packers ta sanya hannu kan Gado zuwa tawagar motsa jiki ta tawagar bayan ta yi tseren mita 40 na 4.43 a gaban 'yan kallo.<ref name="True" /> A ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba, an kara shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki bayan Ahman Green ya fashe kwatangwalo, Najeh Davenport ya karya idonsa kuma Tony Fisher ya fashe haƙarƙarinsa na farko.<ref name="Good Gado">{{Cite web |last=Zizzo |first=Nick |date=December 12, 2005 |title=Good Gado: Rookie Record Samon Gado Runs For 171 Yards, Shattering the Packers' Single-Game Rookie Mark |url=https://madison.com/sports/good-gado-rookie-record-samkon-gado-runs-for-yards-shattering/article_637936d9-939b-58e1-9844-fcf2df9b23bb.html |access-date=December 22, 2019 |website=[[Wisconsin State Journal]]}}</ref> Ya fara wasan farko na NFL washegari a kan Cincinnati Bengals, inda ya yi rikodin daya don yadudduka takwas.<ref name="ESPN" /> A ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, 2005, ReShard Lee ya yi kuskure a karo na biyu da ya yi da Pittsburgh Steelers kuma an ajiye shi a kan sauran wasan. A matsayin mai kula da Lee, Gado ya yi rajista sama da 20 yayin wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gash |first=Morry |date=November 12, 2005 |title=Samkon Gado will make his first pro start Sunday. |url=https://chippewa.com/sports/samkon-gado-will-make-his-first-pro-start-sunday/article_be8f637d-e125-5937-a82c-3a45ca92ed68.html |access-date=May 11, 2020 |website=Chippewa Herald}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2005, Gado ya fara wasan farko na NFL da Atlanta Falcons . A cikin wasan, ya yi sauri sama da yadudduka 100 da touchdowns biyu, kuma ya kama touchdown, wanda ya kai ga an kira shi NFC Offensive Rookie of the Week for Week 10. <ref name="Rookie Honor">{{Cite web |last=Huber |first=Bill |date=November 18, 2005 |title=Gado gets rookie honor |url=https://247sports.com/nfl/green-bay-packers/Article/Gado-gets-rookie-honor-104268631/ |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=247Sports}}</ref> Wasan Gado na uku-touchdown shine na farko da Packer rookie ya yi tun lokacin da James Lofton ya yi a shekarar 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2005 |title=Samkon Gado Named NFC Offensive Player Of The Week; Barnett, Longwell Nominated |url=https://www.packers.com/news/samkon-gado-named-nfc-offensive-player-of-the-week-barnett-longwell-nomi-2457895 |access-date=May 11, 2020 |website=[[Green Bay Packers]]}}</ref> A cikin wasan mako na 14 da ya yi da Detroit Lions, ƙoƙarinsa na uku na 100-yadi na kakar, Gado ya yi sauri don yadudduka 171 a kan Detroit Lions. <ref name="ROTW">{{Cite web |date=December 14, 205 |title=Samkon Gado Selected As Rookie Of The Week |url=https://www.packers.com/news/samkon-gado-selected-as-rookie-of-the-week-2459529 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=Green Bay Packers}}</ref> Rubuce-rubuce na rookie ga Packers, gami da gudu na 64-yadi, yayin da aka sake ba shi kyautar Rookie of the Week. Wani tsagewa na tsakiya na tsakiya, wanda ya sha wahala a ƙarshen kwata na farko a kan Baltimore Ravens a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba, ya sauka Gado a kan raunin da ya ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2005 |title=Knee injury ends season for Packers rookie RB Gado |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=2267675 |access-date=March 25, 2005 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an kori Mike Sherman kuma an maye gurbinsa da Mike McCarthy a matsayin sabon kocin. A lokacin sansanin horo, Gado ya sami karamin rauni a gwiwa amma bai rasa lokaci mai mahimmanci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huber |first=Bill |date=August 17, 2006 |title=Training camp notes |url=https://247sports.com/nfl/green-bay-packers/Article/Training-camp-notes-104345002/ |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=247Sports}}</ref> Bayan rauni ga William Henderson, Gado ya sauya zuwa matsayi na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2006 |title=Training Camp Report: Rookie O-linemen Moll, Spitz To Open '06 Season As Starters |url=https://www.packers.com/news/training-camp-report-rookie-o-linemen-moll-spitz-to-open-06-season-as-st-2451142 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=Green Bay Packers}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2006, bayan mako na farko na kakar wasa ta NFL, an sayar da Gado ga Houston Texans don musayar Vernand Morency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Packers.com » News » Press Releases » September 13, 2006: Packers Acquire Morency from Texans for Gado |url=http://packers.com/news/releases/2006/09/13/1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017213951/http://www.packers.com/news/releases/2006/09/13/1/ |archive-date=2006-10-17 |access-date=2006-09-13}}</ref> === 'Yan kasar Houston === [[Fayil:Samkon_Gado_in_2006.jpg|right|thumb|261x261px|Gado a shekara ta 2006]] A shekara ta 2006, ya sake haduwa da tsohon kocin Packers Mike Sherman wanda ke horar da layin Texas. Ya kasance madadin Ron Dayne da Wali Lundy. A kan Jacksonville Jaguars a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2006, Gado ya dauki maɓallin kwado na huɗu don samun nasarar 13-10 Texans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2012 |title=Texans stun Jaguars again 13-10 |url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d800581de/article/texans-stun-jaguars-again-1310 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325163218/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d800581de/article/texans-stun-jaguars-again-1310 |archive-date=March 25, 2020 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=NFL.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, Texans sun kara da wakilin kyauta mai gudu Ahman Green. Gado ya sanya tawagar a kan Lundy, yana wasa a wasanni uku a matsayin madadi, yayin da yake yin rajista da 18 don yadudduka 46 da kuma touchdown daya. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2007, Texans sun saki Gado bayan sun inganta Adimchinobi Echemandu daga tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 24, 2007 |title=Rams release guard after arrest for assaulting wife |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2007-10-24-0710240516-story.html |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> === Dolphins na Miami === Ba da daɗewa ba kafin a saki Gado daga Houston, Miami Dolphins sun rasa farawa mai gudu Ronnie Brown zuwa ACL mai fashewa, kuma ƙungiyar daga baya ta yi ikirarin Gado a ƙarshen Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 26, 2007 |title=Dolphins Add RB Samkon Gado |url=https://football.realgm.com/wiretap/6241/Dolphins-Add-RB-Samkon-Gado |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=RealGM}}</ref> Kungiyar ta yanke shi don goyon bayan Ricky Williams a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, amma bayan da Williams ya samu rauni a wannan rana, an sake sanya hannu kan Gado a cikin jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 28 ga watan Nuwambar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fialkov |first=Harvey |date=November 29, 2007 |title=Team's back(s) to square one |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2007-11-29-0711280430-story.html |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=South Florida Sun Sentinel}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye biyu a watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2007 |title=Grading the Dolphins |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/sports/nfl/miami-dolphins/article1928657.html |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=Miami Herald}}</ref> Gado, mai ƙuntataccen wakilin kyauta a cikin shekara ta 2008, ba a ba shi kwangila daga ƙungiyar ba. === St. Louis Rams === Gado ya sanya hannu ne daga St. Louis Rams a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2008, bayan an sanya masu karɓar Drew Bennett da Dante Hall a cikin ajiyar da suka ji rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2008 |title=Gado Signs Free Agent Contract with Rams |url=http://www.liberty.edu/flames/index.cfm?PID=36963&newsID=3191 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=[[Liberty Flames football]]}}</ref> Bayan ya yi wasa a wasa daya kuma ya kasance maras aiki a wasa daya, an sake shi a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba.<ref name="Titans bio" /> Gado ya sake sanya hannu daga Rams don sansanin horo na 2009, inda ya sami rauni a haƙarƙari a wasan da ya yi da Kansas City Chiefs . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fallstrom |first=R.B. |date=September 4, 2009 |title=Takeaways send Rams past Chiefs |url=https://www.sj-r.com/x2025179868/Takeaways-send-Rams-past-Chiefs |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=The State Journal-Register}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya tsira daga raguwar jerin sunayen karshe kuma ya shafe kakar a matsayin mai tsere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2009 |title=Jackson among Rams to miss practice with illness |url=https://www.houstontexans.com/news/jackson-among-rams-to-miss-practice-with-illness-2665664 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |website=[[Houston Texans]]}}</ref> === Tennessee Titans === A ranar '''17 ga Agusta, 2010''', Gado ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da ƙungiyar '''Tennessee Titans'''. [1] An sake shi daga ƙungiyar a lokacin da ake yin '''zaɓen ƙarshe na ‘yan wasa''' a ranar '''4 ga Satumba, 2010'''. [2] === Kyaututtuka da girmamawa === A lokacin kakar farko ta Gado, an zaɓe shi a matsayin '''NFC Offensive Rookie of the Week''' a makonni na 10 da na 14. Haka kuma, an zaɓe shi a matsayin '''NFL Offensive Rookie of the Month''' na watan Nuwamba 2005. Ya kuma kafa tarihin ƙungiyar '''Green Bay Packers''' na mafi yawan yadin da rookie ya yi a guje a wasa guda, inda ya yi '''yadi 171''' a ranar '''11 ga Disamba, 2005'''. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Samkon Gado [[Kiristanci|Kirista]] ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Field Ministry |url=http://archives.fca.org/vsItemDisplay.lsp&objectID=7F2E6B42-7F5A-42D0-9BB955E62CF89249&method=display}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former NFL Running Back Now a SLU Otolaryngology Resident |url=https://www.slu.edu/news/2017/february/former-nfl-player-now-slu-otolaryngology-resident.php}}</ref> Ya yi aure tare da 'ya'ya hudu.<ref name="GBPG" /> Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin inganta lafiyar jiki yayin da yake karatun digiri a Jami'ar Liberty . A shekara ta 2015, ya samu sakamako ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kudu Carolina . <ref name="ESPN" /> Bayan haka, ya shafe lokaci a matsayin babban mazaunin a shirin otolaryngology na asibitin Jami'ar Saint Louis, yana kula da marasa lafiya na [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. <ref name="ESPN" /> == Ayyukan bayan kwallon kafa == Samkon Gado, MD yanzu yana aiki a matsayin masanin ilimin ido (kunnuwa, hanci & makogwaro) a Lynchburg, VA.<ref>{{Cite web |last=HealthCare4PPL |title=Dr. Samkon K Gado - Otolaryngology, Lynchburg VA |url=https://www.healthcare4ppl.com/physician/virginia/lynchburg/samkon-k-gado-1497142145.html |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=www.healthcare4ppl.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta tare da 'yar'uwarsa, Ruth, da ake kira The Jonah Inheritance, don inganta kiwon lafiya mai zaman kanta a Najeriya. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nl0f0qaetywgoh8531htxbicukfzxuh 0 177823 964246 961678 2026-10-07T10:32:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tal | settlement_type = Community | official_name = Tal | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Billiri | district = Tal | ward = Tal | postal_code = 771 | population = | population_as_of = | coordinates = }} '''Tal''' wata al'umma ce da ke cikin [[Billiri|Karamar Hukumar Billiri]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Tal tana daga cikin yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin Billiri, kuma an bayyana ta a matsayin al'umma da ke kudancin Karamar Hukumar Billiri. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe: Tal community seek intervention on abandoned school project |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/gombe-tal-community-seek-intervention-abandoned-school-project/ |work=The Nation |date=28 February 2018}}</ref> == Geography == Tal tana cikin Karamar Hukumar Billiri ta Jihar Gombe. Bayanan taswirar wurin sun nuna cewa Tal tana kusa da wasu ƙananan al'ummomi kamar Tangalan da Bangunji, kuma tana a yankin Billiri na Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Tal Map - Locality - Billiri, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/16990752 |website=Mapcarta |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Tal tana da matsayi na musamman a tsarin gudanarwa na Billiri, domin ana amfani da sunan Tal a matsayin gunduma da kuma ward. Kundin bayanan INEC ya nuna cewa akwai yankin ''Tal'' a ƙarƙashin Billiri Local Government Area, tare da rumfunan zaɓe da dama da suka haɗa da Bekeri, Kolong, Tal Duka, Tal Pandi, Dongor da wasu wurare. <ref>{{cite web |title=Polling Unit Directory, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) |access-date=2026-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=2026-08-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Al'umma da sana'o'i == Mazauna Tal suna gudanar da sana'o'i daban-daban. A shekarar 2018, jaridar ''The Nation'' ta bayyana cewa yawancin mazauna Tal sun dogara ne da noma a matsayin hanyar samun abin rayuwa, yayin da wasu ke gudanar da sana'o'in saka da farauta. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe: Tal community seek intervention on abandoned school project |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/gombe-tal-community-seek-intervention-abandoned-school-project/ |work=The Nation |date=28 February 2018}}</ref> Noma ya kuma kasance wani muhimmin fanni na binciken kimiyya a Tal. Wata bincike da aka wallafa a ''FUDMA Journal of Sciences'' ta gudanar da gwajin nau'o'in sesame guda goma a Tal, Billiri, a lokacin daminar shekarar 2019. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancin aikin gona a yankin da kuma dacewar Tal wajen gudanar da binciken amfanin gona. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Paul |first=Madina |title=Performance of Ten (10) Varieties of Sesame (Sesamum Indicum) Grown in Billiri, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=FUDMA Journal of Sciences |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=453–456 |year=2020 |doi=10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-412}}</ref> == Ilimi == Akwai makarantu a Tal da ke ba da ilimi ga yara da matasa a yankin. Daga cikin makarantun da aka ambata akwai Government Day Secondary School, Tal, da Tal Central Primary School. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe: Tal community seek intervention on abandoned school project |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/gombe-tal-community-seek-intervention-abandoned-school-project/ |work=The Nation |date=28 February 2018}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, an ware naira miliyan 15 domin aikin gina ɗakin jarabawa tare da kayan daki a Government Day Secondary School, Tal. Rahoton ''The Nation'' na shekarar 2018 ya bayyana cewa aikin ya tsaya bayan kuɗin da aka saki domin aikin sun ƙare, lamarin da ya sa al'ummar yankin suka nemi a kammala aikin. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe: Tal community seek intervention on abandoned school project |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/gombe-tal-community-seek-intervention-abandoned-school-project/ |work=The Nation |date=28 February 2018}}</ref> A wani rahoto na Punch a shekarar 2020, an bayyana cewa tsohon shugaban Tal Central Primary School ya fuskanci matakin ladabtarwa bayan hukumar ilimin bai-daya ta jihar ta gano cewa yana karɓar wasu kuɗaɗe daga ɗalibai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Hukumar ta bayyana cewa bai kamata malamai su ɗora irin waɗannan kuɗaɗe kan ɗalibai ba. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe demotes head teacher over illegal fees |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-demotes-head-teacher-over-illegal-fees/ |work=The Punch |date=30 October 2020}}</ref> == Aikin gona == An gudanar da binciken kimiyya a Tal kan noman sesame da waken soya. Wani bincike da aka wallafa a ''FUDMA Journal of Sciences'' ya yi nazari kan yadda nau'o'in sesame guda goma suka yi a lokacin damina ta shekarar 2019 a Tal, Billiri. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Paul |first=Madina |title=Performance of Ten (10) Varieties of Sesame (Sesamum Indicum) Grown in Billiri, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=FUDMA Journal of Sciences |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=453–456 |year=2020 |doi=10.33003/fjs-2020-0403-412}}</ref> Haka kuma, wani bincike da aka wallafa a ''FUDMA Journal of Sciences'' ya yi nazari kan noman waken soya a Tal, Billiri, a daminar 2018 da 2019. Binciken ya kwatanta hanyoyin shuka da nau'o'in taki daban-daban, tare da auna tasirinsu kan girma da yawan amfanin waken soya. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Madina |first=Paul |last2=Toho |first2=J. I. |last3=Danlingi |first3=H. G. |title=Performance of Soybeans (Glycine max L.) as Affected by Planting Methods and Fertilizer Type in 2018 and 2019 Raining Season at Billiri, Gombe State Nigeria |journal=FUDMA Journal of Sciences |volume=5 |issue=3 |year=2021 |doi=10.33003/fjs-2021-0503-767}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Tal tana daga cikin yankunan gudanarwa na Karamar Hukumar Billiri. Bayanan INEC sun jera Tal a matsayin yankin gudanarwa na Billiri, tare da rumfunan zaɓe da ke cikin ƙauyuka da wurare daban-daban na yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Polling Unit Directory, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) |access-date=2026-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=2026-08-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A tsarin gargajiya, akwai kuma ''District Head of Tal''. Wata shari'ar Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Najeriya da aka yanke hukunci a shekarar 2016 ta yi magana game da matsayin shugaban gundumar Tal da tsarin nadin shugabannin gargajiya a Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Tal and Ors v Anampara and Ors (2016) |url=https://sheriahub.com/cases/ng/caselaw/tal-and-ors-v-anampara-and-ors-yl-19-of-2015-2016-ngca-30-24-may-2016 |website=SheriaHub |date=24 May 2016}}</ref> == Abubuwan more rayuwa == A cikin kasafin kuɗaɗen ayyukan gwamnati, an taɓa ware kuɗaɗe domin wasu ayyuka a Tal. Rahoton Tracka kan ayyukan kasafin kuɗi ya ambaci aikin gina ɗakin jarabawa a Government Day Secondary School Tal, wanda aka ware masa naira miliyan 15. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa an samu matsaloli wajen ci gaban aikin. <ref>{{cite report |title=2017 Tracka Report |publisher=BudgIT/Tracka |url=https://budgit.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Tracka-2016-Constituency-Projects-Report-1.pdf}}</ref> Bayanan ayyukan babban birnin tarayya na shekarar 2024 sun kuma ambaci ayyuka a Tal, ciki har da gyaran fadar shugaban gundumar Tal da kuma aikin gwaji na amfani da duwatsun shimfiɗa a titunan cikin Tal Community, Billiri. <ref>{{cite report |title=Tracking 2024 FG Consolidated Capital Projects in Gombe |publisher=Tracka}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Billiri]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Tangale]] * [[Karamar Hukumar Billiri]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} tiskjeg31mos34q6wngiblxmxbuofnd 0 177896 964066 962015 2026-10-06T20:59:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sairee Chahal''' ' yar kasuwa ce [[Fasaha|ta fasaha]] kuma wacce ta kafa kuma Shugabar SHEROES, wani dandali da ke tallafawa mata 'yan kasuwa.<ref name="founder">{{Cite web |title=This founder’s helping more women do their own thing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/startups/people/this-founders-helping-more-women-turn-entrepreneur/articleshow/64416982.cms |access-date=2019-06-03 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Sairee Chahal’s Shoes: The SHEROES Story And Backing Women Entrepreneurs In India |url=https://inc42.com/features/sairee-chahal-the-sheroes-story-and-women-entrepreneurs-in-india/ |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=www.inc42.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal – Founder of Sheroes, the safe online social space that empowers women |url=http://globalindianstories.com/index.php/2020/06/16/sairee-chahal-founder-of-sheroes-the-safe-online-social-space-that-empowers-women/ |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=www.globalindianstories.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Chahal ta ƙaura zuwa Delhi daga garinsu, Muzaffarnagar, [[Uttar Pradesh]], don yin karatu. Ta kammala karatunta na M. Phil a fannin Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa daga [[Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Daga baya ta sami takardar shaidar PGDBM (Difloma ta gaba a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci) a Cibiyar Fasahar Gudanarwa da ke Ghaziabad . Chahal kuma tsohon ɗalibi ne a fannin bayar da kyaututtukan Cartier kuma ɗan ƙungiyar Aspen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal has built an online world for women from all walks of life to help each other start a career |url=https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/sairee-chahal/ |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=Outlook Business |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="founder" /> == Sana'a == === Kwanakin farko === Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Chahal ta fara samun gogewa a wani kamfani da ke da ƙananan kamfanoni. A shekarar 1999, ta sami damar ƙaddamar da jaridar ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa. Sairee ta fara aiki a kan kamfaninta mai suna Fleximoms, a shekarar 2012. Fleximoms ya taimaka wa mata su sami damar yin aiki daga nesa da kuma ofis. <ref name="founder" /> === SHEROES === An kafa SHEROES a shekarar 2014 a matsayin layin taimakon waya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Years In, Sheroes Helpline Aims For High Empathy, Deep Impact |url=http://www.healthcollective.in/2019/08/sheroes-helpline-empathy/ |access-date=2020-08-26 |website=www.healthcollective.in |language=en-US}}</ref> ta fito a matsayin hanyar sada zumunta da aka keɓe ga mata. Tana aiki a matsayin babban tsarin kasuwanci wanda ke aiki don inganta harkokin kasuwanci, aikin yi da kuma harkokin kuɗi ga mata. Masu amfani za su iya zuwa wannan dandali don cike gibin jinsi da kuma samun damar mu'amala, ganewa da ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal talks about Sheroes, an online community for women |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/sairee-chahal-talks-about-sheroes-an-online-community-for-women/articleshow/64434117.cms |access-date=2019-06-11 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal: A sense of identity |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/wpower-trailblazers/sairee-chahal-a-sense-of-identity/46167/1 |access-date=2018-03-11 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Kamfanin Mahila Money wanda Chahal ya kafa, yana ba da ƙananan lamuni ga ƙananan 'yan kasuwa mata. Ana bayar da tallafin kuɗi tsakanin Rs. 10,000 zuwa Rs. 2,00,000 a ƙarƙashin wannan shiri. Mutum zai iya neman rancen kuma a amince da shi cikin awanni 48. Waɗanda aka ƙi amincewa da aikace-aikacen za su iya zama a cikin al'umma don ƙarin koyo game da kuɗi da kuma inganta zaman lafiyar kuɗinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahila Money, Visa and Transcorp launch Mahila Money Prepaid Card for women entrepreneurs |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/mahila-money-visa-and-transcorp-launch-mahila-money-prepaid-card-for-women-entrepreneurs-details-here/2463545/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Dandalin dijital yana samar da ƙananan lamuni ga [[mata 'yan kasuwa]] don taimakawa wajen kafa kasuwanci, haɓaka kasuwanci da damar samun aiki. Yana mai da hankali kan tallafawa harkokin kasuwanci da kuma ilimin kuɗi na mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahila Money to launch prepaid card to support women entrepreneurs |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/mahila-money-to-launch-prepaid-card-to-support-women-entrepreneurs-11647424248587.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mahila Money ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi 60 da suka mayar da hankali kan mata don samun ƙarin amincewa a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: After six months of lending, Sheroes founder explains how tough it is |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/interview-after-six-months-of-lending-sheroes-founder-learns-it-is-tougher-than-it-looked/articleshow/88474677.cms |access-date=2022-01-18 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US}}</ref> === Bankin Paytm Payments Ltd === A shekarar 2019, Bankin Paytm Payments ya nada Chahal a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paytm Payments Bank appoints Sairee Chahal to board of directors |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/paytm-payments-bank-appoints-sairee-chahal-to-board-of-directors-1555740199641.html |access-date=2021-06-20 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gidauniyar Milan === Chahal yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Gidauniyar Milan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Day Special: How much do you know about the founder of SHEROES, SaireeChahal? |url=https://www.newscrab.com/lifestyle/Womens-Day-Special-How-much-do-you-know-about-the-founder/cid6683858.htm |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=www.newscrab.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar Cartier <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women forum hosts Cartier awards finalist Sairee Chahal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others-do-not-use/women-forum-hosts-cartier-awards-finalist-sairee-chahal/ |access-date=2013-06-20 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mata Masu Nasara <ref name="award">{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal |url=https://www.fempower.in/media/sairee-chahal |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=www.fempower.in |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Devi <ref name="award" /> * Mata Mafi Ƙarfi a Kasuwancin Indiya <ref name="award" /> * Zaɓin edita don kyautar mata ta L'Oreal Femina <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal – Founder of Sheroes, the safe online social space that empowers women |url=http://globalindianstories.com/index.php/2020/06/16/sairee-chahal-founder-of-sheroes-the-safe-online-social-space-that-empowers-women/ |access-date=2021-06-20 |website=www.globalindianstories.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 51yndpitu2igg9cimko3vr7jb4q6j5g 0 177899 964117 962035 2026-10-06T22:49:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Santosh Choubey''' mawaƙiya ce, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa kuma masanin zamantakewa na Indiya. Ya kafa All India Electronics and Computer Technology (AISECT) a shekarar 1985. Shi ne shugaban AISECT kuma shugaban jami'ar Rabindranath Tagore . AISECT ta mai da hankali kan [[Karantarwa|ilimi]], horar da ƙwararru, ilimin sana'a, ayyukan kuɗi da na dijital a yankunan karkara da rabin birane na Indiya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Santosh Kumar Choubey a 1955 a Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh. Choubey ya yi karatunsa ne daga Makarantar Gwamnati ta Khandwa kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digiri na farko a fannin Injiniyan Lantarki da Sadarwa daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa ta Maulana Azad (NIT, Bhopal) . Saboda haka, an zaɓe shi a cikin Ayyukan Injiniya na Indiya (1976) da Ayyukan Jama'a na Indiya (1981). Ya yanke shawarar barin ayyukan gwamnati da kuma neman sha'awarsa a fannonin Kimiyya da Fasaha sannan ya koma Bharat Electronics Limited (New Delhi). Daga baya, ya yi aiki tare da IDBI a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Bhopal. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Godbole |first=Pravda |date=12 April 2011 |title=Q&A: Santosh Choubey, Founder, AISECT |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sme/q-a-santosh-choubey-founder-aisect-111041200014_1.html |via=Business Standard}}</ref> === Shirye-shirye da aiki === AISECT ta ƙirƙiro wani tsari na cibiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da al'umma waɗanda 'yan kasuwa na gida ke gudanarwa. Waɗannan cibiyoyi suna ba da ilimin zamani, ilimin sana'a, da kuma ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da fasahar zamani. Shirin ya faɗaɗa damar samun horon ƙwarewa, ilimi, da damar samun aiki a ƙauyuka da ƙananan garuruwa. A tsawon lokaci, AISECT ta kuma shiga cikin manyan makarantu, shirye-shiryen haɓaka ƙwarewa, da shirye-shiryen gudanar da mulki ta hanyar lantarki. ==== Ci gaban ƙwarewa ==== AISECT ta himmatu wajen cike gibin ƙwarewa a Indiya. An gudanar da Kaushal Vikas Yatra a jihohi 22, gundumomi 300, da makarantu da kwalejoji sama da 500, wanda ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da bukatar samun ƙwarewa da damar aiki ga matasa. Bisa ga wannan ƙaruwar, an gudanar da bugu na 6 na Kaushal Charcha cikin nasara, wanda ya inganta tattaunawa a matakin ƙasa kan samar da aikin yi, kasuwanci, da kuma makomar aiki. ==== Hadakar kuɗi ==== BTare da hangen nesanta na kawo banki zuwa ga mile na ƙarshe, AISECT ta kasance ci gaba a fannin haɗa kuɗi . Tare da wuraren ajiyar kuɗi na banki sama da 7,000, rassan banki sama da 2,800 da ke da alaƙa da wuraren ajiyar kuɗi, da kuma asusun banki sama da crore 1.07 da aka buɗe, aikin ya samar da ayyukan kuɗi masu aminci da aminci ga yankunan karkara da kuma yankunan birane na Indiya, wanda hakan ya ba da damar miliyoyin mutane su zama ɓangare na tsarin banki na yau da kullun. ==== AAyyukan yi da kuma hanyoyin rayuwa ==== AISECT ta zama wani dandamali na samar da ayyukan yi tare da babban shirinta na Rojgar Mantra. A yau, cibiyar sadarwar tana da ƙwararru sama da lakh 20, ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyi sama da 1,500 da suka yi rijista, da kuma abokan ciniki sama da 200 na dindindin. Shirin ya fitar da sunayen 'yan takara sama da dubu biyu (2,000,000), ya shirya Rojgar Melas sama da 700, sannan ya rufe gundumomi sama da 85 a jihohi 18 na Indiya a cikin waɗannan shekarun, wanda hakan ya samar da damammaki masu ma'ana ga matasa a duk faɗin ƙasar. === Tasiri === AISECT ta kafa wata babbar hanyar sadarwa ta cibiyoyi a yankunan karkara na Indiya. An san ƙungiyar da bayar da gudummawa ga ilimin zamani da kuma ƙirƙirar abubuwan more rayuwa a yankunan da ba su da isasshen amfani. == Sana'a == Choubey ya kafa All India Society for Electronics and Computer Technology (AISECT) a shekarar 1985. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Case study |url=https://www.undp.org/content/dam/istanbul/docs/Case%20Study%2006%20-%20AISECT%20-%20Training%20Rural%20Youth%20to%20Bridge%20the%20ICT%20Gap.pdf |access-date=2019-11-13 |publisher=www.undp.org}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta zama ƙungiya mai rijista a shekarar 1997. <ref name="auto" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Jeet |title=Winning Stroke: Interview With Santosh Kumar Choubey, Founder AISECT |url=https://businessworld.in/article/Winning-Stroke-Interview-With-Santosh-Kumar-Choubey-Founder-AISECT/19-03-2018-143903 |website=BW Businessworld}}</ref> == Zaɓi kyaututtuka == * [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/santosh-chaubey-honored-with--vishwa-hindi-shikhar-samman-2024-.html Vishwa Hindi Shikhar Samman 2024] * Kyautar Maghnad Saha ta 1987 * Kyautar Dushyant Kumar ta 1986 * Shankar Dayal Sharma Srijan Award 2005 * Rajbsha Prachar Samiti Award 2009 * Wanda ya zo na ƙarshe a gasar ɗan kasuwan zamantakewa ta shekarar 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award, India - 2010 |url=https://www.jubilantbhartiafoundation.com/cpage.aspx?mpgid=771&pgid=775&spgid=886 |publisher=Jubilant Bhartia Foundation}}</ref> * Kyautar Ashoka Senior Fellowship Award ta 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashoka Fellowship |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-in/story/new-report-technology-drives-change-how-does-social-innovation-drive-technology}}</ref> * Kyautar Nasara ta Rayuwa ta 2013 * Kyaututtukan SKOCH Renaissance na 2013 * Kyautar Kwarin Kalmomi (ALWADI) ta 2017 * Kyautar Nasara ta Rayuwa ta 2018 * Vaatayan International Shikhar Samman 2023 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nlcojfya4nwk7sx11o2vo1wmf4vd73h 0 177971 964172 962242 2026-10-07T05:48:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Solok''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Solok yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Solok yana cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan Pindiga tare da [[Bubu]], [[Dongol]], [[Kaltanga]], [[Kashere]], [[Kilawa]], [[Kombani]], [[Piyau]], [[Tulmi]], [[Tumu]], [[Wudil]], [[Yarda]], [[Yelwa]] da [[Zabin Kani]]. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Solok yana cikin tsarin gudanarwar zaɓe na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Kundin Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ([[INEC]]) ya nuna wurin kaɗa ƙuri'a mai suna '''Solok, Kofar Jauro Solok''' a yankin Pindiga. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Solok yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda aka ware wa yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://postzipcode.com/nigeria/gombe/akko/pindiga/ Pindiga Postal Codes] — bayanan lambar akwatin wasiƙa na Pindiga. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State] dw8lrcqfxkr285yn0oggpqas2ygze4m 0 178019 964159 962322 2026-10-07T04:24:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Silon''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Silon yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fitilai, Kutared, Kwarge, Kwarge-Sabon-Layi, Lakun Babba, Lakun Tela, Lojah, Lojah-Fulani, Mwona Tari da Sabon Layi.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Silon ita ce '''761126'''. Silon an ware shi a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Postcode 761126 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Siyasa da zaɓe == Silon yana cikin yankin rajistar zaɓe na Mwona. Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ta jera wuraren zaɓe biyu a Silon, waɗanda aka bayyana da suna ''Silon K. Mai Ung.''.{{cite web |title=Gombe State Polling Unit Directory |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |access-date=3 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cdd8vndjn24ywhqte3kj8lh25m92l8v 0 178061 964145 962400 2026-10-07T02:59:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tsarin Ayyukan 'Yan Wasa Masu Kyau''' ( '''EPPP''' ) wani shiri ne na ci gaban matasa wanda [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] ta fara. Manufar EPPP ita ce inganta inganci da adadin 'yan wasan da manyan ƙungiyoyin Ingila suka samar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elite Player Performance Plan, Premier League Youth Development |url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/premierleague/en-gb/youth/elite-player-performance-plan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422012902/http://www.premierleague.com/content/premierleague/en-gb/youth/elite-player-performance-plan.html |archive-date=22 April 2016 |access-date=2014-04-17}}</ref> Matakan da EPPP ta gabatar don 'yantar da matasa 'yan wasa ta hanyar kafa tsarin makarantun [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyoyi]] a Ingila da kuma daidaita kuɗin canja wuri tsakanin makarantu sun zama abin jayayya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeremy Peace could scrap West Brom academy « Express & Star |url=https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/west-bromwich-albion-fc/2013/07/02/jeremy-peace-could-scrap-west-brom-academy/ |access-date=2016-07-27 |website=Expressandstar.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709211848/https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/west-bromwich-albion-fc/2013/07/02/jeremy-peace-could-scrap-west-brom-academy/ |archive-date=2022-07-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun rufe makarantunsu saboda sauye-sauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fletcher |first=Paul |date=2012-06-08 |title=Wycombe Wanderers scrap youth academy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18278621 |access-date=2016-07-27 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> == Tallafi == Kungiyoyin mambobi 72 na gasar ƙwallon ƙafa sun amince da EPPP a ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2011. Kungiyoyin sun kaɗa ƙuri'a 46 a kan amincewa da kuma 22 a kan rashin amincewa, inda uku suka ƙi shiga gasar, ɗaya kuma ya ƙi shiga. == Ka'idoji da mayar da hankali == [[Premier League|Gasar Premier]] ta buga jerin ƙa'idodi masu zuwa waɗanda aka tsara EPPP bayan da membobin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa suka amince da su: <ref name="EPPP P and F">{{Cite web |title=Elite Player Performance Plan |url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/premierleague/en-gb/youth/elite-player-performance-plan/ |publisher=The Premier League |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205030449/http://www.premierleague.com/content/premierleague/en-gb/youth/elite-player-performance-plan/ |archive-date=2012-02-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Ƙara yawan 'yan wasan gida da ingancinsu wajen samun kwangiloli na ƙwararru a ƙungiyoyi da kuma buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar farko a matakin mafi girma. * Ƙirƙiri ƙarin lokaci ga 'yan wasa don yin wasa da kuma samun horo * Inganta samar da horo * Aiwatar da tsarin aunawa mai inganci da tabbatar da inganci * Yi tasiri mai kyau ga jarin dabarun cikin Tsarin Kwalejin, yana nuna darajar kuɗi * Nemi aiwatar da manyan nasarori a kowane fanni na ci gaban 'yan wasa Shirin yana da nufin inganta ci gaban matasa ta hanyar mai da hankali kan waɗannan abubuwa: <ref name="EPPP P and F" /> * Ba wa ƙungiyoyi damar samun ƙarin lokacin koyarwa tare da matasan 'yan wasansu * Taimaka wa ƙungiyoyi su haɓaka alaƙa da makarantun yankin domin taimakawa matasa 'yan wasa su sami mafi kyawun iliminsu na ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma ɓangaren ilimi. * Ba wa ƙungiyoyin da suka sami maki mafi girma a rukuni damar ɗaukar matasa masu hazaka daga wasu wurare fiye da yadda aka amince da su a ƙarƙashin dokokin da ake da su a yanzu. * Yin aiki tare da Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa don sake duba tsarin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu don tantance diyya Tsarin ya gabatar da tsarin zamani na gano baiwa da kuma daukar ma'aikata, gami da bincike a fannoni kamar [[Jikin mutum|sigogin ilimin halittar jiki]], tasirin shekaru, bayanin halayyar dan adam, kwarin gwiwa, yanke shawara, iyawar fasaha da kuma raguwar aiki. <ref name="EPPP P and F" /> == Canje-canje daga tsarin makarantar da ta gabata == Manyan canje-canje daga tsarin makarantar da aka kafa sune: '''Soke dokar "minti 90"''' - An ba wa makarantun horo damar ɗaukar 'yan wasa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ne kawai idan sun zauna cikin mintuna 90 na lokacin tafiya daga wurin horon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Premiership's Way Around The 90 Minute Rule |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/66919-school-for-football-the-premierships-way-around-the-90-minute-rule |website=The Bleacher Report}}</ref> Wannan ya samar wa kowace ƙungiya "wurin kama kifi". Akwai wasu keɓancewa ga dokar don samar wa 'yan wasa da ke zaune a yankuna masu nisa. An hana manyan ƙungiyoyi ɗaukar matasan 'yan wasa daga gida tun suna ƙanana don yin atisaye. '''Tsarin makarantar mai matakai huɗu''' - An ba da shawarar cewa za a yi maki huɗu na makarantun gaba da sakandare, inda manyan makarantun za su iya ɗaukar mafi kyawun 'yan wasa da kuma karɓar mafi girman kuɗi. Makarantun rukuni na 1 za su sami lokacin hulɗa mai kyau da matasa 'yan wasa, suna buƙatar aƙalla ma'aikata 18 na cikakken lokaci da kuma kasafin kuɗin aiki na £2.5m. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ipswich Town apply for Category One academy status |url=http://www.eadt.co.uk/sport/ipswich-town/ipswich_town_apply_for_category_one_academy_status_1_2170760 |website=East Anglian Daily Times}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Za a sake duba makarantun ilimi duk bayan shekaru biyu sannan a sake rarraba su idan ya cancanta. Rarraba rukuni sakamakon binciken kuɗi ne mai zaman kansa. '''Tsarin kuɗin da aka ƙayyade ga canja wurin 'yan wasa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18''' - Tsarin kuɗin da aka tsara shine: {| class="wikitable" !Shekarun da aka yi a makarantar kimiyya ! Kuɗin da aka ƙayyade a kowace shekara |- | shekaru 9-11 | £3,000 |- | shekaru 12-16 | £12,500 – £40,000 ya danganta da nau'in makarantar |} Wannan zai maye gurbin tsarin diyya na yanzu da kotun mai zaman kanta ta ƙayyade. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nixon back new EPPP |url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11719/7268908/Nixon-backs-new-EPPP |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Saboda haka, ɗan wasa ɗan shekara 14 wanda ya yi shekaru 6 a kulob ɗin (Rukunin 3) zai karɓi kuɗin farko na £46,500 (£3,000 × 3 + £12,500 × 3). Ana biyan ƙarin kuɗaɗen da aka ƙayyade ga ɗan wasan da ya buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a kowace gasa ta ƙwararru ta manyan 'yan wasa: {| class="wikitable" !Bayyanar ! [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] ! Gasar Zakarun Turai ! League One ! Gasar League ta Biyu |- | 10 | £150,000 | £25,000 | £10,000 | £5,000 |- | 20 | £300,000 | £50,000 | £20,000 | £10,000 |- | 30 | £450,000 | £75,000 | £30,000 | £15,000 |- | 40 | £600,000 | £100,000 | £40,000 | £20,000 |- | 50 | £750,000 | £125,000 | £50,000 | £25,000 |- | 60 | £900,000 | £150,000 | £60,000 | £30,000 |- | 70 | £1,000,000 | £175,000 | £70,000 | £35,000 |- | 80 | £1,100,000 | £200,000 | £80,000 | £40,000 |- | 90 | £1,200,000 | £225,000 | £90,000 | £45,000 |- | 100 | £1,300,000 | £250,000 | £100,000 | £50,000 |} === Tsarin ƙungiyar matasa === Za a soke tsarin tsohuwar ƙungiyar matasa sannan a maye gurbinsa da ƙungiyar ci gaban ƙwararru . Ƙungiyoyi masu manyan makarantu za su fafata da sauran waɗanda suke da irin wannan matsayi a manyan makarantu da sauransu. Wasu ƙungiyoyi sun bayyana aikace-aikacensu na neman matsayin makarantar sakandare a bainar jama'a, ciki har da Fulham, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Category One Status |url=http://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2012/august/01/category-one-status |publisher=Fulham FC}}</ref> [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Academy gets top marks |url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Academy-news/2012/August/Academy-is-Category-One-EPPP}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Southampton, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saints Receive Category One Status |url=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/news/article/saints-receive-category-one-status-274540.aspx?pageView=full#anchored |website=Southampton FC |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319073128/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/news/article/saints-receive-category-one-status-274540.aspx?pageView=full#anchored |archive-date=2016-03-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Stoke City, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academy Granted |url=http://www.stokecityfc.com/news/article/academy-granted-category-one-status-274069.aspx |website=Stoke City F.C.}}</ref> [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=SAFC Academy awarded top status |url=http://www.safc.com/news/reserves-and-academy/2012/august/academy-awarded-top-status |website=Sunderland A.F.C.}}</ref> da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Academy granted Category One status |url=http://www.whufc.com/articles/20120728/academy-granted-category-one-status_2236884_2862643 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731004034/http://www.whufc.com/articles/20120728/academy-granted-category-one-status_2236884_2862643 |archive-date=31 July 2012 |website=West Ham United F.C.}}</ref> == Takaddama == An yi maraba da EPPP da shakku daga sassan gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila . Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa [[Premier League]] ta yi wa Hukumar Kwallon Kafa zagon ƙasa ta hanyar barazanar cire duk wani tallafi na ci gaban matasa idan Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ba ta amince da sabuwar yarjejeniyar ba. Wasu sun bayyana shi a matsayin hanyar ciyar da manyan mutane kawai. Sabbin dokokin na nufin cewa makarantar koyon sana'o'i ta rukuni na 1 za ta iya zuwa kowace filin horo don kallon ɗan wasa (ta ba da sanarwar awanni 48) kuma ta sayi ɗan wasan bisa ƙayyadadden kuɗi tun daga £3,000. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2011 |title=The new Elite Player Performance Programme is bad for the future of the English game |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/crystal-palace/8956789/The-new-Elite-Player-Performance-Programme-is-bad-for-the-future-of-the-English-game.html |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Hereford United, Wycombe Wanderers da Yeovil Town sun rufe makarantunsu a farkon kakar wasa ta 2012-13, suna masu cewa kudin aiwatar da EPPP na daga cikin dalilan hakan. [[Brentford FC|Brentford]] ta rufe makarantarsu a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2015-16, inda ta yi nuni da cewa EPPP ce ta sa aka rufe makarantar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Club statement: Brentford Academy restructuring |url=http://www.brentfordfc.co.uk/news/article/brentford-academy-restructuring-11.05.16-3109002.aspx |access-date=2016-07-27 |website=Brentfordfc.co.uk}}</ref> Bolton ta kuma rage darajar makarantarsu a shekarar 2015 domin adana kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2015 |title=UPDATED: Wanderers to save £1 million by downgrading youth academy |url=http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/sport/13328157.Wanderers_to_save_cash_in_Academy_shake_up/ |website=The Bolton News}}</ref> Sun sake rage darajarsa a shekarar 2020. Salford City ta daina makarantar horar da 'yan wasa kafin fara kakar wasa ta 2020-2021. A ranar 7 ga Disamba 2020, Birmingham City ta sanar da cewa za ta maye gurbin ƙungiyar ci gabanta da ƙungiyar "B" da kuma ƙungiyar makarantarsu da ƙungiyar "C". <ref name="Bham">{{Cite web |title=Birmingham City: CLUB STATEMENT - ACADEMY UPDATE |url=https://bcfc.com/news/articles/2020/club-statement-academy-update/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208083107/https://bcfc.com/news/articles/2020/club-statement-academy-update/ |archive-date=8 December 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.premierleague.com/youth/EPPP Tsarin Ayyukan 'Yan Wasa Masu Kyau daga http://www.premierleague.com] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gt6o7qgwg2gsn8dt8lr5w9pjf4k4mwf 0 178275 963889 963687 2026-10-06T15:28:39Z Dilshan.rehman33 49697 An ƙara bayani, gyara fassara da inganta sassan labarin tare da ƙarin nassoshi. 963889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Soumyabrata Sengupta | birth_place = India | residence = Kolkata, West Bengal, India | nationality = Indian | education = Amity University, Noida (BA) <br>Andhra University (MA) | occupation = Mai bincike, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa, ƙwararren sadarwa | known_for = Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, rubuce-rubuce | notable_works = ''Detech: How Technology Controls Your Life and How to Use It Wisely''(2024)<br>''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke''(2025)<br>''War's Hidden Ledger: Power, Profit, and the Politics of Conflict''(2026) | party = Bharatiya Janata Party (2021–2025) (2026–yanzu), Biju Janata Dal (2025) }} '''Soumyabrata Sengupta''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1999) ɗan Indiya ne mai binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa kuma ƙwararre a fannin dabarun sadarwa. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki, sadarwar siyasa, harkokin jama'a da binciken dangantakar da ke tsakanin kafafen yaɗa labarai da al'umma.<ref name="borok-media">{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta's Shift from Strategic Communications to Media Research |url=https://boroktimes.com/soumyabrata-senguptas-shift-from-strategic-communications-to-media-research/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}</ref> == Iyali == Sengupta ya fito daga wani dangin zamindari (na sarauta) mai dogon tarihin hidimar jama'a da aikin soja. Mahaifinsa, Rajarshi Sengupta, ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojin Indiya a matsayin jami'in likita kuma ya kai matsayin Lieutenant Colonel, tare da yin aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Kargil na shekarar 1999. Kakaninsa, Bipul Kumar Sengupta, ya kasance Deputy Commandant a Border Security Force, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Major da Company Commander tare da Kumaon Regiment a lokacin Yaƙin Indiya da Pakistan na shekarar 1971.<ref name="family">{{cite web |title=The Sengupta Family: A Legacy of Public Service, Military Leadership, Scholarship, and Enterprise |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/28078/the-sengupta-family-a-legacy-of-public-service-military-leadership |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Loktej }}</ref> == Ilimi == Sengupta ya yi karatun Jarida da Sadarwa a Amity University, Noida, inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a shekarar 2021. Daga baya ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin Jarida da Sadarwa a Andhra University. == Kasuwanci == Sengupta ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan kafafen yaɗa labarai tun yana matashi. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai Spearkraft, wani kamfanin sadarwa da gina alamar kasuwanci. Wani rahoto na ''Loktej'' ya bayyana tarihin Spearkraft da Sengupta a matsayin matashin ɗan kasuwa a fannin kafafen yaɗa labarai.<ref name="loktej-spearkraft">{{cite web |title=The Spearkraft Story: From a Young Media Entrepreneur's Vision to Building India's Next Generation Communication Ecosystem |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/27807/the-spearkraft-story-from-a-young-media-entrepreneur%E2%80%99s-vision-to |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Loktej}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ''The Times of India'' ta yi rahoto kan karuwar makarantun masu tasiri a Indiya, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft Academy da Sengupta wajen tattauna horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki da masu tasiri a kafafen sada zumunta.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |title=Reeling them in: Schools for aspiring influencers mushroom in country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reeling-them-in-schools-for-aspiring-influencers-mushroom-in-country/amp_articleshow/102258010.cms |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Mint'' ta kuma yi rahoto kan shirye-shiryen koyar da yara da matasa yadda ake ƙirƙirar abun ciki na dijital, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft da Sengupta.<ref name="mint">{{cite web |title=Workshops training children to be digital content creators |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/workshops-training-children-to-be-digital-content-creators/amp-11715869363407.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Mint}}</ref> ''Social Samosa'' ta bayar da rahoto cewa Spearkraft ta samu aikin tallata Audio Nirvana.<ref name="socialsamosa">{{cite web |title=Spearkraft wins marketing mandate for Audio Nirvana |url=https://www.socialsamosa.com/industry-updates/spearkraft-wins-marketing-mandate-for-audio-nirvana-1519426 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Social Samosa}}</ref> Baya ga Spearkraft da Spearkraft Academy, Sengupta shi ne wanda ya kafa wasu fitattun kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Qavrion Communications. Kamfanoni biyu da ya kafa, BHACo da Chanakya Strategic Advisors, sun samu saye daga kamfanonin ƙasa da ƙasa kan darajar miliyoyin daloli. == Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce == Sengupta ya kuma yi aiki a fannin binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce. Abubuwan da bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali a kansu sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai na dijital, sadarwar siyasa, halayen masu sauraro, tsarin kafafen yaɗa labarai da dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha da al'umma.<ref name="borok-media" /> A shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta yi rahoto kan sauyin aikin Sengupta daga dabarun sadarwa zuwa binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, inda ta bayyana ayyukansa a fannonin sadarwa, bincike da kafafen yaɗa labarai.<ref name="borok-media" /> == Littattafai == Sengupta marubuci ne wanda ya rubuta kan fasaha, rikice-rikice, kafafen yaɗa labarai da dabarun ƙasa. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da ''Detech: How Technology Controls Your Life and How to Use It Wisely''(2024), ''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke''(2025) da ''War's Hidden Ledger: Power, Profit, and the Politics of Conflict''(2026). == Sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a == Sengupta ya yi aiki a fannin sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a. ''MyNation'' ta saka sunansa cikin wani rahoto mai taken ''India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns'', wanda ya tattauna dabarun masu ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa a Indiya.<ref name="mynation">{{cite web |title=India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns |url=https://www.mynation.com/amp/business/indias-top-10-political-consultants-the-strategists-behind-modern-campaigns-articleshow-0wettn7 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=MyNation}}</ref> Daga watan Maris na 2025, Sengupta ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci na tsawon watanni shida a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman (Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai) kan Tsaron Ƙasa da Harkokin Waje ga Gwamnatin Indiya. A lokacin wannan ɗan gajeren wa'adin, ya kuma gudanar da wani aiki tare da Intelligence Bureau.<ref name="borok-media" /> A watan Yuli na shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta ruwaito cewa reshen Bharatiya Janata Party na West Bengal ya naɗa Sengupta a matsayin State Vice President (Digital).<ref name="bjp-appointment">{{cite web |title=BJP West Bengal Appoints Soumyabrata Sengupta as State Vice President – Digital Narratives |url=https://boroktimes.com/bjp-west-bengal-appoints-soumyabrata-sengupta-as-state-vice-president-digital-narratives/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2026, an kuma ruwaito cewa an naɗa Sengupta a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara ga Gwamnatin Yammacin Bengal mai darajar Cabinet Rank.<ref name="cabinet">{{cite web |title=What Cabinet Rank Means for Soumyabrata Sengupta |url=https://bharatexclusive.com/what-cabinet-rank-means-for-soumyabrata-sengupta/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Bharat Exclusive}}</ref> == Jawabi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya == ''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.<ref name="un">{{cite web |title=Youngest Indian Male at 27 to Address UN General Assembly: Soumyabrata Sengupta Takes Up Environment, Women's Safety and Sustainable Growth |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/youngest-indian-male-at-27-to-address-un-general-assembly-soumyabrata-sengupta-takes-up-environment-womens-safety-and-sustainable-growth/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana shi a matsayin youngest Indian male da ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana da shekaru 27.<ref name="un" /> == Ƙaddamarwar Jama'a == ''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Gwamnatin Indiya wajen ƙaddamar da CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative.<ref name="scholarship">{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta Collaborates with Government of India to Launch CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/soumyabrata-sengupta-collaborates-with-government-of-india-to-launch-cqmh-abdul-hamid-scholarship-initiative/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}</ref> Ayyukansa na jama'a sun kuma haɗa da batutuwan kare muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.<ref name="un" /> ''Hindustan Metro'' ta yi rahoto cewa Ramakrishna Mission ta karrama Sengupta saboda wata gudummawa da ta ce ta wuce ₹50 crore.<ref name="ramakrishna">{{cite web |title=Ramakrishna Mission Honours Soumyabrata Sengupta for Contribution of More Than 50 Crore |url=https://hindustanmetro.com/ramakrishna-mission-honours-soumyabrata-sengupta-for-contribution-of-more-than-50-crore |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Hindustan Metro}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == A shekarar 2026, ''Ahmedabad Mirror'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya samu Rabindra Ratna Puraskar 2026 daga Indian NGO Awards Council da kuma Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Leadership Award daga Asian Council for Education and Research.<ref name="ahmedabad">{{cite web |title=Two Honours in One Day: Soumyabrata Sengupta Recognised for Contributions to Media, Research and Public Communication |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/two-honours-in-one-day-soumyabrata-sengupta-recognised-for-contributions-to-media-research-and-public-communication/81914248.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoto cewa tsofaffin jami'an Territorial Army sun karrama Sengupta da wata karramawa ta alama mai suna “Honorary Major” saboda ayyukansa na bincike da aiki a Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya. Ko da yake ba Shugaban Jamhuriyar Indiya ne ya naɗa shi a matsayin jami'in soja ba, Gwamnatin Indiya tana ba Sengupta damar sanya wata rigar soja ta musamman yayin da yake wakiltar Territorial Army.<ref name="ta-veterans">{{cite web |title=Civilian Researcher Honoured by TA Veterans for Work in India's North East |url=https://boroktimes.com/civilian-researcher-honoured-by-ta-veterans-for-work-in-indias-north-east/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}</ref> Sengupta ya kuma samu yabo daga Firayim Ministan Indiya Narendra Modi da Dalai Lama saboda aikinsa. == Sukar == An soki ayyukan Sengupta saboda sake fassara abubuwan tarihi domin samun moriyar siyasa. Hanyoyin kasuwancin Sengupta tare da Chanakya Strategic Advisors sun kuma yi kama da tsarin lobbying na tsari. Wasu masu suka sun kira shi mai yaɗa farfaganda, yayin da aka yi kwatance tsakanin salon aikinsa da na Joseph Goebbels da Niccolò Machiavelli. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} sj8mh3cux3tfl44muxkb5zecx43gye5 0 178333 964178 963652 2026-10-07T06:39:23Z Gwanki 3834 964178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Jaridar '''''Amsterdam News''''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''''New York Amsterdam News''''' ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam News {{!}} American newspaper |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amsterdam-News |access-date=2019-12-25 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> jarida ce ta mako-mako mallakar Baƙar fata da ke hidimar [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin jaridu da aka yi wa ' [[Afirkawan Amurka|yan Afirka-Amurkawa]] a Amurka kuma ta buga ginshiƙai ta alkaluma kamar [[W. E. B. Du Bois|WEB Du Bois]], Roy Wilkins, da Adam Clayton Powell Jr., kuma ita ce ta farko da ta gane kuma ta buga [[Malcolm X|Malcolm X.]] Daga 1916 zuwa 1938, jaridar ta yi aiki daga ginin New York Amsterdam News Building da ke kan titin Seventh a Harlem . Ginin wani wuri ne na ƙasa . == Tarihi == An kafa ''Amsterdam News'' a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1909, ta hannun James Henry Anderson a unguwar San Juan Hill da ke Upper Manhattan . Jaridar ta samo sunan ta ne daga Amsterdam Avenue, wurin da gidan Anderson ya fara buga jaridar. Zuba jari na dala 10 na Amurka a shekarar 1909 ( equivalent to $358 a shekarar 2025 ) ya mayar da ''Amsterdam News'' zuwa ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci na Baƙar fata mallakar kuma ke gudanar da su a New York, kuma ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wallafe-wallafen ƙabilu a ƙasar. <ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |title=New York Amsterdam News |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amsterdam-News |access-date=2019-02-16 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> Daga baya aka ruwaito cewa James Henry Anderson ya buga kwafin farko: "...da mafarki a zuciyarsa, dala 10 a aljihunsa, takardu shida da fensir biyu." <ref name="AmNews1966" /> Jaridar ''Amsterdam News'' tana ɗaya daga cikin jaridu kusan 50 mallakar baƙar fata a Amurka a lokacin da aka kafa ta. An sayar da shi akan senti 2 a kowace kwafi ( equivalent to $1 a shekarar 2025 ) daga gidan Anderson da ke lamba 132 West 65th Street, a sashen San Juan Hill na Manhattan's Upper West Side. <ref name="Britannica" /> Da yaɗuwar baƙar fata zuwa Harlem da kuma ƙaruwar nasarar jaridar, Anderson ya ƙaura da ''Amsterdam News'' zuwa 17 West 135th Street a shekarar 1910. A shekarar 1916, ta koma 2293 Seventh Avenue, kuma a shekarar 1938, ta sake komawa, zuwa 2271 Seventh Avenue. A farkon shekarun 1940, jaridar ta koma hedikwatarta ta yanzu da ke 2340 Eighth Avenue (wanda kuma aka sani da Frederick Douglass Boulevard a Harlem). Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar Edward Warren, ɗaya daga cikin mawallafan farko, Anderson ya sayar da hannun jarinsa a cikin jaridar. A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1935, ma'aikatan edita na jaridar suka shiga yajin aiki. Wannan ne karo na farko da ma'aikatan wata jarida mallakar baƙar fata suka shiga yajin aiki, wanda hakan ya sa ''Amsterdam News'' ta zama jaridar baƙar fata ta farko da aka haɗa. Yajin aikin ya ƙare a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 1935, lokacin da mai karɓar fatarar jaridar Laurence H. Axman, shugaban ƙungiyar jaridu Carl Randau, da 'yan kasuwa Dr. CB Powell da Dr. Phillip MH Savory suka cimma yarjejeniya wadda ta sa ma'aikatan da aka kulle suka sami ƙarin albashi na kashi 10%, aikin sa'o'i 40 na sa'o'i biyar, hutun shekara-shekara na makonni biyu, sanarwar korar ma'aikata na tsawon watanni uku waɗanda suka yi aiki sama da shekaru 10, kafa shagon ƙungiyoyi, da kuma korar ma'aikatan da suka karya yajin aikin. Powell da Savory sun karɓe takardar bayan shari'ar fatarar kuɗi daga manyan masu ba da bashi guda uku na jaridar. Dr. Powell ya ɗauki nauyin buga littattafai. <ref name="AboutUs">{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://amsterdamnews.com/about/ |access-date=February 16, 2019 |website=New York Amsterdam News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Info |url=https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86058069/ |access-date=February 16, 2019 |website=Library of Congress: Chronicling America}}</ref> A lokacin shugabancin Powell, ''Amsterdam News'' ba wai kawai ta ɗauki labaran gida ba ne, har ma da labaran ƙasa. Yawancin ƙarfin jaridar ya dogara ne akan yadda take tsara ci gaba da kuma cimma burin Baƙar fata. Sakamakon haka, jaridar tana ɗaya daga cikin jaridun baƙar fata da aka fi ambato a duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2019}} Jaridar ''Amsterdam News'' ita ce jarida ta biyu baƙar fata, bayan ''Chicago Defender'', da aka shigar da ita a Ofishin Kula da Sauye-sauyen Kuɗi (ABC) a watan Oktoban 1930. <ref name="AboutUs" /> A shekarar 1936, ta zama jaridar baƙar fata ta farko da ƙungiyar jaridu ta New York ta haɗa kai a dukkan sassanta. Zuwa shekarar 1961, jaridar ''New York Amsterdam News'' ta zama babbar jaridar al'umma ta mako-mako a ƙasar.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}} A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1971, Dr. CB Powell ya sanar da yin ritayarsa kuma ya sayar da ''Amsterdam News'' ga AmNews Corporation, wanda shi ne mamallakinsa na yanzu. Tsawon shekaru, manyan mutane da yawa a fannin aikin jarida sun kasance editocin jaridar, ciki har da T. Thomas Fortune, George W. Harris, Obie McCollum, John Lewis Clarke, Earl Brown, Dan Burley, Julius J. Adams, Thomas Watkins, SW Garlington, Stanley Ross, TJ Sellers, Dr. G. James Fleming, James L. Hicks, Jesse H. Walker, da Bryant Rollins. <ref name="AboutUs" /> Duk da cewa ''Amsterdam News'' ta mayar da hankali ne kan baƙar fata, amma ta san cewa tana yi wa al'umma mai launin fata daban-daban hidima kuma ta san sauran kabilu. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1963, ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' ta yaba wa ''Amsterdam News'' da ya haifar da wani gagarumin yaki da miyagun ayyuka da sauran munanan ayyuka a ƙauyen Harlem:<blockquote>"The Amsterdam News koyaushe yana da iko mai yawa a Harlem da sauran al'ummomin baƙar fata. "</blockquote>Daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1979, jaridar ta fara wani shafi na bitar zane-zane wanda Gylbert Coker ya rubuta domin ya yi bayani game da nune-nunen zane-zane na 'yan Afirka da kuma masu zane-zane 'yan Afirka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}} A watan Agusta na shekarar 1982, Wilbert A. Tatum, shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na AmNews Corporation kuma babban editan jaridar, ya zama mai wallafawa kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Tatum, ''Amsterdam News'' ta faɗaɗa hangen nesanta na edita, musamman a harkokin ƙasashen duniya. Wannan faɗaɗar himma ta haifar da sha'awa da kuma sha'awar masu karatu daga dukkan sassa na al'ummomin gida, na ƙasa da na duniya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}} A watan Yulin 1996, Tatum ya sayi mai saka hannun jari na ƙarshe, inda ya sanya makomar takardar a hannun dangin Tatum. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1997, Tatum ya sauka daga mukamin mawallafi kuma babban edita, sannan ya mika wutar ga 'yarsa, Elinor Ruth Tatum, wacce a lokacin tana da shekaru 26 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan masu buga jaridu a Amurka. Jaridar ta ƙaddamar da wani gidan yanar gizo mai haɗin gwiwa da bugu na kan layi, amsterdamnews.com, a cikin 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-09-17 |title=New York Amsterdam News |url=https://amsterdamnews.com/ |access-date=2026-09-22 |website=New York Amsterdam News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Zagayawa == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>A watan Oktoban 1930, ta zama jarida ta biyu ta Baƙar fata da aka shigar da ita a Ofishin Binciken Kuɗi na Watsa Labarai . <ref>{{Cite web |last=United States Department of the Interior |first=National Park Service |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/76001247_text}}</ref> A lokacin da take da ƙarfi a shekarun 1940, jarida tana da yawo da mutane 100,000 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaridu huɗu na Afirka-Amurkawa a Amurka. Ya zuwa shekarar 2026, tana rarraba kusan kwafi 22,000 na jaridar a kowane mako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=listing |url=https://amsterdamnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/2025-AMNEWS-MEDIA-KIT-1.pdf |access-date=2026-07-01 |website=www.amsterdamnews.com}}</ref> == Tsarin == A shekarar 1979, jaridar ta sauya daga tsarin watsa labarai zuwa tsarin labarai .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} == Ayyuka == Editan jaridar kuma mai wallafa ta ita ce Elinor Tatum, 'yar Wilbert "Bill" Tatum (1933—2009), wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin editan jaridar, mai wallafa ta, shugaba kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa. == Duba kuma == * Jaridun Afirka na Amurka * Jerin jaridu da mujallu na birnin New York * Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai a Birnin New York == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.amsterdamnews.com amsterdamnews.com], shafin yanar gizon jaridar * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051109090924/http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/467/The_Amsterdam_News_founded Labarin ''Amsterdam News'' a cikin rajistar 'yan Afirka-Amurkawa] {{African American press}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5x3n3b2et1uf80ts9r8rg43xcxwd9qv 0 178351 963836 2026-10-06T12:35:57Z Mai Saje bawangare 49721 Mun gyara sallama ne 963836 wikitext text/x-wiki Assalamu Alaikum kanhbevrgu7oj1iakaiut8y3a25dsoo 0 178352 963838 2026-10-06T12:36:46Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347395608|Lower critical solution temperature]]" 963838 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙananan zafin jiki mai mahimmanci na maganin''' ( '''LCST''' ) ko '''ƙananan zafin jiki mai haɗawa''' shine zafin jiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke ƙasa da abubuwan da ke cikin cakuda za a iya canzawa a kowane ma'auni. Kalmar ''ƙasa'' tana nuna cewa LCST ƙaramin iyaka ce ga tazara tsakanin zafin jiki na ɗan bambanci, ko kuma rashin daidaituwa ga wasu abubuwan da aka haɗa kawai. Halin lokaci na mafita na polymer muhimmiyar dukiya ce da ke cikin ci gaba da ƙira na mafi yawan hanyoyin da suka shafi polymer. Sau da yawa hanyoyin polymer masu rikitarwa suna nuna iyakoki biyu na solubility, yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci (UCST) da LCST, dukansu biyu sun dogara da nauyin molar da matsin lamba. A yanayin zafi a ƙasa da LCST, tsarin yana da rikice-rikice gaba ɗaya a duk rabo, yayin da a sama da LCSD ke da rikicewar ruwa. A cikin zane-zanen mataki na abubuwan haɗin, LCST shine mafi ƙarancin rabo na lanƙwasa spinodal mai lanƙwasa da binodal (ko haɗuwa). Gabaɗaya yana dogara ne akan matsin lamba, yana ƙaruwa saboda ƙaruwar matsin lamba. Ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, wanzuwar LCST ba ta da yawa kamar wanzuwar yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci na sama (UCST), amma wasu lokuta akwai. Misali, tsarin triethylamine -water yana da LCST na 19&nbsp;°C, don haka waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu za su iya canzawa a duk ma'aunin ƙasa da 19&nbsp;°C amma ba a yanayin zafi mafi girma ba. Tsarin ruwa na nicotine yana da LCST na 61&nbsp;°C, da kuma UCST na 210&nbsp;°C a matsin lamba mai yawa wanda ruwan ruwa zai iya wanzuwa a wannan zafin. Saboda haka, ana iya canza sassan a duk ma'auni ƙasa da 61.&nbsp;°C da sama da 210&nbsp;°C (a matsanancin matsin lamba), kuma yana iya canzawa kaɗan a cikin tazara daga 61 zuwa 210&nbsp;°C. <ref name="Atkins" /> <ref name="White" /> == Cakuda masu narkewar polymer == [[File:LCST-UCST_plot.svg|thumb|350x350px| Wani labari na yanayin tsarin mafita na biyu na polymer wanda ya haɗa da LCST da UCST.]] Wasu hanyoyin polymer suna da LCST a yanayin zafi sama da UCST. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zane, wannan yana nufin cewa akwai tazara tsakanin zafin jiki da kuma yanayin zafi, tare da ɗan bambanci a yanayin zafi mafi girma da ƙasa. A yanayin mafita na polymer, LCST kuma ya dogara ne akan matakin polymerization na polymer, rarrabuwar abubuwa da rassan da kuma akan abun da polymer ɗin ya ƙunsa da tsarinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin polymers da aka fi nazari a kansu waɗanda ruwan da ke cikin su ke nuna LCST shine poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) . Ko da yake ana kyautata zaton cewa wannan sauyi na mataki yana faruwa ne a {{Convert|32|Celsius}}, <ref name="Halperin">{{Cite journal |last=Halperin A, Kröger M, Winnik FM |year=2015 |title=Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Phase Diagrams: Fifty Years of Research. |journal=Angew Chem Int Ed Engl |volume=54 |issue=51 |pages=15342–67 |doi=10.1002/anie.201506663 |pmid=26612195}}</ref> ainihin yanayin zafi na iya bambanta daga 5 zuwa 10&nbsp;°C (ko ma fiye da haka) ya danganta da yawan polymer, <ref name="Halperin" /> nauyin molar na sarƙoƙin polymer, watsewar polymer da kuma sassan ƙarshe. <ref name="Halperin" /> Bugu da ƙari, wasu ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan polymer, kamar gishiri ko sunadarai, na iya canza zafin wurin girgije. <ref name="Kolouchová 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Kolouchová |first=Kristýna |last2=Lobaz |first2=Volodymyr |last3=Beneš |first3=Hynek |last4=de la Rosa |first4=Victor R. |last5=Babuka |first5=David |last6=Švec |first6=Pavel |last7=Černoch |first7=Peter |last8=Hrubý |first8=Martin |last9=Hoogenboom |first9=Richard |last10=Štěpánek |first10=Petr |last11=Groborz |first11=Ondřej |year=2021 |title=Thermoresponsive properties of polyacrylamides in physiological solutions |journal=Polymer Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) |volume=12 |issue=35 |pages=5077–5084 |doi=10.1039/d1py00843a |issn=1759-9954 |s2cid=238937814 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Zhang Furyk Sagle Cho 2007 pp. 8916–8924">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Yanjie |last2=Furyk |first2=Steven |last3=Sagle |first3=Laura B. |last4=Cho |first4=Younhee |last5=Bergbreiter |first5=David E. |last6=Cremer |first6=Paul S. |year=2007 |title=Effects of Hofmeister Anions on the LCST of PNIPAM as a Function of Molecular Weight† |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry C |publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) |volume=111 |issue=25 |pages=8916–8924 |doi=10.1021/jp0690603 |issn=1932-7447 |pmc=2553222 |pmid=18820735}}</ref> Wani monomer wanda homo- da co-polymers ke nuna halayen LCST a cikin maganin shine 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2013-07-01 |title=Thermoresponsive gels based on ABA triblock copolymers: Does the asymmetry matter? |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=13 |pages=2850–2859 |bibcode=2013JPoSA..51.2850W |doi=10.1002/pola.26674 |issn=1099-0518}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2012-02-08 |title=Thermoresponsive triblock copolymers based on methacrylate monomers: effect of molecular weight and composition |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2sm06743a |journal=Soft Matter |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=2737–2745 |bibcode=2012SMat....8.2737W |doi=10.1039/c2sm06743a |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2013-02-19 |title=Multicompartment thermoresponsive gels: does the length of the hydrophobic side group matter? |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2py21032k |journal=Polymer Chemistry |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=1893–1902 |doi=10.1039/c2py21032k}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Georgiou |first=Theoni K. |last2=Vamvakaki |first2=Maria |last3=Patrickios |first3=Costas S. |last4=Yamasaki |first4=Edna N. |last5=Phylactou |first5=Leonidas A. |date=2004-09-10 |title=Nanoscopic Cationic Methacrylate Star Homopolymers: Synthesis by Group Transfer Polymerization, Characterization and Evaluation as Transfection Reagents |journal=Biomacromolecules |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=2221–2229 |doi=10.1021/bm049755e |pmid=15530036}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2010-02-15 |title=Thermoresponsive terpolymers based on methacrylate monomers: Effect of architecture and composition |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=775–783 |bibcode=2010JPoSA..48..775W |doi=10.1002/pola.23825 |issn=1099-0518}}</ref> LCST ya dogara ne akan shirye-shiryen polymer da kuma a yanayin copolymers, rabon monomer, da kuma yanayin hydrophobic ko hydrophilic na polymer. Zuwa yanzu, an gano misalai sama da 70 na polymers marasa ionic tare da LCST a cikin ruwan magani. == Tushen jiki == Babban abin da ke bambanta LCST da sauran halayen cakuda shine cewa rabuwar lokaci ta LCST tana faruwa ne ta hanyar entropy mara kyau na hadawa . Tunda haɗa matakai biyu ba zato ba tsammani ne a ƙasa da LCST ba kuma ba a sama ba, canjin makamashin Gibbs kyauta (ΔG) don haɗa waɗannan matakai biyu yana da korau a ƙasa da LCST kuma yana da kyau a sama, kuma canjin entropy ΔS = – (dΔG/dT) yana da korau ga wannan tsarin haɗuwa. Wannan ya bambanta da yanayin da aka saba gani kuma mai sauƙin fahimta inda entropies ke tuƙi haɗuwa saboda ƙaruwar yawan da kowane abu ke samu yayin haɗuwa. Duk da haka, kwanan nan an yi hasashen cewa ɗabi'ar LCST na iya tasowa daga entropy mai kyau na haɗuwa, muddin entropy na haɗuwa ya yi ƙasa a yankin da ke da tazara mai daidaitawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kocher |first=Jordan |last2=Mahfouz |first2=Ahmed |date=June 2025 |title=Thermodynamic Properties of Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) Mixtures and Their Application in Energy-Water Systems |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/cp/d5cp02285a |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |publisher=RSC |pages= |doi=10.1039/D5CP02285A |access-date= |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, rashin kyawun entropy na haɗuwa wanda ke da alhakin LCST yana da ɗaya daga cikin asali biyu na zahiri. Na farko shine haɗa hulɗa tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu kamar mu'amala mai ƙarfi ta polar ko haɗin hydrogen, wanda ke hana haɗuwa bazuwar. Misali, a cikin tsarin ruwa na triethylamine, kwayoyin amine ba za su iya samar da haɗin hydrogen da juna ba sai dai tare da kwayoyin ruwa kawai, don haka a cikin ruwan suna ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da kwayoyin ruwa tare da asarar entropy. Haɗuwa wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa da digiri 19 °C ba saboda entropy ba ne, amma saboda enthalpy na samuwar haɗin hydrogen. An nuna cewa hulɗar da ke tsakanin solute da solvent (s) mai ƙarfi, mai cikakken bayani game da yanayin halitta, da kuma alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin LCST ta isa ta kai ga LCST. Abu na biyu na zahiri wanda zai iya haifar da LCST shine tasirin matsi, musamman a cikin tsarin polymer-solvent. Ga tsarin da ba na polar ba kamar polystyrene a cikin cyclohexane, an lura da rabuwar lokaci a cikin bututun da aka rufe (a matsin lamba mai yawa) a yanayin zafi da ke kusantar ma'aunin ruwa-turɓaya mai mahimmanci na sinadarin narkewar abinci. A irin wannan yanayin zafi, sinadarin narkewar abinci yana faɗaɗa da sauri fiye da polymer, wanda sassansa suna da alaƙa da juna. Saboda haka, haɗuwa yana buƙatar takurawar sinadarin sinadarai don dacewa da polymer, wanda ke haifar da asarar entropy. == Ka'ida == A cikin tsarin kididdiga, ana iya yin kwaikwayon LCST ta hanyar ka'ida ta hanyar samfurin ruwa mai lattice, wani faɗaɗa na ka'idar mafita ta Flory-Huggins, wanda ya haɗa da guraben aiki, don haka yana da alhakin yawan canzawa da tasirin matsi. Sabbin ƙarin bayani game da ka'idar mafita ta Flory-Huggins sun nuna cewa haɗa hulɗar da ke tsakanin solute da solvent kawai ta hanyar ilimin lissafi ya isa don lura da LCST. == Hasashen LCST (θ) == Akwai ƙungiyoyi uku na hanyoyi don daidaitawa da kuma annabta LCSTs. Rukunin farko ya gabatar da samfura waɗanda suka dogara da tushen ka'ida mai ƙarfi ta amfani da bayanan gwaji na ruwa-ruwa ko tururi-ruwa. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna buƙatar bayanai na gwaji don daidaita sigogin da ba a sani ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ikon hasashen abubuwa. Wata hanya kuma tana amfani da lissafin gwaji wanda ke haɗa θ (LCST) da halayen sinadarai na jiki kamar yawa, halaye masu mahimmanci da sauransu, amma yana fama da rashin kyawun cewa waɗannan halaye ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=F |last2=Saeki |first2=S |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=T |year=1999 |title=Absolute prediction of upper and lower critical solution temperatures in polymer/solvent systems based on corresponding state theory |journal=Polymer |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=2779–2785 |doi=10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00480-7}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vetere |first=A |year=1998 |title=An Empirical Method To Predict the Liquid−Liquid Equilibria of Binary Polymer Systems |journal=Ind Eng Chem Res |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=4463–4469 |doi=10.1021/ie980258m}}</ref> Sabuwar hanyar da Liu da Zhong suka gabatar ta haɓaka samfuran layi don hasashen θ(LCST) ta amfani da ma'aunin haɗin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya dogara ne kawai akan tsarin narkewa da polymer. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=H |last2=Zhong |first2=C |year=2005 |title=Modeling of the θ (LCST) in polymer solutions using molecular connectivity indices |journal=Eur Polym J |volume=41 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.08.009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=H |last2=Zhong |first2=C |year=2005 |title=General Correlation for the Prediction of Theta (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) in Polymer Solutions |journal=Ind Eng Chem Res |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=634–638 |doi=10.1021/ie049367t}}</ref> Hanyar ƙarshe ta tabbatar da cewa hanya ce mai matuƙar amfani a binciken tsarin adadi-aiki/haƙƙin mallaka (QSAR/QSPR) don polymers da mafita na polymer. Nazarin QSAR / QSPR ya ƙunshi yunƙurin rage abin gwaji da kuskure a cikin ƙirar mahaɗan da ke da ayyuka/halayen da ake so ta hanyar kafa alaƙar lissafi tsakanin ayyukan/halayen da ake sha'awa da sigogin da za a iya aunawa ko lissafi, kamar su topological, physicochemical, stereochemistry, ko fihirisar lantarki. Kwanan nan an buga samfuran QSPR don hasashen θ (LCST) ta amfani da bayanan kwayoyin halitta (na lantarki, na kimiyyar lissafi da sauransu). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Melagraki |first=G. |last2=Afantitis |first2=A. |last3=Sarimveis |first3=H. |last4=Koutentis |first4=P.A. |last5=Markopoulos |first5=J. |last6=Igglessi-Markopoulou |first6=O. |year=2007 |title=A novel QSPR model for predicting θ (lower critical solution temperature) in polymer solutions using molecular descriptors |journal=J Mol Model |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1007/s00894-006-0125-z |pmid=16738871 |s2cid=28218975}}</ref> Ta amfani da ingantattun samfuran QSPR, ana iya rage lokacin gwaji da ƙoƙari sosai yayin da ake iya samun ingantattun kimantawa na θ (LCST) don mafita na polymer kafin a haɗa su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. == Duba kuma == * Zafin zafi mai mahimmanci na maganin sama * Canjin Coil-globule == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pcdx4ma3jsp3mvricqoofvb6srpvfpe 963840 963838 2026-10-06T12:38:24Z Baffa ali 47435 963840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙananan zafin jiki mai mahimmanci na maganin''' ( '''LCST''' ) ko '''ƙananan zafin jiki mai haɗawa''' shine zafin jiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke ƙasa da abubuwan da ke cikin cakuda za a iya canzawa a kowane ma'auni. Kalmar ''ƙasa'' tana nuna cewa LCST ƙaramin iyaka ce ga tazara tsakanin zafin jiki na ɗan bambanci, ko kuma rashin daidaituwa ga wasu abubuwan da aka haɗa kawai. Halin lokaci na mafita na polymer muhimmiyar dukiya ce da ke cikin ci gaba da ƙira na mafi yawan hanyoyin da suka shafi polymer. Sau da yawa hanyoyin polymer masu rikitarwa suna nuna iyakoki biyu na solubility, yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci (UCST) da LCST, dukansu biyu sun dogara da nauyin molar da matsin lamba. A yanayin zafi a ƙasa da LCST, tsarin yana da rikice-rikice gaba ɗaya a duk rabo, yayin da a sama da LCSD ke da rikicewar ruwa. A cikin zane-zanen mataki na abubuwan haɗin, LCST shine mafi ƙarancin rabo na lanƙwasa spinodal mai lanƙwasa da binodal (ko haɗuwa). Gabaɗaya yana dogara ne akan matsin lamba, yana ƙaruwa saboda ƙaruwar matsin lamba. Ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, wanzuwar LCST ba ta da yawa kamar wanzuwar yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci na sama (UCST), amma wasu lokuta akwai. Misali, tsarin triethylamine -water yana da LCST na 19&nbsp;°C, don haka waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu za su iya canzawa a duk ma'aunin ƙasa da 19&nbsp;°C amma ba a yanayin zafi mafi girma ba. Tsarin ruwa na nicotine yana da LCST na 61&nbsp;°C, da kuma UCST na 210&nbsp;°C a matsin lamba mai yawa wanda ruwan ruwa zai iya wanzuwa a wannan zafin. Saboda haka, ana iya canza sassan a duk ma'auni ƙasa da 61.&nbsp;°C da sama da 210&nbsp;°C (a matsanancin matsin lamba), kuma yana iya canzawa kaɗan a cikin tazara daga 61 zuwa 210&nbsp;°C. <ref name="Atkins" /> <ref name="White" /> == Cakuda masu narkewar polymer == [[File:LCST-UCST_plot.svg|thumb|350x350px| Wani labari na yanayin tsarin mafita na biyu na polymer wanda ya haɗa da LCST da UCST.]] Wasu hanyoyin polymer suna da LCST a yanayin zafi sama da UCST. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zane, wannan yana nufin cewa akwai tazara tsakanin zafin jiki da kuma yanayin zafi, tare da ɗan bambanci a yanayin zafi mafi girma da ƙasa. A yanayin mafita na polymer, LCST kuma ya dogara ne akan matakin polymerization na polymer, rarrabuwar abubuwa da rassan da kuma akan abun da polymer ɗin ya ƙunsa da tsarinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin polymers da aka fi nazari a kansu waɗanda ruwan da ke cikin su ke nuna LCST shine poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) . Ko da yake ana kyautata zaton cewa wannan sauyi na mataki yana faruwa ne a {{Convert|32|Celsius}}, <ref name="Halperin">{{Cite journal |last=Halperin A, Kröger M, Winnik FM |year=2015 |title=Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Phase Diagrams: Fifty Years of Research. |journal=Angew Chem Int Ed Engl |volume=54 |issue=51 |pages=15342–67 |doi=10.1002/anie.201506663 |pmid=26612195}}</ref> ainihin yanayin zafi na iya bambanta daga 5 zuwa 10&nbsp;°C (ko ma fiye da haka) ya danganta da yawan polymer, <ref name="Halperin" /> nauyin molar na sarƙoƙin polymer, watsewar polymer da kuma sassan ƙarshe. <ref name="Halperin" /> Bugu da ƙari, wasu ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan polymer, kamar gishiri ko sunadarai, na iya canza zafin wurin girgije. <ref name="Kolouchová 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Kolouchová |first=Kristýna |last2=Lobaz |first2=Volodymyr |last3=Beneš |first3=Hynek |last4=de la Rosa |first4=Victor R. |last5=Babuka |first5=David |last6=Švec |first6=Pavel |last7=Černoch |first7=Peter |last8=Hrubý |first8=Martin |last9=Hoogenboom |first9=Richard |last10=Štěpánek |first10=Petr |last11=Groborz |first11=Ondřej |year=2021 |title=Thermoresponsive properties of polyacrylamides in physiological solutions |journal=Polymer Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) |volume=12 |issue=35 |pages=5077–5084 |doi=10.1039/d1py00843a |issn=1759-9954 |s2cid=238937814 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Zhang Furyk Sagle Cho 2007 pp. 8916–8924">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Yanjie |last2=Furyk |first2=Steven |last3=Sagle |first3=Laura B. |last4=Cho |first4=Younhee |last5=Bergbreiter |first5=David E. |last6=Cremer |first6=Paul S. |year=2007 |title=Effects of Hofmeister Anions on the LCST of PNIPAM as a Function of Molecular Weight† |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry C |publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) |volume=111 |issue=25 |pages=8916–8924 |doi=10.1021/jp0690603 |issn=1932-7447 |pmc=2553222 |pmid=18820735}}</ref> Wani monomer wanda homo- da co-polymers ke nuna halayen LCST a cikin maganin shine 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2013-07-01 |title=Thermoresponsive gels based on ABA triblock copolymers: Does the asymmetry matter? |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=13 |pages=2850–2859 |bibcode=2013JPoSA..51.2850W |doi=10.1002/pola.26674 |issn=1099-0518}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2012-02-08 |title=Thermoresponsive triblock copolymers based on methacrylate monomers: effect of molecular weight and composition |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2sm06743a |journal=Soft Matter |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=2737–2745 |bibcode=2012SMat....8.2737W |doi=10.1039/c2sm06743a |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2013-02-19 |title=Multicompartment thermoresponsive gels: does the length of the hydrophobic side group matter? |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2py21032k |journal=Polymer Chemistry |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=1893–1902 |doi=10.1039/c2py21032k}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Georgiou |first=Theoni K. |last2=Vamvakaki |first2=Maria |last3=Patrickios |first3=Costas S. |last4=Yamasaki |first4=Edna N. |last5=Phylactou |first5=Leonidas A. |date=2004-09-10 |title=Nanoscopic Cationic Methacrylate Star Homopolymers: Synthesis by Group Transfer Polymerization, Characterization and Evaluation as Transfection Reagents |journal=Biomacromolecules |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=2221–2229 |doi=10.1021/bm049755e |pmid=15530036}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2010-02-15 |title=Thermoresponsive terpolymers based on methacrylate monomers: Effect of architecture and composition |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=775–783 |bibcode=2010JPoSA..48..775W |doi=10.1002/pola.23825 |issn=1099-0518}}</ref> LCST ya dogara ne akan shirye-shiryen polymer da kuma a yanayin copolymers, rabon monomer, da kuma yanayin hydrophobic ko hydrophilic na polymer. Zuwa yanzu, an gano misalai sama da 70 na polymers marasa ionic tare da LCST a cikin ruwan magani. == Tushen jiki == Babban abin da ke bambanta LCST da sauran halayen cakuda shine cewa rabuwar lokaci ta LCST tana faruwa ne ta hanyar entropy mara kyau na hadawa . Tunda haɗa matakai biyu ba zato ba tsammani ne a ƙasa da LCST ba kuma ba a sama ba, canjin makamashin Gibbs kyauta (ΔG) don haɗa waɗannan matakai biyu yana da korau a ƙasa da LCST kuma yana da kyau a sama, kuma canjin entropy ΔS = – (dΔG/dT) yana da korau ga wannan tsarin haɗuwa. Wannan ya bambanta da yanayin da aka saba gani kuma mai sauƙin fahimta inda entropies ke tuƙi haɗuwa saboda ƙaruwar yawan da kowane abu ke samu yayin haɗuwa. Duk da haka, kwanan nan an yi hasashen cewa ɗabi'ar LCST na iya tasowa daga entropy mai kyau na haɗuwa, muddin entropy na haɗuwa ya yi ƙasa a yankin da ke da tazara mai daidaitawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kocher |first=Jordan |last2=Mahfouz |first2=Ahmed |date=June 2025 |title=Thermodynamic Properties of Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) Mixtures and Their Application in Energy-Water Systems |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/cp/d5cp02285a |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |publisher=RSC |pages= |doi=10.1039/D5CP02285A |access-date= |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, rashin kyawun entropy na haɗuwa wanda ke da alhakin LCST yana da ɗaya daga cikin asali biyu na zahiri. Na farko shine haɗa hulɗa tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu kamar mu'amala mai ƙarfi ta polar ko haɗin hydrogen, wanda ke hana haɗuwa bazuwar. Misali, a cikin tsarin ruwa na triethylamine, kwayoyin amine ba za su iya samar da haɗin hydrogen da juna ba sai dai tare da kwayoyin ruwa kawai, don haka a cikin ruwan suna ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da kwayoyin ruwa tare da asarar entropy. Haɗuwa wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa da digiri 19 °C ba saboda entropy ba ne, amma saboda enthalpy na samuwar haɗin hydrogen. An nuna cewa hulɗar da ke tsakanin solute da solvent (s) mai ƙarfi, mai cikakken bayani game da yanayin halitta, da kuma alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin LCST ta isa ta kai ga LCST. Abu na biyu na zahiri wanda zai iya haifar da LCST shine tasirin matsi, musamman a cikin tsarin polymer-solvent. Ga tsarin da ba na polar ba kamar polystyrene a cikin cyclohexane, an lura da rabuwar lokaci a cikin bututun da aka rufe (a matsin lamba mai yawa) a yanayin zafi da ke kusantar ma'aunin ruwa-turɓaya mai mahimmanci na sinadarin narkewar abinci. A irin wannan yanayin zafi, sinadarin narkewar abinci yana faɗaɗa da sauri fiye da polymer, wanda sassansa suna da alaƙa da juna. Saboda haka, haɗuwa yana buƙatar takurawar sinadarin sinadarai don dacewa da polymer, wanda ke haifar da asarar entropy. == Ka'ida == A cikin tsarin kididdiga, ana iya yin kwaikwayon LCST ta hanyar ka'ida ta hanyar samfurin ruwa mai lattice, wani faɗaɗa na ka'idar mafita ta Flory-Huggins, wanda ya haɗa da guraben aiki, don haka yana da alhakin yawan canzawa da tasirin matsi. Sabbin ƙarin bayani game da ka'idar mafita ta Flory-Huggins sun nuna cewa haɗa hulɗar da ke tsakanin solute da solvent kawai ta hanyar ilimin lissafi ya isa don lura da LCST. == Hasashen LCST (θ) == Akwai ƙungiyoyi uku na hanyoyi don daidaitawa da kuma annabta LCSTs. Rukunin farko ya gabatar da samfura waɗanda suka dogara da tushen ka'ida mai ƙarfi ta amfani da bayanan gwaji na ruwa-ruwa ko tururi-ruwa. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna buƙatar bayanai na gwaji don daidaita sigogin da ba a sani ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ikon hasashen abubuwa. Wata hanya kuma tana amfani da lissafin gwaji wanda ke haɗa θ (LCST) da halayen sinadarai na jiki kamar yawa, halaye masu mahimmanci da sauransu, amma yana fama da rashin kyawun cewa waɗannan halaye ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=F |last2=Saeki |first2=S |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=T |year=1999 |title=Absolute prediction of upper and lower critical solution temperatures in polymer/solvent systems based on corresponding state theory |journal=Polymer |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=2779–2785 |doi=10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00480-7}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vetere |first=A |year=1998 |title=An Empirical Method To Predict the Liquid−Liquid Equilibria of Binary Polymer Systems |journal=Ind Eng Chem Res |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=4463–4469 |doi=10.1021/ie980258m}}</ref> Sabuwar hanyar da Liu da Zhong suka gabatar ta haɓaka samfuran layi don hasashen θ(LCST) ta amfani da ma'aunin haɗin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya dogara ne kawai akan tsarin narkewa da polymer. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=H |last2=Zhong |first2=C |year=2005 |title=Modeling of the θ (LCST) in polymer solutions using molecular connectivity indices |journal=Eur Polym J |volume=41 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.08.009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=H |last2=Zhong |first2=C |year=2005 |title=General Correlation for the Prediction of Theta (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) in Polymer Solutions |journal=Ind Eng Chem Res |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=634–638 |doi=10.1021/ie049367t}}</ref> Hanyar ƙarshe ta tabbatar da cewa hanya ce mai matuƙar amfani a binciken tsarin adadi-aiki/haƙƙin mallaka (QSAR/QSPR) don polymers da mafita na polymer. Nazarin QSAR / QSPR ya ƙunshi yunƙurin rage abin gwaji da kuskure a cikin ƙirar mahaɗan da ke da ayyuka/halayen da ake so ta hanyar kafa alaƙar lissafi tsakanin ayyukan/halayen da ake sha'awa da sigogin da za a iya aunawa ko lissafi, kamar su topological, physicochemical, stereochemistry, ko fihirisar lantarki. Kwanan nan an buga samfuran QSPR don hasashen θ (LCST) ta amfani da bayanan kwayoyin halitta (na lantarki, na kimiyyar lissafi da sauransu). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Melagraki |first=G. |last2=Afantitis |first2=A. |last3=Sarimveis |first3=H. |last4=Koutentis |first4=P.A. |last5=Markopoulos |first5=J. |last6=Igglessi-Markopoulou |first6=O. |year=2007 |title=A novel QSPR model for predicting θ (lower critical solution temperature) in polymer solutions using molecular descriptors |journal=J Mol Model |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1007/s00894-006-0125-z |pmid=16738871 |s2cid=28218975}}</ref> Ta amfani da ingantattun samfuran QSPR, ana iya rage lokacin gwaji da ƙoƙari sosai yayin da ake iya samun ingantattun kimantawa na θ (LCST) don mafita na polymer kafin a haɗa su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. == Duba kuma == * Zafin zafi mai mahimmanci na maganin sama * Canjin Coil-globule == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qke6njzlnphqujw6pmqefraeh7vg9af 963841 963840 2026-10-06T12:46:58Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tushen jiki */ 963841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙananan zafin jiki mai mahimmanci na maganin''' ( '''LCST''' ) ko '''ƙananan zafin jiki mai haɗawa''' shine zafin jiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke ƙasa da abubuwan da ke cikin cakuda za a iya canzawa a kowane ma'auni. Kalmar ''ƙasa'' tana nuna cewa LCST ƙaramin iyaka ce ga tazara tsakanin zafin jiki na ɗan bambanci, ko kuma rashin daidaituwa ga wasu abubuwan da aka haɗa kawai. Halin lokaci na mafita na polymer muhimmiyar dukiya ce da ke cikin ci gaba da ƙira na mafi yawan hanyoyin da suka shafi polymer. Sau da yawa hanyoyin polymer masu rikitarwa suna nuna iyakoki biyu na solubility, yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci (UCST) da LCST, dukansu biyu sun dogara da nauyin molar da matsin lamba. A yanayin zafi a ƙasa da LCST, tsarin yana da rikice-rikice gaba ɗaya a duk rabo, yayin da a sama da LCSD ke da rikicewar ruwa. A cikin zane-zanen mataki na abubuwan haɗin, LCST shine mafi ƙarancin rabo na lanƙwasa spinodal mai lanƙwasa da binodal (ko haɗuwa). Gabaɗaya yana dogara ne akan matsin lamba, yana ƙaruwa saboda ƙaruwar matsin lamba. Ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, wanzuwar LCST ba ta da yawa kamar wanzuwar yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci na sama (UCST), amma wasu lokuta akwai. Misali, tsarin triethylamine -water yana da LCST na 19&nbsp;°C, don haka waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu za su iya canzawa a duk ma'aunin ƙasa da 19&nbsp;°C amma ba a yanayin zafi mafi girma ba. Tsarin ruwa na nicotine yana da LCST na 61&nbsp;°C, da kuma UCST na 210&nbsp;°C a matsin lamba mai yawa wanda ruwan ruwa zai iya wanzuwa a wannan zafin. Saboda haka, ana iya canza sassan a duk ma'auni ƙasa da 61.&nbsp;°C da sama da 210&nbsp;°C (a matsanancin matsin lamba), kuma yana iya canzawa kaɗan a cikin tazara daga 61 zuwa 210&nbsp;°C. <ref name="Atkins" /> <ref name="White" /> == Cakuda masu narkewar polymer == [[File:LCST-UCST_plot.svg|thumb|350x350px| Wani labari na yanayin tsarin mafita na biyu na polymer wanda ya haɗa da LCST da UCST.]] Wasu hanyoyin polymer suna da LCST a yanayin zafi sama da UCST. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zane, wannan yana nufin cewa akwai tazara tsakanin zafin jiki da kuma yanayin zafi, tare da ɗan bambanci a yanayin zafi mafi girma da ƙasa. A yanayin mafita na polymer, LCST kuma ya dogara ne akan matakin polymerization na polymer, rarrabuwar abubuwa da rassan da kuma akan abun da polymer ɗin ya ƙunsa da tsarinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin polymers da aka fi nazari a kansu waɗanda ruwan da ke cikin su ke nuna LCST shine poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) . Ko da yake ana kyautata zaton cewa wannan sauyi na mataki yana faruwa ne a {{Convert|32|Celsius}}, <ref name="Halperin">{{Cite journal |last=Halperin A, Kröger M, Winnik FM |year=2015 |title=Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Phase Diagrams: Fifty Years of Research. |journal=Angew Chem Int Ed Engl |volume=54 |issue=51 |pages=15342–67 |doi=10.1002/anie.201506663 |pmid=26612195}}</ref> ainihin yanayin zafi na iya bambanta daga 5 zuwa 10&nbsp;°C (ko ma fiye da haka) ya danganta da yawan polymer, <ref name="Halperin" /> nauyin molar na sarƙoƙin polymer, watsewar polymer da kuma sassan ƙarshe. <ref name="Halperin" /> Bugu da ƙari, wasu ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan polymer, kamar gishiri ko sunadarai, na iya canza zafin wurin girgije. <ref name="Kolouchová 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Kolouchová |first=Kristýna |last2=Lobaz |first2=Volodymyr |last3=Beneš |first3=Hynek |last4=de la Rosa |first4=Victor R. |last5=Babuka |first5=David |last6=Švec |first6=Pavel |last7=Černoch |first7=Peter |last8=Hrubý |first8=Martin |last9=Hoogenboom |first9=Richard |last10=Štěpánek |first10=Petr |last11=Groborz |first11=Ondřej |year=2021 |title=Thermoresponsive properties of polyacrylamides in physiological solutions |journal=Polymer Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) |volume=12 |issue=35 |pages=5077–5084 |doi=10.1039/d1py00843a |issn=1759-9954 |s2cid=238937814 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Zhang Furyk Sagle Cho 2007 pp. 8916–8924">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Yanjie |last2=Furyk |first2=Steven |last3=Sagle |first3=Laura B. |last4=Cho |first4=Younhee |last5=Bergbreiter |first5=David E. |last6=Cremer |first6=Paul S. |year=2007 |title=Effects of Hofmeister Anions on the LCST of PNIPAM as a Function of Molecular Weight† |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry C |publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) |volume=111 |issue=25 |pages=8916–8924 |doi=10.1021/jp0690603 |issn=1932-7447 |pmc=2553222 |pmid=18820735}}</ref> Wani monomer wanda homo- da co-polymers ke nuna halayen LCST a cikin maganin shine 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2013-07-01 |title=Thermoresponsive gels based on ABA triblock copolymers: Does the asymmetry matter? |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=13 |pages=2850–2859 |bibcode=2013JPoSA..51.2850W |doi=10.1002/pola.26674 |issn=1099-0518}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2012-02-08 |title=Thermoresponsive triblock copolymers based on methacrylate monomers: effect of molecular weight and composition |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2sm06743a |journal=Soft Matter |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=2737–2745 |bibcode=2012SMat....8.2737W |doi=10.1039/c2sm06743a |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2013-02-19 |title=Multicompartment thermoresponsive gels: does the length of the hydrophobic side group matter? |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2py21032k |journal=Polymer Chemistry |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=1893–1902 |doi=10.1039/c2py21032k}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Georgiou |first=Theoni K. |last2=Vamvakaki |first2=Maria |last3=Patrickios |first3=Costas S. |last4=Yamasaki |first4=Edna N. |last5=Phylactou |first5=Leonidas A. |date=2004-09-10 |title=Nanoscopic Cationic Methacrylate Star Homopolymers: Synthesis by Group Transfer Polymerization, Characterization and Evaluation as Transfection Reagents |journal=Biomacromolecules |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=2221–2229 |doi=10.1021/bm049755e |pmid=15530036}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2010-02-15 |title=Thermoresponsive terpolymers based on methacrylate monomers: Effect of architecture and composition |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=775–783 |bibcode=2010JPoSA..48..775W |doi=10.1002/pola.23825 |issn=1099-0518}}</ref> LCST ya dogara ne akan shirye-shiryen polymer da kuma a yanayin copolymers, rabon monomer, da kuma yanayin hydrophobic ko hydrophilic na polymer. Zuwa yanzu, an gano misalai sama da 70 na polymers marasa ionic tare da LCST a cikin ruwan magani. == Tushen jiki == Babban abin da ke bambanta LCST da sauran halayen cakuda shine cewa rabuwar lokaci ta LCST tana faruwa ne ta hanyar entropy mara kyau na hadawa . Tunda haɗa matakai biyu ba zato ba tsammani ne a ƙasa da LCST ba kuma ba a sama ba, canjin makamashin Gibbs kyauta (ΔG) don haɗa waɗannan matakai biyu yana da korau a ƙasa da LCST kuma yana da kyau a sama, kuma canjin entropy ΔS = – (dΔG/dT) yana da korau ga wannan tsarin haɗuwa. Wannan ya bambanta da yanayin da aka saba gani kuma mai sauƙin fahimta inda entropies ke tuƙi haɗuwa saboda ƙaruwar yawan da kowane abu ke samu yayin haɗuwa. Duk da haka, kwanan nan an yi hasashen cewa ɗabi'ar LCST na iya tasowa daga entropy mai kyau na haɗuwa, muddin entropy na haɗuwa ya yi ƙasa a yankin da ke da tazara mai daidaitawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kocher |first=Jordan |last2=Mahfouz |first2=Ahmed |date=June 2025 |title=Thermodynamic Properties of Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) Mixtures and Their Application in Energy-Water Systems |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/cp/d5cp02285a |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |publisher=RSC |pages= |doi=10.1039/D5CP02285A |access-date= |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, rashin kyawun entropy na haɗuwa wanda ke da alhakin LCST yana da ɗaya daga cikin asali biyu na zahiri. Na farko shine haɗa hulɗa tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu kamar mu'amala mai ƙarfi ta polar ko haɗin hydrogen, wanda ke hana haɗuwa bazuwar. Misali, a cikin tsarin ruwa na triethylamine, kwayoyin amine ba za su iya samar da haɗin hydrogen da juna ba sai dai tare da kwayoyin ruwa kawai, don haka a cikin ruwan suna ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da kwayoyin ruwa tare da asarar entropy. Haɗuwa wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa da digiri 19 °C ba saboda entropy ba ne, amma saboda enthalpy na samuwar haɗin hydrogen. An nuna cewa hulɗar da ke tsakanin solute da solvent (s) mai ƙarfi, mai cikakken bayani game da yanayin halitta, da kuma alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin LCST ta isa ta kai ga LCST. <ref name="AssociativePoly">Dhamankar, S., Webb, M., A., ACS Macro Lett. 2024, 13, 7, 818–825</ref> Abu na biyu na zahiri wanda zai iya haifar da LCST shine tasirin matsi, musamman a cikin tsarin polymer-solvent. Ga tsarin da ba na polar ba kamar polystyrene a cikin cyclohexane, an lura da rabuwar lokaci a cikin bututun da aka rufe (a matsin lamba mai yawa) a yanayin zafi da ke kusantar ma'aunin ruwa-turɓaya mai mahimmanci na sinadarin narkewar abinci. A irin wannan yanayin zafi, sinadarin narkewar abinci yana faɗaɗa da sauri fiye da polymer, wanda sassansa suna da alaƙa da juna. Saboda haka, haɗuwa yana buƙatar takurawar sinadarin sinadarai don dacewa da polymer, wanda ke haifar da asarar entropy. == Ka'ida == A cikin tsarin kididdiga, ana iya yin kwaikwayon LCST ta hanyar ka'ida ta hanyar samfurin ruwa mai lattice, wani faɗaɗa na ka'idar mafita ta Flory-Huggins, wanda ya haɗa da guraben aiki, don haka yana da alhakin yawan canzawa da tasirin matsi. Sabbin ƙarin bayani game da ka'idar mafita ta Flory-Huggins sun nuna cewa haɗa hulɗar da ke tsakanin solute da solvent kawai ta hanyar ilimin lissafi ya isa don lura da LCST. == Hasashen LCST (θ) == Akwai ƙungiyoyi uku na hanyoyi don daidaitawa da kuma annabta LCSTs. Rukunin farko ya gabatar da samfura waɗanda suka dogara da tushen ka'ida mai ƙarfi ta amfani da bayanan gwaji na ruwa-ruwa ko tururi-ruwa. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna buƙatar bayanai na gwaji don daidaita sigogin da ba a sani ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ikon hasashen abubuwa. Wata hanya kuma tana amfani da lissafin gwaji wanda ke haɗa θ (LCST) da halayen sinadarai na jiki kamar yawa, halaye masu mahimmanci da sauransu, amma yana fama da rashin kyawun cewa waɗannan halaye ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=F |last2=Saeki |first2=S |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=T |year=1999 |title=Absolute prediction of upper and lower critical solution temperatures in polymer/solvent systems based on corresponding state theory |journal=Polymer |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=2779–2785 |doi=10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00480-7}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vetere |first=A |year=1998 |title=An Empirical Method To Predict the Liquid−Liquid Equilibria of Binary Polymer Systems |journal=Ind Eng Chem Res |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=4463–4469 |doi=10.1021/ie980258m}}</ref> Sabuwar hanyar da Liu da Zhong suka gabatar ta haɓaka samfuran layi don hasashen θ(LCST) ta amfani da ma'aunin haɗin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya dogara ne kawai akan tsarin narkewa da polymer. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=H |last2=Zhong |first2=C |year=2005 |title=Modeling of the θ (LCST) in polymer solutions using molecular connectivity indices |journal=Eur Polym J |volume=41 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.08.009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=H |last2=Zhong |first2=C |year=2005 |title=General Correlation for the Prediction of Theta (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) in Polymer Solutions |journal=Ind Eng Chem Res |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=634–638 |doi=10.1021/ie049367t}}</ref> Hanyar ƙarshe ta tabbatar da cewa hanya ce mai matuƙar amfani a binciken tsarin adadi-aiki/haƙƙin mallaka (QSAR/QSPR) don polymers da mafita na polymer. Nazarin QSAR / QSPR ya ƙunshi yunƙurin rage abin gwaji da kuskure a cikin ƙirar mahaɗan da ke da ayyuka/halayen da ake so ta hanyar kafa alaƙar lissafi tsakanin ayyukan/halayen da ake sha'awa da sigogin da za a iya aunawa ko lissafi, kamar su topological, physicochemical, stereochemistry, ko fihirisar lantarki. Kwanan nan an buga samfuran QSPR don hasashen θ (LCST) ta amfani da bayanan kwayoyin halitta (na lantarki, na kimiyyar lissafi da sauransu). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Melagraki |first=G. |last2=Afantitis |first2=A. |last3=Sarimveis |first3=H. |last4=Koutentis |first4=P.A. |last5=Markopoulos |first5=J. |last6=Igglessi-Markopoulou |first6=O. |year=2007 |title=A novel QSPR model for predicting θ (lower critical solution temperature) in polymer solutions using molecular descriptors |journal=J Mol Model |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1007/s00894-006-0125-z |pmid=16738871 |s2cid=28218975}}</ref> Ta amfani da ingantattun samfuran QSPR, ana iya rage lokacin gwaji da ƙoƙari sosai yayin da ake iya samun ingantattun kimantawa na θ (LCST) don mafita na polymer kafin a haɗa su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. == Duba kuma == * Zafin zafi mai mahimmanci na maganin sama * Canjin Coil-globule == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o9tg4vrf094b04xb6gztit1gftah7x5 963843 963841 2026-10-06T12:49:18Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tushen jiki */ 963843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙananan zafin jiki mai mahimmanci na maganin''' ( '''LCST''' ) ko '''ƙananan zafin jiki mai haɗawa''' shine zafin jiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke ƙasa da abubuwan da ke cikin cakuda za a iya canzawa a kowane ma'auni. Kalmar ''ƙasa'' tana nuna cewa LCST ƙaramin iyaka ce ga tazara tsakanin zafin jiki na ɗan bambanci, ko kuma rashin daidaituwa ga wasu abubuwan da aka haɗa kawai. Halin lokaci na mafita na polymer muhimmiyar dukiya ce da ke cikin ci gaba da ƙira na mafi yawan hanyoyin da suka shafi polymer. Sau da yawa hanyoyin polymer masu rikitarwa suna nuna iyakoki biyu na solubility, yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci (UCST) da LCST, dukansu biyu sun dogara da nauyin molar da matsin lamba. A yanayin zafi a ƙasa da LCST, tsarin yana da rikice-rikice gaba ɗaya a duk rabo, yayin da a sama da LCSD ke da rikicewar ruwa. A cikin zane-zanen mataki na abubuwan haɗin, LCST shine mafi ƙarancin rabo na lanƙwasa spinodal mai lanƙwasa da binodal (ko haɗuwa). Gabaɗaya yana dogara ne akan matsin lamba, yana ƙaruwa saboda ƙaruwar matsin lamba. Ga ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta, wanzuwar LCST ba ta da yawa kamar wanzuwar yanayin zafi mai mahimmanci na sama (UCST), amma wasu lokuta akwai. Misali, tsarin triethylamine -water yana da LCST na 19&nbsp;°C, don haka waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu za su iya canzawa a duk ma'aunin ƙasa da 19&nbsp;°C amma ba a yanayin zafi mafi girma ba. Tsarin ruwa na nicotine yana da LCST na 61&nbsp;°C, da kuma UCST na 210&nbsp;°C a matsin lamba mai yawa wanda ruwan ruwa zai iya wanzuwa a wannan zafin. Saboda haka, ana iya canza sassan a duk ma'auni ƙasa da 61.&nbsp;°C da sama da 210&nbsp;°C (a matsanancin matsin lamba), kuma yana iya canzawa kaɗan a cikin tazara daga 61 zuwa 210&nbsp;°C. <ref name="Atkins" /> <ref name="White" /> == Cakuda masu narkewar polymer == [[File:LCST-UCST_plot.svg|thumb|350x350px| Wani labari na yanayin tsarin mafita na biyu na polymer wanda ya haɗa da LCST da UCST.]] Wasu hanyoyin polymer suna da LCST a yanayin zafi sama da UCST. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zane, wannan yana nufin cewa akwai tazara tsakanin zafin jiki da kuma yanayin zafi, tare da ɗan bambanci a yanayin zafi mafi girma da ƙasa. A yanayin mafita na polymer, LCST kuma ya dogara ne akan matakin polymerization na polymer, rarrabuwar abubuwa da rassan da kuma akan abun da polymer ɗin ya ƙunsa da tsarinsa. Ɗaya daga cikin polymers da aka fi nazari a kansu waɗanda ruwan da ke cikin su ke nuna LCST shine poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) . Ko da yake ana kyautata zaton cewa wannan sauyi na mataki yana faruwa ne a {{Convert|32|Celsius}}, <ref name="Halperin">{{Cite journal |last=Halperin A, Kröger M, Winnik FM |year=2015 |title=Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Phase Diagrams: Fifty Years of Research. |journal=Angew Chem Int Ed Engl |volume=54 |issue=51 |pages=15342–67 |doi=10.1002/anie.201506663 |pmid=26612195}}</ref> ainihin yanayin zafi na iya bambanta daga 5 zuwa 10&nbsp;°C (ko ma fiye da haka) ya danganta da yawan polymer, <ref name="Halperin" /> nauyin molar na sarƙoƙin polymer, watsewar polymer da kuma sassan ƙarshe. <ref name="Halperin" /> Bugu da ƙari, wasu ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan polymer, kamar gishiri ko sunadarai, na iya canza zafin wurin girgije. <ref name="Kolouchová 2021">{{Cite journal |last=Kolouchová |first=Kristýna |last2=Lobaz |first2=Volodymyr |last3=Beneš |first3=Hynek |last4=de la Rosa |first4=Victor R. |last5=Babuka |first5=David |last6=Švec |first6=Pavel |last7=Černoch |first7=Peter |last8=Hrubý |first8=Martin |last9=Hoogenboom |first9=Richard |last10=Štěpánek |first10=Petr |last11=Groborz |first11=Ondřej |year=2021 |title=Thermoresponsive properties of polyacrylamides in physiological solutions |journal=Polymer Chemistry |publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) |volume=12 |issue=35 |pages=5077–5084 |doi=10.1039/d1py00843a |issn=1759-9954 |s2cid=238937814 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Zhang Furyk Sagle Cho 2007 pp. 8916–8924">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Yanjie |last2=Furyk |first2=Steven |last3=Sagle |first3=Laura B. |last4=Cho |first4=Younhee |last5=Bergbreiter |first5=David E. |last6=Cremer |first6=Paul S. |year=2007 |title=Effects of Hofmeister Anions on the LCST of PNIPAM as a Function of Molecular Weight† |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry C |publisher=American Chemical Society (ACS) |volume=111 |issue=25 |pages=8916–8924 |doi=10.1021/jp0690603 |issn=1932-7447 |pmc=2553222 |pmid=18820735}}</ref> Wani monomer wanda homo- da co-polymers ke nuna halayen LCST a cikin maganin shine 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2013-07-01 |title=Thermoresponsive gels based on ABA triblock copolymers: Does the asymmetry matter? |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=13 |pages=2850–2859 |bibcode=2013JPoSA..51.2850W |doi=10.1002/pola.26674 |issn=1099-0518}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2012-02-08 |title=Thermoresponsive triblock copolymers based on methacrylate monomers: effect of molecular weight and composition |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2sm06743a |journal=Soft Matter |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=2737–2745 |bibcode=2012SMat....8.2737W |doi=10.1039/c2sm06743a |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2013-02-19 |title=Multicompartment thermoresponsive gels: does the length of the hydrophobic side group matter? |url=http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2py21032k |journal=Polymer Chemistry |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=1893–1902 |doi=10.1039/c2py21032k}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Georgiou |first=Theoni K. |last2=Vamvakaki |first2=Maria |last3=Patrickios |first3=Costas S. |last4=Yamasaki |first4=Edna N. |last5=Phylactou |first5=Leonidas A. |date=2004-09-10 |title=Nanoscopic Cationic Methacrylate Star Homopolymers: Synthesis by Group Transfer Polymerization, Characterization and Evaluation as Transfection Reagents |journal=Biomacromolecules |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=2221–2229 |doi=10.1021/bm049755e |pmid=15530036}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Mark A. |last2=Georgiou |first2=Theoni K. |date=2010-02-15 |title=Thermoresponsive terpolymers based on methacrylate monomers: Effect of architecture and composition |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=775–783 |bibcode=2010JPoSA..48..775W |doi=10.1002/pola.23825 |issn=1099-0518}}</ref> LCST ya dogara ne akan shirye-shiryen polymer da kuma a yanayin copolymers, rabon monomer, da kuma yanayin hydrophobic ko hydrophilic na polymer. Zuwa yanzu, an gano misalai sama da 70 na polymers marasa ionic tare da LCST a cikin ruwan magani. == Tushen jiki == Babban abin da ke bambanta LCST da sauran halayen cakuda shine cewa rabuwar lokaci ta LCST tana faruwa ne ta hanyar entropy mara kyau na hadawa . Tunda haɗa matakai biyu ba zato ba tsammani ne a ƙasa da LCST ba kuma ba a sama ba, canjin makamashin Gibbs kyauta (ΔG) don haɗa waɗannan matakai biyu yana da korau a ƙasa da LCST kuma yana da kyau a sama, kuma canjin entropy ΔS = – (dΔG/dT) yana da korau ga wannan tsarin haɗuwa. Wannan ya bambanta da yanayin da aka saba gani kuma mai sauƙin fahimta inda entropies ke tuƙi haɗuwa saboda ƙaruwar yawan da kowane abu ke samu yayin haɗuwa. Duk da haka, kwanan nan an yi hasashen cewa ɗabi'ar LCST na iya tasowa daga entropy mai kyau na haɗuwa, muddin entropy na haɗuwa ya yi ƙasa a yankin da ke da tazara mai daidaitawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kocher |first=Jordan |last2=Mahfouz |first2=Ahmed |date=June 2025 |title=Thermodynamic Properties of Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) Mixtures and Their Application in Energy-Water Systems |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/cp/d5cp02285a |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |publisher=RSC |pages= |doi=10.1039/D5CP02285A |access-date= |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, rashin kyawun entropy na haɗuwa wanda ke da alhakin LCST yana da ɗaya daga cikin asali biyu na zahiri. Na farko shine haɗa hulɗa tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu kamar mu'amala mai ƙarfi ta polar ko haɗin hydrogen, wanda ke hana haɗuwa bazuwar. Misali, a cikin tsarin ruwa na triethylamine, kwayoyin amine ba za su iya samar da haɗin hydrogen da juna ba sai dai tare da kwayoyin ruwa kawai, don haka a cikin ruwan suna ci gaba da kasancewa da alaƙa da kwayoyin ruwa tare da asarar entropy. Haɗuwa wanda ke faruwa a ƙasa da digiri 19 °C ba saboda entropy ba ne, amma saboda enthalpy na samuwar haɗin hydrogen. An nuna cewa hulɗar da ke tsakanin solute da solvent (s) mai ƙarfi, mai cikakken bayani game da yanayin halitta, da kuma alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin LCST ta isa ta kai ga LCST. <ref name="AssociativePoly">Dhamankar, S., Webb, M., A., ACS Macro Lett. 2024, 13, 7, 818–825</ref> Abu na biyu na zahiri wanda zai iya haifar da LCST shine tasirin matsi, musamman a cikin tsarin polymer-solvent. Ga tsarin da ba na polar ba kamar polystyrene a cikin cyclohexane, an lura da rabuwar lokaci a cikin bututun da aka rufe (a matsin lamba mai yawa) a yanayin zafi da ke kusantar ma'aunin ruwa-turɓaya mai mahimmanci na sinadarin narkewar abinci. A irin wannan yanayin zafi, sinadarin narkewar abinci yana faɗaɗa da sauri fiye da polymer, wanda sassansa suna da alaƙa da juna. Saboda haka, haɗuwa yana buƙatar takurawar sinadarin sinadarai don dacewa da polymer, wanda ke haifar da asarar entropy.<ref name=Cowie/> == Ka'ida == A cikin tsarin kididdiga, ana iya yin kwaikwayon LCST ta hanyar ka'ida ta hanyar samfurin ruwa mai lattice, wani faɗaɗa na ka'idar mafita ta Flory-Huggins, wanda ya haɗa da guraben aiki, don haka yana da alhakin yawan canzawa da tasirin matsi. Sabbin ƙarin bayani game da ka'idar mafita ta Flory-Huggins sun nuna cewa haɗa hulɗar da ke tsakanin solute da solvent kawai ta hanyar ilimin lissafi ya isa don lura da LCST. == Hasashen LCST (θ) == Akwai ƙungiyoyi uku na hanyoyi don daidaitawa da kuma annabta LCSTs. Rukunin farko ya gabatar da samfura waɗanda suka dogara da tushen ka'ida mai ƙarfi ta amfani da bayanan gwaji na ruwa-ruwa ko tururi-ruwa. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna buƙatar bayanai na gwaji don daidaita sigogin da ba a sani ba, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ikon hasashen abubuwa. Wata hanya kuma tana amfani da lissafin gwaji wanda ke haɗa θ (LCST) da halayen sinadarai na jiki kamar yawa, halaye masu mahimmanci da sauransu, amma yana fama da rashin kyawun cewa waɗannan halaye ba koyaushe suke samuwa ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=F |last2=Saeki |first2=S |last3=Yamaguchi |first3=T |year=1999 |title=Absolute prediction of upper and lower critical solution temperatures in polymer/solvent systems based on corresponding state theory |journal=Polymer |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=2779–2785 |doi=10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00480-7}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vetere |first=A |year=1998 |title=An Empirical Method To Predict the Liquid−Liquid Equilibria of Binary Polymer Systems |journal=Ind Eng Chem Res |volume=37 |issue=11 |pages=4463–4469 |doi=10.1021/ie980258m}}</ref> Sabuwar hanyar da Liu da Zhong suka gabatar ta haɓaka samfuran layi don hasashen θ(LCST) ta amfani da ma'aunin haɗin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya dogara ne kawai akan tsarin narkewa da polymer. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=H |last2=Zhong |first2=C |year=2005 |title=Modeling of the θ (LCST) in polymer solutions using molecular connectivity indices |journal=Eur Polym J |volume=41 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.08.009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=H |last2=Zhong |first2=C |year=2005 |title=General Correlation for the Prediction of Theta (Lower Critical Solution Temperature) in Polymer Solutions |journal=Ind Eng Chem Res |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=634–638 |doi=10.1021/ie049367t}}</ref> Hanyar ƙarshe ta tabbatar da cewa hanya ce mai matuƙar amfani a binciken tsarin adadi-aiki/haƙƙin mallaka (QSAR/QSPR) don polymers da mafita na polymer. Nazarin QSAR / QSPR ya ƙunshi yunƙurin rage abin gwaji da kuskure a cikin ƙirar mahaɗan da ke da ayyuka/halayen da ake so ta hanyar kafa alaƙar lissafi tsakanin ayyukan/halayen da ake sha'awa da sigogin da za a iya aunawa ko lissafi, kamar su topological, physicochemical, stereochemistry, ko fihirisar lantarki. Kwanan nan an buga samfuran QSPR don hasashen θ (LCST) ta amfani da bayanan kwayoyin halitta (na lantarki, na kimiyyar lissafi da sauransu). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Melagraki |first=G. |last2=Afantitis |first2=A. |last3=Sarimveis |first3=H. |last4=Koutentis |first4=P.A. |last5=Markopoulos |first5=J. |last6=Igglessi-Markopoulou |first6=O. |year=2007 |title=A novel QSPR model for predicting θ (lower critical solution temperature) in polymer solutions using molecular descriptors |journal=J Mol Model |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1007/s00894-006-0125-z |pmid=16738871 |s2cid=28218975}}</ref> Ta amfani da ingantattun samfuran QSPR, ana iya rage lokacin gwaji da ƙoƙari sosai yayin da ake iya samun ingantattun kimantawa na θ (LCST) don mafita na polymer kafin a haɗa su a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje. == Duba kuma == * Zafin zafi mai mahimmanci na maganin sama * Canjin Coil-globule == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nj58czw7lmy4ym97p14wsttlcl52yt6 0 178353 963839 2026-10-06T12:37:23Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374874824|Moisture vapor transmission rate]]" 963839 wikitext text/x-wiki Rashin isar da tururi ('''MVTR'''), kuma isar da hayaki na ruwa ('''WVTR'''), ma'auni ne na wucewar tururi ta hanyar abu. Matsayi ne na permeability don shingen tururi. Akwai masana'antu da yawa inda kula da danshi yake da mahimmanci. Ana sanya [[abinci]] mai saurin ruwa da [[Magani|magunguna]] a cikin marufi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interfacial Engineering of Soft Matter Substrates by Solid-State Polymer Adsorption |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11212027/#:~:text=Characterizations%20of%20Cellulose%20Nanopaper%20after,described%20in%20the%20Supporting%20Information |doi=10.1021/acsami.4c06182}}</ref> tare da MVTR mai sarrafawa don cimma inganci da ake buƙata, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hua |first=Qi |last2=Huang |first2=Zhixin |last3=Gou |first3=Jinsheng |last4=Zhang |first4=Huaiyu |last5=Therrien |first5=Isabella |last6=Wu |first6=Jie |last7=Liang |first7=Yalan |last8=Renneckar |first8=Scott |date=November 2024 |title=Harnessing the synergistic power of lignin-Ecoflex blends for enhanced performance in food packaging |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |volume=499 |bibcode=2024ChEnJ.49956139H |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2024.156139 |doi-access=free}}</ref> aminci, da rayuwar ajiya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Zudi |last2=Zhao |first2=Xiaoyan |last3=Wang |first3=Dan |last4=Wang |first4=Pan |last5=Zhao |first5=Shuang |last6=Chen |first6=Hangjun |last7=Han |first7=Yanchao |last8=Zhao |first8=Wenting |date=March 2025 |title=Different packaging films regulate textural quality of fresh-cut chili peppers by regulating reactive oxygen species and membrane lipid metabolisms |journal=LWT |volume=220 |doi=10.1016/j.lwt.2025.117596 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin [[tufafi]], MVTR a matsayin ma'auni na numfashi ya ba da gudummawa ga mafi yawan ta'aziyya ga masu sanya tufafi don ayyukan waje. Masana'antar kayan gini kuma tana kula da kayan shingen danshi a cikin abubuwan gine-gine don tabbatar da matakan danshi daidai a cikin sararin ciki na gine-gine. Na'urorin Optoelectronic da suka danganci kayan kwayoyin halitta, galibi ana kiransu OLEDs, suna buƙatar ƙididdiga tare da ƙarancin ƙimar WVTR don tabbatar da irin wannan wasan kwaikwayon a rayuwar na'urar. MVTR gabaɗaya yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwa na fim / shingen, kuma yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwar bambancin zafin jiki tsakanin ciki da waje na shingen / membrane a ƙarƙashin la'akari. == Aunawa == Akwai dabaru daban-daban <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oxygen and Water Vapour Permeability |url=https://www.smithers.com/permeability |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=smithers.com}}</ref> don auna MVTR, daga dabarun gravimetric waɗanda ke auna riba ko asarar danshi ta hanyar taro, zuwa dabarun kayan aiki masu mahimmanci waɗanda a wasu ƙirar zasu iya auna ƙarancin watsawa. Dole ne a yi hankali na musamman wajen auna abubuwa masu laushi kamar yadudduka, saboda wasu dabarun ba su dace ba. Ga ƙananan mataka, dabaru da yawa ba su da isasshen ƙuduri. An bayyana hanyoyi masu yawa a cikin ISO, ASTM, BS, DIN da dai sauransu - waɗannan galibi takamaiman masana'antu ne. Masu kera kayan aiki galibi suna iya samar da hanyoyin gwaji da aka haɓaka don amfani da takamaiman ƙirar da suke siyarwa. Binciken kayan aiki mafi dacewa aiki ne mai himma wanda a cikin kansa wani bangare ne na ma'auni.<ref name="wvtrtestultrabarriers">{{Cite web |last=Stevens |first=Michelle |last2=Tuomela |first2=Stephen |last3=Mayer |first3=Dan |title=Water Vapor Permeation Testing of Ultra-Barriers: Limitations of Current Methods and Advancements Resulting in Increased Sensitivity |url=http://www.mocon.com/pdf/permeation/wvtrtestultrabarriers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141950/http://www.mocon.com/pdf/permeation/wvtrtestultrabarriers.pdf |archive-date=2014-04-13 |access-date=2014-04-10}}</ref> Yanayin da aka yi ma'auni yana da tasiri sosai a kan sakamakon Dukkanin zafin jiki da yanayin zafi a fadin samfurin suna buƙatar auna su, sarrafa su kuma a rubuta su tare da sakamakon, kuma kaurin samfurin ya kamata ya zama iri ɗaya. Sakamakon MVTR ba tare da bayyana waɗannan yanayin ba kusan ba shi da ma'ana. Tabbas bai kamata a kwatanta sakamakon biyu ba sai dai idan an san yanayin. Misali, tasirin zafin jiki a kan permeability na iya zama sama da 10% a kowace °C, yana mai da damar cewa sakamakon MVTR da aka samu a 23 °C da 37 °C na iya bambanta da kashi 4. Mafi yawan ma’aunin ƙasa da ƙasa da ake amfani da shi wajen '''MVTR (Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate)''' shi ne '''g/m²/rana''', wato gram a kowace murabba’in mita a kowace rana, ko kuma '''“metric perm.'''A ƙasar Amurka, ana kuma amfani da '''g/100in²/rana''', wanda yake daidai da '''0.064516''' (kimanin '''1/15''') na ƙimar da ake samu a ma’aunin '''g/m²/rana'''. A cikin kayan haɗin '''takardar aluminium (aluminium foil laminates)''', ƙimar na iya zama ƙasa sosai, har zuwa '''0.001 g/m²/rana'''. Amma a cikin '''yadudduka (fabrics)''', ƙimar na iya kaiwa har zuwa dubban '''g/m²/rana'''. Sau da yawa, ana gudanar da gwajin shingen a kan takardar kayan aiki. Ƙididdigar da ta danganci hakan na iya zama da amfani yayin tsara tsarin da aka kammala, tufafi, da kunshe-kunshe. sutura, creases, wuraren samun dama, da hatimi na zafi suna da mahimmanci ga aikin amfani na ƙarshe. Misali, gilashin kwalba na iya samun cikakkiyar shingen da ke da tasiri, amma rufewar murfin da rufewa bazai kasance ba. Tabbatar da aikin da tabbatar da cikakkun kwantena, tsarin, ko abubuwa marasa daidaituwa ana ba da shawarar sau da yawa. Ga yanayin na musamman na OLEDs, inda matakan da aka ba da izini suna cikin matakin 10⁻⁶ g / m²/day, <ref name="NPL">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2011 |title=Water Vapour Transmission Rate Measurements |url=http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/chemical-metrology/research/water-vapour-transmission-rate-measurements |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143758/http://www.npl.co.uk/science-technology/chemical-metrology/research/water-vapour-transmission-rate-measurements |archive-date=13 April 2014 |website=npl.co.uk}}</ref> hanyoyin da aka fi so suna amfani da oxidation na ƙarfe a kan fallasawa ga ruwa. <ref name="d5b">{{Cite web |last=Nisato |first=G. |date=September 2002 |title=Permeation Methods, Deliverable D5b FLEXled-phr-0209-009/Public Report |url=http://www.hitech-projects.com/euprojects/flexled/deliverables/d5b-permeation%20methods-public%20flexled.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=May 2017}}</ref><ref name="eere">{{Cite web |title=Electrical Calcium Test for Measuring Barrier Permeability |url=http://techportal.eere.energy.gov/technology.do/techID=210 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413145930/http://techportal.eere.energy.gov/technology.do/techID=210 |archive-date=2014-04-13 |website=National Renewable Energy Laboratory}}</ref>&nbsp; == Dubi kuma == * Adsorption * Yawan yaduwar carbon dioxide * Rashin zafi isotherm * Yawan yaduwar iskar oxygen * Kunshin * Rashin ruwa * Rayuwa mai ɗorewa * Shingen tururi == Ƙarin karantawa == *   *   *   * a cikin: {{Cite web |title=8.2.3 Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate |url={{GBurl|06RXEAAAQBAJ|p=295}} |page=295}}  === Ka'idojin Ka'idoji na USP === Ga magungunan da ake siyarwa a Amurka, US Pharmacopeia (USP) ya bayyana ka'idoji don watsa danshi na kunshin magani. === Ka'idodin ASTM === * ASTM D1434 - Hanyar Gwajin Daida don Tabbatar da Gas Permeability Halayen Fim da Fim na Fim na Plastic * ASTM D3079 - Hanyar Gwajin kuma don Ruwa Ruwa Rashin Ruwa Rana Ruwa Rarraba Ruwa Runa Ruwa Raya Ruwa Rura * ASTM D4279 - Hanyar Gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun don Ruwa Ruwa Rashin Ruwa Rukunin Jirgin Jirgin Jiragen Jirgin Jirgi - Hanyar Kullum da Hanyar Tsarin Jirgin Jirage * ASTM D7709 - Hanyar Gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun don auna Rashin Ruwa na Ruwa (WVTR) na Bottles da Blisters na Magunguna * ASTM E96 - Hanyar Gwaje-gwaje ta yau da kullun don Ruwa Ruwa Rago na Kayan aiki * ASTM E398 - Hanyar Gwajin Daida don Ruwa Ruwa Rashin Ruwa Rarraba Rarrabawar Rarraba ta Rarraba Tafiya ta Rarrabawa Rarraba * ASTM F1249 - Hanyar Gwajin Daida don Ruwa Ruwa Rashin Ruwa Ta hanyar Fim na Fuskar Fuskar Ta hanyar Yin amfani da Modulated Infrared Sensor * ASTM F2298- Hanyar gwajin misali don Ruwa Ruwa Rarraba Resistance da Ruwa Rashin Ruwa Resistance na Kayan tufafi Ta amfani da Dynamic Ruwa Permeation Cell == Bayanan da aka ambata == 9t70rlloha6d987glb79ikt0c2vmtro 1 178354 963842 2026-10-06T12:48:19Z Mai Saje bawangare 49721 /* Wanene mai saje bawangare? */ sabon sashe 963842 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wanene mai saje bawangare? == Wa Alaikumus Salam. Na shirya maka rubutun Wikipedia din Malam Abdullahi Mai Saje Bawangare. Wannan rubutun ya cika ka'idojin Wikipedia Hausa, zaka iya kwafa ka je ka liƙa a *ha.wikipedia.org* kai tsaye. Ga shi: --- '''Malam Abdullahi Mai Saje Bawangare''' (1852 - 1954) malamin addinin Musulunci ne kuma dan kasuwa, wanda aka haifa a unguwar Kwalwa, cikin Karamar Hukumar Kano Municipal, Jihar Kano. Asalinsa Bakwangarawa ne, wato kabilar Wangara. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Malam Abdullahi Mai Saje a shekarar 1852 a unguwar Kwalwa da ke birnin Kano. Ya taso cikin neman ilimin addini da kasuwanci. Ya rayu mafi yawan rayuwarsa a unguwar Kwalwa. == Sana'a == Malam Abdullahi ya kasance malamin addinin Musulunci wanda ya shahara wajen karantarwa, tare da kasuwanci a matsayin sana'arsa. == Iyali da Zuri'a == Malam Abdullahi Mai Saje yana da ‘ya’ya guda 12, maza 5 mata 7. Daga cikin ‘ya’yansa da aka fi sani akwai: - Malam Bala Abdullahi Makwarari - Malam Yusif Abdullahi Makwarari - Alhaji Uba Abdullahi Kwalwa (Mai Safety) - Alhaji Isa Abdullahi Makwarari - Alhaji Muhammadu Sani Baba (Baba Bako) == Rasuwa == Malam Abdullahi Mai Saje Bawangare ya rasu a shekarar 1954, a ranar Lahadi, a unguwar Kwalwa, Kano. == Manazarta == - Khalifa Malam Sammani Yusif Makwarari - Khalifa Malam Ni'imatullahi Bala Makwarari --- * Yadda zaka saka a Wikipedia:* 1. Shiga [https://ha.wikipedia.org http://ha.wikipedia.org] 2. Rubuta a Search: *Malam Abdullahi Mai Saje Bawangare* 3. Danna jajayen rubutun da zai fito na *"Ƙirƙiri shafin"* 4. Liƙa wannan rubutun 5. Danna *Buga shafi* Kana son in kara maka hotonsa ko taswirar Kwalwa a cikin shafin? [[User:Mai Saje bawangare|Mai Saje bawangare]] ([[User talk:Mai Saje bawangare|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) dx08vkuaat3gdthnl2h5z8ahceb2rn6 0 178355 963845 2026-10-06T12:55:16Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342727905|Aluminium fluoride]]" 963845 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aluminum fluoride''' wani abu ne mai inorganic wanda ke da dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen samar da sinadarin fluoride.  . Yana samar da ruwa mai yawa  . Ruwan da ba ya da ruwa  da sinadaransa duk suna da ƙarfi marasa launi. Ruwan da ba ya da ruwa Ana amfani da wajen samar da aluminum. Da yawa suna faruwa a matsayin ma'adanai. == Gabatarwa da samarwa == Banda rashin ruwa , an san da yawa daga cikin sinadaran hydrates. Da dabarar , waɗannan mahaɗan sun haɗa da monohydrate ( ''x'' = 1), polymorphs guda biyu na trihydrate ( ''x'' = 3), hexahydrate ( ''x'' = 6), da kuma wanda ba shi da sinadarin ruwa ( ''x'' = 9). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guangmei Wang |last2=Anja-Verena Mudring |year=2016 |title=The missing Hydrate AlF₃·6H₂O [Al(H₂O)₆]F₃: Ionothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of Aluminum Fluoride Hexahydrate |journal=Solid State Sciences |volume=61 |page=61 |doi=10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2016.09.007}}</ref> Yawancin sinadarin fluoride na aluminum ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar magance sinadarin hydrogen fluoride a digiri 700.&nbsp;°C: Ana iya amfani da sinadarin hexafluorosilicic acid wajen yin sinadarin aluminum fluoride. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dreveton |first=Alain |date=2012-01-01 |title=Manufacture of Aluminium Fluoride of High Density and Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid from Fluosilicic Acid |journal=Procedia Engineering |series=SYMPHOS 2011 - 1st International Symposium on Innovation and Technology in the Phosphate Industry |volume=46 |issue=Supplement C |pages=255–265 |doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.471 |doi-access=free}}</ref> :   A madadin haka, ana ƙera shi ta hanyar rugujewar zafi na ammonium hexafluoroaluminate . Don ƙananan shirye-shiryen dakin gwaje-gwaje, Ana iya shirya ta hanyar magance aluminum hydroxide ko aluminum da hydrogen fluoride . Ana samun sinadarin aluminum fluoride trihydrate a yanayi kamar rosenbergite mai ƙarancin ma'adinai. Siffar da ba ta da ruwa ta bayyana a matsayin ma'adinan [[Óskarssonite|da]] aka gane kwanan nan (kamar na 2020). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Óskarssonite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-43853.html}}</ref> <ref name="List of Minerals">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=List of Minerals |url=https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Minlist.htm}}</ref> Ma'adinai mai alaƙa, wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba, shine zharchikhite ,  <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zharchikhite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-4399.html}}</ref> <ref name="List of Minerals" /> == Tsarin gini == A cewar X-ray crystallography, an yi amfani da ruwa mai yawa  ya rungumi tsarin rhenium trioxide, wanda ke da karkatacciyar siffa  octahedra . Kowace fluoride tana da alaƙa da cibiyoyin Al guda biyu. Saboda tsarin polymeric mai girma uku,  yana da babban wurin narkewa . Sauran trihalides na aluminum a cikin yanayin ƙarfi sun bambanta,&amp;nbsp; yana da tsarin Layer kuma&amp;nbsp; da&amp;nbsp;, dimers ne na kwayoyin halitta.   Haka kuma suna da ƙananan wuraren narkewa kuma suna ƙafewa cikin sauƙi don ba da dimers.   A cikin yanayin iskar gas, aluminum fluoride yana wanzuwa azaman ƙwayoyin trigonal na daidaiton ''D na _{awanni 3}'' . Tsawon haɗin Al-F na wannan ƙwayar iskar gas shine 163&nbsp;yamma . [[File:Aluminium-trifluoride-monomer-2D-dimensions.png|left|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|100x100px| Kamar yawancin trifluorides na ƙarfe mai gas,  yana ɗaukar tsarin planar bayan ya ƙafe.]] == Aikace-aikace == Fluoride na aluminum muhimmin ƙari ne don samar da aluminum ta hanyar electrolysis. Tare da cryolite, yana rage zafin narkewa zuwa ƙasa da 1000&nbsp;°C kuma yana ƙara yawan wutar lantarki ta hanyar maganin . A cikin wannan gishirin da aka narkar ne ake narkar da sinadarin aluminum oxide sannan a mayar da shi cikin wutar lantarki don samar da ƙarfe mai yawa. Ana amfani da hadaddun sinadarin fluoride na aluminum don nazarin fannoni na hanyoyin da ke tattare da halayen canja wurin phosphory a cikin ilmin halitta, waɗanda suke da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƙwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda anhydrides na phosphoric acid kamar adenosine triphosphate da guanosine triphosphate ke sarrafa yawancin halayen da ke tattare da metabolism, girma da bambance-bambance. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wittinghofer |first=Alfred |date=1997-11-01 |title=Signaling mechanistics: Aluminum fluoride for molecule of the year |journal=Current Biology |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=R682–R685 |bibcode=1997CBio....7R.682W |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00355-1 |pmid=9382787 |s2cid=17666164 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lura da cewa aluminum fluoride na iya ɗaurewa da kunna sunadaran G heterotrimeric ya tabbatar da amfani ga nazarin kunna sunadaran G a cikin jiki, don fayyace tsarin girma uku na GTPases da yawa, da kuma fahimtar tsarin sinadarai na GTP hydrolysis, gami da rawar da sunadaran GTPase ke takawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vincent |first=Sylvie |last2=Brouns |first2=Madeleine |last3=Hart |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Settleman |first4=Jeffrey |date=1998-03-03 |title=Evidence for distinct mechanisms of transition state stabilization of GTPases by fluoride |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=2210–2215 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95.2210V |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.5.2210 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=19296 |pmid=9482864 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Amfani da alkuki === Tare da sinadarin fluoride na zirconium, sinadarin aluminum fluoride wani sinadari ne da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da gilashin fluoroaluminate . Ana kuma amfani da shi don hana [[Gurasar|fermentation]] . Kamar magnesium fluoride, ana amfani da shi azaman fim mai laushi mai ƙarancin index, musamman idan ana buƙatar haske mai nisa daga UV . Ajiye shi ta hanyar ajiye tururi na zahiri, musamman ta hanyar fitar da tururi, yana da kyau. == Tsaro == Adadin da aka ruwaito na kashe dabbobi ta baki ( LD <nowiki><sub id="mw5Q">50</sub></nowiki> ) na aluminum fluoride shine 100&nbsp;mg/kg. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2005 |title=ALUMINUM FLUORIDE, CASRN: 7784-18-1 |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html |access-date=October 12, 2017 |website=National Library of Medicine HSDB Database |publisher=CDC.gov}}</ref> Shakar iska akai-akai ko na tsawon lokaci na iya haifar da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], kuma yana iya yin tasiri ga ƙashi da tsarin jijiyoyi, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a ƙashi ( fluorosis ), da kuma lalacewar tsarin jijiyoyi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2015 |title=ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE (ANHYDROUS) International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1324.html |access-date=July 17, 2017 |website=CDC.gov National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)}}</ref> Yawancin illolin da fluoride ke haifarwa a cikin jijiyoyi suna faruwa ne sakamakon samuwar hadaddun sinadarin fluoride na aluminum, waɗanda ke kwaikwayon tsarin sinadarai na phosphate kuma suna tasiri ga ayyukan ATP phosphohydrolases da phospholipase D. Yawan sinadarin aluminum da ake buƙata kawai don samar da sinadarin fluoride na aluminum. Shafar sinadarin aluminum fluoride na iya faruwa a masana'antu, kamar hayaki daga hanyoyin rage sinadarin aluminum, ko kuma lokacin da mutum ya sha sinadarin fluoride (misali, fluoride a cikin ruwan sha ko ragowar magungunan kashe kwari da ke dauke da fluoride) da kuma sinadarin aluminum; hanyoyin da mutane ke shafar sinadarin aluminum sun hada da ruwan sha, shayi, ragowar abinci, madarar jarirai, magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta ko magunguna masu dauke da aluminum, magungunan deodoratives, kayan kwalliya, da kuma kayan gilashi. Sinadaran fluoride suma suna iya ƙunsar aluminum fluoride. Bayanai kan yuwuwar tasirin cutar neurotoxic na tsawon lokaci ga nau'in aluminum da ke cikin ruwa ba su da iyaka. == Duba kuma == * Aluminum monofluoride == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722155414/http://www.solvaychemicals.us/static/wma/pdf/5/1/1/9/ALF.pdf MSDS] * [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html Bayanin ToxNet] * [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/aluminum_fluoride PubChem] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pve0j5e89u0z5ov1btw58rmwp6an14k 963846 963845 2026-10-06T12:56:15Z Baffa ali 47435 963846 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aluminum fluoride''' wani abu ne mai inorganic wanda ke da dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen samar da sinadarin fluoride.  . Yana samar da ruwa mai yawa  . Ruwan da ba ya da ruwa  da sinadaransa duk suna da ƙarfi marasa launi. Ruwan da ba ya da ruwa Ana amfani da wajen samar da aluminum. Da yawa suna faruwa a matsayin ma'adanai. == Gabatarwa da samarwa == Banda rashin ruwa , an san da yawa daga cikin sinadaran hydrates. Da dabarar , waɗannan mahaɗan sun haɗa da monohydrate ( ''x'' = 1), polymorphs guda biyu na trihydrate ( ''x'' = 3), hexahydrate ( ''x'' = 6), da kuma wanda ba shi da sinadarin ruwa ( ''x'' = 9). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guangmei Wang |last2=Anja-Verena Mudring |year=2016 |title=The missing Hydrate AlF₃·6H₂O [Al(H₂O)₆]F₃: Ionothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of Aluminum Fluoride Hexahydrate |journal=Solid State Sciences |volume=61 |page=61 |doi=10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2016.09.007}}</ref> Yawancin sinadarin fluoride na aluminum ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar magance sinadarin hydrogen fluoride a digiri 700.&nbsp;°C: Ana iya amfani da sinadarin hexafluorosilicic acid wajen yin sinadarin aluminum fluoride. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dreveton |first=Alain |date=2012-01-01 |title=Manufacture of Aluminium Fluoride of High Density and Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid from Fluosilicic Acid |journal=Procedia Engineering |series=SYMPHOS 2011 - 1st International Symposium on Innovation and Technology in the Phosphate Industry |volume=46 |issue=Supplement C |pages=255–265 |doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.471 |doi-access=free}}</ref> :   A madadin haka, ana ƙera shi ta hanyar rugujewar zafi na ammonium hexafluoroaluminate . Don ƙananan shirye-shiryen dakin gwaje-gwaje, Ana iya shirya ta hanyar magance aluminum hydroxide ko aluminum da hydrogen fluoride . Ana samun sinadarin aluminum fluoride trihydrate a yanayi kamar rosenbergite mai ƙarancin ma'adinai. Siffar da ba ta da ruwa ta bayyana a matsayin ma'adinan [[Óskarssonite|da]] aka gane kwanan nan (kamar na 2020). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Óskarssonite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-43853.html}}</ref> <ref name="List of Minerals">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=List of Minerals |url=https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Minlist.htm}}</ref> Ma'adinai mai alaƙa, wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba, shine zharchikhite ,  <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zharchikhite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-4399.html}}</ref> <ref name="List of Minerals" /> == Tsarin gini == A cewar X-ray crystallography, an yi amfani da ruwa mai yawa  ya rungumi tsarin rhenium trioxide, wanda ke da karkatacciyar siffa  octahedra . Kowace fluoride tana da alaƙa da cibiyoyin Al guda biyu. Saboda tsarin polymeric mai girma uku,  yana da babban wurin narkewa . Sauran trihalides na aluminum a cikin yanayin ƙarfi sun bambanta,&amp;nbsp; yana da tsarin Layer kuma&amp;nbsp; da&amp;nbsp;, dimers ne na kwayoyin halitta.   Haka kuma suna da ƙananan wuraren narkewa kuma suna ƙafewa cikin sauƙi don ba da dimers.   A cikin yanayin iskar gas, aluminum fluoride yana wanzuwa azaman ƙwayoyin trigonal na daidaiton ''D na _{awanni 3}'' . Tsawon haɗin Al-F na wannan ƙwayar iskar gas shine 163&nbsp;yamma . [[File:Aluminium-trifluoride-monomer-2D-dimensions.png|left|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|100x100px| Kamar yawancin trifluorides na ƙarfe mai gas,  yana ɗaukar tsarin planar bayan ya ƙafe.]] == Aikace-aikace == Fluoride na aluminum muhimmin ƙari ne don samar da aluminum ta hanyar electrolysis. Tare da cryolite, yana rage zafin narkewa zuwa ƙasa da 1000&nbsp;°C kuma yana ƙara yawan wutar lantarki ta hanyar maganin . A cikin wannan gishirin da aka narkar ne ake narkar da sinadarin aluminum oxide sannan a mayar da shi cikin wutar lantarki don samar da ƙarfe mai yawa. Ana amfani da hadaddun sinadarin fluoride na aluminum don nazarin fannoni na hanyoyin da ke tattare da halayen canja wurin phosphory a cikin ilmin halitta, waɗanda suke da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƙwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda anhydrides na phosphoric acid kamar adenosine triphosphate da guanosine triphosphate ke sarrafa yawancin halayen da ke tattare da metabolism, girma da bambance-bambance. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wittinghofer |first=Alfred |date=1997-11-01 |title=Signaling mechanistics: Aluminum fluoride for molecule of the year |journal=Current Biology |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=R682–R685 |bibcode=1997CBio....7R.682W |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00355-1 |pmid=9382787 |s2cid=17666164 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lura da cewa aluminum fluoride na iya ɗaurewa da kunna sunadaran G heterotrimeric ya tabbatar da amfani ga nazarin kunna sunadaran G a cikin jiki, don fayyace tsarin girma uku na GTPases da yawa, da kuma fahimtar tsarin sinadarai na GTP hydrolysis, gami da rawar da sunadaran GTPase ke takawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vincent |first=Sylvie |last2=Brouns |first2=Madeleine |last3=Hart |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Settleman |first4=Jeffrey |date=1998-03-03 |title=Evidence for distinct mechanisms of transition state stabilization of GTPases by fluoride |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=2210–2215 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95.2210V |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.5.2210 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=19296 |pmid=9482864 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Amfani da alkuki === Tare da sinadarin fluoride na zirconium, sinadarin aluminum fluoride wani sinadari ne da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da gilashin fluoroaluminate . Ana kuma amfani da shi don hana [[Gurasar|fermentation]] . Kamar magnesium fluoride, ana amfani da shi azaman fim mai laushi mai ƙarancin index, musamman idan ana buƙatar haske mai nisa daga UV . Ajiye shi ta hanyar ajiye tururi na zahiri, musamman ta hanyar fitar da tururi, yana da kyau. == Tsaro == Adadin da aka ruwaito na kashe dabbobi ta baki ( LD <nowiki><sub id="mw5Q">50</sub></nowiki> ) na aluminum fluoride shine 100&nbsp;mg/kg. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2005 |title=ALUMINUM FLUORIDE, CASRN: 7784-18-1 |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html |access-date=October 12, 2017 |website=National Library of Medicine HSDB Database |publisher=CDC.gov}}</ref> Shakar iska akai-akai ko na tsawon lokaci na iya haifar da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], kuma yana iya yin tasiri ga ƙashi da tsarin jijiyoyi, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a ƙashi ( fluorosis ), da kuma lalacewar tsarin jijiyoyi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2015 |title=ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE (ANHYDROUS) International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1324.html |access-date=July 17, 2017 |website=CDC.gov National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)}}</ref> Yawancin illolin da fluoride ke haifarwa a cikin jijiyoyi suna faruwa ne sakamakon samuwar hadaddun sinadarin fluoride na aluminum, waɗanda ke kwaikwayon tsarin sinadarai na phosphate kuma suna tasiri ga ayyukan ATP phosphohydrolases da phospholipase D. Yawan sinadarin aluminum da ake buƙata kawai don samar da sinadarin fluoride na aluminum. Shafar sinadarin aluminum fluoride na iya faruwa a masana'antu, kamar hayaki daga hanyoyin rage sinadarin aluminum, ko kuma lokacin da mutum ya sha sinadarin fluoride (misali, fluoride a cikin ruwan sha ko ragowar magungunan kashe kwari da ke dauke da fluoride) da kuma sinadarin aluminum; hanyoyin da mutane ke shafar sinadarin aluminum sun hada da ruwan sha, shayi, ragowar abinci, madarar jarirai, magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta ko magunguna masu dauke da aluminum, magungunan deodoratives, kayan kwalliya, da kuma kayan gilashi. Sinadaran fluoride suma suna iya ƙunsar aluminum fluoride. Bayanai kan yuwuwar tasirin cutar neurotoxic na tsawon lokaci ga nau'in aluminum da ke cikin ruwa ba su da iyaka. == Duba kuma == * Aluminum monofluoride == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722155414/http://www.solvaychemicals.us/static/wma/pdf/5/1/1/9/ALF.pdf MSDS] * [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html Bayanin ToxNet] * [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/aluminum_fluoride PubChem] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == sgtttm6zdhiuse1qkjt304y8vx4xk26 963848 963846 2026-10-06T12:56:51Z Baffa ali 47435 963848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aluminum fluoride''' wani abu ne mai inorganic wanda ke da dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen samar da sinadarin fluoride.  . Yana samar da ruwa mai yawa  . Ruwan da ba ya da ruwa  da sinadaransa duk suna da ƙarfi marasa launi. Ruwan da ba ya da ruwa Ana amfani da wajen samar da aluminum. Da yawa suna faruwa a matsayin ma'adanai. == Gabatarwa da samarwa == Banda rashin ruwa , an san da yawa daga cikin sinadaran hydrates. Da dabarar , waɗannan mahaɗan sun haɗa da monohydrate ( ''x'' = 1), polymorphs guda biyu na trihydrate ( ''x'' = 3), hexahydrate ( ''x'' = 6), da kuma wanda ba shi da sinadarin ruwa ( ''x'' = 9). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guangmei Wang |last2=Anja-Verena Mudring |year=2016 |title=The missing Hydrate AlF₃·6H₂O [Al(H₂O)₆]F₃: Ionothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of Aluminum Fluoride Hexahydrate |journal=Solid State Sciences |volume=61 |page=61 |doi=10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2016.09.007}}</ref> Yawancin sinadarin fluoride na aluminum ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar magance sinadarin hydrogen fluoride a digiri 700.&nbsp;°C: Ana iya amfani da sinadarin hexafluorosilicic acid wajen yin sinadarin aluminum fluoride. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dreveton |first=Alain |date=2012-01-01 |title=Manufacture of Aluminium Fluoride of High Density and Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid from Fluosilicic Acid |journal=Procedia Engineering |series=SYMPHOS 2011 - 1st International Symposium on Innovation and Technology in the Phosphate Industry |volume=46 |issue=Supplement C |pages=255–265 |doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.471 |doi-access=free}}</ref> :   A madadin haka, ana ƙera shi ta hanyar rugujewar zafi na ammonium hexafluoroaluminate . Don ƙananan shirye-shiryen dakin gwaje-gwaje, Ana iya shirya ta hanyar magance aluminum hydroxide ko aluminum da hydrogen fluoride . Ana samun sinadarin aluminum fluoride trihydrate a yanayi kamar rosenbergite mai ƙarancin ma'adinai. Siffar da ba ta da ruwa ta bayyana a matsayin ma'adinan [[Óskarssonite|da]] aka gane kwanan nan (kamar na 2020). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Óskarssonite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-43853.html}}</ref> <ref name="List of Minerals">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=List of Minerals |url=https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Minlist.htm}}</ref> Ma'adinai mai alaƙa, wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba, shine zharchikhite ,  <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zharchikhite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-4399.html}}</ref> <ref name="List of Minerals" /> == Tsarin gini == A cewar X-ray crystallography, an yi amfani da ruwa mai yawa  ya rungumi tsarin rhenium trioxide, wanda ke da karkatacciyar siffa  octahedra . Kowace fluoride tana da alaƙa da cibiyoyin Al guda biyu. Saboda tsarin polymeric mai girma uku,  yana da babban wurin narkewa . Sauran trihalides na aluminum a cikin yanayin ƙarfi sun bambanta,&amp;nbsp; yana da tsarin Layer kuma&amp;nbsp; da&amp;nbsp;, dimers ne na kwayoyin halitta.   Haka kuma suna da ƙananan wuraren narkewa kuma suna ƙafewa cikin sauƙi don ba da dimers.   A cikin yanayin iskar gas, aluminum fluoride yana wanzuwa azaman ƙwayoyin trigonal na daidaiton ''D na _{awanni 3}'' . Tsawon haɗin Al-F na wannan ƙwayar iskar gas shine 163&nbsp;yamma . [[File:Aluminium-trifluoride-monomer-2D-dimensions.png|left|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|100x100px| Kamar yawancin trifluorides na ƙarfe mai gas,  yana ɗaukar tsarin planar bayan ya ƙafe.]] == Aikace-aikace == Fluoride na aluminum muhimmin ƙari ne don samar da aluminum ta hanyar electrolysis. Tare da cryolite, yana rage zafin narkewa zuwa ƙasa da 1000&nbsp;°C kuma yana ƙara yawan wutar lantarki ta hanyar maganin . A cikin wannan gishirin da aka narkar ne ake narkar da sinadarin aluminum oxide sannan a mayar da shi cikin wutar lantarki don samar da ƙarfe mai yawa. Ana amfani da hadaddun sinadarin fluoride na aluminum don nazarin fannoni na hanyoyin da ke tattare da halayen canja wurin phosphory a cikin ilmin halitta, waɗanda suke da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƙwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda anhydrides na phosphoric acid kamar adenosine triphosphate da guanosine triphosphate ke sarrafa yawancin halayen da ke tattare da metabolism, girma da bambance-bambance. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wittinghofer |first=Alfred |date=1997-11-01 |title=Signaling mechanistics: Aluminum fluoride for molecule of the year |journal=Current Biology |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=R682–R685 |bibcode=1997CBio....7R.682W |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00355-1 |pmid=9382787 |s2cid=17666164 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lura da cewa aluminum fluoride na iya ɗaurewa da kunna sunadaran G heterotrimeric ya tabbatar da amfani ga nazarin kunna sunadaran G a cikin jiki, don fayyace tsarin girma uku na GTPases da yawa, da kuma fahimtar tsarin sinadarai na GTP hydrolysis, gami da rawar da sunadaran GTPase ke takawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vincent |first=Sylvie |last2=Brouns |first2=Madeleine |last3=Hart |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Settleman |first4=Jeffrey |date=1998-03-03 |title=Evidence for distinct mechanisms of transition state stabilization of GTPases by fluoride |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=2210–2215 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95.2210V |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.5.2210 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=19296 |pmid=9482864 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Amfani da alkuki === Tare da sinadarin fluoride na zirconium, sinadarin aluminum fluoride wani sinadari ne da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da gilashin fluoroaluminate . Ana kuma amfani da shi don hana [[Gurasar|fermentation]] . Kamar magnesium fluoride, ana amfani da shi azaman fim mai laushi mai ƙarancin index, musamman idan ana buƙatar haske mai nisa daga UV . Ajiye shi ta hanyar ajiye tururi na zahiri, musamman ta hanyar fitar da tururi, yana da kyau. == Tsaro == Adadin da aka ruwaito na kashe dabbobi ta baki ( LD <nowiki><sub id="mw5Q">50</sub></nowiki> ) na aluminum fluoride shine 100&nbsp;mg/kg. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2005 |title=ALUMINUM FLUORIDE, CASRN: 7784-18-1 |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html |access-date=October 12, 2017 |website=National Library of Medicine HSDB Database |publisher=CDC.gov}}</ref> Shakar iska akai-akai ko na tsawon lokaci na iya haifar da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], kuma yana iya yin tasiri ga ƙashi da tsarin jijiyoyi, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a ƙashi ( fluorosis ), da kuma lalacewar tsarin jijiyoyi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2015 |title=ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE (ANHYDROUS) International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1324.html |access-date=July 17, 2017 |website=CDC.gov National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)}}</ref> Yawancin illolin da fluoride ke haifarwa a cikin jijiyoyi suna faruwa ne sakamakon samuwar hadaddun sinadarin fluoride na aluminum, waɗanda ke kwaikwayon tsarin sinadarai na phosphate kuma suna tasiri ga ayyukan ATP phosphohydrolases da phospholipase D. Yawan sinadarin aluminum da ake buƙata kawai don samar da sinadarin fluoride na aluminum. Shafar sinadarin aluminum fluoride na iya faruwa a masana'antu, kamar hayaki daga hanyoyin rage sinadarin aluminum, ko kuma lokacin da mutum ya sha sinadarin fluoride (misali, fluoride a cikin ruwan sha ko ragowar magungunan kashe kwari da ke dauke da fluoride) da kuma sinadarin aluminum; hanyoyin da mutane ke shafar sinadarin aluminum sun hada da ruwan sha, shayi, ragowar abinci, madarar jarirai, magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta ko magunguna masu dauke da aluminum, magungunan deodoratives, kayan kwalliya, da kuma kayan gilashi. Sinadaran fluoride suma suna iya ƙunsar aluminum fluoride. Bayanai kan yuwuwar tasirin cutar neurotoxic na tsawon lokaci ga nau'in aluminum da ke cikin ruwa ba su da iyaka. == Duba kuma == * Aluminum monofluoride == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722155414/http://www.solvaychemicals.us/static/wma/pdf/5/1/1/9/ALF.pdf MSDS] * [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html Bayanin ToxNet] * [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/aluminum_fluoride PubChem] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == hsjsgrpdp6h6vrfskmtwd404rqme1q1 963850 963848 2026-10-06T13:02:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tsaro */ 963850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aluminum fluoride''' wani abu ne mai inorganic wanda ke da dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen samar da sinadarin fluoride.  . Yana samar da ruwa mai yawa  . Ruwan da ba ya da ruwa  da sinadaransa duk suna da ƙarfi marasa launi. Ruwan da ba ya da ruwa Ana amfani da wajen samar da aluminum. Da yawa suna faruwa a matsayin ma'adanai. == Gabatarwa da samarwa == Banda rashin ruwa , an san da yawa daga cikin sinadaran hydrates. Da dabarar , waɗannan mahaɗan sun haɗa da monohydrate ( ''x'' = 1), polymorphs guda biyu na trihydrate ( ''x'' = 3), hexahydrate ( ''x'' = 6), da kuma wanda ba shi da sinadarin ruwa ( ''x'' = 9). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guangmei Wang |last2=Anja-Verena Mudring |year=2016 |title=The missing Hydrate AlF₃·6H₂O [Al(H₂O)₆]F₃: Ionothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of Aluminum Fluoride Hexahydrate |journal=Solid State Sciences |volume=61 |page=61 |doi=10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2016.09.007}}</ref> Yawancin sinadarin fluoride na aluminum ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar magance sinadarin hydrogen fluoride a digiri 700.&nbsp;°C: Ana iya amfani da sinadarin hexafluorosilicic acid wajen yin sinadarin aluminum fluoride. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dreveton |first=Alain |date=2012-01-01 |title=Manufacture of Aluminium Fluoride of High Density and Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid from Fluosilicic Acid |journal=Procedia Engineering |series=SYMPHOS 2011 - 1st International Symposium on Innovation and Technology in the Phosphate Industry |volume=46 |issue=Supplement C |pages=255–265 |doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.471 |doi-access=free}}</ref> :   A madadin haka, ana ƙera shi ta hanyar rugujewar zafi na ammonium hexafluoroaluminate . Don ƙananan shirye-shiryen dakin gwaje-gwaje, Ana iya shirya ta hanyar magance aluminum hydroxide ko aluminum da hydrogen fluoride . Ana samun sinadarin aluminum fluoride trihydrate a yanayi kamar rosenbergite mai ƙarancin ma'adinai. Siffar da ba ta da ruwa ta bayyana a matsayin ma'adinan [[Óskarssonite|da]] aka gane kwanan nan (kamar na 2020). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Óskarssonite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-43853.html}}</ref> <ref name="List of Minerals">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=List of Minerals |url=https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Minlist.htm}}</ref> Ma'adinai mai alaƙa, wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba, shine zharchikhite ,  <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zharchikhite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-4399.html}}</ref> <ref name="List of Minerals" /> == Tsarin gini == A cewar X-ray crystallography, an yi amfani da ruwa mai yawa  ya rungumi tsarin rhenium trioxide, wanda ke da karkatacciyar siffa  octahedra . Kowace fluoride tana da alaƙa da cibiyoyin Al guda biyu. Saboda tsarin polymeric mai girma uku,  yana da babban wurin narkewa . Sauran trihalides na aluminum a cikin yanayin ƙarfi sun bambanta,&amp;nbsp; yana da tsarin Layer kuma&amp;nbsp; da&amp;nbsp;, dimers ne na kwayoyin halitta.   Haka kuma suna da ƙananan wuraren narkewa kuma suna ƙafewa cikin sauƙi don ba da dimers.   A cikin yanayin iskar gas, aluminum fluoride yana wanzuwa azaman ƙwayoyin trigonal na daidaiton ''D na _{awanni 3}'' . Tsawon haɗin Al-F na wannan ƙwayar iskar gas shine 163&nbsp;yamma . [[File:Aluminium-trifluoride-monomer-2D-dimensions.png|left|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|100x100px| Kamar yawancin trifluorides na ƙarfe mai gas,  yana ɗaukar tsarin planar bayan ya ƙafe.]] == Aikace-aikace == Fluoride na aluminum muhimmin ƙari ne don samar da aluminum ta hanyar electrolysis. Tare da cryolite, yana rage zafin narkewa zuwa ƙasa da 1000&nbsp;°C kuma yana ƙara yawan wutar lantarki ta hanyar maganin . A cikin wannan gishirin da aka narkar ne ake narkar da sinadarin aluminum oxide sannan a mayar da shi cikin wutar lantarki don samar da ƙarfe mai yawa. Ana amfani da hadaddun sinadarin fluoride na aluminum don nazarin fannoni na hanyoyin da ke tattare da halayen canja wurin phosphory a cikin ilmin halitta, waɗanda suke da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƙwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda anhydrides na phosphoric acid kamar adenosine triphosphate da guanosine triphosphate ke sarrafa yawancin halayen da ke tattare da metabolism, girma da bambance-bambance. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wittinghofer |first=Alfred |date=1997-11-01 |title=Signaling mechanistics: Aluminum fluoride for molecule of the year |journal=Current Biology |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=R682–R685 |bibcode=1997CBio....7R.682W |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00355-1 |pmid=9382787 |s2cid=17666164 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lura da cewa aluminum fluoride na iya ɗaurewa da kunna sunadaran G heterotrimeric ya tabbatar da amfani ga nazarin kunna sunadaran G a cikin jiki, don fayyace tsarin girma uku na GTPases da yawa, da kuma fahimtar tsarin sinadarai na GTP hydrolysis, gami da rawar da sunadaran GTPase ke takawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vincent |first=Sylvie |last2=Brouns |first2=Madeleine |last3=Hart |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Settleman |first4=Jeffrey |date=1998-03-03 |title=Evidence for distinct mechanisms of transition state stabilization of GTPases by fluoride |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=2210–2215 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95.2210V |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.5.2210 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=19296 |pmid=9482864 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Amfani da alkuki === Tare da sinadarin fluoride na zirconium, sinadarin aluminum fluoride wani sinadari ne da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da gilashin fluoroaluminate . Ana kuma amfani da shi don hana [[Gurasar|fermentation]] . Kamar magnesium fluoride, ana amfani da shi azaman fim mai laushi mai ƙarancin index, musamman idan ana buƙatar haske mai nisa daga UV . Ajiye shi ta hanyar ajiye tururi na zahiri, musamman ta hanyar fitar da tururi, yana da kyau. == Tsaro == Adadin da aka ruwaito na kashe dabbobi ta baki ( LD <nowiki><sub id="mw5Q">50</sub></nowiki> ) na aluminum fluoride shine 100&nbsp;mg/kg. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2005 |title=ALUMINUM FLUORIDE, CASRN: 7784-18-1 |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html |access-date=October 12, 2017 |website=National Library of Medicine HSDB Database |publisher=CDC.gov}}</ref> Shakar iska akai-akai ko na tsawon lokaci na iya haifar da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], kuma yana iya yin tasiri ga ƙashi da tsarin jijiyoyi, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a ƙashi ( fluorosis ), da kuma lalacewar tsarin jijiyoyi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2015 |title=ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE (ANHYDROUS) International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1324.html |access-date=July 17, 2017 |website=CDC.gov National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)}}</ref> Yawancin illolin da fluoride ke haifarwa a cikin jijiyoyi suna faruwa ne sakamakon samuwar hadaddun sinadarin fluoride na aluminum, waɗanda ke kwaikwayon tsarin sinadarai na phosphate kuma suna tasiri ga ayyukan ATP phosphohydrolases da phospholipase D. Yawan sinadarin aluminum da ake buƙata kawai don samar da sinadarin fluoride na aluminum. Shafar sinadarin aluminum fluoride na iya faruwa a masana'antu, kamar hayaki daga hanyoyin rage sinadarin aluminum, ko kuma lokacin da mutum ya sha sinadarin fluoride (misali, <ref>{{Cite book|title=TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR FLUORIDES, HYDROGEN FLUORIDE, AND FLUORINE|publisher=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry|year=2003|url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf|pages=211}}</ref> fluoride a cikin ruwan sha ko ragowar magungunan kashe kwari da ke dauke da fluoride) da kuma sinadarin aluminum; hanyoyin da mutane ke shafar sinadarin aluminum sun hada da ruwan sha, shayi, ragowar abinci, madarar jarirai, magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta ko magunguna masu dauke da aluminum, magungunan deodoratives, kayan kwalliya, da kuma kayan gilashi. Sinadaran fluoride suma suna iya ƙunsar aluminum fluoride. Bayanai kan yuwuwar tasirin cutar neurotoxic na tsawon lokaci ga nau'in aluminum da ke cikin ruwa ba su da iyaka. == Duba kuma == * Aluminum monofluoride == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722155414/http://www.solvaychemicals.us/static/wma/pdf/5/1/1/9/ALF.pdf MSDS] * [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html Bayanin ToxNet] * [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/aluminum_fluoride PubChem] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == i9wurxizpy1jehhto7h4lbmvarumsaz 963856 963850 2026-10-06T13:14:41Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tsaro */ 963856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aluminum fluoride''' wani abu ne mai inorganic wanda ke da dabarar da aka yi amfani da ita wajen samar da sinadarin fluoride.  . Yana samar da ruwa mai yawa  . Ruwan da ba ya da ruwa  da sinadaransa duk suna da ƙarfi marasa launi. Ruwan da ba ya da ruwa Ana amfani da wajen samar da aluminum. Da yawa suna faruwa a matsayin ma'adanai. == Gabatarwa da samarwa == Banda rashin ruwa , an san da yawa daga cikin sinadaran hydrates. Da dabarar , waɗannan mahaɗan sun haɗa da monohydrate ( ''x'' = 1), polymorphs guda biyu na trihydrate ( ''x'' = 3), hexahydrate ( ''x'' = 6), da kuma wanda ba shi da sinadarin ruwa ( ''x'' = 9). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guangmei Wang |last2=Anja-Verena Mudring |year=2016 |title=The missing Hydrate AlF₃·6H₂O [Al(H₂O)₆]F₃: Ionothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of Aluminum Fluoride Hexahydrate |journal=Solid State Sciences |volume=61 |page=61 |doi=10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2016.09.007}}</ref> Yawancin sinadarin fluoride na aluminum ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar magance sinadarin hydrogen fluoride a digiri 700.&nbsp;°C: Ana iya amfani da sinadarin hexafluorosilicic acid wajen yin sinadarin aluminum fluoride. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dreveton |first=Alain |date=2012-01-01 |title=Manufacture of Aluminium Fluoride of High Density and Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid from Fluosilicic Acid |journal=Procedia Engineering |series=SYMPHOS 2011 - 1st International Symposium on Innovation and Technology in the Phosphate Industry |volume=46 |issue=Supplement C |pages=255–265 |doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2012.09.471 |doi-access=free}}</ref> :   A madadin haka, ana ƙera shi ta hanyar rugujewar zafi na ammonium hexafluoroaluminate . Don ƙananan shirye-shiryen dakin gwaje-gwaje, Ana iya shirya ta hanyar magance aluminum hydroxide ko aluminum da hydrogen fluoride . Ana samun sinadarin aluminum fluoride trihydrate a yanayi kamar rosenbergite mai ƙarancin ma'adinai. Siffar da ba ta da ruwa ta bayyana a matsayin ma'adinan [[Óskarssonite|da]] aka gane kwanan nan (kamar na 2020). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Óskarssonite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-43853.html}}</ref> <ref name="List of Minerals">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=List of Minerals |url=https://www.ima-mineralogy.org/Minlist.htm}}</ref> Ma'adinai mai alaƙa, wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa ba, shine zharchikhite ,  <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zharchikhite |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-4399.html}}</ref> <ref name="List of Minerals" /> == Tsarin gini == A cewar X-ray crystallography, an yi amfani da ruwa mai yawa  ya rungumi tsarin rhenium trioxide, wanda ke da karkatacciyar siffa  octahedra . Kowace fluoride tana da alaƙa da cibiyoyin Al guda biyu. Saboda tsarin polymeric mai girma uku,  yana da babban wurin narkewa . Sauran trihalides na aluminum a cikin yanayin ƙarfi sun bambanta,&amp;nbsp; yana da tsarin Layer kuma&amp;nbsp; da&amp;nbsp;, dimers ne na kwayoyin halitta.   Haka kuma suna da ƙananan wuraren narkewa kuma suna ƙafewa cikin sauƙi don ba da dimers.   A cikin yanayin iskar gas, aluminum fluoride yana wanzuwa azaman ƙwayoyin trigonal na daidaiton ''D na _{awanni 3}'' . Tsawon haɗin Al-F na wannan ƙwayar iskar gas shine 163&nbsp;yamma . [[File:Aluminium-trifluoride-monomer-2D-dimensions.png|left|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|100x100px| Kamar yawancin trifluorides na ƙarfe mai gas,  yana ɗaukar tsarin planar bayan ya ƙafe.]] == Aikace-aikace == Fluoride na aluminum muhimmin ƙari ne don samar da aluminum ta hanyar electrolysis. Tare da cryolite, yana rage zafin narkewa zuwa ƙasa da 1000&nbsp;°C kuma yana ƙara yawan wutar lantarki ta hanyar maganin . A cikin wannan gishirin da aka narkar ne ake narkar da sinadarin aluminum oxide sannan a mayar da shi cikin wutar lantarki don samar da ƙarfe mai yawa. Ana amfani da hadaddun sinadarin fluoride na aluminum don nazarin fannoni na hanyoyin da ke tattare da halayen canja wurin phosphory a cikin ilmin halitta, waɗanda suke da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƙwayoyin halitta, kamar yadda anhydrides na phosphoric acid kamar adenosine triphosphate da guanosine triphosphate ke sarrafa yawancin halayen da ke tattare da metabolism, girma da bambance-bambance. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wittinghofer |first=Alfred |date=1997-11-01 |title=Signaling mechanistics: Aluminum fluoride for molecule of the year |journal=Current Biology |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=R682–R685 |bibcode=1997CBio....7R.682W |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00355-1 |pmid=9382787 |s2cid=17666164 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lura da cewa aluminum fluoride na iya ɗaurewa da kunna sunadaran G heterotrimeric ya tabbatar da amfani ga nazarin kunna sunadaran G a cikin jiki, don fayyace tsarin girma uku na GTPases da yawa, da kuma fahimtar tsarin sinadarai na GTP hydrolysis, gami da rawar da sunadaran GTPase ke takawa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vincent |first=Sylvie |last2=Brouns |first2=Madeleine |last3=Hart |first3=Matthew J. |last4=Settleman |first4=Jeffrey |date=1998-03-03 |title=Evidence for distinct mechanisms of transition state stabilization of GTPases by fluoride |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=2210–2215 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95.2210V |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.5.2210 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=19296 |pmid=9482864 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Amfani da alkuki === Tare da sinadarin fluoride na zirconium, sinadarin aluminum fluoride wani sinadari ne da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da gilashin fluoroaluminate . Ana kuma amfani da shi don hana [[Gurasar|fermentation]] . Kamar magnesium fluoride, ana amfani da shi azaman fim mai laushi mai ƙarancin index, musamman idan ana buƙatar haske mai nisa daga UV . Ajiye shi ta hanyar ajiye tururi na zahiri, musamman ta hanyar fitar da tururi, yana da kyau. == Tsaro == Adadin da aka ruwaito na kashe dabbobi ta baki ( LD <nowiki><sub id="mw5Q">50</sub></nowiki> ) na aluminum fluoride shine 100&nbsp;mg/kg. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2005 |title=ALUMINUM FLUORIDE, CASRN: 7784-18-1 |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html |access-date=October 12, 2017 |website=National Library of Medicine HSDB Database |publisher=CDC.gov}}</ref> Shakar iska akai-akai ko na tsawon lokaci na iya haifar da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], kuma yana iya yin tasiri ga ƙashi da tsarin jijiyoyi, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje a ƙashi ( fluorosis ), da kuma lalacewar tsarin jijiyoyi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2015 |title=ALUMINIUM FLUORIDE (ANHYDROUS) International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng1324.html |access-date=July 17, 2017 |website=CDC.gov National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)}}</ref> Yawancin illolin da fluoride ke haifarwa a cikin jijiyoyi suna faruwa ne sakamakon samuwar hadaddun sinadarin fluoride na aluminum, waɗanda ke kwaikwayon tsarin sinadarai na phosphate kuma suna tasiri ga ayyukan ATP phosphohydrolases da phospholipase D. Yawan sinadarin aluminum da ake buƙata kawai don samar da sinadarin fluoride na aluminum. Shafar sinadarin aluminum fluoride na iya faruwa a masana'antu, kamar hayaki daga hanyoyin rage sinadarin aluminum, ko kuma lokacin da mutum ya sha sinadarin fluoride (misali, <ref>{{Cite book|title=TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR FLUORIDES, HYDROGEN FLUORIDE, AND FLUORINE|publisher=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry|year=2003|url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp11.pdf|pages=211}}</ref> fluoride a cikin ruwan sha ko ragowar magungunan kashe kwari da ke dauke da fluoride) da kuma sinadarin aluminum; hanyoyin da mutane ke shafar sinadarin aluminum sun hada da ruwan sha, shayi, ragowar abinci, madarar jarirai, magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta ko magunguna masu dauke da aluminum, magungunan deodoratives, kayan kwalliya, da kuma kayan gilashi. Sinadaran fluoride suma suna iya ƙunsar aluminum fluoride. Bayanai kan yuwuwar tasirin cutar neurotoxic na tsawon lokaci ga nau'in aluminum da ke cikin ruwa ba su da iyaka.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150907202709/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/chem_background/exsumpdf/aluminum_508.pdf Aluminum Compounds Review of Toxicological Literature Abridged Final Report]. Prepared for National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. ''NTP.gov Nomination Summary for Aluminum contaminants of drinking water (N20025).'' October 2001</ref> == Duba kuma == * Aluminum monofluoride == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722155414/http://www.solvaychemicals.us/static/wma/pdf/5/1/1/9/ALF.pdf MSDS] * [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/toxnet/index.html Bayanin ToxNet] * [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/aluminum_fluoride PubChem] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == e6dr6s0wzqpb2epwg7qx2rz08m9ocim 0 178356 963858 2026-10-06T13:17:27Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337273304|Arabinoxylan]]" 963858 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arabinoxylan''' wani nau'i ne na hemicellulose <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemicellulosic Polysaccharides |url=https://www.ccrc.uga.edu/~mao/wallmab/Hemicel/hemi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416010812/https://www.ccrc.uga.edu/~mao/wallmab/Hemicel/hemi.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |access-date=April 1, 2020 |website=uga.edu |publisher=University of Georgia}}</ref> xylan da aka samo a bangon sel na farko da na biyu na tsire-tsire wanda ban da xylose ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na wani [[sukari]] na pentose, arabinose. Kalmar arabinoxylan yawanci tana nufin feruloyl-arabinoxylan daga ciyawa da sauran commelinids da ke dauke da sassan phenolic ferulic acid wanda zai iya fuskantar Haɗin oxidative (a cikin wannan hanyar kamar sassan lignin) wanda ke samar da crosslinks tsakanin sarkar arabinoxylen da kuma lignin. Yayinda aka gano arabinose da ke da alaƙa da xylan a cikin tsire-tsire marasa commelinid, ba a bayar da rahoton ferulic acid a kan waɗannan ba kuma ba kamar feruloyl-arabinoxylan ba waɗannan arabinoxylans ba monophyletic ba ne. Sauran wannan labarin yana nufin feruloyl-arabinoxylan daga bangon tantanin halitta na ciyawa da sauran nau'ikan commelinid. == Tsarinsa == Kamar yadda yake tare da duk xylan, kashin baya na sarkar arabinoxylan ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na 1,4-linked β-D-xylopyranosyl raka'a. A cikin arabinoxylan da yawa daga cikin waɗannan raka'a na xylose suna da alaƙa da 3-daidaitawa tare da raka'a guda ɗaya na α-L-arabinofuranosyl kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan arabinose bi da bi suna da ragowar ferulic acid da aka haɗa da ester.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcotuli |first=Ilaria |last2=Hsieh |first2=Yves S.-Y. |last3=Lahnstein |first3=Jelle |last4=Yap |first4=Kuok |last5=Burton |first5=Rachel Anita |last6=Blanco |first6=Antonio |last7=Fincher |first7=Geoffrey Bruce |last8=Gadaleta |first8=Agata |date=13 April 2016 |title=Structural Variation and Content of Arabinoxylans in Endosperm and Bran of Durum Wheat ( Triticum turgidum L.) |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00103 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=64 |issue=14 |pages=2883–2892 |bibcode=2016JAFC...64.2883M |doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00103 |issn=0021-8561 |pmid=27018210 |access-date=5 February 2023 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan sassan feruloyl na iya fuskantar haɗin oxidative wanda ke samar da ferulic acid dehydrodimers kuma mai yiwuwa mafi girma oligomers wanda ke tsallaka sarkar arabinoxylan. Wannan yanayin haɗin giciye shine babban fasalin bangon sel na farko da na biyu a cikin ciyawa da sauran nau'ikan commelinid. Saboda muhimmancinsa a cikin abinci, an yi nazarin tsarin arabinoxylan daga hatsi da sauran hatsi sosai. Musamman, arabinoxylan daga alkama endosperm wanda ke haifar da farin gari yana da tsari mai sauƙi fiye da na mafi yawan kyallen takarda((((Due to its importance in food, the structure of arabinoxylan from wheat grain and other cereals has been intensively studied. In particular, the arabinoxylan from wheat endosperm that gives rise to white flour has a simpler structure than that from most tissues. Apart from the structural features described above, it has xylose units di-substituted with 2 and 3-linked [[:en:Arabinose|arabinose]] residues.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dervilly-Pinel |first1=G |display-authors=et al |year=2004 |title=Investigation of the distribution of arabinose residues on the xylan backbone of water-soluble arabinoxylans from wheat flour |journal=Carbohydrate Polymers |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=171–177 |doi=10.1016/j.carbpol.2003.09.004}}</ref> Due to a low degree of crosslinking into the cell wall, some of this endosperm arabinoxylan is extractable in water, giving rise to soluble dietary fiber.)))). Baya ga siffofin tsarin da aka bayyana a sama, yana da raka'a na xylose da aka maye gurbin su da 2 da 3-linked arabinose raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dervilly-Pinel |first=G |display-authors=et al |year=2004 |title=Investigation of the distribution of arabinose residues on the xylan backbone of water-soluble arabinoxylans from wheat flour |journal=Carbohydrate Polymers |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=171–177 |doi=10.1016/j.carbpol.2003.09.004}}</ref> Saboda ƙananan ƙetare a cikin bangon tantanin halitta, wasu daga cikin wannan endosperm arabinoxylan ana iya cire su cikin ruwa, yana haifar da fiber na abinci mai narkewa. Arabinoxylans daga kyallen takarda ban da endosperm sun fi rikitarwa. Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin ƙashin baya na xylan tare da glucuronic acid resides da sauran sukari kuma waɗannan polymers na arabinoxylan ana kiransu glucuronarabinoxylans ko heteroxylans. Dukkanin kasusuwa da sauran sukari na gefe za a iya acetylated. Ana iya yin acylated da ragowar Arabinosyl tare da phenolics ban da ferulic acid, musamman p-coumaric acid amma kuma sinapinic acid da sauransu. Wadannan ragowar arabinosyl masu haɗin kai ana maye gurbinsu akai-akai tare da sukari mai haɗin kai 2. A cikin ganuwar sel na lignified, akwai shaidar da ta dace cewa za'a iya haɗa ragowar feruloyl a kan arabinoxylan a cikin polymer na lignin, yana ƙara ƙin yarda da narkewa. Arabinoxylans galibi suna taka rawa a cikin ƙwayoyin shuka. Har ila yau, su ne tafkunan adadi mai yawa na ferulic acid da sauran phenolic acids waɗanda ke da alaƙa da su. Phenolic acids na iya shiga cikin tsaro ciki har da kariya daga cututtukan fungal. Arabinoxylans suna daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da fiber na abinci wanda ba a narkawa da kuma wanda aka nuna don yin amfani da fa'idodi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Izydorczyk |first=MS |last2=Dexter |first2=JE |year=2008 |title=Barley β-glucans and arabinoxylans: Molecular structure, physicochemical properties, and uses in food products–a Review |journal=Food Research International |volume=41 |issue=9 |pages=850–868 |bibcode=2008FdRI...41..850I |doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2008.04.001}}</ref> Bugu da kari, arabinoxylans, saboda haɗin phenolic acid, an nuna sunada aikin Antioxidant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=RS |last2=Muralikrishna |first2=G |year=2006 |title=Water soluble feruloyl arabinoxylans from rice and ragi: changes upon malting and their consequence on antioxidant activity |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=91–9 |bibcode=2006PChem..67...91R |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.036 |pmid=16289622}}</ref> Ikon musayar ion da viscosity suma suna da wani bangare na alhakin tasirin su na metabolism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guillon |first=F |last2=Champ |first2=M |year=2000 |title=Structural and physical properties of dietary fibres, and consequences of processing on human physiology |journal=Food Research International |volume=33 |issue=3–4 |pages=233–245 |bibcode=2000FdRI...33..233G |doi=10.1016/s0963-9969(00)00038-7}}</ref> == Arabinoxylan mai canzawa (MGN-3) == Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti sun kuma bincika damar hana kamuwa da kwayar cuta. A cikin binciken da aka yi da gangan, makanta sau biyu, wanda aka sarrafa placebo wanda ya shafi tsofaffi, ƙarin yau da kullun tare da [[MGN-3]] an haɗa shi da raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na cututtukan mura (9/40 a cikin rukunin placebo da 2/40 a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar magani). Wannan tasirin kariya yana da alaƙa da haɓaka aikin cytotoxic na NK cell da haɓaka bayyanar alamar degranulation CD107a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elsaid |first=Ahmed F. |last2=Agrawal |first2=Sudhanshu |last3=Agrawal |first3=Anshu |last4=Ghoneum |first4=Mamdooh |date=2021 |title=Dietary Supplementation with Biobran/MGN-3 Increases Innate Resistance and Reduces the Incidence of Influenza-like Illnesses in Elderly Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Clinical Trial |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=4133 |doi=10.3390/nu13114133 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=8618540 |pmid=34836388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == l6htxy433pezsrg9kv53optqi2zag60 963859 963858 2026-10-06T13:18:51Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 963859 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Arabinoxylan''' wani nau'i ne na hemicellulose <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hemicellulosic Polysaccharides |url=https://www.ccrc.uga.edu/~mao/wallmab/Hemicel/hemi.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416010812/https://www.ccrc.uga.edu/~mao/wallmab/Hemicel/hemi.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2021 |access-date=April 1, 2020 |website=uga.edu |publisher=University of Georgia}}</ref> xylan da aka samo a bangon sel na farko da na biyu na tsire-tsire wanda ban da xylose ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na wani [[sukari]] na pentose, arabinose. Kalmar arabinoxylan yawanci tana nufin feruloyl-arabinoxylan daga ciyawa da sauran commelinids da ke dauke da sassan phenolic ferulic acid wanda zai iya fuskantar Haɗin oxidative (a cikin wannan hanyar kamar sassan lignin) wanda ke samar da crosslinks tsakanin sarkar arabinoxylen da kuma lignin. Yayinda aka gano arabinose da ke da alaƙa da xylan a cikin tsire-tsire marasa commelinid, ba a bayar da rahoton ferulic acid a kan waɗannan ba kuma ba kamar feruloyl-arabinoxylan ba waɗannan arabinoxylans ba monophyletic ba ne. Sauran wannan labarin yana nufin feruloyl-arabinoxylan daga bangon tantanin halitta na ciyawa da sauran nau'ikan commelinid. == Tsarinsa == Kamar yadda yake tare da duk xylan, kashin baya na sarkar arabinoxylan ya ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na 1,4-linked β-D-xylopyranosyl raka'a. A cikin arabinoxylan da yawa daga cikin waɗannan raka'a na xylose suna da alaƙa da 3-daidaitawa tare da raka'a guda ɗaya na α-L-arabinofuranosyl kuma wasu daga cikin waɗannan arabinose bi da bi suna da ragowar ferulic acid da aka haɗa da ester.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcotuli |first=Ilaria |last2=Hsieh |first2=Yves S.-Y. |last3=Lahnstein |first3=Jelle |last4=Yap |first4=Kuok |last5=Burton |first5=Rachel Anita |last6=Blanco |first6=Antonio |last7=Fincher |first7=Geoffrey Bruce |last8=Gadaleta |first8=Agata |date=13 April 2016 |title=Structural Variation and Content of Arabinoxylans in Endosperm and Bran of Durum Wheat ( Triticum turgidum L.) |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00103 |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |language=en |volume=64 |issue=14 |pages=2883–2892 |bibcode=2016JAFC...64.2883M |doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00103 |issn=0021-8561 |pmid=27018210 |access-date=5 February 2023 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan sassan feruloyl na iya fuskantar haɗin oxidative wanda ke samar da ferulic acid dehydrodimers kuma mai yiwuwa mafi girma oligomers wanda ke tsallaka sarkar arabinoxylan. Wannan yanayin haɗin giciye shine babban fasalin bangon sel na farko da na biyu a cikin ciyawa da sauran nau'ikan commelinid. Saboda muhimmancinsa a cikin abinci, an yi nazarin tsarin arabinoxylan daga hatsi da sauran hatsi sosai. Musamman, arabinoxylan daga alkama endosperm wanda ke haifar da farin gari yana da tsari mai sauƙi fiye da na mafi yawan kyallen takarda.Baya ga siffofin tsarin da aka bayyana a sama, yana da raka'a na xylose da aka maye gurbin su da 2 da 3-linked arabinose raguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dervilly-Pinel |first=G |display-authors=et al |year=2004 |title=Investigation of the distribution of arabinose residues on the xylan backbone of water-soluble arabinoxylans from wheat flour |journal=Carbohydrate Polymers |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=171–177 |doi=10.1016/j.carbpol.2003.09.004}}</ref> Saboda ƙananan ƙetare a cikin bangon tantanin halitta, wasu daga cikin wannan endosperm arabinoxylan ana iya cire su cikin ruwa, yana haifar da fiber na abinci mai narkewa. Arabinoxylans daga kyallen takarda ban da endosperm sun fi rikitarwa. Sau da yawa ana maye gurbin ƙashin baya na xylan tare da glucuronic acid resides da sauran sukari kuma waɗannan polymers na arabinoxylan ana kiransu glucuronarabinoxylans ko heteroxylans. Dukkanin kasusuwa da sauran sukari na gefe za a iya acetylated. Ana iya yin acylated da ragowar Arabinosyl tare da phenolics ban da ferulic acid, musamman p-coumaric acid amma kuma sinapinic acid da sauransu. Wadannan ragowar arabinosyl masu haɗin kai ana maye gurbinsu akai-akai tare da sukari mai haɗin kai 2. A cikin ganuwar sel na lignified, akwai shaidar da ta dace cewa za'a iya haɗa ragowar feruloyl a kan arabinoxylan a cikin polymer na lignin, yana ƙara ƙin yarda da narkewa. Arabinoxylans galibi suna taka rawa a cikin ƙwayoyin shuka. Har ila yau, su ne tafkunan adadi mai yawa na ferulic acid da sauran phenolic acids waɗanda ke da alaƙa da su. Phenolic acids na iya shiga cikin tsaro ciki har da kariya daga cututtukan fungal. Arabinoxylans suna daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tattare da fiber na abinci wanda ba a narkawa da kuma wanda aka nuna don yin amfani da fa'idodi daban-daban na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Izydorczyk |first=MS |last2=Dexter |first2=JE |year=2008 |title=Barley β-glucans and arabinoxylans: Molecular structure, physicochemical properties, and uses in food products–a Review |journal=Food Research International |volume=41 |issue=9 |pages=850–868 |bibcode=2008FdRI...41..850I |doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2008.04.001}}</ref> Bugu da kari, arabinoxylans, saboda haɗin phenolic acid, an nuna sunada aikin Antioxidant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=RS |last2=Muralikrishna |first2=G |year=2006 |title=Water soluble feruloyl arabinoxylans from rice and ragi: changes upon malting and their consequence on antioxidant activity |journal=Phytochemistry |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=91–9 |bibcode=2006PChem..67...91R |doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.09.036 |pmid=16289622}}</ref> Ikon musayar ion da viscosity suma suna da wani bangare na alhakin tasirin su na metabolism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guillon |first=F |last2=Champ |first2=M |year=2000 |title=Structural and physical properties of dietary fibres, and consequences of processing on human physiology |journal=Food Research International |volume=33 |issue=3–4 |pages=233–245 |bibcode=2000FdRI...33..233G |doi=10.1016/s0963-9969(00)00038-7}}</ref> == Arabinoxylan mai canzawa (MGN-3) == Gwaje-gwaje na asibiti sun kuma bincika damar hana kamuwa da kwayar cuta. A cikin binciken da aka yi da gangan, makanta sau biyu, wanda aka sarrafa placebo wanda ya shafi tsofaffi, ƙarin yau da kullun tare da [[MGN-3]] an haɗa shi da raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na cututtukan mura (9/40 a cikin rukunin placebo da 2/40 a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar magani). Wannan tasirin kariya yana da alaƙa da haɓaka aikin cytotoxic na NK cell da haɓaka bayyanar alamar degranulation CD107a.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elsaid |first=Ahmed F. |last2=Agrawal |first2=Sudhanshu |last3=Agrawal |first3=Anshu |last4=Ghoneum |first4=Mamdooh |date=2021 |title=Dietary Supplementation with Biobran/MGN-3 Increases Innate Resistance and Reduces the Incidence of Influenza-like Illnesses in Elderly Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Clinical Trial |journal=Nutrients |language=en |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=4133 |doi=10.3390/nu13114133 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=8618540 |pmid=34836388 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == 0o05b2psptqq08y3ygev9ouh2c3iskj 0 178357 963867 2026-10-06T13:43:04Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373790121|Disaccharide]]" 963867 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sucrose_molecule.svg|thumb|287x287px|Sucrose, wani disaccharide da aka kafa daga kwantar da kwayoyin glucose da kwayoyin fructose]] A '''disaccharide''' (wanda kuma ake kira sukari biyu ko '''''biose''''') <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biose |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/biose |website=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> sukari ne da aka kafa lokacin da biyu monosaccharides yahaɗu da glycosidic linkage. Saboda haka dimer ne, tare da digiri na polymerization na 2, koda kuwa sukari guda biyu ba iri ɗaya ba ne. Kamar monosaccharides, disaccharides sukari ne mai sauƙi kuma yawanci suna narkewa cikin ruwa. Misalai na yau da kullun sun haɗa da sucrose (glucose-fructose), lactose (galactose-glucose), da maltose (glurose-glucose). A cikin kwayoyin halitta masu rai, ana amfani da disaccharides sosai don adana tsari da makamashi, kuma ana iya ƙara polymerized ta glycosyltransferases don ƙirƙirar polysaccharides na maimaita raka'a na disaccharide, kamar glycosaminoglycans ko amylose. Disaccharides suna ɗaya daga cikin rukunin sinadarai huɗu na carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides), oligosaccharides, da polysaccharides). Mafi yawan nau'ukan disaccharides - sucrose, lactose, da maltose - suna da kwayar carbon ₁₂, tare da tsari na C12H₂₂. Bambance-bambance a cikin waɗannan disaccharides sun kasance ne saboda shirye-shiryen atom a cikin kwayar da kuma nau'in haɗin glycosidic. Haɗin monosaccharides a cikin sukari biyu yana faruwa ne ta hanyar amsawa, wanda ya haɗa da kawar da kwayar ruwa daga ƙungiyoyin aiki kawai. (((((The joining of monosaccharides into a double sugar happens by a [[:en:Condensation_reaction|condensation reaction]], which involves the elimination of a water molecule from the [[:en:Functional_group|functional groups]] only. Breaking apart a double sugar into its two monosaccharides is accomplished by [[:en:Hydrolysis|hydrolysis]] with the help of a type of [[:en:Enzyme|enzyme]] called a [[:en:Disaccharidase|disaccharidase]]. As building the larger sugar ejects a water molecule, breaking it down consumes a water molecule. These reactions are vital in [[:en:Metabolism|metabolism]]. Each disaccharide is broken down with the help of a corresponding disaccharidase ([[:en:Sucrase|sucrase]], [[:en:Lactase|lactas]]))))Kashe sukari sau biyu a cikin monosaccharides guda biyu ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar hydrolysis tare da taimakon wani nau'in enzyme da ake kira disaccharidase. Yayin da yake gina mafi girma sukari yana fitar da kwayar ruwa, karya shi yana cinye kwayar ruwa. Wadannan halayen suna da mahimmanci a cikin metabolism. Kowane disaccharide an rushe shi tare da taimakon disaccharidase mai dacewa (sucrase, lactase, da maltase). == Rarraba == Akwai nau'o'i biyu daban-daban na disaccharides: * '''Rage disaccharides''', wanda daya monosaccharide, rage sukari na biyun, har yanzu yana da sashin hemiacetal kyauta wanda zai iya aiki azaman rage ƙungiyar aldehyde; lactose, maltose da Cellobiosis misalai ne na rage disaccharide. Ana iya gano su cikin sauƙi ta hanyar gwajin Woehlk ko gwajin Fearon akan methylamine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruppersberg |first=Klaus |last2=Herzog |first2=Stefanie |last3=Kussler |first3=Manfred W. |last4=Parchmann |first4=Ilka |year=2019 |title=How to visualize the different lactose content of dairy products by Fearon's test and Woehlk test in classroom experiments and a new approach to the mechanisms and formulae of the mysterious red dyes |journal=[[Chemistry Teacher International]] |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |doi=10.1515/cti-2019-0008 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Rage disaccharides marasa ƙarfi, wanda ɓangaren monosaccharides ke haɗuwa ta hanyar haɗin acetal tsakanin cibiyoyin anomeric. Wannan yana haifar da cewa babu wani monosaccharide da aka bari tare da hemiacetal naúrar da ke da 'yanci don aiki a matsayin mai ragewa. Sucrose da trehalose misalai ne na disaccharides marasa raguwa saboda haɗin glycosidic ɗin su yana tsakanin ƙwayoyin carbon na hemiacetal. Ragewar halayen sinadarai na sukari marasa raguwa, idan aka kwatanta da rage sukari, na iya zama fa'ida inda kwanciyar hankali a ajiya yake da mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nomenclature of Carbohydrates (Recommendations 1996): 2-Carb-36 |url=http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/2carb/36.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826141346/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/2carb/36.html |archive-date=2017-08-26 |access-date=2010-07-21 |website=chem.qmul.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides |url=http://faculty.virginia.edu/mcgarveylab/Carbsyn/Carblist/html/disacch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118183515/http://faculty.virginia.edu/mcgarveylab/Carbsyn/Carblist/html/disacch.html |archive-date=2018-11-18 |access-date=2008-01-29 |website=University of Virginia Faculty and Lab Site}}</ref> == Kafawa == Samun kwayar disaccharide daga kwayoyin monosaccharide guda biyu yana ci gaba ta hanyar kawar da ƙungiyar hydroxy daga kwayar halitta ɗaya da kuma ƙirar hydrogen (proton) daga ɗayan, don sabbin haɗin da ba a yi amfani da su a kan monosaccarides sun haɗu da monomers guda biyu tare. Saboda cire kwayar ruwa daga samfurin, kalmar saukakawa ga irin wannan tsari shine "haɗin ruwa" (kuma "haɗin jini" ko "haɗin jiki"). Misali, sukari na madara (lactose) shine disaccharide da aka yi ta hanyar kwantar da kwayoyin guda ɗaya na kowane ɗayan monosaccharides glucose da galactose, yayin da disaccharides sucrose a cikin sukari da sukari, samfurin kwantar da glucose da fructose ne. Maltose, wani disaccharide na yau da kullun, an kwantar da shi daga kwayoyin glucose guda biyu. Halin rashin ruwa wanda ke haɗa monosaccharides zuwa disaccharides (da kuma haɗin monosaccarides zuwa mafi rikitarwa polysaccharides) yana samar da abin da ake kira glycosidic bonds.<ref name="ochempal">{{Cite web |title=Glycosidic Link |url=http://science.uvu.edu/ochem/index.php/alphabetical/g-h/glycosidic-link/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512002153/http://science.uvu.edu/ochem/index.php/alphabetical/g-h/glycosidic-link/ |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |access-date=11 December 2013 |website=OChemPal |publisher=Utah Valley University}}</ref> == Halin halayen halayen == [[File:Lactitol.svg|right|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|210x210px|[[Lactitol]] yana daya daga cikin barasa mai sukari da yawa da aka samar daga disaccharides]] Disaccharides na iya aiki a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu aiki ta hanyar samar da haɗin glycosidic tare da wasu mahadi na kwayoyin halitta, samar da glycosides da glycoconjugates. Disaccarides suna fuskantar hydrolysis don ba da monosaccharides. Wasu disaccharides za a iya hydrogenated don ba da barasa mai amfani na disaccharide tare da riƙe haɗin acetal. Kayayyakin kasuwanci sun hada da [[lactitol]], isomalt, da maltitol. Samar da isomalt ya fara ne tare da ingantaccen jujjuyawar sucrose zuwa isomaltulose. Sucrose yana fuskantar acid catalyzed poly-dehydration don ba da hydroxymethylfurfural . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simeonov |first=Svilen |year=2016 |title=Synthesis of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) |journal=Organic Syntheses |volume=93 |pages=29–36 |doi=10.15227/orgsyn.093.0029 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Daidaitawa == Ragewar disaccharides ya haɗa da rushewa zuwa monosaccharides. == Disaccharides na yau da kullun == Maltose, cellobiose, da chitobiose sune samfuran hydrolysis na polysaccharides starch, cellulose, da kuma Chitin, bi da bi. Rashin ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parrish |first=F.W. |last2=Hahn |first2=W.B. |last3=Mandels |first3=G.R. |date=July 1968 |title=Crypticity of Myrothecium verrucaria Spores to Maltose and Induction of Transport by Maltulose, a Common Maltose Contaminant |url= |journal=J. Bacteriol. |publisher=American Society for Microbiology |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=227–233 |doi=10.1128/JB.96.1.227-233.1968 |pmc=252277 |pmid=5690932 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == soyosceh0h26xemiymqr6hqlfyf375p 963868 963867 2026-10-06T13:44:57Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 963868 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sucrose_molecule.svg|thumb|287x287px|Sucrose, wani disaccharide da aka kafa daga kwantar da kwayoyin glucose da kwayoyin fructose]] A '''disaccharide''' (wanda kuma ake kira sukari biyu ko '''''biose''''') <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biose |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/biose |website=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> sukari ne da aka kafa lokacin da biyu monosaccharides yahaɗu da glycosidic linkage. Saboda haka dimer ne, tare da digiri na polymerization na 2, koda kuwa sukari guda biyu ba iri ɗaya ba ne. Kamar monosaccharides, disaccharides sukari ne mai sauƙi kuma yawanci suna narkewa cikin ruwa. Misalai na yau da kullun sun haɗa da sucrose (glucose-fructose), lactose (galactose-glucose), da maltose (glurose-glucose). A cikin kwayoyin halitta masu rai, ana amfani da disaccharides sosai don adana tsari da makamashi, kuma ana iya ƙara polymerized ta glycosyltransferases don ƙirƙirar polysaccharides na maimaita raka'a na disaccharide, kamar glycosaminoglycans ko amylose. Disaccharides suna ɗaya daga cikin rukunin sinadarai huɗu na carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides), oligosaccharides, da polysaccharides). Mafi yawan nau'ukan disaccharides - sucrose, lactose, da maltose - suna da kwayar carbon ₁₂, tare da tsari na C12H₂₂. Bambance-bambance a cikin waɗannan disaccharides sun kasance ne saboda shirye-shiryen atom a cikin kwayar da kuma nau'in haɗin glycosidic. Haɗin monosaccharides a cikin sukari biyu yana faruwa ne ta hanyar amsawa, wanda ya haɗa da kawar da kwayar ruwa daga ƙungiyoyin aiki kawai. Kashe sukari sau biyu a cikin monosaccharides guda biyu ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar hydrolysis tare da taimakon wani nau'in enzyme da ake kira disaccharidase. Yayin da yake gina mafi girma sukari yana fitar da kwayar ruwa, karya shi yana cinye kwayar ruwa. Wadannan halayen suna da mahimmanci a cikin metabolism. Kowane disaccharide an rushe shi tare da taimakon disaccharidase mai dacewa (sucrase, lactase, da maltase). == Rarraba == Akwai nau'o'i biyu daban-daban na disaccharides: * '''Rage disaccharides''', wanda daya monosaccharide, rage sukari na biyun, har yanzu yana da sashin hemiacetal kyauta wanda zai iya aiki azaman rage ƙungiyar aldehyde; lactose, maltose da Cellobiosis misalai ne na rage disaccharide. Ana iya gano su cikin sauƙi ta hanyar gwajin Woehlk ko gwajin Fearon akan methylamine.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruppersberg |first=Klaus |last2=Herzog |first2=Stefanie |last3=Kussler |first3=Manfred W. |last4=Parchmann |first4=Ilka |year=2019 |title=How to visualize the different lactose content of dairy products by Fearon's test and Woehlk test in classroom experiments and a new approach to the mechanisms and formulae of the mysterious red dyes |journal=[[Chemistry Teacher International]] |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |doi=10.1515/cti-2019-0008 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Rage disaccharides marasa ƙarfi, wanda ɓangaren monosaccharides ke haɗuwa ta hanyar haɗin acetal tsakanin cibiyoyin anomeric. Wannan yana haifar da cewa babu wani monosaccharide da aka bari tare da hemiacetal naúrar da ke da 'yanci don aiki a matsayin mai ragewa. Sucrose da trehalose misalai ne na disaccharides marasa raguwa saboda haɗin glycosidic ɗin su yana tsakanin ƙwayoyin carbon na hemiacetal. Ragewar halayen sinadarai na sukari marasa raguwa, idan aka kwatanta da rage sukari, na iya zama fa'ida inda kwanciyar hankali a ajiya yake da mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nomenclature of Carbohydrates (Recommendations 1996): 2-Carb-36 |url=http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/2carb/36.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826141346/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/2carb/36.html |archive-date=2017-08-26 |access-date=2010-07-21 |website=chem.qmul.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides |url=http://faculty.virginia.edu/mcgarveylab/Carbsyn/Carblist/html/disacch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118183515/http://faculty.virginia.edu/mcgarveylab/Carbsyn/Carblist/html/disacch.html |archive-date=2018-11-18 |access-date=2008-01-29 |website=University of Virginia Faculty and Lab Site}}</ref> == Kafawa == Samun kwayar disaccharide daga kwayoyin monosaccharide guda biyu yana ci gaba ta hanyar kawar da ƙungiyar hydroxy daga kwayar halitta ɗaya da kuma ƙirar hydrogen (proton) daga ɗayan, don sabbin haɗin da ba a yi amfani da su a kan monosaccarides sun haɗu da monomers guda biyu tare. Saboda cire kwayar ruwa daga samfurin, kalmar saukakawa ga irin wannan tsari shine "haɗin ruwa" (kuma "haɗin jini" ko "haɗin jiki"). Misali, sukari na madara (lactose) shine disaccharide da aka yi ta hanyar kwantar da kwayoyin guda ɗaya na kowane ɗayan monosaccharides glucose da galactose, yayin da disaccharides sucrose a cikin sukari da sukari, samfurin kwantar da glucose da fructose ne. Maltose, wani disaccharide na yau da kullun, an kwantar da shi daga kwayoyin glucose guda biyu. Halin rashin ruwa wanda ke haɗa monosaccharides zuwa disaccharides (da kuma haɗin monosaccarides zuwa mafi rikitarwa polysaccharides) yana samar da abin da ake kira glycosidic bonds.<ref name="ochempal">{{Cite web |title=Glycosidic Link |url=http://science.uvu.edu/ochem/index.php/alphabetical/g-h/glycosidic-link/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512002153/http://science.uvu.edu/ochem/index.php/alphabetical/g-h/glycosidic-link/ |archive-date=May 12, 2013 |access-date=11 December 2013 |website=OChemPal |publisher=Utah Valley University}}</ref> == Halin halayen halayen == [[File:Lactitol.svg|right|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|210x210px|[[Lactitol]] yana daya daga cikin barasa mai sukari da yawa da aka samar daga disaccharides]] Disaccharides na iya aiki a matsayin ƙungiyoyi masu aiki ta hanyar samar da haɗin glycosidic tare da wasu mahadi na kwayoyin halitta, samar da glycosides da glycoconjugates. Disaccarides suna fuskantar hydrolysis don ba da monosaccharides. Wasu disaccharides za a iya hydrogenated don ba da barasa mai amfani na disaccharide tare da riƙe haɗin acetal. Kayayyakin kasuwanci sun hada da [[lactitol]], isomalt, da maltitol. Samar da isomalt ya fara ne tare da ingantaccen jujjuyawar sucrose zuwa isomaltulose. Sucrose yana fuskantar acid catalyzed poly-dehydration don ba da hydroxymethylfurfural . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simeonov |first=Svilen |year=2016 |title=Synthesis of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) |journal=Organic Syntheses |volume=93 |pages=29–36 |doi=10.15227/orgsyn.093.0029 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Daidaitawa == Ragewar disaccharides ya haɗa da rushewa zuwa monosaccharides. == Disaccharides na yau da kullun == Maltose, cellobiose, da chitobiose sune samfuran hydrolysis na polysaccharides starch, cellulose, da kuma Chitin, bi da bi. Rashin ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parrish |first=F.W. |last2=Hahn |first2=W.B. |last3=Mandels |first3=G.R. |date=July 1968 |title=Crypticity of Myrothecium verrucaria Spores to Maltose and Induction of Transport by Maltulose, a Common Maltose Contaminant |url= |journal=J. Bacteriol. |publisher=American Society for Microbiology |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=227–233 |doi=10.1128/JB.96.1.227-233.1968 |pmc=252277 |pmid=5690932 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == jhin4eur5rc3bp6gwrb6q85gyfnmo9a 0 178358 963874 2026-10-06T14:23:13Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371906135|Steric effects]]" 963874 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:C4R4.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Iyaye cyclobutadiene (R = H) yana da sauƙin dimerizes amma R = ''tert''-butyl derivative yana da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Günther Maier |last2=Stephan Pfriem |last3=Ulrich Schäfer |last4=Rudolf Matusch |year=1978 |title=Tetra-tert-butyltetrahedrane |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=520–1 |doi=10.1002/anie.197805201}}</ref>]] Tasirin steric ya samo asali ne daga tsarin sararin samaniya na atoms. Lokacin da atoms suka zo kusa tare yawanci akwai hauhawar makamashi na kwayoyin. Tasirin Steric shine hulɗar da ba ta da alaƙa wanda ke tasiri ga siffar (haɗin kai) da kuma amsawa ions da kwayoyin. Tasirin Steric ya haɗa da Tasirin lantarki, wanda ke nuna siffar da kuma amsawar kwayoyin. Ƙarfin ƙin yarda tsakanin girgije na lantarki yana haifar da ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin da aka daidaita ta hanyar da ba kamar caji ba ya janyo hankalin kuma kamar caji ya hana. == Matsalar Steric == [[File:Regioselective_tritylation.png|left|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Regioselective dimethoxytrityl na rukuni na farko na 5'-hydroxyl na thymidine a gaban rukuni na biyu na 3'-hydroxy kyauta sakamakon cikas na steric saboda rukuni na dimethoxytityl da zoben ribose (Py = pyridine). ]] Rashin hanawar cututtukan shine sakamakon tasirin cututtukan yajanyo cututtuka. Matsalar steric ita ce raguwar halayen sinadarai saboda yawan steric. Yawancin lokaci ana nuna shi a cikin halayen intermolecular, yayin da tattaunawar tasirin steric sau da yawa yakan mai da hankali kan hulɗar intramolecular(((((('''Steric hindrance''' is a consequence of steric effects. Steric hindrance is the slowing of chemical reactions due to steric bulk. It is usually manifested in ''intermolecular reactions'', whereas discussion of steric effects often focus on ''intramolecular interactions''. Steric hindrance is often exploited to control selectivity, such as slowing unwanted side-reactions)))). Sau da yawa ana amfani da cikas na Steric don sarrafa zaɓin, kamar rage saurin amsawar da ba a so. Harkokin da ke tsakanin kungiyoyi masu kusanci na iya shafar kusurwoyin haɗin gwiwa. Matsalar steric tana da alhakin siffar da aka lura da Rotaxanes da ƙananan ƙimar racemization na 2,2'-disubstituted biphenyl da binaphthyl derivatives. == Matakan kaddarorin steric == Saboda tasirin steric yana da tasiri mai zurfi a kan kaddarorin, an tantance kaddarorin steric na maye gurbin ta hanyoyi da yawa. === Bayanan ƙimar === === Darajar A === A-darajar suna ba da wani ma'auni na yawancin masu maye gurbin. Ana samun ƙimar A-darajar daga ma'aunin ma'auni na cyclohexanes. <ref name="ElielWilen">E.L. Eliel, S.H. Wilen and L.N. Mander, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Wiley, New York (1994). {{ISBN|81-224-0570-3}}</ref> Har zuwa inda mai maye gurbin yake son matsayin ma'auni yana ba da ma'aunin girmansa. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em;" !Mai maye gurbin !Darajar A |- |H |0 |- |CH₃ |1.74 |- |CH2CH₃ |1.75 |- |CH (CH₃) ₂ |2.15 |- |C (CH₃) ₃ |>4 |- |} === Yanayin rufin === Yanayin zafi na rufin ( <nowiki> </nowiki>T <nowiki> </nowiki>c <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle T_{c}} <nowiki> </nowiki>) ma'auni ne na kaddarorin steric na monomers wanda ya ƙunshi polymer. <nowiki> </nowiki>T <nowiki> </nowiki>c <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle T_{c}} <nowiki> </nowiki>shine zafin jiki inda yawan polymerization da depolymerization daidai suke. Sterically hana monomers ba da polymers tare da low <nowiki> </nowiki>T <nowiki> </nowiki>c <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle T_{c}} <nowiki> </nowiki>'s, wanda yawanci ba shi da amfani. {| class="wikitable" !Ɗaya daga cikin !Yanayin zafi na rufin (°C) !Tsarinsa |- |ethylene |610 |CH₂=CH₂ |- |isobutylene |175 |CH₂=CMe₂ |- |1,3-butadiene |585 |CH₂=CHCH₂ |- |isoprene |466 |CH₂=C (Ni) CH=CH₂ |- |styrene |395 |PhCH=CH₂ |- |α-methylstyrene |66 |PhC (Me) =CH₂ |} === Hanyoyin kusurwa === [[File:ConeAng.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Hanyar haɗin kai]] Angles na Ligand cone sune ma'auni na girman ligands a cikin ilimin sinadarai. An bayyana shi azaman kusurwar da aka kafa tare da ƙarfe a saman da kuma ƙwayoyin hydrogen a gefen ƙwanƙwasa (duba adadi). <ref name="tolman1970">{{Cite journal |last=Tolman |first=Chadwick A. |date=1970-05-01 |title=Phosphorus ligand exchange equilibriums on zerovalent nickel. Dominant role for steric effects |journal=[[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]] |volume=92 |issue=10 |pages=2956–2965 |bibcode=1970JAChS..92.2956T |doi=10.1021/ja00713a007}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Hanyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin phosphine na yau da kullun !Ligand !Kusurwa (°) |- |PH<nowiki><sub id="mwwg">3</sub></nowiki> |87 |- |P (OCH<nowiki><sub id="mwxw">3</sub></nowiki>) <nowiki><sub id="mwyA">3</sub></nowiki> |107 |- |P (CH<nowiki><sub id="mwzQ">3</sub></nowiki>) <nowiki><sub id="mwzg">3</sub></nowiki> |118 |- |P (CH₂) ₃₃ |132 |- |P (C<nowiki><sub id="mw2Q">6</sub></nowiki>) <nowiki><sub id="mw2w">3</sub></nowiki> |145 |- |P (Cycle-C<nowiki><sub id="mw4A">6</sub></nowiki>) <nowiki><sub id="mw4g">3</sub></nowiki> |179 |- |P (''t''-Bu) ₃ |182 |- |P (2,4,6-3" href="./Mesityl" id="mw6w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mesityl">Me3C6H₂) 3 |212 |} == Ma'ana da aikace-aikace == Sakamakon cututtukan suna da mahimmanci ga [[Kimiyya|ilimin sinadarai]], ilmin sunayensu, da [[Ilimin Magunguna|ilimin magunguna]]. A cikin ilmin sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta, tasirin steric kusan na duniya ne kuma yana shafar ƙimar da ƙarfin kunnawa na mafi yawan halayen sunadarai zuwa digiri daban-daban. A wasu lokuta, tasirin steric ya zama dole don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na kwayoyin. A cikin na Günther Maier, manyan maye gurbin suna daidaita ainihin kwayar halitta saboda lalacewa zai tilasta maye gurbin kusa da juna.<ref name="MaierOrig">{{Cite journal |last=Maier |first=G. |last2=Pfriem |first2=S. |last3=Schäfer |first3=U. |last4=Matusch |first4=R. |year=1978 |title=Tetra-''tert''-butyltetrahedrane |journal=[[Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.]] |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=520–521 |doi=10.1002/anie.197805201}}</ref> {{Visible anchor|corset effect}}Sabanin haka, jan hankali na maye gurbin na iya daidaita kwayoyin; ana kiran waɗannan kwayoyin "rarrabuwar-rarrabawa". A cikin ilimin sinadarai, ana amfani da tasirin steric sau da yawa a cikin kwayoyin halitta kamar enzymes, inda za'a iya binne shafin [[Catalysis|catalytic]] a cikin babban tsarin furotin. A cikin ilimin likitanci, tasirin steric yana ƙayyade yadda kuma a wane adadin magani zai yi hulɗa tare da kwayoyin halitta da aka yi niyya.<gallery widths="160" heights="100" class="skin-invert-image" caption="Prominent sterically hindered compounds"> File:BigPhosphite31570-04-4.png|Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, a widely used stabilizer in polymers. File:Tricyclohexylphosphine-2D-skeletal.png|alt=Tricyclohexylphosphine, a bulky phosphine ligand used in homogeneous catalysis and, with B(C6F5)3, comprises the classic frustrated Lewis pair.|Tricyclohexylphosphine, a bulky phosphine ligand used in homogeneous catalysis and, with B(C<nowiki><sub id="mwARk">6</sub></nowiki>F<nowiki><sub id="mwARo">5</sub></nowiki>)<nowiki><sub id="mwARs">3</sub></nowiki>, comprises the classic frustrated Lewis pair.<ref>Stephan, Douglas W. "Frustrated Lewis pairs": a concept for new reactivity and catalysis. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2008, 6, 1535–1539. {{Doi|10.1039/b802575b}}</ref> File:2,6-di-tert-butylphenol.svg|2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is used industrially as UV stabilizers and antioxidants for hydrocarbon-based products ranging from petrochemicals to plastics. File:LMW-HA(L)S-1_100.svg|Hindered amine light stabilizers are widely used in polymers. File:Ti(OiPr)4.png|Titanium isopropoxide is a monomer, the corresponding titanium ethoxide is a tetramer. File:OkazakiRSeOH.png|An isolable selenenic acid owing to steric protection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goto |first=Kei |last2=Nagahama |first2=Michiko |last3=Mizushima |first3=Tadashi |last4=Shimada |first4=Keiichi |last5=Kawashima |first5=Takayuki |last6=Okazaki |first6=Renji |year=2001 |title=The First Direct Oxidative Conversion of a Selenol to a Stable Selenenic Acid: Experimental Demonstration of Three Processes Included in the Catalytic Cycle of Glutathione Peroxidase |journal=Organic Letters |volume=3 |issue=22 |pages=3569–3572 |doi=10.1021/ol016682s |pmid=11678710}}</ref> </gallery> [[File:Triterbutilamin.JPG|thumb|Sakamakon steric na tri- (tert-butyl) amine yana sa halayen electrophilic, kamar samar da tetraalkyl cation, mai wahala. Yana da wahala ga electrophiles su kusanci sosai don ba da damar kai farmaki ta hanyar nitrogen guda biyu (an nuna nitrogen a cikin shuɗi) ]] * Ka'idar haɗari * Ƙarfin intramolecular * Ragewa da aka haifar da Sterically * Saurin amsawa yana hanzarta sakamakon cikas a cikin Tasirin Thorpe-Ingold * Van der Waals strain, wanda aka fi sani da steric strain == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2ag1wgpc2rddefgnqo3awng1gw8hz0n 963876 963874 2026-10-06T14:25:36Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 /* Matsalar Steric */ Sabon shafi 963876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:C4R4.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Iyaye cyclobutadiene (R = H) yana da sauƙin dimerizes amma R = ''tert''-butyl derivative yana da ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Günther Maier |last2=Stephan Pfriem |last3=Ulrich Schäfer |last4=Rudolf Matusch |year=1978 |title=Tetra-tert-butyltetrahedrane |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=520–1 |doi=10.1002/anie.197805201}}</ref>]] Tasirin steric ya samo asali ne daga tsarin sararin samaniya na atoms. Lokacin da atoms suka zo kusa tare yawanci akwai hauhawar makamashi na kwayoyin. Tasirin Steric shine hulɗar da ba ta da alaƙa wanda ke tasiri ga siffar (haɗin kai) da kuma amsawa ions da kwayoyin. Tasirin Steric ya haɗa da Tasirin lantarki, wanda ke nuna siffar da kuma amsawar kwayoyin. Ƙarfin ƙin yarda tsakanin girgije na lantarki yana haifar da ƙungiyoyin ƙwayoyin da aka daidaita ta hanyar da ba kamar caji ba ya janyo hankalin kuma kamar caji ya hana. == Matsalar Steric == [[File:Regioselective_tritylation.png|left|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Regioselective dimethoxytrityl na rukuni na farko na 5'-hydroxyl na thymidine a gaban rukuni na biyu na 3'-hydroxy kyauta sakamakon cikas na steric saboda rukuni na dimethoxytityl da zoben ribose (Py = pyridine). ]] Rashin hanawar cututtukan shine sakamakon tasirin cututtukan yajanyo cututtuka. Matsalar steric ita ce raguwar halayen sinadarai saboda yawan steric. Yawancin lokaci ana nuna shi a cikin halayen intermolecular, yayin da tattaunawar tasirin steric sau da yawa yakan mai da hankali kan hulɗar intramolecular. Sau da yawa ana amfani da cikas na Steric don sarrafa zaɓin, kamar rage saurin amsawar da ba a so. Harkokin da ke tsakanin kungiyoyi masu kusanci na iya shafar kusurwoyin haɗin gwiwa. Matsalar steric tana da alhakin siffar da aka lura da Rotaxanes da ƙananan ƙimar racemization na 2,2'-disubstituted biphenyl da binaphthyl derivatives. == Matakan kaddarorin steric == Saboda tasirin steric yana da tasiri mai zurfi a kan kaddarorin, an tantance kaddarorin steric na maye gurbin ta hanyoyi da yawa. === Bayanan ƙimar === === Darajar A === A-darajar suna ba da wani ma'auni na yawancin masu maye gurbin. Ana samun ƙimar A-darajar daga ma'aunin ma'auni na cyclohexanes. <ref name="ElielWilen">E.L. Eliel, S.H. Wilen and L.N. Mander, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, Wiley, New York (1994). {{ISBN|81-224-0570-3}}</ref> Har zuwa inda mai maye gurbin yake son matsayin ma'auni yana ba da ma'aunin girmansa. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em;" !Mai maye gurbin !Darajar A |- |H |0 |- |CH₃ |1.74 |- |CH2CH₃ |1.75 |- |CH (CH₃) ₂ |2.15 |- |C (CH₃) ₃ |>4 |- |} === Yanayin rufin === Yanayin zafi na rufin ( <nowiki> </nowiki>T <nowiki> </nowiki>c <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle T_{c}} <nowiki> </nowiki>) ma'auni ne na kaddarorin steric na monomers wanda ya ƙunshi polymer. <nowiki> </nowiki>T <nowiki> </nowiki>c <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle T_{c}} <nowiki> </nowiki>shine zafin jiki inda yawan polymerization da depolymerization daidai suke. Sterically hana monomers ba da polymers tare da low <nowiki> </nowiki>T <nowiki> </nowiki>c <nowiki> </nowiki>{\displaystyle T_{c}} <nowiki> </nowiki>'s, wanda yawanci ba shi da amfani. {| class="wikitable" !Ɗaya daga cikin !Yanayin zafi na rufin (°C) !Tsarinsa |- |ethylene |610 |CH₂=CH₂ |- |isobutylene |175 |CH₂=CMe₂ |- |1,3-butadiene |585 |CH₂=CHCH₂ |- |isoprene |466 |CH₂=C (Ni) CH=CH₂ |- |styrene |395 |PhCH=CH₂ |- |α-methylstyrene |66 |PhC (Me) =CH₂ |} === Hanyoyin kusurwa === [[File:ConeAng.png|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|Hanyar haɗin kai]] Angles na Ligand cone sune ma'auni na girman ligands a cikin ilimin sinadarai. An bayyana shi azaman kusurwar da aka kafa tare da ƙarfe a saman da kuma ƙwayoyin hydrogen a gefen ƙwanƙwasa (duba adadi). <ref name="tolman1970">{{Cite journal |last=Tolman |first=Chadwick A. |date=1970-05-01 |title=Phosphorus ligand exchange equilibriums on zerovalent nickel. Dominant role for steric effects |journal=[[J. Am. Chem. Soc.]] |volume=92 |issue=10 |pages=2956–2965 |bibcode=1970JAChS..92.2956T |doi=10.1021/ja00713a007}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Hanyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin phosphine na yau da kullun !Ligand !Kusurwa (°) |- |PH<nowiki><sub id="mwwg">3</sub></nowiki> |87 |- |P (OCH<nowiki><sub id="mwxw">3</sub></nowiki>) <nowiki><sub id="mwyA">3</sub></nowiki> |107 |- |P (CH<nowiki><sub id="mwzQ">3</sub></nowiki>) <nowiki><sub id="mwzg">3</sub></nowiki> |118 |- |P (CH₂) ₃₃ |132 |- |P (C<nowiki><sub id="mw2Q">6</sub></nowiki>) <nowiki><sub id="mw2w">3</sub></nowiki> |145 |- |P (Cycle-C<nowiki><sub id="mw4A">6</sub></nowiki>) <nowiki><sub id="mw4g">3</sub></nowiki> |179 |- |P (''t''-Bu) ₃ |182 |- |P (2,4,6-3" href="./Mesityl" id="mw6w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mesityl">Me3C6H₂) 3 |212 |} == Ma'ana da aikace-aikace == Sakamakon cututtukan suna da mahimmanci ga [[Kimiyya|ilimin sinadarai]], ilmin sunayensu, da [[Ilimin Magunguna|ilimin magunguna]]. A cikin ilmin sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta, tasirin steric kusan na duniya ne kuma yana shafar ƙimar da ƙarfin kunnawa na mafi yawan halayen sunadarai zuwa digiri daban-daban. A wasu lokuta, tasirin steric ya zama dole don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na kwayoyin. A cikin na Günther Maier, manyan maye gurbin suna daidaita ainihin kwayar halitta saboda lalacewa zai tilasta maye gurbin kusa da juna.<ref name="MaierOrig">{{Cite journal |last=Maier |first=G. |last2=Pfriem |first2=S. |last3=Schäfer |first3=U. |last4=Matusch |first4=R. |year=1978 |title=Tetra-''tert''-butyltetrahedrane |journal=[[Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.]] |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=520–521 |doi=10.1002/anie.197805201}}</ref> {{Visible anchor|corset effect}}Sabanin haka, jan hankali na maye gurbin na iya daidaita kwayoyin; ana kiran waɗannan kwayoyin "rarrabuwar-rarrabawa". A cikin ilimin sinadarai, ana amfani da tasirin steric sau da yawa a cikin kwayoyin halitta kamar enzymes, inda za'a iya binne shafin [[Catalysis|catalytic]] a cikin babban tsarin furotin. A cikin ilimin likitanci, tasirin steric yana ƙayyade yadda kuma a wane adadin magani zai yi hulɗa tare da kwayoyin halitta da aka yi niyya.<gallery widths="160" heights="100" class="skin-invert-image" caption="Prominent sterically hindered compounds"> File:BigPhosphite31570-04-4.png|Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, a widely used stabilizer in polymers. File:Tricyclohexylphosphine-2D-skeletal.png|alt=Tricyclohexylphosphine, a bulky phosphine ligand used in homogeneous catalysis and, with B(C6F5)3, comprises the classic frustrated Lewis pair.|Tricyclohexylphosphine, a bulky phosphine ligand used in homogeneous catalysis and, with B(C<nowiki><sub id="mwARk">6</sub></nowiki>F<nowiki><sub id="mwARo">5</sub></nowiki>)<nowiki><sub id="mwARs">3</sub></nowiki>, comprises the classic frustrated Lewis pair.<ref>Stephan, Douglas W. "Frustrated Lewis pairs": a concept for new reactivity and catalysis. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2008, 6, 1535–1539. {{Doi|10.1039/b802575b}}</ref> File:2,6-di-tert-butylphenol.svg|2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol is used industrially as UV stabilizers and antioxidants for hydrocarbon-based products ranging from petrochemicals to plastics. File:LMW-HA(L)S-1_100.svg|Hindered amine light stabilizers are widely used in polymers. File:Ti(OiPr)4.png|Titanium isopropoxide is a monomer, the corresponding titanium ethoxide is a tetramer. File:OkazakiRSeOH.png|An isolable selenenic acid owing to steric protection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goto |first=Kei |last2=Nagahama |first2=Michiko |last3=Mizushima |first3=Tadashi |last4=Shimada |first4=Keiichi |last5=Kawashima |first5=Takayuki |last6=Okazaki |first6=Renji |year=2001 |title=The First Direct Oxidative Conversion of a Selenol to a Stable Selenenic Acid: Experimental Demonstration of Three Processes Included in the Catalytic Cycle of Glutathione Peroxidase |journal=Organic Letters |volume=3 |issue=22 |pages=3569–3572 |doi=10.1021/ol016682s |pmid=11678710}}</ref> </gallery> [[File:Triterbutilamin.JPG|thumb|Sakamakon steric na tri- (tert-butyl) amine yana sa halayen electrophilic, kamar samar da tetraalkyl cation, mai wahala. Yana da wahala ga electrophiles su kusanci sosai don ba da damar kai farmaki ta hanyar nitrogen guda biyu (an nuna nitrogen a cikin shuɗi) ]] * Ka'idar haɗari * Ƙarfin intramolecular * Ragewa da aka haifar da Sterically * Saurin amsawa yana hanzarta sakamakon cikas a cikin Tasirin Thorpe-Ingold * Van der Waals strain, wanda aka fi sani da steric strain == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k5yjqkjdt07urrkwxe8tm57skq2o3up 0 178359 963877 2026-10-06T14:28:48Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328382767|Chaeli Mycroft]]" 963877 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Michaela "Chaeli" Mycroft''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Agusta 1994) 'Yar fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙi ce ta Afirka ta Kudu mai fama da cutar kwakwalwa wadda ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta duniya ta yara a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=In my life, disability has never been seen as a problem or a burden. It is part of my life and an opportunity to do things differently. |url=https://kidsrights.org/longread/my-life-disability-has-never-been-seen-problem-or-burden-it-part-my-life-and-opportunity |access-date=2019-06-23 |website=KidsRights}}</ref> Mairead Maguire, wacce ta lashe kyautar Nobel Peace, ce ta ba ta kyautar.   A shekara ta 2004 Mycroft (mai shekaru 9), 'yar uwarta Erin (11), Tarryn Terry (12), Justine Terry (9), da Chelsea Terry (6) sun kafa The Chaeli Campaign a Cape Town don tara kuɗi don keken guragu na Mycroft. [1] Yanzu haka ƙungiyar tana gudanar da shirye-shirye bakwai waɗanda ke shafar rayuwar sama da masu cin gajiyar shirin 7,000 kowace shekara. [ana buƙatar hujja] A shekarar 2012, a taron koli na duniya na masu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel da aka gudanar a Chicago, an ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel Peace Laureate FW de Klerk, a madadin dukkan masu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel . A shekarar 2013, an ba Mycroft kyautar Duniyar Yara (Rukunin Matasa) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaeli Mycroft • World of Children Hero Award |url=https://worldofchildren.org/honoree/michaela-chaeli-mycroft/ |access-date=2019-06-23 |website=World of Children |language=en-US}}</ref> wadda ke karrama matashi ɗan ƙasa da shekara 21 wanda ya bayar da gudummawa mai yawa a rayuwar sauran yara. A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2015, tana da shekaru 21, Mycroft ta zama mace ta farko da ta hau kan [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]] a Tanzania, dutsen da ya fi kowanne tsayi a Afirka. Ta yi bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwarta a kan dutse.   <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eastaugh |first=Sophie |date=August 26, 2015 |title=The inspirational 20-year-old conquering Africa's highest peak in a wheelchair |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/26/africa/chaeli-mycroft-kilimanjaro-climb/index.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-06-23 |website=CNN}}</ref> Mycroft ya kafa tarihi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2016, tare da Anita Engelbrecht, ta hanyar zama 'yan wasa na farko da ke cikin keken guragu da suka kammala tseren Marathon na Comrades, tseren ultramarathon mai nisan kilomita 89 tsakanin Pietermaritzburg da Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-05-30 |title=First wheelchair athletes complete Comrades |url=https://www.sport24.co.za/OtherSport/Athletics/South-Africa/first-wheelchair-athletes-complete-comrades-20160530 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-06-24 |website=Sport 24 |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shi ne karo na farko a cikin tarihin shekaru 95 na taron da wani ɗan wasa na keken guragu ya yi nasarar yin kira ga masu shirya taron da su sauya dokoki. A baya an hana 'yan wasan keken guragu shiga gasar. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{YouTube|channel=UC7LpGqhuzS_k57SuQXAgVCg}} * {{IMDb name|nm12006961}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] 6m8fp5xbywyd6ar5vj8xm9ifnuplcwz 963878 963877 2026-10-06T14:29:32Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 963878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Michaela "Chaeli" Mycroft''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Agusta 1994) 'Yar fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙi ce ta Afirka ta Kudu mai fama da cutar kwakwalwa wadda ta lashe kyautar zaman lafiya ta duniya ta yara a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=In my life, disability has never been seen as a problem or a burden. It is part of my life and an opportunity to do things differently. |url=https://kidsrights.org/longread/my-life-disability-has-never-been-seen-problem-or-burden-it-part-my-life-and-opportunity |access-date=2019-06-23 |website=KidsRights}}</ref> Mairead Maguire, wacce ta lashe kyautar Nobel Peace, ce ta ba ta kyautar.   A shekara ta 2004 Mycroft (mai shekaru 9), 'yar uwarta Erin (11), Tarryn Terry (12), Justine Terry (9), da Chelsea Terry (6) sun kafa The Chaeli Campaign a Cape Town don tara kuɗi don keken guragu na Mycroft. [1] Yanzu haka ƙungiyar tana gudanar da shirye-shirye bakwai waɗanda ke shafar rayuwar sama da masu cin gajiyar shirin 7,000 kowace shekara. [ana buƙatar hujja] A shekarar 2012, a taron koli na duniya na masu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel da aka gudanar a Chicago, an ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel Peace Laureate FW de Klerk, a madadin dukkan masu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel . A shekarar 2013, an ba Mycroft kyautar Duniyar Yara (Rukunin Matasa) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaeli Mycroft • World of Children Hero Award |url=https://worldofchildren.org/honoree/michaela-chaeli-mycroft/ |access-date=2019-06-23 |website=World of Children |language=en-US}}</ref> wadda ke karrama matashi ɗan ƙasa da shekara 21 wanda ya bayar da gudummawa mai yawa a rayuwar sauran yara. A ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2015, tana da shekaru 21, Mycroft ta zama mace ta farko da ta hau kan [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro]] a Tanzania, dutsen da ya fi kowanne tsayi a Afirka. Ta yi bikin zagayowar ranar haihuwarta a kan dutse.   <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eastaugh |first=Sophie |date=August 26, 2015 |title=The inspirational 20-year-old conquering Africa's highest peak in a wheelchair |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/08/26/africa/chaeli-mycroft-kilimanjaro-climb/index.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-06-23 |website=CNN}}</ref> Mycroft ya kafa tarihi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2016, tare da Anita Engelbrecht, ta hanyar zama 'yan wasa na farko da ke cikin keken guragu da suka kammala tseren Marathon na Comrades, tseren ultramarathon mai nisan kilomita 89 tsakanin Pietermaritzburg da Durban. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-05-30 |title=First wheelchair athletes complete Comrades |url=https://www.sport24.co.za/OtherSport/Athletics/South-Africa/first-wheelchair-athletes-complete-comrades-20160530 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2019-06-24 |website=Sport 24 |language=en}}</ref> Wannan shi ne karo na farko a cikin tarihin shekaru 95 na taron da wani ɗan wasa na keken guragu ya yi nasarar yin kira ga masu shirya taron da su sauya dokoki. A baya an hana 'yan wasan keken guragu shiga gasar. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{YouTube|channel=UC7LpGqhuzS_k57SuQXAgVCg}} * {{IMDb name|nm12006961}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] d3bgxoj5xf19ov7d8y5pdru8jx9t53t 0 178360 963886 2026-10-06T15:21:51Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368779852|Kilometre]]" 963886 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''kilo[[mita]]''' (alama ta SI: '''km'''; /ˈkɪləmiːtər/ ko //kɪˈlɒmətər//), an rubuta '''kilomita''' a cikin Turanci na Amurka, yana da raka'a na tsawo a cikin Tsarin Ƙungiyoyin Duniya (SI), daidai da mita dubu ɗaya (kilo- kasancewa prefix na SI don {{Val|1000}}). Ita ce ma'aunin da aka fi so don bayyana nisan tsakanin wurare na ƙasa a mafi yawan duniya; sanannun ban da Amurka, Ingila, da Laberiya inda ake amfani [[Mil|doka mil]] din doka. == Yadda ake furta shi ==   Akwai furcin magana guda biyu na yau da kullun don kalmar. Furuci na farko yana bin wani tsari a harshen Ingilishi, inda ake sanya '''ƙarfi (stress)''' a kan gaɓa ta farko ta kalmar SI, kamar yadda ake yi a kalmomin '''kilogram, kilojoule, da kilohertz'''.Haka kuma, furucin ainihin ma’aunin tushe ba ya canzawa, ko da an ƙara masa wani '''prefix (kari)''', kamar a cikin '''centimetre, millimetre, nanometre''', da makamantansu.Gabaɗaya, '''BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation), CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), da ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)''' sun fi amfani da wannan hanyar furuci. Sauran masu amfani da yawa, musamman a ƙasashe inda ba a amfani da SI (tsarin ma'auni) ko'ina, suna amfani da furcin na biyu tare da damuwa a kan syllable na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kilometer – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kilometer |access-date=2014-08-05 |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> Magana ta biyu ta bi ''Tasirin,'' damuwa da aka yi amfani da shi don sunayen kayan auna (kamar ''micrometer'', ''barometer'', thermometer, tachometer, da ''Speedometer''). Bambancin ya fi bayyana a cikin ƙasashe waɗanda ke amfani da rubutun Amurka na kalmar ''mita''. Wannan furcin ba daidai ba ne saboda yana sa kilomita ya zama ɗayan SI kawai tare da damuwa a kan syllable na biyu. Bayan da Ostiraliya ta gabatar da tsarin ma'auni a cikin 1970, an ayyana furcin farko a matsayin hukuma ta Hukumar Ma'auni ta gwamnati. Koyaya, Firayim Ministan Australiya a lokacin, [[Gough Whitlam]], ya nace cewa furcin na biyu daidai ne saboda asalin Girkanci na ɓangarorin biyu na kalmar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Charles A. Doswell III]] |title=E-mail Discussions on "Peeves" Topics |url=http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~doswell/peeves/Discussions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022055855/http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~doswell/peeves/Discussions.html |archive-date=2008-10-22 |access-date=2014-08-05 |website=[[Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies]] - [[University of Oklahoma]]}}</ref> == Daidaitawa ga sauran raka'a na tsawon == == Tarihi == [[File:Division_of_the_meridien.PNG|right|thumb|480x480px|Rarrabawar tarihi na meridian a Faransa]] Ta hanyar doka a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1790, Majalisar Dokokin Faransa ta ba da umarnin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Faransa ta haɓaka sabon tsarin aunawa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 1793, Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Faransa ta ba da umarnin [[mita]] a matsayin tsarin auna tsawo kawai a Jamhuriyar Faransa kuma ya dogara ne akan kashi 1 / nisan daga igiyoyin da ke kewaye da shi (ko dai Arewa ko Kudu) zuwa Equator, wannan shine ainihin rukunin duniya.  Sunan farko na kilomita shine "Millaire". Kodayake an bayyana mita a hukumance a cikin shekara ta 1799, an fi son myriametre (mita 10,000) zuwa "kilomita" don amfani na yau da kullun. &nbsp;Kalmar "myriamètre" ta bayyana sau da yawa a cikin rubutun littafin Develey Physique d'Emile: ou, Principes de la science de la nature, (wanda aka buga a 1802), yayin da kalmar ''kilomita'' kawai ta bayyana a cikin ƙarin bayani. Taswirar Faransanci da aka buga a cikin 1835 suna da ma'auni da ke nuna ''myriameters'' da "lieues de Poste" (Liga na Postal na kimanin mita {{Val|4288}}). &nbsp; Dutch, a gefe guda, sun karɓi kilomita a cikin 1817 amma sun ba shi sunan yankin ''mijl''. Sai kawai a cikin 1867 ne kalmar "''kilomita''" ta zama kawai ma'auni na hukuma a cikin Netherlands don wakiltar mita {{Val|1000}}.&nbsp; Littattafan Jamusanci guda biyu da aka rubuta a shekara ta 1842 <ref name="Europa1842">{{Cite web |title=Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842 |trans-title=Official units of measure in Europe 1842 |url=http://home.fonline.de/fo0126//geschichte/groessen/mas1.htm |access-date=26 March 2011 |language=de}} Text version of Malaisé's book.</ref> da 1848 bi da bi suna ba da hoto game da amfani da kilomita a duk faɗin Turai: ana amfani da kilomita ɗin a cikin Netherlands da Italiya, kuma ana amfani da myriametre a Faransa. A cikin 1935, Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Ma'auni da Ma'aunin (CIPM) a hukumance ya soke prefix "Myria-" kuma tare da shi "myriametre", ya bar kilomita a matsayin sanannen naúrar tsawon don ma'aunin wannan girman. Alamar kilomita don kilomita tana cikin ƙananan shari'a '''km''' BIPM ta daidaita ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kilometre |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/kilometre?q=kilometre |access-date=1 November 2019 |website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=The International System of Units (SI) |url=https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf#page=33 |access-date=8 January 2020 |publisher=International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) |pages=147–149}}</ref> Kalmar magana don kilomita a Amurka, Burtaniya, da sojojin Kanada shine klick.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MARINE CORPS JARGON |url=http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/143/Docs/Onboarding/Marine%20jargon.pdf |access-date=3 March 2017 |publisher=hqmc.marines.mil}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Juyawar raka'a, don kwatanta da sauran raka'a na tsawon * Cubic mita * Tafiya mai nisa * Gabatarwa na ma'auni * Dokokin girman (tsawon) * Yankin murabba'in kilomita == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0tl6d3txmc7abeyyvjxghiitlojkhmc 963887 963886 2026-10-06T15:23:37Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 963887 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''kilo[[mita]]''' (alama ta SI: '''km'''; /ˈkɪləmiːtər/ ko //kɪˈlɒmətər//), an rubuta '''kilomita''' a cikin Turanci na Amurka, yana da raka'a na tsawo a cikin Tsarin Ƙungiyoyin Duniya (SI), daidai da mita dubu ɗaya (kilo- kasancewa prefix na SI don {{Val|1000}}). Ita ce ma'aunin da aka fi so don bayyana nisan tsakanin wurare na ƙasa a mafi yawan duniya; sanannun ban da Amurka, Ingila, da Laberiya inda ake amfani [[Mil|doka mil]] din doka. == Yadda ake furta shi ==   Akwai furcin magana guda biyu na yau da kullun don kalmar. Furuci na farko yana bin wani tsari a harshen Ingilishi, inda ake sanya '''ƙarfi (stress)''' a kan gaɓa ta farko ta kalmar SI, kamar yadda ake yi a kalmomin '''kilogram, kilojoule, da kilohertz'''.Haka kuma, furucin ainihin ma’aunin tushe ba ya canzawa, ko da an ƙara masa wani '''prefix (kari)''', kamar a cikin '''centimetre, millimetre, nanometre''', da makamantansu.Gabaɗaya, '''BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation), CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), da ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)''' sun fi amfani da wannan hanyar furuci. Sauran masu amfani da yawa, musamman a ƙasashe inda ba a amfani da SI (tsarin ma'auni) ko'ina, suna amfani da furcin na biyu tare da damuwa a kan syllable na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kilometer – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/kilometer |access-date=2014-08-05 |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> Magana ta biyu ta bi ''Tasirin,'' damuwa da aka yi amfani da shi don sunayen kayan auna (kamar ''micrometer'', ''barometer'', thermometer, tachometer, da ''Speedometer''). Bambancin ya fi bayyana a cikin ƙasashe waɗanda ke amfani da rubutun Amurka na kalmar ''mita''. Wannan furcin ba daidai ba ne saboda yana sa kilomita ya zama ɗayan SI kawai tare da damuwa a kan syllable na biyu Bayan da Ostiraliya ta gabatar da tsarin ma'auni a cikin 1970, an ayyana furcin farko a matsayin hukuma ta Hukumar Ma'auni ta gwamnati. Koyaya, Firayim Ministan Australiya a lokacin, [[Gough Whitlam]], ya nace cewa furcin na biyu daidai ne saboda asalin Girkanci na ɓangarorin biyu na kalmar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Charles A. Doswell III]] |title=E-mail Discussions on "Peeves" Topics |url=http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~doswell/peeves/Discussions.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022055855/http://www.cimms.ou.edu/~doswell/peeves/Discussions.html |archive-date=2008-10-22 |access-date=2014-08-05 |website=[[Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies]] - [[University of Oklahoma]]}}</ref> == Daidaitawa ga sauran raka'a na tsawon == == Tarihi == [[File:Division_of_the_meridien.PNG|right|thumb|480x480px|Rarrabawar tarihi na meridian a Faransa]] Ta hanyar doka a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1790, Majalisar Dokokin Faransa ta ba da umarnin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Faransa ta haɓaka sabon tsarin aunawa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 1793, Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta Faransa ta ba da umarnin [[mita]] a matsayin tsarin auna tsawo kawai a Jamhuriyar Faransa kuma ya dogara ne akan kashi 1 / nisan daga igiyoyin da ke kewaye da shi (ko dai Arewa ko Kudu) zuwa Equator, wannan shine ainihin rukunin duniya.  Sunan farko na kilomita shine "Millaire". Kodayake an bayyana mita a hukumance a cikin shekara ta 1799, an fi son myriametre (mita 10,000) zuwa "kilomita" don amfani na yau da kullun. &nbsp;Kalmar "myriamètre" ta bayyana sau da yawa a cikin rubutun littafin Develey Physique d'Emile: ou, Principes de la science de la nature, (wanda aka buga a 1802), yayin da kalmar ''kilomita'' kawai ta bayyana a cikin ƙarin bayani. Taswirar Faransanci da aka buga a cikin 1835 suna da ma'auni da ke nuna ''myriameters'' da "lieues de Poste" (Liga na Postal na kimanin mita {{Val|4288}}). &nbsp; Dutch, a gefe guda, sun karɓi kilomita a cikin 1817 amma sun ba shi sunan yankin ''mijl''. Sai kawai a cikin 1867 ne kalmar "''kilomita''" ta zama kawai ma'auni na hukuma a cikin Netherlands don wakiltar mita {{Val|1000}}.&nbsp; Littattafan Jamusanci guda biyu da aka rubuta a shekara ta 1842 <ref name="Europa1842">{{Cite web |title=Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842 |trans-title=Official units of measure in Europe 1842 |url=http://home.fonline.de/fo0126//geschichte/groessen/mas1.htm |access-date=26 March 2011 |language=de}} Text version of Malaisé's book.</ref> da 1848 bi da bi suna ba da hoto game da amfani da kilomita a duk faɗin Turai: ana amfani da kilomita ɗin a cikin Netherlands da Italiya, kuma ana amfani da myriametre a Faransa. A cikin 1935, Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa na Ma'auni da Ma'aunin (CIPM) a hukumance ya soke prefix "Myria-" kuma tare da shi "myriametre", ya bar kilomita a matsayin sanannen naúrar tsawon don ma'aunin wannan girman. Alamar kilomita don kilomita tana cikin ƙananan shari'a '''km''' BIPM ta daidaita ta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kilometre |url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/kilometre?q=kilometre |access-date=1 November 2019 |website=Oxford Learner's Dictionaries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=The International System of Units (SI) |url=https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si-brochure/SI-Brochure-9-EN.pdf#page=33 |access-date=8 January 2020 |publisher=International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) |pages=147–149}}</ref> Kalmar magana don kilomita a Amurka, Burtaniya, da sojojin Kanada shine klick.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MARINE CORPS JARGON |url=http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/Portals/143/Docs/Onboarding/Marine%20jargon.pdf |access-date=3 March 2017 |publisher=hqmc.marines.mil}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Juyawar raka'a, don kwatanta da sauran raka'a na tsawon * Cubic mita * Tafiya mai nisa * Gabatarwa na ma'auni * Dokokin girman (tsawon) * Yankin murabba'in kilomita == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aiza2438neeqy6s0jgfp1hj3emakrty 0 178361 963888 2026-10-06T15:28:34Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332508626|Dorothy Nyembe]]" 963888 wikitext text/x-wiki Dorothy Nomzansi Nyembe OMSS (31 Disamba 1931 - 18 Disamba 1998) 'Yar fafutuka ce kuma 'yar siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta a kusa da Dundee, KwaZulu-Natal, Nyembe diya ce ga Leeya Basolise Nyembe, wanda mahaifinta shine Cif Ngedee Shezi. [1] Ta halarci makarantun mishan har zuwa Standard 9. Tana da ɗanta tilo a lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyar. [1] Nyembe ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta a ƙarƙashin mulkin wariyar launin fata ko dai a ƙarƙashin [[Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramtawa a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata|umarnin hana]] ko kuma a gidan yari, ta shafe shekaru da dama tana aiki daga 1963 zuwa 1966 saboda ci gaba da fafutukar ANC da kuma daga 1968 zuwa 1983 saboda ɓoye 'yan ta'adda, ta yi zaman bauta a Barberton sannan ta yi aiki a Kroonstad . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Archives, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa - WITS |url=http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/inventories/inv_pdfo/A3299/A3299-B3-3-15-002-jpeg.pdf}}</ref> Nyembe ta shiga ƙungiyar mata ta Natal (NOW) bayan fitowarta a shekarar 1984. <ref name=":0" /> An sake ta daga tsare a shekarar 1987. An zaɓe ta a [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu|Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa]] a shekarar 1994. == Sana'a == Nyembe ya kasance mai himma a siyasa, yana shiga ko kuma yana gudanar da ƙungiyoyi masu ci gaba da dama. Ta shiga [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|jam'iyyar African National Congress]] a shekarar 1952 kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta zama memba mai himma. Lokacin da ta shiga jam'iyyar ANC, ana ci gaba da yakin neman zabe. An daure Nyembe a shekarar 1952 saboda karya dokokin da ba su dace ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Archives, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa - WITS |url=http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/inventories/inv_pdfo/A3299/A3299-B3-3-15-002-jpeg.pdf}}</ref> Ta jagoranci mata daga Natal a yakin neman 'yancin kai na 1956. <ref name=":0" /> Wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Neman ƙin amincewa da gwamnati shi ne zama jagora a kan kawar da Cato Manor a shekarar 1956. <ref name="South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid">{{Cite web |title=South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid |url=http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/people.php?id=65-251-96 |website=overcomingapartheid.msu.edu}}</ref> A shekarar 1956 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar ANC ta Durban. <ref name="South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid" /> Tana kuma da hannu a cikin yunkurin [[Ƙauracewa Beer Hall|kauracewa gidajen giya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorothy Nomzansi Nyembe – A Titan of Struggle – African National Congress |url=http://www.anc.org.za/content/dorothy-nomzansi-nyembe-titan-struggle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819023152/http://www.anc.org.za/content/dorothy-nomzansi-nyembe-titan-struggle |archive-date=19 August 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=www.anc.org.za}}</ref> Shagunan giya, suna kwace ayyukan yi daga mata da yawa. <ref name="South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid" /> A shekarar 1959 aka zaɓe ta shugabar sashen Natal na ƙungiyar mata ta African National Congress . Lokacin da aka haramta jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 1960, ta shiga [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|Spear of the Nation]] . A shekarar 1961, an ɗauki Nyembe aiki a Umkhonto we Sizwe kuma ya yi aiki tare da wasu abokan hulɗa kamar Chief Albert Luthuli, Moses Mabhida, Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu da Oliver Tambo. " <ref name="South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid" /> A shekarar 1963 ta jagoranci mata a lokacin [[Natal Women's Revolt|Tawayen Mata na Natal]] . An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 1984, bayan an sake ta, Nyembe ta fara aiki a ƙungiyar mata ta Natal Organization of Women (NOW). NOW ya yi aiki da manufofi da dama. Yaƙi da hauhawar haya, farashin sufuri, rashin ingantaccen ilimi da rashin wuraren kula da yara su ne babban abin da ƙungiyar ta fi mayar da hankali a kai. " <ref name="South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid" /> == Aiki ga Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu == Falsafar ANC a farkon shekarun 1950 ita ce ta Gandhi. Falsafa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya inda membobi ke son zuwa gidan yari idan ya cancanta. Nyembe, duk da cewa ba mai son zaman lafiya ba ne, ya shiga jam'iyyar ANC kuma a shekarar 1952 ya yarda ya karya dokokin da suka sanya takunkumi kan 'yancin siyasa, aiki da zama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2011 |title=African National Congress Timeline 1950-1959 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/african-national-congress-timeline-1950-1959 |website=South African History Online |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin Nyembe a yakin neman zabe ya ƙare lokacin da, a shekarar 1953, Birtaniya ta zartar da dokoki da suka haramta tarurrukan zanga-zanga. Bayan zaɓenta a matsayin shugabar sashen Natal a shekarar 1959, Nyembe ta shiga cikin shirin 'yan adawa don zartar da dokoki. Dokokin da suka kafa dokar sun tilasta wa dukkan 'yan ƙasa baƙar fata su ɗauki katin shaida a yankunan fararen fata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2011 |title=African National Congress Timeline 1960-1969 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/african-national-congress-timeline-1960-1969 |website=South African History Online |language=en}}</ref> Bayan [[Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville|kisan kiyashin Sharpeville]] da kuma haramta jam'iyyar ANC da PAC a ƙarƙashin sabuwar dokar ƙungiyoyin da aka zartar. Nyembe ya shiga reshen jam'iyyar ANC [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto weSizwe]] (MK). A ƙarƙashin wannan aikin ta shiga cikin lalata cibiyoyin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2006 |title=Manifesto of umKhonto we Sizwe |url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217090228/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html |archive-date=17 December 2006}}</ref> == Tawayen Mata na Natal == A matsayinta na jagorar Tawayen Mata na Natal, Nyembe ta kasance tare da sauran mata bakar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu a kan tsarin kananan hukumomi na gidajen giya: haramun ne a yi giya a gida. Gidajen giya suna kwace babbar hanyar samun kuɗi daga mata kuma suna ba da kuɗin gudanar da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. Wannan ƙungiyar ta kuma nemi a lalata kadarorin Kamfanin Durban. Nyembe yana fafutukar neman iko da kwararar 'yan cirani, samun izinin shiga ga mata, da kuma izinin neman aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2014 |title=Document 44 - "The Revolt of the Women", The Soyan, December 1959 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/document-44-revolt-women-soyan-december-1959 |website=South African History Online |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == [[File:FAO_CERES2_Nyembe_Silver_Obverse.jpg|thumb| Lambar Yabo ta FAO CERES - Azurfa Obverse]] An ba shi lambar yabo ta FAO Ceres a shekarar 1976. A lokacin aikinta ta sami lambar yabo ta Order of Friendship of Peoples, daga Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma lambar yabo ta Chief Albert Luthuli, ta ƙarshe a shekarar 1992. Umarnin Sabis na Girmamawa da azurfa (2003).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2025}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]] kw1kkc2elzx8v7g66sziy9c1adilkvk 963891 963888 2026-10-06T15:31:07Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 963891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dorothy Nomzansi Nyembe OMSS (31 Disamba 1931 - 18 Disamba 1998) 'Yar fafutuka ce kuma 'yar siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta a kusa da Dundee, KwaZulu-Natal, Nyembe diya ce ga Leeya Basolise Nyembe, wanda mahaifinta shine Cif Ngedee Shezi. [1] Ta halarci makarantun mishan har zuwa Standard 9. Tana da ɗanta tilo a lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha biyar. [1] Nyembe ta shafe mafi yawan rayuwarta a ƙarƙashin mulkin wariyar launin fata ko dai a ƙarƙashin [[Jerin mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin umarnin haramtawa a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata|umarnin hana]] ko kuma a gidan yari, ta shafe shekaru da dama tana aiki daga 1963 zuwa 1966 saboda ci gaba da fafutukar ANC da kuma daga 1968 zuwa 1983 saboda ɓoye 'yan ta'adda, ta yi zaman bauta a Barberton sannan ta yi aiki a Kroonstad . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Archives, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa - WITS |url=http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/inventories/inv_pdfo/A3299/A3299-B3-3-15-002-jpeg.pdf}}</ref> Nyembe ta shiga ƙungiyar mata ta Natal (NOW) bayan fitowarta a shekarar 1984. <ref name=":0" /> An sake ta daga tsare a shekarar 1987. An zaɓe ta a [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu|Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa]] a shekarar 1994. == Sana'a == Nyembe ya kasance mai himma a siyasa, yana shiga ko kuma yana gudanar da ƙungiyoyi masu ci gaba da dama. Ta shiga [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|jam'iyyar African National Congress]] a shekarar 1952 kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta zama memba mai himma. Lokacin da ta shiga jam'iyyar ANC, ana ci gaba da yakin neman zabe. An daure Nyembe a shekarar 1952 saboda karya dokokin da ba su dace ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Archives, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa - WITS |url=http://www.historicalpapers.wits.ac.za/inventories/inv_pdfo/A3299/A3299-B3-3-15-002-jpeg.pdf}}</ref> Ta jagoranci mata daga Natal a yakin neman 'yancin kai na 1956. <ref name=":0" /> Wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Neman ƙin amincewa da gwamnati shi ne zama jagora a kan kawar da Cato Manor a shekarar 1956. <ref name="South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid">{{Cite web |title=South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid |url=http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/people.php?id=65-251-96 |website=overcomingapartheid.msu.edu}}</ref> A shekarar 1956 aka zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar jam'iyyar ANC ta Durban. <ref name="South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid" /> Tana kuma da hannu a cikin yunkurin [[Ƙauracewa Beer Hall|kauracewa gidajen giya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dorothy Nomzansi Nyembe – A Titan of Struggle – African National Congress |url=http://www.anc.org.za/content/dorothy-nomzansi-nyembe-titan-struggle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819023152/http://www.anc.org.za/content/dorothy-nomzansi-nyembe-titan-struggle |archive-date=19 August 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=www.anc.org.za}}</ref> Shagunan giya, suna kwace ayyukan yi daga mata da yawa. <ref name="South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid" /> A shekarar 1959 aka zaɓe ta shugabar sashen Natal na ƙungiyar mata ta African National Congress . Lokacin da aka haramta jam'iyyar ANC a shekarar 1960, ta shiga [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|Spear of the Nation]] . A shekarar 1961, an ɗauki Nyembe aiki a Umkhonto we Sizwe kuma ya yi aiki tare da wasu abokan hulɗa kamar Chief Albert Luthuli, Moses Mabhida, Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu da Oliver Tambo. " <ref name="South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid" /> A shekarar 1963 ta jagoranci mata a lokacin [[Natal Women's Revolt|Tawayen Mata na Natal]] . An sake ta a ranar 23 ga Maris 1984, bayan an sake ta, Nyembe ta fara aiki a ƙungiyar mata ta Natal Organization of Women (NOW). NOW ya yi aiki da manufofi da dama. Yaƙi da hauhawar haya, farashin sufuri, rashin ingantaccen ilimi da rashin wuraren kula da yara su ne babban abin da ƙungiyar ta fi mayar da hankali a kai. " <ref name="South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid" /> == Aiki ga Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu == Falsafar ANC a farkon shekarun 1950 ita ce ta Gandhi. Falsafa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya inda membobi ke son zuwa gidan yari idan ya cancanta. Nyembe, duk da cewa ba mai son zaman lafiya ba ne, ya shiga jam'iyyar ANC kuma a shekarar 1952 ya yarda ya karya dokokin da suka sanya takunkumi kan 'yancin siyasa, aiki da zama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2011 |title=African National Congress Timeline 1950-1959 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/african-national-congress-timeline-1950-1959 |website=South African History Online |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin Nyembe a yakin neman zabe ya ƙare lokacin da, a shekarar 1953, Birtaniya ta zartar da dokoki da suka haramta tarurrukan zanga-zanga. Bayan zaɓenta a matsayin shugabar sashen Natal a shekarar 1959, Nyembe ta shiga cikin shirin 'yan adawa don zartar da dokoki. Dokokin da suka kafa dokar sun tilasta wa dukkan 'yan ƙasa baƙar fata su ɗauki katin shaida a yankunan fararen fata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2011 |title=African National Congress Timeline 1960-1969 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/african-national-congress-timeline-1960-1969 |website=South African History Online |language=en}}</ref> Bayan [[Kisan kiyashi na Sharpeville|kisan kiyashin Sharpeville]] da kuma haramta jam'iyyar ANC da PAC a ƙarƙashin sabuwar dokar ƙungiyoyin da aka zartar. Nyembe ya shiga reshen jam'iyyar ANC [[Umkhonto we Sizwe|uMkhonto weSizwe]] (MK). A ƙarƙashin wannan aikin ta shiga cikin lalata cibiyoyin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2006 |title=Manifesto of umKhonto we Sizwe |url=http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217090228/http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/manifesto-mk.html |archive-date=17 December 2006}}</ref> == Tawayen Mata na Natal == A matsayinta na jagorar Tawayen Mata na Natal, Nyembe ta kasance tare da sauran mata bakar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu a kan tsarin kananan hukumomi na gidajen giya: haramun ne a yi giya a gida. Gidajen giya suna kwace babbar hanyar samun kuɗi daga mata kuma suna ba da kuɗin gudanar da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata. Wannan ƙungiyar ta kuma nemi a lalata kadarorin Kamfanin Durban. Nyembe yana fafutukar neman iko da kwararar 'yan cirani, samun izinin shiga ga mata, da kuma izinin neman aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2014 |title=Document 44 - "The Revolt of the Women", The Soyan, December 1959 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/document-44-revolt-women-soyan-december-1959 |website=South African History Online |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == [[File:FAO_CERES2_Nyembe_Silver_Obverse.jpg|thumb| Lambar Yabo ta FAO CERES - Azurfa Obverse]] An ba shi lambar yabo ta FAO Ceres a shekarar 1976. A lokacin aikinta ta sami lambar yabo ta Order of Friendship of Peoples, daga Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma lambar yabo ta Chief Albert Luthuli, ta ƙarshe a shekarar 1992. Umarnin Sabis na Girmamawa da azurfa (2003).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2025}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]] a0itqc500frfxhj4lwg9h5xm55ua0ey 0 178362 963893 2026-10-06T15:44:58Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: '''Olukayode Oshiariyo''' ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Najeriya. Ya taɓa zama [[National Chairman|shugaban ƙasa]] na [[All Grassroots Alliance]] (AGA), wata jam'iyyar siyasa ta Najeriya. Ya jagoranci jam'iyyar a lokacin shirye-shiryen [[Zaɓen Najeriya na 2019|zaɓen 2019]], inda ya bayyana manufofin jam'iyyar kan rage talauci, yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, rage kuɗin tafiyar da gwamnati da kuma bunƙasa tattalin arziki.<ref name="Guardian2018">{{cite news |title=Party urges INEC to... 963893 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olukayode Oshiariyo''' ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Najeriya. Ya taɓa zama [[National Chairman|shugaban ƙasa]] na [[All Grassroots Alliance]] (AGA), wata jam'iyyar siyasa ta Najeriya. Ya jagoranci jam'iyyar a lokacin shirye-shiryen [[Zaɓen Najeriya na 2019|zaɓen 2019]], inda ya bayyana manufofin jam'iyyar kan rage talauci, yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa, rage kuɗin tafiyar da gwamnati da kuma bunƙasa tattalin arziki.<ref name="Guardian2018">{{cite news |title=Party urges INEC to be truly independent in 2019 general election |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=16 November 2018 |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/party-urges-inec-to-be-truly-independent-in-2019-general-election/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref><ref name="Vanguard2018">{{cite news |title=2019 elections: Fight poverty, corruption with votes, AGA pleads with electorate |work=Vanguard |date=29 November 2018 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/2019-elections-fight-poverty-corruption-with-votes-aga-pleads-with-electorate/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da sana'a == Bayanan da suka tabbatar da ranar haihuwar Oshiariyo, wurin haihuwarsa, iliminsa da cikakken tarihin sana'arsa ba su bayyana a cikin manyan majiyoyin da aka samu ba. Saboda haka, ba a saka waɗannan bayanai a cikin wannan labarin domin kauce wa bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba. Majiyoyin siyasa da kafafen yaɗa labarai suna amfani da sunan '''Dr. Olukayode Oshiariyo''' ko '''Hon. Dr. Olukayode Oshiariyo''' wajen ambatonsa.<ref name="INECConstitution">{{cite web |title=Constitution of the All Grassroots Alliance |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |year=2018 |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/AGA-CONSTITUTION-2018.pdf |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Shiga siyasa == Oshiariyo ya shiga harkokin siyasar jam'iyyu a Najeriya. A shekarar 2017, ya kasance cikin shugabannin [[All Grassroots Alliance]] (AGA), jam'iyyar da [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC) ta yi wa rajista a watan Disamban 2017 tare da wasu sabbin jam'iyyun siyasa.<ref name="VanguardRegistration">{{cite news |title=Party registration: All Grassroots Alliance commends INEC |work=Vanguard |date=20 December 2017 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/party-registration-grassroots-alliance-commends-inec/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A matsayinsa na shugaban AGA, Oshiariyo ya ce jam'iyyar za ta mayar da hankali kan al'ummar ƙasa, samar da ayyukan yi, tsaro, wadatar abinci da bunƙasa tattalin arziki. Ya kuma bayyana cewa jam'iyyar za ta yi amfani da tsarin siyasar matakin ƙasa domin samun goyon bayan jama'a.<ref name="VanguardGrassroots">{{cite news |title=2019 elections: Fight poverty, corruption with votes, AGA pleads with electorate |work=Vanguard |date=29 November 2018 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/2019-elections-fight-poverty-corruption-with-votes-aga-pleads-with-electorate/amp/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Shugaban All Grassroots Alliance == Oshiariyo ya zama shugaban ƙasa na AGA, kuma a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin jam'iyyar na shekarar 2018 an sanya sunansa a matsayin '''National Chairman'''.<ref name="INECConstitution"/> A watan Disamban 2017, bayan INEC ta amince da rajistar AGA, Oshiariyo ya bayyana cewa jam'iyyar za ta yi amfani da ilimantar da masu zaɓe a matakin ƙasa domin wayar da kan jama'a. Ya kuma bayyana wasu sauye-sauyen tsarin mulki da jam'iyyar ke son aiwatarwa idan ta samu damar mulki.<ref name="VanguardRegistration"/> A watan Oktoban 2018, AGA ta gudanar da zaɓen fidda gwani na ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019|2019]]. An zaɓi lauya Chuks Nwachukwu a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar. Oshiariyo ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da zaɓen bisa tsarin kundin tsarin jam'iyyar.<ref name="VanguardPrimary">{{cite news |title=AGA elects presidential candidate |work=Vanguard |date=7 October 2018 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/aga-elects-presidential-candidate/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A babban taron jam'iyyar da aka gudanar a Gwagwalada, [[Babban Birnin Tarayya (Najeriya)|FCT Abuja]], Oshiariyo ya kuma yi kira ga 'yan Najeriya su bi dokoki da ƙa'idojin zaɓe. Ya nemi INEC ta kasance mai zaman kanta tare da yin adalci ga dukkan jam'iyyun siyasa.<ref name="Guardian2018"/> == Manufofin siyasa == A matsayinsa na shugaban AGA, Oshiariyo ya bayyana rage talauci da cin hanci da rashawa a matsayin wasu daga cikin muhimman manufofin jam'iyyar. Ya kuma yi magana kan rage kuɗin tafiyar da gwamnati da kuma sauya wasu abubuwa a tsarin gudanar da ƙasa.<ref name="VanguardCorruption">{{cite news |title=2019: AGA promises fresh strategy in war against corruption |work=Vanguard |date=4 December 2018 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/2019-aga-promises-fresh-strategy-in-war-against-corruption/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Manifesto na AGA na shekarar 2018 ya bayyana manufofi a fannoni da suka haɗa da tattalin arziki, noma, masana'antu, makamashi da harkar man fetur. Kundin ya kuma bayyana taken jam'iyyar da cewa '''Peace, Progress and Prosperity'''.<ref name="AGAManifesto">{{cite web |title=Manifesto of the All Grassroots Alliance |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |year=2018 |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/AGA-MANIFESTO-2018.pdf |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Oshiariyo ya kuma soki wasu manufofin gwamnatin [[Muhammadu Buhari]] a lokacin shirye-shiryen zaɓen 2019, musamman kan talauci da tasirin manufofin tattalin arziki. Waɗannan bayanai ra'ayoyinsa ne na siyasa a lokacin, ba lallai su zama ra'ayoyin da aka amince da su gaba ɗaya ba.<ref name="PunchEkiti">{{cite news |title=Ekiti: Buhari’s men and the question of federal might |work=Punch |date=2018 |url=https://punchng.com/ekiti-buharis-men-and-the-question-of-federal-might/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Ayyukan AGA a zaɓen 2019 == A shekarar 2018, Oshiariyo ya bayyana cewa AGA tana da 'yan takarar gwamna a jihohi 17, da 'yan takarar majalisun dokokin jihohi 124 da kuma 'yan takarar Majalisar Tarayya 66 a shirye-shiryen zaɓen 2019.<ref name="VanguardConvention">{{cite news |title=AGA holds inaugural convention, tells Nigerians to obey rules of 2019 elections |work=Vanguard |date=11 November 2018 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/aga-holds-inaugural-convention-tells-nigerians-to-obey-rules-of-2019-elections/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2019, Oshiariyo ya gabatar da ƙorafi ga INEC kan abin da AGA ta bayyana a matsayin rashin saka tambarin jam'iyyar a wasu takardun zaɓe a wani yanki na [[Jihar Neja]]. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa hakan ya hana wasu magoya bayan jam'iyyar damar zaɓar ɗan takararta.<ref name="VanguardLogo">{{cite news |title=AGA alleges omission of logo on ballot paper |work=Vanguard |date=28 February 2019 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/02/aga-alleges-omission-of-logo-on-ballot-paper/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Bayan zaɓen 2019 == A watan Yulin 2019, Oshiariyo ya ci gaba da bayyana a matsayin shugaban AGA. A wata sanarwa, ya yi kira ga ministocin da aka naɗa na gwamnatin Buhari da su mai da hankali kan hidimar jama'a, aiki tare da kuma yaƙi da cin hanci da rashawa.<ref name="VanguardMinisters">{{cite news |title=Ministers designate inauguration: AGA calls dedication, selfless service |work=Vanguard |date=19 August 2019 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/08/nigeria-wont-depend-on-handouts-from-foreign-partners-buhari-2/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan shekarar kuma, AGA ta fitar da matsayi kan wasu al'amuran ƙasa, ciki har da batun tsaro da tsare Sheikh [[Ibrahim Zakzaky]]. Sanarwar ta kasance daga Oshiariyo da mataimakin sakataren jam'iyyar bayan taron National Executive Committee na jam'iyyar.<ref name="NewsvergeZakzaky">{{cite news |title=AGA wants FG to free Zakzaky |work=Newsverge |date=25 July 2019 |url=https://newsverge.com/2019/07/25/aga-wants-fg-to-free-zakzaky/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[All Grassroots Alliance]] * [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] * [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[Jam'iyyun siyasa a Najeriya]] * [[Chuks Nwachukwu]] * [[Muhammadu Buhari]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar ƙarni na 21]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar All Grassroots Alliance]] [[Category:All Grassroots Alliance]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] tfk4vpwpz7kvwxe2gqv4vo51nmpcz9c 0 178363 963896 2026-10-06T15:49:40Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: '''Chief Joseph Avazi''' ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance [[National Chairman|Shugaban Ƙasa]] na [[Alliance for Democracy (Najeriya)|Alliance for Democracy]] (AD), wata jam'iyyar siyasa a Najeriya. Ya jagoranci jam'iyyar a lokacin [[Zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Ondo na 2016|zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Ondo na 2016]], inda jam'iyyar ta tsayar da [[Olusola Oke]] a matsayin ɗan takararta.<ref name="Channels2016">{{cite news |title=Ondo Election: AD Candidate, Olusola Oke Starts Campaig... 963896 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chief Joseph Avazi''' ɗan siyasa ne ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance [[National Chairman|Shugaban Ƙasa]] na [[Alliance for Democracy (Najeriya)|Alliance for Democracy]] (AD), wata jam'iyyar siyasa a Najeriya. Ya jagoranci jam'iyyar a lokacin [[Zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Ondo na 2016|zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Ondo na 2016]], inda jam'iyyar ta tsayar da [[Olusola Oke]] a matsayin ɗan takararta.<ref name="Channels2016">{{cite news |title=Ondo Election: AD Candidate, Olusola Oke Starts Campaign in Akure |work=Channels Television |date=15 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Guardian2016">{{cite news |title=No division in AD, say national leaders |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=16 November 2016}}</ref> == Siyasa == Avazi ya zama shugaban ƙasa na [[Alliance for Democracy (Najeriya)|Alliance for Democracy]] (AD), kuma a shekarar 2016 ya jagoranci jam'iyyar a lokacin shirye-shiryen zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Ondo. A lokacin, jam'iyyar ta tsayar da Olusola Oke a matsayin ɗan takararta.<ref name="Channels2016"/> A watan Oktoban 2016, an samu rashin jituwa tsakanin wasu shugabannin AD kan sahihancin zaɓen Oke a matsayin ɗan takarar gwamna. Wani ɓangare na shugabannin jam'iyyar ya yi watsi da takarar Oke tare da bayyana rashin amincewarsu da shugabancin Avazi. Daga baya, wasu daga cikin waɗannan shugabannin suka janye matsayinsu, kuma shugabancin jam'iyyar ya ci gaba da amincewa da Oke a matsayin ɗan takarar AD.<ref name="GuardianCrisis">{{cite news |title=Ondo Polls: AD national leadership at loggerheads over Oke’s candidacy |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="GuardianRestore">{{cite news |title=Ondo 2016: AD restores Oke as guber candidate |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=16 October 2016}}</ref> A watan Nuwamban 2016, Avazi ya halarci taron ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin Oke a Akure, inda ya bayyana cewa AD na da burin lashe zaɓen gwamnan Ondo.<ref name="Channels2016"/> A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba 2016, Babban Kwamitin Zartarwa na jam'iyyar ya tabbatar da wa Oke damar tsayawa takara a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar. Sanarwar ta ƙunshi sunan Avazi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na AD.<ref name="Punch2016">{{cite news |title=AD grants Oke waiver to contest election |work=Punch Newspapers |date=18 November 2016}}</ref> == Rikicin shugabancin Alliance for Democracy == A shekarar 2017, rikicin cikin gida ya sake kunno kai a AD. A watan Satumban wannan shekarar, wasu mambobin [[National Executive Committee|NEC]] na jam'iyyar sun sanar da dakatar da Avazi daga matsayin shugaban ƙasa, suna zargin sa da rashin daidaito wajen gudanar da harkokin jam'iyyar da wasu laifuka na cikin gida.<ref name="Punch2017">{{cite news |title=Leadership crisis hits AD as NEC suspends chairman |work=Punch Newspapers |date=7 September 2017}}</ref> Rahoton ''Tribune'' ya ce NEC ɗin ta nada National Auditor na jam'iyyar, Alhaji Ayodele Ismail, a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban ƙasa yayin da ake binciken zarge-zargen da aka yi wa Avazi.<ref name="Tribune2017">{{cite news |title=AD suspends national chairman, Avazi, replaces him with national auditor, Ismail |work=Tribune Online |date=6 September 2017}}</ref> Sai dai Avazi ya musanta cewa an dakatar da shi. Ya bayyana cewa taron NEC da ya sanar da dakatar da shi bai kasance ingantaccen taron NEC ba, kuma ya ce har yanzu shi ne shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar.<ref name="Nation2017">{{cite news |title=I am still AD national chairman, says Avazi |work=The Nation |date=7 September 2017}}</ref> Saboda haka, bayanan shekarar 2017 game da matsayin Avazi ya kamata a bayyana su a matsayin wani ɓangare na rikicin shugabancin jam'iyyar, maimakon a gabatar da ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin a matsayin wanda aka tabbatar da matsayinsa ba tare da gardama ba. == Matsayinsa a siyasar Ondo == A lokacin zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Ondo na 2016, Avazi ya kasance cikin manyan shugabannin AD da suka goyi bayan Olusola Oke. A wajen gabatar da tutar jam'iyyar ga Oke, Avazi da sauran shugabannin jam'iyyar sun bayyana cewa AD na son komawa kan mulkin Jihar Ondo.<ref name="Channels2016"/><ref name="Nation2016">{{cite news |title=Oke receives AD flag, assures of development |work=The Nation |date=15 November 2016}}</ref> Avazi ya kuma yi magana kan manufofin jam'iyyar da suka shafi [[dimokuraɗiyya]], shugabanci nagari da ci gaban jihar. A lokacin kamfen ɗin, ya bayyana cewa jam'iyyar za ta nemi tallafa wa shirye-shiryen da za su inganta rayuwar jama'a.<ref name="Vanguard2016">{{cite news |title=No crack in AD– National Legal Adviser |work=Vanguard |date=14 November 2016}}</ref> == Matsayinsa a Alliance for Democracy a 2018 == Bayan rikicin shugabancin 2017, wasu bayanan da aka wallafa a watan Janairun 2018 har yanzu sun jera '''Chief Joseph Avazi''' a matsayin National Chairman na Alliance for Democracy, tare da Akin Fasogbon a matsayin National Secretary.<ref name="Information2018">{{cite web |title=Information Centre: January 2018 |work=Information Centre Nigeria |date=January 2018}}</ref> Wannan ya nuna cewa sunansa ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin bayanan shugabancin jam'iyyar a wannan lokacin, duk da rikicin da ya faru a shekarar 2017. == Zaɓen 2011 == Akwai wani rikodin INEC na zaɓen Majalisar Wakilai na 2011 wanda ya nuna wani mutum mai suna '''Joseph Adeiza Avazi''' a matsayin ɗan takarar [[All Progressives Grand Alliance]] (APGA) a mazabar Adavi/Okehi a [[Jihar Kogi]], inda ya samu kuri'u 5,570.<ref name="INEC2011">{{cite web |title=House of Representatives 2011 Election Results |publisher=[[Independent National Electoral Commission]]}}</ref> Saboda majiyar ba ta tabbatar da cewa '''Joseph Adeiza Avazi''' shi ne Chief Joseph Avazi da ya jagoranci Alliance for Democracy ba, ba a kamata a haɗa waɗannan bayanan kai tsaye da tarihin wannan labarin ba. == Rayuwa da ilimi == Ba a samu isassun majiyoyi masu inganci da suka tabbatar da ranar haihuwar Avazi, wurin haihuwa, tarihin iliminsa ko cikakken tarihin sana'arsa ba. Saboda haka, ba a saka waɗannan bayanai a cikin wannan labarin domin bin ƙa'idar [[Wikipedia:Verifiability|tabbatar da bayanai]]. == Duba kuma == * [[Alliance for Democracy (Najeriya)|Alliance for Democracy]] * [[Olusola Oke]] * [[Zaɓen gwamnan Jihar Ondo na 2016]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[Jihar Ondo]] * [[Jihar Kogi]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Alliance for Democracy]] [[Category:Alliance for Democracy (Najeriya)]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar ƙarni na 21]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Jihar Ondo]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Jihar Kogi]] n5mdlwovem0xuc40kwgkbdp4rbz9iyt 0 178364 963898 2026-10-06T15:51:27Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: '''Ganiyu O. Galadima''' ɗan siyasa ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma jagoran al'umma ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance shugaban ƙasa na [[Allied Congress Party of Nigeria]] (ACPN), kuma ɗan takarar jam'iyyar na [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2015|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2015]]. A [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019|zaɓen 2019]], ya kasance ɗan takarar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na ACPN tare da [[Oby Ezekwesili]], wadda ta kasance 'yar takarar shugaban ƙasa ta jam'iyyar.<ref name=... 963898 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ganiyu O. Galadima''' ɗan siyasa ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma jagoran al'umma ɗan Najeriya. Ya kasance shugaban ƙasa na [[Allied Congress Party of Nigeria]] (ACPN), kuma ɗan takarar jam'iyyar na [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2015|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2015]]. A [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019|zaɓen 2019]], ya kasance ɗan takarar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na ACPN tare da [[Oby Ezekwesili]], wadda ta kasance 'yar takarar shugaban ƙasa ta jam'iyyar.<ref name="Guardian2015">{{cite news |title=12 candidates, one nation, one President |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2015 |url=https://guardian.ng/features/12-candidates-one-nation-one-president/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref><ref name="Punch2018">{{cite news |title=2019: Oby Ezekwesili joins presidential race, picks ACPN ticket |work=Punch |date=8 October 2018 |url=https://punchng.com/2019-oby-ezekwesili-joins-presidential-race-picks-acpn-ticket/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Ganiyu Galadima a ranar 11 ga Yunin 1964. Wata majiyar da ta wallafa tarihin ɗan takarar ta bayyana cewa an haife shi a wannan rana, yayin da gwamnatin Jihar Kwara ta tabbatar da cewa ya cika shekaru 58 a ranar 11 ga Yunin 2022.<ref name="Bio2018">{{cite web |title=Alhaji Ganiyu Galadima, Dr. Oby Ezekwesili's Running Mate |work=Teo-Inspiro |date=2018 |url=https://www.teoinspiro.com/alhaji-ganiyu-galadima-dr-oby-ezekwesilis-running-mate/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref><ref name="Kwara2022">{{cite web |title=Kwara Gov celebrates APC chieftain Galadima at 58 |work=Kwara State Government |date=11 June 2022 |url=https://kwarastate.gov.ng/press_releases/kwara-gov-celebrates-apc-chieftain-galadima-at-58/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Galadima ya samu ilimi a makarantu da dama. A shekarar 2015, bayanan [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC) sun nuna cewa ya kasance mai takarar shugaban ƙasa na ACPN tare da cancantar [[Higher National Diploma|HND]].<ref name="INEC2015">{{cite web |title=Candidates for 2015 Presidential Election |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=2015 |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2015-Presidential-List-Final-13-05-151.pdf |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Rahoton ''The Guardian'' ya ce ya halarci Muslim Primary School da ke Imepe, [[Ijebu Ode]], Jihar [[Ogun]], daga 1973 zuwa 1978, sannan ya yi karatu a United Primary School da ke [[Ilorin]]. Daga baya ya halarci Cherubim and Seraphim College, Ilorin, College of Technology, Ilorin, da [[Kwara State Polytechnic]].<ref name="Guardian2015"/> == Sana'a == Kafin ya shiga siyasa sosai, Galadima ya kasance ɗan kasuwa. A wata hira da ''Blueprint'' a shekarar 2015, ya bayyana cewa ya fara harkar siyasa a matsayin sakataren gudanarwa na wata jam'iyya a matakin ward, sannan ya zama kansila da mataimakin shugaban majalisar ƙaramar hukuma. Daga baya ya zama memba na kwamitin zartarwa a matakin ward da kuma State Legal Adviser na [[All Nigeria Peoples Party]] (ANPP).<ref name="Blueprint2015">{{cite news |title=Why I won’t step down for Jonathan or Buhari – Galadima |work=Blueprint |date=28 January 2015 |url=https://blueprint.ng/why-i-wont-step-down-for-jonathan-or-buhari-galadima/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2006, ya zama memba na National Executive Committee (NEC) na ANPP. Ya kuma riƙe wasu mukamai a harkokin kasuwanci da shugabancin ƙungiyoyi.<ref name="Blueprint2015"/><ref name="Proshare2018">{{cite web |title=2019 Elections: Osinbajo, Obi and 3 Others to Debate Economy, Policies |work=Proshare |date=2018 |url=https://proshare.co/articles/2019-elections-osinbajo-obi-and-3-others-to-debate-economy-policies |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Shugaban Allied Congress Party of Nigeria == Galadima ya zama shugaban ƙasa na [[Allied Congress Party of Nigeria]] (ACPN). Jerin shugabannin jam'iyyun siyasa da aka wallafa bisa bayanan INEC ya nuna shi a matsayin National Chairman na ACPN.<ref name="NewsGuru">{{cite news |title=INEC releases names of registered parties, addresses, principal officers |work=TheNewsGuru |date=2018 |url=https://thenewsguru.com/news/inec-releases-names-registered-parties-addresses-principal-officers/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A lokacin shugabancinsa, ACPN ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan samar da ayyukan yi, farfado da noma, bunkasa masana'antu da gyaran tattalin arzikin Najeriya. Galadima ya bayyana waɗannan manufofi a yayin yakin neman zaɓen 2015.<ref name="Blueprint2015"/> == Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2015 == A [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2015|zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2015]], Galadima ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na ACPN, tare da Farida Ojengbede a matsayin abokiyar takara.<ref name="INEC2015"/> Sakamakon zaɓen da aka wallafa bisa bayanan INEC ya nuna cewa Galadima ya samu kuri'u 40,311, wanda ya kasance kusan kashi 0.14 cikin ɗari na kuri'un da aka kada. Ya zo na huɗu a cikin 'yan takarar da ba na manyan jam'iyyu ba.<ref name="Election2015">{{cite journal |title=Journal of African Elections, Volume 14, Number 2 |journal=Journal of African Elections |year=2015 |url=https://www.eisa.org/storage/2023/05/2015-journal-of-african-elections-v14n2-eisa.pdf |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A lokacin kamfen ɗin, Galadima ya yi kira da a samar da ayyukan yi, a farfado da harkar noma, sannan a ƙara yawan matatun mai a Najeriya.<ref name="Blueprint2015"/> == Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2019 == Bayan ya sake zama shugaban ACPN, Galadima ya kasance ɗan takarar mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar a [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019|zaɓen 2019]]. An zaɓi [[Oby Ezekwesili]] a matsayin 'yar takarar shugaban ƙasa ta ACPN, yayin da Galadima ya zama abokiyar/abokin takararta.<ref name="Punch2018"/> A watan Disamban 2018, Galadima ya halarci muhawarar 'yan takarar mataimakan shugaban ƙasa a Abuja. A wajen muhawarar, ya yi magana kan tattalin arziki, rashin aikin yi da manufofin gwamnati.<ref name="Channels2018">{{cite news |title=Osinbajo, Obi, Three Others Slug It Out At NEDG, BON Debate |work=Channels Television |date=14 December 2018 |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2018/12/14/2019-elections-live-updates-from-nedg-bon-vice-presidential-debate/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A wata hira da ''Vanguard'', ya bayyana cewa ya kamata jam'iyyun siyasa su ba da haɗin kai ga [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] domin gudanar da zaɓe cikin 'yanci, adalci da sahihanci.<ref name="Vanguard2018">{{cite news |title=2019: Call for INEC chairman's resignation, misplaced – Galadima, Ezekwesili's running mate |work=Vanguard |date=5 December 2018 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/2019-call-for-inec-chairmans-resignation-misplaced-galadima-ezekwesilis-running-mate/amp/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ezekwesili da Galadima daga baya ba su ci gaba da takarar shugaban ƙasa da mataimakinsa a ƙarƙashin ACPN ba, bayan Ezekwesili ta janye daga takarar shugaban ƙasa a watan Oktoban 2018? A watan Fabrairun 2019, Ezekwesili ta janye daga takarar shugaban ƙasa, kuma ACPN ta sanar da cewa za ta ci gaba da shiga zaɓen.<ref name="PunchWithdraw">{{cite news |title=ACPN accepts Ezekwesili’s withdrawal, says it will participate in election |work=Punch |date=27 January 2019 |url=https://punchng.com/acpn-accepts-ezekwesilis-withdrawal-says-it-will-participate-in-election/ |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyin siyasa == Galadima ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan siyasar matakin ƙasa wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan al'amuran tattalin arziki da ci gaban al'umma. A shekarar 2015, ya ce manufofinsa sun haɗa da samar da ayyukan yi, farfado da noma da kuma ƙara ƙarfin samar da man fetur a cikin gida.<ref name="Blueprint2015"/> A shekarar 2018, yayin muhawarar mataimakan shugaban ƙasa, ya yi suka kan matsalar rashin aikin yi da abin da ya kira manufofin tattalin arziki marasa inganci.<ref name="Channels2018"/> == Bayan siyasar ACPN == Gwamnatin Jihar Kwara ta bayyana Galadima a shekarar 2022 a matsayin tsohon ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa kuma jigo a [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC). Gwamnatin ta kuma yaba da ayyukansa na hidimar al'umma da kuma ƙoƙarinsa na tallafa wa gwamnatin APC a jihar.<ref name="Kwara2022"/> == Duba kuma == * [[Allied Congress Party of Nigeria]] * [[Oby Ezekwesili]] * [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2015]] * [[Zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019]] * [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[Jihar Kwara]] * [[Ilorin]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Jihar Kwara]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar All Nigeria Peoples Party]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Allied Congress Party of Nigeria]] [[Category:Ƴan takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan takarar mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Ilorin]] [[Category:Ƴan kasuwar Najeriya]] 1h8lok3n6q4rdwbo092favtxotn7m6f 0 178365 963900 2026-10-06T15:57:07Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375803953|Dundee, KwaZulu-Natal]]" 963900 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox settlement|name=Dundee|image=NG kerk Dundee.JPG|caption=Dutch Reformed Church, Dundee|pushpin_map=South Africa KwaZulu-Natal#South Africa|coordinates={{coord|28|10|21|S|30|13|53|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[South Africa]]|subdivision_type1=Province|subdivision_name1=[[KwaZulu-Natal]]|subdivision_type2=District|subdivision_name2=[[Umzinyathi District Municipality|Umzinyathi]]|subdivision_type3=Municipality|subdivision_name3=[[Endumeni Local Municipality|Endumeni]]|subdivision_type4=Main Place|established_title=Established|established_date=1835<ref name=established>{{cite thesis |last=Robson |first=Linda Gillian |title=The Royal Engineers and settlement planning in the Cape Colony 1806–1872: Approach, methodology and impact |date=2011 |type=PhD thesis |publisher=University of Pretoria |chapter=Annexure A |chapter-url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/26503/05back.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y#page=31 |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26503 |hdl=2263/26503 |pages=xlv–lii}}</ref>|leader_title=Councillor|area_footnotes=<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/574003 |title = Main Place Dundee |work=Census 2011}}</ref>|area_total_km2=48.60|population_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|population_total=47,460|population_as_of=2025|population_density_km2=auto <!-- demographics (section 1) -->|demographics_type1=Racial makeup (2011)|demographics1_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|demographics1_title1=[[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]]|demographics1_info1=81.2%|demographics1_title2=[[Coloureds|Coloured]]|demographics1_info2=4.1%|demographics1_title3=[[Indian South African|Indian]]/[[Asian South African|Asian]]|demographics1_info3=7.0%|demographics1_title4=[[White South African|White]]|demographics1_info4=7.2%|demographics1_title5=Other|demographics1_info5=0.5% <!-- demographics (section 2) -->|demographics_type2=[[First language]]s (2011)|demographics2_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|demographics2_title1=[[Zulu language|Zulu]]|demographics2_info1=76.3%|demographics2_title2=[[South African English|English]]|demographics2_info2=15.6%|demographics2_title3=[[Afrikaans]]|demographics2_info3=4.5%|demographics2_title4=|demographics2_info4=|demographics2_title5=Other|demographics2_info5=3.7% <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information -->|time_zone1=[[South African Standard Time|SAST]]|utc_offset1=+2|postal_code_type=[[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street)|postal_code=3000|postal2_code_type=[[Post-office box|PO box]]|postal2_code=3000|area_code_type=[[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]]|area_code=034}} Garin hakar kwal na '''Dundee''' yana cikin kwarin tsaunukan Biggarsberg a KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] (28°10′S 30°14′E / 28.167°S 30.233°E / -28.167; 30.233). Yana daga cikin Gundumar Endumeni, Gundumar Umzinyathi . Yana da wadata sosai a cikin ajiyar kwal. Mafi yawan jama'a fiye da gari Dundee shine garin da ke kusa da shi mai suna Sibongile . Wannan gari yanzu ana fadada shi da yankuna masu yawa, misali Lindelani. Peter Smith ne ya kafa Dundee, tare da bayar da filaye da surukinsa ya bayar, a shekarar 1882 bayan da ya fahimci cewa kwarin hanya ce ta halitta ga matafiya zuwa cikin Afirka. 'Yan kasuwa, masu bincike na mafarauta, masu wa'azin bishara da sojoji duk sun ratsa ta nan. Wani babban sansani, Fort Jones, ya kasance wurin da sojojin Birtaniya ke zaune a yankin a lokacin Yaƙin Anglo Zulu na 1879. Gano kwal a yankin ya samo asali ne daga farkon bayanan Voortrekker na 1838 da kuma binciken ƙasa na baya-bayan nan a shekarun 1860. An sanya masa suna ne saboda garin wani baƙo ɗan [[Scotland|ƙasar Scotland]] mai suna Peter Smith. Da farko, Dundee gona ce (gona Dundee), mallakar Peter Smith, wadda ya saya daga wani mazaunin Voortrekker, Mr. Dekker. An kuma yaba wa wasu mutane uku da suka kafa Dundee; ɗansa William Craighead Smith, surukinsa Dugald McPhail, da kuma abokin danginsa Charles Wilson. <Gidan Tarihi na Talana> == Yanayin ƙasa == Garin yana cikin wani kwarin Biggarsberg mai ban sha'awa kuma yana kewaye da tsaunuka masu ban mamaki na tarihi na "Indumeni" (inda tsawa ke birgima), "Mpati" (Wurin ruwa mai kyau), da "Talana" (Shirye-shiryen da ake ajiye kayayyaki masu daraja). Dundee tana da sawun mutanen [[Mutanen San|San]] da suka rayu a nan shekaru 4,000 - 5,000 da suka gabata. Ana samun shaidar hakan a salon rayuwa da zane-zanen duwatsu a cikin kogo da mafaka da dama. === Yanayi === Dundee tana da [[Yanayin teku|yanayi mai zafi a wurare masu zafi]] ( ''Cwb'', bisa ga [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen]] ), tare da yanayi mai daɗi na lokacin rani da kuma lokacin sanyi da bushewa. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Convert|684|mm|0}}, tare da ruwan sama da ke faruwa galibi a lokacin bazara.{{Climate chart|Dundee|14|26|134|14|26|104|12|25|85|9|23|31|6|21|8|3|19|1|3|19|1|5|21|8|8|23|25|10|24|65|12|24|101|13|26|121}} == Tarihi == * Boers sun ba da rahoton kwal a saman ruwa a nan kuma sun sanya wa ɗaya daga cikin rafukan suna [[Steenkoolspruit]] ( [[Afrikaans|Afrikanci]] don ''Coal Stream'' ). * Peter Smith, wani mazaunin [[Scotland]], ya fara aika da kwal mai ɗauke da tarin kwal, wanda aka gano kusa da saman, don a sayar a Pietermaritzburg . Wannan ya fara masana'antar haƙar kwal a Natal. * An yi binciken ƙasa na farko a filayen kwal na Natal a shekarun 1860 kuma ya tabbatar da cewa akwai ma'ajiyar kwal mai aiki. * A shekara ta 1882 aka shimfida wani gari aka kuma sanya masa suna bayan garin Smith na Scotland mai suna Dundee . * Smith, tare da abokan hulɗarsa Dougald McPhail da Charles Willson, sun kafa Kamfanin Dundee Coal and Estate a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London a shekarar 1899. * Yaƙin Boer na Biyu : [[Birtaniya|Turawan Birtaniya]] sun fara tara sojoji a Dundee kuma Boers sun ba su wa'adin janyewa tare da sojojin. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1899, an fara harba bindigogin yaƙi. Labarin wannan yaƙin ya mamaye kanun labarai a [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Burtaniya]] a matsayin "Yaƙin Glencoe", wanda aka gyara washegari zuwa "Yaƙin Dundee" kuma a rana ta uku zuwa " [[Yaƙin Tudun Talana|Yaƙin Talana]] ." A gangaren Tudun Talana ne sojojin Birtaniya suka sanya kayan khaki a hukumance a karon farko a yaƙi; kuma abin lura ne a matsayin amfani da bindiga ta farko da ba za a iya musantawa ba a yaƙin zamani, kuma dabarar da manyan bindigogin Boer suka yi amfani da ita ta yi mummunan tasiri. Bayan yaƙin, sojojin Birtaniya suka koma ga Ladysmith kuma sojojin Boer suka mamaye garin, suka sake masa suna Meyersdorp. Wannan aikin ya ɗauki tsawon watanni bakwai. Dundee ya sami sauƙi bayan yaƙin Helpmekaar a watan Mayu na 1900. [[File:Boers_watch_the_fight_at_Dundee,_KwaZulu-Natal,_1899_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16462.jpg|thumb| Boers suna kallon faɗa a Dundee a shekarar 1899]] * Mutanen garin da suka tafi kafin ko jim kaɗan bayan yaƙin sun dawo kuma garin ya fara bunƙasa. Nan da nan Dundee ya bayyana a matsayin garin da ke cike da gidaje masu kyau da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko a arewacin Durban. * 'Yan kasuwa na farko daga [[Indiya|yankin Indiya]] sun zauna a nan a cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya, lokacin da Dundee ta zama wurin haɗuwa da hanyoyi bakwai zuwa cikin yankunan karkara da bakin tekun Afirka. * An yi wa [[Mahatma Gandhi]] shari'a a kotun Dundee saboda rashin biyayya ga jama'a, sannan aka daure shi a gidan yarin Dundee. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Talana Museum Gandhi Memorial |url=http://www.talana.co.za/html/ghandi_memorial.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053348/http://www.talana.co.za/html/ghandi_memorial.html |archive-date=2013-09-21}}</ref> == Al'adar da ta shahara == * Waƙar "Yaƙin Dundee" wacce aka fi sani da "Yadda Shugaba Kruger's Irish Took In Her Majesty Hiberians" [http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cdnc/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&cl=search&d=SFC19000318.2.61&srpos=13&e=-------en--20--1--txt-IN-battle+dundee----#] ta Rev I. Dempsey game da yaƙin ta yaɗu sosai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na lokacin. * A cikin fim ɗin Disney Channel mai suna The Color of Friendship, ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman, Mahree Bok, ta fito ne daga Dundee. == Wasanni == Ƙungiyar kokawa ta Northern-Natal Rhinos (Noord-Natal Renosters) da ke Dundee tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin kokawa a lardin Kwa-Zulu Natal. Ƙungiyar Rugby ta Sentraal tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a Arewacin Natal. Ƙungiyar Rugby ta Titans ƙungiyar matasa ce ta rugby wadda ke gina 'yan wasan rugby na gaba (Grassroots). Kulob ɗin Rugby na Mata na Rhino ya ci gaba da samar da 'yan wasan mako na Sharks Craven kuma ya wakilci Gundumar Umzinyathi a wasannin Salga na shekara-shekara == Alamar makamai == Dundee karamar hukuma ce da ke yankinta daga 1902 zuwa 1996. A watan Oktoban 1951, majalisar ta sami tallafin makamai daga Lord Lyon Sarkin Makamai a Scotland. Ta yi rijistar makaman a Ofishin Heraldry a watan Yulin 1995. Makaman, waɗanda aka gina bisa ga na yankin Dundee na Scotland, an yi su ne da ƙarfe 10 na yamma. ''Azure, tukunya mai furanni uku da aka bayar da Argent, an ɗora masa fitilar ma'adinai kuma a kan babban dutse ko kuma bishiyoyi biyu na wildebeest a fess, Sable; garkuwar da aka sanya wa alama ta kambin bango mai suna Argent'' . A cikin sharuddan ɗan adam : garkuwar shuɗi mai nuna baƙar fata guda biyu a kan wani tsiri na zinariya a saman furanni uku a cikin tukunyar azurfa da aka yi wa ado da fitilar ma'adinai. Taken shine ''Per victoriam labemque'' . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{UMzinyathi District Municipality}}{{Authority control}} oig6vkllsxhab9zcespxcnibnj92zim 963901 963900 2026-10-06T15:57:51Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 963901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox settlement|name=Dundee|image=NG kerk Dundee.JPG|caption=Dutch Reformed Church, Dundee|pushpin_map=South Africa KwaZulu-Natal#South Africa|coordinates={{coord|28|10|21|S|30|13|53|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}}|subdivision_type=Country|subdivision_name=[[South Africa]]|subdivision_type1=Province|subdivision_name1=[[KwaZulu-Natal]]|subdivision_type2=District|subdivision_name2=[[Umzinyathi District Municipality|Umzinyathi]]|subdivision_type3=Municipality|subdivision_name3=[[Endumeni Local Municipality|Endumeni]]|subdivision_type4=Main Place|established_title=Established|established_date=1835<ref name=established>{{cite thesis |last=Robson |first=Linda Gillian |title=The Royal Engineers and settlement planning in the Cape Colony 1806–1872: Approach, methodology and impact |date=2011 |type=PhD thesis |publisher=University of Pretoria |chapter=Annexure A |chapter-url=https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/26503/05back.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y#page=31 |url=https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/26503 |hdl=2263/26503 |pages=xlv–lii}}</ref>|leader_title=Councillor|area_footnotes=<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/574003 |title = Main Place Dundee |work=Census 2011}}</ref>|area_total_km2=48.60|population_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|population_total=47,460|population_as_of=2025|population_density_km2=auto <!-- demographics (section 1) -->|demographics_type1=Racial makeup (2011)|demographics1_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|demographics1_title1=[[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]]|demographics1_info1=81.2%|demographics1_title2=[[Coloureds|Coloured]]|demographics1_info2=4.1%|demographics1_title3=[[Indian South African|Indian]]/[[Asian South African|Asian]]|demographics1_info3=7.0%|demographics1_title4=[[White South African|White]]|demographics1_info4=7.2%|demographics1_title5=Other|demographics1_info5=0.5% <!-- demographics (section 2) -->|demographics_type2=[[First language]]s (2011)|demographics2_footnotes=<ref name="census2011" />|demographics2_title1=[[Zulu language|Zulu]]|demographics2_info1=76.3%|demographics2_title2=[[South African English|English]]|demographics2_info2=15.6%|demographics2_title3=[[Afrikaans]]|demographics2_info3=4.5%|demographics2_title4=|demographics2_info4=|demographics2_title5=Other|demographics2_info5=3.7% <!-- blank fields (section 2) --> <!-- Other information -->|time_zone1=[[South African Standard Time|SAST]]|utc_offset1=+2|postal_code_type=[[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street)|postal_code=3000|postal2_code_type=[[Post-office box|PO box]]|postal2_code=3000|area_code_type=[[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]]|area_code=034}} Garin hakar kwal na '''Dundee''' yana cikin kwarin tsaunukan Biggarsberg a KwaZulu-Natal, [[Afirka ta Kudu]] (28°10′S 30°14′E / 28.167°S 30.233°E / -28.167; 30.233). Yana daga cikin Gundumar Endumeni, Gundumar Umzinyathi . Yana da wadata sosai a cikin ajiyar kwal. Mafi yawan jama'a fiye da gari Dundee shine garin da ke kusa da shi mai suna Sibongile . Wannan gari yanzu ana fadada shi da yankuna masu yawa, misali Lindelani. Peter Smith ne ya kafa Dundee, tare da bayar da filaye da surukinsa ya bayar, a shekarar 1882 bayan da ya fahimci cewa kwarin hanya ce ta halitta ga matafiya zuwa cikin Afirka. 'Yan kasuwa, masu bincike na mafarauta, masu wa'azin bishara da sojoji duk sun ratsa ta nan. Wani babban sansani, Fort Jones, ya kasance wurin da sojojin Birtaniya ke zaune a yankin a lokacin Yaƙin Anglo Zulu na 1879. Gano kwal a yankin ya samo asali ne daga farkon bayanan Voortrekker na 1838 da kuma binciken ƙasa na baya-bayan nan a shekarun 1860. An sanya masa suna ne saboda garin wani baƙo ɗan [[Scotland|ƙasar Scotland]] mai suna Peter Smith. Da farko, Dundee gona ce (gona Dundee), mallakar Peter Smith, wadda ya saya daga wani mazaunin Voortrekker, Mr. Dekker. An kuma yaba wa wasu mutane uku da suka kafa Dundee; ɗansa William Craighead Smith, surukinsa Dugald McPhail, da kuma abokin danginsa Charles Wilson. <Gidan Tarihi na Talana> == Yanayin ƙasa == Garin yana cikin wani kwarin Biggarsberg mai ban sha'awa kuma yana kewaye da tsaunuka masu ban mamaki na tarihi na "Indumeni" (inda tsawa ke birgima), "Mpati" (Wurin ruwa mai kyau), da "Talana" (Shirye-shiryen da ake ajiye kayayyaki masu daraja). Dundee tana da sawun mutanen [[Mutanen San|San]] da suka rayu a nan shekaru 4,000 - 5,000 da suka gabata. Ana samun shaidar hakan a salon rayuwa da zane-zanen duwatsu a cikin kogo da mafaka da dama. === Yanayi === Dundee tana da [[Yanayin teku|yanayi mai zafi a wurare masu zafi]] ( ''Cwb'', bisa ga [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen]] ), tare da yanayi mai daɗi na lokacin rani da kuma lokacin sanyi da bushewa. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine {{Convert|684|mm|0}}, tare da ruwan sama da ke faruwa galibi a lokacin bazara.{{Climate chart|Dundee|14|26|134|14|26|104|12|25|85|9|23|31|6|21|8|3|19|1|3|19|1|5|21|8|8|23|25|10|24|65|12|24|101|13|26|121}} == Tarihi == * Boers sun ba da rahoton kwal a saman ruwa a nan kuma sun sanya wa ɗaya daga cikin rafukan suna [[Steenkoolspruit]] ( [[Afrikaans|Afrikanci]] don ''Coal Stream'' ). * Peter Smith, wani mazaunin [[Scotland]], ya fara aika da kwal mai ɗauke da tarin kwal, wanda aka gano kusa da saman, don a sayar a Pietermaritzburg . Wannan ya fara masana'antar haƙar kwal a Natal. * An yi binciken ƙasa na farko a filayen kwal na Natal a shekarun 1860 kuma ya tabbatar da cewa akwai ma'ajiyar kwal mai aiki. * A shekara ta 1882 aka shimfida wani gari aka kuma sanya masa suna bayan garin Smith na Scotland mai suna Dundee . * Smith, tare da abokan hulɗarsa Dougald McPhail da Charles Willson, sun kafa Kamfanin Dundee Coal and Estate a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta London a shekarar 1899. * Yaƙin Boer na Biyu : [[Birtaniya|Turawan Birtaniya]] sun fara tara sojoji a Dundee kuma Boers sun ba su wa'adin janyewa tare da sojojin. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba 1899, an fara harba bindigogin yaƙi. Labarin wannan yaƙin ya mamaye kanun labarai a [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Burtaniya]] a matsayin "Yaƙin Glencoe", wanda aka gyara washegari zuwa "Yaƙin Dundee" kuma a rana ta uku zuwa " [[Yaƙin Tudun Talana|Yaƙin Talana]] ." A gangaren Tudun Talana ne sojojin Birtaniya suka sanya kayan khaki a hukumance a karon farko a yaƙi; kuma abin lura ne a matsayin amfani da bindiga ta farko da ba za a iya musantawa ba a yaƙin zamani, kuma dabarar da manyan bindigogin Boer suka yi amfani da ita ta yi mummunan tasiri. Bayan yaƙin, sojojin Birtaniya suka koma ga Ladysmith kuma sojojin Boer suka mamaye garin, suka sake masa suna Meyersdorp. Wannan aikin ya ɗauki tsawon watanni bakwai. Dundee ya sami sauƙi bayan yaƙin Helpmekaar a watan Mayu na 1900. [[File:Boers_watch_the_fight_at_Dundee,_KwaZulu-Natal,_1899_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16462.jpg|thumb| Boers suna kallon faɗa a Dundee a shekarar 1899]] * Mutanen garin da suka tafi kafin ko jim kaɗan bayan yaƙin sun dawo kuma garin ya fara bunƙasa. Nan da nan Dundee ya bayyana a matsayin garin da ke cike da gidaje masu kyau da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko a arewacin Durban. * 'Yan kasuwa na farko daga [[Indiya|yankin Indiya]] sun zauna a nan a cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya, lokacin da Dundee ta zama wurin haɗuwa da hanyoyi bakwai zuwa cikin yankunan karkara da bakin tekun Afirka. * An yi wa [[Mahatma Gandhi]] shari'a a kotun Dundee saboda rashin biyayya ga jama'a, sannan aka daure shi a gidan yarin Dundee. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Talana Museum Gandhi Memorial |url=http://www.talana.co.za/html/ghandi_memorial.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053348/http://www.talana.co.za/html/ghandi_memorial.html |archive-date=2013-09-21}}</ref> == Al'adar da ta shahara == * Waƙar "Yaƙin Dundee" wacce aka fi sani da "Yadda Shugaba Kruger's Irish Took In Her Majesty Hiberians" [http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cdnc/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&cl=search&d=SFC19000318.2.61&srpos=13&e=-------en--20--1--txt-IN-battle+dundee----#] ta Rev I. Dempsey game da yaƙin ta yaɗu sosai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na lokacin. * A cikin fim ɗin Disney Channel mai suna The Color of Friendship, ɗaya daga cikin manyan jaruman, Mahree Bok, ta fito ne daga Dundee. == Wasanni == Ƙungiyar kokawa ta Northern-Natal Rhinos (Noord-Natal Renosters) da ke Dundee tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin kokawa a lardin Kwa-Zulu Natal. Ƙungiyar Rugby ta Sentraal tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi a Arewacin Natal. Ƙungiyar Rugby ta Titans ƙungiyar matasa ce ta rugby wadda ke gina 'yan wasan rugby na gaba (Grassroots). Kulob ɗin Rugby na Mata na Rhino ya ci gaba da samar da 'yan wasan mako na Sharks Craven kuma ya wakilci Gundumar Umzinyathi a wasannin Salga na shekara-shekara == Alamar makamai == Dundee karamar hukuma ce da ke yankinta daga 1902 zuwa 1996. A watan Oktoban 1951, majalisar ta sami tallafin makamai daga Lord Lyon Sarkin Makamai a Scotland. Ta yi rijistar makaman a Ofishin Heraldry a watan Yulin 1995. Makaman, waɗanda aka gina bisa ga na yankin Dundee na Scotland, an yi su ne da ƙarfe 10 na yamma. ''Azure, tukunya mai furanni uku da aka bayar da Argent, an ɗora masa fitilar ma'adinai kuma a kan babban dutse ko kuma bishiyoyi biyu na wildebeest a fess, Sable; garkuwar da aka sanya wa alama ta kambin bango mai suna Argent'' . A cikin sharuddan ɗan adam : garkuwar shuɗi mai nuna baƙar fata guda biyu a kan wani tsiri na zinariya a saman furanni uku a cikin tukunyar azurfa da aka yi wa ado da fitilar ma'adinai. Taken shine ''Per victoriam labemque'' . == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{UMzinyathi District Municipality}}{{Authority control}} ar7o7gv50c7jm70eojulvho2weh61y6 0 178366 963902 2026-10-06T16:00:46Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367985071|Kinloch High School]]" 963902 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Kinloch''' wata makarantar sakandare ce [[Rarraba launin fata|da aka ware]] a Kinloch, Missouri, wani ɓangare na Gundumar St. Louis . An gina shi daga 1936 &#x2013; 1976. == Tarihi == Kafin Yaƙin Basasa, ba a ba wa yara baƙar fata izinin samun ilimi a Missouri ba. Bayan Yaƙin Basasa, an fara karatu ga ɗaliban baƙar fata. An buɗe Makarantar Firamare ta Douglass a shekarun 1890 kuma ta rikide zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Douglass a shekarun 1920. Al'ummomin baƙar fata a St. Louis suna cikin yankuna kamar North Webster, da Kinloch. A shekarun 1930, babu makarantar sakandare ko kaɗan a Kinloch, ga baƙar fata ko farare. Yaran baƙar fata a Kinloch waɗanda ke son zuwa makarantar sakandare dole ne su yi tafiya zuwa wasu sassan birnin kamar Makarantar Sakandare ta Sumner (idan za su iya biyan kuɗin makaranta) ko Makarantar Sakandare ta Douglass (idan za su iya tabbatar da zama a cikin wani wuri mai nisa da Webster Groves ). Ɗaliban farar fata sun yi tafiya zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Normandy, Makarantar Sakandare ta Ritenour, ko Makarantar Sakandare ta Ferguson . Al'ummar baƙar fata ta fi ta fararen fata, don haka a shekarar 1936, makarantar firamare ta Dunbar ta fara ɗaukar nauyin wani shiri na makarantar sakandare ga ɗaliban baƙar fata na yankin. Hukumar makarantar Kinloch ta kuma sami amincewa daga Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Ayyuka don gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare, wadda ta koma tsarin gine-ginen makarantu guda biyu " masu zaman kansu amma masu daidaito ", ɗaya ga baƙar fata da ɗaya ga fararen fata. Shawarar ta kasance mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, domin iyalai da yawa na fararen fata sun ƙi amincewa da ra'ayin makarantar sakandare ta baƙar fata, kuma an sami matsin lamba na raba gundumar makarantar zuwa biyu. An dakatar da yunƙurin raba gida uku, bayan haka wasu fararen fata suka yi watsi da su ta hanyar kafa wani birni daban, Berkeley, Missouri, wanda aka zana iyakokinsa a hankali don ya haɗa da iyalai fararen fata kawai. Sabuwar birnin tana da gundumar makaranta tata, Gundumar Makarantar Berkeley. An sake wa makarantar sakandare ta Kinloch "fararen" suna zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Berkeley, kuma an buɗe makarantar "baƙar fata" a 1938 zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Kinloch, tare da kwamitin ilimi nata wanda mazauna baƙar fata suka kafa. Kinloch ya zama makarantar sakandare ta biyu ga ɗaliban baƙar fata a gundumar St. Louis . A shekarar 1954, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta haramta wariya a makarantu, amma mazauna Kinloch da Berkeley sun yi watsi da hukuncin, suna masu da'awar cewa gundumomin da ke da rabe-rabe amma maƙwabtansu sun ba da damar ci gaba da rabuwa. An ci gaba da raba ƙasar har zuwa shekarar 1971, lokacin da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da umarnin raba ƙasar bisa doka. A shekarar 1973, lokacin da makarantar Kinloch ke da kimanin ɗalibai 350, Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar Missouri ta haɗa Kinloch da Berkeley cikin gundumar makarantar Ferguson-Florissant, inda ta ƙirƙiri babban gunduma ɗaya mai ɗalibai kusan 22,000. An sake tura malaman Kinloch zuwa wasu makarantu a gundumar, sannan aka mayar da ɗaliban zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta McCluer ta Arewa Daga ƙarshe aka rusa makarantar, wani ɓangare nata don samar da hanyar faɗaɗa filin jirgin saman Lambert . == Shugabannin makarantu == * Orthel T. Roberts, (1936 - 1937) Shugaban Makaranta na 1) * Luce Belue, (1944 &#x2013; 1974) == Wasanni == * 1974, Gasar Yanki ta 2A, ƙwallon kwando == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Jenifer Lewis, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo/mawaƙiya * Juanita Head Walton, Wakili, Gundumar Majalisar Missouri 91 == Manazarta == ceqd77fgq1fwiij1fmm68m6priz2dt7 963904 963902 2026-10-06T16:05:02Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tarihi */ 963904 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Kinloch''' wata makarantar sakandare ce [[Rarraba launin fata|da aka ware]] a Kinloch, Missouri, wani ɓangare na Gundumar St. Louis . An gina shi daga 1936 &#x2013; 1976. == Tarihi == Kafin Yaƙin Basasa, ba a ba wa yara baƙar fata izinin samun ilimi a Missouri ba. Bayan Yaƙin Basasa, an fara karatu ga ɗaliban baƙar fata. An buɗe Makarantar Firamare ta Douglass a shekarun 1890 kuma ta rikide zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Douglass a shekarun 1920. Al'ummomin baƙar fata a St. Louis suna cikin yankuna kamar North Webster, da Kinloch. A shekarun 1930, babu makarantar sakandare ko kaɗan a Kinloch, ga baƙar fata ko farare. Yaran baƙar fata a Kinloch waɗanda ke son zuwa makarantar sakandare dole ne su yi tafiya zuwa wasu sassan birnin kamar Makarantar Sakandare ta Sumner (idan za su iya biyan kuɗin makaranta) ko Makarantar Sakandare ta Douglass (idan za su iya tabbatar da zama a cikin wani wuri mai nisa da Webster Groves ). <ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Virginia Publishing | isbn = 978-1-891442-30-8 | last = Bosenbecker | first = Ray | title = So Where'd You Go to High School? | year = 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJf3dxtJpz0C&q=so+where%27d+you+go+to+high+school |page=94 }}</ref><ref name=city>{{Cite book | publisher = Arcadia Publishing | isbn = 978-0-7385-0777-4 | last = Wright | first = John Aaron | title = Kinloch: Missouri's first black city | year = 2000 |page=29 }}</ref> Ɗaliban farar fata sun yi tafiya zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Normandy, Makarantar Sakandare ta Ritenour, ko Makarantar Sakandare ta Ferguson . Al'ummar baƙar fata ta fi ta fararen fata, don haka a shekarar 1936, makarantar firamare ta Dunbar ta fara ɗaukar nauyin wani shiri na makarantar sakandare ga ɗaliban baƙar fata na yankin. Hukumar makarantar Kinloch ta kuma sami amincewa daga Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Ayyuka don gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare, wadda ta koma tsarin gine-ginen makarantu guda biyu " masu zaman kansu amma masu daidaito ", ɗaya ga baƙar fata da ɗaya ga fararen fata. Shawarar ta kasance mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, domin iyalai da yawa na fararen fata sun ƙi amincewa da ra'ayin makarantar sakandare ta baƙar fata, kuma an sami matsin lamba na raba gundumar makarantar zuwa biyu. An dakatar da yunƙurin raba gida uku, bayan haka wasu fararen fata suka yi watsi da su ta hanyar kafa wani birni daban, Berkeley, Missouri, wanda aka zana iyakokinsa a hankali don ya haɗa da iyalai fararen fata kawai. Sabuwar birnin tana da gundumar makaranta tata, Gundumar Makarantar Berkeley. An sake wa makarantar sakandare ta Kinloch "fararen" suna zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Berkeley, kuma an buɗe makarantar "baƙar fata" a 1938 zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Kinloch, tare da kwamitin ilimi nata wanda mazauna baƙar fata suka kafa. Kinloch ya zama makarantar sakandare ta biyu ga ɗaliban baƙar fata a gundumar St. Louis . A shekarar 1954, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta haramta wariya a makarantu, amma mazauna Kinloch da Berkeley sun yi watsi da hukuncin, suna masu da'awar cewa gundumomin da ke da rabe-rabe amma maƙwabtansu sun ba da damar ci gaba da rabuwa. An ci gaba da raba ƙasar har zuwa shekarar 1971, lokacin da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da umarnin raba ƙasar bisa doka. A shekarar 1973, lokacin da makarantar Kinloch ke da kimanin ɗalibai 350, Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar Missouri ta haɗa Kinloch da Berkeley cikin gundumar makarantar Ferguson-Florissant, inda ta ƙirƙiri babban gunduma ɗaya mai ɗalibai kusan 22,000. An sake tura malaman Kinloch zuwa wasu makarantu a gundumar, sannan aka mayar da ɗaliban zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta McCluer ta Arewa Daga ƙarshe aka rusa makarantar, wani ɓangare nata don samar da hanyar faɗaɗa filin jirgin saman Lambert . == Shugabannin makarantu == * Orthel T. Roberts, (1936 - 1937) Shugaban Makaranta na 1) * Luce Belue, (1944 &#x2013; 1974) == Wasanni == * 1974, Gasar Yanki ta 2A, ƙwallon kwando == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Jenifer Lewis, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo/mawaƙiya * Juanita Head Walton, Wakili, Gundumar Majalisar Missouri 91 == Manazarta == jcci6ecawiok46mzp6mwsbuhn9qsofi 963906 963904 2026-10-06T16:06:56Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tarihi */ 963906 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Kinloch''' wata makarantar sakandare ce [[Rarraba launin fata|da aka ware]] a Kinloch, Missouri, wani ɓangare na Gundumar St. Louis . An gina shi daga 1936 &#x2013; 1976. == Tarihi == Kafin Yaƙin Basasa, ba a ba wa yara baƙar fata izinin samun ilimi a Missouri ba. Bayan Yaƙin Basasa, an fara karatu ga ɗaliban baƙar fata. An buɗe Makarantar Firamare ta Douglass a shekarun 1890 kuma ta rikide zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Douglass a shekarun 1920. Al'ummomin baƙar fata a St. Louis suna cikin yankuna kamar North Webster, da Kinloch. A shekarun 1930, babu makarantar sakandare ko kaɗan a Kinloch, ga baƙar fata ko farare. Yaran baƙar fata a Kinloch waɗanda ke son zuwa makarantar sakandare dole ne su yi tafiya zuwa wasu sassan birnin kamar Makarantar Sakandare ta Sumner (idan za su iya biyan kuɗin makaranta) ko Makarantar Sakandare ta Douglass (idan za su iya tabbatar da zama a cikin wani wuri mai nisa da Webster Groves ). <ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Virginia Publishing | isbn = 978-1-891442-30-8 | last = Bosenbecker | first = Ray | title = So Where'd You Go to High School? | year = 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJf3dxtJpz0C&q=so+where%27d+you+go+to+high+school |page=94 }}</ref><ref name=city>{{Cite book | publisher = Arcadia Publishing | isbn = 978-0-7385-0777-4 | last = Wright | first = John Aaron | title = Kinloch: Missouri's first black city | year = 2000 |page=29 }}</ref> Ɗaliban farar fata sun yi tafiya zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Normandy, Makarantar Sakandare ta Ritenour, ko Makarantar Sakandare ta Ferguson . Al'ummar baƙar fata ta fi ta fararen fata, don haka a shekarar 1936, makarantar firamare ta Dunbar ta fara ɗaukar nauyin wani shiri na makarantar sakandare ga ɗaliban baƙar fata na yankin. Hukumar makarantar Kinloch ta kuma sami amincewa daga Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Ayyuka don gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare, wadda ta koma tsarin gine-ginen makarantu guda biyu " masu zaman kansu amma masu daidaito ", ɗaya ga baƙar fata da ɗaya ga fararen fata. Shawarar ta kasance mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, domin iyalai da yawa na fararen fata sun ƙi amincewa da ra'ayin makarantar sakandare ta baƙar fata, kuma an sami matsin lamba na raba gundumar makarantar zuwa biyu. An dakatar da yunƙurin raba gida uku, bayan haka wasu fararen fata suka yi watsi da su ta hanyar kafa wani birni daban, Berkeley, Missouri, wanda aka zana iyakokinsa a hankali don ya haɗa da iyalai fararen fata kawai. Sabuwar birnin tana da gundumar makaranta tata, Gundumar Makarantar Berkeley. An sake wa makarantar sakandare ta Kinloch "fararen" suna zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Berkeley, kuma an buɗe makarantar "baƙar fata" a 1938 zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Kinloch, tare da kwamitin ilimi nata wanda mazauna baƙar fata suka kafa. Kinloch ya zama makarantar sakandare ta biyu ga ɗaliban baƙar fata a gundumar St. Louis . A shekarar 1954, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta haramta wariya a makarantu, amma mazauna Kinloch da Berkeley sun yi watsi da hukuncin, suna masu da'awar cewa gundumomin da ke da rabe-rabe amma maƙwabtansu sun ba da damar ci gaba da rabuwa. An ci gaba da raba ƙasar har zuwa shekarar 1971, lokacin da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da umarnin raba ƙasar bisa doka. A shekarar 1973, lokacin da makarantar Kinloch ke da kimanin ɗalibai 350, Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar Missouri ta haɗa Kinloch da Berkeley cikin gundumar makarantar Ferguson-Florissant, inda ta ƙirƙiri babban gunduma ɗaya mai ɗalibai kusan 22,000. An sake tura malaman Kinloch zuwa wasu makarantu a gundumar, sannan aka mayar da ɗaliban zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta McCluer ta Arewa Daga ƙarshe aka rusa makarantar, wani ɓangare nata don samar da hanyar faɗaɗa filin jirgin saman Lambert .<ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Virginia Publishing | isbn = 978-1-891442-33-9 | last = Dillon | first = Dan | title = So, Where'd You Go to High School? Vol. 2: The Baby Boomer Years: 1950s-1960s | year = 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTuiFxwEgS4C&dq=kinloch&pg=RA1-PT31 |page=95 }}</ref> == Shugabannin makarantu == * Orthel T. Roberts, (1936 - 1937) Shugaban Makaranta na 1) * Luce Belue, (1944 &#x2013; 1974) == Wasanni == * 1974, Gasar Yanki ta 2A, ƙwallon kwando == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Jenifer Lewis, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo/mawaƙiya * Juanita Head Walton, Wakili, Gundumar Majalisar Missouri 91 == Manazarta == k7eofnv3vg99vcanrok0k8nd5aofhwa 963907 963906 2026-10-06T16:09:00Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Shugabannin makarantu */ 963907 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Sakandare ta Kinloch''' wata makarantar sakandare ce [[Rarraba launin fata|da aka ware]] a Kinloch, Missouri, wani ɓangare na Gundumar St. Louis . An gina shi daga 1936 &#x2013; 1976. == Tarihi == Kafin Yaƙin Basasa, ba a ba wa yara baƙar fata izinin samun ilimi a Missouri ba. Bayan Yaƙin Basasa, an fara karatu ga ɗaliban baƙar fata. An buɗe Makarantar Firamare ta Douglass a shekarun 1890 kuma ta rikide zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Douglass a shekarun 1920. Al'ummomin baƙar fata a St. Louis suna cikin yankuna kamar North Webster, da Kinloch. A shekarun 1930, babu makarantar sakandare ko kaɗan a Kinloch, ga baƙar fata ko farare. Yaran baƙar fata a Kinloch waɗanda ke son zuwa makarantar sakandare dole ne su yi tafiya zuwa wasu sassan birnin kamar Makarantar Sakandare ta Sumner (idan za su iya biyan kuɗin makaranta) ko Makarantar Sakandare ta Douglass (idan za su iya tabbatar da zama a cikin wani wuri mai nisa da Webster Groves ). <ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Virginia Publishing | isbn = 978-1-891442-30-8 | last = Bosenbecker | first = Ray | title = So Where'd You Go to High School? | year = 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJf3dxtJpz0C&q=so+where%27d+you+go+to+high+school |page=94 }}</ref><ref name=city>{{Cite book | publisher = Arcadia Publishing | isbn = 978-0-7385-0777-4 | last = Wright | first = John Aaron | title = Kinloch: Missouri's first black city | year = 2000 |page=29 }}</ref> Ɗaliban farar fata sun yi tafiya zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Normandy, Makarantar Sakandare ta Ritenour, ko Makarantar Sakandare ta Ferguson . Al'ummar baƙar fata ta fi ta fararen fata, don haka a shekarar 1936, makarantar firamare ta Dunbar ta fara ɗaukar nauyin wani shiri na makarantar sakandare ga ɗaliban baƙar fata na yankin. Hukumar makarantar Kinloch ta kuma sami amincewa daga Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Ayyuka don gina sabuwar makarantar sakandare, wadda ta koma tsarin gine-ginen makarantu guda biyu " masu zaman kansu amma masu daidaito ", ɗaya ga baƙar fata da ɗaya ga fararen fata. Shawarar ta kasance mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce, domin iyalai da yawa na fararen fata sun ƙi amincewa da ra'ayin makarantar sakandare ta baƙar fata, kuma an sami matsin lamba na raba gundumar makarantar zuwa biyu. An dakatar da yunƙurin raba gida uku, bayan haka wasu fararen fata suka yi watsi da su ta hanyar kafa wani birni daban, Berkeley, Missouri, wanda aka zana iyakokinsa a hankali don ya haɗa da iyalai fararen fata kawai. Sabuwar birnin tana da gundumar makaranta tata, Gundumar Makarantar Berkeley. An sake wa makarantar sakandare ta Kinloch "fararen" suna zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Berkeley, kuma an buɗe makarantar "baƙar fata" a 1938 zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta Kinloch, tare da kwamitin ilimi nata wanda mazauna baƙar fata suka kafa. Kinloch ya zama makarantar sakandare ta biyu ga ɗaliban baƙar fata a gundumar St. Louis . A shekarar 1954, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta haramta wariya a makarantu, amma mazauna Kinloch da Berkeley sun yi watsi da hukuncin, suna masu da'awar cewa gundumomin da ke da rabe-rabe amma maƙwabtansu sun ba da damar ci gaba da rabuwa. An ci gaba da raba ƙasar har zuwa shekarar 1971, lokacin da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka ta ba da umarnin raba ƙasar bisa doka. A shekarar 1973, lokacin da makarantar Kinloch ke da kimanin ɗalibai 350, Hukumar Ilimi ta Jihar Missouri ta haɗa Kinloch da Berkeley cikin gundumar makarantar Ferguson-Florissant, inda ta ƙirƙiri babban gunduma ɗaya mai ɗalibai kusan 22,000. An sake tura malaman Kinloch zuwa wasu makarantu a gundumar, sannan aka mayar da ɗaliban zuwa Makarantar Sakandare ta McCluer ta Arewa Daga ƙarshe aka rusa makarantar, wani ɓangare nata don samar da hanyar faɗaɗa filin jirgin saman Lambert .<ref>{{Cite book | publisher = Virginia Publishing | isbn = 978-1-891442-33-9 | last = Dillon | first = Dan | title = So, Where'd You Go to High School? Vol. 2: The Baby Boomer Years: 1950s-1960s | year = 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qTuiFxwEgS4C&dq=kinloch&pg=RA1-PT31 |page=95 }}</ref> == Shugabannin makarantu == * Orthel T. Roberts, (1936 - 1937) Shugaban Makaranta na 1) * Luce Belue, (1944 &#x2013; 1974)<ref>Wright. p. 42.</ref> == Wasanni == * 1974, Gasar Yanki ta 2A, ƙwallon kwando == Fitattun tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Jenifer Lewis, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo/mawaƙiya * Juanita Head Walton, Wakili, Gundumar Majalisar Missouri 91 == Manazarta == fmo5mf6bpspjngjtb2mujein31zb512 0 178367 963903 2026-10-06T16:01:49Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: '''Salihu Abdullahi Butu''' (ya rasu a watan Oktoba 2020) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai gudanar da harkokin Hajji daga [[Yola]], [[Jihar Adamawa]]. Ya kasance shugaban ƙasa na [[Advanced Allied Party]] (AAP), kuma ya taɓa jagorantar [[Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria]] (IPMAN) a reshen Suleja-Abuja. Haka kuma, kafin rasuwarsa, ya kasance shugaban riƙo na [[Association of Hajj and Umrah Operators of Nigeria]] (AHUON).<ref name="NAHCON">{... 963903 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salihu Abdullahi Butu''' (ya rasu a watan Oktoba 2020) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma mai gudanar da harkokin Hajji daga [[Yola]], [[Jihar Adamawa]]. Ya kasance shugaban ƙasa na [[Advanced Allied Party]] (AAP), kuma ya taɓa jagorantar [[Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria]] (IPMAN) a reshen Suleja-Abuja. Haka kuma, kafin rasuwarsa, ya kasance shugaban riƙo na [[Association of Hajj and Umrah Operators of Nigeria]] (AHUON).<ref name="NAHCON">{{cite web |title=Tribute to Late Alhaji Salihu Butu |url=https://nahcon.gov.ng/2020/10/31/tribute-to-late-alhaji-salihu-butu/ |website=National Hajj Commission of Nigeria |date=31 October 2020 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Salihu Abdullahi Butu a [[Yola]], Jihar Adamawa. Ya yi karatun digirinsa na farko a fannin [[Kimiyyar Siyasa]] (Political Science) a [[Jami'ar Abuja]].<ref name="NAHCON"/> == Sana'a da kasuwanci == Butu ya kasance ɗan kasuwa kuma mai gudanar da kamfanoni da dama. Ya gudanar da '''Butu Travel and Tours Limited''', '''Butu Farms and Agro-Allied Company''' da ke Yola, da kuma '''Butu Restaurant and Fast Food Limited'''. Haka kuma ya kasance mamallaki kuma shugaban '''Butu School of Health Technology''' da ke Sabon Wuse, Jihar Niger.<ref name="NAHCON"/> == Harkokin man fetur == Butu ya shiga cikin ayyukan [[Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria]] (IPMAN). A watan Mayun 2017, an zaɓe shi shugaban reshen [[Suleja]]-Abuja na IPMAN, inda ya samu ƙuri'a 292, ya doke Yahaya Alhassan wanda ya samu ƙuri'a 60.<ref name="GuardianIPMAN">{{cite news |title=Petroleum marketers elect executives |url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/petroleum-marketers-elect-executives/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=16 May 2017 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A lokacin da yake shugaban IPMAN, ya yi magana kan matsalolin da 'yan kasuwar man fetur ke fuskanta, ciki har da tsadar samun man fetur daga wuraren ajiyar mai da rashin riba a harkar sayar da man fetur.<ref name="NationIPMAN">{{cite news |title=Why fuel scarcity will persist, by unions |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/fuel-scarcity-will-persist-by-unions/ |work=The Nation |date=2018 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Harkokin Hajji == Butu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkar gudanar da [[Hajji]] da [[Umrah]] a Najeriya. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin [[Association of Hajj and Umrah Operators of Nigeria]] (AHUON), sannan daga baya ya zama shugaban riƙo na ƙungiyar kafin rasuwarsa.<ref name="NAHCON"/> A matsayinsa na shugaban riƙo, ya yi aiki tare da [[National Hajj Commission of Nigeria]] (NAHCON) kan inganta ayyukan kamfanonin yawon buɗe ido na Hajji da kuma jin daɗin mahajjatan Najeriya. NAHCON ta bayyana shi a matsayin gogaggen mai gudanar da harkokin Hajji wanda ya nuna jagoranci da goyon baya ga manufofin hukumar.<ref name="NAHCON"/> A shekarar 2018, Butu ya bayyana cewa AHUON tana ƙoƙarin inganta ayyukan da ake bai wa mahajjatan Najeriya, ciki har da sa ido kan ayyukan da kamfanonin yawon buɗe ido ke samarwa.<ref name="DailyTrust">{{cite news |title=Hajj patronage drops despite lower fare |url=https://dailytrust.com/hajj-patronage-drops-despite-lower-fare-263212/ |work=Daily Trust |date=2018 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Siyasa == Bayan ayyukansa na kasuwanci da na ƙungiyoyi, Butu ya shiga harkokin siyasa. An jera shi a matsayin shugaban [[Advanced Allied Party]] (AAP), wata jam'iyyar siyasa ta Najeriya da ke da hedikwata a [[Abuja]].<ref name="WikidataAAP">{{cite web |title=Advanced Allied Party |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60058378 |website=Wikidata |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A lokacin [[zaben shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 2019]], Butu, a matsayinsa na shugaban AAP, ya bayyana cewa jam'iyyarsa ta amince da ɗan takarar [[People's Democratic Party]] (PDP), [[Atiku Abubakar]]. Wannan matsayar ta kasance cikin jerin jam'iyyun da suka janye ko suka mara wa wasu manyan 'yan takara baya a zaben.<ref name="PunchAAP">{{cite news |title=INEC reads the riot act to underage voters, sponsors |url=https://punchng.com/inec-reads-the-riot-act-to-underage-voters-sponsors/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=2019 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Salihu Abdullahi Butu ya rasu a ƙarshen watan Oktoba 2020. NAHCON ta sanar da rasuwarsa a ranar 31 Oktoba 2020, yayin da rahoton ''Tribune'' ya bayyana cewa rasuwarsa ta faru ranar Juma'a kafin ziyarar jaje da hukumar ta kai ga AHUON a farkon Nuwamba 2020.<ref name="NAHCON"/><ref name="Tribune">{{cite news |title=NAHCON management pays condolence visit to AHOUN |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/nahcon-management-pays-condolence-visit-to-ahoun/ |work=Tribune Online |date=6 November 2020 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Bayan rasuwarsa, NAHCON ta yaba da gudummawar da ya bayar wajen harkokin Hajji, kasuwanci da hidimar al'umma.<ref name="NAHCON"/> == Duba kuma == * [[National Hajj Commission of Nigeria]] * [[Independent Petroleum Marketers Association of Nigeria]] * [[Hajji]] * [[Jihar Adamawa]] * [[Yola]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://nahcon.gov.ng/2020/10/31/tribute-to-late-alhaji-salihu-butu/ National Hajj Commission of Nigeria – Tribute to Late Alhaji Salihu Butu] * [https://guardian.ng/appointments/petroleum-marketers-elect-executives/ The Guardian Nigeria – Petroleum marketers elect executives] * [https://dailytrust.com/hajj-patronage-drops-despite-lower-fare-263212/ Daily Trust – Hajj patronage drops despite lower fare] * [https://tribuneonlineng.com/nahcon-management-pays-condolence-visit-to-ahoun/ Tribune Online – NAHCON management pays condolence visit to AHOUN] * [https://punchng.com/inec-reads-the-riot-act-to-underage-voters-sponsors/ Punch – INEC reads the riot act to underage voters, sponsors] * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60058447 Wikidata – Salihu Abdullahi Butu (Q60058447)] == Bayanan Wikidata == '''Wikidata ID:''' [[d:Q60058447]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Jihar Adamawa]] [[Category:Ƴan kasuwar Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya na ƙarni na 21]] [[Category:Mutanen Yola]] [[Category:Masu gudanar da harkokin Hajji]] [[Category:Mutanen da suka mutu a 2020]] l7iz8mbz8f0amnr0202jln8ikt4qj1z 0 178368 963905 2026-10-06T16:06:30Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox officeholder | name = Kenneth Udeze | image = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = | nationality = [[Najeriya|Ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = Lauya, ɗan siyasa | party = [[Action Alliance (Nigeria)|Action Alliance]] | office = Shugaban ƙasa na Action Alliance | term_start = 2021 | known_for = Shugabancin Action Alliance da harkokin siyasar jam'iyyu }} '''Kenneth Udeze''' lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya. Ya kasance shugaban ƙasa na Action Alliance (Niger... 963905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Kenneth Udeze | image = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = | nationality = [[Najeriya|Ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = Lauya, ɗan siyasa | party = [[Action Alliance (Nigeria)|Action Alliance]] | office = Shugaban ƙasa na Action Alliance | term_start = 2021 | known_for = Shugabancin Action Alliance da harkokin siyasar jam'iyyu }} '''Kenneth Udeze''' lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya. Ya kasance shugaban ƙasa na [[Action Alliance (Nigeria)|Action Alliance]] (AA), kuma ya taɓa zama mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a na [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]] (IPAC) da kuma jami'i a [[Coalition of United Political Parties]] (CUPP).<ref name="Independent2020">{{cite news |title=INEC Needs To Embrace Reforms That Will Make It truly Independent – Udeze |url=https://independent.ng/inec-needs-to-embrace-reforms-that-will-make-it-truly-independent-udeze/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=12 January 2020 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Sana'a da harkokin siyasa == Udeze lauya ne wanda ya shiga harkokin siyasar jam'iyyu a Najeriya. A shekarun da suka gabata ya riƙe mukamai a ƙungiyoyin da ke hulɗa da jam'iyyun siyasa, ciki har da [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]] (IPAC). A shekarar 2020, an bayyana shi a matsayin shugaban Action Alliance kuma tsohon mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a na IPAC.<ref name="Independent2020"/> A shekarar 2019, Udeze ya kasance shugaban Action Alliance da kuma mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a na [[Coalition of United Political Parties]] (CUPP). Ya yi magana kan zaben shugaban ƙasa na 2019 da kuma ƙalubalen da tsarin zaɓe a Najeriya ke fuskanta.<ref name="Independent2019">{{cite news |title=Atiku Challenging Buhari’s Election In Tribunal Not Bad Move – Udeze |url=https://independent.ng/atiku-challenging-buharis-election-in-tribunal-not-bad-move-udeze/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=7 April 2019 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Shugaban Action Alliance == Udeze ya kasance shugaban ƙasa na Action Alliance kafin babban taron jam'iyyar na 14 ga Maris 2021. A wannan babban taron, ya sake lashe zaɓen shugabancin jam'iyyar, inda ya samu ƙuri'u 160, yayin da Uzenuru Nwachukwu ta samu ƙuri'u biyar.<ref name="Punch2021">{{cite news |title=AA ready to wrestle power from APC – Chairman |url=https://punchng.com/aa-ready-to-wrestle-power-from-apc-chairman/ |work=Punch Newspapers |date=15 March 2021 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Bayan taron, an samu takaddama tsakanin wasu shugabannin jam'iyyar kan sahihancin shugabancin Udeze. Hakan ya haifar da shari'o'i da dama tsakanin bangarorin jam'iyyar.<ref name="Guardian2024">{{cite news |title=Court of Appeal affirms Kenneth Udeze as authentic National Chairman of Action Alliance |url=https://guardian.ng/news/court-of-appeal-affirms-kenneth-udeze-as-authentic-national-chairman-of-action-alliance/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Hukuncin kotu kan shugabancin AA == A ranar 28 ga Maris 2022, Babbar Kotun Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT High Court) ta yanke hukunci da ya amince da Udeze a matsayin shugaban Action Alliance, kuma ta umurci [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC) ta amince da shi. Daga baya INEC ta bayyana cewa za ta yi aiki da hukuncin kotun.<ref name="Blueprint2022">{{cite news |title=Court, INEC recognize Udeze as Action Alliance national chair |url=https://blueprint.ng/court-inec-recognize-udeze-as-national-chair/ |work=Blueprint Newspapers |date=14 April 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A watan Janairu 2024, Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Abuja ta tabbatar da Udeze a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na Action Alliance a wasu kararraki biyu da suka shafi rikicin shugabancin jam'iyyar. Kotun ta kuma tabbatar da sahihancin babban taron jam'iyyar na 14 ga Maris 2021.<ref name="Guardian2024"/><ref name="Tribune2024">{{cite news |title=Appeal Court affirms Kenneth Udeze as national chairman of Action Alliance |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/appeal-court-affirms-udeze-as-national-chairman-of-action-alliance/ |work=Tribune Online |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Babban taron Action Alliance na 2025 == A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2025, bangaren jam'iyyar da ke goyon bayan Udeze ya gudanar da babban taron ƙasa a Abuja. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa taron ya amince da tsawaita wa Udeze da sauran shugabannin ƙasa wa'adinsu da wasu shekaru biyu, sannan aka kori wasu mambobin jam'iyyar bisa zargin ayyukan da suka saba wa jam'iyya.<ref name="Guardian2025">{{cite news |title=Action Alliance expels Omoaje, 22 others over anti-party activities |url=https://guardian.ng/news/action-alliance-expels-omoaje-22-others-over-anti-party-activities/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 February 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Sai dai wani bangare na Action Alliance da ke ƙarƙashin Adekunle Rufai Omoaje ya ƙalubalanci wannan taro da kuma ikon Udeze na jagorantar jam'iyyar. Wannan rikici ya kai ga wasu sabbin kararraki a kotuna.<ref name="Sun2025">{{cite news |title=Action Alliance slams Udeze’s 'illegal' convention |url=https://thesun.ng/action-alliance-slams-udezes-illegal-convention/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=22 February 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A watan Afrilu 2026, rahoton Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara da aka wallafa ya bayyana cewa kotun da ke Makurdi ta tabbatar da sahihancin babban taron AA na 22 ga Fabrairu 2025 da kuma shugabancin Udeze da ya fito daga wannan bangare na jam'iyyar.<ref name="Independent2026">{{cite news |title=Court Of Appeal Upholds The National Convention Of The Action Alliance |url=https://independent.ng/court-of-appeal-upholds-the-national-convention-of-the-action-alliance/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=22 April 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Duk da haka, bayanan da ke shafin INEC a shekarar 2026 suna nuna Adekunle Rufai Omoaje a matsayin shugaban Action Alliance '''“by court order”'''. Wannan ya nuna cewa har yanzu akwai bambancin matsayin shari'a da na rajistar INEC game da shugabancin jam'iyyar.<ref name="INEC2026">{{cite web |title=Registered Political Parties |url=https://inecnigeria.org/parties |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayinsa a harkokin siyasar Najeriya == Udeze ya kasance mai shiga cikin tattaunawa kan tsarin zaɓe da siyasar jam'iyyu a Najeriya. A hirar da ya yi da ''Independent'' a shekarar 2020, ya yi kira da a inganta tsarin INEC da kuma gyare-gyaren da za su ƙarfafa 'yancin hukumar gudanar da zaɓe.<ref name="Independent2020"/> Haka kuma, a shekarar 2025 ya bayyana matsayin Action Alliance kan harkokin siyasar ƙasa da kuma babban taron jam'iyyar. A lokacin an bayyana shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar kuma tsohon mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a na IPAC.<ref name="Sun2025Interview">{{cite news |title=APC, President Tinubu attitude towards opposition, Nigerians unacceptable – Udeze, AA national chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/apc-president-tinubu-attitude-towards-opposition-nigerians-unacceptable-udeze-aa-national-chairman/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=9 March 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Action Alliance (Nigeria)|Action Alliance]] * [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] * [[Inter-Party Advisory Council]] * [[Coalition of United Political Parties]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[Zaben Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://inecnigeria.org/parties INEC – Registered Political Parties] * [https://guardian.ng/news/court-of-appeal-affirms-kenneth-udeze-as-authentic-national-chairman-of-action-alliance/ The Guardian Nigeria – Court of Appeal affirms Kenneth Udeze as authentic National Chairman] * [https://blueprint.ng/court-inec-recognize-udeze-as-action-alliance-national-chair/ Blueprint – Court, INEC recognize Udeze as Action Alliance national chair] * [https://punchng.com/aa-ready-to-wrestle-power-from-apc-chairman/ Punch – AA ready to wrestle power from APC] * [https://independent.ng/inec-needs-to-embrace-reforms-that-will-make-it-truly-independent-udeze/ Independent Nigeria – INEC Needs To Embrace Reforms] * [https://independent.ng/court-of-appeal-upholds-the-national-convention-of-the-action-alliance/ Independent Nigeria – Court of Appeal Upholds the National Convention] * [https://thesun.ng/aa-holds-convention-okays-tenure-extension-for-national-excos/ The Sun Nigeria – AA holds convention, okays tenure extension] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Action Alliance]] [[Category:Lauyoyin Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar ƙarni na 21]] [[Category:Shugabannin jam'iyyun siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Action Alliance]] ryblvdetc2ss1jxwcq7kl95mbretrar 0 178369 963909 2026-10-06T16:14:57Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356319171|Kansas City, Kansas Public Library]]" 963909 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laburaren Jama'a na Kansas City, Kansas''' ( '''KCKPL''' ) tsarin ɗakin karatu ne na jama'a na Kansas City, Kansas, wanda hedikwatansa ke cikin Babban Laburare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Libraries |url=http://kckpl.org/libraries/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library |quote=Administration Office 625 Minnesota Ave. Kansas City, KS 66101}}</ref> Dakin karatu yana hidimar gundumar Wyandotte, Kansas . Hukumar Ilimi ta Makarantun Jama'a na Kansas City ( Unified School District 500) ce ke kula da ita kuma tana ba da rahoto ga Hukumar Laburare ta Gundumar Wyandotte <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library Strategic Plan Document |url=https://online.fliphtml5.com/kckpl/bmnp/#p=1 |access-date=October 13, 2025}}</ref> == Reshe == [[File:Kansas_City,_Kansas_Public_Library.jpg|thumb| Katin akwatin gidan waya na babban ɗakin karatu]] [[File:Argentine_Carnegie_Library.jpg|thumb| Laburaren Carnegie na Argentina a Argentina]] Tsarin ɗakin karatu ya ƙunshi rassa biyar da ɗakunan karatu na hannu guda uku: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=KCKPL's Main Library History |url=https://www.kckpl.org/main-project/ |access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hours & Locations at Kansas City, Kansas Public Library |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Babban Laburare ** Yana nan a lamba 625 Minnesota Ave kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1966. Wannan reshe ya haɗa da sashen gudanar da ɗakin karatu da kuma sassan ayyukan tsarin. Babban Laburare yana ɗauke da Kansas Collection, wani tarin kayan tarihi na musamman waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan Gundumar Wyandotte da jihar Kansas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's Main Library! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/main.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Laburaren Mr. da Mrs. FL Schlagle ** Yana cikin Wyandotte County Lake Park kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2001. Laburaren Mr. da Mrs. FL Schlagle ɗaya ce daga cikin cibiyoyin ilmantarwa guda biyu kacal a cikin ɗakunan karatu na jama'a a Amurka. Tana bayar da shirye-shirye da tarin shirye-shirye na musamman da suka shafi kimiyya da yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's F. L. Schlagle Library! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/flschlagle.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Laburaren Reshen Kudu ** Yana nan a lamba 3104 Strong Ave a ƙasar Argentina kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2012. Laburaren Reshen Kudu yana ba da ayyukan harshen Sifaniyanci ga tsarin ɗakin karatu, yana ɗauke da mafi girman tarin littattafan hoto na tsarin, kuma yana ba da tarin kek na musamman don biyan kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's South Branch Library! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/south.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> Ya maye gurbin ɗakin karatu na Carnegie na Argentina . An zaɓi sunan ne domin ya nuna cewa yana hidima ga dukkan yankin kudancin birnin ba unguwa ɗaya ba. <ref name="Bormann">{{Cite web |last=Bormann, Dawn |date=2012-09-26 |title=Argentine residents ready to unveil a new library |url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article308879/Argentine-residents-ready-to-unveil-a-new-library.html |access-date=2020-04-19 |website=[[Kansas City Star]]}}</ref> * Laburaren Al'umma na Turner ** Yana cikin Cibiyar Al'umma ta Turner Recreation Commission kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2008. An ƙirƙiro shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Turner Unified School District 202. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's Turner Community Library! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/turner.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Laburare na Yammacin Wyandotte ** Yana nan a lamba 1737 N 82nd Street kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1986. Laburaren West Wyandotte yana ɗauke da Tarin Fine Arts, tarin littattafai na musamman game da tarihin fasaha, tarihin rayuwar masu fasaha, jagororin tattara kayan tarihi, da kuma koyarwar fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's West Wyandotte Library |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/west-wyandotte.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Laburare na Wayar Salula ** An ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin Laburaren Wayar Salula na yanzu a watan Oktoba na 2014 tare da ɗakin karatu ɗaya. An sake samun wasu biyu a watan Nuwamba na 2016. Rundunar Laburare ta Wayar Salula tana hidima a wurare a kewayen Gundumar Wyandotte . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's Mobile Libraries! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/mobile.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library.}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Laburaren Jama'a na Kansas City, Kansas sun sami kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da: * Kyautar Godiya ta Gundumar Wyandotte ta K-State Research and Extension 2022 * Mafi kyawun reshen ɗakin karatu na KC na Mujallar Pitch: KS 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pitch's Best of KC 2022 |url=https://bestofkc2022.thepitchkc.com/PitchKC/best-of-KC-2022/goods-and-services/best-library-branch-ks |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=The Pitch}}</ref> * Mafi kyawun reshen ɗakin karatu na KC na Mujallar Pitch: KS 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pitch's Best of KC 2021 |url=https://bestofkc2021.thepitchkc.com/PitchKC/bestofkc2021/goods-and-services/best-library-branch-ks |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=The Pitch}}</ref> == Tarihi == Laburaren Jama'a na Kansas City, Kansas sun samo asali ne a shekarar 1855 lokacin da aka kafa Wyandotte Lyceum and Laburare Association don ƙirƙirar laburare a cikin "Ƙasar Indiya". Tsohon soja na Yaƙin Basasa EF Heisler ya shiga wannan aiki a shekarar 1871 kuma ya kafa ƙaramin ɗakin karatu a ofishinsa kan kuɗin dala 1. A shekara ta 1873, an kafa Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Wyandotte don amfanar wannan ɗakin karatu na biyan kuɗi . Yayin da ɗakin karatu ya fi wannan wuri girma, sai ya koma hawa na biyu na ginin Court Block kusa da 7th da Minnesota a 1893. A wannan shekarar, Hukumar Ilimi ta fara tallafawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ɗakin karatu. Ya karɓi ragamar gudanar da ɗakin karatu a shekarar 1899. A shekarar 1897, Miss Elizabeth Dickinson ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da laburare na farko. A wannan shekarar, Sarah Richart, tsohuwar malamar makaranta kuma shugabar ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi, ta gabatar da shawarar biyan haraji kan karnukan da ke birnin don samar da sabon ɗakin karatu, kuma ta naɗa kanta a matsayin "mai ƙidayar karnuka". Bayan rasuwarta a shekarar 1901, Richart ta bar gidanta zuwa birnin bisa sharadin cewa birnin zai sadaukar da wani gini don gina ɗakin karatu na jama'a kyauta. Gudummawar da ta bayar, tare da alkawarin dala 75,000 daga [[Andrew Carnegie]], ya haifar da gina dakin karatu na Carnegie a Huron Place. An buɗe ta a shekarar 1904 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mrs. Sarah Judd Greenman. Al'ummar sun rungumi sabon ɗakin karatu, wanda ya ƙunshi lambun fure, tafkin kifi, da kuma gidan tarihi. An yi wa ginin ado da kawunan marubuta da mawaka na gargajiya, sannan kuma an yi masa hoton Mrs. Sarah Richart mai girman gaske. A shekarar 1958, 'yan ƙasa sun fahimci buƙatar samar da ɗakin karatu na zamani. An kammala bayar da takardar shaidar kuɗi a wannan shekarar, wadda ke da kuɗin ɗakin karatu mai lamba 625 a Minnesota. An buɗe sabon ginin a shekarar 1966 a cikin wani gini da Hukumar Ilimi ta raba. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da birnin ke bunƙasa, haka tsarin ɗakin karatu yake bunƙasa. A shekarar 1910, aka haɗa birnin Argentina, kuma WW Thomas, ta hanyar yarjejeniya da 'yan kasuwa na gida, ya ƙirƙiri ɗakin karatu na jama'a a wani shago tare da Miss Hazel Beeler, ita ce ɗakin karatu na farko. Wannan sabon ɗakin karatu ba da daɗewa ba ya zama reshe na ɗakin karatu na Kansas City, Kansas, kuma a cikin 1917 birnin ya buɗe ɗakin karatu na Carnegie na Argentina kusa da Emerson Park. <ref name=":1" /> Wannan wurin ya tsira daga ambaliyar ruwa ta 1951, kuma, a shekarun 1970, ya kasance wurin da aka fi tattara tarin Harshen Sifaniyanci a yankin metro. <ref name=":0" /> Lokacin da aka rushe ɗakin karatu na Carnegie a cikin birnin a shekarar 1958 don gina Babban ɗakin karatu, shi ne ɗakin karatu na Carnegie da ya rage a birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-07-02 |title=Argentine |url=http://www.kckpl.lib.ks.us/argpage/arghome.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980702072231/http://www.kckpl.lib.ks.us/argpage/arghome.htm |archive-date=1998-07-02 |access-date=2020-04-18 |publisher=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> A shekarar 1998, an ƙara shi cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa . Ginin ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu na jama'a da kuma ɗakin karatu na makarantar firamare ta Emerson har zuwa 2012. A shekarar 2012, reshen Kudu na yanzu ya buɗe kan kuɗi dala miliyan 6, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wannan an same shi ne ta hanyar tara kuɗi daga mazauna yankin. Gundumar makarantar ta amince ta biya sauran kuɗin idan mazauna yankin suka tara dala miliyan 1.5 zuwa dala miliyan 2. An rushe wani tsohon shagon kayan abinci domin samar da wurin da za a ajiye kayan karatu na yanzu, kuma gundumar makarantar ta mallaki tsohon ɗakin karatu. <ref name="Bormann" /> Bukatar hidimar ɗakin karatu a yammacin birnin ya haifar da ƙirƙirar ƙaramin ɗakin karatu, a shekarar 1963, a tsohuwar Makarantar Horniff da ke aji na 98 da jiha. A shekarar 1971, ɗakin karatu ya koma wani ɗakin karatu a shagon sayar da kayayyaki na Wyandotte Plaza a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Pat Gaunce. Shagon ya shahara a tsakanin iyalai, kuma ba da daɗewa ba al'ummar ta buƙaci babban wurin. A shekarar 1986 aka buɗe sabon ɗakin karatu na West Wyandotte, wanda ke ɗauke da sararin adana kayan tarihi da kuma sabon gida ga sashen Fasaha. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Tsarin ɗakin karatu ya fara bayar da ayyukan ɗakin karatu na wayar hannu ga mazauna a duk faɗin gundumar a shekarar 1964. Tsawon shekaru, ana bayar da sabis ta hanyar motoci daban-daban, tun daga motar burodi da aka canza zuwa rukunin ɗakunan karatu guda uku na yanzu. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 2001, ɗakin karatu ya shiga yarjejeniya ta musamman da Hukumar Ilimi da Sashen Wuraren Shakatawa don ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Koyon Laburare da Muhalli ta Mr. & Mrs. FL Schlagle a Tafkin Gundumar Wyandotte. Wannan wurin yana ba wa baƙi kayan karatu na kimiyya da yanayi, kuma yana ɗauke da ƙaramin wurin adana dabbobi na gida. Tana bayar da shirye-shirye ga matasa a duk faɗin yankin, a ɗakin karatu, da kuma makarantu da ƙungiyoyi na yankin. Wannan cibiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na muhalli guda biyu na ɗakin karatu a Amurka. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Nishaɗi ta Turner, Kansas City, KS School District 500, da kuma Hukumar Laburare ta Gundumar Wyandotte, an buɗe sabon reshen ɗakin karatu a Cibiyar Nishaɗi ta Turner a shekarar 2008. Yana ba da cikakken sabis na ɗakin karatu ga masu amfani da shi a yankin kudu maso yammacin al'ummarmu. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|39|06|54|N|94|37|30|W}} 8msvmwv1oul7461czohw8lfc4asb5n6 963910 963909 2026-10-06T16:16:33Z Baffa ali 47435 963910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laburaren Jama'a na Kansas City, Kansas''' ( '''KCKPL''' ) tsarin ɗakin karatu ne na jama'a na Kansas City, Kansas, wanda hedikwatansa ke cikin Babban Laburare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Libraries |url=http://kckpl.org/libraries/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library |quote=Administration Office 625 Minnesota Ave. Kansas City, KS 66101}}</ref> Dakin karatu yana hidimar gundumar Wyandotte, Kansas . Hukumar Ilimi ta Makarantun Jama'a na Kansas City ( Unified School District 500) ce ke kula da ita kuma tana ba da rahoto ga Hukumar Laburare ta Gundumar Wyandotte <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library Strategic Plan Document |url=https://online.fliphtml5.com/kckpl/bmnp/#p=1 |access-date=October 13, 2025}}</ref> == Reshe == [[File:Kansas_City,_Kansas_Public_Library.jpg|thumb| Katin akwatin gidan waya na babban ɗakin karatu]] [[File:Argentine_Carnegie_Library.jpg|thumb| Laburaren Carnegie na Argentina a Argentina]] Tsarin ɗakin karatu ya ƙunshi rassa biyar da ɗakunan karatu na hannu guda uku: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=KCKPL's Main Library History |url=https://www.kckpl.org/main-project/ |access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hours & Locations at Kansas City, Kansas Public Library |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Babban Laburare ** Yana nan a lamba 625 Minnesota Ave kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1966. Wannan reshe ya haɗa da sashen gudanar da ɗakin karatu da kuma sassan ayyukan tsarin. Babban Laburare yana ɗauke da Kansas Collection, wani tarin kayan tarihi na musamman waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan Gundumar Wyandotte da jihar Kansas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's Main Library! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/main.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Laburaren Mr. da Mrs. FL Schlagle ** Yana cikin Wyandotte County Lake Park kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2001. Laburaren Mr. da Mrs. FL Schlagle ɗaya ce daga cikin cibiyoyin ilmantarwa guda biyu kacal a cikin ɗakunan karatu na jama'a a Amurka. Tana bayar da shirye-shirye da tarin shirye-shirye na musamman da suka shafi kimiyya da yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's F. L. Schlagle Library! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/flschlagle.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Laburaren Reshen Kudu ** Yana nan a lamba 3104 Strong Ave a ƙasar Argentina kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2012. Laburaren Reshen Kudu yana ba da ayyukan harshen Sifaniyanci ga tsarin ɗakin karatu, yana ɗauke da mafi girman tarin littattafan hoto na tsarin, kuma yana ba da tarin kek na musamman don biyan kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's South Branch Library! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/south.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> Ya maye gurbin ɗakin karatu na Carnegie na Argentina . An zaɓi sunan ne domin ya nuna cewa yana hidima ga dukkan yankin kudancin birnin ba unguwa ɗaya ba. <ref name="Bormann">{{Cite web |last=Bormann, Dawn |date=2012-09-26 |title=Argentine residents ready to unveil a new library |url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article308879/Argentine-residents-ready-to-unveil-a-new-library.html |access-date=2020-04-19 |website=[[Kansas City Star]]}}</ref> * Laburaren Al'umma na Turner ** Yana cikin Cibiyar Al'umma ta Turner Recreation Commission kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2008. An ƙirƙiro shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Turner Unified School District 202. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's Turner Community Library! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/turner.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Laburare na Yammacin Wyandotte ** Yana nan a lamba 1737 N 82nd Street kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1986. Laburaren West Wyandotte yana ɗauke da Tarin Fine Arts, tarin littattafai na musamman game da tarihin fasaha, tarihin rayuwar masu fasaha, jagororin tattara kayan tarihi, da kuma koyarwar fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's West Wyandotte Library |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/west-wyandotte.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Laburare na Wayar Salula ** An ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin Laburaren Wayar Salula na yanzu a watan Oktoba na 2014 tare da ɗakin karatu ɗaya. An sake samun wasu biyu a watan Nuwamba na 2016. Rundunar Laburare ta Wayar Salula tana hidima a wurare a kewayen Gundumar Wyandotte . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's Mobile Libraries! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/mobile.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library.}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Laburaren Jama'a na Kansas City, Kansas sun sami kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da: * Kyautar Godiya ta Gundumar Wyandotte ta K-State Research and Extension 2022 * Mafi kyawun reshen ɗakin karatu na KC na Mujallar Pitch: KS 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pitch's Best of KC 2022 |url=https://bestofkc2022.thepitchkc.com/PitchKC/best-of-KC-2022/goods-and-services/best-library-branch-ks |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=The Pitch}}</ref> * Mafi kyawun reshen ɗakin karatu na KC na Mujallar Pitch: KS 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pitch's Best of KC 2021 |url=https://bestofkc2021.thepitchkc.com/PitchKC/bestofkc2021/goods-and-services/best-library-branch-ks |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=The Pitch}}</ref> == Tarihi == Laburaren Jama'a na Kansas City, Kansas sun samo asali ne a shekarar 1855 lokacin da aka kafa Wyandotte Lyceum and Laburare Association don ƙirƙirar laburare a cikin "Ƙasar Indiya". Tsohon soja na Yaƙin Basasa EF Heisler ya shiga wannan aiki a shekarar 1871 kuma ya kafa ƙaramin ɗakin karatu a ofishinsa kan kuɗin dala 1. A shekara ta 1873, an kafa Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Wyandotte don amfanar wannan ɗakin karatu na biyan kuɗi . Yayin da ɗakin karatu ya fi wannan wuri girma, sai ya koma hawa na biyu na ginin Court Block kusa da 7th da Minnesota a 1893. A wannan shekarar, Hukumar Ilimi ta fara tallafawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ɗakin karatu. Ya karɓi ragamar gudanar da ɗakin karatu a shekarar 1899. A shekarar 1897, Miss Elizabeth Dickinson ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da laburare na farko. A wannan shekarar, Sarah Richart, tsohuwar malamar makaranta kuma shugabar ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi, ta gabatar da shawarar biyan haraji kan karnukan da ke birnin don samar da sabon ɗakin karatu, kuma ta naɗa kanta a matsayin "mai ƙidayar karnuka". Bayan rasuwarta a shekarar 1901, Richart ta bar gidanta zuwa birnin bisa sharadin cewa birnin zai sadaukar da wani gini don gina ɗakin karatu na jama'a kyauta. Gudummawar da ta bayar, tare da alkawarin dala 75,000 daga [[Andrew Carnegie]], ya haifar da gina dakin karatu na Carnegie a Huron Place. An buɗe ta a shekarar 1904 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mrs. Sarah Judd Greenman. Al'ummar sun rungumi sabon ɗakin karatu, wanda ya ƙunshi lambun fure, tafkin kifi, da kuma gidan tarihi. An yi wa ginin ado da kawunan marubuta da mawaka na gargajiya, sannan kuma an yi masa hoton Mrs. Sarah Richart mai girman gaske. A shekarar 1958, 'yan ƙasa sun fahimci buƙatar samar da ɗakin karatu na zamani. An kammala bayar da takardar shaidar kuɗi a wannan shekarar, wadda ke da kuɗin ɗakin karatu mai lamba 625 a Minnesota. An buɗe sabon ginin a shekarar 1966 a cikin wani gini da Hukumar Ilimi ta raba. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da birnin ke bunƙasa, haka tsarin ɗakin karatu yake bunƙasa. A shekarar 1910, aka haɗa birnin Argentina, kuma WW Thomas, ta hanyar yarjejeniya da 'yan kasuwa na gida, ya ƙirƙiri ɗakin karatu na jama'a a wani shago tare da Miss Hazel Beeler, ita ce ɗakin karatu na farko. Wannan sabon ɗakin karatu ba da daɗewa ba ya zama reshe na ɗakin karatu na Kansas City, Kansas, kuma a cikin 1917 birnin ya buɗe ɗakin karatu na Carnegie na Argentina kusa da Emerson Park. <ref name=":1" /> Wannan wurin ya tsira daga ambaliyar ruwa ta 1951, kuma, a shekarun 1970, ya kasance wurin da aka fi tattara tarin Harshen Sifaniyanci a yankin metro. <ref name=":0" /> Lokacin da aka rushe ɗakin karatu na Carnegie a cikin birnin a shekarar 1958 don gina Babban ɗakin karatu, shi ne ɗakin karatu na Carnegie da ya rage a birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-07-02 |title=Argentine |url=http://www.kckpl.lib.ks.us/argpage/arghome.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980702072231/http://www.kckpl.lib.ks.us/argpage/arghome.htm |archive-date=1998-07-02 |access-date=2020-04-18 |publisher=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> A shekarar 1998, an ƙara shi cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa . Ginin ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu na jama'a da kuma ɗakin karatu na makarantar firamare ta Emerson har zuwa 2012. A shekarar 2012, reshen Kudu na yanzu ya buɗe kan kuɗi dala miliyan 6, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wannan an same shi ne ta hanyar tara kuɗi daga mazauna yankin. Gundumar makarantar ta amince ta biya sauran kuɗin idan mazauna yankin suka tara dala miliyan 1.5 zuwa dala miliyan 2. An rushe wani tsohon shagon kayan abinci domin samar da wurin da za a ajiye kayan karatu na yanzu, kuma gundumar makarantar ta mallaki tsohon ɗakin karatu. <ref name="Bormann" /> Bukatar hidimar ɗakin karatu a yammacin birnin ya haifar da ƙirƙirar ƙaramin ɗakin karatu, a shekarar 1963, a tsohuwar Makarantar Horniff da ke aji na 98 da jiha. A shekarar 1971, ɗakin karatu ya koma wani ɗakin karatu a shagon sayar da kayayyaki na Wyandotte Plaza a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Pat Gaunce. Shagon ya shahara a tsakanin iyalai, kuma ba da daɗewa ba al'ummar ta buƙaci babban wurin. A shekarar 1986 aka buɗe sabon ɗakin karatu na West Wyandotte, wanda ke ɗauke da sararin adana kayan tarihi da kuma sabon gida ga sashen Fasaha. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Tsarin ɗakin karatu ya fara bayar da ayyukan ɗakin karatu na wayar hannu ga mazauna a duk faɗin gundumar a shekarar 1964. Tsawon shekaru, ana bayar da sabis ta hanyar motoci daban-daban, tun daga motar burodi da aka canza zuwa rukunin ɗakunan karatu guda uku na yanzu. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 2001, ɗakin karatu ya shiga yarjejeniya ta musamman da Hukumar Ilimi da Sashen Wuraren Shakatawa don ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Koyon Laburare da Muhalli ta Mr. & Mrs. FL Schlagle a Tafkin Gundumar Wyandotte. Wannan wurin yana ba wa baƙi kayan karatu na kimiyya da yanayi, kuma yana ɗauke da ƙaramin wurin adana dabbobi na gida. Tana bayar da shirye-shirye ga matasa a duk faɗin yankin, a ɗakin karatu, da kuma makarantu da ƙungiyoyi na yankin. Wannan cibiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na muhalli guda biyu na ɗakin karatu a Amurka. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Nishaɗi ta Turner, Kansas City, KS School District 500, da kuma Hukumar Laburare ta Gundumar Wyandotte, an buɗe sabon reshen ɗakin karatu a Cibiyar Nishaɗi ta Turner a shekarar 2008. Yana ba da cikakken sabis na ɗakin karatu ga masu amfani da shi a yankin kudu maso yammacin al'ummarmu. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|39|06|54|N|94|37|30|W}} hgvnu00mal0mf6p6ed00phtbucvkopu 963911 963910 2026-10-06T16:18:45Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tarihi */ 963911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Laburaren Jama'a na Kansas City, Kansas''' ( '''KCKPL''' ) tsarin ɗakin karatu ne na jama'a na Kansas City, Kansas, wanda hedikwatansa ke cikin Babban Laburare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-21 |title=Libraries |url=http://kckpl.org/libraries/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library |quote=Administration Office 625 Minnesota Ave. Kansas City, KS 66101}}</ref> Dakin karatu yana hidimar gundumar Wyandotte, Kansas . Hukumar Ilimi ta Makarantun Jama'a na Kansas City ( Unified School District 500) ce ke kula da ita kuma tana ba da rahoto ga Hukumar Laburare ta Gundumar Wyandotte <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library Strategic Plan Document |url=https://online.fliphtml5.com/kckpl/bmnp/#p=1 |access-date=October 13, 2025}}</ref> == Reshe == [[File:Kansas_City,_Kansas_Public_Library.jpg|thumb| Katin akwatin gidan waya na babban ɗakin karatu]] [[File:Argentine_Carnegie_Library.jpg|thumb| Laburaren Carnegie na Argentina a Argentina]] Tsarin ɗakin karatu ya ƙunshi rassa biyar da ɗakunan karatu na hannu guda uku: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=KCKPL's Main Library History |url=https://www.kckpl.org/main-project/ |access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hours & Locations at Kansas City, Kansas Public Library |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Babban Laburare ** Yana nan a lamba 625 Minnesota Ave kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1966. Wannan reshe ya haɗa da sashen gudanar da ɗakin karatu da kuma sassan ayyukan tsarin. Babban Laburare yana ɗauke da Kansas Collection, wani tarin kayan tarihi na musamman waɗanda suka mayar da hankali kan Gundumar Wyandotte da jihar Kansas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's Main Library! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/main.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Laburaren Mr. da Mrs. FL Schlagle ** Yana cikin Wyandotte County Lake Park kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2001. Laburaren Mr. da Mrs. FL Schlagle ɗaya ce daga cikin cibiyoyin ilmantarwa guda biyu kacal a cikin ɗakunan karatu na jama'a a Amurka. Tana bayar da shirye-shirye da tarin shirye-shirye na musamman da suka shafi kimiyya da yanayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's F. L. Schlagle Library! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/flschlagle.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Laburaren Reshen Kudu ** Yana nan a lamba 3104 Strong Ave a ƙasar Argentina kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2012. Laburaren Reshen Kudu yana ba da ayyukan harshen Sifaniyanci ga tsarin ɗakin karatu, yana ɗauke da mafi girman tarin littattafan hoto na tsarin, kuma yana ba da tarin kek na musamman don biyan kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's South Branch Library! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/south.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> Ya maye gurbin ɗakin karatu na Carnegie na Argentina . An zaɓi sunan ne domin ya nuna cewa yana hidima ga dukkan yankin kudancin birnin ba unguwa ɗaya ba. <ref name="Bormann">{{Cite web |last=Bormann, Dawn |date=2012-09-26 |title=Argentine residents ready to unveil a new library |url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/article308879/Argentine-residents-ready-to-unveil-a-new-library.html |access-date=2020-04-19 |website=[[Kansas City Star]]}}</ref> * Laburaren Al'umma na Turner ** Yana cikin Cibiyar Al'umma ta Turner Recreation Commission kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2008. An ƙirƙiro shi ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da Turner Unified School District 202. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's Turner Community Library! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/turner.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Laburare na Yammacin Wyandotte ** Yana nan a lamba 1737 N 82nd Street kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1986. Laburaren West Wyandotte yana ɗauke da Tarin Fine Arts, tarin littattafai na musamman game da tarihin fasaha, tarihin rayuwar masu fasaha, jagororin tattara kayan tarihi, da kuma koyarwar fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's West Wyandotte Library |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/west-wyandotte.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> * Laburare na Wayar Salula ** An ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin Laburaren Wayar Salula na yanzu a watan Oktoba na 2014 tare da ɗakin karatu ɗaya. An sake samun wasu biyu a watan Nuwamba na 2016. Rundunar Laburare ta Wayar Salula tana hidima a wurare a kewayen Gundumar Wyandotte . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to KCKPL's Mobile Libraries! |url=https://www.kckpl.org/libraries/mobile.html |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library.}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Laburaren Jama'a na Kansas City, Kansas sun sami kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da: * Kyautar Godiya ta Gundumar Wyandotte ta K-State Research and Extension 2022 * Mafi kyawun reshen ɗakin karatu na KC na Mujallar Pitch: KS 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pitch's Best of KC 2022 |url=https://bestofkc2022.thepitchkc.com/PitchKC/best-of-KC-2022/goods-and-services/best-library-branch-ks |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=The Pitch}}</ref> * Mafi kyawun reshen ɗakin karatu na KC na Mujallar Pitch: KS 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pitch's Best of KC 2021 |url=https://bestofkc2021.thepitchkc.com/PitchKC/bestofkc2021/goods-and-services/best-library-branch-ks |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=The Pitch}}</ref> == Tarihi == Laburaren Jama'a na Kansas City, Kansas sun samo asali ne a shekarar 1855 lokacin da aka kafa Wyandotte Lyceum and Laburare Association don ƙirƙirar laburare a cikin "Ƙasar Indiya". Tsohon soja na Yaƙin Basasa EF Heisler ya shiga wannan aiki a shekarar 1871 kuma ya kafa ƙaramin ɗakin karatu a ofishinsa kan kuɗin dala 1. A shekara ta 1873, an kafa Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Wyandotte don amfanar wannan ɗakin karatu na biyan kuɗi . Yayin da ɗakin karatu ya fi wannan wuri girma, sai ya koma hawa na biyu na ginin Court Block kusa da 7th da Minnesota a 1893. A wannan shekarar, Hukumar Ilimi ta fara tallafawa da kuma ba da kuɗaɗen ɗakin karatu. Ya karɓi ragamar gudanar da ɗakin karatu a shekarar 1899.<ref name=":1" /> A shekarar 1897, Miss Elizabeth Dickinson ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da laburare na farko. A wannan shekarar, Sarah Richart, tsohuwar malamar makaranta kuma shugabar ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyi, ta gabatar da shawarar biyan haraji kan karnukan da ke birnin don samar da sabon ɗakin karatu, kuma ta naɗa kanta a matsayin "mai ƙidayar karnuka". Bayan rasuwarta a shekarar 1901, Richart ta bar gidanta zuwa birnin bisa sharadin cewa birnin zai sadaukar da wani gini don gina ɗakin karatu na jama'a kyauta. Gudummawar da ta bayar, tare da alkawarin dala 75,000 daga [[Andrew Carnegie]], ya haifar da gina dakin karatu na Carnegie a Huron Place. An buɗe ta a shekarar 1904 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mrs. Sarah Judd Greenman. Al'ummar sun rungumi sabon ɗakin karatu, wanda ya ƙunshi lambun fure, tafkin kifi, da kuma gidan tarihi. An yi wa ginin ado da kawunan marubuta da mawaka na gargajiya, sannan kuma an yi masa hoton Mrs. Sarah Richart mai girman gaske. A shekarar 1958, 'yan ƙasa sun fahimci buƙatar samar da ɗakin karatu na zamani. An kammala bayar da takardar shaidar kuɗi a wannan shekarar, wadda ke da kuɗin ɗakin karatu mai lamba 625 a Minnesota. An buɗe sabon ginin a shekarar 1966 a cikin wani gini da Hukumar Ilimi ta raba. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Yayin da birnin ke bunƙasa, haka tsarin ɗakin karatu yake bunƙasa. A shekarar 1910, aka haɗa birnin Argentina, kuma WW Thomas, ta hanyar yarjejeniya da 'yan kasuwa na gida, ya ƙirƙiri ɗakin karatu na jama'a a wani shago tare da Miss Hazel Beeler, ita ce ɗakin karatu na farko. Wannan sabon ɗakin karatu ba da daɗewa ba ya zama reshe na ɗakin karatu na Kansas City, Kansas, kuma a cikin 1917 birnin ya buɗe ɗakin karatu na Carnegie na Argentina kusa da Emerson Park. <ref name=":1" /> Wannan wurin ya tsira daga ambaliyar ruwa ta 1951, kuma, a shekarun 1970, ya kasance wurin da aka fi tattara tarin Harshen Sifaniyanci a yankin metro. <ref name=":0" /> Lokacin da aka rushe ɗakin karatu na Carnegie a cikin birnin a shekarar 1958 don gina Babban ɗakin karatu, shi ne ɗakin karatu na Carnegie da ya rage a birnin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-07-02 |title=Argentine |url=http://www.kckpl.lib.ks.us/argpage/arghome.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980702072231/http://www.kckpl.lib.ks.us/argpage/arghome.htm |archive-date=1998-07-02 |access-date=2020-04-18 |publisher=Kansas City, Kansas Public Library}}</ref> A shekarar 1998, an ƙara shi cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa . Ginin ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗakin karatu na jama'a da kuma ɗakin karatu na makarantar firamare ta Emerson har zuwa 2012. A shekarar 2012, reshen Kudu na yanzu ya buɗe kan kuɗi dala miliyan 6, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wannan an same shi ne ta hanyar tara kuɗi daga mazauna yankin. Gundumar makarantar ta amince ta biya sauran kuɗin idan mazauna yankin suka tara dala miliyan 1.5 zuwa dala miliyan 2. An rushe wani tsohon shagon kayan abinci domin samar da wurin da za a ajiye kayan karatu na yanzu, kuma gundumar makarantar ta mallaki tsohon ɗakin karatu. <ref name="Bormann" /> Bukatar hidimar ɗakin karatu a yammacin birnin ya haifar da ƙirƙirar ƙaramin ɗakin karatu, a shekarar 1963, a tsohuwar Makarantar Horniff da ke aji na 98 da jiha. A shekarar 1971, ɗakin karatu ya koma wani ɗakin karatu a shagon sayar da kayayyaki na Wyandotte Plaza a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Pat Gaunce. Shagon ya shahara a tsakanin iyalai, kuma ba da daɗewa ba al'ummar ta buƙaci babban wurin. A shekarar 1986 aka buɗe sabon ɗakin karatu na West Wyandotte, wanda ke ɗauke da sararin adana kayan tarihi da kuma sabon gida ga sashen Fasaha. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Tsarin ɗakin karatu ya fara bayar da ayyukan ɗakin karatu na wayar hannu ga mazauna a duk faɗin gundumar a shekarar 1964. Tsawon shekaru, ana bayar da sabis ta hanyar motoci daban-daban, tun daga motar burodi da aka canza zuwa rukunin ɗakunan karatu guda uku na yanzu. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 2001, ɗakin karatu ya shiga yarjejeniya ta musamman da Hukumar Ilimi da Sashen Wuraren Shakatawa don ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Koyon Laburare da Muhalli ta Mr. & Mrs. FL Schlagle a Tafkin Gundumar Wyandotte. Wannan wurin yana ba wa baƙi kayan karatu na kimiyya da yanayi, kuma yana ɗauke da ƙaramin wurin adana dabbobi na gida. Tana bayar da shirye-shirye ga matasa a duk faɗin yankin, a ɗakin karatu, da kuma makarantu da ƙungiyoyi na yankin. Wannan cibiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin ilmantarwa na muhalli guda biyu na ɗakin karatu a Amurka. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hukumar Nishaɗi ta Turner, Kansas City, KS School District 500, da kuma Hukumar Laburare ta Gundumar Wyandotte, an buɗe sabon reshen ɗakin karatu a Cibiyar Nishaɗi ta Turner a shekarar 2008. Yana ba da cikakken sabis na ɗakin karatu ga masu amfani da shi a yankin kudu maso yammacin al'ummarmu. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|39|06|54|N|94|37|30|W}} ldvyitxx31ruh6uchqup4s7sfu0n2tb 0 178370 963913 2026-10-06T16:29:54Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367129568|Sadh Belo]]" 963913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sadh Belo''' ( Sindhi , [[Urdu]] : سادھ بھيلو), wanda kuma aka rubuta shi da '''Sadh Bela ''', ko '''Sat''', tsibiri ne a cikin [[kogin Indus]] kusa da Sukkur, Sindh, [[Pakistan]] wanda ya shahara da haikalin Hindu da ake girmamawa sosai. Ana danganta gidajen ibada da ƙungiyar ''Udasi'' ta [[Sikh|Sikhism]] . Tsibirin ya shahara da Teerath Asthan, wanda shine babban haikalin Hindu a Pakistan. Wannan rukunin yana da wasu haikali guda takwas, ɗakin karatu, wuraren cin abinci, wani babban lambu, tare da ɗakuna da gidajen zama na sufaye da mutanen da ke son zama a tsibirin a wani wurin shakatawa na ruhaniya. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Sadhu Bela: Pakistan's temple island you won't forget |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/sadhu-bela-pakistans-temple-island-you-wont-forget-1.2177507 |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == [[File:SukkurSBHeiligt.jpg|left|thumb| Wurin ibada yana da tarin kayan marmara masu sarkakiya.]] Tsibirin a da tsibiri ne mai dazuzzuka kuma ana kiransa Menak Parbat. Daga baya sai waliyin Udasi (mai hikima) Baba Bankhandi Maharaj ya zauna a nan sannan wannan wuri ya zama sananne da Sadhu Bhelo, ma'ana dazuzzukan mai hikima. <ref name="auto1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadhu Bela: Pakistan's temple island |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/02/22/sadhu-bela-pakistans-temple-island/ |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> A cewar wasu majiyoyi, an sanya wa Sadh Belo suna ne bayan wani kwamandan Larabawa mai suna "Saeed" ( Arabic ), wanda ya mamaye kuma aka sanya shi a tsibirin. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Sadh_bela_temple_2-_sukkur_(asad_aman).jpg|thumb| Sadh bela]] Tsibirin Sadh Belo yana ƙasan tsibirin Bukkur, kuma wani ɗan gajeren kogi ne ya raba shi da shi. Yana kan kogin Indus wanda ke gudana tsakanin Rohri da Sukkur . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 15, 2017 |title=Sadhu Bela the island of Sukkur |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/116824/sadhu-bela-the-island-of-sukkur/ |access-date= |website=Daily Times}}</ref> Ginin haikalin ya bazu a tsibirai biyu masu haɗin gwiwa; Sadh Belo yana da kicin, baranda, haikali da yawa, da Deen Belo wanda ke ɗauke da samadhis, wurin shakatawa, da kuma Rishi Nol mandir. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |last=Jatt |first=Zahida Rehman |date=June 12, 2018 |title=Sadh Belo temple: an abode of Udasipanth in Sindh |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1413676 |website=dawn.com}}</ref> == Muhimmancin Addini == [[File:Hindu_Temple,_Sadh_Belo_10.jpg|thumb| Haikalin Sadh Belo]] [[File:Depiction_of_Bankhandi_Maharaj,_an_Udasi_saint_who_founded_Sadh_Belo,_Sindh_in_1823.jpg|thumb| Bayanin Bankhandi Maharaj, waliyyi Udasi wanda ya kafa Sadh Belo a 1823]] Baba Bankhandi Maharaj (an haife shi a matsayin Balchand Sharma <ref name=":0" /> ), wani matashi mai shekaru 15 mai neman ruhaniya, wanda aka ruwaito cewa asalinsa ko dai daga Kero Khetar kusa da [[Delhi]], ko [[Nepal|Nepal ne]], ya isa Sindh a shekara ta 1823, a garin Sukkur, wanda a lokacin shine babban cibiyar kasuwanci ga yankin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rasheed |first=Shaikh Abdul |date=2017-09-18 |title=Sadh Belo Temple the most frequented religious site |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/116400/sadh-belo-temple-the-most-frequented-religious-site/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Daily Times |language=}}</ref> Ya zauna a tsibirin Menak Parbat mai dazuzzuka (wanda shine sunan Sadhu Bela na asali), shi kaɗai, kuma an san shi da hikimar dazuzzuka. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Sadhu Bela: Pakistan's temple island you won't forget |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/sadhu-bela-pakistans-temple-island-you-wont-forget-1.2177507 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref> Tsibirin ya kasance kamar tarin bishiyoyi lokacin da Bankhandi ya fara isa can, amma ya ji daɗin wurin sosai har ya zaɓe shi a matsayin wurin da zai kafa dhuni (wutarsa mai tsarki). An ce wani lokaci Baba Bankhandi ya ga Annapurna, allahiyar hatsi, a cikin mafarki. Ta ba shi wani abu mai tsayi da ƙarfe mai suna Kamandal ta kuma gaya masa cewa, matuƙar wannan abu yana cikin rukunin gidaje, ba za a sami ƙarancin hatsi ga ɗakin girkin al'umma ba. Daga baya, Baba Bankhandi ya kafa wurare daban-daban na ibada, ciki har da haikali, waɗanda aka keɓe wa Annapurna, Hanuman, Ganesh da Shiv Shankar, da kuma wurare na Granth Sahib da Bhagavad Gita . <ref name="auto3" /> Baba Bankhandi ya rasu yana da shekaru 60. <ref name="auto2" /> Baba Bankhandi yana da almajirai da yawa waɗanda suka gaje shi ɗaya bayan ɗaya a matsayin mahant ko mai kula da wurin; waɗanda suka fi shahara a cikinsu sune Swami Achal Prasad, Swami Mohan Das, da Swami Harnarain Das Udasin. <ref name="auto3" /> == Haikali == [[File:A_woman_reciting_the_Gita_at_the_Sadh_Belo_temple_on_the_special_occasion_of_the_150th_death_anniversary_of_Baba_Bhankandi_Maharaj.jpg|thumb| Wata mata tana karanta Guru Granth Sahib a haikalin Sadh Belo a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 150 da rasuwar Baba Bhankandi Maharaj]] An fara gina haikalin a shekarar 1899 ta hannun ''babban cocin nashin'' na takwas na Sant Harnam Das. Ana girmama wurin sosai a tsakanin mabiya addinin Hindu a duk faɗin Sindh har ma a [[Indiya]], inda a wasu lokutan ake jan hankalin mahajjata daga ƙetaren iyaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-07 |title=SUKKUR: Indian pilgrims worship at Sadh Belo, Arore Temple |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/222172/sukkur-indian-pilgrims-worship-at-sadh-belo-arore-temple |access-date=2015-12-27 |website=www.dawn.com}}</ref> Bikin tunawa da mutuwar Baba Bankhandi Maharaj na shekara-shekara wanda ake kira Baba Bankhandi Maharaj Mela wanda dubban mutane suka halarta, kuma ana bikinsa ne ta hanyar wani biki na kwana uku inda ake ba wa mahajjata masauki, abinci, da ruwa kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba Bankhandi Maharaj Mela attended by thousands of Hindus &#124; Pakistan Today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/06/18/baba-bankhandi-maharaj-mela-attended-by-thousands-of-hindus/ |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci game da Sadhu Belo shine cewa ana rubuta addu'o'i da rubuce-rubuce da yawa a nan da Sindhi, harshen lardin Sindh a Pakistan. <ref name="auto2" /> Tsarin tsaro yana da ƙarfi sosai babu wanda zai iya shiga ko ziyartar haikalin ba tare da izini ba; akwai hanyar da ta dace don samun izini daga Pakistan Hindu Panchayat . Ga waɗanda ba 'yan Hindu ba, yana da wahala saboda tsarin tsaro saboda Sadh Belo shine babban haikalin Pakistan. <ref name="auto" /> [[File:PkSukkurSadhuBelo5.jpg|thumb| Cikakkun bayanai akan bangon haikalin.]] Gaddi nasheen' na haikalin (iyalin da ke kula da ginin haikalin tsawon tsararraki) sun ƙaura zuwa Indiya bayan rabuwar ƙasar a shekarar 1947. Amma 'yan uwa har yanzu suna tafiya sau ɗaya a shekara zuwa Pakistan don buɗewa da halartar bikin baje kolin a hukumance, a matsayin masu kula da ginin haikalin. A halin yanzu, Sadh Belo yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Hukumar Kayayyakin Gidaje ta Evacuee Trust kuma ana kula da shi da kyau, amma rashin tsohon gwamnatin Udasi mahants ana jin shi sosai. == Shugabanni ==   Ana kiran shugabannin ruhaniya na Sadh Belo da ''gaddi nashin'', wasu kuma kamar haka: * Baba Bankhandi Maharaj (1st) * Swami Achal Prasad <ref name="auto3" /> * Swami Mohan Das <ref name="auto3" /> * Swami Harnarain Das Udasin <ref name="auto3" /> * Sant Harnam Das (na 8) <ref name=":1" /> * Swami Gauri Shankar Das (10) <ref name="auto3" /> * Swami Vish Darsh (na 11) <ref name=":1" /> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> File:Devotees_reach_the_Sadh_Bello_temple,_which_is_situated_in_the_middle_of_River_Indus.jpg|alt=Devotees reach the Sadh Belo temple, which is situated in the middle of the Indus River.| Masu ibada suna isa haikalin Sadh Belo, wanda ke tsakiyar Kogin Indus. File:Sadu_bela_at_evening.jpg|alt=The temple complex at night| Hadaddiyar haikalin da daddare File:Hindu_Temple,_Sadh_Belo_11.jpg|alt=Memorials to Udasi mahants with an invocation to Sri Chand, the founder of Udasis.| Abubuwan tunawa ga Udasi mahants tare da addu'a ga Sri Chand, wanda ya kafa Udasis . </gallery>  == Manazarta == qg8nvy8tvuc9t118vqvhja3oj3yi3lo 963915 963913 2026-10-06T16:30:27Z Baffa ali 47435 963915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sadh Belo''' ( Sindhi , [[Urdu]] : سادھ بھيلو), wanda kuma aka rubuta shi da '''Sadh Bela ''', ko '''Sat''', tsibiri ne a cikin [[kogin Indus]] kusa da Sukkur, Sindh, [[Pakistan]] wanda ya shahara da haikalin Hindu da ake girmamawa sosai. Ana danganta gidajen ibada da ƙungiyar ''Udasi'' ta [[Sikh|Sikhism]] . Tsibirin ya shahara da Teerath Asthan, wanda shine babban haikalin Hindu a Pakistan. Wannan rukunin yana da wasu haikali guda takwas, ɗakin karatu, wuraren cin abinci, wani babban lambu, tare da ɗakuna da gidajen zama na sufaye da mutanen da ke son zama a tsibirin a wani wurin shakatawa na ruhaniya. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Sadhu Bela: Pakistan's temple island you won't forget |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/sadhu-bela-pakistans-temple-island-you-wont-forget-1.2177507 |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == [[File:SukkurSBHeiligt.jpg|left|thumb| Wurin ibada yana da tarin kayan marmara masu sarkakiya.]] Tsibirin a da tsibiri ne mai dazuzzuka kuma ana kiransa Menak Parbat. Daga baya sai waliyin Udasi (mai hikima) Baba Bankhandi Maharaj ya zauna a nan sannan wannan wuri ya zama sananne da Sadhu Bhelo, ma'ana dazuzzukan mai hikima. <ref name="auto1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadhu Bela: Pakistan's temple island |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/02/22/sadhu-bela-pakistans-temple-island/ |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> A cewar wasu majiyoyi, an sanya wa Sadh Belo suna ne bayan wani kwamandan Larabawa mai suna "Saeed" ( Arabic ), wanda ya mamaye kuma aka sanya shi a tsibirin. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Sadh_bela_temple_2-_sukkur_(asad_aman).jpg|thumb| Sadh bela]] Tsibirin Sadh Belo yana ƙasan tsibirin Bukkur, kuma wani ɗan gajeren kogi ne ya raba shi da shi. Yana kan kogin Indus wanda ke gudana tsakanin Rohri da Sukkur . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 15, 2017 |title=Sadhu Bela the island of Sukkur |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/116824/sadhu-bela-the-island-of-sukkur/ |access-date= |website=Daily Times}}</ref> Ginin haikalin ya bazu a tsibirai biyu masu haɗin gwiwa; Sadh Belo yana da kicin, baranda, haikali da yawa, da Deen Belo wanda ke ɗauke da samadhis, wurin shakatawa, da kuma Rishi Nol mandir. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |last=Jatt |first=Zahida Rehman |date=June 12, 2018 |title=Sadh Belo temple: an abode of Udasipanth in Sindh |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1413676 |website=dawn.com}}</ref> == Muhimmancin Addini == [[File:Hindu_Temple,_Sadh_Belo_10.jpg|thumb| Haikalin Sadh Belo]] [[File:Depiction_of_Bankhandi_Maharaj,_an_Udasi_saint_who_founded_Sadh_Belo,_Sindh_in_1823.jpg|thumb| Bayanin Bankhandi Maharaj, waliyyi Udasi wanda ya kafa Sadh Belo a 1823]] Baba Bankhandi Maharaj (an haife shi a matsayin Balchand Sharma <ref name=":0" /> ), wani matashi mai shekaru 15 mai neman ruhaniya, wanda aka ruwaito cewa asalinsa ko dai daga Kero Khetar kusa da [[Delhi]], ko [[Nepal|Nepal ne]], ya isa Sindh a shekara ta 1823, a garin Sukkur, wanda a lokacin shine babban cibiyar kasuwanci ga yankin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rasheed |first=Shaikh Abdul |date=2017-09-18 |title=Sadh Belo Temple the most frequented religious site |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/116400/sadh-belo-temple-the-most-frequented-religious-site/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Daily Times |language=}}</ref> Ya zauna a tsibirin Menak Parbat mai dazuzzuka (wanda shine sunan Sadhu Bela na asali), shi kaɗai, kuma an san shi da hikimar dazuzzuka. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Sadhu Bela: Pakistan's temple island you won't forget |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/sadhu-bela-pakistans-temple-island-you-wont-forget-1.2177507 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref> Tsibirin ya kasance kamar tarin bishiyoyi lokacin da Bankhandi ya fara isa can, amma ya ji daɗin wurin sosai har ya zaɓe shi a matsayin wurin da zai kafa dhuni (wutarsa mai tsarki). An ce wani lokaci Baba Bankhandi ya ga Annapurna, allahiyar hatsi, a cikin mafarki. Ta ba shi wani abu mai tsayi da ƙarfe mai suna Kamandal ta kuma gaya masa cewa, matuƙar wannan abu yana cikin rukunin gidaje, ba za a sami ƙarancin hatsi ga ɗakin girkin al'umma ba. Daga baya, Baba Bankhandi ya kafa wurare daban-daban na ibada, ciki har da haikali, waɗanda aka keɓe wa Annapurna, Hanuman, Ganesh da Shiv Shankar, da kuma wurare na Granth Sahib da Bhagavad Gita . <ref name="auto3" /> Baba Bankhandi ya rasu yana da shekaru 60. <ref name="auto2" /> Baba Bankhandi yana da almajirai da yawa waɗanda suka gaje shi ɗaya bayan ɗaya a matsayin mahant ko mai kula da wurin; waɗanda suka fi shahara a cikinsu sune Swami Achal Prasad, Swami Mohan Das, da Swami Harnarain Das Udasin. <ref name="auto3" /> == Haikali == [[File:A_woman_reciting_the_Gita_at_the_Sadh_Belo_temple_on_the_special_occasion_of_the_150th_death_anniversary_of_Baba_Bhankandi_Maharaj.jpg|thumb| Wata mata tana karanta Guru Granth Sahib a haikalin Sadh Belo a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 150 da rasuwar Baba Bhankandi Maharaj]] An fara gina haikalin a shekarar 1899 ta hannun ''babban cocin nashin'' na takwas na Sant Harnam Das. Ana girmama wurin sosai a tsakanin mabiya addinin Hindu a duk faɗin Sindh har ma a [[Indiya]], inda a wasu lokutan ake jan hankalin mahajjata daga ƙetaren iyaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-07 |title=SUKKUR: Indian pilgrims worship at Sadh Belo, Arore Temple |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/222172/sukkur-indian-pilgrims-worship-at-sadh-belo-arore-temple |access-date=2015-12-27 |website=www.dawn.com}}</ref> Bikin tunawa da mutuwar Baba Bankhandi Maharaj na shekara-shekara wanda ake kira Baba Bankhandi Maharaj Mela wanda dubban mutane suka halarta, kuma ana bikinsa ne ta hanyar wani biki na kwana uku inda ake ba wa mahajjata masauki, abinci, da ruwa kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba Bankhandi Maharaj Mela attended by thousands of Hindus &#124; Pakistan Today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/06/18/baba-bankhandi-maharaj-mela-attended-by-thousands-of-hindus/ |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci game da Sadhu Belo shine cewa ana rubuta addu'o'i da rubuce-rubuce da yawa a nan da Sindhi, harshen lardin Sindh a Pakistan. <ref name="auto2" /> Tsarin tsaro yana da ƙarfi sosai babu wanda zai iya shiga ko ziyartar haikalin ba tare da izini ba; akwai hanyar da ta dace don samun izini daga Pakistan Hindu Panchayat . Ga waɗanda ba 'yan Hindu ba, yana da wahala saboda tsarin tsaro saboda Sadh Belo shine babban haikalin Pakistan. <ref name="auto" /> [[File:PkSukkurSadhuBelo5.jpg|thumb| Cikakkun bayanai akan bangon haikalin.]] Gaddi nasheen' na haikalin (iyalin da ke kula da ginin haikalin tsawon tsararraki) sun ƙaura zuwa Indiya bayan rabuwar ƙasar a shekarar 1947. Amma 'yan uwa har yanzu suna tafiya sau ɗaya a shekara zuwa Pakistan don buɗewa da halartar bikin baje kolin a hukumance, a matsayin masu kula da ginin haikalin. A halin yanzu, Sadh Belo yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Hukumar Kayayyakin Gidaje ta Evacuee Trust kuma ana kula da shi da kyau, amma rashin tsohon gwamnatin Udasi mahants ana jin shi sosai. == Shugabanni ==   Ana kiran shugabannin ruhaniya na Sadh Belo da ''gaddi nashin'', wasu kuma kamar haka: * Baba Bankhandi Maharaj (1st) * Swami Achal Prasad <ref name="auto3" /> * Swami Mohan Das <ref name="auto3" /> * Swami Harnarain Das Udasin <ref name="auto3" /> * Sant Harnam Das (na 8) <ref name=":1" /> * Swami Gauri Shankar Das (10) <ref name="auto3" /> * Swami Vish Darsh (na 11) <ref name=":1" /> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> File:Devotees_reach_the_Sadh_Bello_temple,_which_is_situated_in_the_middle_of_River_Indus.jpg|alt=Devotees reach the Sadh Belo temple, which is situated in the middle of the Indus River.| Masu ibada suna isa haikalin Sadh Belo, wanda ke tsakiyar Kogin Indus. File:Sadu_bela_at_evening.jpg|alt=The temple complex at night| Hadaddiyar haikalin da daddare File:Hindu_Temple,_Sadh_Belo_11.jpg|alt=Memorials to Udasi mahants with an invocation to Sri Chand, the founder of Udasis.| Abubuwan tunawa ga Udasi mahants tare da addu'a ga Sri Chand, wanda ya kafa Udasis . </gallery>  == Manazarta == 8d1gdtzpbkq06s4xowefoau7m5v0nek 963917 963915 2026-10-06T16:35:39Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Haikali */ 963917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sadh Belo''' ( Sindhi , [[Urdu]] : سادھ بھيلو), wanda kuma aka rubuta shi da '''Sadh Bela ''', ko '''Sat''', tsibiri ne a cikin [[kogin Indus]] kusa da Sukkur, Sindh, [[Pakistan]] wanda ya shahara da haikalin Hindu da ake girmamawa sosai. Ana danganta gidajen ibada da ƙungiyar ''Udasi'' ta [[Sikh|Sikhism]] . Tsibirin ya shahara da Teerath Asthan, wanda shine babban haikalin Hindu a Pakistan. Wannan rukunin yana da wasu haikali guda takwas, ɗakin karatu, wuraren cin abinci, wani babban lambu, tare da ɗakuna da gidajen zama na sufaye da mutanen da ke son zama a tsibirin a wani wurin shakatawa na ruhaniya. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Sadhu Bela: Pakistan's temple island you won't forget |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/sadhu-bela-pakistans-temple-island-you-wont-forget-1.2177507 |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == [[File:SukkurSBHeiligt.jpg|left|thumb| Wurin ibada yana da tarin kayan marmara masu sarkakiya.]] Tsibirin a da tsibiri ne mai dazuzzuka kuma ana kiransa Menak Parbat. Daga baya sai waliyin Udasi (mai hikima) Baba Bankhandi Maharaj ya zauna a nan sannan wannan wuri ya zama sananne da Sadhu Bhelo, ma'ana dazuzzukan mai hikima. <ref name="auto1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadhu Bela: Pakistan's temple island |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/02/22/sadhu-bela-pakistans-temple-island/ |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> A cewar wasu majiyoyi, an sanya wa Sadh Belo suna ne bayan wani kwamandan Larabawa mai suna "Saeed" ( Arabic ), wanda ya mamaye kuma aka sanya shi a tsibirin. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Sadh_bela_temple_2-_sukkur_(asad_aman).jpg|thumb| Sadh bela]] Tsibirin Sadh Belo yana ƙasan tsibirin Bukkur, kuma wani ɗan gajeren kogi ne ya raba shi da shi. Yana kan kogin Indus wanda ke gudana tsakanin Rohri da Sukkur . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 15, 2017 |title=Sadhu Bela the island of Sukkur |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/116824/sadhu-bela-the-island-of-sukkur/ |access-date= |website=Daily Times}}</ref> Ginin haikalin ya bazu a tsibirai biyu masu haɗin gwiwa; Sadh Belo yana da kicin, baranda, haikali da yawa, da Deen Belo wanda ke ɗauke da samadhis, wurin shakatawa, da kuma Rishi Nol mandir. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |last=Jatt |first=Zahida Rehman |date=June 12, 2018 |title=Sadh Belo temple: an abode of Udasipanth in Sindh |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1413676 |website=dawn.com}}</ref> == Muhimmancin Addini == [[File:Hindu_Temple,_Sadh_Belo_10.jpg|thumb| Haikalin Sadh Belo]] [[File:Depiction_of_Bankhandi_Maharaj,_an_Udasi_saint_who_founded_Sadh_Belo,_Sindh_in_1823.jpg|thumb| Bayanin Bankhandi Maharaj, waliyyi Udasi wanda ya kafa Sadh Belo a 1823]] Baba Bankhandi Maharaj (an haife shi a matsayin Balchand Sharma <ref name=":0" /> ), wani matashi mai shekaru 15 mai neman ruhaniya, wanda aka ruwaito cewa asalinsa ko dai daga Kero Khetar kusa da [[Delhi]], ko [[Nepal|Nepal ne]], ya isa Sindh a shekara ta 1823, a garin Sukkur, wanda a lokacin shine babban cibiyar kasuwanci ga yankin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rasheed |first=Shaikh Abdul |date=2017-09-18 |title=Sadh Belo Temple the most frequented religious site |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/116400/sadh-belo-temple-the-most-frequented-religious-site/ |access-date=2023-05-29 |website=Daily Times |language=}}</ref> Ya zauna a tsibirin Menak Parbat mai dazuzzuka (wanda shine sunan Sadhu Bela na asali), shi kaɗai, kuma an san shi da hikimar dazuzzuka. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=5 November 2018 |title=Sadhu Bela: Pakistan's temple island you won't forget |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/sadhu-bela-pakistans-temple-island-you-wont-forget-1.2177507 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref> Tsibirin ya kasance kamar tarin bishiyoyi lokacin da Bankhandi ya fara isa can, amma ya ji daɗin wurin sosai har ya zaɓe shi a matsayin wurin da zai kafa dhuni (wutarsa mai tsarki). An ce wani lokaci Baba Bankhandi ya ga Annapurna, allahiyar hatsi, a cikin mafarki. Ta ba shi wani abu mai tsayi da ƙarfe mai suna Kamandal ta kuma gaya masa cewa, matuƙar wannan abu yana cikin rukunin gidaje, ba za a sami ƙarancin hatsi ga ɗakin girkin al'umma ba. Daga baya, Baba Bankhandi ya kafa wurare daban-daban na ibada, ciki har da haikali, waɗanda aka keɓe wa Annapurna, Hanuman, Ganesh da Shiv Shankar, da kuma wurare na Granth Sahib da Bhagavad Gita . <ref name="auto3" /> Baba Bankhandi ya rasu yana da shekaru 60. <ref name="auto2" /> Baba Bankhandi yana da almajirai da yawa waɗanda suka gaje shi ɗaya bayan ɗaya a matsayin mahant ko mai kula da wurin; waɗanda suka fi shahara a cikinsu sune Swami Achal Prasad, Swami Mohan Das, da Swami Harnarain Das Udasin. <ref name="auto3" /> == Haikali == [[File:A_woman_reciting_the_Gita_at_the_Sadh_Belo_temple_on_the_special_occasion_of_the_150th_death_anniversary_of_Baba_Bhankandi_Maharaj.jpg|thumb| Wata mata tana karanta Guru Granth Sahib a haikalin Sadh Belo a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 150 da rasuwar Baba Bhankandi Maharaj]] An fara gina haikalin a shekarar 1899 ta hannun ''babban cocin nashin'' na takwas na Sant Harnam Das. Ana girmama wurin sosai a tsakanin mabiya addinin Hindu a duk faɗin Sindh har ma a [[Indiya]], inda a wasu lokutan ake jan hankalin mahajjata daga ƙetaren iyaka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-07 |title=SUKKUR: Indian pilgrims worship at Sadh Belo, Arore Temple |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/222172/sukkur-indian-pilgrims-worship-at-sadh-belo-arore-temple |access-date=2015-12-27 |website=www.dawn.com}}</ref> Bikin tunawa da mutuwar Baba Bankhandi Maharaj na shekara-shekara wanda ake kira Baba Bankhandi Maharaj Mela wanda dubban mutane suka halarta, kuma ana bikinsa ne ta hanyar wani biki na kwana uku inda ake ba wa mahajjata masauki, abinci, da ruwa kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baba Bankhandi Maharaj Mela attended by thousands of Hindus &#124; Pakistan Today |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/06/18/baba-bankhandi-maharaj-mela-attended-by-thousands-of-hindus/ |website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci game da Sadhu Belo shine cewa ana rubuta addu'o'i da rubuce-rubuce da yawa a nan da Sindhi, harshen lardin Sindh a Pakistan. <ref name="auto2" /> Tsarin tsaro yana da ƙarfi sosai babu wanda zai iya shiga ko ziyartar haikalin ba tare da izini ba; akwai hanyar da ta dace don samun izini daga Pakistan Hindu Panchayat . Ga waɗanda ba 'yan Hindu ba, yana da wahala saboda tsarin tsaro saboda Sadh Belo shine babban haikalin Pakistan. <ref name="auto" /> [[File:PkSukkurSadhuBelo5.jpg|thumb| Cikakkun bayanai akan bangon haikalin.]] Gaddi nasheen' na haikalin (iyalin da ke kula da ginin haikalin tsawon tsararraki) sun ƙaura zuwa Indiya bayan rabuwar ƙasar a shekarar 1947. <ref name="auto2"/>Amma 'yan uwa har yanzu suna tafiya sau ɗaya a shekara zuwa Pakistan don buɗewa da halartar bikin baje kolin a hukumance, a matsayin masu kula da ginin haikalin. A halin yanzu, Sadh Belo yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Hukumar Kayayyakin Gidaje ta Evacuee Trust kuma ana kula da shi da kyau, amma rashin tsohon gwamnatin Udasi mahants ana jin shi sosai.<ref name="auto3"/> == Shugabanni ==   Ana kiran shugabannin ruhaniya na Sadh Belo da ''gaddi nashin'', wasu kuma kamar haka: * Baba Bankhandi Maharaj (1st) * Swami Achal Prasad <ref name="auto3" /> * Swami Mohan Das <ref name="auto3" /> * Swami Harnarain Das Udasin <ref name="auto3" /> * Sant Harnam Das (na 8) <ref name=":1" /> * Swami Gauri Shankar Das (10) <ref name="auto3" /> * Swami Vish Darsh (na 11) <ref name=":1" /> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> File:Devotees_reach_the_Sadh_Bello_temple,_which_is_situated_in_the_middle_of_River_Indus.jpg|alt=Devotees reach the Sadh Belo temple, which is situated in the middle of the Indus River.| Masu ibada suna isa haikalin Sadh Belo, wanda ke tsakiyar Kogin Indus. File:Sadu_bela_at_evening.jpg|alt=The temple complex at night| Hadaddiyar haikalin da daddare File:Hindu_Temple,_Sadh_Belo_11.jpg|alt=Memorials to Udasi mahants with an invocation to Sri Chand, the founder of Udasis.| Abubuwan tunawa ga Udasi mahants tare da addu'a ga Sri Chand, wanda ya kafa Udasis . </gallery>  == Manazarta == 0vfhtt0ggn2u8burufbzmiux609sjbu 0 178371 963916 2026-10-06T16:33:02Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Augustine Ejike Metu | other_names = Metusella | nationality = [[Najeriya|Ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = Ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, lauya, ɗan kasuwa, ɗan siyasa | known_for = Wasan kwaikwayo da siyasar Amuwo-Odofin | party = [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) | alma_mater = }} '''Augustine Ejike Metu''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Metusella''', ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi fice a matsayin Nollywood|ɗan wasan kwaikway... 963916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Augustine Ejike Metu | other_names = Metusella | nationality = [[Najeriya|Ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = Ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, lauya, ɗan kasuwa, ɗan siyasa | known_for = Wasan kwaikwayo da siyasar Amuwo-Odofin | party = [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP) | alma_mater = }} '''Augustine Ejike Metu''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Metusella''', ɗan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi fice a matsayin [[Nollywood|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]], ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya shiga harkokin siyasa bayan ya shafe shekaru yana aiki a masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya. Ya taɓa neman wakiltar [[Amuwo-Odofin]] a majalisar dokokin [[Jihar Legas]], sannan daga baya ya yi takarar neman kujerar [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] ta mazabar Amuwo-Odofin.<ref name="Vanguard2011">{{cite news |title=Another Nollywood star for Lagos Assembly |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/ancop-celebrates-eyenghos-exit/ |work=Vanguard |date=2011 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref><ref name="Sun2022">{{cite news |title=Road to 2023: PDP should work hard to win 2023 presidential election –Ejike Metu, Reps aspirant |url=https://thesun.ng/road-to-2023-pdp-should-work-hard-to-win-2023-presidential-election-ejike-metu-reps-aspirant/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=18 May 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da sana'a == Metu ya fara samun suna ne a masana'antar Nollywood a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. An bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi aiki a masana'antar tun farkon shekarun Nollywood. Daga cikin fina-finan da aka danganta da shi akwai ''Rattle Snake'', ''Taboo'', ''Battle of Musaga'' da ''Father Tansi''.<ref name="Vanguard2011"/><ref name="ModernGhana2014">{{cite news |title=Nollywood Actor Turned Politician, Augustine Ejike Accuses Producers Of Being Diabolic |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/27673/nollywood-actor-turned-politician-augustine-ejike-accuses-p.html |work=ModernGhana |date=28 March 2014 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Rahotannin jaridu sun kuma bayyana Metu a matsayin ɗan kasuwa da kuma tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar ɗalibai a lokacin karatunsa. Bayan shigarsa siyasa, ya ce manufarsa ita ce ya yi amfani da kwarewarsa wajen yi wa al'ummar mazabarsa hidima.<ref name="Vanguard2011"/> == Shiga siyasa == Metu ya shiga siyasar jam'iyyu bayan aikinsa a masana'antar fina-finai. A shekarar 2011, ya nemi tikitin [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] domin wakiltar Amuwo-Odofin a [[Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Legas]]. A lokacin ya yi magana kan bukatar inganta ababen more rayuwa a yankin, musamman hanyoyi da matsalolin da ke shafar yankin [[Mile 2]].<ref name="VanguardPolitics">{{cite news |title=Will Fashola fade out in Lagos? |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/04/will-fashola-fade-out-in-lagos/ |work=Vanguard |date=2011 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A baya kuma, an ruwaito cewa ya yi takarar kujerar shugabancin ƙaramar hukuma ta Amuwo-Odofin, inda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan siyasar matakin tushe.<ref name="Showbiz">{{cite web |title=Nollywood star, Ejike Metusela, eyes L.G post |url=https://showbizplusng.blogspot.com/2008/10/ |website=Showbizplus |date=October 2008 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Takara a Majalisar Wakilai == Metu ya yi ƙoƙarin neman kujerar [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] ta mazabar Amuwo-Odofin fiye da sau ɗaya. A wata hira da ''The Sun'' a shekarar 2022, ya bayyana cewa ya nemi kujerar a shekarar 2015 da kuma 2019, amma bai samu tikitin jam'iyya ko nasara ba.<ref name="Sun2022"/> A shekarar 2022, ya sake bayyana aniyarsa ta neman kujerar Amuwo-Odofin a [[zaben Najeriya na 2023]], a wannan karon a karkashin PDP. Ya bayyana cewa yana son kawo sauye-sauye a wakilcin mazabar kuma ya ce ya shafe shekaru yana aiki da jam'iyyar.<ref name="Sun2022b">{{cite news |title=Our leadership should rise to save PDP from collapse in Lagos – Ejike Metu |url=https://thesun.ng/our-leadership-should-rise-to-save-pdp-from-collapse-in-lagos-ejike-metu/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=17 April 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Sai dai wani rahoto na ''Independent'' ya bayyana cewa Metu ya kasance ɗan takarar [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]] na kujerar Majalisar Wakilai ta Amuwo-Odofin a zaben 2023.<ref name="Independent2023">{{cite news |title=Excitement As Abagana Women Celebrate 50th Anniversary In Lagos |url=https://independent.ng/excitement-as-abagana-women-celebrate-50th-anniversary-in-lagos/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=2022 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasuwanci da na ƙungiyoyi == Baya ga wasan kwaikwayo da siyasa, Metu ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci da harkokin ruwa da sufuri. A shekarar 2022, an bayyana shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin amintattu na [[Association of Registered Freight Forwarders of Nigeria]] (ARFFN).<ref name="Prestige2022">{{cite news |title=An elected office holder who does not deliver to the people what is rightfully theirs is worse than a bandit — Metu Augustine Ejike |url=https://prestigeblended.com.ng/2022/04/07/an-elected-office-holder-who-does-not-deliver-to-the-people-what-is-rightfully-theirs-is-worse-than-a-bandit-metu-augustine-ejike/ |work=The Prestige Blended Magazine |date=7 April 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, an sake bayyana shi a matsayin shugaban kwamitin amintattu na ARFFN a wani taron Congress of Nigerian Maritime Media Practitioners (CONMMEP), inda ya yi magana kan shugabanci, harkokin kwastam da sauƙaƙa kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name="Prestige2025">{{cite news |title=CONMMEP Roundtable: Metu Tasks Agencies, Regulators to Emulate Customs Leadership |url=https://prestigeblended.com.ng/2025/07/30/conmmep-roundtable-metu-tasks-agencies-regulators-to-emulate-customs-leadership/ |work=The Prestige Blended Magazine |date=30 July 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Wasan kwaikwayo == Metu ya yi fice a fina-finan Nollywood kafin ya mayar da hankali sosai kan harkokin siyasa. A wata hira ta shekarar 2014, an bayyana shi a matsayin tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya yi aiki a fina-finai da dama, ciki har da ''Rattle Snake'', ''Up to Rush'', ''Farewell to Babylon'' da ''The Night Fall''.<ref name="ModernGhana2014"/> Ya bayyana cewa matsalolin da ke cikin masana'antar fim, musamman yadda wasu masu shirya fina-finai ke gudanar da harkokinsu, sun taimaka wajen yanke shawarar rage yawan aikinsa a masana'antar.<ref name="ModernGhana2014"/> == Karramawa == A shekarar 2025, an bayyana Barrister Augustine Metu Ejike cikin mutanen da aka karrama a wani Oko Alumni Hall of Fame, inda aka bayyana aikinsa a fannoni da suka haɗa da shugabancin ɗalibai, shari'a da wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name="NationUpdate2025">{{cite news |title=Oko Alumni Hall of Fame: Ekwueme, Gemade, Onu, Ayinde, others honoured tomorrow |url=https://nationupdate.com.ng/oko-alumni-hall-of-fame-ekwueme-gemade-onu-ayinde-others-honoured-tomorrow/ |work=Nation Update |date=2025 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nollywood]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] * [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]] * [[Amuwo-Odofin]] * [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] * [[Jihar Legas]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/03/ancop-celebrates-eyenghos-exit/ Vanguard – Another Nollywood star for Lagos Assembly] * [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/04/will-fashola-fade-out-in-lagos/ Vanguard – Will Fashola fade out in Lagos?] * [https://thesun.ng/road-to-2023-pdp-should-work-hard-to-win-2023-presidential-election-ejike-metu-reps-aspirant/ The Sun Nigeria – Ejike Metu, Reps aspirant] * [https://thesun.ng/our-leadership-should-rise-to-save-pdp-from-collapse-in-lagos-ejike-metu/ The Sun Nigeria – Our leadership should rise to save PDP from collapse in Lagos] * [https://independent.ng/excitement-as-abagana-women-celebrate-50th-anniversary-in-lagos/ Independent Nigeria – Abagana Women anniversary] * [https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/27673/nollywood-actor-turned-politician-augustine-ejike-accuses-producers-of-being-diabolic.html ModernGhana – Nollywood Actor Turned Politician] * [https://prestigeblended.com.ng/2025/07/30/conmmep-roundtable-metu-tasks-agencies-regulators-to-emulate-customs-leadership/ The Prestige Blended Magazine – CONMMEP Roundtable] * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113367080 Wikidata – Augustine Ejike (Q113367080)] [[Category:Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Jihar Legas]] [[Category:Ƴan kasuwar Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar People's Democratic Party]] [[Category:Ƴan siyasar Labour Party]] [[Category:Nollywood]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Legas]] [[Category:Ƴan ƙarni na 21]] gegwcrqw328rqykbz8kie9ovyyum1rr 0 178372 963919 2026-10-06T16:40:37Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Shettima Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram | title = Mai Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram | image = | caption = | birth_date = 3 Yuni 1960 | birth_place = | nationality = [[Najeriya|Ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = Sarkin gargajiya, tsohon ma'aikacin gwamnati | office = Sarkin Gujba | term_start = 3 Yuni 2000 | predecessor = Babu | monarch = | known_for = Sarkin Gujba na farko }} '''Shettima Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram''' (wanda ake kuma kira '''Mai Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram''... 963919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Shettima Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram | title = Mai Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram | image = | caption = | birth_date = 3 Yuni 1960 | birth_place = | nationality = [[Najeriya|Ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = Sarkin gargajiya, tsohon ma'aikacin gwamnati | office = Sarkin Gujba | term_start = 3 Yuni 2000 | predecessor = Babu | monarch = | known_for = Sarkin Gujba na farko }} '''Shettima Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram''' (wanda ake kuma kira '''Mai Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram''') ɗan Najeriya ne kuma sarkin gargajiya wanda yake riƙe da sarautar [[Masarautar Gujba|Gujba]] a [[Jihar Yobe]]. Shi ne sarkin Gujba na farko, bayan da gwamnatin Jihar Yobe ta kafa Masarautar Gujba a shekarar 2000. An naɗa shi a matsayin sarkin a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2000.<ref name="Gujba">{{cite web |title=Gujba |url=https://wiki.seekkey.tech/wiki/Gujba |website=Gujba |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == Kafin naɗa shi sarauta, Shettima Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati.<ref name="Gujba"/> An haife shi a ranar 3 ga Yuni 1960, bisa bayanan da ke cikin [[Wikidata]], kodayake ba a samu wata majiya mai zaman kanta da ta tabbatar da wannan ranar haihuwa ba. Saboda haka, ya dace a ƙara ƙarin tushe kafin a ɗauki wannan bayanin a matsayin tabbatacce a Wikipedia.<ref name="Wikidata">{{cite web |title=Shettima Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106986500 |website=Wikidata |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Masarautar Gujba == Gujba tana cikin [[Jihar Yobe]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. A tarihi, yankin yana da alaƙa da [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]], kuma daga baya ya kasance ƙarƙashin [[Masarautar Fika]].<ref name="Gujba"/> A ranar 6 ga Janairu 2000, gwamnatin Jihar Yobe ƙarƙashin gwamna [[Bukar Abba Ibrahim]] ta sake tsara tsarin masarautun jihar, inda aka ƙirƙiri sabbin masarautu ciki har da Masarautar Gujba. Wannan sauyi ya jawo rashin jituwa daga Sarkin Fika, saboda Gujba a baya tana ƙarƙashin masarautar Fika.<ref name="Gujba"/> Bayan kafa sabuwar masarautar, an naɗa Shettima Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram a matsayin '''Sarkin Gujba na farko''' a ranar 3 ga Yuni 2000.<ref name="Gujba"/> Jerin masarautun gargajiya na Najeriya ma ya lissafta Shettima Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram a matsayin sarkin Gujba tun daga shekarar 2000.<ref name="TraditionalStates">{{cite web |title=List of Nigerian traditional states |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_traditional_states |website=Wikipedia |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Rikicin Boko Haram == A lokacin tashin hankalin [[Boko Haram]] a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, masarautar Gujba ta fuskanci matsalar tsaro. Rahoton ''Daily Independent'' na shekarar 2020 ya bayyana cewa Sarkin Gujba ya bar fadarsa da ke [[Buni Yadi]], hedikwatar [[Gujba (ƙaramar hukuma)|ƙaramar hukumar Gujba]], a lokacin da rikicin Boko Haram ya tsananta.<ref name="Independent2020">{{cite news |title=Yobe Monarch Loses 105-Year-old Mother |url=https://independent.ng/yobe-monarch-loses-105-year-old-mother/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=10 July 2020 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa mahaifiyar sarkin, Hajja Fanna Ibn Ali Gangarang, wadda aka fi sani da Maira of Gujba, ta rasu a shekarar 2020 tana da shekaru 105.<ref name="Independent2020"/> == Ayyukan sarauta da zaman lafiya == A matsayinsa na Sarkin Gujba, Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram yana cikin shugabannin gargajiya da ke taka rawa wajen zaman lafiya da hulɗa da al'ummar Jihar Yobe. A shekarar 2026, an ruwaito cewa Sarkin Gujba ya karɓi masu neman goyon baya a harkokin siyasar jihar, inda ya yi kira ga 'yan siyasa da magoya bayansu da su ɗauki nasarar zaɓe a matsayin amanar jama'a, tare da kauce wa kalaman da za su iya haifar da rikici.<ref name="ThisTimes2026">{{cite news |title=2027 Elections: Yobe Emirs Endorse Wali’s Candidature |url=https://www.thistimes.com.ng/2026/08/21/2027-elections-yobe-emirs-endorse-walis-candidature/ |work=ThisTimes |date=21 August 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana shi a matsayin '''Emir of Gujba''' kuma ya danganta jawabinsa da kira ga zaman lafiya, haɗin kai da ɗaukar shugabanci a matsayin nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan shugabanni.<ref name="ThisTimes2026"/> == Matsayinsa a yau == Majiyoyin da aka wallafa a shekarar 2026 har yanzu suna ambaton '''Mai Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram''' a matsayin [[Sarkin Gujba]].<ref name="ThisTimes2026"/> == Duba kuma == * [[Masarautar Gujba]] * [[Gujba (ƙaramar hukuma)|Gujba]] * [[Jihar Yobe]] * [[Masarautar Fika]] * [[Kanem-Bornu]] * [[Bukar Abba Ibrahim]] * [[Sarakunan gargajiya a Najeriya]] * [[Boko Haram]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://independent.ng/yobe-monarch-loses-105-year-old-mother/ Independent Nigeria – Yobe Monarch Loses 105-Year-old Mother] * [https://www.thistimes.com.ng/2026/08/21/2027-elections-yobe-emirs-endorse-walis-candidature/ ThisTimes – 2027 Elections: Yobe Emirs Endorse Wali’s Candidature] * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106986500 Wikidata – Shettima Muktar Ibn Ali Gangaram] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_traditional_states List of Nigerian traditional states] [[Category:Sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya]] [[Category:Sarakunan Jihar Yobe]] [[Category:Sarakunan Gujba]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Masarautar Gujba]] [[Category:Mutanen ƙarni na 21]] dxk1sza3843k6rcjxbk5z2zv7i8z9ei 0 178373 963920 2026-10-06T16:42:19Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox royalty | name = Edward Asimini William Dappa Pepple III | title = Perekule XI | image = | caption = | reign = 6 Afrilu 1996 – yanzu | coronation = 21 Disamba 1996 | predecessor = Opuada Secondus Pepple | successor = | spouse = Queen Paula Edward Pepple | issue = Yara 4 | full name = Edward Asimini William Dappa Pepple III | house = Perekule | father = Eugene William Dappa Pepple II | mother = Queen Gladys Atonye William Dappa Pepple | birth_date = 11 Yuni 1965 | bi... 963920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Edward Asimini William Dappa Pepple III | title = Perekule XI | image = | caption = | reign = 6 Afrilu 1996 – yanzu | coronation = 21 Disamba 1996 | predecessor = Opuada Secondus Pepple | successor = | spouse = Queen Paula Edward Pepple | issue = Yara 4 | full name = Edward Asimini William Dappa Pepple III | house = Perekule | father = Eugene William Dappa Pepple II | mother = Queen Gladys Atonye William Dappa Pepple | birth_date = 11 Yuni 1965 | birth_place = [[Fatakwal]], Jihar Rivers, Najeriya | occupation = Sarki, tsohon ma'aikacin banki | religion = Kiristanci | titletext = Amanyanabo na Grand Bonny Kingdom | dynasty = Perekule }} '''Edward Asimini William Dappa Pepple III''' (an haife shi 11 Yuni 1965), wanda aka fi sani da '''Perekule XI''', sarki ne na gargajiya na Najeriya kuma [[Amanyanabo]] na [[Masarautar Bonny]] da ke [[Jihar Rivers]]. Ya hau karagar sarautar Grand Bonny Kingdom a shekarar 1996 bayan rasuwar kawunsa, [[Opuada Secondus Pepple]]. An sanar da shi a matsayin sarki a ranar 6 Afrilu 1996, sannan aka yi masa nadin sarauta a ranar 21 Disamba 1996. Pepple yana daga cikin zuriyar gidan sarautar Perekule. Mahaifinsa, [[Eugene William Dappa Pepple II]], shi ne Amanyanabo na Bonny daga 1957 zuwa 1972. == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Edward Asimini William Dappa Pepple III a ranar 11 Yuni 1965 a [[Fatakwal]], Jihar Rivers, cikin gidan sarautar Perekule. Mahaifinsa shi ne Sarki Eugene William Dappa Pepple II, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ita ce Sarauniya Gladys Atonye William Dappa Pepple. Ya halarci Government Comprehensive Secondary School da ke Borikiri, Port Harcourt. Daga baya ya yi karatun [[Accounting|lissafin kuɗi]] a Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, Port Harcourt, inda ya samu digirin [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] a Accounting. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya samu aiki a [[Allied Bank|Allied Bank Plc]], inda ya yi aiki kafin ya bar aikin domin ya hau gadon sarautar gidan Perekule. == Hawansa karagar sarauta == Kawun Pepple, Sarki Captain Opuada Secondus Pepple, Perekule X, ya rasu a watan Disamba 1993. Bayan tsarin zaɓen gargajiya na Grand Bonny, Edward Asimini William Dappa Pepple ya zama ɗan takarar sarauta. An bayyana shi a matsayin shugaban Princely George Pepple House a ranar 28 Fabrairu 1996, sannan aka ayyana shi a matsayin sarki a ranar 6 Afrilu 1996. An yi masa nadin sarauta a ranar 21 Disamba 1996, inda ya zama '''Perekule XI''' kuma Amanyanabo na Grand Bonny Kingdom. Tun daga hawansa karagar sarauta, ya jagoranci masarautar a wani lokaci da [[man fetur]] da [[gas]] suka zama muhimman sassan tattalin arzikin Bonny. Wani binciken ilimi kan Bonny ya bayyana cewa a lokacin mulkinsa an ƙaddamar da wasu hukumomi da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma domin bunƙasa ilimi, tsaro, sana'o'i da abubuwan more rayuwa. == Ci gaban Bonny Kingdom == A ƙarƙashin shugabancinsa, an kafa ko ƙarfafa wasu cibiyoyi da suka haɗa da Bonny Kingdom Development Committee, Bonny Kingdom Education Trust Fund, Bonny Utility Company, Bonny Vocational Centre da Bonny Kingdom Security Committee. Manufar waɗannan shirye-shirye ita ce taimaka wa ci gaban al'umma da samar da ayyuka a cikin masarautar. Pepple ya kuma kasance cikin hulɗa da kamfanonin mai da gas da ke gudanar da ayyuka a Bonny. A shekarar 2019, ya yaba da gudummawar [[Nigeria LNG|Nigeria LNG Limited]] ga masarautar, musamman dangane da ayyukan ci gaba da ayyukan [[Bonny–Bodo Road]]. A shekarar 2026, ya bayyana cewa Bonny na son faɗaɗa tattalin arzikinta daga dogaro da mai da gas zuwa yawon buɗe ido da abin da aka bayyana a matsayin '''“Orange Economy”'''. A taron ''Discover Bonny'', ya jaddada muhimmancin al'adun ruwa da tarihin Bonny wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin yawon buɗe ido. == Muƙaman da ya riƙe == Bayan sarautarsa, Pepple ya riƙe wasu muƙamai na ƙasa da na jiha. Binciken tarihi kan Bonny ya bayyana cewa ya kasance shugaban [[Rivers State Council of Traditional Rulers]] daga 1 Yuni 2001 zuwa 21 Satumba 2007. A ranar 21 Nuwamba 2001, an naɗa shi Chancellor na [[Niger Delta University]], Wilberforce Island, Jihar Bayelsa. A shekarar 2008, ya kasance wakilin yankin [[South South]] a [[National Political Reform Conference]], taron da gwamnatin Najeriya ta shirya domin tattauna gyare-gyaren tsarin siyasa da kundin tsarin mulki. Takardar jerin wakilan taron ta lissafa shi a matsayin ''HRM King Edward Pepple, Amanayabo of Bonny'' a ƙarƙashin wakilan sarakunan gargajiya. == Matsayinsa a harkokin al'umma == A matsayin Amanyanabo na Grand Bonny, Pepple yana cikin shugabannin gargajiya da ke shiga harkokin zaman lafiya, ci gaban al'umma da tattaunawa tsakanin masarautar, gwamnati da kamfanonin da ke aiki a yankin. An bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan gargajiya na aji na farko a Jihar Rivers. A shekarar 2024, ya halarci taron sarakunan gargajiya na Jihar Rivers da ya tattauna batutuwan siyasa da tsaro a jihar. A shekarar 2025, an bayyana shi a matsayin amintaccen memba na South-South Monarchs Forum, ƙungiyar sarakunan gargajiya daga yankin Kudu maso Kudu na Najeriya. A shekarar 2026, ya kuma shiga tattaunawa kan tsarin amfani da filaye a Bonny, inda ya yi kira ga mazauna da masu ruwa da tsaki da su guji sayar da filaye ba tare da tsari ba domin kare makomar masarautar da shirin bunƙasa yankin. == Iyali == Edward Asimini William Dappa Pepple III ya auri Sarauniya Paula Edward Pepple. A cewar tarihin masarautar Grand Bonny, suna da yara huɗu: maza biyu da mata biyu. == Muƙamai da lambobin girmamawa == Ana kiran Edward Asimini William Dappa Pepple III da wasu lambobin girmamawa, ciki har da '''CON''' da '''JP'''. Wasu majiyoyi kuma suna amfani da '''DSSRS''' a bayan sunansa. == Duba kuma == * [[Masarautar Bonny]] * [[Bonny]] * [[Jihar Rivers]] * [[Ijawawa]] * [[Nigeria LNG]] * [[Opuada Secondus Pepple]] * [[Eugene William Dappa Pepple II]] * [[Sarakunan gargajiya a Najeriya]] * [[National Political Reform Conference]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://bonnykingdom.wordpress.com/the-amanyanabo/ Grand Bonny Kingdom – The Amanyanabo] * [https://www.kristinareports.com/the-king-55-why-bonny-kingdom-is-celebrating-her-king Kristina Reports – The King @ 55] * [https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/list_of_delegates_to_the_national_political_reform_conference.pdf List of Delegates to the National Political Reform Conference] * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377258954_TRADITIONAL_INSTITUTIONS_MULTINATIONAL_CORPORATION_AND_COMMUNITY_DEVELOPMENT_IN_BONNY_LOCAL_GOVERNMENT_AREA ResearchGate – Traditional Institutions, Multinational Corporation and Community Development in Bonny LGA] * [https://businessday.ng/life/article/amanyanabo-of-bonny-presents-something-bigger-than-oil-gas-as-island-builds-tourism-economy-eyes-global-destination-status/ BusinessDay – Amanyanabo of Bonny presents something bigger than oil/gas] * [https://www.bonnyfm.com/news/business-economy/amanyanabo-of-bonny-kingdom-warns-against-indiscriminate-land-sales-along-bonny-bodo-road-corridor/ Bonny FM – Amanyanabo warns against indiscriminate land sales] * [https://punchng.com/rivers-political-crisis-slowed-governance-says-fubara/ Punch – Rivers political crisis slowed governance] * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106986530 Wikidata – Edward Asimini William Dappa Pepple III] [[Category:Sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya]] [[Category:Sarakunan Jihar Rivers]] [[Category:Sarakunan Bonny]] [[Category:Ijawawa]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Rivers]] [[Category:Mutanen Bonny]] [[Category:Masarautar Bonny]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:An haife su a 1965]] [[Category:Ƴan ƙarni na 21]] sf9m7vkv7uz61favpvwsgtd75u6yvx6 0 178374 963921 2026-10-06T16:44:42Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Ademola Iyanda Ebeloku | image = | caption = | birth_date = 11 Yuli 1967 | birth_place = [[Ila Orangun]], [[Jihar Osun]], Najeriya | nationality = [[Najeriya|Ɗan Najeriya]] | education = [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] | occupation = Malami, mai bincike, mai gudanar da ilimi | office = Rector na [[Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji]] | term_start = 3 Afrilu 2023 | predecessor = | known_for = Rector na Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji }} '''Ademola Iyanda Ebeloku''' ma... 963921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ademola Iyanda Ebeloku | image = | caption = | birth_date = 11 Yuli 1967 | birth_place = [[Ila Orangun]], [[Jihar Osun]], Najeriya | nationality = [[Najeriya|Ɗan Najeriya]] | education = [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] | occupation = Malami, mai bincike, mai gudanar da ilimi | office = Rector na [[Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji]] | term_start = 3 Afrilu 2023 | predecessor = | known_for = Rector na Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji }} '''Ademola Iyanda Ebeloku''' malami ne kuma mai gudanar da ilimi na Najeriya. Shi ne Rector na [[Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji]] da ke [[Jihar Ondo]]. An naɗa shi a matsayin Rector na biyu na dindindin na makarantar, inda wa'adinsa na shekaru biyar ya fara a ranar 3 Afrilu 2023.<ref name="Leadership2023">{{cite news |title=Buhari Appoints Ebeloku Rector Federal Polytechnic Ile-Oluji |url=https://leadership.ng/buhari-appoints-ebeloku-rector-federal-polytechnic-ile-oluji/ |work=Leadership |date=18 April 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Ademola Iyanda Ebeloku a ranar 11 Yuli 1967 a [[Ila Orangun]], Jihar Osun, Najeriya.<ref name="Leadership2023"/> Ya fara karatunsa na firamare a St. Michael Primary School, Ila Orangun, sannan ya ci gaba da karatu a Ile-Ife. Daga baya ya halarci Ansar-Ur-Deen Grammar School, Ile-Ife, inda ya kammala karatun sakandare.<ref name="Polity2026">{{cite news |title=From Ila Orangun to the Rector’s Lodge: The Making of Dr. Ademola Ebeloku at 59 |url=https://thepolity.net/from-ila-orangun-to-the-rectors-lodge-the-making-of-dr-ademola-ebeloku-at-58/ |work=ThePolity |date=10 July 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1994, ya samu digirin [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] a fannin Business Administration daga [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], inda ya kammala da Second Class Upper Division. Ya kuma samu [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] daga jami'ar a shekarar 2002, sannan ya samu M.Sc. a Management Science a 2006.<ref name="Leadership2023"/> A shekarar 2007, ya samu Postgraduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) daga National Teachers' Institute, Kaduna. A shekarar 2018 kuma ya kammala [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] a Business Administration, tare da ƙwarewa a Human Capital Management, daga Jami'ar Ilorin.<ref name="Leadership2023"/> == Aikin koyarwa == Ebeloku ya fara aikinsa a fannin kasuwanci kafin ya koma aikin ilimi. Ya fara aiki a matsayin Marketing Officer a Legas a shekarar 1995.<ref name="Polity2026"/> A watan Janairun 1997, ya fara koyarwa a [[Federal Polytechnic, Offa]] a matsayin Assistant Lecturer. Ya samu karin matsayi a hankali har ya zama Chief Lecturer a Department of Business Administration a watan Yulin 2015.<ref name="Leadership2023"/> A Federal Polytechnic, Offa, ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban, ciki har da Head of Department, Deputy Dean da Dean na School of Business and Management Studies. Ya kuma kasance memba na Academic Board na makarantar.<ref name="Polity2026"/> Daga Disamba 2018 zuwa Maris 2022, ya kasance Dean na School of Business and Management Studies a Federal Polytechnic, Offa. Daga baya ya zama Acting Rector na Lens Polytechnic, Offa, Jihar Kwara, kafin naɗa shi Rector na Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji.<ref name="Leadership2023"/> == Rector na Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji == A ranar 3 Afrilu 2023, Shugaban Najeriya na lokacin, [[Muhammadu Buhari]], ya amince da naɗin Ebeloku a matsayin Rector na biyu na dindindin na [[Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji]], Jihar Ondo. An bayyana cewa an zaɓe shi bayan tsarin tantance 'yan takara, inda ya fito a matsayin wanda ya fi dacewa da muƙamin.<ref name="Leadership2023"/> Naɗin nasa ya kasance na wa'adi guda na shekaru biyar. Ya karɓi wasiƙar naɗinsa daga Ministan Ilimi, [[Adamu Adamu]], a Abuja a ranar 17 Afrilu 2023.<ref name="Leadership2023"/> A shekarar 2024, makarantar ta gudanar da taron wasannin tebur na farko da aka sanya wa suna don girmama Ebeloku. Taron ya gudana ne a lokacin cikar shekara guda da fara aikinsa a matsayin Rector.<ref name="FEDPOLEL2024">{{cite web |title=FEDPOLEL News Bulletin, Vol. 8 No. 4 |url=https://fedpolel.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/April-Bulletin_014506.pdf |website=Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji |date=2024 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Rector, ya yi magana a lokuta daban-daban kan muhimmancin haɗin kai tsakanin ma'aikata da gudanarwar makaranta. A ranar Ma'aikata ta 2026, ya bayyana ma'aikata a matsayin ginshiƙan ci gaban ƙasa da kuma muhimman masu kawo sauyi a cikin al'umma.<ref name="Guardian2026">{{cite news |title=Workers are pillars of development, engine of growth – FEDPOLEL Rector |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/workers-are-pillars-of-development-engine-of-growth-fedpolel-rector/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=2 May 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A ranar 1 Oktoba 2026, a cikin saƙonsa na Ranar 'Yancin Kai ta Najeriya, Ebeloku ya yi kira ga 'yan Najeriya da su rungumi zaman lafiya, ƙaunar juna da kyakkyawar mu'amala domin gina ƙasa mai haɗin kai da ci gaba.<ref name="Independent2026">{{cite news |title=Ebeloku Urges Nigerians To Unite For Better, More Prosperous Nation |url=https://independent.ng/ebeloku-urges-nigerians-to-unite-for-better-more-prosperous-nation/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=1 October 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Ebeloku ya yi bincike a fannonin [[Business Administration]], gudanar da ƙungiyoyi da [[human capital management]]. Bayanan bincikensa sun haɗa da nazarin yanayin aiki da yadda ma'aikatan manyan makarantun fasaha ke gudanar da aikinsu a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya.<ref name="ResearchGate">{{cite web |title=Ademola Ebeloku – Research Profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ademola-Ebeloku |website=ResearchGate |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance marubucin bincike tare da wasu malamai kan batutuwa kamar shugabanci, al'adun ƙungiyoyi, gudanarwa da ci gaban ma'aikata. Bayanan bincikensa sun nuna cewa yana da wallafe-wallafe da dama a fannin Business Administration da Management.<ref name="ResearchGate"/> == Lambobin girmamawa == Majiyoyin shekarar 2026 suna amfani da wasu lambobin girmamawa bayan sunansa, ciki har da FCIA, FIMC, MCIPM da MNIM.<ref name="Chronicle2026">{{cite news |title=Rector’s Independence Day Message 2026 |url=https://thechroniclemagazine.com/rectors-independence-day-message-2026/ |work=The Chronicle Magazine |date=1 October 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji]] * [[Federal Polytechnic, Offa]] * [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] * [[Jihar Ondo]] * [[Jihar Osun]] * [[Ila Orangun]] * [[Ilimi a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://leadership.ng/buhari-appoints-ebeloku-rector-federal-polytechnic-ile-oluji/ Leadership – Buhari Appoints Ebeloku Rector Federal Polytechnic Ile-Oluji] * [https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/workers-are-pillars-of-development-engine-of-growth-fedpolel-rector/ The Guardian Nigeria – Workers are pillars of development] * [https://independent.ng/ebeloku-urges-nigerians-to-unite-for-better-more-prosperous-nation/ Independent Nigeria – Ebeloku Urges Nigerians To Unite] * [https://thepolity.net/from-ila-orangun-to-the-rectors-lodge-the-making-of-dr-ademola-ebeloku-at-58/ ThePolity – From Ila Orangun to the Rector’s Lodge] * [https://fedpolel.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/April-Bulletin_014506.pdf Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji – Official News Bulletin] * [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ademola-Ebeloku ResearchGate – Ademola Ebeloku Research Profile] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu bincike na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu gudanar da ilimi]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Osun]] [[Category:Mutanen Ila Orangun]] [[Category:Ƴan ƙarni na 21]] [[Category:Federal Polytechnic, Ile-Oluji]] [[Category:Jami'ar Ilorin]] 7h35ok4kuikukq2pfu4v53fr66scfjn 0 178375 963922 2026-10-06T16:46:28Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = O. B. Lulu-Briggs | image = | caption = High Chief O. B. Lulu-Briggs | birth_name = Olu Benson Lulu-Briggs | birth_date = 22 May 1930 | birth_place = [[Abonnema]], Jihar Rivers, Najeriya | death_date = 27 Disamba 2018 | death_place = [[Accra]], Ghana | nationality = Najeriya | occupation = Dan kasuwa, ɗan siyasa, ma'aikacin ƙungiyar kwadago, mai taimakon jama'a | known_for = Wanda ya kafa Moni Pulo Limited da O. B. Lulu-Briggs Foundation | spouse = [... 963922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = O. B. Lulu-Briggs | image = | caption = High Chief O. B. Lulu-Briggs | birth_name = Olu Benson Lulu-Briggs | birth_date = 22 May 1930 | birth_place = [[Abonnema]], Jihar Rivers, Najeriya | death_date = 27 Disamba 2018 | death_place = [[Accra]], Ghana | nationality = Najeriya | occupation = Dan kasuwa, ɗan siyasa, ma'aikacin ƙungiyar kwadago, mai taimakon jama'a | known_for = Wanda ya kafa Moni Pulo Limited da O. B. Lulu-Briggs Foundation | spouse = [[Seinye Lulu-Briggs]] | children = | awards = Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON) | title = Iniikeiroari V na Masarautar Kalabari | relatives = [[Dumo Lulu-Briggs]] }} '''High Chief (Dr.) Olu Benson Lulu-Briggs''' (22 Mayu 1930 – 27 Disamba 2018), wanda aka fi sani da '''O. B. Lulu-Briggs''' ko '''Opuda''', ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan Najeriya, ɗan siyasa, jagoran ƙungiyar kwadago, dattijo mai kishin ƙasa, basarake kuma mai taimakon jama'a daga [[Jihar Rivers]]. Ya kasance '''Iniikeiroari V na Masarautar Kalabari''' da kuma shugaban gidan gargajiya na '''Oruwari Briggs War-Canoe House''' na [[Abonnema]].[1][2] An fi saninsa da kafa kamfanin mai na [[Moni Pulo Limited]] da kuma ayyukan agaji da ya gudanar ta hanyar [[O. B. Lulu-Briggs Foundation]]. A shekarar 2003, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba shi lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa ta [[Officer of the Order of the Niger]] (OON).[2][3] == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Olu Benson Lulu-Briggs a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1930 a [[Abonnema]], a ƙaramar hukumar Akuku-Toru ta Jihar Rivers. Ya fito ne daga sanannun iyalan Kalabari. Mahaifinsa shi ne Benson Lulu-Briggs na Oruwari Briggs War-Canoe House, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ita ce Rachael Kioba Harrison Kio Lawson.[1] Ya rasa mahaifinsa yana ƙarami, lamarin da ya sa shi da mahaifiyarsa suka fuskanci matsalolin kuɗi. Duk da wannan ƙalubale, Lulu-Briggs ya dage wajen neman ilimi. Ya fara karatunsa a Abonnema sannan karatunsa ya kai shi Calabar da Jos. Daga baya ya yi wasu karatun ƙarin ilimi a Birtaniya.[2][4] == Aikin gwamnati da ƙungiyar kwadago == Lulu-Briggs ya fara aikin sa a matsayin magatakarda a kamfanin Mandilas and Karaberis. A shekarar 1955 ya shiga [[Nigerian Ports Authority]] (NPA), inda ya yi aiki a fannin hulɗar ma'aikata. Ya tashi a matakai daban-daban har ya zama Principal Industrial Relations Officer. Ya kuma kasance sakataren ƙungiyar ma'aikatan NPA na tsawon shekaru bakwai. Daga shekarar 1968 zuwa 1971 ya kasance shugaban Maritime Trade Union Federation, Eastern Port. Ya yi ritaya daga aikin NPA da son ransa a watan Afrilu 1978, lokacin da yake matsayin Head of Industrial Relations na Eastern Port.[2][4] == Siyasa == Lulu-Briggs ya shiga siyasa a farkon [[Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Najeriya]]. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa [[National Party of Nigeria]] (NPN), wadda ita ce jam'iyyar da ke mulki a lokacin. Daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1980 ya kasance mataimakin shugaban jam'iyyar NPN na Jihar Rivers. Daga 1980 zuwa 1983 kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar. A lokacin aikinsa na siyasa ya yi magana kan adalci da kare muradun ƙananan kabilu a Najeriya.[2] == Kasuwanci == Bayan ya bar aikin gwamnati, Lulu-Briggs ya kafa kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Lubrik Nigeria Limited, Ludal Nigeria Limited, Rachael Hotels Limited, Krakrama Investment Limited da Rachael Holdings.[2] A farkon shekarun 1990, bayan gwamnatin Najeriya ta sassauta dokokin da suka shafi harkar binciken da hako mai, Lulu-Briggs ya kafa '''Moni Pulo Limited''', wani kamfanin Najeriya da ke harkar bincike da samar da [[man fetur]] da [[gas]]. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ’yan Najeriya da suka samu lasisin neman mai a wannan lokacin.[2][5] Kamfanin Moni Pulo ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin mai na cikin gida da suka yi aiki a fannin binciken da samar da man fetur. Lulu-Briggs ya kasance shugaban kamfanin har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa.[2] == Ayyukan agaji == Lulu-Briggs ya shahara saboda ayyukan taimakon jama'a, musamman a yankin [[Niger Delta]]. Tare da matarsa, Seinye Lulu-Briggs, an kafa '''O. B. Lulu-Briggs Foundation''' a shekarar 2001 domin taimaka wa marasa galihu da inganta rayuwar al'umma.[6] Gidauniyar ta tallafa wa ilimi ta hanyar bayar da tallafin karatu ga ɗalibai daga matakin firamare zuwa jami'a, ciki har da wasu tallafin karatun digiri na gaba a ƙasashen waje. An kuma gina da samar da kayan aiki ga wasu cibiyoyin ilimi da dakunan gwaje-gwajen kimiyya.[2][6] A fannin kiwon lafiya, ayyukan da suka danganci sunansa sun haɗa da tallafawa cibiyoyin lafiya da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya kyauta. Haka kuma, gidauniyar ta gudanar da shirye-shiryen samar da ruwan sha mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a wasu al'ummomin yankin Niger Delta.[2][6] Ya kuma tallafa wa matasa da mata ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ƙananan rance da bunƙasa sana'o'i. Ta wannan hanya, an taimaka wa mutane da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da dama su fara ko inganta sana'o'insu.[2] == Matsayin gargajiya == Lulu-Briggs ya riƙe manyan mukamai na gargajiya a tsakanin mutanen Kalabari. An san shi da '''Iniikeiroari V na Masarautar Kalabari''' kuma '''Oruwari VI''', wato shugaban Oruwari Briggs War-Canoe House na Abonnema.[1][2] A shekarar 2006 ya jagoranci kokarin sasanta rikici tsakanin Oruwari Briggs House da Abonnema Council of Chiefs, abin da ya taimaka wajen dawo da haɗin kai tsakanin bangarorin.[2] == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == A shekarar 2003, gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta karrama Lulu-Briggs da lambar ƙasa ta '''Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON)'''.[2][3] Ya kuma samu digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Science daga [[Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] a shekarar 2006 da [[Rivers State University]] a shekarar 2011. Haka kuma ya samu wasu lambobin yabo daga ƙungiyoyin [[Rotary International]], [[Lions Clubs International]] da wasu cibiyoyi.[2] A shekarar 2016 ya samu ''Silverbird Extraordinary Achievement Award'' da kuma lambar yabo ta ''ThisDay Lifetime Achievement Award''. A shekarar 2018 kuma African Independent Television ta karrama shi da lambar yabo ta rayuwa saboda gudunmawarsa ga ayyukan agaji.[2] == Mutuwa == O. B. Lulu-Briggs ya rasu a ranar 27 Disamba 2018 a [[Accra]], Ghana, yana da shekaru 88. Ya je Ghana ne domin hutun shekara tare da matarsa lokacin da ya rasu.[1][2] Mutuwarsa ta jawo alhini daga 'yan siyasa, 'yan kasuwa, shugabannin gargajiya da kungiyoyi daban-daban a Najeriya. Bayan mutuwarsa, O. B. Lulu-Briggs Foundation ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan da aka kafa ta domin girmama tarihinsa na taimakon jama'a.[6] == Duba kuma == * [[Moni Pulo Limited]] * [[O. B. Lulu-Briggs Foundation]] * [[Kalabari Kingdom]] * [[Abonnema]] * [[Jihar Rivers]] * [[Ijaw]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://www.oblulubriggsfoundation.org/our-grand-benefactor/ O. B. Lulu-Briggs Foundation – Our Grand Benefactor] * [https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/the-life-and-times-of-high-chief-dr-o-b-lulu-briggs-1930-2018/ The Guardian – The Life and Times of High Chief O. B. Lulu-Briggs] * [https://thenationonlineng.net/the-life-and-times-of-high-chief-dr-o-b-lulu-briggs-1930-2018/ The Nation – The Life and Times of High Chief O. B. Lulu-Briggs] * [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/01/chief-lulu-briggs-philanthropist-with-deep-passion-for-development/ Vanguard – Chief Olu Benson Lulu Briggs] * [https://guardian.ng/news/lulu-briggs-much-ado-about-demise-interment-of-a-philanthropist/ The Guardian – Lulu-Briggs: Much ado about demise, interment of a philanthropist] * [https://businessday.ng/news/article/meet-over-20-wealthy-families-in-nigeria/ BusinessDay – Meet over 20 wealthy families in Nigeria] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:’Yan kasuwar Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:’Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:’Yan kasuwar man fetur na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu taimakon jama'a na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Jihar Rivers]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Abonnema]] [[Rukuni:Masarautar Kalabari]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Ijaw]] [[Rukuni:1930 haihuwa]] [[Rukuni:2018 mutuwa]] n98so70968d7n0618me1m3pev9f4tru 0 178376 963934 2026-10-06T16:49:33Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Elias Ikoyi Obekpa | title = Och'Idoma IV | birth_date = 31 Disamba 1944 | birth_place = Ipole-Otukpa, Jihar Benue, Najeriya | death_date = 9 Oktoba 2021 | nationality = Najeriya | occupation = Basarake, ma'aikacin gwamnati | reign = 7 Disamba 1996 – 9 Oktoba 2021 | predecessor = [[Edwin Ogbu]] | successor = [[John Elaigwu Odogbo]] | known_for = Och'Idoma IV | honours = [[Commander of the Order of the Niger]] (CON) }} '''Elias Ikoyi Obekpa''' (31 D... 963934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Elias Ikoyi Obekpa | title = Och'Idoma IV | birth_date = 31 Disamba 1944 | birth_place = Ipole-Otukpa, Jihar Benue, Najeriya | death_date = 9 Oktoba 2021 | nationality = Najeriya | occupation = Basarake, ma'aikacin gwamnati | reign = 7 Disamba 1996 – 9 Oktoba 2021 | predecessor = [[Edwin Ogbu]] | successor = [[John Elaigwu Odogbo]] | known_for = Och'Idoma IV | honours = [[Commander of the Order of the Niger]] (CON) }} '''Elias Ikoyi Obekpa''' (31 Disamba 1944 – 9 Oktoba 2021), wanda aka fi sani da '''Agabaidu Elias Ikoyi Obekpa''', shi ne '''Och'Idoma IV''', babban basaraken gargajiyar mutanen [[Idoma]] na [[Jihar Benue]], Najeriya. Ya zama Och'Idoma IV a ranar 7 Disamba 1996, kuma ya riƙe sarautar har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HRH Agabaidu Elias Obekpa, Och'Idoma IV |url=https://www.idomaland.org/hrh-agabaidu-elias-obekpa-ochidoma-iv |website=IdomaLand |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Kafin ya zama Och'Idoma, Obekpa ya yi aiki a gwamnatin Jihar Benue a fannin tattara haraji, inda daga baya ya zama shugaban Benue State Board of Internal Revenue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Elias Ikoyi Obekpa a ranar 31 Disamba 1944 a Ipole-Otukpa, Jihar Benue, Najeriya. Ya fito ne daga iyalan Obekpa na yankin Otukpa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ya yi karatunsa na farko a St. Mary's Primary School da ke Otukpo, sannan ya halarci St. Enda's Teachers College da ke Zaria, inda ya samu Grade II Teacher Certificate a shekarar 1966.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ya shiga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zaria, inda ya karanci Business Administration. Ya kammala digirinsa na B.Sc. (Hons) a shekarar 1974. Bayan haka ya yi aikin [[NYSC]] a tsohuwar Jihar Cross River.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982 ya kuma halarci wani shirin gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci a Arthur D. Little School of Management da ke Cambridge, Massachusetts, Amurka. Daga baya ya kasance Fellow na Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Aikin gwamnati == Obekpa ya fara aikinsa a matsayin malami kafin ya shiga aikin gwamnati. Daga baya ya shiga fannin kula da haraji na gwamnatin Benue-Plateau State.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Bayan ƙirƙirar Jihar Benue a shekarar 1976, ya ci gaba da aiki a fannin haraji ƙarƙashin sabuwar gwamnatin jihar. Ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban, ciki har da Inspector of Taxes, Senior Inspector of Taxes, Chief Inspector of Taxes da Director of Tax Administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1994 aka naɗa shi Chairman and Chief Executive na Benue State Board of Internal Revenue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Och'Idoma IV == Bayan rasuwar Och'Idoma III, [[Edwin Ogbu]], an zaɓi Elias Ikoyi Obekpa a matsayin wanda zai gaje shi. An naɗa shi '''Och'Idoma IV''' a ranar 7 Disamba 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=HRH Agabaidu Elias Obekpa, Och'Idoma IV |url=https://www.idomaland.org/hrh-agabaidu-elias-obekpa-ochidoma-iv |website=IdomaLand |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria Traditional Polities |url=https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html |website=Rulers.org |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A matsayinsa na Och'Idoma, ya kasance shugaban [[Idoma Area Traditional Council]] kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan gargajiya na Jihar Benue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A lokacin da yake kan sarauta, ya shiga harkokin da suka shafi zaman lafiya, haɗin kan al'ummar Idoma da dangantaka tsakanin shugabannin gargajiya da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Och'Idoma Elias Ikoyi Obekpa pays royal visit to Ugboju |url=https://idomavoice.com/ochidoma-elias-ikoyi-obekpa-pays-royal-visit-to-ugboju-affirms-chief-solomon-apochi-as-only-oche-kugboju-known-to-idoma-area-traditional-council/ |website=Idoma Voice |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Lambar girmamawa == A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta ba Obekpa lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa ta '''Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON)'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ya kuma riƙe wasu mukamai na shugabanci a harkokin sarakunan gargajiya, ciki har da shugabancin Idoma Area Traditional Council.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Iyali == Obekpa ya auri Chief (Mrs.) Florence Alametu Obekpa. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya tara, maza uku da mata shida.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Elias Ikoyi Obekpa ya rasu a ranar 9 Oktoba 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Elias Ikoyi Obekpa |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/obekpa-hrh-elias-ikoyi/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Bayan rasuwarsa, daga baya [[John Elaigwu Odogbo]] ya zama Och'Idoma V.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria Traditional Polities |url=https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html |website=Rulers.org |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Idoma]] * [[Jihar Benue]] * [[Otukpa]] * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[NYSC]] * [[Masarautar Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Sarakunan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Sarakunan gargajiya na Jihar Benue]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Idoma]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Jihar Benue]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Otukpa]] [[Rukuni:1944 haihuwa]] [[Rukuni:2021 mutuwa]] [[Rukuni:Commander of the Order of the Niger]] [[Rukuni:Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] pzqkcjzdr7xib43uqz7ca37521nxyvd 0 178377 963936 2026-10-06T16:51:17Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Bashir Albishir Bukar | title = Mai Machina | image = | caption = Bashir Albishir Bukar | birth_date = 1 Janairu 1958 | birth_place = Machina, Jihar Yobe, Najeriya | nationality = Najeriya | education = [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] | occupation = Basarake, malami | office = Sarkin Machina | term_start = 25 Yuli 1998 | predecessor = Bukar Machinama | known_for = Mai Machina | awards = OON; L'ONN }} '''Bashir Albishir Bukar Machinama''' (an haife shi a ranar... 963936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Bashir Albishir Bukar | title = Mai Machina | image = | caption = Bashir Albishir Bukar | birth_date = 1 Janairu 1958 | birth_place = Machina, Jihar Yobe, Najeriya | nationality = Najeriya | education = [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]] | occupation = Basarake, malami | office = Sarkin Machina | term_start = 25 Yuli 1998 | predecessor = Bukar Machinama | known_for = Mai Machina | awards = OON; L'ONN }} '''Bashir Albishir Bukar Machinama''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 Janairu 1958) ɗan Najeriya ne kuma basaraken gargajiya wanda yake riƙe da sarautar '''Mai Machina''', wato Sarkin [[Masarautar Machina]] a [[Jihar Yobe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography Of Alhaji Bashir Albishir Bukar |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-alhaji-bashir-albishir-bukar/ |website=Media Nigeria |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ya gaji mahaifinsa, Bukar Machinama, kuma an naɗa shi a matsayin sarkin Machina a shekarar 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography Of Alhaji Bashir Albishir Bukar |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-alhaji-bashir-albishir-bukar/ |website=Media Nigeria |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A matsayinsa na basarake, ya taka rawa wajen kare al'adun [[Machina]], zaman lafiya da hulɗa tsakanin al'umma da hukumomin gwamnati. Ya kuma kasance mai goyon bayan amfani da al'adu da yawon buɗe ido wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abuja Carnival Slated For 23rd November - Permanent Secretary |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/abuja-carnival-slated-for-23rd-november-permanent-secretary/ |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Bashir Albishir Bukar a ranar 1 Janairu 1958. Mahaifinsa shi ne Alhaji Bukar Machinama, wanda ya gabace shi a matsayin Sarkin Machina.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography Of Alhaji Bashir Albishir Bukar |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-alhaji-bashir-albishir-bukar/ |website=Media Nigeria |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ya fara karatunsa a makarantar Alƙur'ani, sannan ya shiga Machina Central Primary School a shekarar 1966, inda ya kammala karatun firamare a shekarar 1972.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography Of Alhaji Bashir Albishir Bukar |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-alhaji-bashir-albishir-bukar/ |website=Media Nigeria |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ya halarci Gombe Teachers' College, inda ya samu takardar shaidar koyarwa ta Grade II a shekarar 1977. A shekarar 1984 ya samu Nigeria Certificate in Education (NCE) daga Kashim Ibrahim College of Education da ke Maiduguri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography Of Alhaji Bashir Albishir Bukar |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-alhaji-bashir-albishir-bukar/ |website=Media Nigeria |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da karatu a [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]], inda ya samu digirin B.Ed. a shekarar 1990. Daga 1992 zuwa 1996 ya sake yin karatu a jami'ar, inda ya samu digiri na biyu a Public Administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography Of Alhaji Bashir Albishir Bukar |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-alhaji-bashir-albishir-bukar/ |website=Media Nigeria |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Sarautar Machina == An naɗa Bashir Albishir Bukar a matsayin Sarkin Machina a ranar 25 Yuli 1998, inda ya gaji mahaifinsa, Bukar Machinama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biography Of Alhaji Bashir Albishir Bukar |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/biography-of-alhaji-bashir-albishir-bukar/ |website=Media Nigeria |date=5 June 2018 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da ya yi yana jagorantar Masarautar Machina, ya shiga ayyukan da suka shafi zaman lafiya, ci gaban al'umma da kare al'adun yankin. A shekarar 2019, ya bayyana Machina Cultural Festival (MACUF) a matsayin wani muhimmin taron da ke taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa al'adun mutanen Machina da haɗin kan al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yobe community sustaining peaceful co-existence through cultural heritage |url=https://blueprint.ng/yobe-community-sustaining-peaceful-co-existence-through-cultural-heritage/ |website=Blueprint Newspapers |date=30 May 2019 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Masarautar Machina ta shahara da bikin al'adu, wasan doki, wasan raƙumi da durbar. An kuma bayyana cewa masarautar ta samu matsayi mai kyau a gasar National Grand Durbar da aka gudanar a Abuja.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yobe community sustaining peaceful co-existence through cultural heritage |url=https://blueprint.ng/yobe-community-sustaining-peaceful-co-existence-through-cultural-heritage/ |website=Blueprint Newspapers |date=30 May 2019 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Ayyukan zaman lafiya da al'umma == Bukar ya kasance yana karɓar ƙungiyoyi da hukumomi masu aiki kan zaman lafiya a fadarsa. A shekarar 2014, ƙungiyar Centre for Information Technology and Development (CITAD) ta kai masa ziyara a wani shiri na neman taimakon sarakunan gargajiya wajen yaɗa saƙonnin zaman lafiya a arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Enlisting Influential Voices for Peace Building |url=https://citad.org.ng/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/ENLISTING-INFLUENTIAL-VOICES-FOR-PEACE-BUILDING.pdf |website=CITAD |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A lokacin annobar [[COVID-19]], ya shiga cikin ayyukan wayar da kan jama'a. Shirin Managing Conflict in Nigeria na British Council ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin sarakunan gargajiya da suka tallafa wajen yaɗa saƙonnin kariya daga cutar a cikin al'ummominsu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Traditional rulers help prevent the spread of COVID-19 |url=https://www.justice-security.ng/news/supporting-traditional-rulers-prevent-spread-covid-19 |website=British Council – Managing Conflict in Nigeria |date=May 2020 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A yayin wannan shirin, an ruwaito shi yana jaddada amfani da matakan kariya kamar wanke hannu da sanya abin rufe fuska a fadarsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Traditional rulers help prevent the spread of COVID-19 |url=https://www.justice-security.ng/news/supporting-traditional-rulers-prevent-spread-covid-19 |website=British Council – Managing Conflict in Nigeria |date=May 2020 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Al'adu da yawon buɗe ido == Bashir Albishir Bukar ya kasance mai bayar da muhimmanci ga al'adun Machina. A wajen tattaunawa kan Abuja Carnival, ya yi kira da a yi amfani da al'adu da yawon buɗe ido wajen samar da arziki da bunƙasa tattalin arzikin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Abuja Carnival Slated For 23rd November - Permanent Secretary |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/abuja-carnival-slated-for-23rd-november-permanent-secretary/ |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A Masarautar Machina, ana gudanar da MACUF, wanda ya haɗa da durbar, wasan doki, wasan raƙumi da sauran wasannin gargajiya. Bukar ya bayyana bikin a matsayin hanyar kiyaye tarihin da al'adun mutanen Machina.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yobe community sustaining peaceful co-existence through cultural heritage |url=https://blueprint.ng/yobe-community-sustaining-peaceful-co-existence-through-cultural-heritage/ |website=Blueprint Newspapers |date=30 May 2019 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Dangantaka da sauran sarakuna == Bukar yana shiga cikin tarukan sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya. A watan Disamba 2025, an ambace shi a matsayin Mai Machina a wani taron bikin cika shekaru 45 da hawan sarautar Sarkin Gumel, wanda ya samu halartar manyan sarakunan gargajiya da shugabannin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=VP Shettima: Traditional Institutions Remain Irreplaceable, Will Be Preserved Under President Tinubu |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/vp-shettima-traditional-institutions-remain-irreplaceable-will-be-preserved-under-president-tinubu/ |website=State House, Abuja |date=5 December 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, ya kuma karɓi Kwamishinan ’Yan Sandan Jihar Yobe a fadarsa a wata ziyara da ta shafi zaman lafiya da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin hukumomin tsaro da masarautar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir Of Machina Welcomes Yobe State Police Commissioner On Courtesy Visit |url=https://independent.ng/emir-of-machina-welcomes-yobe-state-police-commissioner-on-courtesy-visit/ |website=Independent Nigeria |date=8 July 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A watan Satumba 2026, jaridar ''The Guardian'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin '''Mai na Machina kuma Sarkin Machina na 77''' a wani taro da ya shafi shugabannin gargajiya da daidaiton jinsi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fathers must treat boys, girls equally, says Machina Emir |url=https://guardian.ng/news/fathers-must-treat-boys-girls-equally-says-machina-emir/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=17 September 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo == An san Bashir Albishir Bukar da lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa '''Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON)'''. Haka kuma, wata majiyar da ta rubuta tarihin sa ta bayyana cewa an ba shi lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Jamhuriyar Nijar, '''L'Ordre National du Niger (L'ONN)''', saboda gudunmawarsa wajen ƙarfafa dangantakar al'adu tsakanin Najeriya da Nijar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yobe community sustaining peaceful co-existence through cultural heritage |url=https://blueprint.ng/yobe-community-sustaining-peaceful-co-existence-through-cultural-heritage/ |website=Blueprint Newspapers |date=30 May 2019 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Enlisting Influential Voices for Peace Building |url=https://citad.org.ng/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/ENLISTING-INFLUENTIAL-VOICES-FOR-PEACE-BUILDING.pdf |website=CITAD |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Masarautar Machina]] * [[Jihar Yobe]] * [[Machina]] * [[Sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya]] * [[Durbar]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Sarakunan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Sarakunan gargajiya na Jihar Yobe]] [[Rukuni:Masarautar Machina]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] [[Rukuni:Machina]] [[Rukuni:1958 haihuwa]] [[Rukuni:Masu riƙe da OON]] [[Rukuni:Jami'ar Maiduguri]] 0xal9i3uebwskfmzbltngpo4ir9tuq0 0 178378 963938 2026-10-06T16:53:25Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Muhammadu Cindo Yamusa II | title = Sarkin Keffi | image = | caption = Muhammadu Cindo Yamusa II | birth_date = Janairu 1940 | birth_place = [[Keffi]], Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya | death_date = 4 Disamba 2015 | death_place = [[Keffi]], Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya | nationality = Najeriya | occupation = Basarake, malami, ma'aikacin gwamnati | reign = 11 Mayu 1978 – 4 Disamba 2015 | predecessor = Ahmadu Maikwato | successor = [[Shehu Cindo Yamusa III]] | k... 963938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Muhammadu Cindo Yamusa II | title = Sarkin Keffi | image = | caption = Muhammadu Cindo Yamusa II | birth_date = Janairu 1940 | birth_place = [[Keffi]], Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya | death_date = 4 Disamba 2015 | death_place = [[Keffi]], Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya | nationality = Najeriya | occupation = Basarake, malami, ma'aikacin gwamnati | reign = 11 Mayu 1978 – 4 Disamba 2015 | predecessor = Ahmadu Maikwato | successor = [[Shehu Cindo Yamusa III]] | known_for = Sarkin Keffi na 14 | spouse = | children = 27 | honours = [[Order of the Federal Republic]] }} '''Muhammadu Cindo Yamusa II''' (Janairu 1940 – 4 Disamba 2015), wanda aka fi sani da '''Alhaji Dr. Muhammadu Cindo Yamusa II''', shi ne Sarkin [[Keffi]] na 14 kuma shugaban [[Masarautar Keffi]] a Jihar Nasarawa, Najeriya. Ya hau gadon sarauta a ranar 11 Mayu 1978 bayan rasuwar Sarkin Keffi na 13, Ahmadu Maikwato, kuma ya yi sarauta tsawon shekaru 37 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Late Emir of Keffi, Late HRH Alhaji Muhammadu Chindo Yamusa II: A Leader with Great Attributes |url=https://gamjiassociation.org/late-emir-of-keffi-late-hrh-alhaji-muhammadu-chindo-yamusa-ii-a-leader-with-great-attributes/ |website=Gamji Members' Association |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Emir Of Keffi Dies At 70 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/emir-of-keffi-dies-at-70/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=5 December 2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Kafin ya zama basarake, Yamusa ya yi aiki a fannin ilimi da gwamnatin jiha, inda ya riƙe mukamai da dama a harkokin ilimi da gudanarwa. A lokacin rasuwarsa ya kasance Chancellor na Nasarawa State University.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir Of Keffi Dies At 70 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/emir-of-keffi-dies-at-70/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=5 December 2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Muhammadu Cindo Yamusa II a watan Janairu 1940 a [[Keffi]], yankin da daga baya ya kasance cikin Jihar Nasarawa. Ya yi karatunsa a Abdu-Zanga Primary School, Abuja Middle School da GTC Keffi tsakanin shekarun 1947 zuwa 1958.<ref>{{cite web |title=Late Emir of Keffi, Late HRH Alhaji Muhammadu Chindo Yamusa II: A Leader with Great Attributes |url=https://gamjiassociation.org/late-emir-of-keffi-late-hrh-alhaji-muhammadu-chindo-yamusa-ii-a-leader-with-great-attributes/ |website=Gamji Members' Association |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na farko, ya shiga aikin koyarwa a ƙarƙashin tsohuwar Regional Education Authority ta Keffi. Ya koyar a makarantu daban-daban, daga baya aka naɗa shi shugaban makaranta a Karshi Primary School.<ref>{{cite web |title=Late Emir of Keffi, Late HRH Alhaji Muhammadu Chindo Yamusa II: A Leader with Great Attributes |url=https://gamjiassociation.org/late-emir-of-keffi-late-hrh-alhaji-muhammadu-chindo-yamusa-ii-a-leader-with-great-attributes/ |website=Gamji Members' Association |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1962 ya halarci Higher Teachers Training College da ke Ilorin, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1963. Daga baya ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zaria a fannin Education Administration and Planning.<ref>{{cite web |title=Late Emir of Keffi, Late HRH Alhaji Muhammadu Chindo Yamusa II: A Leader with Great Attributes |url=https://gamjiassociation.org/late-emir-of-keffi-late-hrh-alhaji-muhammadu-chindo-yamusa-ii-a-leader-with-great-attributes/ |website=Gamji Members' Association |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1975 ya tafi [[Jami'ar Bristol]] a Ingila domin ƙarin horo a fannin Educational Administration and Planning.<ref>{{cite web |title=Late Emir of Keffi, Late HRH Alhaji Muhammadu Chindo Yamusa II: A Leader with Great Attributes |url=https://gamjiassociation.org/late-emir-of-keffi-late-hrh-alhaji-muhammadu-chindo-yamusa-ii-a-leader-with-great-attributes/ |website=Gamji Members' Association |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Aikin ilimi da gwamnati == Yamusa ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru a fannin ilimi. Bayan ya zama malami da shugaban makaranta, ya zama Education Officer mai kula da Local Administrations a Keffi District Local Education Authority daga 1965 zuwa 1972.<ref>{{cite web |title=Late Emir of Keffi, Late HRH Alhaji Muhammadu Chindo Yamusa II: A Leader with Great Attributes |url=https://gamjiassociation.org/late-emir-of-keffi-late-hrh-alhaji-muhammadu-chindo-yamusa-ii-a-leader-with-great-attributes/ |website=Gamji Members' Association |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1972 aka mayar da shi Makurdi a matsayin Education Officer mai kula da division. Daga baya ya zama Secretary na Nasarawa Division Local Education Authority Board.<ref>{{cite web |title=Late Emir of Keffi, Late HRH Alhaji Muhammadu Chindo Yamusa II: A Leader with Great Attributes |url=https://gamjiassociation.org/late-emir-of-keffi-late-hrh-alhaji-muhammadu-chindo-yamusa-ii-a-leader-with-great-attributes/ |website=Gamji Members' Association |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Bayan ƙirƙirar [[Jihar Plateau]], ya koma fannin gudanarwa. Ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban da suka haɗa da Administrative Officer, Resident Sole Administrator, da Secretary da Chairman na Caretaker Committee a Pankshin Local Government Area. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Secretary na Keffi Local Government Council da Langtang Local Government.<ref>{{cite web |title=Late Emir of Keffi, Late HRH Alhaji Muhammadu Chindo Yamusa II: A Leader with Great Attributes |url=https://gamjiassociation.org/late-emir-of-keffi-late-hrh-alhaji-muhammadu-chindo-yamusa-ii-a-leader-with-great-attributes/ |website=Gamji Members' Association |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Sarautar Keffi == Bayan rasuwar Sarkin Keffi na 13, Ahmadu Maikwato, an zaɓi Muhammadu Cindo Yamusa a matsayin magajinsa. An naɗa shi Sarkin Keffi a ranar 11 Mayu 1978.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir Of Keffi Dies At 70 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/emir-of-keffi-dies-at-70/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=5 December 2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ya yi sarauta tsawon shekaru 37, daga 1978 zuwa 2015, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin dogayen mulkokin sarakunan Keffi na zamani.<ref>{{cite web |title=Monarchs who passed on in 2015 |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/monarchs-who-passed-on-in-2015/ |website=The Nation |date=2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa, an bayyana shi a matsayin basaraken da ya mai da hankali kan zaman lafiya, haɗin kai da ci gaban al'ummar Keffi. Bayan rasuwarsa, shugaban majalisar dattawan Najeriya a lokacin, Bukola Saraki, ya bayyana shi a matsayin mutumin zaman lafiya wanda mulkinsa ya shaida ci gaban Keffi da Jihar Nasarawa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir Of Keffi Was A Man Of Peace, Says Saraki |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/national/emir-of-keffi-was-a-man-of-peace-says-saraki/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=5 December 2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Zaman lafiya da ci gaban al'umma == Yamusa ya kasance mai ba da muhimmanci ga zaman lafiya da haɗin kan al'umma. A lokacin rasuwarsa, Galadiman Keffi, Abdul Usman, ya bayyana shi a matsayin mai tallata zaman lafiya da al'adu, tare da cewa ya bayar da gudunmawa ga ci gaban Keffi, Jihar Nasarawa da Najeriya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir Of Keffi Dies At 70 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/emir-of-keffi-dies-at-70/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=5 December 2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya kuma bayyana marigayin a matsayin mai fafutukar zaman lafiya da haɗin kan Najeriya. Buhari ya yaba da shawarwarin da Sarkin ya riƙa bayarwa ga hukumomi da kuma goyon bayansa ga ilimi a matsayin ginshiƙin ci gaban al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=President mourns late Emir of Keffi |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/news/local/buhari-president-mourns-late-emir-of-keffi-2024080711031720582 |website=Pulse Nigeria |date=4 December 2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Chancellor na jami'a == A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, Muhammadu Cindo Yamusa II ya kasance Chancellor na [[Nasarawa State University, Keffi]]. Wannan mukami ya haɗa shi da harkokin ilimi har bayan barin aikin gwamnati na yau da kullum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir Of Keffi Dies At 70 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/emir-of-keffi-dies-at-70/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=5 December 2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin basaraken da ya ƙarfafa neman ilimi. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka yi masa girmamawa bayan rasuwarsa sun bayyana cewa ƙaunarsa ga ilimi ta ƙarfafa matasa da ɗalibai da dama a yankin Keffi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Late Emir of Keffi, Late HRH Alhaji Muhammadu Chindo Yamusa II: A Leader with Great Attributes |url=https://gamjiassociation.org/late-emir-of-keffi-late-hrh-alhaji-muhammadu-chindo-yamusa-ii-a-leader-with-great-attributes/ |website=Gamji Members' Association |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Iyali == Muhammadu Cindo Yamusa II ya bar mata biyu da 'ya'ya 27, tare da jikoki da dama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammadu Chindo Yamusa, Emir of Keffi dies |url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2015/12/04/mohammadu-chindo-yamusa-emir-of-keffi-dies/ |website=The NEWS |date=4 December 2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗansa na fari, Dr. Shehu Usman Chindo Yamusa, ya gaje shi a matsayin Sarkin Keffi bayan rasuwarsa. An zaɓi Shehu a ranar 14 Disamba 2015 bayan samun kuri'u biyar daga cikin bakwai na masu zaɓen sarautar masarautar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lafia gets new Emir |url=https://guardian.ng/news/lafia-gets-new-emir/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 December 2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Muhammadu Cindo Yamusa II ya rasu a safiyar ranar 4 Disamba 2015 a fadarsa da ke Keffi bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya. Yana da shekaru 70 a lokacin rasuwarsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir Of Keffi Dies At 70 |url=https://guardian.ng/news/emir-of-keffi-dies-at-70/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=5 December 2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammadu Chindo Yamusa, Emir of Keffi dies |url=https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2015/12/04/mohammadu-chindo-yamusa-emir-of-keffi-dies/ |website=The NEWS |date=4 December 2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> An gudanar da jana'izarsa a Keffi a ranar da ya rasu, bisa tsarin jana'izar Musulunci.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ta’aziyyar Sarkin Keffi Alhaji Chindo Yamusa II |url=https://aminiya.ng/taaziyyar-sarkin-keffi-alhaji-chindo-yamusa-ii/ |website=Aminiya |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Bayan rasuwarsa, masarautar Keffi ta zaɓi ɗansa Dr. Shehu Usman Chindo Yamusa a matsayin magajinsa. Wannan ya zama karo na farko da ɗan sarkin Keffi ya gaji mahaifinsa kai tsaye, kamar yadda majiyoyin lokacin suka ruwaito.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lafia gets new Emir |url=https://guardian.ng/news/lafia-gets-new-emir/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 December 2015 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Masarautar Keffi]] * [[Keffi]] * [[Jihar Nasarawa]] * [[Nasarawa State University]] * [[Shehu Cindo Yamusa III]] * [[Sarakunan Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Sarakunan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Sarakunan gargajiya na Jihar Nasarawa]] [[Rukuni:Masarautar Keffi]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Keffi]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Jihar Nasarawa]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Ma'aikatan gwamnati na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:1940 haihuwa]] [[Rukuni:2015 mutuwa]] [[Rukuni:Masu shugabancin jami'o'i]] [[Rukuni:Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] t4o74rut7ft1g4fke687njm02wsmml5 0 178379 963939 2026-10-06T16:55:01Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Muhammadu Isa Muhammadu II | title = Sarkin Jama'a | image = | caption = Muhammadu Isa Muhammadu II | birth_date = | birth_place = | nationality = Najeriya | occupation = Basarake | office = Sarkin Jama'a na 11 | term_start = 23 Nuwamba 1998 | predecessor = Isa Muhammadu | residence = Fadar Sarkin Jama'a, [[Kafanchan]], Jihar Kaduna | known_for = Sarkin Jama'a na 11 | honours = [[Commander of the Order of the Niger]] (CON); Officer of the Order of t... 963939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Muhammadu Isa Muhammadu II | title = Sarkin Jama'a | image = | caption = Muhammadu Isa Muhammadu II | birth_date = | birth_place = | nationality = Najeriya | occupation = Basarake | office = Sarkin Jama'a na 11 | term_start = 23 Nuwamba 1998 | predecessor = Isa Muhammadu | residence = Fadar Sarkin Jama'a, [[Kafanchan]], Jihar Kaduna | known_for = Sarkin Jama'a na 11 | honours = [[Commander of the Order of the Niger]] (CON); [[Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (OFR) }} '''Muhammadu Isa Muhammadu II''' shi ne '''Sarkin Jama'a na 11''' (Emir of Jama'a), kuma shugaban [[Masarautar Jama'a]] da ke [[Kafanchan]], [[Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. An naɗa shi a matsayin Sarkin Jama'a a ranar 23 Nuwamba 1998, bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Isa Muhammadu, wanda shi ne Sarkin Jama'a na 10.<ref>{{cite web |title=Speaker Abbas congratulates Emir of Jama'a on 25th coronation anniversary |url=https://dateline.ng/speaker-abbas-congratulates-emir-of-jamaa-on-25th-coronation-anniversary/ |website=Dateline Nigeria |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2023 ya cika shekaru 25 a kan sarauta. A lokacin bikin, an bayyana shi a matsayin mai ba da muhimmanci ga zaman lafiya, haɗin kai da zaman tare tsakanin kabilu da addinai daban-daban a Masarautar Jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir of Jama’a marks 25 years on throne |url=https://blueprint.ng/emir-of-jamaa-marks-25-years-on-throne/ |website=Blueprint Newspapers |date=12 December 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da iyali == Muhammadu Isa Muhammadu II ɗan marigayi Isa Muhammadu ne, wanda ya kasance Sarkin Jama'a na 10 daga shekarar 1961 har zuwa rasuwarsa a Nuwamba 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian Traditional States |url=https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_native.html |website=World Statesmen |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Majiyar bincike kan tarihin Masarautar Jama'a ta bayyana cewa sarautar ta kasance tana wucewa a cikin gidan sarauta, kuma Muhammadu Isa Muhammadu ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin Sarkin Jama'a na 11.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter One |url=https://repository.lcu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/0c058a00-e38f-4c4e-b11e-de30cd736b0d/content |website=Lead City University Repository |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ba a samu ingantacciyar majiya mai zaman kanta da ta tabbatar da cikakkiyar ranar haihuwarsa, wurin haihuwa da bayanan karatunsa ba. Saboda haka ba a saka waɗannan bayanai a infobox domin kauce wa ƙara bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba. == Hawan sarauta == An naɗa Muhammadu Isa Muhammadu a matsayin Sarkin Jama'a na 11 a ranar 23 Nuwamba 1998. A cewar bayanin da Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya ya bayar a bikin cika shekaru 25 na sarautarsa, tsohon Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Kaduna, Kanar Umar Farouk Ahmed, ne ya naɗa shi a lokacin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Speaker Abbas congratulates Emir of Jama'a on 25th coronation anniversary |url=https://dateline.ng/speaker-abbas-congratulates-emir-of-jamaa-on-25th-coronation-anniversary/ |website=Dateline Nigeria |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> An bayyana shi a matsayin Sarkin Jama'a na 11, kuma fadar masarautar tana [[Kafanchan]], hedkwatar ƙaramar hukumar Jama'a ta Jihar Kaduna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir of Jama’a marks 25 years on throne |url=https://blueprint.ng/emir-of-jamaa-marks-25-years-on-throne/ |website=Blueprint Newspapers |date=12 December 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Zaman lafiya da haɗin kan al'umma == A lokacin mulkinsa, Muhammadu Isa Muhammadu ya mai da hankali kan zaman lafiya da haɗin kai a yankin Kudancin Kaduna. A shekarar 2018, Zannan Jama'a, Alhaji Dankeke Mato, ya bayyana shi a matsayin basaraken da ke tallafa wa shirye-shiryen zaman lafiya, haɗin kai da ci gaban tattalin arziki a Masarautar Jama'a da Jihar Kaduna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir of Jama'a committed to peace, unity - Zannan Jama'a |url=https://blueprint.ng/emir-of-jamaa-committed-to-peace-unity-zannan-jamaa/ |website=Blueprint Newspapers |date=30 November 2018 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, ya halarci taron shugabannin gargajiya da shugabannin addinai a Kafanchan wanda aka shirya domin ƙarfafa zaman lafiya da haɗin kai a Kudancin Kaduna. A madadinsa da sauran sarakunan gargajiya, ya marabci shirin tare da nuna goyon baya ga haɗin kan al'ummomin yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Southern Kaduna monarchs unite for peace and development |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/05/southern-kaduna-monarchs-unite-for-peace-and-development/ |website=Vanguard |date=23 May 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A watan Maris 2026, ya shirya liyafar buɗa-baki ta Ramadan a fadarsa wadda ta haɗa Musulmi da Kiristoci, shugabannin addinai, jami'an gwamnati da shugabannin al'umma. Ya bayyana taron a matsayin wata dama ta ƙarfafa mutunta juna da fahimtar juna tsakanin al'ummomin Masarautar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir of Jama’a organises Iftar for Muslim, Christian stakeholders |url=https://blueprint.ng/emir-of-jamaa-organises-iftar-for-muslim-christian-stakeholders/ |website=Blueprint Newspapers |date=5 March 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Hulɗa da gwamnati da ci gaban yankin == A watan Janairu 2022, lokacin da Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ziyarci Kafanchan domin ƙaddamar da ayyukan raya birane, Sarkin Jama'a ya nemi ƙarin tallafin gwamnatin tarayya ga Kudancin Kaduna, musamman farfaɗo da layin dogo na Kafanchan da ƙarfafa tsaro a yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buhari inaugurates three road projects in Kafanchan, Kaduna |url=https://punchng.com/buhari-inaugurates-three-road-projects-in-kafanchan-kaduna/ |website=Punch |date=20 January 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, ya yi kira ga Gwamnan Jihar Kaduna, [[Uba Sani]], da ya taimaka wajen kammala wasu ayyukan da aka dakatar a College of Nursing da ke Kafanchan. Ya bayyana makarantar a matsayin muhimmiyar cibiya wajen horar da ma'aikatan lafiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir of Jama’a tasks Gov Sani on Kafanchan College of Nursing project |url=https://blueprint.ng/emir-of-jamaa-tasks-gov-sani-on-kafanchan-college-of-nursing-project/ |website=Blueprint Newspapers |date=19 November 2024 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A watan Afrilu 2025, ya yabawa gwamnatin Jihar Kaduna kan ayyukan raya ƙasa da aka gudanar a yankin Masarautar Jama'a, ciki har da ayyukan hanyoyi da kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaduna: Emir of Jama’a lauds Uba-Sani on developmental projects |url=https://blueprint.ng/kaduna-emir-of-jamaa-lauds-uba-sani-on-developmental-projects/ |website=Blueprint Newspapers |date=1 April 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Al'adu == Sarkin Jama'a yana halartar kuma jagorantar bukukuwan al'adun masarautar, ciki har da '''Sallah Durbar''' a Kafanchan. A shekarar 2025, ya jagoranci bikin Durbar na Sallah wanda ya samu halartar mutane daga kabilu da addinai daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jama’a Emirate Sallah durbar unites diverse tribes in Kafanchan |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/jamaa-emirate-sallah-durbar-unites-diverse-tribes-in-kafanchan |website=Trust Radio |date=12 April 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2025 kuma, ya naɗa wasu fitattun mutane mukamai na gargajiya a Masarautar Jama'a, ciki har da Deborah Usman a matsayin Jaruman Jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emir of Jama’a turbans Usman as Jaruman Jama’a |url=https://blueprint.ng/emir-of-jamaa-turbans-usman-as-jaruman-jamaa/ |website=Blueprint Newspapers |date=17 December 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Lambar girmamawa == Muhammadu Isa Muhammadu II yana da lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa ta '''Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON)'''. An ambace shi da wannan lambar a cikin wani jerin sunayen masu lambar girmamawa na gwamnatin Najeriya, sannan wasu majiyoyi sun ambace shi da '''OFR, CON'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Gazette No. 94, Vol. 101 |url=https://archive.gazettes.africa/archive/ng/2014/ng-government-gazette-dated-2014-07-14-no-102.pdf |website=Government of Nigeria Gazette |date=14 July 2014 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Speaker Abbas congratulates Emir of Jama'a on 25th coronation anniversary |url=https://dateline.ng/speaker-abbas-congratulates-emir-of-jamaa-on-25th-coronation-anniversary/ |website=Dateline Nigeria |date=22 November 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Fadar Sarkin Jama'a == Fadar Sarkin Jama'a tana Kafanchan, a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Jama'a ta Jihar Kaduna. Fadar ita ce cibiyar gudanar da harkokin gargajiya na Masarautar Jama'a.<ref>{{cite web |title=Traditional Rulers - Kaduna State Government |url=https://kdsg.gov.ng/government/traditional-rulers/ |website=Kaduna State Government |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A watan Fabrairu 2026, gobara ta tashi a wani ɓangare na fadar Sarkin Jama'a. Sanata Sunday Marshall Katung ya kai ta'aziyya ga sarkin, inda ya bayyana muhimmancin fadar wajen tarihi da al'adun al'ummar Jama'a da Kudancin Kaduna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Senator Katung condoles with Emir of Jama’a over Palace Fire |url=https://guardian.ng/news/senator-katung-condoles-with-emir-of-jamaa-over-palace-fire/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |date=1 March 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Masarautar Jama'a]] * [[Jama'a, Jihar Kaduna]] * [[Kafanchan]] * [[Jihar Kaduna]] * [[Sarakunan Najeriya]] * [[Kudancin Kaduna]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Sarakunan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Sarakunan gargajiya na Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Masarautar Jama'a]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Kafanchan]] [[Rukuni:Masu riƙe da CON]] [[Rukuni:Masu riƙe da OFR]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Kudancin Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Masarautun Najeriya]] 5hroz6h49dxouj515ntydmp7a6p2qgt 0 178380 963940 2026-10-06T16:57:37Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Muhammadu Wabi IV | full_name = Muhammadu Wabi IV dan Muhammadu Wabi | title = Sarkin Jama'are | reign = 1970 – 6 Fabrairu 2022 | predecessor = Muhammadu Wabi III | successor = [[Nuhu Ahmed Wabi]] | birth_date = 2 Agusta 1938 | birth_place = [[Jama'are]], Jihar Bauchi, Najeriya | death_date = 6 Fabrairu 2022 | death_place = [[Jama'are]], Jihar Bauchi, Najeriya | burial_place = Fadar Sarkin Jama'are | occupation = Sarkin gargajiya | known_for = Sarki... 963940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Muhammadu Wabi IV | full_name = Muhammadu Wabi IV dan Muhammadu Wabi | title = Sarkin Jama'are | reign = 1970 – 6 Fabrairu 2022 | predecessor = Muhammadu Wabi III | successor = [[Nuhu Ahmed Wabi]] | birth_date = 2 Agusta 1938 | birth_place = [[Jama'are]], Jihar Bauchi, Najeriya | death_date = 6 Fabrairu 2022 | death_place = [[Jama'are]], Jihar Bauchi, Najeriya | burial_place = Fadar Sarkin Jama'are | occupation = Sarkin gargajiya | known_for = Sarkin Jama'are | awards = [[Order of the Niger|OON]] }} '''Muhammadu Wabi IV dan Muhammadu Wabi''' (2 Agusta 1938 – 6 Fabrairu 2022), wanda wasu majiyoyin Najeriya suka kira '''Alhaji Ahmadu Muhammadu Wabi III''', ya kasance [[Sarkin Jama'are]] a Jihar [[Bauchi]], Najeriya. Ya hau karagar sarautar Jama'are a shekarar 1970 kuma ya yi mulki sama da shekaru 50 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2022. Kundin tarihin sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya ya ƙirga shi a matsayin Muhammadu Wabi IV. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian traditional polities |url=https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html |website=Rulers.org |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Muhammadu Wabi a ranar 2 ga Agusta 1938 a cikin gidan sarautar [[Jama'are]] a Jihar Bauchi. Ya fara samun ilimin addinin Musulunci a fadar mahaifinsa, sannan ya samu ilimin zamani a Jama'are da [[Bauchi]]. Majiyoyin da suka bayar da tarihin rayuwarsa sun nuna cewa ya halarci Bauchi Middle School tsakanin shekarun 1952 da 1956. <ref>{{cite web |title=Bauchi's oldest monarch, Emir of Jama'are, buried amid tears |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/d18dd562-bac1-4d69-b6fc-bf4180bc0fc3/download |website=Daily Trust |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Ya iya karatu da rubutu a cikin [[Hausa]], [[Larabci]] da [[Turanci]]. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya fara aiki a hukumar Native Authority ta lokacin. Daga baya ya yi aiki a fannin noma da kiwon dabbobi, inda ya kasance Livestock Officer. <ref>{{cite web |title=Emir of Jama'are Dies at 84 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/02/07/emir-of-jamaare-dies-at-84/ |website=THISDAY |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Daga shekarar 1964 zuwa 1970, ya yi aiki a matsayin babban marubuci da magatakarda na Majalisar Masarautar Jama'are. Kafin hawansa karagar sarauta, ya kuma kasance memba na jam'iyyar [[Northern Peoples Congress]] (NPC). <ref>{{cite web |title=Bauchi's oldest monarch, Emir of Jama'are, buried amid tears |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/d18dd562-bac1-4d69-b6fc-bf4180bc0fc3/download |website=Daily Trust |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Sarautar Jama'are == Muhammadu Wabi ya zama Sarkin Jama'are a shekarar 1970 bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, Muhammadu Wabi III. Daily Trust ta ruwaito cewa an naɗa shi a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 1970, lokacin yana matashi, kuma aka ba shi sandar mulki a shekarar 1971. <ref>{{cite web |title=Emir of Jama'are Muhammadu Wabi III passes on at 92 |url=https://dateline.ng/emir-of-jamaare-passes-on-at-92/ |website=Dateline Nigeria |date=6 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa, ya jagoranci masarautar Jama'are tsawon sama da shekaru 50. Majiyoyin Najeriya sun bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa dadewa a kan karagar sarautar Jama'are, kuma ya yi hulɗa da gwamnonin Jihar Bauchi da dama, na soja da na farar hula. <ref>{{cite web |title=Bauchi's oldest monarch, Emir of Jama'are, buried amid tears |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/d18dd562-bac1-4d69-b6fc-bf4180bc0fc3/download |website=Daily Trust |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A yayin mulkinsa, ya kasance mai wakiltar al'ummar Jama'are wajen hulɗa da gwamnatin Jihar Bauchi da gwamnatin tarayya. A wani taron gwamnati kan aikin hana ambaliya da zaizayar ƙasa a Jama'are, gwamnatin tarayya ta ambaci Muhammadu Wabi a matsayin Sarkin Jama'are kuma ta bayyana wakilcin sa a taron. <ref>{{cite web |title=Jama'are Communities should take over the ownership and maintenance of project |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/jamaare-communities-should-take-over-the-ownership-and-maintenance-of-project/ |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ayyukan al'umma == A matsayinsa na Sarkin Jama'are, Muhammadu Wabi ya shiga harkokin da suka shafi ci gaban al'ummar masarautar. Masarautar Jama'are tana da muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin shugabancin gargajiya na yankin, kuma Jama'are tana cikin Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Jama'are Communities should take over the ownership and maintenance of project |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/jamaare-communities-should-take-over-the-ownership-and-maintenance-of-project/ |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Ya kuma kasance yana karɓar jami'an gwamnati da wakilan hukumomi a fadar masarautar, musamman a kan batutuwan da suka shafi ci gaban Jama'are da kare al'umma daga ambaliya da zaizayar ƙasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Jama'are Communities should take over the ownership and maintenance of project |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/jamaare-communities-should-take-over-the-ownership-and-maintenance-of-project/ |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Lambar yabo == A shekarar 2008, Shugaban Najeriya na lokacin, [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]], ya ba Muhammadu Wabi lambar girmamawa ta '''Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON)'''. Wannan lambar yabo ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan lambobin girmamawar ƙasa da aka ba shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Emir of Jama'are Muhammadu Wabi III passes on at 92 |url=https://dateline.ng/emir-of-jamaare-passes-on-at-92/ |website=Dateline Nigeria |date=6 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Iyali == Muhammadu Wabi ya fito ne daga gidan sarautar Jama'are. Bayan rasuwarsa, majiyoyi sun bayar da lambobi daban-daban game da adadin matansa da 'ya'yansa. Daily Trust ta ce ya bar mata biyu da 'ya'ya 36, yayin da wasu rahotanni suka bayar da adadi daban. Saboda wannan bambancin, ba a tabbatar da adadi guda a matsayin tabbatacce ba. <ref>{{cite web |title=Bauchi's oldest monarch, Emir of Jama'are, buried amid tears |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/d18dd562-bac1-4d69-b6fc-bf4180bc0fc3/download |website=Daily Trust |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Ɗansa, [[Nuhu Ahmed Wabi]], daga baya ya gaje shi a matsayin Sarkin Jama'are. <ref>{{cite web |title=Alhaji Ahmadu Muhammadu Wabi |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/e0b3e053-d7b7-4d0c-b0b2-f8e19c171029/download |website=Daily Trust |date=8 January 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Rasuwarsa == Muhammadu Wabi ya rasu a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2022 bayan ya yi sama da shekaru 50 yana kan karagar sarautar Jama'are. Rahotannin rasuwarsa sun bayyana cewa ya rasu yana da shekaru 92. <ref>{{cite web |title=Emir of Jama'are dies aged 92 after protracted illness |url=https://www.thecable.ng/emir-of-jamaare-dies-aged-92-after-protracted-illness/ |website=TheCable |date=6 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> An gudanar da sallar jana'izarsa a fadar Sarkin Jama'are, sannan aka binne shi a wurin binne sarakunan masarautar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Emir of Jama'are Dies at 84 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/02/07/emir-of-jamaare-dies-at-84/ |website=THISDAY |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Bayan rasuwarsa, [[Nuhu Ahmed Wabi]] ya zama sabon Sarkin Jama'are a shekarar 2022. Kundin tarihin sarakunan gargajiya ya rubuta cewa Nuhu Ahmed Wabi ya hau sarauta a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 2022. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian traditional polities |url=https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html |website=Rulers.org |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Sunan sarauta == Akwai ɗan bambanci wajen ƙidayar sunan wannan sarki a majiyoyi. Wasu rahotannin Najeriya, ciki har da Daily Trust da THISDAY, sun yi amfani da sunan '''Ahmadu Muhammadu Wabi III'''. <ref>{{cite web |title=Emir of Jama'are Dies at 84 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/02/07/emir-of-jamaare-dies-at-84/ |website=THISDAY |date=7 February 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Sai dai kundin Nigerian traditional polities na Rulers.org ya ƙirga shi a matsayin '''Muhammadu Wabi IV dan Muhammadu Wabi''', daga 1975 zuwa 6 Fabrairu 2022. Haka kuma jerin masarautun gargajiya na Najeriya ya yi amfani da sunan Muhammadu Wabi IV. <ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian traditional polities |url=https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html |website=Rulers.org |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jama'are]] * [[Jihar Bauchi]] * [[Masarautun gargajiya na Najeriya]] * [[Nuhu Ahmed Wabi]] * [[Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/d18dd562-bac1-4d69-b6fc-bf4180bc0fc3/download Daily Trust — Bauchi's oldest monarch, Emir of Jama'are, buried amid tears] * [https://www.thisdaylive.com/2022/02/07/emir-of-jamaare-dies-at-84/ THISDAY — Emir of Jama'are Dies] * [https://dateline.ng/emir-of-jamaare-passes-on-at-92/ Dateline Nigeria — Emir of Jama'are Muhammadu Wabi III passes on at 92] * [https://www.thecable.ng/emir-of-jamaare-dies-aged-92-after-protracted-illness/ TheCable — Emir of Jama'are dies aged 92] * [https://fmino.gov.ng/jamaare-communities-should-take-over-the-ownership-and-maintenance-of-project/ Federal Ministry of Information — Jama'are Communities should take over the ownership and maintenance of project] * [https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html Rulers.org — Nigerian traditional polities] [[Category:Masarautun gargajiya a Najeriya]] [[Category:Sarakunan Najeriya]] [[Category:Sarakunan Bauchi]] [[Category:Jihar Bauchi]] [[Category:Jama'are]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Bauchi]] [[Category:1938 haihuwa]] [[Category:2022 rasuwa]] [[Category:Order of the Niger]] 18lhpso761r7vhv4b0kgz3pcrhcgsjg 0 178381 963941 2026-10-06T16:58:30Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342714922|Jon Otsemobor]]" 963941 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jon Otsemobor''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Maris 1983) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Ingila wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] . An haife shi a [[Liverpool]], ya fara aikinsa da kulob din garinsu [[Liverpool F.C.|na Liverpool]] . Ya kuma buga wa Hull City, Bolton Wanderers, [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]], Rotherham United, Norwich City, Southampton, Sheffield Wednesday, Milton Keynes Dons da Tranmere Rovers wasa . Ya shahara a shafukan sada zumunta tun yana ɗan shekara 20, lokacin da a matsayinsa na wanda ba shi da laifi, wani ɗan bindiga mai ɗauke da makamai ya harbe shi a duwawu a wani gidan rawa na Liverpool. A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya sami matsayin gwarzon ƙungiyar MK Dons saboda burinsa na "Deel of God", kuma bayan ya bar ƙungiyar ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da na ji daɗin kasancewa a ciki". <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2014 |title=Football: AFC Wimbledon goal hero Jon Otsemobor departs MK Dons |url=http://www.onemk.co.uk/sport/football/mk-dons/2013-2014/2014/1/Football-AFC-Wimbledon-goal-hero-Jon-Otsemobor-departs-MK-Dons-22274815.html |access-date=19 November 2015 |publisher=oneMK}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title='Heel of God' Jon Otsemobor leaves MK Dons |url=http://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/sport/football/mk-dons/heel-of-god-jon-otsemobor-leaves-mk-dons-1-5796687 |website=www.miltonkeynes.co.uk}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Liverpool === An haife shi a [[Liverpool]], Merseyside, Otsemobor ya ci gaba ta tsarin matasa na [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru da ƙungiyar a ranar 23 ga Maris 2000. Bayan ya yi fice a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta reserve, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Liverpool ta doke Southampton da ci 3-1 a gasar League Cup .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}} An ba shi aro ga Hull City har tsawon sauran kakar wasa domin ya samu gogewa a ƙungiyar farko. Otsemobor ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a rayuwarsa ga Hull a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Rushden &amp;amp; Diamonds da ci 4-2. Otsemobor ya kuma ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da Hull ta doke Shrewsbury Town da ci 2-0 da kuma wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Wrexham da ci 2-1. Bayan kammala zaman aronsa a Hull City, Otsemobor ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila da Liverpool, wanda hakan zai ci gaba da zama har zuwa shekarar 2005. A kakar wasa ta 2003-04, Otsemobor ya sake buga wasanni biyar a Liverpool, inda ya buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da kuma wasan da suka doke Bolton Wanderers 3-1. Ya kuma bayyana a jaridu a watan Oktoban 2003, lokacin da aka harbe shi a duwawu a lokacin da aka yi harbin bindiga a mashaya. Daga nan aka sake ba shi aro, a wannan karon ga Bolton Wanderers inda ya buga wasa ɗaya kacal, wanda shine rashin nasara da suka yi da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] 3-1. Duk da haka, kafin ƙarshen kakar wasa, zaman aro na Otsemobor tare da Bolton Wanderers ya ƙare, duk da cewa ba a ba shi damar bugawa Liverpool wasa a duk tsawon kakar wasa ta 2003-04 ba. Daga nan aka ba da aro ga [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] a matsayin aro na wata guda. Bayan kwana shida bayan ya sanya hannu a kansu, He ya fara bugawa Crewe wasa a wasan da suka doke Watford da ci 3-0. Ya zura kwallo daya a lokacin da aka ba shi aro a Crewe, wanda ya kasance a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] . Kwantiragin aro na Ostemobor da Crewe ya tsawaita a kan yarjejeniyar kakar wasa mai zuwa. Wannan ya faru ne bayan ya ƙi amincewa da kwangilar da ya yi da Liverpool, wadda aka tsara za ta ƙare a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2004-05. Otsemobor ya ce yana sha'awar ci gaba da zama a kulob din na dindindin; abin mamaki, ya ce rancen da ya bayar zai taimaka masa ya sami ƙungiya ta farko a Liverpool. A ƙarshen Disamba, zaman aro na Otsemobor tare da Crewe ya ƙare, inda ya buga wasanni goma sha huɗu kuma ya zira kwallaye ɗaya. Kulob din ya sallami Otsemobor a karshen kakar wasa ta 2004-05. === Rotherham United === Duk da sha'awar da Crewe da Hearts ke da shi, Otsemobor ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa Rotherham United a ranar 5 ga Yulin 2005, bayan canja wurinsa kyauta daga Liverpool. Bayan ya bayyana a cikin 'yan wasa huɗu na farko a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba, Otsemobor ya fara bugawa Rotherham United wasa, inda ya maye gurbin Lee Williamson a minti na 71, a wasan da suka doke Blackpool da ci 4-0 a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2005. A Rotherham United, Otsemobor ya buga wasanni takwas kuma ya zura kwallo daya a raga a wasan da suka yi da Port Vale a gasar cin kofin League] kafin a sake sayar da shi, a wannan karon ya koma Crewe Alexandra kyauta. === Crewe Alexandra === Otsemobor ya sanya hannu na dindindin a Crewe a ranar 19 ga Janairun 2006, inda ya ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07. Ya fara buga wasa na biyu a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 2-1 a hannun Plymouth Argyle . An yi la'akari da Otsemobor, tare da Steve Foster, Madjid Bougherra da Billy Jones a matsayin babban dalilin da ya sa Crewe ta yi ƙoƙarin kare kanta a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005-06, wanda daga ƙarshe ya gaza. Otsemobor ya kuma bayyana a dukkan wasannin da Crewe ta buga a wasanni biyar ba tare da an doke ta ba. A lokacin shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa, a watan Yunin 2006, Otsemobor ya kasa komawa horo a ranar da aka amince. Daga ranar 9 zuwa 14 ga watan Yunin 2006, manajan kulob din Dario Gradi ya kasa yin magana da Otsemobor kuma ba a san dalilan rashin zuwansa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dario Puzzled By Semmy's Absence |url=http://www.crewealex.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10414~837952,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615145925/http://www.crewealex.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10414~837952%2C00.html |archive-date=15 June 2007 |access-date=23 August 2006 |website=crewealex.co.uk}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2006, Otsemobor ya koma Crewe saboda dogon hutu da rashin fahimta a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ya rasa horo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Semi back in training |url=http://www.crewealex.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10414~838687,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515215526/http://www.crewealex.net/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10414~838687%2C00.html |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=23 August 2006 |website=crewealex.co.uk}}</ref> Bayan ya nemi afuwa kan abin da ya aikata, Manaja Dario Gradi ya amince da afuwar Otsemobor. A kakar wasa ta 2006-07, Ostemobor ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar farko kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan da suka yi da Cheltenham Town a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2006 lokacin da ya taimaka wa Crewe ta ci kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci 3-1. Duk da haka, lokacin wasan Ostemobor ya ragu bayan ya ji rauni, wanda hakan ya sa ya buga wasanni ashirin da bakwai a farkon kakar wasa ta farko. Duk da haka, an sanya Ostemobor a cikin ƙungiyar PFA League One Team of the Year na 2006–07, tare da abokin wasansa Luke Varney . Da kwantiraginsa ya kare a karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07, an yi ta rade-radin cewa Ostemobor zai koma Norwich City da Preston North End . A watan Disamba na 2006, Ostemobor ya ƙi amincewa da kwantiragi, wanda hakan ya haifar da suka daga magoya bayan Crewe. === Birnin Norwich === Bayan ya bar Crewe Alexandra, Otsemobor ya koma Norwich City kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din a watan Yunin 2007. Otsemobor ya fara buga wasa a Norwich City a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga mintuna 90 a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Preston North End. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2007 |title=Match Report: Preston vs Norwich City |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~37441,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306162642/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~37441%2C00.html |archive-date=6 March 2010 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City F.C.}}</ref> Kwallonsa ta farko da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 5-1 a ranar 22 ga Maris 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2008 |title=Match Report: Norwich City vs Colchester |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~38336,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827223243/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~38336%2C00.html |archive-date=27 August 2009 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City FC}}</ref> Otsemobor ya kammala kakar wasa ta farko a Norwich City, inda ya buga wasanni arba'in da uku sannan ya zura kwallo daya. Duk da haka, kakar wasa ta biyu a Norwich City ba ta yi nasara ba a matsayin ta farko, domin yana fafatawa da Elliott Omozusi, wanda aka ba aro. Ostemobor ya fara bugawa kungiyar wasa a kakar wasa ta 2008-09 a ranar 30 ga Agusta 2008, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Birmingham City . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2008 |title=Match Report: Norwich City vs Birmingham City |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~43794,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827041303/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~43794%2C00.html |archive-date=27 August 2009 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City FC}}</ref> Bayan wasan, Manaja Glenn Roeder ya yaba da rawar da Otsemobor ya taka a lokacin da ya dawo. Ba da daɗewa ba, Otsemobor ya ji rauni a idon sawunsa a lokacin da suka sha kashi 2-1 a hannun Derby County a tsakiyar watan Oktoba. Otsemobor ya sake samun matsayinsa na ɗan baya na dama a ƙungiyar farko tun daga watan Nuwamba, bayan da Omozusi ya bar ƙungiyar. Duk da cewa ya buga wasanni talatin da takwas a ƙungiyar, Norwich City, duk da haka, ta koma gasar League One. A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, an soki rawar da Otsemobor ya taka lokacin da 'yan wasan tsaron gida suka zura kwallaye bakwai, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 7-1 a hannun Colchester United a wasan farko na kakar wasa. Makonni bayan shan kaye, Otsemobor ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Norwich City a kakar wasa ta 2009–10, a wasan da suka doke Wycombe Wanderers da ci 5-2 a ranar 22 ga Agusta 2009, a wasan farko da Paul Lambert ya ci a matsayin Manajan Norwich City. Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya samu raunuka, wanda hakan ya sa lokacin buga wasansa ya ragu kuma daga ƙarshe ya kasance a benci a ƙarshen Disamba. Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya buga wasa na 100 a Norwich City, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Southampton a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2009 |title=Match Report: Southampton v Norwich City |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~48447,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106232652/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~48447%2C00.html |archive-date=6 January 2010 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City FC}}</ref> === Southampton === Otsemobor ya rattaba hannu a Southampton a ranar 14 ga Janairu 2010, bayan canja wuri kyauta daga ƙungiyar da ke haskawa a gasar League One Norwich City . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2010 |title=Jon Joins |url=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280~1931958,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116051533/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10280~1931958%2C00.html |archive-date=16 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2010 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 16 ga Janairu yana wasa tare da wasu 'yan wasa biyu da suka sa hannu kwanan nan, José Fonte da Danny Seaborne, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Millwall . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2010 |title=Millwall vs Southampton |url=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280~48144,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119090058/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280~48144%2C00.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2010 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya samu rauni wanda ya hana shi buga wasa a duk watan Maris, wanda ya samu rauni a lokacin da suka doke [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] da ci 1-0. Bai samu damar bayar da gudummawa ga Southampton wajen lashe Kofin Zakarun Turai na 2009-10 ba saboda bai buga gasar cin kofin ba. Duk da cewa yana sha'awar ci gaba da zama a Southampton, Otsemobor yana cikin 'yan wasa goma sha biyu da kungiyar ta sallama a watan Mayun 2010. === Sheffield Laraba === A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2010, an sanar da cewa Otsemobor zai koma Sheffield Wednesday daga ranar 1 ga Yuli. An yi ta rade-radin cewa Otsemobor zai koma kungiyoyin League One kafin ya koma Sheffield Wednesday. Otsemobor ya fara buga wa Sheffield Wednesday wasa a zagaye na farko na League Cup, a wasan da suka doke [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] da ci 1-0 a ranar 8 ga Agusta 2010. Duk da haka, Otsemobor bai yi wasa mai kyau a Sheffield Wednesday ba saboda yana kan benci na 'yan wasa masu maye gurbinsa a wasanni bakwai na farko. Sai a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2010 kafin Otsemobor ya fara buga wasa a gasar, inda ya maye gurbin Darren Purse a minti na 45, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun tsohuwar kungiyar Southampton. Duk da haka, a ranar 16 ga Oktoba a wasan da suka yi da Yeovil Town, an kori Otsemobor a minti na 86 saboda ketar da ya yi wa Nathan Smith, mintuna biyu kacal kafin ya lashe fanareti, wanda hakan ya bai wa Tommy Miller damar zura kwallon da ta ba shi damar zura kwallon cikin nasara. Wasan ya ƙare da Sheffield Wednesday da ci 2-0. Bayan haka, Otsemobor ya buga wasan cin kofin FA kafin ya ji rauni a cinyarsa. Duk da cewa ya buga wasa da Huddersfield Town a ranar 3 ga Janairun 2011, Otsemobor ya sake jin rauni a cinyarsa. Bayan dawowarsa a ƙarshen Maris, Otsemobor ya ci gaba da riƙe matsayinsa na farko a ƙungiyar har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2010–11, yayin da ya buga wasanni goma sha biyar a kakar wasa ta farko. A kakar wasa ta 2011–12, Otsemobor ya buga wasanni huɗu na farko kafin ya ji rauni. Otsemobor ya dawo daga raunin da ya ji a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2011, inda ya kafa wa Ben Marshall kwallo a minti na 42, a wasan da suka doke Preston da ci 2-0, ya sake kafa wata kwallo a ragar Chris Lines, a wasan da suka doke Tranmere Rovers da ci 2-1. Otsemobor ya samu rauni wanda ya hana shi buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2011-12. Otsemobor ya kammala kakar wasa ta biyu a Sheffield Wednesday, da wasanni goma sha ɗaya. Bayan ya zo na biyu a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 2011–12 Football League One tare da Sheffield Wednesday, an sallame shi tare da wasu 'yan wasa shida bayan sun buga wasanni ashirin da shida a ƙungiyar a gasar tun lokacin da ya shiga a 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2012 |title=Owls release six |url=http://www.swfc.co.uk/page/News/0,,10304~2772782,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518005645/http://www.swfc.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10304~2772782%2C00.html |archive-date=18 May 2012 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Sheffield Wednesday F.C.}}</ref> === Milton Keynes Dons === A ranar 5 ga watan Yulin 2012, Otsemobor ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Milton Keynes Dons ta League One kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda, ya zama Dons ta farko da ta sanya hannu a lokacin rani. Otsemobor ya fara buga wa Milton Keynes Dons wasa, yana buga wasa a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da AFC Bournemouth a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2012 kuma bayan kwana bakwai, ya taimaka wa Milton Keynes Dons ya zura kwallo ta farko, a wasan da suka doke Blackburn Rovers da ci 2-1 a zagaye na biyu na gasar League Cup. Otsemobor ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar farko sannan ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a Milton Keynes Dons, a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 5-1 a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2012. Mako guda bayan haka a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2012, ya zura kwallon da ta ba shi nasara a minti na uku na lokacin rauni yayin da Dons ta doke AFC Wimbledon da ci 2-1 a zagaye na biyu na [[FA Cup|gasar cin kofin FA]] . Wannan ya bai wa Otsemobor matsayi a matsayin gwarzon ƙungiyar magoya bayan Dons, suna kiran ɗan wasan baya na dama "The Diddige of God". Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an ba Otsemobor kyautar Goal of the Decade a bikin bayar da kyautar ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Ben bags four awards |url=http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/ben-bags-four-awards-1518752.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829213340/http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/ben-bags-four-awards-1518752.aspx |archive-date=29 August 2015 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Milton Keynes Dons F.C.}}</ref> Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya samu rauni a kugu wanda ya hana shi yin wasa har tsawon watan Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2012 |title=Hartlepool United team news |url=http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/hartlepool-united-team-news-544941.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217081615/http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/hartlepool-united-team-news-544941.aspx |archive-date=17 December 2012 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Milton Keynes Dons FC}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa ƙungiyar farko, Otsemobor ya buga wasanni talatin da biyar a kakar wasa ta farko a Milton Keynes Dons. Duk da haka, a kakar wasa ta 2013-14, Otsemobor ya koma na uku a matsayin mai tsaron baya, sakamakon mayar da hankali kan ci gaban matasa a Milton Keynes Dons. Ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa Merseyside a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2013, lokacin da ya amince ya koma Tranmere Rovers a matsayin aro na wata guda. Ya zama ɗan wasa na uku da ya koma Rovers a wannan ranar a matsayin aro tare da ɗan wasan baya na Blackburn Rovers [[Ryan Edwards (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila)|Ryan Edwards]] da kuma ɗan wasan gefe [[Liverpool F.C.|na Liverpool]] Kristoffer Peterson . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otsemobor |first=Jon |date=28 November 2013 |title=Otsemobor Joins On Loan |url=http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/otsemobor-281113-1203307.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014859/http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/otsemobor-281113-1203307.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |publisher=Tranmere Rovers F.C.}}</ref> Otsemobor ya fara buga wa Tranmere Rovers wasa bayan kwana biyu bayan ya sanya hannu a kulob din, a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 2-1. Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a ƙungiyar, Ostemobor ya koma ƙungiyar iyayensa bayan ya ji rauni, wanda hakan ya sa ƙungiyar ba ta tsawaita zaman aronsa a Tranmere Rovers ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2013 |title=Loan Latest |url=http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/loans-311213-1265951.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101160117/http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/loans-311213-1265951.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Tranmere Rovers F.C.}}</ref> Bayan da zaman aronsa na Tranmere Rovers ya ƙare, Otsemobor ya bar MK Dons bisa amincewar juna a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2014 |title=Football: AFC Wimbledon goal hero Jon Otsemobor departs MK Dons |url=http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Sport/Football/MK-Dons/2013-2014/Football-AFC-Wimbledon-goal-hero-Jon-Otsemobor-departs-MK-Dons-20140108183810.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314145338/http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Sport/Football/MK-Dons/2013-2014/Football-AFC-Wimbledon-goal-hero-Jon-Otsemobor-departs-MK-Dons-20140108183810.htm |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=MK Web}}</ref> === Ƙarshen aiki === A ƙarshen watan Yunin 2014, ya yi gwaji da Doncaster Rovers kuma ya buga musu wasa da Bradford Park Avenue a wasan sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flown From the Nest - Jon Otsemobor |url=http://www.ex-canaries.co.uk/players/otsemobor.htm |access-date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Ex-canaries.co.uk}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya shahara a shafukan sada zumunta tun yana ɗan shekara 20, lokacin da a matsayinsa na wanda ba shi da laifi, wani ɗan bindiga mai ɗauke da makamai ya harbe shi a duwawu a wani gidan rawa na Liverpool. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa, ya shiga harkar kula da kadarori da haɓaka su. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |FA Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other{{Ref label|League|A|}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |2002–03 |[[Premier League]] |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |2003–04 |Premier League |4 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |5 |0 |- |2004–05 |Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !4 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !6 !0 |- |Hull City (loan) |2002–03 |Division Three |9 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |9 |3 |- |Bolton Wanderers (loan) |2003–04 |Premier League |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |[[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] (loan) |2004–05 |Championship |14 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |15 |1 |- |Rotherham United |2005–06 |League One |10 |0 |0 |0 |2 |1 |2 |0 |14 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] |2005–06 |Championship |16 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |16 |0 |- |2006–07 |League One |27 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |3 |0 |34 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !43 !0 !1 !0 !3 !0 !3 !0 !50 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Norwich City |2007–08 |Championship |43 |1 |1 |0 |3 |0 |0 |0 |47 |1 |- |2008–09 |Championship |37 |0 |2 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |40 |0 |- |2009–10 |League One |13 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !93 !2 !4 !0 !5 !0 !2 !0 !104 !2 |- |Southampton |2009–10 |League One |19 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |19 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Sheffield Wednesday |2010–11 |League One |15 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |3 |0 |21 |0 |- |2011–12 |League One |11 |0 |3 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !26 !0 !4 !0 !4 !0 !3 !0 !37 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Milton Keynes Dons |2012–13 |League One |35 |1 |5 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 |41 |2 |- |2013–14 |League One |9 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |1 |0 |12 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !44 !1 !5 !1 !3 !0 !1 !0 !53 !2 |- |Tranmere Rovers |2013–14 |League One |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career totals !265 !7 !14 !1 !20 !1 !11 !0 !310 !9 |}   == Daraja == * Ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara : 2006–07 Football League One == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commonscat}} * [http://www.lfchistory.net/player_profile.asp?player_id=452 Bayanin ɗan wasa na LFhistory.net] * Jon Otsemobor {{2006–07 Football League One Team of the Year}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 46y7lw33rvcxr8v5x7zy68r17211f5u 963942 963941 2026-10-06T17:00:48Z Baffa ali 47435 963942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jon Otsemobor''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Maris 1983) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Ingila wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] . An haife shi a [[Liverpool]], ya fara aikinsa da kulob din garinsu [[Liverpool F.C.|na Liverpool]] . Ya kuma buga wa Hull City, Bolton Wanderers, [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]], Rotherham United, Norwich City, Southampton, Sheffield Wednesday, Milton Keynes Dons da Tranmere Rovers wasa . Ya shahara a shafukan sada zumunta tun yana ɗan shekara 20, lokacin da a matsayinsa na wanda ba shi da laifi, wani ɗan bindiga mai ɗauke da makamai ya harbe shi a duwawu a wani gidan rawa na Liverpool. A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya sami matsayin gwarzon ƙungiyar MK Dons saboda burinsa na "Deel of God", kuma bayan ya bar ƙungiyar ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da na ji daɗin kasancewa a ciki". <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2014 |title=Football: AFC Wimbledon goal hero Jon Otsemobor departs MK Dons |url=http://www.onemk.co.uk/sport/football/mk-dons/2013-2014/2014/1/Football-AFC-Wimbledon-goal-hero-Jon-Otsemobor-departs-MK-Dons-22274815.html |access-date=19 November 2015 |publisher=oneMK}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title='Heel of God' Jon Otsemobor leaves MK Dons |url=http://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/sport/football/mk-dons/heel-of-god-jon-otsemobor-leaves-mk-dons-1-5796687 |website=www.miltonkeynes.co.uk}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Liverpool === An haife shi a [[Liverpool]], Merseyside, Otsemobor ya ci gaba ta tsarin matasa na [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru da ƙungiyar a ranar 23 ga Maris 2000. Bayan ya yi fice a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta reserve, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Liverpool ta doke Southampton da ci 3-1 a gasar League Cup .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}} An ba shi aro ga Hull City har tsawon sauran kakar wasa domin ya samu gogewa a ƙungiyar farko. Otsemobor ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a rayuwarsa ga Hull a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Rushden &amp;amp; Diamonds da ci 4-2. Otsemobor ya kuma ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da Hull ta doke Shrewsbury Town da ci 2-0 da kuma wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Wrexham da ci 2-1. Bayan kammala zaman aronsa a Hull City, Otsemobor ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila da Liverpool, wanda hakan zai ci gaba da zama har zuwa shekarar 2005. A kakar wasa ta 2003-04, Otsemobor ya sake buga wasanni biyar a Liverpool, inda ya buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da kuma wasan da suka doke Bolton Wanderers 3-1. Ya kuma bayyana a jaridu a watan Oktoban 2003, lokacin da aka harbe shi a duwawu a lokacin da aka yi harbin bindiga a mashaya. Daga nan aka sake ba shi aro, a wannan karon ga Bolton Wanderers inda ya buga wasa ɗaya kacal, wanda shine rashin nasara da suka yi da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] 3-1. Duk da haka, kafin ƙarshen kakar wasa, zaman aro na Otsemobor tare da Bolton Wanderers ya ƙare, duk da cewa ba a ba shi damar bugawa Liverpool wasa a duk tsawon kakar wasa ta 2003-04 ba. Daga nan aka ba da aro ga [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] a matsayin aro na wata guda. Bayan kwana shida bayan ya sanya hannu a kansu, He ya fara bugawa Crewe wasa a wasan da suka doke Watford da ci 3-0. Ya zura kwallo daya a lokacin da aka ba shi aro a Crewe, wanda ya kasance a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] . Kwantiragin aro na Ostemobor da Crewe ya tsawaita a kan yarjejeniyar kakar wasa mai zuwa. Wannan ya faru ne bayan ya ƙi amincewa da kwangilar da ya yi da Liverpool, wadda aka tsara za ta ƙare a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2004-05. Otsemobor ya ce yana sha'awar ci gaba da zama a kulob din na dindindin; abin mamaki, ya ce rancen da ya bayar zai taimaka masa ya sami ƙungiya ta farko a Liverpool. A ƙarshen Disamba, zaman aro na Otsemobor tare da Crewe ya ƙare, inda ya buga wasanni goma sha huɗu kuma ya zira kwallaye ɗaya. Kulob din ya sallami Otsemobor a karshen kakar wasa ta 2004-05. === Rotherham United === Duk da sha'awar da Crewe da Hearts ke da shi, Otsemobor ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa Rotherham United a ranar 5 ga Yulin 2005, bayan canja wurinsa kyauta daga Liverpool. Bayan ya bayyana a cikin 'yan wasa huɗu na farko a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba, Otsemobor ya fara bugawa Rotherham United wasa, inda ya maye gurbin Lee Williamson a minti na 71, a wasan da suka doke Blackpool da ci 4-0 a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2005. A Rotherham United, Otsemobor ya buga wasanni takwas kuma ya zura kwallo daya a raga a wasan da suka yi da Port Vale a gasar cin kofin League] kafin a sake sayar da shi, a wannan karon ya koma Crewe Alexandra kyauta. === Crewe Alexandra === Otsemobor ya sanya hannu na dindindin a Crewe a ranar 19 ga Janairun 2006, inda ya ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07. Ya fara buga wasa na biyu a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 2-1 a hannun Plymouth Argyle . An yi la'akari da Otsemobor, tare da Steve Foster, Madjid Bougherra da Billy Jones a matsayin babban dalilin da ya sa Crewe ta yi ƙoƙarin kare kanta a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005-06, wanda daga ƙarshe ya gaza. Otsemobor ya kuma bayyana a dukkan wasannin da Crewe ta buga a wasanni biyar ba tare da an doke ta ba. A lokacin shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa, a watan Yunin 2006, Otsemobor ya kasa komawa horo a ranar da aka amince. Daga ranar 9 zuwa 14 ga watan Yunin 2006, manajan kulob din Dario Gradi ya kasa yin magana da Otsemobor kuma ba a san dalilan rashin zuwansa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dario Puzzled By Semmy's Absence |url=http://www.crewealex.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10414~837952,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615145925/http://www.crewealex.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10414~837952%2C00.html |archive-date=15 June 2007 |access-date=23 August 2006 |website=crewealex.co.uk}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2006, Otsemobor ya koma Crewe saboda dogon hutu da rashin fahimta a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ya rasa horo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Semi back in training |url=http://www.crewealex.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10414~838687,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515215526/http://www.crewealex.net/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10414~838687%2C00.html |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=23 August 2006 |website=crewealex.co.uk}}</ref> Bayan ya nemi afuwa kan abin da ya aikata, Manaja Dario Gradi ya amince da afuwar Otsemobor. A kakar wasa ta 2006-07, Ostemobor ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar farko kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan da suka yi da Cheltenham Town a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2006 lokacin da ya taimaka wa Crewe ta ci kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci 3-1. Duk da haka, lokacin wasan Ostemobor ya ragu bayan ya ji rauni, wanda hakan ya sa ya buga wasanni ashirin da bakwai a farkon kakar wasa ta farko. Duk da haka, an sanya Ostemobor a cikin ƙungiyar PFA League One Team of the Year na 2006–07, tare da abokin wasansa Luke Varney . Da kwantiraginsa ya kare a karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07, an yi ta rade-radin cewa Ostemobor zai koma Norwich City da Preston North End . A watan Disamba na 2006, Ostemobor ya ƙi amincewa da kwantiragi, wanda hakan ya haifar da suka daga magoya bayan Crewe. === Birnin Norwich === Bayan ya bar Crewe Alexandra, Otsemobor ya koma Norwich City kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din a watan Yunin 2007. Otsemobor ya fara buga wasa a Norwich City a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga mintuna 90 a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Preston North End. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2007 |title=Match Report: Preston vs Norwich City |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~37441,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306162642/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~37441%2C00.html |archive-date=6 March 2010 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City F.C.}}</ref> Kwallonsa ta farko da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 5-1 a ranar 22 ga Maris 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2008 |title=Match Report: Norwich City vs Colchester |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~38336,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827223243/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~38336%2C00.html |archive-date=27 August 2009 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City FC}}</ref> Otsemobor ya kammala kakar wasa ta farko a Norwich City, inda ya buga wasanni arba'in da uku sannan ya zura kwallo daya. Duk da haka, kakar wasa ta biyu a Norwich City ba ta yi nasara ba a matsayin ta farko, domin yana fafatawa da Elliott Omozusi, wanda aka ba aro. Ostemobor ya fara bugawa kungiyar wasa a kakar wasa ta 2008-09 a ranar 30 ga Agusta 2008, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Birmingham City . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2008 |title=Match Report: Norwich City vs Birmingham City |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~43794,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827041303/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~43794%2C00.html |archive-date=27 August 2009 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City FC}}</ref> Bayan wasan, Manaja Glenn Roeder ya yaba da rawar da Otsemobor ya taka a lokacin da ya dawo. Ba da daɗewa ba, Otsemobor ya ji rauni a idon sawunsa a lokacin da suka sha kashi 2-1 a hannun Derby County a tsakiyar watan Oktoba. Otsemobor ya sake samun matsayinsa na ɗan baya na dama a ƙungiyar farko tun daga watan Nuwamba, bayan da Omozusi ya bar ƙungiyar. Duk da cewa ya buga wasanni talatin da takwas a ƙungiyar, Norwich City, duk da haka, ta koma gasar League One. A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, an soki rawar da Otsemobor ya taka lokacin da 'yan wasan tsaron gida suka zura kwallaye bakwai, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 7-1 a hannun Colchester United a wasan farko na kakar wasa. Makonni bayan shan kaye, Otsemobor ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Norwich City a kakar wasa ta 2009–10, a wasan da suka doke Wycombe Wanderers da ci 5-2 a ranar 22 ga Agusta 2009, a wasan farko da Paul Lambert ya ci a matsayin Manajan Norwich City. Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya samu raunuka, wanda hakan ya sa lokacin buga wasansa ya ragu kuma daga ƙarshe ya kasance a benci a ƙarshen Disamba. Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya buga wasa na 100 a Norwich City, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Southampton a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2009 |title=Match Report: Southampton v Norwich City |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~48447,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106232652/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~48447%2C00.html |archive-date=6 January 2010 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City FC}}</ref> === Southampton === Otsemobor ya rattaba hannu a Southampton a ranar 14 ga Janairu 2010, bayan canja wuri kyauta daga ƙungiyar da ke haskawa a gasar League One Norwich City . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2010 |title=Jon Joins |url=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280~1931958,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116051533/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10280~1931958%2C00.html |archive-date=16 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2010 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 16 ga Janairu yana wasa tare da wasu 'yan wasa biyu da suka sa hannu kwanan nan, José Fonte da Danny Seaborne, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Millwall . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2010 |title=Millwall vs Southampton |url=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280~48144,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119090058/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280~48144%2C00.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2010 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya samu rauni wanda ya hana shi buga wasa a duk watan Maris, wanda ya samu rauni a lokacin da suka doke [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] da ci 1-0. Bai samu damar bayar da gudummawa ga Southampton wajen lashe Kofin Zakarun Turai na 2009-10 ba saboda bai buga gasar cin kofin ba. Duk da cewa yana sha'awar ci gaba da zama a Southampton, Otsemobor yana cikin 'yan wasa goma sha biyu da kungiyar ta sallama a watan Mayun 2010. === Sheffield Laraba === A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2010, an sanar da cewa Otsemobor zai koma Sheffield Wednesday daga ranar 1 ga Yuli. An yi ta rade-radin cewa Otsemobor zai koma kungiyoyin League One kafin ya koma Sheffield Wednesday. Otsemobor ya fara buga wa Sheffield Wednesday wasa a zagaye na farko na League Cup, a wasan da suka doke [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] da ci 1-0 a ranar 8 ga Agusta 2010. Duk da haka, Otsemobor bai yi wasa mai kyau a Sheffield Wednesday ba saboda yana kan benci na 'yan wasa masu maye gurbinsa a wasanni bakwai na farko. Sai a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2010 kafin Otsemobor ya fara buga wasa a gasar, inda ya maye gurbin Darren Purse a minti na 45, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun tsohuwar kungiyar Southampton. Duk da haka, a ranar 16 ga Oktoba a wasan da suka yi da Yeovil Town, an kori Otsemobor a minti na 86 saboda ketar da ya yi wa Nathan Smith, mintuna biyu kacal kafin ya lashe fanareti, wanda hakan ya bai wa Tommy Miller damar zura kwallon da ta ba shi damar zura kwallon cikin nasara. Wasan ya ƙare da Sheffield Wednesday da ci 2-0. Bayan haka, Otsemobor ya buga wasan cin kofin FA kafin ya ji rauni a cinyarsa. Duk da cewa ya buga wasa da Huddersfield Town a ranar 3 ga Janairun 2011, Otsemobor ya sake jin rauni a cinyarsa. Bayan dawowarsa a ƙarshen Maris, Otsemobor ya ci gaba da riƙe matsayinsa na farko a ƙungiyar har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2010–11, yayin da ya buga wasanni goma sha biyar a kakar wasa ta farko. A kakar wasa ta 2011–12, Otsemobor ya buga wasanni huɗu na farko kafin ya ji rauni. Otsemobor ya dawo daga raunin da ya ji a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2011, inda ya kafa wa Ben Marshall kwallo a minti na 42, a wasan da suka doke Preston da ci 2-0, ya sake kafa wata kwallo a ragar Chris Lines, a wasan da suka doke Tranmere Rovers da ci 2-1. Otsemobor ya samu rauni wanda ya hana shi buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2011-12. Otsemobor ya kammala kakar wasa ta biyu a Sheffield Wednesday, da wasanni goma sha ɗaya. Bayan ya zo na biyu a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 2011–12 Football League One tare da Sheffield Wednesday, an sallame shi tare da wasu 'yan wasa shida bayan sun buga wasanni ashirin da shida a ƙungiyar a gasar tun lokacin da ya shiga a 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2012 |title=Owls release six |url=http://www.swfc.co.uk/page/News/0,,10304~2772782,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518005645/http://www.swfc.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10304~2772782%2C00.html |archive-date=18 May 2012 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Sheffield Wednesday F.C.}}</ref> === Milton Keynes Dons === A ranar 5 ga watan Yulin 2012, Otsemobor ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Milton Keynes Dons ta League One kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda, ya zama Dons ta farko da ta sanya hannu a lokacin rani. Otsemobor ya fara buga wa Milton Keynes Dons wasa, yana buga wasa a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da AFC Bournemouth a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2012 kuma bayan kwana bakwai, ya taimaka wa Milton Keynes Dons ya zura kwallo ta farko, a wasan da suka doke Blackburn Rovers da ci 2-1 a zagaye na biyu na gasar League Cup. Otsemobor ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar farko sannan ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a Milton Keynes Dons, a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 5-1 a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2012. Mako guda bayan haka a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2012, ya zura kwallon da ta ba shi nasara a minti na uku na lokacin rauni yayin da Dons ta doke AFC Wimbledon da ci 2-1 a zagaye na biyu na [[FA Cup|gasar cin kofin FA]] . Wannan ya bai wa Otsemobor matsayi a matsayin gwarzon ƙungiyar magoya bayan Dons, suna kiran ɗan wasan baya na dama "The Diddige of God". Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an ba Otsemobor kyautar Goal of the Decade a bikin bayar da kyautar ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Ben bags four awards |url=http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/ben-bags-four-awards-1518752.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829213340/http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/ben-bags-four-awards-1518752.aspx |archive-date=29 August 2015 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Milton Keynes Dons F.C.}}</ref> Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya samu rauni a kugu wanda ya hana shi yin wasa har tsawon watan Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2012 |title=Hartlepool United team news |url=http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/hartlepool-united-team-news-544941.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217081615/http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/hartlepool-united-team-news-544941.aspx |archive-date=17 December 2012 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Milton Keynes Dons FC}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa ƙungiyar farko, Otsemobor ya buga wasanni talatin da biyar a kakar wasa ta farko a Milton Keynes Dons. Duk da haka, a kakar wasa ta 2013-14, Otsemobor ya koma na uku a matsayin mai tsaron baya, sakamakon mayar da hankali kan ci gaban matasa a Milton Keynes Dons. Ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa Merseyside a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2013, lokacin da ya amince ya koma Tranmere Rovers a matsayin aro na wata guda. Ya zama ɗan wasa na uku da ya koma Rovers a wannan ranar a matsayin aro tare da ɗan wasan baya na Blackburn Rovers [[Ryan Edwards (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila)|Ryan Edwards]] da kuma ɗan wasan gefe [[Liverpool F.C.|na Liverpool]] Kristoffer Peterson . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otsemobor |first=Jon |date=28 November 2013 |title=Otsemobor Joins On Loan |url=http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/otsemobor-281113-1203307.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014859/http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/otsemobor-281113-1203307.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |publisher=Tranmere Rovers F.C.}}</ref> Otsemobor ya fara buga wa Tranmere Rovers wasa bayan kwana biyu bayan ya sanya hannu a kulob din, a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 2-1. Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a ƙungiyar, Ostemobor ya koma ƙungiyar iyayensa bayan ya ji rauni, wanda hakan ya sa ƙungiyar ba ta tsawaita zaman aronsa a Tranmere Rovers ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2013 |title=Loan Latest |url=http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/loans-311213-1265951.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101160117/http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/loans-311213-1265951.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Tranmere Rovers F.C.}}</ref> Bayan da zaman aronsa na Tranmere Rovers ya ƙare, Otsemobor ya bar MK Dons bisa amincewar juna a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2014 |title=Football: AFC Wimbledon goal hero Jon Otsemobor departs MK Dons |url=http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Sport/Football/MK-Dons/2013-2014/Football-AFC-Wimbledon-goal-hero-Jon-Otsemobor-departs-MK-Dons-20140108183810.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314145338/http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Sport/Football/MK-Dons/2013-2014/Football-AFC-Wimbledon-goal-hero-Jon-Otsemobor-departs-MK-Dons-20140108183810.htm |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=MK Web}}</ref> === Ƙarshen aiki === A ƙarshen watan Yunin 2014, ya yi gwaji da Doncaster Rovers kuma ya buga musu wasa da Bradford Park Avenue a wasan sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flown From the Nest - Jon Otsemobor |url=http://www.ex-canaries.co.uk/players/otsemobor.htm |access-date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Ex-canaries.co.uk}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya shahara a shafukan sada zumunta tun yana ɗan shekara 20, lokacin da a matsayinsa na wanda ba shi da laifi, wani ɗan bindiga mai ɗauke da makamai ya harbe shi a duwawu a wani gidan rawa na Liverpool. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa, ya shiga harkar kula da kadarori da haɓaka su. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |FA Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other{{Ref label|League|A|}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |2002–03 |[[Premier League]] |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |2003–04 |Premier League |4 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |5 |0 |- |2004–05 |Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !4 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !6 !0 |- |Hull City (loan) |2002–03 |Division Three |9 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |9 |3 |- |Bolton Wanderers (loan) |2003–04 |Premier League |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |[[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] (loan) |2004–05 |Championship |14 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |15 |1 |- |Rotherham United |2005–06 |League One |10 |0 |0 |0 |2 |1 |2 |0 |14 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] |2005–06 |Championship |16 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |16 |0 |- |2006–07 |League One |27 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |3 |0 |34 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !43 !0 !1 !0 !3 !0 !3 !0 !50 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Norwich City |2007–08 |Championship |43 |1 |1 |0 |3 |0 |0 |0 |47 |1 |- |2008–09 |Championship |37 |0 |2 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |40 |0 |- |2009–10 |League One |13 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !93 !2 !4 !0 !5 !0 !2 !0 !104 !2 |- |Southampton |2009–10 |League One |19 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |19 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Sheffield Wednesday |2010–11 |League One |15 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |3 |0 |21 |0 |- |2011–12 |League One |11 |0 |3 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !26 !0 !4 !0 !4 !0 !3 !0 !37 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Milton Keynes Dons |2012–13 |League One |35 |1 |5 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 |41 |2 |- |2013–14 |League One |9 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |1 |0 |12 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !44 !1 !5 !1 !3 !0 !1 !0 !53 !2 |- |Tranmere Rovers |2013–14 |League One |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career totals !265 !7 !14 !1 !20 !1 !11 !0 !310 !9 |}   == Daraja == * Ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara : 2006–07 Football League One == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commonscat}} * [http://www.lfchistory.net/player_profile.asp?player_id=452 Bayanin ɗan wasa na LFhistory.net] * Jon Otsemobor {{2006–07 Football League One Team of the Year}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hfkaykz4ghwuop0mz033lykjqgxu6ow 963943 963942 2026-10-06T17:03:42Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Crewe Alexandra */ 963943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jon Otsemobor''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Maris 1983) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Ingila wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] . An haife shi a [[Liverpool]], ya fara aikinsa da kulob din garinsu [[Liverpool F.C.|na Liverpool]] . Ya kuma buga wa Hull City, Bolton Wanderers, [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]], Rotherham United, Norwich City, Southampton, Sheffield Wednesday, Milton Keynes Dons da Tranmere Rovers wasa . Ya shahara a shafukan sada zumunta tun yana ɗan shekara 20, lokacin da a matsayinsa na wanda ba shi da laifi, wani ɗan bindiga mai ɗauke da makamai ya harbe shi a duwawu a wani gidan rawa na Liverpool. A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya sami matsayin gwarzon ƙungiyar MK Dons saboda burinsa na "Deel of God", kuma bayan ya bar ƙungiyar ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da na ji daɗin kasancewa a ciki". <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2014 |title=Football: AFC Wimbledon goal hero Jon Otsemobor departs MK Dons |url=http://www.onemk.co.uk/sport/football/mk-dons/2013-2014/2014/1/Football-AFC-Wimbledon-goal-hero-Jon-Otsemobor-departs-MK-Dons-22274815.html |access-date=19 November 2015 |publisher=oneMK}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title='Heel of God' Jon Otsemobor leaves MK Dons |url=http://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/sport/football/mk-dons/heel-of-god-jon-otsemobor-leaves-mk-dons-1-5796687 |website=www.miltonkeynes.co.uk}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Liverpool === An haife shi a [[Liverpool]], Merseyside, Otsemobor ya ci gaba ta tsarin matasa na [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru da ƙungiyar a ranar 23 ga Maris 2000. Bayan ya yi fice a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta reserve, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Liverpool ta doke Southampton da ci 3-1 a gasar League Cup .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}} An ba shi aro ga Hull City har tsawon sauran kakar wasa domin ya samu gogewa a ƙungiyar farko. Otsemobor ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a rayuwarsa ga Hull a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Rushden &amp;amp; Diamonds da ci 4-2. Otsemobor ya kuma ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da Hull ta doke Shrewsbury Town da ci 2-0 da kuma wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Wrexham da ci 2-1. Bayan kammala zaman aronsa a Hull City, Otsemobor ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila da Liverpool, wanda hakan zai ci gaba da zama har zuwa shekarar 2005. A kakar wasa ta 2003-04, Otsemobor ya sake buga wasanni biyar a Liverpool, inda ya buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da kuma wasan da suka doke Bolton Wanderers 3-1. Ya kuma bayyana a jaridu a watan Oktoban 2003, lokacin da aka harbe shi a duwawu a lokacin da aka yi harbin bindiga a mashaya. Daga nan aka sake ba shi aro, a wannan karon ga Bolton Wanderers inda ya buga wasa ɗaya kacal, wanda shine rashin nasara da suka yi da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] 3-1. Duk da haka, kafin ƙarshen kakar wasa, zaman aro na Otsemobor tare da Bolton Wanderers ya ƙare, duk da cewa ba a ba shi damar bugawa Liverpool wasa a duk tsawon kakar wasa ta 2003-04 ba. Daga nan aka ba da aro ga [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] a matsayin aro na wata guda. Bayan kwana shida bayan ya sanya hannu a kansu, He ya fara bugawa Crewe wasa a wasan da suka doke Watford da ci 3-0. Ya zura kwallo daya a lokacin da aka ba shi aro a Crewe, wanda ya kasance a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] . Kwantiragin aro na Ostemobor da Crewe ya tsawaita a kan yarjejeniyar kakar wasa mai zuwa. Wannan ya faru ne bayan ya ƙi amincewa da kwangilar da ya yi da Liverpool, wadda aka tsara za ta ƙare a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2004-05. Otsemobor ya ce yana sha'awar ci gaba da zama a kulob din na dindindin; abin mamaki, ya ce rancen da ya bayar zai taimaka masa ya sami ƙungiya ta farko a Liverpool. A ƙarshen Disamba, zaman aro na Otsemobor tare da Crewe ya ƙare, inda ya buga wasanni goma sha huɗu kuma ya zira kwallaye ɗaya. Kulob din ya sallami Otsemobor a karshen kakar wasa ta 2004-05. === Rotherham United === Duk da sha'awar da Crewe da Hearts ke da shi, Otsemobor ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa Rotherham United a ranar 5 ga Yulin 2005, bayan canja wurinsa kyauta daga Liverpool. Bayan ya bayyana a cikin 'yan wasa huɗu na farko a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba, Otsemobor ya fara bugawa Rotherham United wasa, inda ya maye gurbin Lee Williamson a minti na 71, a wasan da suka doke Blackpool da ci 4-0 a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2005. A Rotherham United, Otsemobor ya buga wasanni takwas kuma ya zura kwallo daya a raga a wasan da suka yi da Port Vale a gasar cin kofin League] kafin a sake sayar da shi, a wannan karon ya koma Crewe Alexandra kyauta. === Crewe Alexandra === Otsemobor ya sanya hannu na dindindin a Crewe a ranar 19 ga Janairun 2006, inda ya ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07. Ya fara buga wasa na biyu a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 2-1 a hannun Plymouth Argyle . An yi la'akari da Otsemobor, tare da Steve Foster, Madjid Bougherra da Billy Jones a matsayin babban dalilin da ya sa Crewe ta yi ƙoƙarin kare kanta a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005-06, wanda daga ƙarshe ya gaza. Otsemobor ya kuma bayyana a dukkan wasannin da Crewe ta buga a wasanni biyar ba tare da an doke ta ba. A lokacin shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa, a watan Yunin 2006, Otsemobor ya kasa komawa horo a ranar da aka amince. Daga ranar 9 zuwa 14 ga watan Yunin 2006, manajan kulob din Dario Gradi ya kasa yin magana da Otsemobor kuma ba a san dalilan rashin zuwansa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dario Puzzled By Semmy's Absence |url=http://www.crewealex.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10414~837952,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615145925/http://www.crewealex.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10414~837952%2C00.html |archive-date=15 June 2007 |access-date=23 August 2006 |website=crewealex.co.uk}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2006, Otsemobor ya koma Crewe saboda dogon hutu da rashin fahimta a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ya rasa horo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Semi back in training |url=http://www.crewealex.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10414~838687,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515215526/http://www.crewealex.net/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10414~838687%2C00.html |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=23 August 2006 |website=crewealex.co.uk}}</ref> Bayan ya nemi afuwa kan abin da ya aikata, Manaja Dario Gradi ya amince da afuwar Otsemobor. A kakar wasa ta 2006-07, Ostemobor ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar farko kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan da suka yi da Cheltenham Town a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2006 lokacin da ya taimaka wa Crewe ta ci kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci 3-1. Duk da haka, lokacin wasan Ostemobor ya ragu bayan ya ji rauni, wanda hakan ya sa ya buga wasanni ashirin da bakwai a farkon kakar wasa ta farko. Duk da haka, an sanya Ostemobor a cikin ƙungiyar PFA League One Team of the Year na 2006–07, tare da abokin wasansa Luke Varney . Da kwantiraginsa ya kare a karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07,<ref>{{cite news|title=Crewe swoop to capture Otsemobor|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/crewe_alexandra/4627316.stm|work=BBC Sport|date=19 January 2006|access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref> an yi ta rade-radin cewa Ostemobor zai koma Norwich City da Preston North End . A watan Disamba na 2006, Ostemobor ya ƙi amincewa da kwantiragi, wanda hakan ya haifar da suka daga magoya bayan Crewe. === Birnin Norwich === Bayan ya bar Crewe Alexandra, Otsemobor ya koma Norwich City kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din a watan Yunin 2007. Otsemobor ya fara buga wasa a Norwich City a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga mintuna 90 a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Preston North End. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2007 |title=Match Report: Preston vs Norwich City |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~37441,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306162642/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~37441%2C00.html |archive-date=6 March 2010 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City F.C.}}</ref> Kwallonsa ta farko da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 5-1 a ranar 22 ga Maris 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2008 |title=Match Report: Norwich City vs Colchester |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~38336,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827223243/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~38336%2C00.html |archive-date=27 August 2009 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City FC}}</ref> Otsemobor ya kammala kakar wasa ta farko a Norwich City, inda ya buga wasanni arba'in da uku sannan ya zura kwallo daya. Duk da haka, kakar wasa ta biyu a Norwich City ba ta yi nasara ba a matsayin ta farko, domin yana fafatawa da Elliott Omozusi, wanda aka ba aro. Ostemobor ya fara bugawa kungiyar wasa a kakar wasa ta 2008-09 a ranar 30 ga Agusta 2008, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Birmingham City . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2008 |title=Match Report: Norwich City vs Birmingham City |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~43794,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827041303/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~43794%2C00.html |archive-date=27 August 2009 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City FC}}</ref> Bayan wasan, Manaja Glenn Roeder ya yaba da rawar da Otsemobor ya taka a lokacin da ya dawo. Ba da daɗewa ba, Otsemobor ya ji rauni a idon sawunsa a lokacin da suka sha kashi 2-1 a hannun Derby County a tsakiyar watan Oktoba. Otsemobor ya sake samun matsayinsa na ɗan baya na dama a ƙungiyar farko tun daga watan Nuwamba, bayan da Omozusi ya bar ƙungiyar. Duk da cewa ya buga wasanni talatin da takwas a ƙungiyar, Norwich City, duk da haka, ta koma gasar League One. A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, an soki rawar da Otsemobor ya taka lokacin da 'yan wasan tsaron gida suka zura kwallaye bakwai, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 7-1 a hannun Colchester United a wasan farko na kakar wasa. Makonni bayan shan kaye, Otsemobor ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Norwich City a kakar wasa ta 2009–10, a wasan da suka doke Wycombe Wanderers da ci 5-2 a ranar 22 ga Agusta 2009, a wasan farko da Paul Lambert ya ci a matsayin Manajan Norwich City. Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya samu raunuka, wanda hakan ya sa lokacin buga wasansa ya ragu kuma daga ƙarshe ya kasance a benci a ƙarshen Disamba. Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya buga wasa na 100 a Norwich City, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Southampton a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2009 |title=Match Report: Southampton v Norwich City |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~48447,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106232652/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~48447%2C00.html |archive-date=6 January 2010 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City FC}}</ref> === Southampton === Otsemobor ya rattaba hannu a Southampton a ranar 14 ga Janairu 2010, bayan canja wuri kyauta daga ƙungiyar da ke haskawa a gasar League One Norwich City . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2010 |title=Jon Joins |url=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280~1931958,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116051533/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10280~1931958%2C00.html |archive-date=16 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2010 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 16 ga Janairu yana wasa tare da wasu 'yan wasa biyu da suka sa hannu kwanan nan, José Fonte da Danny Seaborne, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Millwall . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2010 |title=Millwall vs Southampton |url=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280~48144,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119090058/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280~48144%2C00.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2010 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya samu rauni wanda ya hana shi buga wasa a duk watan Maris, wanda ya samu rauni a lokacin da suka doke [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] da ci 1-0. Bai samu damar bayar da gudummawa ga Southampton wajen lashe Kofin Zakarun Turai na 2009-10 ba saboda bai buga gasar cin kofin ba. Duk da cewa yana sha'awar ci gaba da zama a Southampton, Otsemobor yana cikin 'yan wasa goma sha biyu da kungiyar ta sallama a watan Mayun 2010. === Sheffield Laraba === A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2010, an sanar da cewa Otsemobor zai koma Sheffield Wednesday daga ranar 1 ga Yuli. An yi ta rade-radin cewa Otsemobor zai koma kungiyoyin League One kafin ya koma Sheffield Wednesday. Otsemobor ya fara buga wa Sheffield Wednesday wasa a zagaye na farko na League Cup, a wasan da suka doke [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] da ci 1-0 a ranar 8 ga Agusta 2010. Duk da haka, Otsemobor bai yi wasa mai kyau a Sheffield Wednesday ba saboda yana kan benci na 'yan wasa masu maye gurbinsa a wasanni bakwai na farko. Sai a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2010 kafin Otsemobor ya fara buga wasa a gasar, inda ya maye gurbin Darren Purse a minti na 45, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun tsohuwar kungiyar Southampton. Duk da haka, a ranar 16 ga Oktoba a wasan da suka yi da Yeovil Town, an kori Otsemobor a minti na 86 saboda ketar da ya yi wa Nathan Smith, mintuna biyu kacal kafin ya lashe fanareti, wanda hakan ya bai wa Tommy Miller damar zura kwallon da ta ba shi damar zura kwallon cikin nasara. Wasan ya ƙare da Sheffield Wednesday da ci 2-0. Bayan haka, Otsemobor ya buga wasan cin kofin FA kafin ya ji rauni a cinyarsa. Duk da cewa ya buga wasa da Huddersfield Town a ranar 3 ga Janairun 2011, Otsemobor ya sake jin rauni a cinyarsa. Bayan dawowarsa a ƙarshen Maris, Otsemobor ya ci gaba da riƙe matsayinsa na farko a ƙungiyar har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2010–11, yayin da ya buga wasanni goma sha biyar a kakar wasa ta farko. A kakar wasa ta 2011–12, Otsemobor ya buga wasanni huɗu na farko kafin ya ji rauni. Otsemobor ya dawo daga raunin da ya ji a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2011, inda ya kafa wa Ben Marshall kwallo a minti na 42, a wasan da suka doke Preston da ci 2-0, ya sake kafa wata kwallo a ragar Chris Lines, a wasan da suka doke Tranmere Rovers da ci 2-1. Otsemobor ya samu rauni wanda ya hana shi buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2011-12. Otsemobor ya kammala kakar wasa ta biyu a Sheffield Wednesday, da wasanni goma sha ɗaya. Bayan ya zo na biyu a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 2011–12 Football League One tare da Sheffield Wednesday, an sallame shi tare da wasu 'yan wasa shida bayan sun buga wasanni ashirin da shida a ƙungiyar a gasar tun lokacin da ya shiga a 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2012 |title=Owls release six |url=http://www.swfc.co.uk/page/News/0,,10304~2772782,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518005645/http://www.swfc.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10304~2772782%2C00.html |archive-date=18 May 2012 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Sheffield Wednesday F.C.}}</ref> === Milton Keynes Dons === A ranar 5 ga watan Yulin 2012, Otsemobor ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Milton Keynes Dons ta League One kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda, ya zama Dons ta farko da ta sanya hannu a lokacin rani. Otsemobor ya fara buga wa Milton Keynes Dons wasa, yana buga wasa a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da AFC Bournemouth a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2012 kuma bayan kwana bakwai, ya taimaka wa Milton Keynes Dons ya zura kwallo ta farko, a wasan da suka doke Blackburn Rovers da ci 2-1 a zagaye na biyu na gasar League Cup. Otsemobor ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar farko sannan ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a Milton Keynes Dons, a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 5-1 a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2012. Mako guda bayan haka a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2012, ya zura kwallon da ta ba shi nasara a minti na uku na lokacin rauni yayin da Dons ta doke AFC Wimbledon da ci 2-1 a zagaye na biyu na [[FA Cup|gasar cin kofin FA]] . Wannan ya bai wa Otsemobor matsayi a matsayin gwarzon ƙungiyar magoya bayan Dons, suna kiran ɗan wasan baya na dama "The Diddige of God". Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an ba Otsemobor kyautar Goal of the Decade a bikin bayar da kyautar ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Ben bags four awards |url=http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/ben-bags-four-awards-1518752.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829213340/http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/ben-bags-four-awards-1518752.aspx |archive-date=29 August 2015 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Milton Keynes Dons F.C.}}</ref> Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya samu rauni a kugu wanda ya hana shi yin wasa har tsawon watan Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2012 |title=Hartlepool United team news |url=http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/hartlepool-united-team-news-544941.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217081615/http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/hartlepool-united-team-news-544941.aspx |archive-date=17 December 2012 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Milton Keynes Dons FC}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa ƙungiyar farko, Otsemobor ya buga wasanni talatin da biyar a kakar wasa ta farko a Milton Keynes Dons. Duk da haka, a kakar wasa ta 2013-14, Otsemobor ya koma na uku a matsayin mai tsaron baya, sakamakon mayar da hankali kan ci gaban matasa a Milton Keynes Dons. Ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa Merseyside a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2013, lokacin da ya amince ya koma Tranmere Rovers a matsayin aro na wata guda. Ya zama ɗan wasa na uku da ya koma Rovers a wannan ranar a matsayin aro tare da ɗan wasan baya na Blackburn Rovers [[Ryan Edwards (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila)|Ryan Edwards]] da kuma ɗan wasan gefe [[Liverpool F.C.|na Liverpool]] Kristoffer Peterson . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otsemobor |first=Jon |date=28 November 2013 |title=Otsemobor Joins On Loan |url=http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/otsemobor-281113-1203307.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014859/http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/otsemobor-281113-1203307.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |publisher=Tranmere Rovers F.C.}}</ref> Otsemobor ya fara buga wa Tranmere Rovers wasa bayan kwana biyu bayan ya sanya hannu a kulob din, a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 2-1. Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a ƙungiyar, Ostemobor ya koma ƙungiyar iyayensa bayan ya ji rauni, wanda hakan ya sa ƙungiyar ba ta tsawaita zaman aronsa a Tranmere Rovers ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2013 |title=Loan Latest |url=http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/loans-311213-1265951.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101160117/http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/loans-311213-1265951.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Tranmere Rovers F.C.}}</ref> Bayan da zaman aronsa na Tranmere Rovers ya ƙare, Otsemobor ya bar MK Dons bisa amincewar juna a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2014 |title=Football: AFC Wimbledon goal hero Jon Otsemobor departs MK Dons |url=http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Sport/Football/MK-Dons/2013-2014/Football-AFC-Wimbledon-goal-hero-Jon-Otsemobor-departs-MK-Dons-20140108183810.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314145338/http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Sport/Football/MK-Dons/2013-2014/Football-AFC-Wimbledon-goal-hero-Jon-Otsemobor-departs-MK-Dons-20140108183810.htm |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=MK Web}}</ref> === Ƙarshen aiki === A ƙarshen watan Yunin 2014, ya yi gwaji da Doncaster Rovers kuma ya buga musu wasa da Bradford Park Avenue a wasan sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flown From the Nest - Jon Otsemobor |url=http://www.ex-canaries.co.uk/players/otsemobor.htm |access-date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Ex-canaries.co.uk}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya shahara a shafukan sada zumunta tun yana ɗan shekara 20, lokacin da a matsayinsa na wanda ba shi da laifi, wani ɗan bindiga mai ɗauke da makamai ya harbe shi a duwawu a wani gidan rawa na Liverpool. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa, ya shiga harkar kula da kadarori da haɓaka su. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |FA Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other{{Ref label|League|A|}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |2002–03 |[[Premier League]] |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |2003–04 |Premier League |4 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |5 |0 |- |2004–05 |Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !4 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !6 !0 |- |Hull City (loan) |2002–03 |Division Three |9 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |9 |3 |- |Bolton Wanderers (loan) |2003–04 |Premier League |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |[[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] (loan) |2004–05 |Championship |14 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |15 |1 |- |Rotherham United |2005–06 |League One |10 |0 |0 |0 |2 |1 |2 |0 |14 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] |2005–06 |Championship |16 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |16 |0 |- |2006–07 |League One |27 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |3 |0 |34 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !43 !0 !1 !0 !3 !0 !3 !0 !50 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Norwich City |2007–08 |Championship |43 |1 |1 |0 |3 |0 |0 |0 |47 |1 |- |2008–09 |Championship |37 |0 |2 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |40 |0 |- |2009–10 |League One |13 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !93 !2 !4 !0 !5 !0 !2 !0 !104 !2 |- |Southampton |2009–10 |League One |19 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |19 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Sheffield Wednesday |2010–11 |League One |15 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |3 |0 |21 |0 |- |2011–12 |League One |11 |0 |3 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !26 !0 !4 !0 !4 !0 !3 !0 !37 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Milton Keynes Dons |2012–13 |League One |35 |1 |5 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 |41 |2 |- |2013–14 |League One |9 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |1 |0 |12 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !44 !1 !5 !1 !3 !0 !1 !0 !53 !2 |- |Tranmere Rovers |2013–14 |League One |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career totals !265 !7 !14 !1 !20 !1 !11 !0 !310 !9 |}   == Daraja == * Ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara : 2006–07 Football League One == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commonscat}} * [http://www.lfchistory.net/player_profile.asp?player_id=452 Bayanin ɗan wasa na LFhistory.net] * Jon Otsemobor {{2006–07 Football League One Team of the Year}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jrbu8ladu1x1r18bffi5dnngopnj642 963945 963943 2026-10-06T17:08:37Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Crewe Alexandra */ 963945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jon Otsemobor''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Maris 1983) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Ingila wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na dama]] . An haife shi a [[Liverpool]], ya fara aikinsa da kulob din garinsu [[Liverpool F.C.|na Liverpool]] . Ya kuma buga wa Hull City, Bolton Wanderers, [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]], Rotherham United, Norwich City, Southampton, Sheffield Wednesday, Milton Keynes Dons da Tranmere Rovers wasa . Ya shahara a shafukan sada zumunta tun yana ɗan shekara 20, lokacin da a matsayinsa na wanda ba shi da laifi, wani ɗan bindiga mai ɗauke da makamai ya harbe shi a duwawu a wani gidan rawa na Liverpool. A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ya sami matsayin gwarzon ƙungiyar MK Dons saboda burinsa na "Deel of God", kuma bayan ya bar ƙungiyar ya bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da na ji daɗin kasancewa a ciki". <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2014 |title=Football: AFC Wimbledon goal hero Jon Otsemobor departs MK Dons |url=http://www.onemk.co.uk/sport/football/mk-dons/2013-2014/2014/1/Football-AFC-Wimbledon-goal-hero-Jon-Otsemobor-departs-MK-Dons-22274815.html |access-date=19 November 2015 |publisher=oneMK}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title='Heel of God' Jon Otsemobor leaves MK Dons |url=http://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/sport/football/mk-dons/heel-of-god-jon-otsemobor-leaves-mk-dons-1-5796687 |website=www.miltonkeynes.co.uk}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Liverpool === An haife shi a [[Liverpool]], Merseyside, Otsemobor ya ci gaba ta tsarin matasa na [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararru da ƙungiyar a ranar 23 ga Maris 2000. Bayan ya yi fice a ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta reserve, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da Liverpool ta doke Southampton da ci 3-1 a gasar League Cup .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}} An ba shi aro ga Hull City har tsawon sauran kakar wasa domin ya samu gogewa a ƙungiyar farko. Otsemobor ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a rayuwarsa ga Hull a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Rushden &amp;amp; Diamonds da ci 4-2. Otsemobor ya kuma ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da Hull ta doke Shrewsbury Town da ci 2-0 da kuma wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Wrexham da ci 2-1. Bayan kammala zaman aronsa a Hull City, Otsemobor ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila da Liverpool, wanda hakan zai ci gaba da zama har zuwa shekarar 2005. A kakar wasa ta 2003-04, Otsemobor ya sake buga wasanni biyar a Liverpool, inda ya buga wasa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Newcastle United FC|Newcastle United]] da kuma wasan da suka doke Bolton Wanderers 3-1. Ya kuma bayyana a jaridu a watan Oktoban 2003, lokacin da aka harbe shi a duwawu a lokacin da aka yi harbin bindiga a mashaya. Daga nan aka sake ba shi aro, a wannan karon ga Bolton Wanderers inda ya buga wasa ɗaya kacal, wanda shine rashin nasara da suka yi da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] 3-1. Duk da haka, kafin ƙarshen kakar wasa, zaman aro na Otsemobor tare da Bolton Wanderers ya ƙare, duk da cewa ba a ba shi damar bugawa Liverpool wasa a duk tsawon kakar wasa ta 2003-04 ba. Daga nan aka ba da aro ga [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] a matsayin aro na wata guda. Bayan kwana shida bayan ya sanya hannu a kansu, He ya fara bugawa Crewe wasa a wasan da suka doke Watford da ci 3-0. Ya zura kwallo daya a lokacin da aka ba shi aro a Crewe, wanda ya kasance a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] . Kwantiragin aro na Ostemobor da Crewe ya tsawaita a kan yarjejeniyar kakar wasa mai zuwa. Wannan ya faru ne bayan ya ƙi amincewa da kwangilar da ya yi da Liverpool, wadda aka tsara za ta ƙare a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2004-05. Otsemobor ya ce yana sha'awar ci gaba da zama a kulob din na dindindin; abin mamaki, ya ce rancen da ya bayar zai taimaka masa ya sami ƙungiya ta farko a Liverpool. A ƙarshen Disamba, zaman aro na Otsemobor tare da Crewe ya ƙare, inda ya buga wasanni goma sha huɗu kuma ya zira kwallaye ɗaya. Kulob din ya sallami Otsemobor a karshen kakar wasa ta 2004-05. === Rotherham United === Duk da sha'awar da Crewe da Hearts ke da shi, Otsemobor ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa Rotherham United a ranar 5 ga Yulin 2005, bayan canja wurinsa kyauta daga Liverpool. Bayan ya bayyana a cikin 'yan wasa huɗu na farko a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba, Otsemobor ya fara bugawa Rotherham United wasa, inda ya maye gurbin Lee Williamson a minti na 71, a wasan da suka doke Blackpool da ci 4-0 a ranar 27 ga Agusta 2005. A Rotherham United, Otsemobor ya buga wasanni takwas kuma ya zura kwallo daya a raga a wasan da suka yi da Port Vale a gasar cin kofin League] kafin a sake sayar da shi, a wannan karon ya koma Crewe Alexandra kyauta. === Crewe Alexandra === Otsemobor ya sanya hannu na dindindin a Crewe a ranar 19 ga Janairun 2006, inda ya ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07. Ya fara buga wasa na biyu a ƙungiyar a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 2-1 a hannun Plymouth Argyle . An yi la'akari da Otsemobor, tare da Steve Foster, Madjid Bougherra da Billy Jones a matsayin babban dalilin da ya sa Crewe ta yi ƙoƙarin kare kanta a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2005-06, wanda daga ƙarshe ya gaza. Otsemobor ya kuma bayyana a dukkan wasannin da Crewe ta buga a wasanni biyar ba tare da an doke ta ba. A lokacin shirye-shiryen fara kakar wasa, a watan Yunin 2006, Otsemobor ya kasa komawa horo a ranar da aka amince. Daga ranar 9 zuwa 14 ga watan Yunin 2006, manajan kulob din Dario Gradi ya kasa yin magana da Otsemobor kuma ba a san dalilan rashin zuwansa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dario Puzzled By Semmy's Absence |url=http://www.crewealex.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10414~837952,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070615145925/http://www.crewealex.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10414~837952%2C00.html |archive-date=15 June 2007 |access-date=23 August 2006 |website=crewealex.co.uk}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuni 2006, Otsemobor ya koma Crewe saboda dogon hutu da rashin fahimta a matsayin dalilin da ya sa ya rasa horo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Semi back in training |url=http://www.crewealex.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10414~838687,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515215526/http://www.crewealex.net/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10414~838687%2C00.html |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=23 August 2006 |website=crewealex.co.uk}}</ref> Bayan ya nemi afuwa kan abin da ya aikata, Manaja Dario Gradi ya amince da afuwar Otsemobor. A kakar wasa ta 2006-07, Ostemobor ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ƙungiyar farko kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasan da suka yi da Cheltenham Town a ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2006 lokacin da ya taimaka wa Crewe ta ci kwallaye biyu, a wasan da suka ci 3-1. Duk da haka, lokacin wasan Ostemobor ya ragu bayan ya ji rauni, wanda hakan ya sa ya buga wasanni ashirin da bakwai a farkon kakar wasa ta farko. Duk da haka, an sanya Ostemobor a cikin ƙungiyar PFA League One Team of the Year na 2006–07, tare da abokin wasansa Luke Varney . Da kwantiraginsa ya kare a karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07,<ref>{{cite news|title=Crewe swoop to capture Otsemobor|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/crewe_alexandra/4627316.stm|work=BBC Sport|date=19 January 2006|access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref> an yi ta rade-radin cewa Ostemobor zai koma Norwich City da Preston North End . A watan Disamba na 2006, Ostemobor ya ƙi amincewa da kwantiragi, wanda hakan ya haifar da suka daga magoya bayan Crewe.</ref> In December 2006, Ostemobor turned down a contract, which prompted criticism from Crewe supporters.<ref>{{cite news|title=Baudet backs rebel duo|url=http://www.crewechronicle.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/baudet-backs-rebel-duo-5637285|newspaper=Crewe Chronicle|date=20 December 2006|access-date=29 August 2015}}</ref> === Birnin Norwich === Bayan ya bar Crewe Alexandra, Otsemobor ya koma Norwich City kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din a watan Yunin 2007. Otsemobor ya fara buga wasa a Norwich City a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya buga mintuna 90 a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Preston North End. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2007 |title=Match Report: Preston vs Norwich City |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~37441,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306162642/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~37441%2C00.html |archive-date=6 March 2010 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City F.C.}}</ref> Kwallonsa ta farko da ya ci wa ƙungiyar ta zo ne a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 5-1 a ranar 22 ga Maris 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2008 |title=Match Report: Norwich City vs Colchester |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~38336,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827223243/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~38336%2C00.html |archive-date=27 August 2009 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City FC}}</ref> Otsemobor ya kammala kakar wasa ta farko a Norwich City, inda ya buga wasanni arba'in da uku sannan ya zura kwallo daya. Duk da haka, kakar wasa ta biyu a Norwich City ba ta yi nasara ba a matsayin ta farko, domin yana fafatawa da Elliott Omozusi, wanda aka ba aro. Ostemobor ya fara bugawa kungiyar wasa a kakar wasa ta 2008-09 a ranar 30 ga Agusta 2008, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Birmingham City . <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2008 |title=Match Report: Norwich City vs Birmingham City |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~43794,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827041303/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~43794%2C00.html |archive-date=27 August 2009 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City FC}}</ref> Bayan wasan, Manaja Glenn Roeder ya yaba da rawar da Otsemobor ya taka a lokacin da ya dawo. Ba da daɗewa ba, Otsemobor ya ji rauni a idon sawunsa a lokacin da suka sha kashi 2-1 a hannun Derby County a tsakiyar watan Oktoba. Otsemobor ya sake samun matsayinsa na ɗan baya na dama a ƙungiyar farko tun daga watan Nuwamba, bayan da Omozusi ya bar ƙungiyar. Duk da cewa ya buga wasanni talatin da takwas a ƙungiyar, Norwich City, duk da haka, ta koma gasar League One. A kakar wasa ta 2009-10, an soki rawar da Otsemobor ya taka lokacin da 'yan wasan tsaron gida suka zura kwallaye bakwai, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 7-1 a hannun Colchester United a wasan farko na kakar wasa. Makonni bayan shan kaye, Otsemobor ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Norwich City a kakar wasa ta 2009–10, a wasan da suka doke Wycombe Wanderers da ci 5-2 a ranar 22 ga Agusta 2009, a wasan farko da Paul Lambert ya ci a matsayin Manajan Norwich City. Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya samu raunuka, wanda hakan ya sa lokacin buga wasansa ya ragu kuma daga ƙarshe ya kasance a benci a ƙarshen Disamba. Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya buga wasa na 100 a Norwich City, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Southampton a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2009 |title=Match Report: Southampton v Norwich City |url=http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10355~48447,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106232652/http://www.canaries.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10355~48447%2C00.html |archive-date=6 January 2010 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Norwich City FC}}</ref> === Southampton === Otsemobor ya rattaba hannu a Southampton a ranar 14 ga Janairu 2010, bayan canja wuri kyauta daga ƙungiyar da ke haskawa a gasar League One Norwich City . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2010 |title=Jon Joins |url=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10280~1931958,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116051533/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0%2C%2C10280~1931958%2C00.html |archive-date=16 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2010 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 16 ga Janairu yana wasa tare da wasu 'yan wasa biyu da suka sa hannu kwanan nan, José Fonte da Danny Seaborne, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Millwall . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2010 |title=Millwall vs Southampton |url=http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0,,10280~48144,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119090058/http://www.saintsfc.co.uk/page/MatchReport/0%2C%2C10280~48144%2C00.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 |access-date=17 January 2010 |publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya samu rauni wanda ya hana shi buga wasa a duk watan Maris, wanda ya samu rauni a lokacin da suka doke [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] da ci 1-0. Bai samu damar bayar da gudummawa ga Southampton wajen lashe Kofin Zakarun Turai na 2009-10 ba saboda bai buga gasar cin kofin ba. Duk da cewa yana sha'awar ci gaba da zama a Southampton, Otsemobor yana cikin 'yan wasa goma sha biyu da kungiyar ta sallama a watan Mayun 2010. === Sheffield Laraba === A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2010, an sanar da cewa Otsemobor zai koma Sheffield Wednesday daga ranar 1 ga Yuli. An yi ta rade-radin cewa Otsemobor zai koma kungiyoyin League One kafin ya koma Sheffield Wednesday. Otsemobor ya fara buga wa Sheffield Wednesday wasa a zagaye na farko na League Cup, a wasan da suka doke [[Bury F.C.|Bury]] da ci 1-0 a ranar 8 ga Agusta 2010. Duk da haka, Otsemobor bai yi wasa mai kyau a Sheffield Wednesday ba saboda yana kan benci na 'yan wasa masu maye gurbinsa a wasanni bakwai na farko. Sai a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2010 kafin Otsemobor ya fara buga wasa a gasar, inda ya maye gurbin Darren Purse a minti na 45, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun tsohuwar kungiyar Southampton. Duk da haka, a ranar 16 ga Oktoba a wasan da suka yi da Yeovil Town, an kori Otsemobor a minti na 86 saboda ketar da ya yi wa Nathan Smith, mintuna biyu kacal kafin ya lashe fanareti, wanda hakan ya bai wa Tommy Miller damar zura kwallon da ta ba shi damar zura kwallon cikin nasara. Wasan ya ƙare da Sheffield Wednesday da ci 2-0. Bayan haka, Otsemobor ya buga wasan cin kofin FA kafin ya ji rauni a cinyarsa. Duk da cewa ya buga wasa da Huddersfield Town a ranar 3 ga Janairun 2011, Otsemobor ya sake jin rauni a cinyarsa. Bayan dawowarsa a ƙarshen Maris, Otsemobor ya ci gaba da riƙe matsayinsa na farko a ƙungiyar har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2010–11, yayin da ya buga wasanni goma sha biyar a kakar wasa ta farko. A kakar wasa ta 2011–12, Otsemobor ya buga wasanni huɗu na farko kafin ya ji rauni. Otsemobor ya dawo daga raunin da ya ji a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2011, inda ya kafa wa Ben Marshall kwallo a minti na 42, a wasan da suka doke Preston da ci 2-0, ya sake kafa wata kwallo a ragar Chris Lines, a wasan da suka doke Tranmere Rovers da ci 2-1. Otsemobor ya samu rauni wanda ya hana shi buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2011-12. Otsemobor ya kammala kakar wasa ta biyu a Sheffield Wednesday, da wasanni goma sha ɗaya. Bayan ya zo na biyu a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 2011–12 Football League One tare da Sheffield Wednesday, an sallame shi tare da wasu 'yan wasa shida bayan sun buga wasanni ashirin da shida a ƙungiyar a gasar tun lokacin da ya shiga a 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2012 |title=Owls release six |url=http://www.swfc.co.uk/page/News/0,,10304~2772782,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518005645/http://www.swfc.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10304~2772782%2C00.html |archive-date=18 May 2012 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Sheffield Wednesday F.C.}}</ref> === Milton Keynes Dons === A ranar 5 ga watan Yulin 2012, Otsemobor ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Milton Keynes Dons ta League One kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda, ya zama Dons ta farko da ta sanya hannu a lokacin rani. Otsemobor ya fara buga wa Milton Keynes Dons wasa, yana buga wasa a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da AFC Bournemouth a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2012 kuma bayan kwana bakwai, ya taimaka wa Milton Keynes Dons ya zura kwallo ta farko, a wasan da suka doke Blackburn Rovers da ci 2-1 a zagaye na biyu na gasar League Cup. Otsemobor ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar farko sannan ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a Milton Keynes Dons, a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 5-1 a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2012. Mako guda bayan haka a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2012, ya zura kwallon da ta ba shi nasara a minti na uku na lokacin rauni yayin da Dons ta doke AFC Wimbledon da ci 2-1 a zagaye na biyu na [[FA Cup|gasar cin kofin FA]] . Wannan ya bai wa Otsemobor matsayi a matsayin gwarzon ƙungiyar magoya bayan Dons, suna kiran ɗan wasan baya na dama "The Diddige of God". Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an ba Otsemobor kyautar Goal of the Decade a bikin bayar da kyautar ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Ben bags four awards |url=http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/ben-bags-four-awards-1518752.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829213340/http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/ben-bags-four-awards-1518752.aspx |archive-date=29 August 2015 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Milton Keynes Dons F.C.}}</ref> Duk da haka, Otsemobor ya samu rauni a kugu wanda ya hana shi yin wasa har tsawon watan Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2012 |title=Hartlepool United team news |url=http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/hartlepool-united-team-news-544941.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217081615/http://www.mkdons.com/news/article/hartlepool-united-team-news-544941.aspx |archive-date=17 December 2012 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Milton Keynes Dons FC}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa ƙungiyar farko, Otsemobor ya buga wasanni talatin da biyar a kakar wasa ta farko a Milton Keynes Dons. Duk da haka, a kakar wasa ta 2013-14, Otsemobor ya koma na uku a matsayin mai tsaron baya, sakamakon mayar da hankali kan ci gaban matasa a Milton Keynes Dons. Ya koma ƙasarsa ta haihuwa Merseyside a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2013, lokacin da ya amince ya koma Tranmere Rovers a matsayin aro na wata guda. Ya zama ɗan wasa na uku da ya koma Rovers a wannan ranar a matsayin aro tare da ɗan wasan baya na Blackburn Rovers [[Ryan Edwards (ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila)|Ryan Edwards]] da kuma ɗan wasan gefe [[Liverpool F.C.|na Liverpool]] Kristoffer Peterson . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otsemobor |first=Jon |date=28 November 2013 |title=Otsemobor Joins On Loan |url=http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/otsemobor-281113-1203307.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014859/http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/otsemobor-281113-1203307.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |publisher=Tranmere Rovers F.C.}}</ref> Otsemobor ya fara buga wa Tranmere Rovers wasa bayan kwana biyu bayan ya sanya hannu a kulob din, a wasan da suka doke Colchester United da ci 2-1. Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a ƙungiyar, Ostemobor ya koma ƙungiyar iyayensa bayan ya ji rauni, wanda hakan ya sa ƙungiyar ba ta tsawaita zaman aronsa a Tranmere Rovers ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2013 |title=Loan Latest |url=http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/loans-311213-1265951.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101160117/http://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/article/loans-311213-1265951.aspx |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Tranmere Rovers F.C.}}</ref> Bayan da zaman aronsa na Tranmere Rovers ya ƙare, Otsemobor ya bar MK Dons bisa amincewar juna a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2014 |title=Football: AFC Wimbledon goal hero Jon Otsemobor departs MK Dons |url=http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Sport/Football/MK-Dons/2013-2014/Football-AFC-Wimbledon-goal-hero-Jon-Otsemobor-departs-MK-Dons-20140108183810.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314145338/http://www.mkweb.co.uk/Sport/Football/MK-Dons/2013-2014/Football-AFC-Wimbledon-goal-hero-Jon-Otsemobor-departs-MK-Dons-20140108183810.htm |archive-date=14 March 2014 |access-date=14 March 2014 |publisher=MK Web}}</ref> === Ƙarshen aiki === A ƙarshen watan Yunin 2014, ya yi gwaji da Doncaster Rovers kuma ya buga musu wasa da Bradford Park Avenue a wasan sada zumunci na kafin kakar wasa a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flown From the Nest - Jon Otsemobor |url=http://www.ex-canaries.co.uk/players/otsemobor.htm |access-date=19 November 2015 |publisher=Ex-canaries.co.uk}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ya shahara a shafukan sada zumunta tun yana ɗan shekara 20, lokacin da a matsayinsa na wanda ba shi da laifi, wani ɗan bindiga mai ɗauke da makamai ya harbe shi a duwawu a wani gidan rawa na Liverpool. Bayan ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa, ya shiga harkar kula da kadarori da haɓaka su. == Ƙididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |FA Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other{{Ref label|League|A|}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |2002–03 |[[Premier League]] |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |2003–04 |Premier League |4 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |5 |0 |- |2004–05 |Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !4 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !6 !0 |- |Hull City (loan) |2002–03 |Division Three |9 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |9 |3 |- |Bolton Wanderers (loan) |2003–04 |Premier League |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |[[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] (loan) |2004–05 |Championship |14 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |15 |1 |- |Rotherham United |2005–06 |League One |10 |0 |0 |0 |2 |1 |2 |0 |14 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] |2005–06 |Championship |16 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |16 |0 |- |2006–07 |League One |27 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |3 |0 |34 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !43 !0 !1 !0 !3 !0 !3 !0 !50 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Norwich City |2007–08 |Championship |43 |1 |1 |0 |3 |0 |0 |0 |47 |1 |- |2008–09 |Championship |37 |0 |2 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |40 |0 |- |2009–10 |League One |13 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !93 !2 !4 !0 !5 !0 !2 !0 !104 !2 |- |Southampton |2009–10 |League One |19 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |19 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Sheffield Wednesday |2010–11 |League One |15 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |3 |0 |21 |0 |- |2011–12 |League One |11 |0 |3 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !26 !0 !4 !0 !4 !0 !3 !0 !37 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Milton Keynes Dons |2012–13 |League One |35 |1 |5 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 |41 |2 |- |2013–14 |League One |9 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |1 |0 |12 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !44 !1 !5 !1 !3 !0 !1 !0 !53 !2 |- |Tranmere Rovers |2013–14 |League One |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career totals !265 !7 !14 !1 !20 !1 !11 !0 !310 !9 |}   == Daraja == * Ƙungiyar PFA ta Shekara : 2006–07 Football League One == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commonscat}} * [http://www.lfchistory.net/player_profile.asp?player_id=452 Bayanin ɗan wasa na LFhistory.net] * Jon Otsemobor {{2006–07 Football League One Team of the Year}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6r5a114xq7zt6gufsv4uuddwt9z5uas 0 178382 963959 2026-10-06T17:54:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375056684|Martin Kayongo-Mutumba]]" 963959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martin Kayongo-Mutumba''' (an haife shi '''Martin Mutumba''', 15 Yuni 1985) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallo na [[Rinkeby United]] . An fi tunawa da shi saboda lokacin da yake tare da AIK, wanda ya lashe Allsvenskan da Svenska Cupen a shekarar 2009. An haife shi a Sweden ga iyayen Uganda, ya wakilci kungiyoyin Sweden U17 da U19 kafin ya fara bugawa Uganda wasa a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Mutumba ya fara aikinsa a Vasalunds IF tun yana ƙarami, kuma a cikin 1999 ya shiga AIK, a matsayin ɗan wasan matasa. A cikin fall of 2002 ya fara fitowa tare da manyan 'yan wasa a kan Kalmar FF, yana wasa minti biyar na karshe na wasan. A shekara ta 2004 AIK ta so Mutumba ya yi wasa tare da FC Cafe Opera, kulob din da zai yi aiki a matsayin kulob din AIK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2006 |title=AIK FOTBOLL: AIK Fotboll och Väsby United fördjupar samarbete |url=http://www.privataaffarer.se/nyheter/Pressmeddelanden/pressmeddelande.xml?intPressReleaseID=86094 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718145618/http://www.privataaffarer.se/nyheter/Pressmeddelanden/pressmeddelande.xml?intPressReleaseID=86094 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=25 November 2008 |publisher=Privataaffarer.se}}</ref> Abin takaici, Mutumba ya karya kafa a gasar cikin gida da ya buga tare da wasu abokai kafin kakar ta fara kuma bai taba iya buga kowane wasa ga Café Opera ba.<ref>[http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=647&a=209688 Mutumba: "Jag trodde aldrig jag skulle spela igen"]{{Dead link|date=April 2025}}</ref> Ya bayyana cewa ya rasa sha'awar kwallon kafa kuma "ya fara ratayewa tare da taron da ba daidai ba". Wannan ya sauka da batir da cajin kai hari. Kotun shari'a ta ba shi damar ta biyu kuma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da kwallon kafa.<ref name="Jag blev en fel människa">{{Cite web |last=Johan Flinck |date=16 April 2009 |title=Jag blev en fel människa |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotbollsbladet/sverige/allsvenskan/aik/article4920185.ab |publisher=Aftonbladet.se}}</ref> === Inter Turku === A shekara ta 2005, AIK ta sayar da shi ga kungiyar [[Finland|Finnish]] FC Inter Turku wacce ta taka leda a Premier Division, Veikkausliiga . === Väsby United === Lokacin da kakar Finnish ta ƙare a farkon shekara ta 2007 Mutumba ya gwada wa [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] La Liga ta Spain Deportivo de La Coruña, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Martin Mutumba provspelar för Deportivo |url=http://www.fotbollsverige.se/news_show_martin_mutumba_provspelar_for_deportivo.html?id=230711 |publisher=Fotbollsverige.se}}</ref> tsohuwar kulob dinsa AIK <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Mutumba fortsätter i AIK |url=http://www.svenskafans.com/fotboll/aik/artikel.asp?id=205499 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214548/https://www.svenskafans.com/fotboll/aik/artikel.asp?id=205499 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=26 November 2007 |publisher=Svenskafans.com}}</ref> da kungiyar Hibernian ta Scottish Premier League. Mutumba da kansa ya ba da rahoton cewa ya ƙi yarjejeniya daga Deportivo La Coruña, kuma kafofin watsa labarai na Burtaniya sun yi iƙirarin cewa ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar gajeren lokaci tare da Hibernian. A wata hira da aka yi da jaridar Sweden [[Aftonbladet]] ya bayyana cewa yarjejeniyar da Deportivo La Coruña ta fadi saboda matsaloli a madadin wakilin sa, kuma ya bayyana cewa suna magana ne game da Ƙungiyar ci gaba, Fabril, waɗanda ke wasa a cikin ƙungiyar Segunda B ta Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=David Tanentsapf |date=13 January 2009 |title=Det var tre år av krig |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/allsvenskan/aik/article4172339.ab |publisher=Aftonbladet.se}}</ref> A ƙarshe ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Superettan FC Väsby United, inda a baya ya kasance a ƙarƙashin kwangila a 2004 lokacin da aka san kulob din da "FC Café Opera". === Komawa zuwa AIK === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008 ya sake sanya hannu tare da AIK.<ref>[http://www.aikfotboll.se/Nyheter/Sidor/081118_martinmutumba.aspx Martin Kayongo-Mutumba återvänder till AIK]{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa kulob din, ya bayyana cewa yana inda yake so ya kasance kuma ba zai yiwu ya sake komawa kasashen waje ba kuma kuɗin da aka ba shi ba zai zama mai yanke shawara ba. A wasan karshe na kakar 2009 AIK ta doke IFK Göteborg 2-1 a wasan da ya yanke shawara, inda ta yi ikirarin lashe gasar Allsvenskan a karo na farko a cikin shekaru goma sha ɗaya. A cikin minti na 55, Mutumba ya ba da taimako ga abokin aikinsa Antônio Flávio, wanda ya ɗauki abincin "mai basira" kuma ya yi amfani da mai daidaitawa bayan mai tsaron gidan IFK Gothenburg.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=AIK takes home Swedish football league title – The Local |url=http://www.thelocal.se/23008/20091101/ |publisher=Thelocal.se}}</ref> Kwanaki biyu kafin wasan karshe, Mutumba ya yi tattoo a cikin "AIK GULD (Gold) 2LAX9 (2009, LAX shine karin magana ga dubu) a kirjinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Mutumbas AIK Guld 2LAX9 ny trend – Dagens Nyheter |url=https://www.dn.se/sport/fotboll/mutumbas-aik-guld-2lax9-ny-trend/ |publisher=[[Dagens Nyheter]]}}</ref> AIK ya fara da mummunan farawa a kakar 2010, ya yi mummunar aiki duk da cewa an lashe kofin zakarun 'yan watanni da suka gabata. Kungiyar tana gab da yakin da za a yi saboda wadannan mummunar nuni. Manajan Mikael Stahre ya tafi Panionios GSS kuma kungiyar ta fuskanci zargi mai tsanani saboda mummunar wasan kwaikwayon. === Videoton === A ranar 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2010, kafofin watsa labarai sun ba da rahoton cewa kulob din Hungary na Videoton FC ya sayi Bojan Djordjic da Martin Mutumba.<ref name="aftonbladet.se">{{Cite web |last=Patrik Sjögren |date=28 June 2010 |title=Chocken: Guldhjältarna lämnar mästarlaget &#124; AIK &#124; Allsvenskan &#124; Sverige &#124; Fotboll &#124; Sportbladet &#124; Aftonbladet |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/allsvenskan/aik/article7380809.ab |publisher=Aftonbladet.se}}</ref> Darakta na kulob din Hungary ya kwatanta Djordjic da [[Roberto Baggio]] da Mutumba da [[Ronaldinho]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreas Lagnelius |date=29 June 2010 |title=Jämför Mutumba och Bojan – med Ronaldinho och Baggio &#124; AIK &#124; Allsvenskan &#124; Sverige &#124; Fotboll &#124; Sportbladet &#124; Aftonbladet |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/allsvenskan/aik/article7388899.ab |publisher=Aftonbladet.se}}</ref> Canjin ya haifar da hasashe da yawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, musamman tun lokacin da AIK ta nada kocin Scotland Alex Miller kwanaki kadan kafin a yi canjin. 'Yan wasan sun yi iƙirarin cewa shawarar Mista Miller ce ta bar' yan wasan su tafi, amma kungiyar AIK ta yi iƙirin cewa sun sami irin wannan tayin mai kyau da ba za su iya ƙin sayar da su ba.<ref name="aftonbladet.se" /> === Komawa na biyu zuwa AIK === A shekara ta 2011, AIK ta sanya hannu kan Mutumba a karo na uku, ta amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku tare da kulob din. === Çaykur Rizespor === A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Çaykur Rizespor ta sanar da cewa Mutumba ya sanya hannu tare da su na tsawon shekaru 2.5. === Rah Ahan === A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, ya shiga kungiyar Rah Ahan ta Persian Gulf Pro League . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Lokacin da ya fara sanya hannu tare da AIK, har yanzu matashi ne, mahaifinsa ya bar aikinsa kuma saurayi Mutumba ya ba iyalin kuɗin shiga kawai da suke da shi. Lokacin da kulob din ya bar shi ya tafi, iyalin nan da nan suka sami kansu cikin matsalolin tattalin arziki.<ref name="Jag blev en fel människa" /> A shekara ta 2003, Mutumba ya hada kai a kan littafin "Svartskallar - Så funkar vi" (kimanin: "Wogs - Yadda muke aiki") inda matasa 11 daga al'adu da 'yan tsiraru ke magana game da yadda yake zama na asalin baƙi a cikin al'ummar Sweden ta zamani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fxerhymrq11ka4ceux2monuy4tebxv6 963990 963959 2026-10-06T18:50:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 963990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Martin Kayongo-Mutumba''' (an haife shi '''Martin Mutumba''', 15 Yuni 1985) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallo na [[Rinkeby United]] . An fi tunawa da shi saboda lokacin da yake tare da AIK, wanda ya lashe Allsvenskan da Svenska Cupen a shekarar 2009. An haife shi a Sweden ga iyayen Uganda, ya wakilci kungiyoyin Sweden U17 da U19 kafin ya fara bugawa Uganda wasa a shekarar 2012. == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Mutumba ya fara aikinsa a Vasalunds IF tun yana ƙarami, kuma a cikin 1999 ya shiga AIK, a matsayin ɗan wasan matasa. A cikin fall of 2002 ya fara fitowa tare da manyan 'yan wasa a kan Kalmar FF, yana wasa minti biyar na karshe na wasan. A shekara ta 2004 AIK ta so Mutumba ya yi wasa tare da FC Cafe Opera, kulob din da zai yi aiki a matsayin kulob din AIK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2006 |title=AIK FOTBOLL: AIK Fotboll och Väsby United fördjupar samarbete |url=http://www.privataaffarer.se/nyheter/Pressmeddelanden/pressmeddelande.xml?intPressReleaseID=86094 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718145618/http://www.privataaffarer.se/nyheter/Pressmeddelanden/pressmeddelande.xml?intPressReleaseID=86094 |archive-date=18 July 2011 |access-date=25 November 2008 |publisher=Privataaffarer.se}}</ref> Abin takaici, Mutumba ya karya kafa a gasar cikin gida da ya buga tare da wasu abokai kafin kakar ta fara kuma bai taba iya buga kowane wasa ga Café Opera ba.<ref>[http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=647&a=209688 Mutumba: "Jag trodde aldrig jag skulle spela igen"]{{Dead link|date=April 2025}}</ref> Ya bayyana cewa ya rasa sha'awar kwallon kafa kuma "ya fara ratayewa tare da taron da ba daidai ba". Wannan ya sauka da batir da cajin kai hari. Kotun shari'a ta ba shi damar ta biyu kuma ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da kwallon kafa.<ref name="Jag blev en fel människa">{{Cite web |last=Johan Flinck |date=16 April 2009 |title=Jag blev en fel människa |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotbollsbladet/sverige/allsvenskan/aik/article4920185.ab |publisher=Aftonbladet.se}}</ref> === Inter Turku === A shekara ta 2005, AIK ta sayar da shi ga kungiyar [[Finland|Finnish]] FC Inter Turku wacce ta taka leda a Premier Division, Veikkausliiga . === Väsby United === Lokacin da kakar Finnish ta ƙare a farkon shekara ta 2007 Mutumba ya gwada wa [[La Liga|Ƙungiyar]] La Liga ta Spain Deportivo de La Coruña, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Martin Mutumba provspelar för Deportivo |url=http://www.fotbollsverige.se/news_show_martin_mutumba_provspelar_for_deportivo.html?id=230711 |publisher=Fotbollsverige.se}}</ref> tsohuwar kulob dinsa AIK <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Mutumba fortsätter i AIK |url=http://www.svenskafans.com/fotboll/aik/artikel.asp?id=205499 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214548/https://www.svenskafans.com/fotboll/aik/artikel.asp?id=205499 |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=26 November 2007 |publisher=Svenskafans.com}}</ref> da kungiyar Hibernian ta Scottish Premier League. Mutumba da kansa ya ba da rahoton cewa ya ƙi yarjejeniya daga Deportivo La Coruña, kuma kafofin watsa labarai na Burtaniya sun yi iƙirarin cewa ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar gajeren lokaci tare da Hibernian. A wata hira da aka yi da jaridar Sweden [[Aftonbladet]] ya bayyana cewa yarjejeniyar da Deportivo La Coruña ta fadi saboda matsaloli a madadin wakilin sa, kuma ya bayyana cewa suna magana ne game da Ƙungiyar ci gaba, Fabril, waɗanda ke wasa a cikin ƙungiyar Segunda B ta Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=David Tanentsapf |date=13 January 2009 |title=Det var tre år av krig |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/allsvenskan/aik/article4172339.ab |publisher=Aftonbladet.se}}</ref> A ƙarshe ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Superettan FC Väsby United, inda a baya ya kasance a ƙarƙashin kwangila a 2004 lokacin da aka san kulob din da "FC Café Opera". === Komawa zuwa AIK === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2008 ya sake sanya hannu tare da AIK.<ref>[http://www.aikfotboll.se/Nyheter/Sidor/081118_martinmutumba.aspx Martin Kayongo-Mutumba återvänder till AIK]{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa kulob din, ya bayyana cewa yana inda yake so ya kasance kuma ba zai yiwu ya sake komawa kasashen waje ba kuma kuɗin da aka ba shi ba zai zama mai yanke shawara ba. A wasan karshe na kakar 2009 AIK ta doke IFK Göteborg 2-1 a wasan da ya yanke shawara, inda ta yi ikirarin lashe gasar Allsvenskan a karo na farko a cikin shekaru goma sha ɗaya. A cikin minti na 55, Mutumba ya ba da taimako ga abokin aikinsa Antônio Flávio, wanda ya ɗauki abincin "mai basira" kuma ya yi amfani da mai daidaitawa bayan mai tsaron gidan IFK Gothenburg.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=AIK takes home Swedish football league title – The Local |url=http://www.thelocal.se/23008/20091101/ |publisher=Thelocal.se}}</ref> Kwanaki biyu kafin wasan karshe, Mutumba ya yi tattoo a cikin "AIK GULD (Gold) 2LAX9 (2009, LAX shine karin magana ga dubu) a kirjinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Mutumbas AIK Guld 2LAX9 ny trend – Dagens Nyheter |url=https://www.dn.se/sport/fotboll/mutumbas-aik-guld-2lax9-ny-trend/ |publisher=[[Dagens Nyheter]]}}</ref> AIK ya fara da mummunan farawa a kakar 2010, ya yi mummunar aiki duk da cewa an lashe kofin zakarun 'yan watanni da suka gabata. Kungiyar tana gab da yakin da za a yi saboda wadannan mummunar nuni. Manajan Mikael Stahre ya tafi Panionios GSS kuma kungiyar ta fuskanci zargi mai tsanani saboda mummunar wasan kwaikwayon. === Videoton === A ranar 28 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2010, kafofin watsa labarai sun ba da rahoton cewa kulob din Hungary na Videoton FC ya sayi Bojan Djordjic da Martin Mutumba.<ref name="aftonbladet.se">{{Cite web |last=Patrik Sjögren |date=28 June 2010 |title=Chocken: Guldhjältarna lämnar mästarlaget &#124; AIK &#124; Allsvenskan &#124; Sverige &#124; Fotboll &#124; Sportbladet &#124; Aftonbladet |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/allsvenskan/aik/article7380809.ab |publisher=Aftonbladet.se}}</ref> Darakta na kulob din Hungary ya kwatanta Djordjic da [[Roberto Baggio]] da Mutumba da [[Ronaldinho]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreas Lagnelius |date=29 June 2010 |title=Jämför Mutumba och Bojan – med Ronaldinho och Baggio &#124; AIK &#124; Allsvenskan &#124; Sverige &#124; Fotboll &#124; Sportbladet &#124; Aftonbladet |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/allsvenskan/aik/article7388899.ab |publisher=Aftonbladet.se}}</ref> Canjin ya haifar da hasashe da yawa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, musamman tun lokacin da AIK ta nada kocin Scotland Alex Miller kwanaki kadan kafin a yi canjin. 'Yan wasan sun yi iƙirarin cewa shawarar Mista Miller ce ta bar' yan wasan su tafi, amma kungiyar AIK ta yi iƙirin cewa sun sami irin wannan tayin mai kyau da ba za su iya ƙin sayar da su ba.<ref name="aftonbladet.se" /> === Komawa na biyu zuwa AIK === A shekara ta 2011, AIK ta sanya hannu kan Mutumba a karo na uku, ta amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku tare da kulob din. === Çaykur Rizespor === A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Çaykur Rizespor ta sanar da cewa Mutumba ya sanya hannu tare da su na tsawon shekaru 2.5. === Rah Ahan === A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, ya shiga kungiyar Rah Ahan ta Persian Gulf Pro League . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Lokacin da ya fara sanya hannu tare da AIK, har yanzu matashi ne, mahaifinsa ya bar aikinsa kuma saurayi Mutumba ya ba iyalin kuɗin shiga kawai da suke da shi. Lokacin da kulob din ya bar shi ya tafi, iyalin nan da nan suka sami kansu cikin matsalolin tattalin arziki.<ref name="Jag blev en fel människa" /> A shekara ta 2003, Mutumba ya hada kai a kan littafin "Svartskallar - Så funkar vi" (kimanin: "Wogs - Yadda muke aiki") inda matasa 11 daga al'adu da 'yan tsiraru ke magana game da yadda yake zama na asalin baƙi a cikin al'ummar Sweden ta zamani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rvm0tjscovq1dhlj06xmmdhb6c75fne 0 178383 963960 2026-10-06T17:54:21Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Kabarin Buba Yero''' (wani wurin tarihi ne da ke [[Gombe Abba]] a Jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Kabarin shi ne inda aka binne [[Buba Yero]], wanda ya kafa Masarautar Gombe a farkon ƙarni na 19. Gombe Abba ita ce tsohuwar hedikwatar masarautar a lokacin mulkin Buba Yero, kuma wurin yana daga cikin wuraren tarihi da ake dangantawa da tarihin kafuwar Gombe. {{cite web|title=Gombe State|url=https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/report/Gombe%20SESOP%202019.pdf|publisher=Government of Gombe State... 963960 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kabarin Buba Yero''' (wani wurin tarihi ne da ke [[Gombe Abba]] a Jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Kabarin shi ne inda aka binne [[Buba Yero]], wanda ya kafa Masarautar Gombe a farkon ƙarni na 19. Gombe Abba ita ce tsohuwar hedikwatar masarautar a lokacin mulkin Buba Yero, kuma wurin yana daga cikin wuraren tarihi da ake dangantawa da tarihin kafuwar Gombe. {{cite web|title=Gombe State|url=https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/report/Gombe%20SESOP%202019.pdf|publisher=Government of Gombe State|access-date=6 October 2026}}<ref name="tourism">{{cite journal|title=Tourism in Gombe State|url=https://cedsjournal.com/home/articles/volume2/CEDS_JEIR64099FC4A5395_TOURISM_IN_GOMBE_STA.pdf|journal=CEDS Journal of Economics and International Relations|year=2022|access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Buba Yero, wanda aka fi sani da Modibbo Gombe, shi ne Abubakar ɗan Usman Subande. An haife shi kusan shekara ta 1762 a kusa da Mada, sannan ya yi karatun Alƙur'ani da addinin Musulunci a ƙarƙashin Sheikh Usman ɗan Fodio a Gobir. A shekara ta 1804 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗauke da tutocin jihadin Usman ɗan Fodio, kuma daga baya ya kafa Masarautar Gombe. {{cite journal|last=Audu|first=Bem Japhet|last2=Audu|first2=Sedenu Jimoh|last3=Ibrahim|first3=S.|title=Military Campaigns of Modibo Buba Yero and the Emergence of Gombe Emirate, 1804–1902: A Study in Sokoto Jihad|journal=Kashere Journal of Humanities, Management and Social Sciences|year=2022|url=https://journals.fukashere.edu.ng/index.php/kjhmss/article/view/54|access-date=6 October 2026}}<ref name="dictionary">{{cite book|last=Falola|first=Toyin|last2=Genova|first2=Ann|last3=Heaton|first3=Matthew M.|title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2018}}</ref> Gombe Abba ta kasance cibiyar mulkin Buba Yero bayan kafa Masarautar Gombe. Daga wannan wuri ne ya gudanar da wasu daga cikin kamfen ɗinsa a yankin Gongola da makwabtansa. Wani bincike kan yawon buɗe ido a Gombe ya bayyana cewa Gombe Abba na ɗauke da kaburburan wasu daga cikin sarakunan farko na Gombe, ciki har da Buba Yero, kuma wurin yana da muhimmiyar darajar tarihi da al'adu. {{cite journal|title=Tourism in Gombe State|journal=CEDS Journal of Economics and International Relations|year=2022|url=https://cedsjournal.com/home/articles/volume2/CEDS_JEIR64099FC4A5395_TOURISM_IN_GOMBE_STA.pdf|access-date=6 October 2026}} Buba Yero ya rasu a shekara ta 1841 bayan ya jagoranci Gombe a farkon shekarun kafuwarta. An binne shi a Gombe Abba, inda kabarinsa ya ci gaba da kasancewa wani abin tunawa da tarihin farkon Masarautar Gombe. Littafin ''Historical Dictionary of Nigeria'' ya bayyana cewa kabarin Buba Yero ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren jan hankalin masu ziyara a Gombe. {{cite book|last=Falola|first=Toyin|last2=Genova|first2=Ann|last3=Heaton|first3=Matthew M.|title=Historical Dictionary of Nigeria|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2018}} == Wurin kabarin == Kabarin yana a gabashin Gombe Abba, a yankin da ake dangantawa da tsoffin fadojin sarakunan Gombe. Bayaninsa na tarihi ya nuna cewa an kewaye wurin da katanga mai ƙofofi biyu, yayin da ginin da ke ɗauke da kabarin yake zama wurin da ake kiyaye shi. Gombe Abba kanta tana da muhimmiyar alaƙa da tarihin Masarautar Gombe saboda ita ce tsohuwar hedikwatar masarautar. {{cite journal|title=Tourism in Gombe State|journal=CEDS Journal of Economics and International Relations|year=2022|url=https://cedsjournal.com/home/articles/volume2/CEDS_JEIR64099FC4A5395_TOURISM_IN_GOMBE_STA.pdf|access-date=6 October 2026}} Bayanan taswirar Wikidata sun nuna wurin da ake danganta shi da Kabarin Buba Yero a kusan {{coord|10|16|44.8|N|11|10|23.2|E}}, a Jihar Gombe. An kuma sanya wurin cikin rukunin wuraren yawon buɗe ido na Najeriya. {{cite web|title=Bubayero's Tomb|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111912541|publisher=Wikidata|access-date=6 October 2026}} == Muhimmancin tarihi == Kabarin Buba Yero na da muhimmanci saboda yana tunatar da tarihin kafuwar Masarautar Gombe da sauye-sauyen siyasa da addini da suka faru a yankin Gongola a ƙarni na 19. Buba Yero ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jagororin jihadin Usman ɗan Fodio, kuma kafa Gombe Emirate ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na yaɗuwar tsarin masarautun da suka samo asali daga Daular Sakkwato a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. {{cite journal|last=Audu|first=Bem Japhet|last2=Audu|first2=Sedenu Jimoh|last3=Ibrahim|first3=S.|title=Military Campaigns of Modibo Buba Yero and the Emergence of Gombe Emirate, 1804–1902: A Study in Sokoto Jihad|journal=Kashere Journal of Humanities, Management and Social Sciences|year=2022|url=https://journals.fukashere.edu.ng/index.php/kjhmss/article/view/54|access-date=6 October 2026}} Baya ga muhimmancinsa na tarihi, wurin yana da darajar yawon buɗe ido. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta lissafa Kabarin Buba Yero cikin wuraren da jihar ke da damar haɓaka yawon buɗe ido, tare da Tafkin Balanga, Tafkin Dadin Kowa da Gandun Dajin Kanawa. Hakan ya nuna cewa wurin na daga cikin abubuwan tarihi da ake iya amfani da su wajen bunƙasa yawon buɗe ido na tarihi da al'adu a jihar. {{cite web|title=Gombe State Socio-Economic Development Plan|url=https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/report/Gombe%20SESOP%202019.pdf|publisher=Government of Gombe State|access-date=6 October 2026}} == Yawon buɗe ido da adanawa == Kabarin Buba Yero yana jan hankalin masu ziyara daga cikin Jihar Gombe da wajen jihar saboda alaƙarsa da tarihin kafuwar masarautar. Rahotannin da suka shafi yawon buɗe ido a Gombe sun haɗa wurin cikin manyan wuraren tarihi na jihar, tare da sauran wuraren tarihi kamar Kabarin Sarkin Musulmi Attahiru, Tuddan Bima da Tuddan Kilang. {{cite news|last=Ihesiulo|first=Grace|title=Gombe tourism attracts local, foreign interests|url=https://dailytimesng.com/gombe-tourism-attracts-local-foreign-interests/|work=Daily Times Nigeria|date=12 January 2017|access-date=6 October 2026}} Adana Kabarin Buba Yero da sauran abubuwan tarihi na Gombe na da muhimmanci wajen kare tarihin yankin da kuma bai wa al'ummomi na yanzu da masu bincike damar fahimtar yadda Masarautar Gombe ta samo asali. Binciken yawon buɗe ido ya nuna cewa Gombe Abba na da tarin abubuwan tarihi, ciki har da kaburburan sarakuna da tsohon masallacin Bubayero, waɗanda ke ƙara wa wurin darajar tarihi da al'adu. {{cite journal|title=Tourism in Gombe State|journal=CEDS Journal of Economics and International Relations|year=2022|url=https://cedsjournal.com/home/articles/volume2/CEDS_JEIR64099FC4A5395_TOURISM_IN_GOMBE_STA.pdf|access-date=6 October 2026}} == Duba kuma == * [[Buba Yero]] * [[Gombe Abba]] * [[Gombe Emirate]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Daular Sakkwato]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 0ua54jdyc0kc384e4h26m73r8nfi8ho 0 178384 963961 2026-10-06T17:54:50Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372234910|William Roy Branch]]" 963961 wikitext text/x-wiki   William Roy "Bill" Branch (12 ga Mayu 1946, London, Ingila - 14 ga Oktoba 2018, Port Elizabeth, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]) masanin ilimin dabbobi ne na Burtaniya da Afirka ta Kudu. Branch ya yi karatunsa a Jami’ar Southampton, inda ya ci gaba da karatu har ya kammala digirinsa na Ph.D. (digirin digirgir) kan wani bincike mai taken “Nazari kan alpha-globulin (AFP) na musamman da ke samuwa a cikin tayin zomo.”Daga shekarar 1972, ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyya a Sashen Kimiyyar Rayuwa na Hukumar Makamashin Atomic da ke Pretoria, inda ya gudanar da bincike kan wasu batutuwa, ciki har da ciwon daji na hanta.Sai dai a shekarar 1976, ya koma Jami’ar Southampton, inda ya samu gurbin binciken bayan digiri (post-doctoral research fellowship) a Sashen Nazarin Halittu. A can ya yi bincike kan yadda ake samar da sinadarai a cikin hantar ‘ya’yan zomaye da suke cikin mahaifa Ya fara aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Port Elizabeth a 1979 kuma ya yi ritaya a 2011, lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Bincike da Curator Emeritus . A cikin kusan shekaru 40 ya gudanar da aikin gona a cikin kusan ƙasashe 20 na Afirka kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina manyan tarin dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibian a Gidan Tarihi. == Littattafai == Branch ya rubuta littattafai sama da 600 (ciki har da manyan labaran kimiyya sama da 150 a cikin mujallu masu bita), kuma ya bayyana (a matsayin firamare ko kuwa-marubuci) game da nau'o'i 50 da nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians wanda ya sanya shi daya daga cikin manyan 100 alpha-taxonomists a cikin herpetology na kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uetz |first=Peter |author-link=species:Peter Uetz |last2=Stylianou |first2=Alexandrea |author-link2=species:Alexandrea Stylianou |date=2018-01-24 |title=The original descriptions of reptiles and their subspecies |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4375.2.5 |journal=Zootaxa |language=en |volume=4375 |issue=2 |pages=257–264 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.5 |issn=1175-5334 |pmid=29689772 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Littattafansa sun haɗa da littattafai da yawa da surori na littattafai game da dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians, kuma ya kasance co-editor na Atlas da Red List of Reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho da Swaziland (2014). == Daraja, nasarori da sabis == Branch kuma ya kasance muhimmi nadadi a cikin Herpetological Association of Africa . Ya shirya mujallar kungiyar a cikin 1980s da 1990s, kuma ya kafa jaridar (yanzu African Herp News). Wani nau'in frog, ''Breviceps branchi''; wani nau'in lizard, ''Acanthocercus branchi''; nau'in Maciji mai guba, ''Atractaspis branchi''; da kuma nau'in lemun tsami, an sanya masa suna. Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitocin taron da yawa, kwamitocin edita na mujallu, ya kula da ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri, ya bincika takardun jama'a da yawa, kuma ya yi hukunci kusan rubuce-rubuce 200 don kusan mujallu 56 daban-daban. == Littattafai == * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Jagoran filin ga macizai da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe na Kudancin Afirka''. Na uku da aka sake dubawa, Na biyu. Tsibirin Sanibel, Florida: Littattafan Ralph Curtis. 399 shafi na .{{ISBN|0-88359-042-5}} == Dubi kuma == * Category:Taxa mai suna William Roy Branch == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] 0xdort0geq3i1lpvzw1sowfkqlo0gdx 963963 963961 2026-10-06T17:56:55Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 963963 wikitext text/x-wiki   William Roy "Bill" Branch (12 ga Mayu 1946, London, Ingila - 14 ga Oktoba 2018, Port Elizabeth, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]) masanin ilimin dabbobi ne na Burtaniya da Afirka ta Kudu. Branch ya yi karatunsa a Jami’ar Southampton, inda ya ci gaba da karatu har ya kammala digirinsa na Ph.D. (digirin digirgir) kan wani bincike mai taken “Nazari kan alpha-globulin (AFP) na musamman da ke samuwa a cikin tayin zomo.”Daga shekarar 1972, ya yi aiki a matsayin masanin kimiyya a Sashen Kimiyyar Rayuwa na Hukumar Makamashin Atomic da ke Pretoria, inda ya gudanar da bincike kan wasu batutuwa, ciki har da ciwon daji na hanta.Sai dai a shekarar 1976, ya koma Jami’ar Southampton, inda ya samu gurbin binciken bayan digiri (post-doctoral research fellowship) a Sashen Nazarin Halittu. A can ya yi bincike kan yadda ake samar da sinadarai a cikin hantar ‘ya’yan zomaye da suke cikin mahaifa. Ya fara aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Port Elizabeth a 1979 kuma ya yi ritaya a 2011, lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin Mataimakin Bincike da Curator Emeritus . A cikin kusan shekaru 40 ya gudanar da aikin gona a cikin kusan ƙasashe 20 na Afirka kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina manyan tarin dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibian a Gidan Tarihi. == Littattafai == Branch ya rubuta littattafai sama da 600 (ciki har da manyan labaran kimiyya sama da 150 a cikin mujallu masu bita), kuma ya bayyana (a matsayin firamare ko kuwa-marubuci) game da nau'o'i 50 da nau'ikan dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians wanda ya sanya shi daya daga cikin manyan 100 alpha-taxonomists a cikin herpetology na kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uetz |first=Peter |author-link=species:Peter Uetz |last2=Stylianou |first2=Alexandrea |author-link2=species:Alexandrea Stylianou |date=2018-01-24 |title=The original descriptions of reptiles and their subspecies |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4375.2.5 |journal=Zootaxa |language=en |volume=4375 |issue=2 |pages=257–264 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4375.2.5 |issn=1175-5334 |pmid=29689772 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Littattafansa sun haɗa da littattafai da yawa da surori na littattafai game da dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians, kuma ya kasance co-editor na Atlas da Red List of Reptiles of South Africa, Lesotho da Swaziland (2014). == Daraja, nasarori da sabis == Branch kuma ya kasance muhimmi nadadi a cikin Herpetological Association of Africa . Ya shirya mujallar kungiyar a cikin 1980s da 1990s, kuma ya kafa jaridar (yanzu African Herp News). Wani nau'in frog, ''Breviceps branchi''; wani nau'in lizard, ''Acanthocercus branchi''; nau'in Maciji mai guba, ''Atractaspis branchi''; da kuma nau'in lemun tsami, an sanya masa suna. Ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitocin taron da yawa, kwamitocin edita na mujallu, ya kula da ɗaliban da suka kammala karatun digiri, ya bincika takardun jama'a da yawa, kuma ya yi hukunci kusan rubuce-rubuce 200 don kusan mujallu 56 daban-daban. == Littattafai == * [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] ''Jagoran filin ga macizai da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe na Kudancin Afirka''. Na uku da aka sake dubawa, Na biyu. Tsibirin Sanibel, Florida: Littattafan Ralph Curtis. 399 shafi na .{{ISBN|0-88359-042-5}} == Dubi kuma == * Category:Taxa mai suna William Roy Branch == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] 5cwpkgnt7xsn2ker7v81rs1xko3t1gj 0 178385 963966 2026-10-06T18:04:28Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: == Sultan college of health science and technology == 963966 wikitext text/x-wiki == Sultan college of health science and technology == 8z8i0qod00inc01ybj6hyco2thwuo3q 963976 963966 2026-10-06T18:19:22Z Àncilu 17640 Requesting deletion ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]] v3.1c) 963976 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{delete|1=Test page. Wrong language <small>[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]</small>}}</noinclude> == Sultan college of health science and technology == fdzh3peoel09oekv3c9vq8z994ga6cl 0 178386 963967 2026-10-06T18:04:28Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291881640|Supralabial scale]]" 963967 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin Dabbobi masu rarrafe, sikelin supralabial, wanda kuma ake kira upper-labials, sune sikelin da ke iyakance bakin da ke buɗewa tare da maƙarƙashiya ta sama. Ba su haɗa da sikelin matsakaici <ref name="W&W57">Wright AH, Wright AA. 1957. Handbook of Snakes. Comstock Publishing Associates (7th printing, 1985). 1105 pp. {{ISBN|0-8014-0463-0}}.</ref> (scale na fuska). Kalmar labial ta samo asali ne daga {{Lang|la|Labium}} (Latin don "be"), wanda ke nufin kowane tsarin lebe. Lambobin waɗannan ((((originates from {{Lang|la|Labium}} (Latin for "lip"), which refers to any lip-like structure. The numbers of these scales present, and sometimes the))))ma'auni, kuma wani lokacin siffofi da girma, wasu halaye ne da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don rarrabe jinsuna daga juna. == Sikeli masu alaƙa == * Sikeli na Sublabial * Sikeli na fuska * Matsakaicin tunani == Dubi kuma == * Sikeli na baki * Sikeli na maciji * Yanayin jikin mutum na wuri == Bayanan da aka ambata == etw7mw35tgderknz5y9k7r7gmapxkfj 963968 963967 2026-10-06T18:06:04Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 963968 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin Dabbobi masu rarrafe, sikelin supralabial, wanda kuma ake kira upper-labials, sune sikelin da ke iyakance bakin da ke buɗewa tare da maƙarƙashiya ta sama. Ba su haɗa da sikelin matsakaici <ref name="W&W57">Wright AH, Wright AA. 1957. Handbook of Snakes. Comstock Publishing Associates (7th printing, 1985). 1105 pp. {{ISBN|0-8014-0463-0}}.</ref> (scale na fuska). Kalmar labial ta samo asali ne daga {{Lang|la|Labium}} (Latin don "be"), wanda ke nufin kowane tsarin lebe. Lambobin waɗannan ma'auni, kuma wani lokacin siffofi da girma, wasu halaye ne da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don rarrabe jinsuna daga juna. == Sikeli masu alaƙa == * Sikeli na Sublabial * Sikeli na fuska * Matsakaicin tunani == Dubi kuma == * Sikeli na baki * Sikeli na maciji * Yanayin jikin mutum na wuri == Bayanan da aka ambata == 8pli5wms6mhwjml7qx6bp6a3ahdpexg 0 178387 963969 2026-10-06T18:06:12Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Dutsen Yashi na Bima''' wani muhimmin tsarin [[sedimentary rock|duwatsun sedimentary]] ne da ke cikin [[Upper Benue Trough]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne mafi tsufa daga cikin manyan jerin duwatsun sedimentary na Cretaceous da aka gano a Upper Benue Trough, kuma yana kwance a saman tsoffin duwatsun Basement Complex. An samu Bima Sandstone a sassan Gongola Sub-basin da Yola Arm na Upper Benue Trough. {{cite journal |last=Tukur |first=A. M. |title=Two member s... 963969 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dutsen Yashi na Bima''' wani muhimmin tsarin [[sedimentary rock|duwatsun sedimentary]] ne da ke cikin [[Upper Benue Trough]] a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Shi ne mafi tsufa daga cikin manyan jerin duwatsun sedimentary na Cretaceous da aka gano a Upper Benue Trough, kuma yana kwance a saman tsoffin duwatsun Basement Complex. An samu Bima Sandstone a sassan Gongola Sub-basin da Yola Arm na Upper Benue Trough. {{cite journal |last=Tukur |first=A. M. |title=Two member subdivision of the Bima Sandstone, Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria: Based on sedimentological data |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=104 |year=2015 |pages=140–158 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.10.015 }}<ref name="Yola2023">{{cite journal |title=Facies association and sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Lower Cretaceous Bima Formation in Yola arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=198 |year=2023 |pages=104773 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104773 }}</ref> == Tarihin bincikensa == An fara amfani da sunan '''Bima Sandstone''' a cikin bayanan ilimin ƙasa na arewacin Najeriya tun farkon ƙarni na 20. Daga baya, masana ilimin ƙasa suka yi amfani da bayanan binciken filin, tsarin duwatsu da sedimentary structures wajen bayyana matsayin Bima Sandstone a cikin tarihin samuwar Upper Benue Trough. Binciken da aka wallafa a shekarar 2015 ya bayyana Bima Sandstone a matsayin basal unit, wato tsarin da yake a ƙasan jerin sedimentary rocks na Upper Benue Trough. {{cite journal |last=Tukur |first=A. M. |title=Two member subdivision of the Bima Sandstone, Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria: Based on sedimentological data |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=104 |year=2015 |pages=140–158 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.10.015 }} Binciken shekarar 2012 ya bayyana Bima Sandstone a matsayin mafi tsufa, mafi kauri kuma ɗaya daga cikin mafi faɗin formations a Upper Benue Trough. Masu binciken sun kuma danganta shi da tsarin tectonic na basin da kuma yiwuwar samuwar wasu ma'adinai a cikin sandstone. {{cite journal |last=Haruna |first=I. V. |last2=Ahmed |first2=H. A. |last3=Ahmed |first3=A. S. |title=Geology and tectono-sedimentary disposition of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue Trough (Nigeria): Implications for sandstone-hosted Uranium deposits |journal=Journal of Geology and Mining Research |volume=4 |issue=7 |year=2012 |pages=168–173 |doi=10.5897/JGMR12.008 }} == Zamanin samuwarsa == Bima Sandstone ya samo asali ne a lokacin [[Early Cretaceous]], musamman a zamanin Aptian–Albian. Wannan yana nufin duwatsun sun samo asali ne fiye da shekaru miliyan 100 da suka gabata. A Gongola Sub-basin, bincike ya nuna cewa Bima Formation ita ce mafi tsufa daga cikin sedimentary succession na Cretaceous, kuma tana kwance ba tare da daidaitaccen haɗin ƙasa ba a saman Precambrian Basement Complex. {{cite journal |title=Facies analysis, depositional environments and paleoclimate of the Cretaceous Bima Formation in the Gongola Sub-Basin, Northern Benue Trough, NE Nigeria |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=137 |year=2018 |pages=193–207 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.10.001 }} == Rarrabuwar Bima Sandstone == A wasu tsoffin tsarin rarrabuwa, an raba Bima Sandstone zuwa sassa uku, wato Lower Bima, Middle Bima da Upper Bima. Wannan rarrabuwa ta dogara ne kan bambance-bambancen lithology da sedimentary structures. Sai dai wani bincike na sedimentology da aka wallafa a shekarar 2015 ya ba da shawarar cewa rarrabuwa zuwa Lower da Upper Members biyu ta fi dacewa da bayanan da aka samu daga binciken filin. {{cite journal |last=Tukur |first=A. M. |title=Two member subdivision of the Bima Sandstone, Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria: Based on sedimentological data |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=104 |year=2015 |pages=140–158 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.10.015 }} A cikin tsarin rarrabuwa na Bima, Lower Bima ya fi ƙunsar duwatsu masu ƙwayoyin girma kamar conglomerate, gravelly sandstone da sandstone, yayin da Upper Bima ya fi ƙunsar sandstone mai kyau da kuma wasu laka. Bambancin waɗannan sassa yana taimaka wa masana wajen fahimtar sauye-sauyen yanayin sedimentation da tectonic activity da suka faru a basin. {{cite journal |last=Haruna |first=I. V. |last2=Ahmed |first2=H. A. |last3=Ahmed |first3=A. S. |title=Geology and tectono-sedimentary disposition of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue Trough (Nigeria): Implications for sandstone-hosted Uranium deposits |journal=Journal of Geology and Mining Research |volume=4 |issue=7 |year=2012 |pages=168–173 |doi=10.5897/JGMR12.008 }} == Nau'in duwatsun == Babban nau'in dutse da ke cikin Bima Formation shi ne sandstone, amma ana kuma samun conglomerate, mudstone da shale a wasu sassan formation ɗin. Binciken sedimentology ya gano lithofacies daban-daban ciki har da massive sandstone, tabular cross-bedded sandstone, trough cross-bedded sandstone, mudstone da ferruginised sandstone. {{cite journal |title=Facies analysis, depositional environments and paleoclimate of the Cretaceous Bima Formation in the Gongola Sub-Basin, Northern Benue Trough, NE Nigeria |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=137 |year=2018 |pages=193–207 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.10.001 }} Binciken ma'adinan da suka ƙunshi Bima Sandstone ya nuna cewa sandstone ɗin ya ƙunshi galibi quartz arenite da arkose, tare da wasu nau'ikan da suka danganci provenance da yanayin da aka samo sediment ɗin. Ana ganin cewa babban ɓangaren kayan da suka samar da sandstone ɗin sun fito ne daga tsoffin duwatsun crystalline da ke kewaye da Upper Benue Trough. {{cite journal |last=Haruna |first=I. V. |last2=Dio |first2=C. J. |last3=Maunde |first3=A. |last4=Raji |first4=A. S. |title=Provenance and Paleoenvironmental Study of Bima Sandstone in the Upper Benue Trough, N.E., Nigeria |journal=International Research Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=1–11 |url=https://isca.me/EARTH_SCI/Archive/v1/i2/1.ISCA-IRJES-2013-007.php }} == Yanayin samuwarsa == Bima Sandstone ba dutse ne da aka samu daga teku kai tsaye ba; binciken sedimentology ya nuna cewa yawancin sediment ɗinsa ya samo asali ne daga tsarin ruwa na ƙasa. A Gongola Sub-basin, Lower Bima ya ƙunshi facies da ke nuna alluvial fans da braided rivers, yayin da wasu sassan formation suka nuna canje-canjen tsarin koguna da floodplains. {{cite journal |title=Facies analysis, depositional environments and paleoclimate of the Cretaceous Bima Formation in the Gongola Sub-Basin, Northern Benue Trough, NE Nigeria |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=137 |year=2018 |pages=193–207 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.10.001 }} A Yola Arm kuwa, bincike ya gano facies associations guda uku, wato gravel facies, sandstone facies da fine-grained facies. Masu binciken sun danganta waɗannan facies da proximal alluvial fan, braided river, fluvio-lacustrine da floodplain environments. Wannan yana nuna cewa yanayin da ya samar da Bima Formation ya kasance yana canzawa daga wuraren da ruwa ke gangarowa daga tuddai zuwa koguna da filayen ambaliya. {{cite journal |title=Facies association and sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Lower Cretaceous Bima Formation in Yola arm of the Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=198 |year=2023 |pages=104773 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104773 }} == Bima Sandstone a Upper Benue Trough == Bima Sandstone yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen fahimtar tarihin samuwar Upper Benue Trough. Binciken tsarin sedimentary ya nuna cewa sandstone ɗin ya kwanta a saman Precambrian Basement Complex, kuma samuwarsa tana da alaƙa da tectonic processes da suka taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar basin. {{cite journal |title=Microstructures in the Cretaceous Bima Sandstone, Upper Benue Trough, N.E. Nigeria: Implication for hydrocarbon migration |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=49 |issue=3 |year=2007 |pages=151–160 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2007.04.004 }} A cikin Upper Benue Trough, Bima Sandstone ya bayyana a yankuna daban-daban ciki har da Gongola Sub-basin da Yola Arm. A wasu wurare ana ganin manyan outcrops ɗinsa a gefen koguna, kwazazzabai, tuddai da kuma wuraren da erosion ya fallasa duwatsun ƙasa. {{cite journal |title=The lithofacies and depositional paleoenvironment of the Bima Sandstone in Girei and Environs, Yola Arm, Upper Benue Trough, Northeastern Nigeria |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=169 |year=2020 |pages=103863 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103863 }} == Muhimmancin ilimin ƙasa == Bima Sandstone na da muhimmanci sosai wajen nazarin tarihin ƙasa na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya saboda yana ɗauke da bayanai game da yanayin koguna, yanayi, tectonic activity da kuma tushen sediment a lokacin Early Cretaceous. Nazarin facies da paleocurrent yana taimakawa wajen gano inda sediment ɗin ya fito da kuma hanyar da ruwa ya bi wajen jigilar shi. {{cite journal |last=Haruna |first=I. V. |last2=Dio |first2=C. J. |last3=Maunde |first3=A. |last4=Raji |first4=A. S. |title=Provenance and Paleoenvironmental Study of Bima Sandstone in the Upper Benue Trough, N.E., Nigeria |journal=International Research Journal of Earth Sciences |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=2013 |pages=1–11 |url=https://isca.me/EARTH_SCI/Archive/v1/i2/1.ISCA-IRJES-2013-007.php }} == Muhimmancin binciken man fetur == Bima Sandstone na da muhimmanci a binciken albarkatun man fetur saboda sandstone na iya samun pores da permeability da za su ba da damar adana ko watsa ruwa da hydrocarbons. Binciken da aka wallafa a shekarar 2026 ya nuna cewa Upper Bima yana da matsakaicin primary porosity mai kusan kashi 12.8%, yayin da Lower Bima ya nuna matsakaicin porosity mai kusan kashi 5.5%, tare da bambance-bambancen da suka samo asali daga provenance, weathering da diagenesis. {{cite journal |title=Provenance, diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Aptian-Albian Bima sandstone, Upper Benue Trough, NE Nigeria |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=234 |year=2026 |pages=105925 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2025.105925 }} Binciken Bima Sandstone yana taimakawa wajen tantance ko wasu sassan sandstone ɗin za su iya zama reservoir rocks. Sabon bincike ya nuna cewa bambancin mineralogy, weathering, diagenesis, porosity da permeability yana shafar ingancin Bima Sandstone a matsayin reservoir, abin da ke da muhimmanci wajen dabarun binciken hydrocarbons a Upper Benue Trough. {{cite journal |title=Provenance, diagenesis and reservoir quality of the Aptian-Albian Bima sandstone, Upper Benue Trough, NE Nigeria |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |volume=234 |year=2026 |pages=105925 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2025.105925 }} == Muhimmancin binciken ma'adinai == Bima Sandstone ya kuma kasance abin nazari wajen binciken yiwuwar samun uranium da wasu albarkatun ma'adinai. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa wasu siffofin sedimentological da structural da ke cikin Bima Sandstone na iya samar da yanayin da ya dace da tattaruwar uranium a wasu sassan formation ɗin. {{cite journal |last=Haruna |first=I. V. |last2=Ahmed |first2=H. A. |last3=Ahmed |first3=A. S. |title=Geology and tectono-sedimentary disposition of the Bima sandstone of the Upper Benue Trough (Nigeria): Implications for sandstone-hosted Uranium deposits |journal=Journal of Geology and Mining Research |volume=4 |issue=7 |year=2012 |pages=168–173 |doi=10.5897/JGMR12.008 }} == Duba kuma == * [[Upper Benue Trough]] * [[Gongola Basin]] * [[Yola]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Geology of Nigeria]] * [[Sedimentary rock]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} j9kfimsx2z6p54g27blrvk3wscdg4wq 0 178388 963970 2026-10-06T18:11:30Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292646155|Ventral scales]]" 963970 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AB048_Scales_on_a_snakes_body.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|''Amphiesma stolata'']] A cikin [[Maciji|macizai]], sikelin ventral ko '''Gastrosteges''' sune sikelin da aka faɗaɗa kuma ya kai tsayi wanda ya shimfiɗa ƙasa da ƙasa na jiki daga (((((The term '''gastrostege''' (from Greek γαστήρ, γαστρός = belly and στέγη, στέγος = cover, roof) was more often used in the older literature, especially pre-1900 but is rarely used today.))))))wuyansa zuwa sikelin anal. Lokacin ƙidayan su, na farko shine sikelin ventral mafi girma wanda ke hulɗa da jere na paraventral (mafi ƙanƙanta) na sikelin dorsal a kowane gefe. Ba a ƙidayan sikelin hanci ba.<ref name="C&L04">Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 volumes. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. {{ISBN|0-8014-4141-2}}.</ref> Kalmar '''Gastrostege''' (daga Girkanci γαστήρ, γαστρός = ciki da kuma ciki, game da rufin, rufin) an fi amfani da ita a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen, musamman kafin 1900 amma ba a amfani da ita sosai a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heatwole |first=Harold |last2=Busack |first2=Stephen |last3=Cogger |first3=Harold |date=September 2005 |title=Geographic Variation in Sea Kraits of the Laticauda Colubrina Complex (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae: Laticaudini) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/herpetological-monographs/volume-19/issue-1/0733-1347_2005_019_0001_GVISKO_2.0.CO_2/GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION-IN-SEA-KRAITS-OF-THE-LATICAUDA-COLUBRINA-COMPLEX/10.1655/0733-1347(2005)019[0001:GVISKO]2.0.CO;2.full |journal=Herpetological Monographs |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–136 |doi=10.1655/0733-1347(2005)019[0001:GVISKO]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0733-1347 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Sikeli masu alaƙa == * Sikeli na rigakafi * Scale na hanci * Sikeli na subcaudal * Sikeli na Paraventral == Dubi kuma == * Scale na maciji == Bayanan da aka ambata == d0qx23lu3uv4gkcfpp9mg0cu5ljx420 963971 963970 2026-10-06T18:12:47Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 963971 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AB048_Scales_on_a_snakes_body.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|''Amphiesma stolata'']] A cikin [[Maciji|macizai]], sikelin ventral ko '''Gastrosteges''' sune sikelin da aka faɗaɗa kuma ya kai tsayi wanda ya shimfiɗa ƙasa da ƙasa na jiki daga wuyansa zuwa sikelin anal. Lokacin ƙidayan su, na farko shine sikelin ventral mafi girma wanda ke hulɗa da jere na paraventral (mafi ƙanƙanta) na sikelin dorsal a kowane gefe. Ba a ƙidayan sikelin hanci ba.<ref name="C&L04">Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. 2 volumes. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. {{ISBN|0-8014-4141-2}}.</ref> Kalmar '''Gastrostege''' (daga Girkanci γαστήρ, γαστρός = ciki da kuma ciki, game da rufin, rufin) an fi amfani da ita a cikin tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen, musamman kafin 1900 amma ba a amfani da ita sosai a yau.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heatwole |first=Harold |last2=Busack |first2=Stephen |last3=Cogger |first3=Harold |date=September 2005 |title=Geographic Variation in Sea Kraits of the Laticauda Colubrina Complex (Serpentes: Elapidae: Hydrophiinae: Laticaudini) |url=https://bioone.org/journals/herpetological-monographs/volume-19/issue-1/0733-1347_2005_019_0001_GVISKO_2.0.CO_2/GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION-IN-SEA-KRAITS-OF-THE-LATICAUDA-COLUBRINA-COMPLEX/10.1655/0733-1347(2005)019[0001:GVISKO]2.0.CO;2.full |journal=Herpetological Monographs |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1–136 |doi=10.1655/0733-1347(2005)019[0001:GVISKO]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0733-1347 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Sikeli masu alaƙa == * Sikeli na rigakafi * Scale na hanci * Sikeli na subcaudal * Sikeli na Paraventral == Dubi kuma == * Scale na maciji == Bayanan da aka ambata == do1ar0ebonnh1stuj009hxkmnfxvwsc 0 178389 963973 2026-10-06T18:17:08Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Kasuwar Kumo''' tana cikin garin [[Kumo, Nigeria|Kumo]], hedikwatar [[Akko]] Local Government Area a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Kumo na daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyin kasuwanci a yankin, kuma tana da kasuwanni daban-daban da ke hidima ga mazauna garin da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi. Daga cikin kasuwannin Kumo akwai Babbar Kasuwa, Tudun Hatsi, Tike da Tashar Gwari. {{cite web |title=Popular Markets in Gombe State |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeri... 963973 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kasuwar Kumo''' tana cikin garin [[Kumo, Nigeria|Kumo]], hedikwatar [[Akko]] Local Government Area a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Kumo na daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyin kasuwanci a yankin, kuma tana da kasuwanni daban-daban da ke hidima ga mazauna garin da al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi. Daga cikin kasuwannin Kumo akwai Babbar Kasuwa, Tudun Hatsi, Tike da Tashar Gwari. {{cite web |title=Popular Markets in Gombe State |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Popular-Markets-in-Gombe-State.html |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=6 October 2026 }}<ref name="commons">{{cite web |title=Market Places In Kumo, Akko Local Government Area Gombe State |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kumo,_Gombe_State |website=Wikimedia Commons |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi da ci gaban kasuwa == Kasuwancin Kumo yana da alaƙa da matsayinta na cibiyar kasuwanci a Akko. Garin yana kan hanyar A345 wadda ta haɗa shi da Gombe da sauran yankunan arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Wannan matsayi ya taimaka wajen sauƙaƙa zirga-zirgar 'yan kasuwa da jigilar amfanin gona daga yankunan karkara zuwa kasuwannin Kumo. {{cite web |title=Kumo, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumo,_Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=6 October 2026 }}<ref name="akko">{{cite web |title=Akko, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akko,_Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Bayanin kasuwannin Kumo ya nuna cewa garin yana da tsarin kasuwanci mai rarrabuwa, inda wasu wurare suka fi karkata ga hatsi, wasu ga dabbobi, wasu kuma ga kayan lambu da sauran kayayyaki. Wannan tsarin ya sa Kumo ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar musayar kayayyaki tsakanin manoma, masu saye da 'yan kasuwa. {{cite web |title=Popular Markets in Gombe State |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Popular-Markets-in-Gombe-State.html |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=6 October 2026 }} == Babbar Kasuwa == '''Babbar Kasuwa''' ita ce babban kasuwar Kumo da ake gudanar da cinikayyar kayayyaki iri daban-daban. Hotunan kasuwannin Kumo da aka adana a Wikimedia Commons sun nuna yankin Babbar Kasuwa tare da yankin kasuwar hatsi, abin da ke nuna muhimmancin kasuwancin kayayyakin noma a cikin harkokin kasuwancin garin. {{cite web |title=Market Places In Kumo, Akko Local Government Area Gombe State |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Places_In_Kumo,_Akko_Local_Government_Area_Gombe_State._35.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=29 December 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026 }} Kasuwancin Babbar Kasuwa yana haɗa masu sayar da kayan abinci da sauran kayayyaki da masu saye daga Kumo da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye. Saboda Kumo muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci ce a Akko, kasuwar tana taka rawa wajen rarraba kayayyaki daga manoma da masu samarwa zuwa masu amfani. {{cite web |title=Popular Markets in Gombe State |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Popular-Markets-in-Gombe-State.html |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=6 October 2026 }} == Kasuwar Hatsi ta Kumo == '''Kasuwar Hatsi ta Kumo''' wani sashe ne na kasuwancin Kumo da ya fi karkata ga hatsi da sauran amfanin gona. Kundin bayanan farashin amfanin gona da National Library of Nigeria ta wallafa ya yi bayani kai tsaye kan Kumo Grain Market, inda ya jera masara, wake, dawa, gero da alkama, tare da shinkafa da paddy rice cikin kayayyakin da ake ciniki a kasuwar. {{cite web |title=Kumo Grain Market, Gombe State |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/e0b3e053-d7b7-4d0c-b0b2-f8e19c171029/download |publisher=National Library of Nigeria |date=8 January 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }} Muhimmancin kasuwar hatsi yana da alaƙa da matsayin Akko a matsayin yankin noma. Manoma daga yankunan da ke kewaye da Kumo kan kawo amfanin gona domin sayarwa, yayin da 'yan kasuwa ke saya domin sake sayarwa ko jigilar kayayyakin zuwa wasu wurare. Hakan yana sanya kasuwar cikin tsarin samarwa da rarraba abinci na yankin. {{cite web |title=Kumo Grain Market, Gombe State |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/e0b3e053-d7b7-4d0c-b0b2-f8e19c171029/download |publisher=National Library of Nigeria |date=8 January 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }} == Kasuwar Tike == '''Kasuwar Tike''' kasuwa ce a Kumo da aka fi danganta da cinikin dabbobi. Bayanan kasuwannin Gombe sun ambaci Tike a matsayin kasuwar dabbobi a Kumo, yayin da sauran kasuwannin garin suka fi karkata ga hatsi, kayan lambu ko sauran kayayyaki. {{cite web |title=Popular Markets in Gombe State |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Popular-Markets-in-Gombe-State.html |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=6 October 2026 }} Kasuwancin dabbobi a Kumo yana da muhimmanci ga al'ummomin da ke dogaro da kiwon shanu, tumaki, awaki da sauran dabbobi. Harkar tana haɗa masu kiwo da masu saye, tare da samar da wata hanya ta musayar dabbobi da kuɗaɗe a yankin. {{cite web |title=Popular Markets in Gombe State |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Popular-Markets-in-Gombe-State.html |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=6 October 2026 }} == Tashar Gwari == '''Tashar Gwari''' wani sashe ne na kasuwancin Kumo da aka fi danganta shi da kayan lambu. Bayanai kan kasuwannin Kumo sun bayyana Tashar Gwari a matsayin kasuwar kayan lambu, yayin da Tudun Hatsi ke karkata ga hatsi, Tike ga dabbobi, sannan Babbar Kasuwa ke ɗauke da kayayyaki iri daban-daban. {{cite web |title=Popular Markets in Gombe State |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Popular-Markets-in-Gombe-State.html |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=6 October 2026 }} Cinikin kayan lambu yana ba manoma damar kai kayan amfanin gona zuwa kasuwa domin sayarwa, yayin da masu saye daga Kumo da garuruwan da ke kewaye ke samun kayan abinci. Wannan ciniki yana daga cikin hanyoyin da aikin noma ke haɗuwa da harkar kasuwanci a Akko. {{cite web |title=Popular Markets in Gombe State |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Popular-Markets-in-Gombe-State.html |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=6 October 2026 }} == Ranar kasuwa == Kumo tana cikin garuruwan Akko da aka ware musu ranar kasuwa. Bayanai kan tsarin ranakun kasuwannin Akko sun nuna cewa ana gudanar da babbar ranar kasuwar Kumo a ranar Alhamis. Wannan tsarin yana taimakawa wajen rarraba ranakun kasuwanci tsakanin Kumo da sauran kasuwannin yankin. {{cite web |title=Akko, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akko,_Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=6 October 2026 }} == Amfanin tattalin arziki == Kasuwannin Kumo suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tattalin arzikin yankin saboda suna samar da wurin da manoma, masu kiwo, 'yan kasuwa da masu amfani ke haɗuwa. Hatsi, dabbobi, kayan lambu da sauran kayayyaki daga yankunan karkara suna shiga kasuwannin garin, yayin da wasu kayayyaki ke fita daga Kumo zuwa wasu wurare. {{cite web |title=Popular Markets in Gombe State |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Gombe/Popular-Markets-in-Gombe-State.html |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=6 October 2026 }} Kasuwancin hatsi musamman yana da muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin Kumo. Bayanai daga National Library of Nigeria sun nuna cewa ana yin cinikin manyan kayan amfanin gona kamar masara, wake, dawa, gero, alkama da shinkafa a Kumo Grain Market. Wannan yana nuna alaƙar kasuwar da aikin noma da samar da abinci a yankin. {{cite web |title=Kumo Grain Market, Gombe State |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/e0b3e053-d7b7-4d0c-b0b2-f8e19c171029/download |publisher=National Library of Nigeria |date=8 January 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }} == Kasuwanci da sufuri == Matsayin Kumo a kan hanyar A345 yana taimakawa wajen zirga-zirgar 'yan kasuwa da kayayyaki. Garin yana kusan kilomita 40 daga Gombe, kuma hanyar Gombe–Yola tana daga cikin hanyoyin da ke haɗa Kumo da sauran cibiyoyin kasuwanci na yankin. {{cite web |title=Kumo, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumo,_Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=6 October 2026 }} Hanyoyin sufuri suna da muhimmanci ga kasuwanni saboda amfanin gona da dabbobi daga yankunan karkara suna buƙatar jigilar su zuwa wuraren sayarwa. A lokaci guda, kayayyakin da ake kawowa daga wasu garuruwa suna shiga Kumo domin sayarwa ga al'ummar yankin. {{cite web |title=Akko, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akko,_Nigeria |website=Wikipedia |access-date=6 October 2026 }} == Kalubale == Kumo ta fuskanci matsalolin muhalli da suka shafi wasu sassan garin. A watan Agustan 2026, rahoto ya bayyana cewa mazauna Kumo sun nuna damuwa game da ƙara tsanantar kwararar ruwa da gully erosion da ke barazana ga gidaje, gonaki da wasu manyan hanyoyi. Irin wannan matsala na iya shafar zirga-zirga da ayyukan kasuwanci idan ta shafi hanyoyin shiga kasuwa. {{cite news |last=Wase |first=Ibrahim Umar |title=Gully Erosion Threatens Homes, Roads in Gombe Community |url=https://www.news.copdem.org/gully-erosion-threatens-homes-roads-in-gombe-community/ |work=COPDEM News |date=19 August 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026 }} == Duba kuma == * [[Kumo, Nigeria]] * [[Akko]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kasuwar hatsi]] * [[Kasuwar dabbobi]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6zy4dyd6t62xiixjdym184hqzouubmx 0 178390 963974 2026-10-06T18:18:35Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: == Hausa novels written by zaujeel khair == 963974 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hausa novels written by zaujeel khair == 8j218kaywynnebly326ngzzgg8wx0sy 963975 963974 2026-10-06T18:18:50Z Àncilu 17640 Requesting deletion 963975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|Test page}}== Hausa novels written by zaujeel khair == n6wsdgw8vivle33061lx3yog80rw2pc 0 178391 963977 2026-10-06T18:24:01Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: == Bansan shibah == ==== Rashin saniy yafindare duhu hakah al'amarin yakasan che har izuwah sanayyayr da babu sanin da ba aiy wa junabah . ==== wannan qagaeggen labarine idan ki/kai labarin yayi kaman che cheniyah danakuh toh ayi haquri🙏🙏🙏 haduwar fahimta ney 963977 wikitext text/x-wiki == Bansan shibah == ==== Rashin saniy yafindare duhu hakah al'amarin yakasan che har izuwah sanayyayr da babu sanin da ba aiy wa junabah . ==== wannan qagaeggen labarine idan ki/kai labarin yayi kaman che cheniyah danakuh toh ayi haquri🙏🙏🙏 haduwar fahimta ney szriz5fg7ok1xp7tgy6dz8ylpavdt43 963983 963977 2026-10-06T18:35:37Z Àncilu 17640 Requesting speedy deletion (Test page). (TwinkleGlobal) 963983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gogewa|1=Test page}} == Bansan shibah == ==== Rashin saniy yafindare duhu hakah al'amarin yakasan che har izuwah sanayyayr da babu sanin da ba aiy wa junabah . ==== wannan qagaeggen labarine idan ki/kai labarin yayi kaman che cheniyah danakuh toh ayi haquri🙏🙏🙏 haduwar fahimta ney qzzk892rb8i1riv5suxqf8j9dmg220z 0 178392 963980 2026-10-06T18:28:08Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: '''Masana'antar Siminti ta Ashaka''' wata babbar masana'antar kera siminti ne da ke [[Jihar Gombe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Masana'antar tana Ashaka Works, kusa da yankin Ashaka, kuma tana daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyin samar da siminti da ke hidimtawa kasuwannin gine-gine na arewacin Najeriya. Kamfanin ya ce masana'antar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziki da ci gaban yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>{{cite web |t... 963980 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Masana'antar Siminti ta Ashaka''' wata babbar masana'antar kera siminti ne da ke [[Jihar Gombe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Masana'antar tana Ashaka Works, kusa da yankin Ashaka, kuma tana daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyin samar da siminti da ke hidimtawa kasuwannin gine-gine na arewacin Najeriya. Kamfanin ya ce masana'antar ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziki da ci gaban yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya tsawon shekaru da dama.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lafarge Africa Plc at a Glance |url=https://www.lafarge.com.ng/lafarge-africa-plc-a-glance |website=Lafarge Africa Plc |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Ashaka Cement a watan Agustan shekara ta 1974 a matsayin kamfanin kera da tallata siminti. An kafa kamfanin ne ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar wasu hukumomin kuɗi da na gwamnati, ciki har da Nigerian Industrial Development Bank (NIDB), Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry (NBCI), Northern Nigeria Investment Limited (NNIL), da gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Arewa maso Gabas wadda daga baya ta kasu zuwa jihohin Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba da Yobe. Masana'antar ta fara aiki a watan Satumban 1979.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lafarge Africa Plc at a Glance |url=https://www.lafarge.com.ng/lafarge-africa-plc-a-glance |website=Lafarge Africa Plc |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A farkon shekarun kafuwarta, Ashaka Cement ta kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na manufofin bunƙasa masana'antun cikin gida na Najeriya. An kafa ta ne domin samar da siminti a cikin gida da kuma rage dogaro da kayayyakin siminti daga wajen ƙasar. Rahoton kamfanin ya nuna cewa an fara ayyukan masana'antar a Ashaka Works a shekarar 1979, inda babban aikin kamfanin yake samarwa da sayar da siminti.<ref>{{cite web |title=AshakaCem 2013 Annual Report |url=https://www.lafarge.com.ng/sites/nigeria/files/documents/ashakacem_2013_annual_report.pdf |website=Lafarge Africa Plc |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1990, AshakaCem ta zama kamfani na jama'a kuma aka fara sayar da hannayen jarinta a Kasuwar Hannayen Jari ta Najeriya. Daga baya tsarin mallakarta ya sauya sakamakon saye da haɗewar kamfanonin siminti na duniya. Lafarge Africa ta fara samun babban kaso na hannun jarin AshakaCem a shekarar 2014, sannan bayan kammala sake fasalin hannun jari a 2017, Lafarge Africa ta mallaki kashi 100 cikin 100 na AshakaCem.<ref>{{cite web |title=2018 Annual Report and Financial Statements |url=https://www.lafarge.com.ng/sites/nigeria/files/documents/2018_annual_report_final.pdf |website=Lafarge Africa Plc |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Mallaka da gudanarwa == Ashaka Cement ta shiga cikin tsarin kamfanin Holcim bayan sayen Blue Circle Industries a shekarar 2002. Daga baya, a shekarar 2018, AshakaCem ta zama cikakkiyar reshen Lafarge Africa Plc. A halin yanzu Lafarge Africa tana gudanar da masana'antar Ashaka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masana'antun simintinta a Najeriya, tare da sauran masana'antunta da ke Ewekoro, Sagamu da Mfamosing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lafarge Africa Plc at a Glance |url=https://www.lafarge.com.ng/lafarge-africa-plc-a-glance |website=Lafarge Africa Plc |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Lafarge Africa kuma tana cikin rukunin kamfanin Huaxin Cement Co. Ltd. Kamfanin ya bayyana cewa yana da masana'antun siminti a wurare daban-daban a Najeriya, ciki har da Ashaka a Jihar Gombe, kuma jimillar ƙarfin samar da simintinsa a Najeriya ya kai tan miliyan 10.5 a shekara.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lafarge Africa Plc |url=https://www.lafarge.com.ng/ |website=Lafarge Africa Plc |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Samar da siminti == Babban aikin masana'antar Ashaka shi ne samar da siminti da kuma tallata shi ga masu amfani da shi a fannin gine-gine. Lafarge Africa ta bayyana cewa masana'antar Ashaka tana da ƙarfin samar da siminti kusan tan miliyan 1 a shekara. Wannan ya sanya ta zama muhimmiyar cibiyar samar da siminti ga kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lafarge Africa Plc at a Glance |url=https://www.lafarge.com.ng/lafarge-africa-plc-a-glance |website=Lafarge Africa Plc |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ashaka Cement tana samar da nau'o'in siminti da suka haɗa da nau'in 32.5, wanda ake amfani da shi a ayyukan gine-gine daban-daban, da nau'in 42.5, wanda ya dace da ayyukan da ke buƙatar siminti mai ƙarfi. Kamfanin ya bayyana AshakaCem a matsayin alamar siminti mai ƙarfi da ake amfani da ita wajen gine-gine da kuma aikin kankare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashaka Cem |url=https://www.lafarge.com.ng/ashaka-cem |website=Lafarge Africa Plc |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Faɗaɗa masana'antar == A watan Fabrairun 2026, Lafarge Africa ta sanar da wani shirin faɗaɗa masana'antarta ta Ashaka da nufin ƙara ƙarfin samarwa. Rahoton da ''Premium Times'' ta wallafa ya ce aikin faɗaɗawar zai haɗa da sabuwar masana'anta mai amfani da tsarin busasshen samarwa, preheater kilns, vertical raw mills da roller presses domin inganta amfani da makamashi. Bayan kammala aikin, ana sa ran ƙarfin samar da masana'antar Ashaka zai ƙaru daga kusan tan miliyan 1 zuwa tan miliyan 2 a shekara.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lafarge Africa to increase its production capacity through expansion projects |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/854376-lafarge-africa-to-increase-its-production-capacity-through-expansion-projects.html |work=Premium Times |date=4 February 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Faɗaɗa masana'antar na daga cikin shirye-shiryen Lafarge Africa na ƙara samar da siminti a cikin Najeriya da kuma inganta wadatar kayayyakin gine-gine. Kamfanin ya bayyana cewa sabbin fasahohin da za a yi amfani da su a aikin faɗaɗawar za su taimaka wajen inganta ingancin aiki da kuma amfani da makamashi yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lafarge Africa to increase its production capacity through expansion projects |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/promoted/854376-lafarge-africa-to-increase-its-production-capacity-through-expansion-projects.html |work=Premium Times |date=4 February 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmancin tattalin arziki == Masana'antar Siminti ta Ashaka tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tattalin arzikin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ta hanyar samar da kayan gini da ake buƙata wajen gine-ginen gidaje, makarantu, hanyoyi da sauran ababen more rayuwa. Lafarge Africa ta bayyana cewa masana'antar ta kasance wani muhimmin ginshiƙi wajen ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewar yankin arewa maso gabas na Najeriya tsawon fiye da shekaru arba'in.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lafarge Africa 2023 Sustainability Report |url=https://www.lafarge.com.ng/sites/nigeria/files/docs/lafarge-africa-2023-sustainability-report.pdf |website=Lafarge Africa Plc |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Masana'antar kuma tana taimakawa wajen samar da ayyukan tattalin arziki a yankin ta hanyar ayyukan masana'antu, sufuri, rarrabawa da kasuwancin siminti. Kasancewar masana'antar a Jihar Gombe yana taimaka wa kamfanin wajen samar da kayayyakin gini ga kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, musamman yankin arewa maso gabas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lafarge Africa Plc at a Glance |url=https://www.lafarge.com.ng/lafarge-africa-plc-a-glance |website=Lafarge Africa Plc |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Wurin da take == Masana'antar tana Ashaka Works a Jihar Gombe, Najeriya. Lafarge Africa ta jera Ashaka Works, Gombe State a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren masana'antunta a Najeriya, tare da Ewekoro da Sagamu a Jihar Ogun da Mfamosing a Jihar Cross River.<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact us |url=https://www.lafarge.com.ng/contact-us |website=Lafarge Africa Plc |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmancinta ga arewa maso gabas == Saboda matsayinta a Jihar Gombe, Ashaka Cement tana cikin muhimman masana'antun siminti da ke tallafawa ayyukan gine-gine a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Kamfanin ya bayyana cewa tsawon fiye da shekaru arba'in, masana'antar ta kasance wani ɓangare na ci gaban tattalin arziki da samar da kayayyakin gini a yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lafarge Africa 2023 Sustainability Report |url=https://www.lafarge.com.ng/sites/nigeria/files/docs/lafarge-africa-2023-sustainability-report.pdf |website=Lafarge Africa Plc |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Masana'antar siminti]] * [[Lafarge Africa]] * [[Siminti]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2txybjb6rqb1ze918wpzy679mrp1gr9 0 178393 963981 2026-10-06T18:33:51Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Arhleey = ====== Ahali (arhleey). ====== ahlin babban gida ,ahlin matsakaita, dakumah ahlin qananin gidah dukkan su ahline ammah koh waniy ahli yanada nashi qalubalan yakan iyah kasan chewah rarrabuwan kai kokumah hadin kai, zaman lapia koh kumah akasinsah, kwanchiyar hankali koh rashinsa. Kowaniy arhleey yanada nashiy qalubalen ammah wannan arhleey yakasanche yahada dukah ne kawaniy matsalah akwaishi komah hakah zalikah chigabah. ====== Arhleey wannan qagaeggen labarine id... 963981 wikitext text/x-wiki = Arhleey = ====== Ahali (arhleey). ====== ahlin babban gida ,ahlin matsakaita, dakumah ahlin qananin gidah dukkan su ahline ammah koh waniy ahli yanada nashi qalubalan yakan iyah kasan chewah rarrabuwan kai kokumah hadin kai, zaman lapia koh kumah akasinsah, kwanchiyar hankali koh rashinsa. Kowaniy arhleey yanada nashiy qalubalen ammah wannan arhleey yakasanche yahada dukah ne kawaniy matsalah akwaishi komah hakah zalikah chigabah. ====== Arhleey wannan qagaeggen labarine idan ki/kai labarin yayi kaman che cheniyah danakuh toh ayi haquri 🙏🙏🙏 haduwar fahimta ne . ====== datakuh kamar kullum zaujeel khair nake wallafo muku bayanai .🫡🫡🫡 ====== Arhleey kashiy nafarko1🤩🤩🤩🤩 ====== g74kagxgojc5zb8bgrxna2gxzwg0kyu 963982 963981 2026-10-06T18:34:33Z Àncilu 17640 Requesting speedy deletion (Out of project scope). (TwinkleGlobal) 963982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gogewa|1=Out of project scope}} = Arhleey = ====== Ahali (arhleey). ====== ahlin babban gida ,ahlin matsakaita, dakumah ahlin qananin gidah dukkan su ahline ammah koh waniy ahli yanada nashi qalubalan yakan iyah kasan chewah rarrabuwan kai kokumah hadin kai, zaman lapia koh kumah akasinsah, kwanchiyar hankali koh rashinsa. Kowaniy arhleey yanada nashiy qalubalen ammah wannan arhleey yakasanche yahada dukah ne kawaniy matsalah akwaishi komah hakah zalikah chigabah. ====== Arhleey wannan qagaeggen labarine idan ki/kai labarin yayi kaman che cheniyah danakuh toh ayi haquri 🙏🙏🙏 haduwar fahimta ne . ====== datakuh kamar kullum zaujeel khair nake wallafo muku bayanai .🫡🫡🫡 ====== Arhleey kashiy nafarko1🤩🤩🤩🤩 ====== o9ik2pol06dfc83oe8sxctldu7222pc 0 178394 963985 2026-10-06T18:41:06Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363813689|Keeled scales]]" 963985 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AB_Keeled_Scales.jpg|thumb|Sikeli a kan maciji mai laushi, ''Amphiesma stolatum'']] Sikeli na keeled yana nufin sikelin dabbobi masu rarrafe waɗanda, maimakon su kasance masu santsi, suna da tudu a tsakiya wanda zai iya ko bazai kai ga ƙarshen sikelin ba, yana mai da su da wuya ga taɓawa. Dangane da bayanin Street (1979) na [[Kadangare|lizards]] da [[Maciji|macizai]] na Turai, a cikin waɗanda ke da ma'auni keeled keels yawanci suna da ƙarfi a cikin samfurori na namiji kuma ana tsara su koyaushe bisa ga nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe, kodayake wasu da yawa ba su da su. Tare da lizards na Turai, sikelin dorsal yawanci suna da kyau, yayin da waɗanda ke kan flanks sun fi rauni kuma waɗanda ke kan ciki suna da santsi.<ref name="Str79">Street, Donald (1979). ''The Reptiles of Northern and Central Europe''. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. 268 pp. {{ISBN|0-7134-1374-3}}.</ref> Tsuntsaye wanda bana Turaiba kamar su ''Sphaerodactylus macrolepis'' suma suna nuna sikelin keeled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DAZA |first=JUAN D. |last2=PINTO |first2=BRENDAN J. |last3=THOMAS |first3=RICHARD |last4=HERRERA-MARTINEZ |first4=ALEXANDRA |last5=SCANTLEBURY |first5=DANIEL P. |last6=GARCÍA |first6=LUIS F. PADILLA |last7=BALARAMAN |first7=RAJESH P. |last8=PERRY |first8=GAD |last9=GAMBLE |first9=TONY |date=2019-12-19 |title=<p><strong>The sprightly little sphaerodactyl: Systematics and biogeography of </strong><br /><strong>the Puerto Rican dwarf geckos <em>Sphaerodactylus</em> (Gekkota, Sphaerodactylidae)</strong></p> |url=https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4712.2.1 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4712 |issue=2 |pages=151–201 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4712.2.1 |issn=1175-5334 |pmid=32230683 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Klauber (1997) ya bayyana yadda keels a kan sikelin ''Crotalus'' rattlesnakes suke da karfi sosai a tsakiyar baya, amma sannu a hankali suna raunana a kan layuka na gefe tare da sikelin ventral suna da santsi. Daga nan sai ya yi nuni da binciken 1938, yana mai cewa "ya ba da shawarar cewa keels na iya samun fa'idar daidaitawa wajen rage haske, wanda in ba haka ba zai iya haifar da ganowa daga abokan gaba" Dalilan ma'auni na keeled galibi ba a yi nazari sosai ba, amma wasu amfani na iya haɗawa da locomotion a cikin nau'ikan bishiyoyi da masu zama da ciyawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gans |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Gans |date=1962 |title=Terrestrial Locomotion without Limbs |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3881207 |journal=American Zoologist |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=167–182 |doi=10.1093/icb/2.2.167 |issn=0003-1569 |jstor=3881207}}</ref> An nuna tarin ruwa a wasu maciji, kodayake ana zaton tsarin ma'auni ya fi mahimmanci fiye da tsarin macrostructure (keel) na ma'aunin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phadnis |first=Akshay |last2=Manning |first2=Kenneth C. |last3=Schuett |first3=Gordon W. |last4=Rykaczewski |first4=Konrad |date=2019-12-17 |title=Role of Scale Wettability on Rain-Harvesting Behavior in a Desert-Dwelling Rattlesnake |journal=ACS Omega |language=en |volume=4 |issue=25 |pages=21141–21147 |doi=10.1021/acsomega.9b02557 |issn=2470-1343 |pmc=6921647 |pmid=31867507 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A wasu daga cikin '''macizai masu dafin Viper''', musamman waɗanda ke cikin jinsin '''''Echis''''', ƙananan ƙyallen fata da ke gefen jikinsu ba wai kawai suna da kaifi (keeled) ba ne, har ila yau waɗannan kaifin suna da ƙananan tsageru.Macizai suna amfani da wannan wajen '''gargadi da nuna barazana'''. Suna shirya jikinsu cikin jerin madaukai masu kama da harafin '''C''', sannan su riƙa goga waɗannan madaukai da juna akai-akai. Hakan yana fitar da wani sauti mai kama da '''“sizziling”''', wato ƙara kamar sautin ruwa da aka zuba a kan ƙarfe mai zafi. Wannan hanyar samar da sauti ana kiranta '''stridulation''', wato '''samar da sauti ta hanyar goge sassan jiki da juna'''. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery> File:Hornviper_Cerastes_cerastes.jpg|Horned desert viper (''Cerastes cerastes'') File:Bitis_arietans.jpg|Puff adder (''Bitis arietans'') File:Viperaberus1.jpg|[[Ƙasa|Common European adder]] (''Vipera berus'') File:Crotalus_cerastes_mesquite_springs_CA-2.jpg|Horned rattlesnake (''Crotalus cerastes'') File:Crotalus_atrox_Portrait_070731.jpg|Western diamondback rattlesnake (''Crotalus atrox'') File:Montivipera_xanthina.JPG|Ottoman viper shows typical non-reflective appearance of reptiles with keeled scales. File:Crotalus_horridus_(5).jpg|Timber rattlesnake (''Crotalus horridus'') File:Echis_carinatus_head_sal.jpg|''Echis carinatus'' File:Bothropoides_neuwiedi_-_Jardim_Zoológico_de_Brasília_-_DSC09973.JPG|Bothrops neuwiedi (''Neuwied's lancehead'') File:Keeled_Scales_on_skin_of_Puff_Adder_IMG_0875.JPG|Puff adder (''Bitis arietans'') </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == 8m7xfengv4gci0yj7fwgud7mgi0joq9 0 178395 963988 2026-10-06T18:45:04Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: == Al'amari == lamarin rayuwah lamarin yau da kullum duk yakan iyah kasancewa al'amarine dake qunshe koh ah bayyane 963988 wikitext text/x-wiki == Al'amari == lamarin rayuwah lamarin yau da kullum duk yakan iyah kasancewa al'amarine dake qunshe koh ah bayyane 2v0edgcy040ohn22662ubxun6oyk1va 0 178396 963992 2026-10-06T18:53:36Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291881457|Anal scale]]" 963992 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AB122_-_Anal_scale_undivided.JPG|right|thumb|200x200px|Scale na anal wanda ba a raba shi ba na elapid]] [[File:AB123_-_Anal_scale_divided.JPG|right|thumb|350x350px|Rarraba sikelin anal na Ptyas mucosus, wani colubrid. Dubi ma'auni na ventral da ba a raba shi ba a hagu da kuma ma'aunin caudal da aka raba a dama.]] A cikin [[Maciji|macizai]], sikelin anal ko farantin anal shine sikelin kawai a gaban da Ruwa yarufe budewar cloacal. Wannan sikelin na iya zama ɗaya ("dukan hanci") ko biyu ("analla raba"). Lokacin da aka haɗa shi, rarrabuwa((((This scale can be either single ("anal entire") or paired ("anal divided"). When paired, the division is oblique.<ref name="Mal032">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxicology of Old World Vipers''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. {{ISBN|0-89464-877-2}}.</ref><ref name="W&W572">[[Albert Hazen Wright|Wright AH]], Wright AA (1957). ''Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada''. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates. (7th printing, 1985). 1,105 pp. (in two volumes). {{ISBN|0-8014-0463-0}}.</ref> The anal scale is preceded by the [[:en:Ventral_scales|ventral scales]] and followed by the [[:en:Subcaudal_scales|subcaudal scales]].))))) tana da karkata.<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxicology of Old World Vipers''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. {{ISBN|0-89464-877-2}}.</ref> Sikeli na anal yana gaba da sikelin ventral kuma sikelin subcaudal ya biyo baya. == Dubi kuma == * Sikeli na maciji == Bayanan da aka ambata == pa3fc3tyiz385axpygcg9s0i36cc34q 963994 963992 2026-10-06T18:55:35Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 963994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:AB122_-_Anal_scale_undivided.JPG|right|thumb|200x200px|Scale na anal wanda ba a raba shi ba na elapid]] [[File:AB123_-_Anal_scale_divided.JPG|right|thumb|350x350px|Rarraba sikelin anal na Ptyas mucosus, wani colubrid. Dubi ma'auni na ventral da ba a raba shi ba a hagu da kuma ma'aunin caudal da aka raba a dama.]] A cikin [[Maciji|macizai]], sikelin anal ko farantin anal shine sikelin kawai a gaban da Ruwa yarufe budewar cloacal. Wannan sikelin na iya zama ɗaya ("dukan hanci") ko biyu ("analla raba"). Lokacin da aka haɗa shi, rarrabuwa tana da karkata.<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxicology of Old World Vipers''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. {{ISBN|0-89464-877-2}}.</ref> Sikeli na anal yana gaba da sikelin ventral kuma sikelin subcaudal ya biyo baya. == Dubi kuma == * Sikeli na maciji == Bayanan da aka ambata == pouawx5djujx7rs5qe228rrvd1kphrd 0 178397 963993 2026-10-06T18:55:34Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361739586|Cristian Riquelme]]" 963993 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Cristian Alonso Riquelme Piña''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Chile wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu na kulob din Liga de Primera Deportes Concepción a aro daga Colo-Colo . == Ayyukan kulob din == Yayinda yake yaro, Riquelme ya wakilci tawagar garinsu, Casablanca, kuma ya fuskanci Everton na Viña del Mar. Bayan wannan wasan, ya shiga tsarin matasa na Everton yana da shekaru 13. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2021 |title=Quién es Riquelme, la joya chilena que quiere River |url=https://www.tycsports.com/river-plate/river-cristian-riquelme-joya-chilena-id396337.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |publisher=[[TyC Sports]] |language=es}}</ref> Ya fara wasan farko na sana'a a wasan farko na Chile na 2021 da Union La Calera a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2021, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko a watan Fabrairun 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2021 |title=La joya de Everton y de la Roja Sub 20 que quiere River Plate |url=https://chile.as.com/chile/2021/12/07/futbol/1638875115_828614.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |publisher=[[Diario AS|AS Chile]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2022 |title=JUVENILES ORO Y CIELO FIRMAN SU PRIMER CONTRATO PROFESIONAL |url=https://everton.cl/juveniles-oro-y-cielo-firman-su-primer-contrato-profesional/ |access-date=26 May 2022 |publisher=[[Everton de Viña del Mar]] |language=es}}</ref> A rabi na biyu na 2024, Riquelme ya sauya zuwa Colo-Colo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Christian |date=1 August 2024 |title=Zamorano style: la singular numeración que usará Mauricio Isla en Colo Colo |url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/zamorano-style-la-singular-numeracion-que-usara-mauricio-isla-en-colo-colo/YFK2Y3E3JVFE3IBOZZU5DKT7NI/ |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[La Tercera]] |language=es |quote=En el acto también fue presentado Cristián Riquelme, el lateral izquierdo que los albos reclutaron desde Everton.}}</ref> An ba da rancensa ga Deportes Concepción don rabi na biyu na shekara ta 2026. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Riquelme ta wakilci Chile a matakin kasa da shekaru 17 a duka gasar zakarun Kudancin Amurka ta 2019, inda ta buga dukkan wasannin, da kuma gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2019, inda za ta buga wasanni hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarro |first=Nicolás |date=11 December 2021 |title=Cristian Riquelme, la joven promesa de Everton de Viña del Mar que ven desde River Plate: "Son solo rumores, pero claro que me gustaría ir" |url=https://bolavip.com/cl/nacional/Cristian-Riquelme-la-joven-promesa-de-Everton-de-Vina-del-Mar-que-ven-desde-River-Plate-Son-solo-rumores-pero-claro-que-me-gustaria-ir-20211211-0003.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=Bolavip Chile |language=es}}</ref> Tun daga 2021, ana kiransa akai-akai don horar da microcycles na Chile U20.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=Nómina para Microciclo de la Selección Chilena Masculina Sub 20 |url=http://www.laroja.cl/new/nomina-para-microciclo-de-la-seleccion-chilena-masculina-sub-20 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=www.laroja.cl |publisher=[[Football Federation of Chile|FFCh]] |language=es}}</ref> A matakin kasa da shekaru 20, ya fara bugawa a wasan sada zumunci da Peru U20 a ranar 14 ga Yulin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=La Roja Sub 20 cayó ante Perú en La Videna |url=https://laroja.cl/new/la-roja-sub-20-cayo-ante-peru-en-la-videna |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=laroja.cl |publisher=[[Football Federation of Chile|FFCh]] |language=es}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya bayyana cewa gunkinsa na kwallon kafa shine Andrew Robertson . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Neyra |first=Pablo |date=23 October 2019 |title=Cristian Riquelme: conoce al mundialista de La Roja Sub 17 |url=https://laroja.cl/cristian-riquelme-conoce-al-mundialista-de-la-roja-sub-17 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=laroja.cl |publisher=[[Football Federation of Chile|FFCh]] |language=es}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|14 July 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway|cristian-alonso-riquelme-pina/602792}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |Everton |2021 | rowspan="4" |Sashen Farko na Chile |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |2022 |7 |0 |2 |0 |3 |0 |12 |0 |- |2023 |25 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2024 |12 |0 |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - |17 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !47 !1 !10 !0 !3 !0 !60 !1 |- |Colo-Colo |2024 |Sashen Farko na Chile |3 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !50 !1 !12 !0 !3 !0 !65 !1 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] 7tcnlneet9ej5c2vqpvjskrlcxyr3sa 963995 963993 2026-10-06T18:56:39Z Khaleel767 49732 963995 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Cristian Alonso Riquelme Piña''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga Oktoba 2003) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Chile wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu na kulob din Liga de Primera Deportes Concepción a aro daga Colo-Colo . == Ayyukan kulob din == Yayinda yake yaro, Riquelme ya wakilci tawagar garinsu, Casablanca, kuma ya fuskanci Everton na Viña del Mar. Bayan wannan wasan, ya shiga tsarin matasa na Everton yana da shekaru 13. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2021 |title=Quién es Riquelme, la joya chilena que quiere River |url=https://www.tycsports.com/river-plate/river-cristian-riquelme-joya-chilena-id396337.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |publisher=[[TyC Sports]] |language=es}}</ref> Ya fara wasan farko na sana'a a wasan farko na Chile na 2021 da Union La Calera a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2021, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arsa ta farko a watan Fabrairun 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2021 |title=La joya de Everton y de la Roja Sub 20 que quiere River Plate |url=https://chile.as.com/chile/2021/12/07/futbol/1638875115_828614.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |publisher=[[Diario AS|AS Chile]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2022 |title=JUVENILES ORO Y CIELO FIRMAN SU PRIMER CONTRATO PROFESIONAL |url=https://everton.cl/juveniles-oro-y-cielo-firman-su-primer-contrato-profesional/ |access-date=26 May 2022 |publisher=[[Everton de Viña del Mar]] |language=es}}</ref> A rabi na biyu na 2024, Riquelme ya sauya zuwa Colo-Colo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=González |first=Christian |date=1 August 2024 |title=Zamorano style: la singular numeración que usará Mauricio Isla en Colo Colo |url=https://www.latercera.com/el-deportivo/noticia/zamorano-style-la-singular-numeracion-que-usara-mauricio-isla-en-colo-colo/YFK2Y3E3JVFE3IBOZZU5DKT7NI/ |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[La Tercera]] |language=es |quote=En el acto también fue presentado Cristián Riquelme, el lateral izquierdo que los albos reclutaron desde Everton.}}</ref> An ba da rancensa ga Deportes Concepción don rabi na biyu na shekara ta 2026. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Riquelme ta wakilci Chile a matakin kasa da shekaru 17 a duka gasar zakarun Kudancin Amurka ta 2019, inda ta buga dukkan wasannin, da kuma gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA na 2019, inda za ta buga wasanni hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navarro |first=Nicolás |date=11 December 2021 |title=Cristian Riquelme, la joven promesa de Everton de Viña del Mar que ven desde River Plate: "Son solo rumores, pero claro que me gustaría ir" |url=https://bolavip.com/cl/nacional/Cristian-Riquelme-la-joven-promesa-de-Everton-de-Vina-del-Mar-que-ven-desde-River-Plate-Son-solo-rumores-pero-claro-que-me-gustaria-ir-20211211-0003.html |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=Bolavip Chile |language=es}}</ref> Tun daga 2021, ana kiransa akai-akai don horar da microcycles na Chile U20.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2021 |title=Nómina para Microciclo de la Selección Chilena Masculina Sub 20 |url=http://www.laroja.cl/new/nomina-para-microciclo-de-la-seleccion-chilena-masculina-sub-20 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=www.laroja.cl |publisher=[[Football Federation of Chile|FFCh]] |language=es}}</ref> A matakin kasa da shekaru 20, ya fara bugawa a wasan sada zumunci da Peru U20 a ranar 14 ga Yulin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=La Roja Sub 20 cayó ante Perú en La Videna |url=https://laroja.cl/new/la-roja-sub-20-cayo-ante-peru-en-la-videna |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=laroja.cl |publisher=[[Football Federation of Chile|FFCh]] |language=es}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ya bayyana cewa gunkinsa na kwallon kafa shine Andrew Robertson . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Neyra |first=Pablo |date=23 October 2019 |title=Cristian Riquelme: conoce al mundialista de La Roja Sub 17 |url=https://laroja.cl/cristian-riquelme-conoce-al-mundialista-de-la-roja-sub-17 |access-date=26 May 2022 |website=laroja.cl |publisher=[[Football Federation of Chile|FFCh]] |language=es}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|14 July 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway|cristian-alonso-riquelme-pina/602792}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |Everton |2021 | rowspan="4" |Sashen Farko na Chile |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |2022 |7 |0 |2 |0 |3 |0 |12 |0 |- |2023 |25 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |2024 |12 |0 |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - |17 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !47 !1 !10 !0 !3 !0 !60 !1 |- |Colo-Colo |2024 |Sashen Farko na Chile |3 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !50 !1 !12 !0 !3 !0 !65 !1 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] n3165p3s52nzyl51pwwphqcgiv7zktg 0 178398 963996 2026-10-06T19:00:54Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291882060|Canthus (herpetology)]]" 963996 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin [[Maciji|macizai]] da amphibians, '''canthus''', canthal ridge ko ''canthus rostralis'' <ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. ''The Dangerous Snakes of Africa''. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-029-8}}.</ref> shine kusurwar tsakanin kambi mai laushi na kai da gefen kai tsakanin ido da hanci, <ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers''. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. {{ISBN|0-89464-877-2}}.</ref> ko kuma mafi mahimmanci,(((((angle between the flat crown of the head and the side of the head between the eye and the snout,<ref name="Mal032">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers''. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. {{ISBN|0-89464-877-2}}.</ref> or more specifically, between the [[:en:Supraocular_scale|supraocular scale]] and the [[:en:Rostral_scale|rostral scale]]. It is defined as a sharp ridge in many [[:en:Viperidae|vipe]]))))) tsakanin sikelin supraocular da sikelin rostral. An bayyana shi azaman tsaunuka masu kaifi a cikin viperids da yawa, amma an zagaye shi a cikin mafi yawan rattlesnakes, misali.<ref name="C&L04">Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. {{ISBN|0-8014-4141-2}}.</ref><ref>Wareham, David C. 2005. Dictionary of herpetological and related terminology. Elsevier. {{ISBN|0-444-51863-0}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == ozxhnk02r7r8oeu2i45vtsk8irjirec 963997 963996 2026-10-06T19:01:52Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 963997 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin [[Maciji|macizai]] da amphibians, '''canthus''', canthal ridge ko ''canthus rostralis'' <ref name="SB95">Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. ''The Dangerous Snakes of Africa''. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-029-8}}.</ref> shine kusurwar tsakanin kambi mai laushi na kai da gefen kai tsakanin ido da hanci, <ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers''. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. {{ISBN|0-89464-877-2}}.</ref> ko kuma mafi mahimmanci, tsakanin sikelin supraocular da sikelin rostral. An bayyana shi azaman tsaunuka masu kaifi a cikin viperids da yawa, amma an zagaye shi a cikin mafi yawan rattlesnakes, misali.<ref name="C&L04">Campbell JA, Lamar WW. 2004. The Venomous Reptiles of the Western Hemisphere. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London. 870 pp. 1500 plates. {{ISBN|0-8014-4141-2}}.</ref><ref>Wareham, David C. 2005. Dictionary of herpetological and related terminology. Elsevier. {{ISBN|0-444-51863-0}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == p0ok48yfrgkgg6cf9sls2g3gg0igtcs 0 178399 964001 2026-10-06T19:08:31Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1291881606|Sublabial scale]]" 964001 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin Dabbobi masu rarrafe, '''sikelin sublabial''', wanda kuma ake kira ƙananan labials ko infralabials, sune sikelin da ke iyakance bakin da ke buɗewa tare da ƙananan jaw. Ba su haɗa da sikelin matsakaiciba <ref name="W&W57">Wright AH, Wright AA. 1957. ''Handbook of Snakes''. Comstock Publishing Associates (7th printing, 1985). 1105 pp. {{ISBN|0-8014-0463-0}}.</ref> (scale na hankali). Kalmar labial ta samo asali ne daga {{Lang|la|labium}} (Latin don "bead"), wanda ke nufin kowane tsarin lebe(((The numbers of these scales present, and sometimes the shapes and sizes, are some of many characteristics used to differentiate species from one another.)))). Lambobin waɗannan ma'auni, kuma wani lokacin siffofi da girma, wasu halaye ne da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don rarrabe jinsuna daga juna. == Sikeli masu alaƙa == * Sikeli na sama da na biyu * Sikeli na fuska * Matsakaicin tunani == Dubi kuma == * Sikeli na baki * Sikeli na maciji * Yanayin jikin mutum na wuri == Bayanan da aka ambata == okbh4hod42q6kxpqzt63g5w0zl3vk57 964003 964001 2026-10-06T19:09:51Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 964003 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin Dabbobi masu rarrafe, '''sikelin sublabial''', wanda kuma ake kira ƙananan labials ko infralabials, sune sikelin da ke iyakance bakin da ke buɗewa tare da ƙananan jaw. Ba su haɗa da sikelin matsakaiciba <ref name="W&W57">Wright AH, Wright AA. 1957. ''Handbook of Snakes''. Comstock Publishing Associates (7th printing, 1985). 1105 pp. {{ISBN|0-8014-0463-0}}.</ref> (scale na hankali). Kalmar labial ta samo asali ne daga {{Lang|la|labium}} (Latin don "bead"), wanda ke nufin kowane tsarin lebe. Lambobin waɗannan ma'auni, kuma wani lokacin siffofi da girma, wasu halaye ne da yawa da aka yi amfani da su don rarrabe jinsuna daga juna. == Sikeli masu alaƙa == * Sikeli na sama da na biyu * Sikeli na fuska * Matsakaicin tunani == Dubi kuma == * Sikeli na baki * Sikeli na maciji * Yanayin jikin mutum na wuri == Bayanan da aka ambata == 9w32690olwhg1b0nki3jh9h62ipte32 0 178400 964005 2026-10-06T19:14:10Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Conflaks = waniy nau'in abune wwanda ake sarrafa shiy da masara domin achiy .akan iayah jiqashiy da madara da kumah sigari domin asha. Anfiye shanshine ah lokutan kamar dare koh kumah safe domiin yakasan che abune marah nuyi wanda ake karin kumallo dashi koh kumah [[Abinci|abinchi]] nah dare 964005 wikitext text/x-wiki = Conflaks = waniy nau'in abune wwanda ake sarrafa shiy da masara domin achiy .akan iayah jiqashiy da madara da kumah sigari domin asha. Anfiye shanshine ah lokutan kamar dare koh kumah safe domiin yakasan che abune marah nuyi wanda ake karin kumallo dashi koh kumah [[Abinci|abinchi]] nah dare tdq35r2a7v0kr34w6bc9y7j4loutmv4 964006 964005 2026-10-06T19:15:31Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964006 wikitext text/x-wiki = Conflaks = waniy nau'in abune wwanda ake sarrafa shiy da masara domin achiy .akan iayah jiqashiy da [[madara]] da kumah sigari domin asha. Anfiye shanshine ah lokutan kamar dare koh kumah safe domiin yakasan che abune marah nuyi wanda ake karin kumallo dashi koh kumah [[Abinci|abinchi]] nah dare 0m0xjayy9127285zixvb8tl0y960t09 964007 964006 2026-10-06T19:16:26Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964007 wikitext text/x-wiki = Conflaks = waniy nau'in abune wwanda ake sarrafa shiy da masara domin achiy .akan iayah jiqashiy da [[madara]] da kumah sikari domin asha. Anfiye shanshine ah lokutan kamar dare koh kumah safe domiin yakasan che abune marah nuyi wanda ake karin kumallo dashi koh kumah [[Abinci|abinchi]] nah dare 7ajtwetikjolkgrk99360xx3u73fkcv 964009 964007 2026-10-06T19:17:43Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964009 wikitext text/x-wiki = Conflaks = waniy nau'in abune wwanda ake sarrafa shiy da masara domin achiy .akan iayah jiqashiy da [[madara]] da kumah [[sikari]] domin asha. Anfiye shanshine ah lokutan kamar dare koh kumah safe domiin yakasan che abune marah nuyi wanda ake karin kumallo dashi koh kumah [[Abinci|abinchi]] nah dare bjk3kggv2hxhox284h1zjpj7xf8gzd7 964010 964009 2026-10-06T19:18:30Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964010 wikitext text/x-wiki = Conflaks = waniy nau'in abune wwanda ake sarrafa shiy da masara domin achiy .akan iayah jiqashiy da [[madara]] da kumah [[sikari]] domin asha. Anfiye shanshine ah lokutan kamar [[dare]] koh kumah safe domiin yakasan che abune marah nuyi wanda ake karin kumallo dashi koh kumah [[Abinci|abinchi]] nah dare 1as5c8ili6fyrefndr9g8rk5dixg7x9 964011 964010 2026-10-06T19:20:02Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964011 wikitext text/x-wiki = Conflaks = waniy nau'in abune wwanda ake sarrafa shiy da masara domin achiy .akan iayah jiqashiy da [[madara]] da kumah [[sikari]] domin asha. Anfiye shanshine ah lokutan kamar [[dare]] koh kumah [[safe]] domiin yakasan che abune marah nuyi wanda ake karin kumallo dashi koh kumah [[Abinci|abinchi]] nah dare s2brxsw0vg2klu2tdino7abk6ogfwlv 0 178401 964021 2026-10-06T19:41:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258348721|Archival research]]" 964021 wikitext text/x-wiki Binciken ajiya wani nau'in bincike ne wanda ya haɗa da neman da kuma cire shaida daga bayanan ajiya. Ana iya gudanar da waɗannan bayanan ko dai a cikin cibiyoyin tattarawa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=International Council on Archives |title=Multilingual Archival Terminology |url=http://www.ciscra.org/mat/mat/term/64 |website=International Council on Archives}}</ref> kamar ɗakunan karatu da gidajen tarihi, ko kuma a cikin kulawar ƙungiyar (ko kungiya ta gwamnati, kasuwanci, iyali, ko wata hukuma) wacce ta samo asali ko ta tara su, ko kuma ta maye gurbin (canja, ko kuma ɗakunan ajiya na cikin gida). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Society of American Archivists |title=A glossary of archival and records terminology |url=https://www2.archivists.org/glossary/terms/i/institutional-archives}}</ref> Ana iya bambanta bincike na tarihi da (1) bincike na biyu (wanda ba a fahimta ba a cikin ɗakin karatu ko kan layi), wanda ya haɗa da ganowa da tuntuɓar tushen sakandare da suka shafi batun bincike; da kuma (2) tare da wasu nau'ikan bincike na farko da bincike na kwarewa kamar Aikin gona da gwaji. == Tarihin kungiyoyin adana bayanai == Tsohon tarihin sun kasance na daruruwan shekaru. Misali, a Turai, an kafa Babban Tarihin Crown na Aragon a cikin 1318, ko Tarihin Asirin Vatican wanda aka fara a karni na 17 kuma yana dauke da takardun jihar, littattafan asusun papal, da wasikun papal wanda ya samo asali daga karni na 8. An kafa Archives Nationales a Faransa a cikin 1790 a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa kuma yana da mallakar da ta samo asali daga AD 625, kuma sauran tarihin Turai suna da irin wannan asalin. Tarihi a cikin duniyar zamani, yayin da kwanan nan, na iya riƙe kayan da ke dawowa ƙarni da yawa, alal misali, an kafa Hukumar Kula da Tarihi da Tarihi ta Amurka da farko a cikin 1934. [1] NARA ta ƙunshi rubuce-rubuce da tarin da suka samo asali daga kafa Amurka a karni na 18. Daga cikin tarin NARA akwai sanarwar 'yancin kai, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, da kwafin Magna Carta. British National Archives (TNA) ya gano tarihinsa zuwa kirkirar Ofishin Rubuce-rubucen Jama'a a 1838, yayin da aka kafa wasu jihohi da hukumomin ƙasa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Jami'o'i wani wuri ne na adana kayan tarihi da tarin rubuce-rubuce. Yawancin jami'o'i suna da kayan tarihi waɗanda ke ba da labarin kasuwancin jami'ar. Wasu jami'o'i kuma suna da ɗakunan ajiya ko tarin rubuce-rubuce waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan wani bangare ko wani na al'adun jihar ko ƙasar da jami'ar take. Makarantu da cibiyoyin addini, da kuma karatun gida da tarin tarihi, gidajen tarihi da cibiyoyi na bincike na iya riƙe ɗakunan ajiya. Dalilin da ya sa aka nuna faɗin da zurfin tarihin shine don ba da ra'ayi game da matsalolin da masu binciken tarihin ke fuskanta. Wasu daga cikin wadannan ɗakunan ajiya suna da adadi mai yawa na rubuce-rubuce. Misali, Tarihin Asirin Vatican yana da sama da mil 52 na adana kayan tarihi. Yawancin ɗakunan ajiya yanzu suna karɓar canja wurin dijital, wanda kuma zai iya gabatar da ƙalubale don nuni da samun dama. == Hanyoyin bincike na tarihi == Binciken tarihi yana cikin zuciyar mafi yawan ilimi da sauran nau'ikan binciken tarihi na asali; amma ana gudanar da shi akai-akai (tare da hanyoyin bincike na layi daya) a wasu fannoni a cikin ilimin ɗan adam da [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], gami da karatun wallafe-wallafen, rhetoric, [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], [[ilimin ɗan adam]], [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]], da Nazarin ƙungiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=L'Eplattenier |first=Barbara E. |date=2009 |title=An Argument for Archival Research Methods: Thinking Beyond Methodology |journal=College English |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=67–79 |jstor=25653008}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Welch |first=Catherine |date=January 2000 |title=The archaeology of business networks: the use of archival records in case study research |journal=Journal of Strategic Marketing |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=197–208 |doi=10.1080/0965254x.2000.10815560 |s2cid=52203137}}</ref> Hakanan yana iya zama mahimmanci a wasu nau'ikan bincike marasa ilimi, kamar gano iyalai na haihuwa ta hanyar tallafi, da bincike na aikata laifuka. Bayanan da cibiyoyin adana bayanai ke riƙewa suna da amfani a cikin binciken kimiyya da kuma kafa haƙƙin jama'a. Baya ga horo, irin hanyar bincike da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin binciken ajiya na iya bambanta dangane da ƙungiyarsa da kayan aikinsa. Misali, a cikin ɗakunan ajiya waɗanda ke da adadi mai yawa na kayan da ba a sarrafa su ba, mai bincike na iya samun shawarwari kai tsaye tare da ma'aikatan ajiya waɗanda suke da kyakkyawar fahimta game da tarin da ƙungiyarsu don zama da amfani saboda suna iya zama tushen bayanai game da kayan da ba su da tsari ko kayan da suka danganci su a wasu ɗakunan ajiyar ajiya da wuraren ajiya. Lokacin da ba a tsara wani ajiya gaba ɗaya ba ko kuma ya dace da horo ɗaya, masu bincike, alal misali masu ilimin asali, na iya dogaro da hanyoyin sadarwar al'ada ko na al'ada don tallafawa bincike ta hanyar raba bayanai game da takamaiman ƙungiyar ɗakunan ajiya da tarin tare da juna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duff |first=Wendy |last2=Johnson |first2=Catherine |date=January 2003 |title=Where Is the List with All the Names? Information-Seeking Behavior of Genealogists |journal=The American Archivist |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.17723/aarc.66.1.l375uj047224737n |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yakel |first=Elizabeth |date=2004 |title=Seeking Information, Seeking Connections, Seeking Meaning: Genealogists and Family Historians |url=http://informationr.net/ir/10-1/paper205 |journal=Information Research |volume=10 |issue=1}}</ref> == Gudanar da bincike a wani ajiya == [[File:Hoover-Archive-Reading-Room.jpg|thumb|Gidan karatu na Cibiyar Hoover da Tarihin Tarihi. Gidan karatu sarari ne a cikin ajiya inda masu amfani zasu iya bincika kayan aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma'aikata.]] Binciken ajiya gabaɗaya ya fi rikitarwa kuma yana cin lokaci fiye da bincike na biyu, yana gabatar da ƙalubale wajen ganowa, ganowa da fassara takardun da suka dace. Kodayake ɗakunan ajiya suna da irin waɗannan fasalulluka da halaye suna iya bambanta a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci. Duk da yake ɗakunan ajiya na jama'a na iya samun umarni waɗanda ke buƙatar su kasance masu sauƙi kamar yadda zai yiwu, wasu nau'ikan, kamar kamfanoni, na addini, ko ɗakunan ajiyar masu zaman kansu, za su sami digiri daban-daban na samun dama da ganowa.<ref name=":2" /> Wasu kayan za a iya ƙuntata su ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar waɗanda ke ƙunshe da bayanai masu mahimmanci ko waɗanda aka rarraba, ayyukan da ba a buga ba, ko kuma yarjejeniyar da aka sanya tare da mai ba da kayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copyright and Unpublished Material {{!}} Society of American Archivists |url=https://www2.archivists.org/publications/brochures/copyright-and-unpublished-material |access-date=2018-11-27 |website=www2.archivists.org |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bayanan ajiya galibi na musamman ne, kuma mai bincike dole ne ya kasance a shirye don tafiya don isa gare su. Ko da lokacin da kayan suna samuwa a cikin tsarin dijital akwai ƙuntatawa a kansu wanda ke hana su samun dama daga shafin yanar gizon. === Neman tarin kayan tarihi === Kafin bincike na kan layi, kundin ƙungiyar sun kasance muhimmiyar kayan aiki don gano kayan aiki a cikin ɗakunan karatu da ɗakunan ajiya. A Amurka, masu bincike sun yi amfani da National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections don gano wuraren ajiya kodayake yawancin bayanansa sun yi ƙaura zuwa tsarin kan layi. Ana iya samun adadi mai yawa na cibiyoyin adana bayanai ta hanyar bincike na kan layi. Bugu da kari, tashoshin kamar Europeana, Digital Public Library of America da National Library of Australia's Trove suna ba da haɗin kai ga cibiyoyin membobin. A Burtaniya, JISC ta dauki bakuncin ArchivesHub, yayin da [https://www.oclc.org/research/themes/research-collections/archivegrid.html ArchiveGrid] na OCLC ke ba da tashar jiragen ruwa ta duniya ga yawancin cibiyoyin da ke da ɗakin karatu, waɗanda ke amfani da MARC a matsayin kayan aiki don mallakar su. Kungiyar Masu Kula da [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318060511/http://www.archivescanada.ca/ Tarihin Kanada] (ACA) ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanin software na Artefactual don ƙirƙirar ArchivesCanada, yayin da Australian Society of Archivists suka yi amfani da wannan software don Directory of Archives a Australia. An samar da wasu kayan aikin bincike na kan layi da yawa don sauƙaƙe bincike da ganowa, gami da Location Register of English Literary Manuscripts and Letters, jagorancin ArchiveSearch ga kayan ajiya a cibiyoyin Cambridge, Burtaniya, da CARTOMAC: Archives littéraires d'Afrique. Idan ba za a iya samun tarihin ta hanyar bincike na kan layi ko tarin da aka jera a fili ba za a yi amfani da shi ba, mai bincike na iya bin diddigin wanzuwarsa ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar bin kalaman da nassoshi na wasu masu bincike. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kayan da kamfanoni ko wasu kungiyoyi ke riƙewa waɗanda ba za su iya amfani da mai adana bayanai ba don haka ba su san girman ko abinda ke cikin kayan su ba.<ref name=":2" /> A cikin ƙuntataccen tarihin, ana iya ƙuntata damar ne kawai ga mutanen da ke da wasu takaddun shaida ko alaƙa da cibiyoyi kamar jami'o'i sannan kuma kawai ga waɗanda ke da wani matakin. Wadanda ba su da takardun shaida masu mahimmanci na iya buƙatar neman wasiƙun gabatarwa daga mutum ko ma'aikata don samar da ajiya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kxhw4kj2m8jd83zu42ohol5iasuopdb 964023 964021 2026-10-06T19:42:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Binciken ajiya wani nau'in bincike ne wanda ya haɗa da neman da kuma cire shaida daga bayanan ajiya. Ana iya gudanar da waɗannan bayanan ko dai a cikin cibiyoyin tattarawa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=International Council on Archives |title=Multilingual Archival Terminology |url=http://www.ciscra.org/mat/mat/term/64 |website=International Council on Archives}}</ref> kamar ɗakunan karatu da gidajen tarihi, ko kuma a cikin kulawar ƙungiyar (ko kungiya ta gwamnati, kasuwanci, iyali, ko wata hukuma) wacce ta samo asali ko ta tara su, ko kuma ta maye gurbin (canja, ko kuma ɗakunan ajiya na cikin gida). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Society of American Archivists |title=A glossary of archival and records terminology |url=https://www2.archivists.org/glossary/terms/i/institutional-archives}}</ref> Ana iya bambanta bincike na tarihi da (1) bincike na biyu (wanda ba a fahimta ba a cikin ɗakin karatu ko kan layi), wanda ya haɗa da ganowa da tuntuɓar tushen sakandare da suka shafi batun bincike; da kuma (2) tare da wasu nau'ikan bincike na farko da bincike na kwarewa kamar Aikin gona da gwaji. == Tarihin kungiyoyin adana bayanai == Tsohon tarihin sun kasance na daruruwan shekaru. Misali, a Turai, an kafa Babban Tarihin Crown na Aragon a cikin 1318, ko Tarihin Asirin Vatican wanda aka fara a karni na 17 kuma yana dauke da takardun jihar, littattafan asusun papal, da wasikun papal wanda ya samo asali daga karni na 8. An kafa Archives Nationales a Faransa a cikin 1790 a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa kuma yana da mallakar da ta samo asali daga AD 625, kuma sauran tarihin Turai suna da irin wannan asalin. Tarihi a cikin duniyar zamani, yayin da kwanan nan, na iya riƙe kayan da ke dawowa ƙarni da yawa, alal misali, an kafa Hukumar Kula da Tarihi da Tarihi ta Amurka da farko a cikin 1934. [1] NARA ta ƙunshi rubuce-rubuce da tarin da suka samo asali daga kafa Amurka a karni na 18. Daga cikin tarin NARA akwai sanarwar 'yancin kai, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, da kwafin Magna Carta. British National Archives (TNA) ya gano tarihinsa zuwa kirkirar Ofishin Rubuce-rubucen Jama'a a 1838, yayin da aka kafa wasu jihohi da hukumomin ƙasa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20. Jami'o'i wani wuri ne na adana kayan tarihi da tarin rubuce-rubuce. Yawancin jami'o'i suna da kayan tarihi waɗanda ke ba da labarin kasuwancin jami'ar. Wasu jami'o'i kuma suna da ɗakunan ajiya ko tarin rubuce-rubuce waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan wani bangare ko wani na al'adun jihar ko ƙasar da jami'ar take. Makarantu da cibiyoyin addini, da kuma karatun gida da tarin tarihi, gidajen tarihi da cibiyoyi na bincike na iya riƙe ɗakunan ajiya. Dalilin da ya sa aka nuna faɗin da zurfin tarihin shine don ba da ra'ayi game da matsalolin da masu binciken tarihin ke fuskanta. Wasu daga cikin wadannan ɗakunan ajiya suna da adadi mai yawa na rubuce-rubuce. Misali, Tarihin Asirin Vatican yana da sama da mil 52 na adana kayan tarihi. Yawancin ɗakunan ajiya yanzu suna karɓar canja wurin dijital, wanda kuma zai iya gabatar da ƙalubale don nuni da samun dama. == Hanyoyin bincike na tarihi == Binciken tarihi yana cikin zuciyar mafi yawan ilimi da sauran nau'ikan binciken tarihi na asali; amma ana gudanar da shi akai-akai (tare da hanyoyin bincike na layi daya) a wasu fannoni a cikin ilimin ɗan adam da [[kimiyyar zamantakewa]], gami da karatun wallafe-wallafen, rhetoric, [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]], [[ilimin ɗan adam]], [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]], da Nazarin ƙungiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=L'Eplattenier |first=Barbara E. |date=2009 |title=An Argument for Archival Research Methods: Thinking Beyond Methodology |journal=College English |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=67–79 |jstor=25653008}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Welch |first=Catherine |date=January 2000 |title=The archaeology of business networks: the use of archival records in case study research |journal=Journal of Strategic Marketing |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=197–208 |doi=10.1080/0965254x.2000.10815560 |s2cid=52203137}}</ref> Hakanan yana iya zama mahimmanci a wasu nau'ikan bincike marasa ilimi, kamar gano iyalai na haihuwa ta hanyar tallafi, da bincike na aikata laifuka. Bayanan da cibiyoyin adana bayanai ke riƙewa suna da amfani a cikin binciken kimiyya da kuma kafa haƙƙin jama'a. Baya ga horo, irin hanyar bincike da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin binciken ajiya na iya bambanta dangane da ƙungiyarsa da kayan aikinsa. Misali, a cikin ɗakunan ajiya waɗanda ke da adadi mai yawa na kayan da ba a sarrafa su ba, mai bincike na iya samun shawarwari kai tsaye tare da ma'aikatan ajiya waɗanda suke da kyakkyawar fahimta game da tarin da ƙungiyarsu don zama da amfani saboda suna iya zama tushen bayanai game da kayan da ba su da tsari ko kayan da suka danganci su a wasu ɗakunan ajiyar ajiya da wuraren ajiya. Lokacin da ba a tsara wani ajiya gaba ɗaya ba ko kuma ya dace da horo ɗaya, masu bincike, alal misali masu ilimin asali, na iya dogaro da hanyoyin sadarwar al'ada ko na al'ada don tallafawa bincike ta hanyar raba bayanai game da takamaiman ƙungiyar ɗakunan ajiya da tarin tare da juna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duff |first=Wendy |last2=Johnson |first2=Catherine |date=January 2003 |title=Where Is the List with All the Names? Information-Seeking Behavior of Genealogists |journal=The American Archivist |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=79–95 |doi=10.17723/aarc.66.1.l375uj047224737n |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yakel |first=Elizabeth |date=2004 |title=Seeking Information, Seeking Connections, Seeking Meaning: Genealogists and Family Historians |url=http://informationr.net/ir/10-1/paper205 |journal=Information Research |volume=10 |issue=1}}</ref> == Gudanar da bincike a wani ajiya == [[File:Hoover-Archive-Reading-Room.jpg|thumb|Gidan karatu na Cibiyar Hoover da Tarihin Tarihi. Gidan karatu sarari ne a cikin ajiya inda masu amfani zasu iya bincika kayan aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar ma'aikata.]] Binciken ajiya gabaɗaya ya fi rikitarwa kuma yana cin lokaci fiye da bincike na biyu, yana gabatar da ƙalubale wajen ganowa, ganowa da fassara takardun da suka dace. Kodayake ɗakunan ajiya suna da irin waɗannan fasalulluka da halaye suna iya bambanta a hanyoyi masu mahimmanci. Duk da yake ɗakunan ajiya na jama'a na iya samun umarni waɗanda ke buƙatar su kasance masu sauƙi kamar yadda zai yiwu, wasu nau'ikan, kamar kamfanoni, na addini, ko ɗakunan ajiyar masu zaman kansu, za su sami digiri daban-daban na samun dama da ganowa.<ref name=":2" /> Wasu kayan za a iya ƙuntata su ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar waɗanda ke ƙunshe da bayanai masu mahimmanci ko waɗanda aka rarraba, ayyukan da ba a buga ba, ko kuma yarjejeniyar da aka sanya tare da mai ba da kayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copyright and Unpublished Material {{!}} Society of American Archivists |url=https://www2.archivists.org/publications/brochures/copyright-and-unpublished-material |access-date=2018-11-27 |website=www2.archivists.org |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bayanan ajiya galibi na musamman ne, kuma mai bincike dole ne ya kasance a shirye don tafiya don isa gare su. Ko da lokacin da kayan suna samuwa a cikin tsarin dijital akwai ƙuntatawa a kansu wanda ke hana su samun dama daga shafin yanar gizon. === Neman tarin kayan tarihi === Kafin bincike na kan layi, kundin ƙungiyar sun kasance muhimmiyar kayan aiki don gano kayan aiki a cikin ɗakunan karatu da ɗakunan ajiya. A Amurka, masu bincike sun yi amfani da National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections don gano wuraren ajiya kodayake yawancin bayanansa sun yi ƙaura zuwa tsarin kan layi. Ana iya samun adadi mai yawa na cibiyoyin adana bayanai ta hanyar bincike na kan layi. Bugu da kari, tashoshin kamar Europeana, Digital Public Library of America da National Library of Australia's Trove suna ba da haɗin kai ga cibiyoyin membobin. A Burtaniya, JISC ta dauki bakuncin ArchivesHub, yayin da [https://www.oclc.org/research/themes/research-collections/archivegrid.html ArchiveGrid] na OCLC ke ba da tashar jiragen ruwa ta duniya ga yawancin cibiyoyin da ke da ɗakin karatu, waɗanda ke amfani da MARC a matsayin kayan aiki don mallakar su. Kungiyar Masu Kula da [https://web.archive.org/web/20090318060511/http://www.archivescanada.ca/ Tarihin Kanada] (ACA) ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanin software na Artefactual don ƙirƙirar ArchivesCanada, yayin da Australian Society of Archivists suka yi amfani da wannan software don Directory of Archives a Australia. An samar da wasu kayan aikin bincike na kan layi da yawa don sauƙaƙe bincike da ganowa, gami da Location Register of English Literary Manuscripts and Letters, jagorancin ArchiveSearch ga kayan ajiya a cibiyoyin Cambridge, Burtaniya, da CARTOMAC: Archives littéraires d'Afrique. Idan ba za a iya samun tarihin ta hanyar bincike na kan layi ko tarin da aka jera a fili ba za a yi amfani da shi ba, mai bincike na iya bin diddigin wanzuwarsa ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar bin kalaman da nassoshi na wasu masu bincike. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kayan da kamfanoni ko wasu kungiyoyi ke riƙewa waɗanda ba za su iya amfani da mai adana bayanai ba don haka ba su san girman ko abinda ke cikin kayan su ba.<ref name=":2" /> A cikin ƙuntataccen tarihin, ana iya ƙuntata damar ne kawai ga mutanen da ke da wasu takaddun shaida ko alaƙa da cibiyoyi kamar jami'o'i sannan kuma kawai ga waɗanda ke da wani matakin. Wadanda ba su da takardun shaida masu mahimmanci na iya buƙatar neman wasiƙun gabatarwa daga mutum ko ma'aikata don samar da ajiya. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ffqvg39c0nrkdktdnta3oeljzeanyk3 0 178402 964024 2026-10-06T19:43:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371137798|Burney Collection of Newspapers]]" 964024 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tarin Burney''' ya ƙunshi jaridu sama da 1,270 na karni na 17-18 da sauran kayan labarai, waɗanda Charles Burney ya tattara, mafi shahara ga jaridu na London na karni na 18. Tarin asali, wanda ya kai kusan shafuka miliyan 1, ɗakin karatu na Burtaniya ne ke gudanar da shi. == Abubuwan da ke cikin tarin == === Muhimman Abubuwa === Abubuwan da ke cikin tarin sun hada da: * Rashin kula da kudi na shekarun 1720, kumfa na Tekun Kudancin, tare da rahotanni a cikin Jaridar Weekly ko Asabar ta Post game da yadda Majalisar ta yanke shawarar cewa idan sun bar kasar, daraktocin kamfanin Tekun Kuduri "za su sha wahala a matsayin mai laifi ba tare da amfanin malamai ba kuma su rasa wa Sarki duk ƙasashensa, Kayayyaki da Chattels ko ta yaya. " * Tallace-tallace na farko don The Memoirs of Fanny Hill a cikin ''Whitehall Evening Post'', 6 Maris 1750, sannan, a cikin fitowar 17 Maris, rahoto game da yadda aka kama mai bugawa kuma an kwace duk kwafin. * Fahimtar halayen Ingilishi ga abubuwan da suka faru na zamani, kamar lokacin da ''Tarihin Ingilishi, ko, Universal Evening Post'' ya yi amfani da na'urar da ba a saba gani ba na taken - FRENCH REVOLUTION!!- don cikakken labarin shafi a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1789. Ya ba da rahoton tausayi game da faduwar Bastille kwana huɗu da suka gabata, gami da yadda aka yanke kawunansu a cikin 'wani abin bakin ciki amma abin da ya dace... wani tsananin da ya cancanci mafi girman sha'awa. === Takaitaccen Bayani === Tarin ya fara ne da takardun majalisa daga 1603, da jaridu daga farkon shekarun 1620. Jaridu na London na ƙarni na 18 sune mafi arziki na tarin. Wadannan sune jerin sunayen sarauta marasa cikakke da ke rufe wasu daga cikin shahararrun. * Takardun majalisa daga 1603 * Jaridu na London ** The Daily Courant * (1702-1735), jaridar yau da kullun ta farko da aka buga a London ** The ''London Gazette'' * daga 1665 ** ''Labarin London'' * ** ''London Evening Post'' * ** ''Lloyd's Evening Post da British Chronicle'' * ** ''Shafin maraice'' * ** ''Rubuce-rubucen yau da kullun'' * ** Morning Chronicle da London Advertiser * * Takardun kasa ** ''Zamanin'' * Littattafai na lokaci ** ''Tatler'' (1709-1711) ** ''Mai kallo'' (1711-1712) * Takardun sarauta na lardin Ingilishi daga 1712 ** ''Stamford Mercury'' na 1728, ** ''Leeds Mercury'' * ** ''Tashar Jirgin Sama ta Exeter'' * * Jaridu na Irish daga 1691 ** Labarin Dublin na 1691 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Coffee Houses |url=http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/pages-in-history/dublin-coffee-houses/index.xml |access-date=2011-01-10 |publisher=Askaboutireland.ie}}</ref> ** ''Wasikar Labaran Belfast'' * * Jaridu na Scotland daga 1708 ** ''Jaridar Aberdeen'' * ** ''Mercury na Caledonia'' * ** The Echo ko Edinburgh Weekly Journal * * Yawancin jaridu na Amurka na ƙarni na 18, ciki har da: ** The New England Courant (1721-1723), wanda [[Benjamin Franklin]] ya yi aiki a kai * (ba a tsara shi ba a cikin wannan jerin) ** ''Jaridar Burtaniya'' * ** ''Jaridar yau da kullun'' * ** Janar Mai Talla * ** Lounger * ** ''Mirror'' * ** St James' Chronicle ko British Evening Post * ** ''Whitehall Evening Post'' ko London Intelligencer * ** ''Labaran yau da kullun'' ** ''Labarin Safiya'' ** ''Labaran 'yan sanda da aka kwatanta'' ** ''[[The Chartist|Mai zane-zane]]'' <nowiki>*</nowiki> Wadannan abubuwa suna samuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin kan layi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burney Collection Newspapers - Licensed Digital Collections - National Library of Scotland |url=http://www.nls.uk/collections/digital/resources/burney.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018055510/http://www.nls.uk/collections/digital/resources/burney.html |archive-date=18 October 2009 |website=nls.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://gale.cengage.co.uk/images/EMEA%20British%20Library%20Newspapers%20Brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809195533/http://gale.cengage.co.uk/images/EMEA%20British%20Library%20Newspapers%20Brochure.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-09 |access-date=2010-10-26}}</ref> == Tsaro da samun dama == === Microfilm === Saboda saurin lalacewar tarin, an yanke shawarar yin microfilm da tarin kuma ƙuntata damar yin amfani da kwafin jiki. Nasarar aikin microfilm ya haifar da wasu tarin littattafai da yawa da aka adana a fim. == Samun damar tarin == * Kwamitin Tsarin Bayanai na hadin gwiwa yana ba da damar yin amfani da tarin kyauta ga duk cibiyoyin Ci gaba da Ilimi na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-13 |title=The Burney Collection: 17th and 18th Century newspapers free online |url=http://www.jisc.ac.uk/news/stories/2009/01/burney.aspx |access-date=2011-01-10 |publisher=JISC}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tarihin jaridu na Burtaniya * Shirin Digitization na JISC * Jerin tarihin jaridu na kan layi * Jerin jaridu a Ƙasar Ingila == Manazarta == 72xcpsrafnmlz0jvbv2od1jny20k9jv 964025 964024 2026-10-06T19:43:58Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tarin Burney''' ya ƙunshi jaridu sama da 1,270 na karni na 17-18 da sauran kayan labarai, waɗanda Charles Burney ya tattara, mafi shahara ga jaridu na London na karni na 18. Tarin asali, wanda ya kai kusan shafuka miliyan 1, ɗakin karatu na Burtaniya ne ke gudanar da shi. == Abubuwan da ke cikin tarin == === Muhimman Abubuwa === Abubuwan da ke cikin tarin sun hada da: * Rashin kula da kudi na shekarun 1720, kumfa na Tekun Kudancin, tare da rahotanni a cikin Jaridar Weekly ko Asabar ta Post game da yadda Majalisar ta yanke shawarar cewa idan sun bar kasar, daraktocin kamfanin Tekun Kuduri "za su sha wahala a matsayin mai laifi ba tare da amfanin malamai ba kuma su rasa wa Sarki duk ƙasashensa, Kayayyaki da Chattels ko ta yaya. " * Tallace-tallace na farko don The Memoirs of Fanny Hill a cikin ''Whitehall Evening Post'', 6 Maris 1750, sannan, a cikin fitowar 17 Maris, rahoto game da yadda aka kama mai bugawa kuma an kwace duk kwafin. * Fahimtar halayen Ingilishi ga abubuwan da suka faru na zamani, kamar lokacin da ''Tarihin Ingilishi, ko, Universal Evening Post'' ya yi amfani da na'urar da ba a saba gani ba na taken - FRENCH REVOLUTION!!- don cikakken labarin shafi a ranar 18 ga Yuli 1789. Ya ba da rahoton tausayi game da faduwar Bastille kwana huɗu da suka gabata, gami da yadda aka yanke kawunansu a cikin 'wani abin bakin ciki amma abin da ya dace... wani tsananin da ya cancanci mafi girman sha'awa. === Takaitaccen Bayani === Tarin ya fara ne da takardun majalisa daga 1603, da jaridu daga farkon shekarun 1620. Jaridu na London na ƙarni na 18 sune mafi arziki na tarin. Wadannan sune jerin sunayen sarauta marasa cikakke da ke rufe wasu daga cikin shahararrun. * Takardun majalisa daga 1603 * Jaridu na London ** The Daily Courant * (1702-1735), jaridar yau da kullun ta farko da aka buga a London ** The ''London Gazette'' * daga 1665 ** ''Labarin London'' * ** ''London Evening Post'' * ** ''Lloyd's Evening Post da British Chronicle'' * ** ''Shafin maraice'' * ** ''Rubuce-rubucen yau da kullun'' * ** Morning Chronicle da London Advertiser * * Takardun kasa ** ''Zamanin'' * Littattafai na lokaci ** ''Tatler'' (1709-1711) ** ''Mai kallo'' (1711-1712) * Takardun sarauta na lardin Ingilishi daga 1712 ** ''Stamford Mercury'' na 1728, ** ''Leeds Mercury'' * ** ''Tashar Jirgin Sama ta Exeter'' * * Jaridu na Irish daga 1691 ** Labarin Dublin na 1691 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dublin Coffee Houses |url=http://www.askaboutireland.ie/reading-room/history-heritage/pages-in-history/dublin-coffee-houses/index.xml |access-date=2011-01-10 |publisher=Askaboutireland.ie}}</ref> ** ''Wasikar Labaran Belfast'' * * Jaridu na Scotland daga 1708 ** ''Jaridar Aberdeen'' * ** ''Mercury na Caledonia'' * ** The Echo ko Edinburgh Weekly Journal * * Yawancin jaridu na Amurka na ƙarni na 18, ciki har da: ** The New England Courant (1721-1723), wanda [[Benjamin Franklin]] ya yi aiki a kai * (ba a tsara shi ba a cikin wannan jerin) ** ''Jaridar Burtaniya'' * ** ''Jaridar yau da kullun'' * ** Janar Mai Talla * ** Lounger * ** ''Mirror'' * ** St James' Chronicle ko British Evening Post * ** ''Whitehall Evening Post'' ko London Intelligencer * ** ''Labaran yau da kullun'' ** ''Labarin Safiya'' ** ''Labaran 'yan sanda da aka kwatanta'' ** ''[[The Chartist|Mai zane-zane]]'' <nowiki>*</nowiki> Wadannan abubuwa suna samuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarin kan layi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burney Collection Newspapers - Licensed Digital Collections - National Library of Scotland |url=http://www.nls.uk/collections/digital/resources/burney.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018055510/http://www.nls.uk/collections/digital/resources/burney.html |archive-date=18 October 2009 |website=nls.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://gale.cengage.co.uk/images/EMEA%20British%20Library%20Newspapers%20Brochure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809195533/http://gale.cengage.co.uk/images/EMEA%20British%20Library%20Newspapers%20Brochure.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-09 |access-date=2010-10-26}}</ref> == Tsaro da samun dama == === Microfilm === Saboda saurin lalacewar tarin, an yanke shawarar yin microfilm da tarin kuma ƙuntata damar yin amfani da kwafin jiki. Nasarar aikin microfilm ya haifar da wasu tarin littattafai da yawa da aka adana a fim. == Samun damar tarin == * Kwamitin Tsarin Bayanai na hadin gwiwa yana ba da damar yin amfani da tarin kyauta ga duk cibiyoyin Ci gaba da Ilimi na Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-13 |title=The Burney Collection: 17th and 18th Century newspapers free online |url=http://www.jisc.ac.uk/news/stories/2009/01/burney.aspx |access-date=2011-01-10 |publisher=JISC}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tarihin jaridu na Burtaniya * Shirin Digitization na JISC * Jerin tarihin jaridu na kan layi * Jerin jaridu a Ƙasar Ingila == Manazarta == g292jfaa12wvcfg65d8nlisxlo1hnbb 0 178403 964026 2026-10-06T19:44:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374270503|Guestbook]]" 964026 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armenian_President_Armen_Sarkissian_signs_Secretary_Pompeo's_guestbook_(42375659074).jpg|thumb|Shugaban Armenia Armen Sarkissian ya sanya hannu kan littafin baƙi a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje.]] '''Littafin baƙi''' (kuma Littafin baƙi, rajistar baƙo، littafin baƙoƙin baƙo) takarda ce ko hanyar lantarki don baƙo ya amince da ziyarar shafin, na zahiri ko na yanar gizo, kuma ya bar cikakkun bayanai kamar sunansu, adireshin gidan waya ko na lantarki da duk wani sharhi. A cikin mahallin zamani, ana amfani da litattafan baƙi na lantarki don tattara gudummawa mai arziki kamar hotuna ko bidiyo, musamman a lokacin abubuwan zamantakewa ko al'adu.[1] [[File:QR_code_guestbook_sign_at_a_wedding.png|right|thumb|Alamar lambar QR da aka yi amfani da ita don samun damar littafin baƙi na kan layi a wani taron]] Irin waɗannan takardun takarda ko littattafai na gargajiya ne a cikin majami'u, a bukukuwan aure, jana'iza, B & Bs, gidajen tarihi, makarantu, cibiyoyin da sauran wuraren masu zaman kansu da ke buɗewa ga jama'a. Wasu gidaje masu zaman kansu suna adana littattafan baƙi. Hanyoyin litattafan baƙi na musamman sun haɗa da rajistar otal, inda ake buƙatar baƙi don samar da bayanan tuntuɓar su, da Littattafan Condolence, waɗanda ake amfani da su a gidajen jana'izar kuma gabaɗaya bayan mutuwar jama'a, kamar mutuwar sarki ko shugaban, ko bayan bala'in jama'a. [[File:National_Library_of_Israel,_Salant_Hotel_Guestbook_80907_0005_tif_manifestation.jpg|thumb|Littafin baƙi daga Otal din Salant, wanda National Library of Israel ke gudanarwa]] A yanar gizo, "guestbook" (littafin baƙi) tsari ne da ke bai wa masu ziyartar shafin yanar gizo damar barin sharhi ko saƙo a fili.[1] A wasu irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren, masu ziyara na iya bayyana ra'ayoyinsu game da shafin ko kuma batun da shafin ke tattaunawa a kai. Yawanci, ba sa buƙatar mai son barin saƙon ya buɗe asusun mai amfani, kasancewar hanya ce mai sauƙi kuma marar tsauri ta barin gajeren saƙo. Manufar irin wannan littafin baƙi ita ce nuna irin mutanen da ke ziyartar shafin—ciki har da yankunan duniya da suke zaune—da kuma samun ra'ayoyi ko martani daga gare su. Wannan yana bai wa mai shafin damar tantancewa da kuma inganta shafinsa. Yawanci, littafin baƙi shiri ne na kwamfuta (script) da ake ajiye shi a wani sabar mai nisa, kuma ana rubuta shi ta hanyar amfani da harsunan shirye-shirye kamar Perl, PHP, Python, ko ASP. Akwai sabis da shirye-shiryen samar da littafin baƙi da yawa waɗanda ake samu kyauta. [ana buƙatar hujja] == Manazarta == 73np8g0w5n1y52f4rlgq9bm83ujf3b3 964027 964026 2026-10-06T19:45:51Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964027 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Armenian_President_Armen_Sarkissian_signs_Secretary_Pompeo's_guestbook_(42375659074).jpg|thumb|Shugaban Armenia Armen Sarkissian ya sanya hannu kan littafin baƙi a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje.]]{{Databox}} '''Littafin baƙi''' (kuma Littafin baƙi, rajistar baƙo، littafin baƙoƙin baƙo) takarda ce ko hanyar lantarki don baƙo ya amince da ziyarar shafin, na zahiri ko na yanar gizo, kuma ya bar cikakkun bayanai kamar sunansu, adireshin gidan waya ko na lantarki da duk wani sharhi. A cikin mahallin zamani, ana amfani da litattafan baƙi na lantarki don tattara gudummawa mai arziki kamar hotuna ko bidiyo, musamman a lokacin abubuwan zamantakewa ko al'adu.<ref>Vuokko, Anni (2017). REPLICATING USER EXPERIENCE OF A PHYSICAL PRODUCT IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT: CREATION OF A GUESTBOOK APPLICATION (PDF) (Master's thesis). University of Tampere. Retrieved 2026-01-03.</ref> [[File:QR_code_guestbook_sign_at_a_wedding.png|right|thumb|Alamar lambar QR da aka yi amfani da ita don samun damar littafin baƙi na kan layi a wani taron]] Irin waɗannan takardun takarda ko littattafai na gargajiya ne a cikin majami'u, a bukukuwan aure, jana'iza, B & Bs, gidajen tarihi, makarantu, cibiyoyin da sauran wuraren masu zaman kansu da ke buɗewa ga jama'a. Wasu gidaje masu zaman kansu suna adana littattafan baƙi. Hanyoyin litattafan baƙi na musamman sun haɗa da rajistar otal, inda ake buƙatar baƙi don samar da bayanan tuntuɓar su, da Littattafan Condolence, waɗanda ake amfani da su a gidajen jana'izar kuma gabaɗaya bayan mutuwar jama'a, kamar mutuwar sarki ko shugaban, ko bayan bala'in jama'a. [[File:National_Library_of_Israel,_Salant_Hotel_Guestbook_80907_0005_tif_manifestation.jpg|thumb|Littafin baƙi daga Otal din Salant, wanda National Library of Israel ke gudanarwa]] A yanar gizo, "guestbook" (littafin baƙi) tsari ne da ke bai wa masu ziyartar shafin yanar gizo damar barin sharhi ko saƙo a fili.[1] A wasu irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren, masu ziyara na iya bayyana ra'ayoyinsu game da shafin ko kuma batun da shafin ke tattaunawa a kai. Yawanci, ba sa buƙatar mai son barin saƙon ya buɗe asusun mai amfani, kasancewar hanya ce mai sauƙi kuma marar tsauri ta barin gajeren saƙo. Manufar irin wannan littafin baƙi ita ce nuna irin mutanen da ke ziyartar shafin—ciki har da yankunan duniya da suke zaune—da kuma samun ra'ayoyi ko martani daga gare su. Wannan yana bai wa mai shafin damar tantancewa da kuma inganta shafinsa. Yawanci, littafin baƙi shiri ne na kwamfuta (script) da ake ajiye shi a wani sabar mai nisa, kuma ana rubuta shi ta hanyar amfani da harsunan shirye-shirye kamar Perl, PHP, Python, ko ASP. Akwai sabis da shirye-shiryen samar da littafin baƙi da yawa waɗanda ake samu kyauta. [ana buƙatar hujja] == Manazarta == gsv0n6tqmd2zv4mkl9l9dgr4xffomgt 0 178404 964028 2026-10-06T19:46:06Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373705392|Reference collection]]" 964028 wikitext text/x-wiki tarin bayanai shine tarin abubuwa da aka kiyaye don dalilan karatu, kwatankwacin, bincike, da tabbatarwa. Duk da yake galibi ana danganta shi da ɗakunan karatu, ana iya samun tarin bayanai a gidajen tarihi, ɗakunan ajiya, cibiyoyin bincike, da mallakar masu zaman kansu. Wadannan tarin ba sa rarrabawa, ma'ana ba za a iya bincika abubuwa ba ko cire su daga mahallin, don tabbatar da kasancewarsu da adanawa ga masu amfani na gaba; kuma saboda haka ba a nufin su don karatu ko nishaɗi gaba ɗaya ba, amma don takamaiman, cikakken binciken da shawarwari. Suna iya zama abubuwa masu tsada sosai, kamar [[Insakulofidiya|encyclopedia]] na yanzu, wanda ma'aikatar ba ta son yin hadarin rasawa. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Babban manufar tarin bayanai shine samar da cikakkiyar hanya mai iko ga masu bincike, ɗalibai, masu sana'a, da jama'a gaba ɗaya. Tarin bayanai gabaɗaya manyan ayyuka ne da cibiyoyin ke kiyayewa; maimakon samun wakilin kowane abu, yawanci za su sami masu yawa, don kwatanta bambance-bambance kuma, wani lokacin, samar da samfurori don kwatanta. Abubuwa a cikin tarin bayanai na iya haɗawa da littattafai, mujallu, rubuce-rubuce, samfurori, kayan tarihi, da sauran tushen bayanai na farko da na biyu. Tarin bayanai na iya haɗawa da abubuwa masu lalacewa ko sarrafawa, karya da karya, ko abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su don ilimi da kuma fadakar da jama'a. Ana tsara abubuwan tare da hadawa ya dogara da muhimmancin su, daidaito, sahihanci, da kuma yiwuwar bukatun bincike na gaba. Wadannan tarin galibi ana sanya su har abada a cibiyoyin jama'a kuma ana amfani da su a shafin, kamar waɗanda jami'o'i ko cibiyoyin GLAM ke sarrafawa (galleries, ɗakunan karatu, ɗakunan ajiya da gidajen tarihi). Gidajen karatu na farko kusan dukkanin su ne ɗakunan karatu, amma ɗakunan karatu na rance sun zama ruwan dare a ƙarni na 18 [1] tare da ɗakunan karatu masu rarrabawa, sannan ɗakunan karatu kyauta na jama'a. Lokaci-lokaci, ana iya samun tarin bayanai (musamman, takamaiman tarin musamman ko tarin fasaha) a cikin mallakar masu zaman kansu. Yayin da sabon ilmi ya fito kuma tsofaffin kayan sun zama marasa dacewa ko tsofaffi, tarin bayanai na iya fuskantar sake dubawa na lokaci-lokaci da sabuntawa don tabbatar da ci gaba da amfani da amintacce. == Tsarin da aka saba amfani da shi == A cikin ɗakunan karatu na ilimi, tushen buɗewa, da na bincike, akwai tushe daban-daban waɗanda ke kula da takamaiman nau'ikan bayanai. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba da cikakken bayani game da waɗannan wuraren adana bayanai. {| class="wikitable" !Sunan !Bayyanawa |- |Almanacs |Littattafan shekara-shekara tare da bayanai na yanzu akan batutuwa daban-daban kamar yanayi, labarai, da sauransu. |- |Tarin Kayan tarihi |Tarin abubuwa masu muhimmanci na tarihi ko al'adu. |- |[[Tsarin Littafin Taswira|Atlases]] |Littattafan taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da siffofin jiki da siyasa na yankuna. |- |Littattafai |Jerin littattafai, labarai, da sauran albarkatun da aka mayar da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa. |- |[[Biography|Tarihin rayuwa]] |Bayani mai zurfi game da rayuwar mutane, na sirri da na sana'a. |- |Tarihin lokaci |Takardun abubuwan da suka faru a tsawon lokaci, akai-akai a cikin tsarin lokaci. |- |Gidajen ajiya na lambar |Bayanan bayanan da ke adanawa, sarrafawa, da bin diddigin canje-canje a cikin lambar tushe. |- |[[Ƙamus|Littattafan ƙamus]] |Littattafan da ke ba da ma'anoni, furci, da siffofin kalmomi. |- |Digest |Shirye-shiryen tarin taƙaitaccen takardu masu tsawo a wani yanki. |- |Lissafin littattafai |Bayar da hulɗa da bayanan baya ga mutane da kungiyoyi. |- |[[Insakulofidiya|Encyclodies]] |Saiti na littattafai tare da gajerun labarai a kan batutuwa da yawa. |- |Masu ba da labarai |Ƙamus na ƙasa da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da takamaiman wurare. |- |Littattafai |Jagoran masu aiki na musamman ga fannonin karatu ko aiki. |- |Lissafi |Jagora ga labarai a cikin jaridu da jaridu. |- |Tarin abubuwa |Abubuwan da aka gani da aka haɗa tare don nazarin ko dalilai na bincike. |- |Ayyukan Hotuna |Kayan aiki ta amfani da gani, kamar hotuna ko zane-zane, don bayyana batutuwa. |- |Kayan Slide na Microscopy |Nau'in zane-zane, sau da yawa ana amfani da ilmin halitta da magani. |- |Ayyukan kididdiga |Hanyoyin da suka haɗa da tattara, nazarin, da taƙaita bayanai da lambobi. |- |Littattafan shekara |Bayar da bayanan kididdiga da labaran sabunta bayanai a fannoni daban-daban. |} == Muhimmancin a cikin binciken ilimi == A cikin [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], tarin bayanai, kamar herbaria shine tushen bayanai game da bambancin yawan jama'a a cikin jinsin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warinner |first=C. |last2=Guedes |first2=J.D.A. |last3=Goode |first3=D. |year=2011 |title=Paleobot. org: establishing open-access online reference collections for archaeobotanical research |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/58024/1/ZORA_NL_58024.pdf |journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=241–244 |bibcode=2011VegHA..20..241W |doi=10.1007/s00334-011-0282-6 |s2cid=129830605}}</ref> Har ila yau, su ne ajiyar nau'ikan samfurori da aka yi amfani da su don gyara da'irar sunan lissafi. A cikin philately, tarin bayanai suna da mahimmanci ga ƙwarewa, tunda halaye da ke bambanta hatimi na ainihi daga sake bugawa, karya, da karya sau da yawa suna da wuyar fahimta don a bayyana su da baki. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin bayanan ilimi da injunan bincike * Kasuwancin kayan tarihi * Tarihi * Tushen budewa * Budewa * Gidan kayan gargajiya mai zaman kansa * Tallafin bayanai * Nau'in nau'in == Haɗin waje == * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Niche - Injin bincike / blog don ƙananan gidajen kayan gargajiya. * Tarin Bayani da Bayani - Bayani daga Tarihin Ingila. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Laburare]] 1o0ek60otmmcpuoo86rny69xnp8f2db 964029 964028 2026-10-06T19:46:45Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} tarin bayanai shine tarin abubuwa da aka kiyaye don dalilan karatu, kwatankwacin, bincike, da tabbatarwa. Duk da yake galibi ana danganta shi da ɗakunan karatu, ana iya samun tarin bayanai a gidajen tarihi, ɗakunan ajiya, cibiyoyin bincike, da mallakar masu zaman kansu. Wadannan tarin ba sa rarrabawa, ma'ana ba za a iya bincika abubuwa ba ko cire su daga mahallin, don tabbatar da kasancewarsu da adanawa ga masu amfani na gaba; kuma saboda haka ba a nufin su don karatu ko nishaɗi gaba ɗaya ba, amma don takamaiman, cikakken binciken da shawarwari. Suna iya zama abubuwa masu tsada sosai, kamar [[Insakulofidiya|encyclopedia]] na yanzu, wanda ma'aikatar ba ta son yin hadarin rasawa. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Babban manufar tarin bayanai shine samar da cikakkiyar hanya mai iko ga masu bincike, ɗalibai, masu sana'a, da jama'a gaba ɗaya. Tarin bayanai gabaɗaya manyan ayyuka ne da cibiyoyin ke kiyayewa; maimakon samun wakilin kowane abu, yawanci za su sami masu yawa, don kwatanta bambance-bambance kuma, wani lokacin, samar da samfurori don kwatanta. Abubuwa a cikin tarin bayanai na iya haɗawa da littattafai, mujallu, rubuce-rubuce, samfurori, kayan tarihi, da sauran tushen bayanai na farko da na biyu. Tarin bayanai na iya haɗawa da abubuwa masu lalacewa ko sarrafawa, karya da karya, ko abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su don ilimi da kuma fadakar da jama'a. Ana tsara abubuwan tare da hadawa ya dogara da muhimmancin su, daidaito, sahihanci, da kuma yiwuwar bukatun bincike na gaba. Wadannan tarin galibi ana sanya su har abada a cibiyoyin jama'a kuma ana amfani da su a shafin, kamar waɗanda jami'o'i ko cibiyoyin GLAM ke sarrafawa (galleries, ɗakunan karatu, ɗakunan ajiya da gidajen tarihi). Gidajen karatu na farko kusan dukkanin su ne ɗakunan karatu, amma ɗakunan karatu na rance sun zama ruwan dare a ƙarni na 18 [1] tare da ɗakunan karatu masu rarrabawa, sannan ɗakunan karatu kyauta na jama'a. Lokaci-lokaci, ana iya samun tarin bayanai (musamman, takamaiman tarin musamman ko tarin fasaha) a cikin mallakar masu zaman kansu. Yayin da sabon ilmi ya fito kuma tsofaffin kayan sun zama marasa dacewa ko tsofaffi, tarin bayanai na iya fuskantar sake dubawa na lokaci-lokaci da sabuntawa don tabbatar da ci gaba da amfani da amintacce. == Tsarin da aka saba amfani da shi == A cikin ɗakunan karatu na ilimi, tushen buɗewa, da na bincike, akwai tushe daban-daban waɗanda ke kula da takamaiman nau'ikan bayanai. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana ba da cikakken bayani game da waɗannan wuraren adana bayanai. {| class="wikitable" !Sunan !Bayyanawa |- |Almanacs |Littattafan shekara-shekara tare da bayanai na yanzu akan batutuwa daban-daban kamar yanayi, labarai, da sauransu. |- |Tarin Kayan tarihi |Tarin abubuwa masu muhimmanci na tarihi ko al'adu. |- |[[Tsarin Littafin Taswira|Atlases]] |Littattafan taswirar da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da siffofin jiki da siyasa na yankuna. |- |Littattafai |Jerin littattafai, labarai, da sauran albarkatun da aka mayar da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa. |- |[[Biography|Tarihin rayuwa]] |Bayani mai zurfi game da rayuwar mutane, na sirri da na sana'a. |- |Tarihin lokaci |Takardun abubuwan da suka faru a tsawon lokaci, akai-akai a cikin tsarin lokaci. |- |Gidajen ajiya na lambar |Bayanan bayanan da ke adanawa, sarrafawa, da bin diddigin canje-canje a cikin lambar tushe. |- |[[Ƙamus|Littattafan ƙamus]] |Littattafan da ke ba da ma'anoni, furci, da siffofin kalmomi. |- |Digest |Shirye-shiryen tarin taƙaitaccen takardu masu tsawo a wani yanki. |- |Lissafin littattafai |Bayar da hulɗa da bayanan baya ga mutane da kungiyoyi. |- |[[Insakulofidiya|Encyclodies]] |Saiti na littattafai tare da gajerun labarai a kan batutuwa da yawa. |- |Masu ba da labarai |Ƙamus na ƙasa da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da takamaiman wurare. |- |Littattafai |Jagoran masu aiki na musamman ga fannonin karatu ko aiki. |- |Lissafi |Jagora ga labarai a cikin jaridu da jaridu. |- |Tarin abubuwa |Abubuwan da aka gani da aka haɗa tare don nazarin ko dalilai na bincike. |- |Ayyukan Hotuna |Kayan aiki ta amfani da gani, kamar hotuna ko zane-zane, don bayyana batutuwa. |- |Kayan Slide na Microscopy |Nau'in zane-zane, sau da yawa ana amfani da ilmin halitta da magani. |- |Ayyukan kididdiga |Hanyoyin da suka haɗa da tattara, nazarin, da taƙaita bayanai da lambobi. |- |Littattafan shekara |Bayar da bayanan kididdiga da labaran sabunta bayanai a fannoni daban-daban. |} == Muhimmancin a cikin binciken ilimi == A cikin [[Biology|ilmin halitta]], tarin bayanai, kamar herbaria shine tushen bayanai game da bambancin yawan jama'a a cikin jinsin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warinner |first=C. |last2=Guedes |first2=J.D.A. |last3=Goode |first3=D. |year=2011 |title=Paleobot. org: establishing open-access online reference collections for archaeobotanical research |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/58024/1/ZORA_NL_58024.pdf |journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=241–244 |bibcode=2011VegHA..20..241W |doi=10.1007/s00334-011-0282-6 |s2cid=129830605}}</ref> Har ila yau, su ne ajiyar nau'ikan samfurori da aka yi amfani da su don gyara da'irar sunan lissafi. A cikin philately, tarin bayanai suna da mahimmanci ga ƙwarewa, tunda halaye da ke bambanta hatimi na ainihi daga sake bugawa, karya, da karya sau da yawa suna da wuyar fahimta don a bayyana su da baki. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin bayanan ilimi da injunan bincike * Kasuwancin kayan tarihi * Tarihi * Tushen budewa * Budewa * Gidan kayan gargajiya mai zaman kansa * Tallafin bayanai * Nau'in nau'in == Haɗin waje == * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Niche - Injin bincike / blog don ƙananan gidajen kayan gargajiya. * Tarin Bayani da Bayani - Bayani daga Tarihin Ingila. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Laburare]] cil78zr21fjhvnp6mapz7d76wvixjtz 0 178405 964030 2026-10-06T19:47:01Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373800223|Sudan Memory]]" 964030 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sudan Memory''' wani aikin adana bayanai ne na kan layi da Al'adun al'adu, wanda ƙungiyar abokan hulɗa ta duniya ta bayar da manufar kiyayewa da inganta al'adun Sudan. A yayin aikin, an kirkiro sake buga littattafai da jaridu na dijital, hotuna da fina-finai, zane-zane da gine-gine, da sauran abubuwan al'adu a Sudan kuma an buga su a shafin yanar gizon aikin. A cewar shafin yanar gizon [[Sudan]] Memory, wanda ke samuwa a Turanci da [[Larabci]], ayyukanta suna da alaƙa da Tarihi da al'adun Sudan. An cimma wannan ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin kungiyoyin Sudan da Burtaniya tare da manufar shirya, adanawa da kuma kare takardu da sauran kafofin watsa labarai da ke cikin haɗarin rasawa. Wadannan ayyukan sun hada da sayen kayan fasaha, horar da ma'aikata a cikin dijital kafofin watsa labarai da samar da damar kan layi ga jama'a a Sudan da duniya. == Tarihi == Ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi girma a Afirka tare da kusan mutane miliyan 43, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population, total - Sudan {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SD |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> kabilun da yawa da fiye da 100 na asali da yaruka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SD/languages |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref> tarihin Sudan yana da wadataccen al'adun al'adu da al'adun da aka adana a cikin tarin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a a duk faɗin ƙasar. Wadannan tarin sun hada da al'adun al'adu da al'adu daban-daban, da kuma takardu da yawa da sauran kafofin watsa labarai na abubuwan tarihi. Saboda dalilai daban-daban, daga yanayin zafi mai girma da kuma shiga cikin yashi, ƙuntatawa na tattalin arziki da siyasa zuwa rashin isasshen fasaha da horo, ɗakunan ajiya a Sudan suna cikin haɗarin rasawa ga tsararraki masu zuwa da al'adun ƙasar gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/about/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Conserving Sudanese cultural heritage |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/arts/culture-development/cultural-protection-fund/projects/sudan-library |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=British Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Memory: The project digitising a country's history |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/sudan-memory-project-digitising-history |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka halarci taron, Gidan Tarihin Fim na Kasa na Sudan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan ajiya a nahiyar Afirka. Dangane da manufofin Sudan Memory, an tsara wasu sassan tarin daga irin waɗannan cibiyoyin tun watan Yulin 2018, gami da Tarihin Fim na Kasa, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, ɗakin karatu na [[Jami'ar Khartoum]] a Sudan, da kuma Tarihin Kasa a [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. An kafa cibiyar digitization a Khartoum kuma an horar da ma'aikatanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Memory: Conserving and Promoting Sudanese Cultural and Documentary Heritage |url=https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/sudan-memory-conserving-and-promoting-sudanese-cultural-and-documentary-heritage |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=Culture in Crisis |language=en}}</ref> An ba da tallafi daga abokan hulɗa na duniya da yawa, musamman Asusun Kare Al'adu na Majalisar Burtaniya da ALIPH, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kare Al'adun Al'adu a Yankunan Rikicin [1] da kuma Ma'aikatar Digital, Al'adu, Media & Wasanni ta Gwamnatin Burtaniya. Manyan abokan hulɗa a Sudan sune Ofishin Rubuce-rubuce na Kasa na Sudan (NRO) da Kungiyar Sudan don Rubuce Ilimi (SUDAAK), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke da niyyar karewa da inganta al'adun Sudan da bayanai ta hanyar ɗakunan ajiya.[2] King's College London ta ba da cikakken gudanar da aikin, tana aiki tare da adadi mai yawa na Sudanese da na kasa da kasa na ƙungiyar aikin.[3] == Kafofin watsa labarai da jigogi == Kafofin yada labarai da batutuwan da aka rufe a Sudan Memory sun kasance daga Karni na 16 har zuwa juyin juya halin Sudan na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lyrical Revolution - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/100/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Bayani game da batutuwa da jigogi daban-daban, daga tallace-tallace da aikin gona, zuwa mata da ma'aikata, yana ba da damar bincike na jigogi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Topics - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/topics-themes/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa daga tarin sun danganta da tarihin siyasa, kiɗa da bukukuwa, zane-zane da gine-gine, kiwon lafiyar jama'a da tsire-tsire na magani, jadawalin jirgin sama, Musulmi, al'ummomin Kirista da Yahudawa, al'adun Sufi, tarihin halitta, jaridu, rediyo da talabijin, harsuna da kabilun daban-daban, abinci da tufafi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/highlights/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Wani tarin rubuce-rubucen Larabci na musamman, haruffa da hotuna suna da alaƙa da Jihar Mahdist (1885 -1899) kuma sun haɗa da wasika daga Rudolf von Slatin, tsohon Gwamnan Darfur, zuwa ga al-Ṭāhir al-Majdhūb, shugaban ƙungiyar Sufi na Majdhūbiyya a Gabashin Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahdia - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/collections/national-record-office/mahadia/19/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Babban tarihin daukar hoto, Rashid Mahdi's Photo Studio a Atbara, cibiyar tarihi ta Sudan Railways da Workers' Movement, an nuna shi tare da daruruwan hotuna da ke rubuta tarihin sirri, na jama'a da na tattalin arziki na yankin daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1990. [[Gadalla Gubara]] (1920-2008), sanannen mai daukar hoto da mai shirya fina-finai na Sudan a duniya, yana aiki a cikin ɗakinsa na Gad. Sharhabil Ahmed, daya daga cikin shahararrun mawaƙa na Sudan tun daga shekarun 1960, ya ba da hotuna na kide-kide a wuraren zama na ƙasa da na duniya, gami da membobin ƙungiyoyinsa daban-daban tare da matarsa Zakia a matsayin mace ta farko a Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharhabil Ahmed - Sudan's King of Jazz - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/128/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, masu tarawa da Habibi Funk Records, lakabin rikodin da ya sake fitar da nau'ikan dijital na shahararrun mawaƙa kamar Abdel Gadir Salim, da kuma mawaƙa na gargajiya da abubuwan da suka faru na kiɗa, sun kara da su, lakabin yin rikodin wanda ya sake fitarwa da nau'o'in dijital na shahararren kiɗa na Sudan. == Cibiyoyin al'adun al'adu a Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu == Cibiyoyin tattarawa, bincike da inganta tarihin al'adun kasar da kuma dukiyar archaeological da yawa sun hada da Gidan Tarihi na Sudan, Gidan Tarihin Sudan, Gidauniyar Khalifa da Gidan Bramble a [[Omdurman]], Gidan kayan gargajiya na Sheikan a El-Obeid, Arewacin Kordofan da Gidan kayan tarihi na Darfur a Nyala, Kudancin Darfur . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Darfur Women's Museum: A Darfur Hero's Story - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/89/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Kamfanin National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM) da kuma aikin Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Sudan (WSCM) ne ke kula da su, wanda wasu kungiyoyi iri ɗaya suka tallafawa kamar yadda aka yi wa Sudan Memory. Sun kasance suna ba da ƙwarewa da kuɗi don dawo da waɗannan gidajen tarihi da tarin su ta hanyar da ta dace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Sudan Community Museums {{!}} Aliph Foundation - Protecting heritage to build peace |url=https://www.aliph-foundation.org/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Aliph Foundation |language=en}}</ref> A irin wannan hanyar, aikin WSCM yana da niyyar "tsaron al'adun da gidajen tarihi ke wakilta da inganta rawar da suke takawa a matsayin wuraren jama'a don amfani da al'umma, ilimi da al'adun al'adu waɗanda ke inganta zaman lafiya da fahimta a cikin al'ummomin Sudan na zamani".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Community Museums - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/71/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu, National Archive Project yana kiyayewa, sake tsarawa, tsarawa da kuma tsara bayanan tarihi na gwamnati da sauran takardu da suka koma zamanin mulkin mallaka. Yayin da ake jiran gina gine-ginen Tarihin Kasa na Sudan ta Kudu a nan gaba, masu ba da gudummawa daban-daban na duniya suna tallafawa waɗannan ƙoƙarin. Da yake da niyyar samun dama ga jama'a a Sudan ta Kudu da kuma bayan haka, Cibiyar Rift Valley ce ta gudanar da aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Archive of South Sudan {{!}} Rift Valley Institute |url=https://riftvalley.net/projects/national-archive-south-sudan |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=riftvalley.net}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tarihin Sudan * Al'adun Sudan * [[Sinima a Sudan|Fim na Sudan]] * Hotuna a Sudan * Ayyukan gani na Sudan * Gine-gine na Sudan * Littattafan Sudan == Manazarta == 0yxhjxh8v7gb0aapwxqmr9batx3sqh2 964031 964030 2026-10-06T19:47:23Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sudan Memory''' wani aikin adana bayanai ne na kan layi da Al'adun al'adu, wanda ƙungiyar abokan hulɗa ta duniya ta bayar da manufar kiyayewa da inganta al'adun Sudan. A yayin aikin, an kirkiro sake buga littattafai da jaridu na dijital, hotuna da fina-finai, zane-zane da gine-gine, da sauran abubuwan al'adu a Sudan kuma an buga su a shafin yanar gizon aikin. A cewar shafin yanar gizon [[Sudan]] Memory, wanda ke samuwa a Turanci da [[Larabci]], ayyukanta suna da alaƙa da Tarihi da al'adun Sudan. An cimma wannan ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin kungiyoyin Sudan da Burtaniya tare da manufar shirya, adanawa da kuma kare takardu da sauran kafofin watsa labarai da ke cikin haɗarin rasawa. Wadannan ayyukan sun hada da sayen kayan fasaha, horar da ma'aikata a cikin dijital kafofin watsa labarai da samar da damar kan layi ga jama'a a Sudan da duniya. == Tarihi == Ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi girma a Afirka tare da kusan mutane miliyan 43, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population, total - Sudan {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SD |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> kabilun da yawa da fiye da 100 na asali da yaruka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SD/languages |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref> tarihin Sudan yana da wadataccen al'adun al'adu da al'adun da aka adana a cikin tarin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a a duk faɗin ƙasar. Wadannan tarin sun hada da al'adun al'adu da al'adu daban-daban, da kuma takardu da yawa da sauran kafofin watsa labarai na abubuwan tarihi. Saboda dalilai daban-daban, daga yanayin zafi mai girma da kuma shiga cikin yashi, ƙuntatawa na tattalin arziki da siyasa zuwa rashin isasshen fasaha da horo, ɗakunan ajiya a Sudan suna cikin haɗarin rasawa ga tsararraki masu zuwa da al'adun ƙasar gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/about/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Conserving Sudanese cultural heritage |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/arts/culture-development/cultural-protection-fund/projects/sudan-library |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=British Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Memory: The project digitising a country's history |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/sudan-memory-project-digitising-history |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka halarci taron, Gidan Tarihin Fim na Kasa na Sudan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan ajiya a nahiyar Afirka. Dangane da manufofin Sudan Memory, an tsara wasu sassan tarin daga irin waɗannan cibiyoyin tun watan Yulin 2018, gami da Tarihin Fim na Kasa, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, ɗakin karatu na [[Jami'ar Khartoum]] a Sudan, da kuma Tarihin Kasa a [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. An kafa cibiyar digitization a Khartoum kuma an horar da ma'aikatanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Memory: Conserving and Promoting Sudanese Cultural and Documentary Heritage |url=https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/sudan-memory-conserving-and-promoting-sudanese-cultural-and-documentary-heritage |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=Culture in Crisis |language=en}}</ref> An ba da tallafi daga abokan hulɗa na duniya da yawa, musamman Asusun Kare Al'adu na Majalisar Burtaniya da ALIPH, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kare Al'adun Al'adu a Yankunan Rikicin [1] da kuma Ma'aikatar Digital, Al'adu, Media & Wasanni ta Gwamnatin Burtaniya. Manyan abokan hulɗa a Sudan sune Ofishin Rubuce-rubuce na Kasa na Sudan (NRO) da Kungiyar Sudan don Rubuce Ilimi (SUDAAK), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke da niyyar karewa da inganta al'adun Sudan da bayanai ta hanyar ɗakunan ajiya.[2] King's College London ta ba da cikakken gudanar da aikin, tana aiki tare da adadi mai yawa na Sudanese da na kasa da kasa na ƙungiyar aikin.[3] == Kafofin watsa labarai da jigogi == Kafofin yada labarai da batutuwan da aka rufe a Sudan Memory sun kasance daga Karni na 16 har zuwa juyin juya halin Sudan na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lyrical Revolution - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/100/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Bayani game da batutuwa da jigogi daban-daban, daga tallace-tallace da aikin gona, zuwa mata da ma'aikata, yana ba da damar bincike na jigogi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Topics - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/topics-themes/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa daga tarin sun danganta da tarihin siyasa, kiɗa da bukukuwa, zane-zane da gine-gine, kiwon lafiyar jama'a da tsire-tsire na magani, jadawalin jirgin sama, Musulmi, al'ummomin Kirista da Yahudawa, al'adun Sufi, tarihin halitta, jaridu, rediyo da talabijin, harsuna da kabilun daban-daban, abinci da tufafi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/highlights/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Wani tarin rubuce-rubucen Larabci na musamman, haruffa da hotuna suna da alaƙa da Jihar Mahdist (1885 -1899) kuma sun haɗa da wasika daga Rudolf von Slatin, tsohon Gwamnan Darfur, zuwa ga al-Ṭāhir al-Majdhūb, shugaban ƙungiyar Sufi na Majdhūbiyya a Gabashin Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahdia - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/collections/national-record-office/mahadia/19/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Babban tarihin daukar hoto, Rashid Mahdi's Photo Studio a Atbara, cibiyar tarihi ta Sudan Railways da Workers' Movement, an nuna shi tare da daruruwan hotuna da ke rubuta tarihin sirri, na jama'a da na tattalin arziki na yankin daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1990. [[Gadalla Gubara]] (1920-2008), sanannen mai daukar hoto da mai shirya fina-finai na Sudan a duniya, yana aiki a cikin ɗakinsa na Gad. Sharhabil Ahmed, daya daga cikin shahararrun mawaƙa na Sudan tun daga shekarun 1960, ya ba da hotuna na kide-kide a wuraren zama na ƙasa da na duniya, gami da membobin ƙungiyoyinsa daban-daban tare da matarsa Zakia a matsayin mace ta farko a Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharhabil Ahmed - Sudan's King of Jazz - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/128/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, masu tarawa da Habibi Funk Records, lakabin rikodin da ya sake fitar da nau'ikan dijital na shahararrun mawaƙa kamar Abdel Gadir Salim, da kuma mawaƙa na gargajiya da abubuwan da suka faru na kiɗa, sun kara da su, lakabin yin rikodin wanda ya sake fitarwa da nau'o'in dijital na shahararren kiɗa na Sudan. == Cibiyoyin al'adun al'adu a Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu == Cibiyoyin tattarawa, bincike da inganta tarihin al'adun kasar da kuma dukiyar archaeological da yawa sun hada da Gidan Tarihi na Sudan, Gidan Tarihin Sudan, Gidauniyar Khalifa da Gidan Bramble a [[Omdurman]], Gidan kayan gargajiya na Sheikan a El-Obeid, Arewacin Kordofan da Gidan kayan tarihi na Darfur a Nyala, Kudancin Darfur . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Darfur Women's Museum: A Darfur Hero's Story - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/89/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Kamfanin National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM) da kuma aikin Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Sudan (WSCM) ne ke kula da su, wanda wasu kungiyoyi iri ɗaya suka tallafawa kamar yadda aka yi wa Sudan Memory. Sun kasance suna ba da ƙwarewa da kuɗi don dawo da waɗannan gidajen tarihi da tarin su ta hanyar da ta dace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Sudan Community Museums {{!}} Aliph Foundation - Protecting heritage to build peace |url=https://www.aliph-foundation.org/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Aliph Foundation |language=en}}</ref> A irin wannan hanyar, aikin WSCM yana da niyyar "tsaron al'adun da gidajen tarihi ke wakilta da inganta rawar da suke takawa a matsayin wuraren jama'a don amfani da al'umma, ilimi da al'adun al'adu waɗanda ke inganta zaman lafiya da fahimta a cikin al'ummomin Sudan na zamani".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Community Museums - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/71/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu, National Archive Project yana kiyayewa, sake tsarawa, tsarawa da kuma tsara bayanan tarihi na gwamnati da sauran takardu da suka koma zamanin mulkin mallaka. Yayin da ake jiran gina gine-ginen Tarihin Kasa na Sudan ta Kudu a nan gaba, masu ba da gudummawa daban-daban na duniya suna tallafawa waɗannan ƙoƙarin. Da yake da niyyar samun dama ga jama'a a Sudan ta Kudu da kuma bayan haka, Cibiyar Rift Valley ce ta gudanar da aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Archive of South Sudan {{!}} Rift Valley Institute |url=https://riftvalley.net/projects/national-archive-south-sudan |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=riftvalley.net}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tarihin Sudan * Al'adun Sudan * [[Sinima a Sudan|Fim na Sudan]] * Hotuna a Sudan * Ayyukan gani na Sudan * Gine-gine na Sudan * Littattafan Sudan == Manazarta == 8yaju821gd7d9359ct97m4b3ssy31op 964204 964031 2026-10-07T07:43:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sudan Memory''' wani aikin adana bayanai ne na kan layi da Al'adun al'adu, wanda ƙungiyar abokan hulɗa ta duniya ta bayar da manufar kiyayewa da inganta al'adun Sudan. A yayin aikin, an kirkiro sake buga littattafai da jaridu na dijital, hotuna da fina-finai, zane-zane da gine-gine, da sauran abubuwan al'adu a Sudan kuma an buga su a shafin yanar gizon aikin. A cewar shafin yanar gizon [[Sudan]] Memory, wanda ke samuwa a Turanci da [[Larabci]], ayyukanta suna da alaƙa da Tarihi da al'adun Sudan. An cimma wannan ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tsakanin kungiyoyin Sudan da Burtaniya tare da manufar shirya, adanawa da kuma kare takardu da sauran kafofin watsa labarai da ke cikin haɗarin rasawa. Wadannan ayyukan sun hada da sayen kayan fasaha, horar da ma'aikata a cikin dijital kafofin watsa labarai da samar da damar kan layi ga jama'a a Sudan da duniya. == Tarihi == Ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi girma a Afirka tare da kusan mutane miliyan 43, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population, total - Sudan {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SD |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> kabilun da yawa da fiye da 100 na asali da yaruka, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SD/languages |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref> tarihin Sudan yana da wadataccen al'adun al'adu da al'adun da aka adana a cikin tarin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a a duk faɗin ƙasar. Wadannan tarin sun hada da al'adun al'adu da al'adu daban-daban, da kuma takardu da yawa da sauran kafofin watsa labarai na abubuwan tarihi. Saboda dalilai daban-daban, daga yanayin zafi mai girma da kuma shiga cikin yashi, ƙuntatawa na tattalin arziki da siyasa zuwa rashin isasshen fasaha da horo, ɗakunan ajiya a Sudan suna cikin haɗarin rasawa ga tsararraki masu zuwa da al'adun ƙasar gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/about/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Conserving Sudanese cultural heritage |url=https://www.britishcouncil.org/arts/culture-development/cultural-protection-fund/projects/sudan-library |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=British Council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708033616/https://www.britishcouncil.org/arts/culture-development/cultural-protection-fund/projects/sudan-library |archive-date=2024-07-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Memory: The project digitising a country's history |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/sudan-memory-project-digitising-history |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka halarci taron, Gidan Tarihin Fim na Kasa na Sudan yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan ajiya a nahiyar Afirka. Dangane da manufofin Sudan Memory, an tsara wasu sassan tarin daga irin waɗannan cibiyoyin tun watan Yulin 2018, gami da Tarihin Fim na Kasa, Gidan Tarihi na Kasa, ɗakin karatu na [[Jami'ar Khartoum]] a Sudan, da kuma Tarihin Kasa a [[Sudan ta Kudu]]. An kafa cibiyar digitization a Khartoum kuma an horar da ma'aikatanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Memory: Conserving and Promoting Sudanese Cultural and Documentary Heritage |url=https://cultureincrisis.org/projects/sudan-memory-conserving-and-promoting-sudanese-cultural-and-documentary-heritage |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=Culture in Crisis |language=en}}</ref> An ba da tallafi daga abokan hulɗa na duniya da yawa, musamman Asusun Kare Al'adu na Majalisar Burtaniya da ALIPH, Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kare Al'adun Al'adu a Yankunan Rikicin [1] da kuma Ma'aikatar Digital, Al'adu, Media & Wasanni ta Gwamnatin Burtaniya. Manyan abokan hulɗa a Sudan sune Ofishin Rubuce-rubuce na Kasa na Sudan (NRO) da Kungiyar Sudan don Rubuce Ilimi (SUDAAK), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke da niyyar karewa da inganta al'adun Sudan da bayanai ta hanyar ɗakunan ajiya.[2] King's College London ta ba da cikakken gudanar da aikin, tana aiki tare da adadi mai yawa na Sudanese da na kasa da kasa na ƙungiyar aikin.[3] == Kafofin watsa labarai da jigogi == Kafofin yada labarai da batutuwan da aka rufe a Sudan Memory sun kasance daga Karni na 16 har zuwa juyin juya halin Sudan na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lyrical Revolution - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/100/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Bayani game da batutuwa da jigogi daban-daban, daga tallace-tallace da aikin gona, zuwa mata da ma'aikata, yana ba da damar bincike na jigogi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Topics - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/topics-themes/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa daga tarin sun danganta da tarihin siyasa, kiɗa da bukukuwa, zane-zane da gine-gine, kiwon lafiyar jama'a da tsire-tsire na magani, jadawalin jirgin sama, Musulmi, al'ummomin Kirista da Yahudawa, al'adun Sufi, tarihin halitta, jaridu, rediyo da talabijin, harsuna da kabilun daban-daban, abinci da tufafi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/highlights/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Wani tarin rubuce-rubucen Larabci na musamman, haruffa da hotuna suna da alaƙa da Jihar Mahdist (1885 -1899) kuma sun haɗa da wasika daga Rudolf von Slatin, tsohon Gwamnan Darfur, zuwa ga al-Ṭāhir al-Majdhūb, shugaban ƙungiyar Sufi na Majdhūbiyya a Gabashin Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahdia - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/collections/national-record-office/mahadia/19/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Babban tarihin daukar hoto, Rashid Mahdi's Photo Studio a Atbara, cibiyar tarihi ta Sudan Railways da Workers' Movement, an nuna shi tare da daruruwan hotuna da ke rubuta tarihin sirri, na jama'a da na tattalin arziki na yankin daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1990. [[Gadalla Gubara]] (1920-2008), sanannen mai daukar hoto da mai shirya fina-finai na Sudan a duniya, yana aiki a cikin ɗakinsa na Gad. Sharhabil Ahmed, daya daga cikin shahararrun mawaƙa na Sudan tun daga shekarun 1960, ya ba da hotuna na kide-kide a wuraren zama na ƙasa da na duniya, gami da membobin ƙungiyoyinsa daban-daban tare da matarsa Zakia a matsayin mace ta farko a Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharhabil Ahmed - Sudan's King of Jazz - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/128/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, masu tarawa da Habibi Funk Records, lakabin rikodin da ya sake fitar da nau'ikan dijital na shahararrun mawaƙa kamar Abdel Gadir Salim, da kuma mawaƙa na gargajiya da abubuwan da suka faru na kiɗa, sun kara da su, lakabin yin rikodin wanda ya sake fitarwa da nau'o'in dijital na shahararren kiɗa na Sudan. == Cibiyoyin al'adun al'adu a Sudan da Sudan ta Kudu == Cibiyoyin tattarawa, bincike da inganta tarihin al'adun kasar da kuma dukiyar archaeological da yawa sun hada da Gidan Tarihi na Sudan, Gidan Tarihin Sudan, Gidauniyar Khalifa da Gidan Bramble a [[Omdurman]], Gidan kayan gargajiya na Sheikan a El-Obeid, Arewacin Kordofan da Gidan kayan tarihi na Darfur a Nyala, Kudancin Darfur . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Darfur Women's Museum: A Darfur Hero's Story - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/89/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> Kamfanin National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM) da kuma aikin Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Sudan (WSCM) ne ke kula da su, wanda wasu kungiyoyi iri ɗaya suka tallafawa kamar yadda aka yi wa Sudan Memory. Sun kasance suna ba da ƙwarewa da kuɗi don dawo da waɗannan gidajen tarihi da tarin su ta hanyar da ta dace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Western Sudan Community Museums {{!}} Aliph Foundation - Protecting heritage to build peace |url=https://www.aliph-foundation.org/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Aliph Foundation |language=en}}</ref> A irin wannan hanyar, aikin WSCM yana da niyyar "tsaron al'adun da gidajen tarihi ke wakilta da inganta rawar da suke takawa a matsayin wuraren jama'a don amfani da al'umma, ilimi da al'adun al'adu waɗanda ke inganta zaman lafiya da fahimta a cikin al'ummomin Sudan na zamani".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudan Community Museums - Sudan Memory |url=https://www.sudanmemory.org/cms/71/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=www.sudanmemory.org}}</ref> A Sudan ta Kudu, National Archive Project yana kiyayewa, sake tsarawa, tsarawa da kuma tsara bayanan tarihi na gwamnati da sauran takardu da suka koma zamanin mulkin mallaka. Yayin da ake jiran gina gine-ginen Tarihin Kasa na Sudan ta Kudu a nan gaba, masu ba da gudummawa daban-daban na duniya suna tallafawa waɗannan ƙoƙarin. Da yake da niyyar samun dama ga jama'a a Sudan ta Kudu da kuma bayan haka, Cibiyar Rift Valley ce ta gudanar da aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Archive of South Sudan {{!}} Rift Valley Institute |url=https://riftvalley.net/projects/national-archive-south-sudan |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=riftvalley.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625070359/https://riftvalley.net/projects/national-archive-south-sudan |archive-date=2022-06-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Tarihin Sudan * Al'adun Sudan * [[Sinima a Sudan|Fim na Sudan]] * Hotuna a Sudan * Ayyukan gani na Sudan * Gine-gine na Sudan * Littattafan Sudan == Manazarta == t6dvkr06pyldkq4zbwbg40pznjzn1oj 0 178406 964033 2026-10-06T20:00:26Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377888586|KwaZulu-Natal]]" 964033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=KwaZulu-Natal|official_name=Province of KwaZulu-Natal|native_name={{Plainlist |''{{native name|zu|iKwaZulu-Natali}}'' }}|native_name_lang=|type=[[Provinces of South Africa|Province]]|nickname=The Garden Province|motto={{ublist|style=padding-bottom:0.75em;|''Masisukume sakhe''|("Let us rise and build")}}|image=South Beach, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (20504187132).jpg|caption=South Beach in [[Durban]], the most populous city in KwaZulu-Natal|image_flag=Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png|flag_size=120px|image_shield=KwaZulu-Natal coat of arms.svg|image_map=KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa.svg|map_size=|map_alt=Map showing the location of KwaZulu-Natal in the south-eastern part of South Africa|map_caption=Location of KwaZulu-Natal in [[South Africa]]|subdivision_type=[[Sovereign state|Country]]|subdivision_name={{flagdeco|RSA}} [[South Africa]]|established_title=Established|established_date=27 April 1994|established_title1=|established_date1=|established_title2=|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|seat_type=Capital|seat=[[Pietermaritzburg]]|seat1_type=Largest city|seat1=[[Durban]]|parts_type=[[Districts of South Africa|Districts]]|p1=[[eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality|eThekwini]]|p2=[[Ugu District Municipality|Ugu]]|p3=[[Umgungundlovu District Municipality|Umgungundlovu]]|p4=[[Uthukela District Municipality|Uthukela]]|p5=[[Umzinyathi District Municipality|Umzinyathi]]|p6=[[Amajuba District Municipality|Amajuba]]|p7=[[Zululand District Municipality|Zululand]]|p8=[[Umkhanyakude District Municipality|Umkhanyakude]]|p9=[[King Cetshwayo District Municipality|King Cetshwayo]]|p10=[[iLembe District Municipality|iLembe]]|p11=[[Harry Gwala District Municipality|Harry Gwala]]|government_footnotes=|government_type=[[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]<ref>{{cite act|title= KwaZulu-Natal Traditional Leadership and Governance Act, 2005|type=Act|date=2005 |institution=KwaZulu-Natal Legislature|at=Section 17|url= https://archive.opengazettes.org.za/archive/ZA-NL/2006/provincial-gazette-ZA-NL-no-6460-dated-2006-01-16.pdf|access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>|leader_title=[[King of the Zulu Nation|King]]|leader_name=[[Misuzulu Zulu|Misuzulu]]|leader_title1=[[Premier of KwaZulu-Natal|Premier]]|leader_name1=[[Thami Ntuli]] ([[Inkatha Freedom Party|IFP]])|leader_title2=Legislature|leader_name2=[[KwaZulu-Natal Legislature]]|area_footnotes=<ref name="cib2011">{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=9780621413885}}</ref>{{rp|9}}|area_total_km2=94361|area_rank=[[List of South African provinces by area|7th in South Africa]]|elevation_max_footnotes=|elevation_min_footnotes=<!---Use tags for references--->|elevation_max_m=3451|elevation_min_m=0|population_footnotes=<ref name="2022 census" />|population_total=12,818,479|population_as_of=2022|population_density_km2=132|population_rank=[[List of South African provinces by population|2nd in South Africa]]|population_density_rank=[[List of South African provinces by population density|2nd in South Africa]]|population_note=|demographics_type1=Population groups (2022)|demographics1_footnotes=<ref name="2022 census" />|demographics1_title1=[[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black]]|demographics1_info1=84.8%|demographics1_title2=[[Indian South African|Indian]] or [[Asian South African|Asian]]|demographics1_info2=9.3%|demographics1_title3=[[White South African|White]]|demographics1_info3=4.1%|demographics1_title4=[[Coloured]]|demographics1_info4=1.5%|demographics1_title5=Other|demographics1_info5=0.3%|demographics_type2=Languages (2022)|demographics2_footnotes=<ref name="2022 census" />|demographics2_title1=[[Zulu language|Zulu]]|demographics2_info1=80.0%|demographics2_title2=[[South African English|English]]|demographics2_info2=14.4%|demographics2_title3=[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]|demographics2_info3=3.1%|demographics2_title4=[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]|demographics2_info4=1.0%|time_zone1=[[South African Standard Time|SAST]]|utc_offset1=+2|iso_code=ZA-KZN|custom_label_sec1=[[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)|custom_data_sec1=0.706<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br />{{color|#090|high}} · [[List of South African provinces by Human Development Index|5th of 9]] <!-- GDP -------------->|custom_label1_sec1=GDP|custom_data1_sec1=[[US$]]64.7 billion<ref>{{citation|title=Provincial gross domestic product:experimental estimates, 2013–2022|url=https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/D04411/D044112022.pdf|website=www.statssa.gov.za}}</ref>|website={{URL|http://www.kznonline.gov.za/}}|footnotes=}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''KwaZulu-Natal''' ( / k wɑː ˌ z uː l uː nəˈtɑːl / , wanda kuma ake kira '''KZN''' ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa |url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/geography/kwazulu-natal.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724082744/http://www.southafrica.info/about/geography/kwazulu-natal.htm#.U0ZMuuaSz58 |archive-date=24 July 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014}}</ref> lardi ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1994 lokacin da gwamnati ta haɗa Zulu bantustan na KwaZulu ("Wurin Zulu" a [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]] ) da Lardin Natal . Tana kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, tare da dogon bakin teku a [[Tekun Indiya]] . Tana da iyaka da wasu larduna uku da kuma ƙasashen [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Eswatini]] da [[Lesotho]] . Babban birninta shine Pietermaritzburg, kuma babban birninta shine [[Durban]], wanda kuma shine [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Durban|birni mafi girman tashar jiragen ruwa]] a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na Afirka. Ita ce lardi ta biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu, bayan Gauteng . An ayyana yankuna biyu a KwaZulu-Natal a [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|matsayin wuraren tarihi na duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] : wurin shakatawa na iSimangaliso Wetland da kuma wurin shakatawa na uKhahlamba Drakensberg . Waɗannan yankuna suna da mahimmanci ga yanayin halittu da ke kewaye. A shekarun 1830 da farkon shekarun 1840, an kafa yankin arewacin abin da yanzu ake kira KwaZulu-Natal a matsayin Masarautar Zulu . Yankin kudu, a takaice, shine Jamhuriyar Boer Natalia kafin Turawan Ingila suka karɓe iko a shekarar 1843, suka sake mata suna zuwa Mulkin Mallaka na Natal a shekarar 1843. Masarautar Zulu ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa shekarar 1879. KwaZulu-Natal ita ce mahaifar fitattun mutane da yawa a tarihin Afirka ta Kudu, kamar [[Albert Luthuli]], wanda ba farar fata ba ne kuma mutum na farko daga wajen Turai da Amurka da aka ba shi kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel (1960); Pixley ka Isaka Seme, wanda ya kafa [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|African National Congress]] (ANC) kuma lauyan bakar fata na farko a Afirka ta Kudu; [[John Langalibalele Dube]], shugaban ANC; [[Harry Gwala]], memba na ANC kuma mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata; Mac Maharaj, memba na ANC, mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata kuma wanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar Little Rivonia ; ƙungiyar [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] wacce ta lashe kyautar Grammy; DJ Black Coffee wanda ya lashe kyautar Grammy, wanda aka nada a matsayin wanda ya jagoranci Zauren Fina-finai na Rediyon Afirka ta Kudu Alan Khan ; Masanin zamantakewa kuma marubuciya [[Fatima Meer]] ; [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]], wanda ya kafa Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP); Anton Lembede, shugaban kafa ANC Youth League ; [[Jacob Zuma]], tsohon Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu ; Bhambatha, shugaban Zulu na karni na 19 wanda ya zama alamar [[Internal resistance to apartheid|yaki da wariyar launin fata]] ; da [[Shaka zulu|Shaka Zulu]] . == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Howick_falls3.jpg|thumb| Kwarin [[Kogin Umgeni|Kogin Mngeni]] kusa da [[Howick Falls]]]] A kusan {{Cvt|92,100|km2}} a yankin, KwaZulu-Natal tana da girman kusan Portugal. Tana da yankuna uku daban-daban kuma ita ce lardin da ya fi gabas a ƙasar. Yankin [[Tuddai da ƙananan tuddai|ƙasa mai faɗi]] da ke gefen tekun Indiya yana da matuƙar kunkuntar kudu, yana faɗaɗa a arewacin lardin, yayin da tsakiyar Natal Midlands ya ƙunshi wani tudu mai tsaunuka da ke tashi zuwa yamma. Yankuna biyu masu tsaunuka, [[Drakensberg|tsaunukan Drakensberg]] na yamma da tsaunukan Lebombo na arewacin, bi da bi, suna samar da katangar basalt mai ƙarfi wadda ta haura sama da {{Convert|3000|m|ft}} kusa da kan iyakar Lesotho da ƙananan jeri na tsohon dutse mai layi ɗaya da ke gudana kudu daga Eswatini. Babban kogin yankin, [[Kogin Tugela|Tugela]], yana gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas a tsakiyar lardin. Yankunan bakin teku galibi suna da ƙuraje [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|masu zafi]] da kuma kwaruruka masu zurfi; gangaren tsaunuka masu tsayi suna karɓar bakuncin wasu dajin Afromontane . Yankin tsakiyar ƙasar yana da ciyayi masu danshi da kuma wuraren dajin Afromontane da aka keɓe. Arewacin ƙasar yana da wurin zama na savanna mai ɗanshi, yayin da yankin Drakensberg ke ɗauke da mafi yawan ciyayi [[Yanayin Alpine|na tsaunuka]] . Lardin ya ƙunshi yankuna masu wadataccen nau'ikan halittu na nau'ikan tsirrai da fauna. An ayyana wurin shakatawa na iSimangaliso Wetland da kuma wurin shakatawa na uKhahlamba-Drakensberg a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|wuraren tarihi na duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] . Wurin shakatawa na iSimangaliso Wetland Park, tare da uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park da Ndumo, [[Dausayi|wurare ne masu dausayi]] masu mahimmanci a duniya ga nau'ikan halittu masu ƙaura kuma an sanya su a matsayin [[Wajen Ramsar|wuraren Ramsar]] . Afirka ta Kudu ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Ramsar ta 1971 don ƙoƙarin kiyayewa da kare muhimman wurare masu dausayi saboda muhimmancinsu ga matsugunan zama da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban. An haɗa tsohuwar ƙauye ta gabashin Cape ta garin Umzimkulu da yankinta a cikin KwaZulu-Natal bayan kwaskwarimar kundin tsarin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu ta 12. Kwaskwarima ta kuma yi wasu sauye-sauye a kan iyakar kudancin lardin. Layin arewa maso yamma na daidai latitude da longitude yana ratsa lardin daga bakin teku a Hibberdene ( Lardin ya zama na farko da ya haɗa da wani ɓangare na hanya wanda aka yi da filastik kaɗan, daidai da kusan kwalayen madara da aka sake yin amfani da su 40,000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Emma |date=30 October 2019 |title=Plastic bottles repaving South Africa's roads |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/30/business/plastic-roads-in-south-africa-intl/index.html |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-28 |title=South Africas first plastic based road has been built |url=https://averda.co.za/news/south-africas-first-plastic-based-road-has-been-built/&grqid=sgCQUjd6&s=1&hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-05-20 |publisher=averda.co.za}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023}}</ref> === Yanayi === [[File:Upland_South_Africa_Savanna.jpg|thumb|237x237px| Savannah na tsaunuka kusa da Pietermaritzburg]] [[File:Coastal_mangrove_forest_near_Durban's_Umgeni_River.jpg|alt=Mangrove forest at the Umgeni River estuary in Durban|thumb|236x236px| Dajin Mangrove a bakin kogin Umgeni da ke Durban]] KwaZulu-Natal tana da yanayi daban-daban amma mai kyau, godiya ga yanayin ƙasa daban-daban da rikitarwa. Gabaɗaya, bakin tekun yana da [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|yanayin zafi sosai]], inda yankunan cikin gida ke ƙara yin sanyi. [[Durban|A Durban]] da ke gabar tekun kudu, ana samun ruwan sama mai nauyin 1009 a kowace shekara.&nbsp;mm, tare da mafi girman lokacin rana daga Janairu zuwa Maris da {{Convert|28|°C|°F}} da aƙalla {{Convert|21|°C|°F}}, yana raguwa zuwa mafi girman lokacin rana daga Yuni zuwa Agusta na {{Convert|23|°C|°F}} da aƙalla {{Convert|11|°C|°F}} . Zafin jiki yana raguwa zuwa ga yankunan karkara, inda Pietermaritzburg yake kama da haka a lokacin rani, amma yana da sanyi sosai a lokacin hunturu. Ladysmith a kwarin kogin Tugela ya kai {{Convert|30|°C|°F}} a lokacin rani amma yana iya faɗuwa ƙasa da inda sanyi yake a daren hunturu. Dutsen Drakensberg na iya fuskantar dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa a lokacin hunturu, tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai sauƙi a wasu lokutan a kan tsaunuka mafi tsayi a lokacin rani. Gaɓar tekun arewa na Zululand tana da yanayi mafi zafi da kuma mafi yawan danshi, wanda ke tallafawa gonakin sukari da yawa a kusa da Pongola. === Iyakoki === KwaZulu-Natal yana iyaka da yankunan Mozambique, Eswatini da Lesotho: * Lardin Maputo, Mozambique (arewa maso gabas) * Gundumar Lubombo, Eswatini (arewa maso gabas, gabashin Shiselweni) * Gundumar Shiselweni, Eswatini (arewa maso gabas, yammacin Lubombo) * Gundumar Mokhotlong, Lesotho (kudu maso yamma, arewacin Thaba-Tseka) * gundumar Thaba-Tseka, Lesotho (kudu maso yamma, tsakanin Mokhotlong da Qacha's Nek) * Gundumar Nek ta Qacha, Lesotho (kudu maso yamma, kudu da Thaba-Tseka) A cikin gida, tana iyaka da lardunan da ke ƙasa: * Mpumalanga (arewa) * Jihar 'Yanci (yamma) * Gabashin Cape (kudu maso yamma) === Sassan gudanarwa === [[File:South_Africa_Districts_showing_KZ.png|thumb| Taswirar Afirka ta Kudu da ke nuna gundumomin lardin KwaZulu-Natal]] [[File:KwaZulu-Natal_population_density_map.svg|thumb| Yawan jama'a a KwaZulu-Natal ]] [[File:KwaZulu-Natal_dominant_language_map.svg|thumb|Harsunan da suka fi yawa a KwaZulu-Natal ]] Lardin KwaZulu-Natal ya rabu zuwa ƙaramar hukuma ɗaya ta babban birni da kuma gundumomi goma. An raba ƙananan hukumomin zuwa ƙananan hukumomi 44. An ba da kujerar kowace karamar hukuma a cikin baka: A shekarar 2012, Ingonyama Trust ta mallaki kashi 32% na ƙasar da ke KwaZulu-Natal, a cikin ƙananan hukumomi da yawa. Wannan ya kai kimanin kadada miliyan uku, inda sama da mutane miliyan 4 ke zaune. Sarkin Zulu shine shugaban Amintaccen. ==== Ƙananan hukumomin birni ==== <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  ==== Karamar hukumar gunduma ==== <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> === Gaɓar teku === [[File:Kznbeach.jpg|thumb| Tekun bakin teku a Tekun Arewa]] Gaɓar teku tana cike da ƙananan garuruwa, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin nishaɗi na yanayi. Yanayin yankunan bakin teku yana da danshi kuma yana da zafi sosai, kamar yadda yake a kudancin Florida a Amurka, amma ba kamar yadda yake a lokacin rani ba. Yayin da mutum ke ƙara matsawa arewa zuwa bakin teku zuwa kan iyakar Mozambique, yanayin ya zama kusan yanayin zafi kawai. Arewacin Durban ana kiransa da " Tekun Arewa ", yayin da kudu kuma ana kiransa " Tekun Kudu ". Hukumar yawon bude ido ta Kwazulu-Natal ta ƙunshi garuruwa kamar Margate, Port Shepstone, Scottburgh da Port Edward a cikin ma'anar Kudancin Tekun, yayin da Ballito, uMhlanga, Zimbali da Salt Rock su ne garuruwan shakatawa na Arewa maso Gabashin. [[File:San_Lameer.jpg|thumb| Wurin shakatawa na San Lameer]] Ana samun rairayin bakin teku masu inganci a kusan kowane yanki na gabashin gabar tekun Afirka ta Kudu, tare da wasu daga cikin duwatsu masu daraja da ba a taɓa samun su ba a ƙarshen kudu da arewa mai nisa na lardin. An amince da Marina Beach (da kuma wurin shakatawa na San Lameer) a shekarar 2002 a matsayin [[Blue Flag rairayin bakin teku|bakin teku mai launin shuɗi]] . Wasu baƙi suna zuwa don bikin shekara-shekara na ƙarshen kaka ko farkon hunturu a bakin tekun KwaZulu-Natal na " sardine run ". Ana kiransa da "mafi girman kogi a duniya", ruwan sardine yana faruwa ne lokacin da miliyoyin sardines suka yi ƙaura daga wurin haihuwarsu a kudu da ƙarshen kudancin Afirka zuwa arewa tare da gabar tekun Gabashin Cape zuwa KwaZulu-Natal. Suna bin wata hanya kusa da bakin teku, wanda hakan ke sa kifaye da yawa su watse a bakin teku. Babban tarin ƙananan kifaye na iya ɗaukar tsawon kilomita da yawa; dubban mafarauta ne ke farautarsa, ciki har da kifayen farauta, sharks, dolphins da tsuntsayen teku . Yawanci, kwarurukan ruwa suna wargajewa kuma kifayen suna ɓacewa cikin ruwa mai zurfi a kusa da Durban. Masana kimiyya sun kasa amsa tambayoyi da yawa game da wannan yanayi na musamman. === Ciki === Cikin lardin ya ƙunshi manyan tsaunuka masu birgima daga kwarin tsaunukan Thousand zuwa Midlands . Kyawun su ya zaburar da adabi. [[Alan Paton]], a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''Cry, the Beloved Country'', ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|There is a lovely road that runs from [[Ixopo]] into the hills. These hills are grass-covered and rolling, and they are lovely beyond any singing of it. The road climbs {{convert|7|mi|km|spell=in}} into them, to Carisbrooke; and from there, if there is no mist, you look down on one of the fairest valleys of Africa. About you there is grass and bracken and you may hear the forlorn crying of the [[black-winged lapwing|titihoya]], one of the birds of the veld. Below you is the valley of the [[Umzimkulu River|Umzimkulu]], on its journey from the Drakensberg to the sea; and beyond and behind the river, great hill after great hill; and beyond and behind them, the mountains of Ingeli and [[Griqualand East]].}} == Tarihi == [[File:Map_of_definitions_of_Zululand-KwaZulu.svg|thumb|''Zululand'' ko ''KwaZulu'' suna da ma'anoni daban-daban: ]] A ranar [[Kirsimeti]] ta 1497, wani mai binciken Vasco da Gama na ƙasar Portugal ya ga gabar tekun Natal kuma ya sanya wa wurin suna bayan kalmar Kirsimeti ta ƙasar Portugal, ''[[wiktionary:Natal#Portuguese|Natal]]'' . Reshen Nguni na [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] ya mamaye wannan yanki tun farkon shekarun 1300. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasco da Gama's Voyage of 'Discovery' 1497 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/vasco-da-gamas-voyage-discovery-1497 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Turawan farko da suka fara zama 'yan Birtaniya, galibinsu 'yan asalin ƙasar Birtaniya, sun kafa [[Durban|Port Natal]], wani wurin ciniki. Ba su yi wani yunƙuri na gina yankin cikin gida ba, wanda sarkin Zulu, [[Shaka zulu|Shaka,]] ya [[Mfecane|halaka]] mazaunansa. [[Al'ummar Afrikaner|Afrikaner]] Voortrekkers sun shiga yankin ta hanyar [[Drakensberg]] a cikin 1837. Waɗannan 'yan Afirka sun kayar da Zulus a [[Yakin kogin jini|Yaƙin Kogin Blood]] a shekarar 1838 sannan daga baya suka kafa Jamhuriyar Natal. Saboda haka, yankin ya kasance wani ɓangare na jamhuriyar Boer mai ɗan gajeren lokaci tsakanin 1839 da 1843 har zuwa lokacin da Birtaniya ta mamaye shi. Da yawa daga cikin mazauna Afrikaner sun koma cikin gida bayan an mayar da su ƙasar, kuma an maye gurbinsu da baƙi, galibi daga Birtaniya. Tun daga shekarar 1860, yawan 'yan Indiyawa, galibi 'yan Tamil, da Turawan Birtaniya suka kawo don yin aiki a gonakin sukari da ke bakin teku. Masarautar ta mallaki Zululand (yankin arewa da Kogin Tugela) bayan Yaƙin Zulu na 1879. An ƙara filayen arewacin Kogin Buffalo a shekarar 1902. Sojojin Boer sun shiga yankin a lokacin Yaƙin Afirka ta Kudu (1899 zuwa 1902){{Spaced en dash}}wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Boer na biyu{{Spaced en dash}}kuma suka kewaye Ladysmith . Sun kasa ginawa a kan fa'idarsu ta farko kuma tsawon watanni uku layin da ke tsakanin sojojin da ke gaba da juna ya bi ta kan hanyar [[Kogin Tugela]] . A shekarar 1910, yankin ya zama lardin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma a shekarar 1961 Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ta zama lardin da aka fi sani da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu. Lokacin da aka sake haɗa ƙasar KwaZulu, wanda ke nufin "Wurin Zulu" cikin lardin Natal bayan ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994, an sake sanya wa lardin Natal, wanda ya kasance tsakanin 1910 da 1994, suna KwaZulu-Natal. Lardin yana da masarautar Zulu; yawancin jama'a suna magana da [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]] . Ita ce kawai lardi a Afirka ta Kudu da ke da sunan ƙabilar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin sunanta. Kamar yadda yake a Gabashin Cape, yawancin fararen fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu a KwaZulu-Natal 'yan asalin Birtaniya ne, kuma ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na fararen fata a lardin 'yan asalin Boer/Afrikaner ne. == Alamar makamai ta lardin == Magoya bayan zaki da na daji alamu ne na, bi da bi, KwaZulu da Natal, yankunan sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar KwaZulu-Natal. Baya ga mahimmancinsa a matsayin alamar masarautar Zulu, zakin yana kuma cikin alamomin jiha na Indiya da Burtaniya waɗanda tare suke wakiltar manyan ƙungiyoyi uku na mutane a KwaZulu-Natal kuma suna wakiltar haɗin kai a tsakaninsu. Layin zig-zag yana wakiltar [[Drakensberg]], wanda yake kore a lokacin rani, amma yana rufe dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu. <ref name="sabooklet">''My country South Africa{{Spaced en dash}}celebrating our national symbols and heritage'', Department of Education (South Africa), {{ISBN|1-77018-108-3}}.</ref> Tauraron yana wakiltar Tauraron Baitalami, saboda Vasco da Gama ya sanya wa yankin suna "Natalia", wanda ke nuni ga haihuwar Almasihu, a Ranar Kirsimeti a 1497. Furen strelitzia da ke kan garkuwa yana nuna kyawun lardin. Assegai da knobkierrie da ke bayan garkuwa suna wakiltar kariya da zaman lafiya. Tushen kambin wani nau'in hula ne da dattawan Zulu ke sanyawa a al'ada, wanda ke wakiltar hikima da balaga. Abin da ke cikinsa shi ne gidan ciyawa irin na Zulu. Taken shine ''Masisukume Sakhe'', Zulu na "Bari mu tashi tsaye mu gina". <ref name="sabooklet" /> == Doka da gwamnati == [[File:KwaZulu-Natal_Parliament_building,_Pietermaritzburg,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb| Ginin majalisar dokokin KwaZulu-Natal, wanda ke Pietermaritzburg]] === Gwamnatin lardi === Gwamnatin lardin KwaZulu-Natal tana da hedikwata a Pietermaritzburg . An aza harsashin ginin sabon ginin majalisar dokoki a ranar 21 ga watan Yunin 1887, domin tunawa da bikin zagayowar ranar Sarauniya Victoria ta Zinare . An kammala ginin bayan shekaru biyu. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1889, Gwamnan Natal, Sir Arthur Havelock, ya buɗe zaman Majalisar Dokoki ta farko a sabon ginin. Wannan shine tsohon wurin da aka gina cocin St Mary, wanda aka gina a shekarun 1860. Ikilisiyar ta gina sabuwar coci a shekarar 1884 a kusurwar titin Burger da titin Commercial. An rushe tsohon ginin a shekarar 1887 domin samar da sarari ga ginin majalisar dokoki. Lokacin da aka bai wa Natal mulki a shekarar 1893, sabuwar Majalisar Dokoki ta karɓi ragamar majalisar da Majalisar Dokoki ta yi amfani da ita tun daga shekarar 1889. An ƙara tsawaita ginin majalisar. Ginin ba shi da kowa har zuwa shekarar 1902, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ba tare da an buɗe shi a hukumance ba, saboda ƙasar ta faɗa cikin yaƙin Anglo-Boer . Yaƙin ya tilasta wa Majalisar Dokoki ta motsa wurin zamanta, domin an yi amfani da ɗakinta a matsayin asibitin soja. An kare gine-ginen Majalisar Dokoki da kuma Majalisar Dokoki a matsayin wuraren tarihi na larduna . Sun kafa Majalisar Mulkin mallaka mai gidaje biyu: Majalisar wakilai 11 da aka zaɓa da kuma Majalisar wakilai 37 da aka zaɓa. An wargaza Majalisar Dokokin Natal a shekarar 1910 lokacin da aka kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma Majalisar ta zama wurin taron Majalisar Lardin Natal. An rusa majalisar a shekarar 1986. Majalisar dokokin lardin ta ƙunshi mambobi 80. === Tsarin da ke ciki na yanzu === Zaɓen 2024 ya ga babban sauyi a fagen siyasar KwaZulu-Natal. [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Jam'iyyar African National Congress]] (ANC), wacce ta lashe rinjaye a lardin a kowace zabe tun daga 2004, ta ga kuri'unta sun fadi da kusan kashi biyu bisa uku, sun ragu zuwa kashi 17% kuma sun zo na uku. Sabanin haka, sabuwar jam'iyya ta [[Jam'iyyar UMkhonto weSizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]], wacce tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Jacob Zuma]] ke jagoranta, ta zama babbar jam'iyya a lardin, inda ta lashe kashi 45% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, musamman a tsakanin 'yan kabilar Zulu da ke da rinjaye a lardin. Bayan zaɓen, Jam'iyyar Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), wacce a da ita ce jam'iyyar adawa ta lardin, ta kafa gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa tare da ANC, da Democratic Alliance (DA), da kuma National Freedom Party . A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa, Thami Ntuli na IFP ya zama firayim minista, wanda hakan ya sanya shi memba na farko na IFP da ya riƙe wannan matsayi cikin shekaru ashirin. {{Election results|image=[[File:South_Africa_KwaZulu-Natal_Parliament_2024.svg]]|party1=[[uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)|uMkhonto we Sizwe]]|votes1=1590813|sw1=New|seats1=37|sc1=New|party2=[[Inkatha Freedom Party]]|votes2=633771|sw2={{increase}} 2.73|seats2=15|sc2={{increase}} 2|party3=[[African National Congress]]|votes3=595958|sw3={{decrease}} 27.23|seats3=14|sc3={{decrease}} 30|party4=[[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]]|votes4=468515|sw4={{decrease}} 0.54|seats4=11|sc4={{steady}} 0|party5=[[Economic Freedom Fighters]]|votes5=79211|sw5={{decrease}} 7.65|seats5=2|sc5={{decrease}} 6|party6=[[National Freedom Party]]|party7=Moodley Thanasagren Rubbanathan|votes6=19548|votes7=12323|sw6={{decrease}} 1.01|sw7=New|seats7=0|seats6=1|sc6={{steady}} 0|sc7=New|party8=[[African Christian Democratic Party]]|party9=[[ActionSA]]|party10=[[Allied Movement for Change]]|party11=[[Patriotic Alliance]]|votes8=11366|votes9=9569|votes10=8007|votes11=7843|sw8={{decrease}} 0.16|sw9=New|sw10=New|sw11=New|seats8=0|seats9=0|seats10=0|seats11=0|sc8={{decrease}} 1|sc9=New|sc10=New|sc11=New|seats12=0|seats13=0|seats14=0|seats15=0|seats16=0|party12=[[African Transformation Movement]]|party13=[[Democratic Liberal Congress]]|party14=[[Al Jama-ah]]|party15=[[Freedom Front Plus]]|party16=[[Build One South Africa]]|votes12=6477|votes13=6126|votes14=6012|votes15=5638|votes16=4648|sw12={{decrease}} 0.31|sw13={{decrease}} 0.21|sw14={{decrease}} 0.11|sw15={{decrease}} 0.15|sw16=New|sc12={{decrease}} 1|sc13={{steady}} 0|sc14={{steady}} 0|sc15={{steady}} 0|sc16=New|party17=[[African People's Movement]]|party18=[[Rise Mzansi]]|party19=[[Pan Africanist Congress of Azania]]|party20=Justice and Employment Party|votes17=4117|votes18=3898|votes19=3817|votes20=3626|sw17=New|sw18=New|sw19={{increase}} 0.04|sw20={{decrease}} 0.13|seats17=0|seats18=0|seats19=0|seats20=0|sc17=New|sc18=New|sc19={{steady}} 0|sc20={{steady}} 0|party21=[[Congress of the People (South African political party)|Congress of the People]]|party22=[[Abantu Batho Congress]]|party23=People's Freedom Party|party24=[[Sizwe Ummah Nation]]|party25=[[United Democratic Movement]]|votes21=3615|votes23=3162|votes24=2731|votes25=2565|sw21={{decrease}} 0.04|sw22=New|sw23=New|sw24=New|sw25={{decrease}} 0.03|seats21=0|seats22=0|seats23=0|seats24=0|seats25=0|sc21={{steady}} 0|sc22=New|sc23=New|sc24=New|sc25={{steady}} 0|votes22=3214|party26=[[African Independent Congress]]|party27=African Movement Congress|party28=[[Good (political party)|Good]]|party29=Arise SA|party30=African People First|party31=Economic Liberators Forum South Africa|party32=All Citizens Party|party33=[[Africa Restoration Alliance]]|votes26=2527|votes27=2049|votes28=2005|votes29=1958|votes30=1007|votes31=679|votes32=631|votes33=629|sw26={{decrease}} 0.19|sw27=New|sw28={{decrease}} 0.05|sw29=New|sw30=New|sw31=New|sw32=New|sw33=New|seats26=0|seats27=0|seats28=0|seats29=0|seats30=0|seats31=0|seats32=0|seats33=0|sc26={{steady}} 0|sc27=New|sc28={{steady}} 0|sc29=New|sc30=New|sc31=New|sc32=New|sc33=New|electorate=5738249|invalid=39761|source=[https://results.elections.org.za/home/NPEPublicReports/1335/Results%20Report/KN/KN.pdf Electoral Commission of South Africa]}}An rantsar da Thami Ntuli na jam'iyyar Inkatha Freedom Party a hukumance a matsayin Firayim Ministan KwaZulu-Natal a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2024. === Sarautar Zulu === KwaZulu-Natal gida ne ga sarkin Zulu, a halin yanzu Sarki Misuzulu Zulu kaZwelithini. {{As of|2015}} , gwamnatin lardin ta ba wa Sarkin Zulu tallafin kuɗi na [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|rand miliyan 54 na Afirka ta Kudu]] . Shi ne kuma shugaban Ingonyama Trust, wanda ke da iko da kashi 32% na yankin lardin. A ƙarƙashin dokokin larduna, ana ɗaukar sarkin Zulu a matsayin sarkin lardin KwaZulu-Natal. Ikon Sarki a tsarin mulki yana da iyaka. Wannan ya sanya KwaZulu-Natal, wacce ke tsakanin lardunan Afirka ta Kudu, ta zama masarautar tsarin mulki ta majalisar dokoki. == Alƙaluma == Ya zuwa shekarar ƙidayar jama'a ta 2022, KwaZulu-Natal tana da yawan jama'a 12,423,907, wanda ya karu da kashi 21.0% idan aka kwatanta da ƙidayar jama'a ta baya a shekarar 2011 . Ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan jama'a a cikin larduna tara na Afirka ta Kudu. Matsakaicin shekaru shine 28, ƙaruwar shekaru 6 daga 2011. <ref name="2022 census3">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Release - Census 2022 |url=https://census.statssa.gov.za/assets/documents/2022/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=statssa.gov.za}}</ref> === Kabila/Ƙabilu === A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2022, kashi 84.8% na al'ummar sun bayyana kansu a matsayin Baƙar fata ɗan Afirka, kashi 9.3% a matsayin 'yan Indiya/Asiya, kashi 4.1% a matsayin Fari, da kuma kashi 1.5% a matsayin [[Coloureds|Masu Launi]] . <ref name="2022 census3" /> Mafi yawan 'yan Afirka baƙar fata a lardin Zulu ne. KwaZulu-Natal ita ce jiha mafi yawan al'ummar Indiya a Afirka ta Kudu, inda mafi yawan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu 'yan Indiya ke zaune a lardin. Yawancin fararen fata 'yan asalin Burtaniya ne, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin larduna biyu kacal (tare da Gabashin Cape ) inda fararen fata 'yan asalin Burtaniya suka fi [[Al'ummar Afrikaner|'yan Afirka]] . {| class="wikitable" |+Rarraba Tarihin Yawan Jama'a ta Rukuni <ref name="2022 census3" /> ! Rukunin Yawan Jama'a ! 1996 ! 2001 ! 2011 ! 2022 |- | Baƙar fata ɗan Afirka | Kashi 82.8% | 85.2% | 86.9% | 84.8% |- | Ba'indiye/Asiya | 9.3% | 8.3% | 7.4% | 9.3% |- | Fari | 6.6% | 5.0% | 4.2% | 4.1% |- | [[Coloureds|Mai launi]] | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.5% |- | Wani | babu | babu | 0.3% | 0.3% |} === Harsuna === A ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2022, kashi 81.8% na al'ummar ƙasar sun ba da rahoton [[Harshen Uwa|harshensu na farko]] a matsayin [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]], kashi 14.4% a matsayin Turanci, kashi 3.1% a matsayin [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]], da kuma kashi 1.0% a matsayin [[Afrikaans|'yan Afirka]] . KwaZulu-Natal ita ce kawai lardin da masu yaren Zulu na asali suka fi yawa a cikin al'ummar ƙasar. Lardin kuma yana da kashi na biyu mafi girma na masu magana da Turanci a larduna tara na Afirka ta Kudu (bayan Western Cape ). <ref name="2022 census3" /> === Addini === A bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2022, kashi 74.9% na al'ummar kasar sun bayyana kansu a matsayin [[Kiristanci|Kiristoci]], wanda shi ne mafi karancin kaso a cikin larduna tara na Afirka ta Kudu. Manyan tsirarun al'umma suna bin [[Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka|addinan gargajiya na Afirka]], Hindu, da [[Musulunci]] . <ref name="2022 census" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Addini (2022) |- | [[Kiristanci]] | Kashi 74.9% |- | [[Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka|Nahiyar Afirka ta Gargajiya]] | 13.6% |- | Hindu | 4.2% |- | [[Musulunci]] | 1.9% |- | [[Buddha|addinin Buddha]] | 0.1% |- | [[Mulhidanci|Rashin Atheism]] | 0.1% |- | Ra'ayin rashin fahimta | 0.1% |- | Babu alaƙa da addini | 3.4% |- | Wani | 1.8% |} == Tattalin Arziki == [[File:Sugar_Cane_in_Midlands_South.jpg|thumb| Rake a Kudancin Midlands]] KwaZulu-Natal ita ce ta biyu mafi girman tattalin arziki a yankin bayan Gauteng . [[Durban]] yanki ne na birane da ke bunƙasa cikin sauri kuma ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2015 |title=Durban, Africa's Eastern Gem - 5 Star Durban - Showcasing Beautiful KwaZulu-Natal |url=http://www.5stardurban.co.za/durban-africas-eastern-gem/ |website=5stardurban.co.za}}</ref> Kyakkyawan hanyar sadarwa ta layin dogo tana haɗa birnin da sauran yankuna na Kudancin Afirka. Tace suga shine babban masana'antar Durban. Ana kiwon tumaki, shanu, kiwo, 'ya'yan itatuwa citrus, [[masara]], [[Sorghum|dawa]], auduga, ayaba, da abarba . Akwai masana'antar giya ta KwaZulu-Natal mai tasowa. Sauran masana'antu, waɗanda galibi suke a cikin Durban da kewaye, sun haɗa da yadi, tufafi, [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sinadarai]], roba, [[taki]], takarda, masana'antar haɗa motoci da sarrafa abinci, masana'antar fanke, da matatun [[Danyen mai|mai]] . A arewa, Newcastle ita ce babbar cibiyar masana'antu a lardin, inda Mittal Steel ta Kudu (wanda a da ita ISPAT/ISCOR ce) da kuma masana'antar roba ta roba ta Karbochem ke mamaye tattalin arziki. A shekara ta 2002, Newcastle ta zama babbar mai samar da sinadarai masu gina jiki na chrome a Afirka bayan kammala wani kamfanin kera sinadarai masu gina jiki na chrome, wani aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Karbochem da babban kamfanin kera kayayyaki na Jamus Bayer. Sauran manyan ayyuka sun haɗa da aikin yanke lu'u-lu'u, matsalolin injiniya daban-daban, masana'antar siminti ta Natal Portland Cement (NPC), da kuma Kamfanin Newcastle Cogeneration Plant (tsohuwar Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ingagane). An sake ƙaddamar da wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta farko da ake amfani da iskar gas a Afirka ta Independent Power Southern Africa (IPSA), kuma tana samar wa masana'antar Karbochem wutar lantarki. Masana'antar masaku babbar ma'aikata ce a yankin Newcastle, inda take da masana'antu sama da 100 mallakar 'yan asalin Taiwan da China masu masana'antu. Manoma masara, dabbobi da kiwo suna aiki a gefen birnin. Ana haƙar kwal a yankin Newcastle. Haƙar ma'adinai masu nauyi a ƙasashen waje, ciki har da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki, a wurare da dama, kamar rutile, ilmenite da zircon, na barazana ga yanayin halittun ruwa na gabar tekun KwaZulu-Natal, ciki har da Tugela Banks. Tattalin arzikin kamun kifi na jatan lande da masu jinya suma suna fuskantar barazana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Coastal Information Centre: ''The Zululand coastal region...''. www.sacoast.ioisa.org.za |url=http://sacoast.ioisa.org.za/education/sacoast/regional/zululand.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508224705/http://sacoast.ioisa.org.za/education/sacoast/regional/zululand.asp |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> Yawon shakatawa na muhalli yana ƙara zama muhimmi ga tattalin arzikin KwaZulu-Natal. An fahimci dimbin bambancin halittu da kuma kokarin kiyaye muhallin yankin. Masu yawon bude ido sun zo don ganin wurin shakatawa na iSimangaliso Wetland da kuma wurin shakatawa na uKhahlamba Drakensberg, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin wuraren tarihi na duniya na UNESCO . Waɗannan manyan wuraren shakatawa guda biyu da na Ndumo suna da wuraren dausayi masu mahimmanci na ƙasashen duniya da aka jera a matsayin wuraren Ramsar don kiyayewa. == Al'ummar farar hula == Manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula da ke lardin KwaZulu-Natal sun haɗa da: ƙungiyar [[Abahlali base Mjondolo|Abahlali baseMjondolo]] (shackdwellers'), Majalisar Coci-coci ta Diakonia, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoba |first=Sibongakonke |date=7 January 2009 |title=South Africa: Churches Ask Parties to Preach Tolerance |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070039.html |via=AllAfrica}}</ref> kamfen ɗin [[Dama2Know|Right2Know]], da kuma Ƙungiyar Jama'a marasa Aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=No mercy, no grants, says Mkhize |url=http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=25560 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731125709/http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=25560 |archive-date=31 July 2013 |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == [[File:Starr_010820-0009_Carissa_macrocarpa.jpg|right|thumb| Plum na Natal]] Akwai wurare daban-daban na namun daji da aka samu a lardin; wani abin lura misali shine Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park, inda aka ceci farin karkanda na kudu daga halaka. A cikin waɗannan manyan wuraren ajiyar dabbobi, ana iya samun manyan dabbobi, tun daga nau'ikan barewa da yawa zuwa giwa, bauna na Cape da kuma dorinar ruwa . Kare-karen dabbobi sun haɗa da zakoki, damisa, da kuma karnukan daji na Cape . Kifin rawaya mai launin toka ( ''Labeobarbus natalensis'' ) kifi ne da ake samu a cikin tsarin [[Kogin Tugela]] da kuma a cikin [[Kogin Umzimkulu|Umzimkulu]], [[Kogin Umfolozi|Umfolozi]] da [[Kogin Umgeni|Mgeni]] . Nau'i ne da aka fi sani da shi a lardin KwaZulu-Natal kuma yana zaune a wurare daban-daban tsakanin tsaunukan [[Drakensberg]] da ƙananan yankunan bakin teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=29 March 2012 |website=wrc.org.za}}</ref> ''Carissa macrocarpa'' (Natal plum) wani tsiro ne da aka fi sani da shi a Afirka ta Kudu, inda ake kiransa da "large num-num". A cikin harshen Zulu ko isiZulu, da kuma a cikin kabilun Bantu na Uganda, ana kiranta da ''Amathungulu ko umThungulu oBomvu'' . A cikin Afrikaans, ana kiran 'ya'yan itace ''noem-noem'' . == Ilimi == === Jami'o'i === [[Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal]] (UKZN) tana da cibiyoyin karatu guda biyar a lardin. <ref name="ukzn-campuses">{{Cite web |title=Choice of campuses |url=http://www.ukzn.ac.za/aboutus/campusChoice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222050039/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/aboutus/campusChoice.asp |archive-date=22 December 2007 |access-date=18 November 2007 |publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal}}</ref> An kafa ta ne a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2004 bayan hadewar [[Jami'ar Natal]] da Jami'ar Durban-Westville . <ref name="ukzn-history">{{Cite web |date=<!--unreliable "Last updated" dates on pages.--> |title=History of the University of KwaZulu-Natal |url=http://www.ukzn.ac.za/About-UKZN/UKZN-History.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820070130/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/About-UKZN/UKZN-History.aspx |archive-date=20 August 2011 |access-date=28 August 2011 |publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal}}</ref> Sauran jami'o'in sune: * [[Jami'ar Zululand]] * [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Durban]] * [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Mangosuthu]] * [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] === Kwalejoji masu zaman kansu === * Kwalejin Damelin * [[Kungiyar Ilimi ta CTI|Eduvos]] * [[MANCOSA]] * [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Regent]] * [[Kwalejin Varsity (Afirka ta Kudu)|Kwalejin Varsity]] == Wasanni == === Manyan abubuwan wasanni === [[File:Comrades_Marathon_2023_Starting_Line.jpg|thumb| Masu tsere sun yi layi a Pietermaritzburg a farkon tseren Marathon na 2023 na Comrades]] * Marathon na 'yan Comrades, wanda ake yi kowace shekara tsakanin Pietermaritzburg da Durban. * Midmar Mile, tseren ninkaya mai tsawon mil wanda ake yi kowace shekara a [[Dam ɗin Midmar|Midmar Dam]] . * Marathon na Dusi Canoe, wani tseren kwale-kwale na shekara-shekara wanda zai fara a Pietermaritzburg kuma ya ƙare a Durban. * Durban Yuli, babban taron tseren dawaki na shekara-shekara na Afirka ta Kudu a Greyville Racecourse, Durban. === Manyan ƙungiyoyin wasanni === ; [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙwallon ƙafa]] : Tun daga watan Yulin 2025, ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa suna wasa a gasar [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|Premier League]] ta Premier da kuma ta National First Division : :: AmaZulu, [[Maritzburg United FC|Durban City]], [[Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C.|Golden Arrows]], Milford (Durban) :: Midlands Wanderers (Pietermaritzburg) :: Tafkin Richards (Tafkin Richards) ; Ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby : Gasar Rugby ta United :: Sharks : Kofin Currie :: Sharks ; Kureket :: Dolphins suna wasa a gasar CSA ta kwanaki 4 (wanda ya gaji ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta KwaZulu-Natal ) :: Tuskers ; Kwando : KwaZulu Marlins == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.kznonline.gov.za/}} * [http://www.zulu.org.za/ Kwazulu-Natal Tourism Authority] <templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|29|S|31|E|region:ZA_type:adm1st_dim:550km}}{{KwaZulu-Natal Province}}{{Municipalities of KwaZulu-Natal}}{{Provinces of South Africa}}{{Somali Plate}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pt0idfpxprjonsy29rqvro8hbhi4c9e 964034 964033 2026-10-06T20:01:37Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 964034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox settlement|name=KwaZulu-Natal|official_name=Province of KwaZulu-Natal|native_name={{Plainlist |''{{native name|zu|iKwaZulu-Natali}}'' }}|native_name_lang=|type=[[Provinces of South Africa|Province]]|nickname=The Garden Province|motto={{ublist|style=padding-bottom:0.75em;|''Masisukume sakhe''|("Let us rise and build")}}|image=South Beach, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (20504187132).jpg|caption=South Beach in [[Durban]], the most populous city in KwaZulu-Natal|image_flag=Flag_of_the_KwaZulu-Natal_Province.png|flag_size=120px|image_shield=KwaZulu-Natal coat of arms.svg|image_map=KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa.svg|map_size=|map_alt=Map showing the location of KwaZulu-Natal in the south-eastern part of South Africa|map_caption=Location of KwaZulu-Natal in [[South Africa]]|subdivision_type=[[Sovereign state|Country]]|subdivision_name={{flagdeco|RSA}} [[South Africa]]|established_title=Established|established_date=27 April 1994|established_title1=|established_date1=|established_title2=|established_date2=|established_title3=|established_date3=|established_title4=|established_date4=|established_title5=|established_date5=|seat_type=Capital|seat=[[Pietermaritzburg]]|seat1_type=Largest city|seat1=[[Durban]]|parts_type=[[Districts of South Africa|Districts]]|p1=[[eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality|eThekwini]]|p2=[[Ugu District Municipality|Ugu]]|p3=[[Umgungundlovu District Municipality|Umgungundlovu]]|p4=[[Uthukela District Municipality|Uthukela]]|p5=[[Umzinyathi District Municipality|Umzinyathi]]|p6=[[Amajuba District Municipality|Amajuba]]|p7=[[Zululand District Municipality|Zululand]]|p8=[[Umkhanyakude District Municipality|Umkhanyakude]]|p9=[[King Cetshwayo District Municipality|King Cetshwayo]]|p10=[[iLembe District Municipality|iLembe]]|p11=[[Harry Gwala District Municipality|Harry Gwala]]|government_footnotes=|government_type=[[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]<ref>{{cite act|title= KwaZulu-Natal Traditional Leadership and Governance Act, 2005|type=Act|date=2005 |institution=KwaZulu-Natal Legislature|at=Section 17|url= https://archive.opengazettes.org.za/archive/ZA-NL/2006/provincial-gazette-ZA-NL-no-6460-dated-2006-01-16.pdf|access-date=26 October 2024}}</ref>|leader_title=[[King of the Zulu Nation|King]]|leader_name=[[Misuzulu Zulu|Misuzulu]]|leader_title1=[[Premier of KwaZulu-Natal|Premier]]|leader_name1=[[Thami Ntuli]] ([[Inkatha Freedom Party|IFP]])|leader_title2=Legislature|leader_name2=[[KwaZulu-Natal Legislature]]|area_footnotes=<ref name="cib2011">{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=9780621413885}}</ref>{{rp|9}}|area_total_km2=94361|area_rank=[[List of South African provinces by area|7th in South Africa]]|elevation_max_footnotes=|elevation_min_footnotes=<!---Use tags for references--->|elevation_max_m=3451|elevation_min_m=0|population_footnotes=<ref name="2022 census" />|population_total=12,818,479|population_as_of=2022|population_density_km2=132|population_rank=[[List of South African provinces by population|2nd in South Africa]]|population_density_rank=[[List of South African provinces by population density|2nd in South Africa]]|population_note=|demographics_type1=Population groups (2022)|demographics1_footnotes=<ref name="2022 census" />|demographics1_title1=[[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black]]|demographics1_info1=84.8%|demographics1_title2=[[Indian South African|Indian]] or [[Asian South African|Asian]]|demographics1_info2=9.3%|demographics1_title3=[[White South African|White]]|demographics1_info3=4.1%|demographics1_title4=[[Coloured]]|demographics1_info4=1.5%|demographics1_title5=Other|demographics1_info5=0.3%|demographics_type2=Languages (2022)|demographics2_footnotes=<ref name="2022 census" />|demographics2_title1=[[Zulu language|Zulu]]|demographics2_info1=80.0%|demographics2_title2=[[South African English|English]]|demographics2_info2=14.4%|demographics2_title3=[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]|demographics2_info3=3.1%|demographics2_title4=[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]|demographics2_info4=1.0%|time_zone1=[[South African Standard Time|SAST]]|utc_offset1=+2|iso_code=ZA-KZN|custom_label_sec1=[[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2019)|custom_data_sec1=0.706<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br />{{color|#090|high}} · [[List of South African provinces by Human Development Index|5th of 9]] <!-- GDP -------------->|custom_label1_sec1=GDP|custom_data1_sec1=[[US$]]64.7 billion<ref>{{citation|title=Provincial gross domestic product:experimental estimates, 2013–2022|url=https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/D04411/D044112022.pdf|website=www.statssa.gov.za}}</ref>|website={{URL|http://www.kznonline.gov.za/}}|footnotes=}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''KwaZulu-Natal''' ( / k wɑː ˌ z uː l uː nəˈtɑːl / , wanda kuma ake kira '''KZN''' ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa |url=http://www.southafrica.info/about/geography/kwazulu-natal.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724082744/http://www.southafrica.info/about/geography/kwazulu-natal.htm#.U0ZMuuaSz58 |archive-date=24 July 2014 |access-date=10 April 2014}}</ref> lardi ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1994 lokacin da gwamnati ta haɗa Zulu bantustan na KwaZulu ("Wurin Zulu" a [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]] ) da Lardin Natal . Tana kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, tare da dogon bakin teku a [[Tekun Indiya]] . Tana da iyaka da wasu larduna uku da kuma ƙasashen [[Mozambik|Mozambique]], [[Eswatini]] da [[Lesotho]] . Babban birninta shine Pietermaritzburg, kuma babban birninta shine [[Durban]], wanda kuma shine [[Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Durban|birni mafi girman tashar jiragen ruwa]] a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na Afirka. Ita ce lardi ta biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu, bayan Gauteng . An ayyana yankuna biyu a KwaZulu-Natal a [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|matsayin wuraren tarihi na duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] : wurin shakatawa na iSimangaliso Wetland da kuma wurin shakatawa na uKhahlamba Drakensberg . Waɗannan yankuna suna da mahimmanci ga yanayin halittu da ke kewaye. A shekarun 1830 da farkon shekarun 1840, an kafa yankin arewacin abin da yanzu ake kira KwaZulu-Natal a matsayin Masarautar Zulu . Yankin kudu, a takaice, shine Jamhuriyar Boer Natalia kafin Turawan Ingila suka karɓe iko a shekarar 1843, suka sake mata suna zuwa Mulkin Mallaka na Natal a shekarar 1843. Masarautar Zulu ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai 'yancin kai har zuwa shekarar 1879. KwaZulu-Natal ita ce mahaifar fitattun mutane da yawa a tarihin Afirka ta Kudu, kamar [[Albert Luthuli]], wanda ba farar fata ba ne kuma mutum na farko daga wajen Turai da Amurka da aka ba shi kyautar zaman lafiya ta Nobel (1960); Pixley ka Isaka Seme, wanda ya kafa [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|African National Congress]] (ANC) kuma lauyan bakar fata na farko a Afirka ta Kudu; [[John Langalibalele Dube]], shugaban ANC; [[Harry Gwala]], memba na ANC kuma mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata; Mac Maharaj, memba na ANC, mai fafutukar yaki da wariyar launin fata kuma wanda ake tuhuma a shari'ar Little Rivonia ; ƙungiyar [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] wacce ta lashe kyautar Grammy; DJ Black Coffee wanda ya lashe kyautar Grammy, wanda aka nada a matsayin wanda ya jagoranci Zauren Fina-finai na Rediyon Afirka ta Kudu Alan Khan ; Masanin zamantakewa kuma marubuciya [[Fatima Meer]] ; [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]], wanda ya kafa Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP); Anton Lembede, shugaban kafa ANC Youth League ; [[Jacob Zuma]], tsohon Shugaban Afirka ta Kudu ; Bhambatha, shugaban Zulu na karni na 19 wanda ya zama alamar [[Internal resistance to apartheid|yaki da wariyar launin fata]] ; da [[Shaka zulu|Shaka Zulu]] . == Yanayin ƙasa == [[File:Howick_falls3.jpg|thumb| Kwarin [[Kogin Umgeni|Kogin Mngeni]] kusa da [[Howick Falls]]]] A kusan {{Cvt|92,100|km2}} a yankin, KwaZulu-Natal tana da girman kusan Portugal. Tana da yankuna uku daban-daban kuma ita ce lardin da ya fi gabas a ƙasar. Yankin [[Tuddai da ƙananan tuddai|ƙasa mai faɗi]] da ke gefen tekun Indiya yana da matuƙar kunkuntar kudu, yana faɗaɗa a arewacin lardin, yayin da tsakiyar Natal Midlands ya ƙunshi wani tudu mai tsaunuka da ke tashi zuwa yamma. Yankuna biyu masu tsaunuka, [[Drakensberg|tsaunukan Drakensberg]] na yamma da tsaunukan Lebombo na arewacin, bi da bi, suna samar da katangar basalt mai ƙarfi wadda ta haura sama da {{Convert|3000|m|ft}} kusa da kan iyakar Lesotho da ƙananan jeri na tsohon dutse mai layi ɗaya da ke gudana kudu daga Eswatini. Babban kogin yankin, [[Kogin Tugela|Tugela]], yana gudana daga yamma zuwa gabas a tsakiyar lardin. Yankunan bakin teku galibi suna da ƙuraje [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|masu zafi]] da kuma kwaruruka masu zurfi; gangaren tsaunuka masu tsayi suna karɓar bakuncin wasu dajin Afromontane . Yankin tsakiyar ƙasar yana da ciyayi masu danshi da kuma wuraren dajin Afromontane da aka keɓe. Arewacin ƙasar yana da wurin zama na savanna mai ɗanshi, yayin da yankin Drakensberg ke ɗauke da mafi yawan ciyayi [[Yanayin Alpine|na tsaunuka]] . Lardin ya ƙunshi yankuna masu wadataccen nau'ikan halittu na nau'ikan tsirrai da fauna. An ayyana wurin shakatawa na iSimangaliso Wetland da kuma wurin shakatawa na uKhahlamba-Drakensberg a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|wuraren tarihi na duniya]] [[UNESCO|na UNESCO]] . Wurin shakatawa na iSimangaliso Wetland Park, tare da uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park da Ndumo, [[Dausayi|wurare ne masu dausayi]] masu mahimmanci a duniya ga nau'ikan halittu masu ƙaura kuma an sanya su a matsayin [[Wajen Ramsar|wuraren Ramsar]] . Afirka ta Kudu ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Ramsar ta 1971 don ƙoƙarin kiyayewa da kare muhimman wurare masu dausayi saboda muhimmancinsu ga matsugunan zama da nau'ikan halittu daban-daban. An haɗa tsohuwar ƙauye ta gabashin Cape ta garin Umzimkulu da yankinta a cikin KwaZulu-Natal bayan kwaskwarimar kundin tsarin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu ta 12. Kwaskwarima ta kuma yi wasu sauye-sauye a kan iyakar kudancin lardin. Layin arewa maso yamma na daidai latitude da longitude yana ratsa lardin daga bakin teku a Hibberdene ( Lardin ya zama na farko da ya haɗa da wani ɓangare na hanya wanda aka yi da filastik kaɗan, daidai da kusan kwalayen madara da aka sake yin amfani da su 40,000. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Emma |date=30 October 2019 |title=Plastic bottles repaving South Africa's roads |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/30/business/plastic-roads-in-south-africa-intl/index.html |access-date=2020-05-18 |website=CNN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-28 |title=South Africas first plastic based road has been built |url=https://averda.co.za/news/south-africas-first-plastic-based-road-has-been-built/&grqid=sgCQUjd6&s=1&hl=en-ZA |access-date=2020-05-20 |publisher=averda.co.za}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023}}</ref> === Yanayi === [[File:Upland_South_Africa_Savanna.jpg|thumb|237x237px| Savannah na tsaunuka kusa da Pietermaritzburg]] [[File:Coastal_mangrove_forest_near_Durban's_Umgeni_River.jpg|alt=Mangrove forest at the Umgeni River estuary in Durban|thumb|236x236px| Dajin Mangrove a bakin kogin Umgeni da ke Durban]] KwaZulu-Natal tana da yanayi daban-daban amma mai kyau, godiya ga yanayin ƙasa daban-daban da rikitarwa. Gabaɗaya, bakin tekun yana da [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|yanayin zafi sosai]], inda yankunan cikin gida ke ƙara yin sanyi. [[Durban|A Durban]] da ke gabar tekun kudu, ana samun ruwan sama mai nauyin 1009 a kowace shekara.&nbsp;mm, tare da mafi girman lokacin rana daga Janairu zuwa Maris da {{Convert|28|°C|°F}} da aƙalla {{Convert|21|°C|°F}}, yana raguwa zuwa mafi girman lokacin rana daga Yuni zuwa Agusta na {{Convert|23|°C|°F}} da aƙalla {{Convert|11|°C|°F}} . Zafin jiki yana raguwa zuwa ga yankunan karkara, inda Pietermaritzburg yake kama da haka a lokacin rani, amma yana da sanyi sosai a lokacin hunturu. Ladysmith a kwarin kogin Tugela ya kai {{Convert|30|°C|°F}} a lokacin rani amma yana iya faɗuwa ƙasa da inda sanyi yake a daren hunturu. Dutsen Drakensberg na iya fuskantar dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa a lokacin hunturu, tare da dusar ƙanƙara mai sauƙi a wasu lokutan a kan tsaunuka mafi tsayi a lokacin rani. Gaɓar tekun arewa na Zululand tana da yanayi mafi zafi da kuma mafi yawan danshi, wanda ke tallafawa gonakin sukari da yawa a kusa da Pongola. === Iyakoki === KwaZulu-Natal yana iyaka da yankunan Mozambique, Eswatini da Lesotho: * Lardin Maputo, Mozambique (arewa maso gabas) * Gundumar Lubombo, Eswatini (arewa maso gabas, gabashin Shiselweni) * Gundumar Shiselweni, Eswatini (arewa maso gabas, yammacin Lubombo) * Gundumar Mokhotlong, Lesotho (kudu maso yamma, arewacin Thaba-Tseka) * gundumar Thaba-Tseka, Lesotho (kudu maso yamma, tsakanin Mokhotlong da Qacha's Nek) * Gundumar Nek ta Qacha, Lesotho (kudu maso yamma, kudu da Thaba-Tseka) A cikin gida, tana iyaka da lardunan da ke ƙasa: * Mpumalanga (arewa) * Jihar 'Yanci (yamma) * Gabashin Cape (kudu maso yamma) === Sassan gudanarwa === [[File:South_Africa_Districts_showing_KZ.png|thumb| Taswirar Afirka ta Kudu da ke nuna gundumomin lardin KwaZulu-Natal]] [[File:KwaZulu-Natal_population_density_map.svg|thumb| Yawan jama'a a KwaZulu-Natal ]] [[File:KwaZulu-Natal_dominant_language_map.svg|thumb|Harsunan da suka fi yawa a KwaZulu-Natal ]] Lardin KwaZulu-Natal ya rabu zuwa ƙaramar hukuma ɗaya ta babban birni da kuma gundumomi goma. An raba ƙananan hukumomin zuwa ƙananan hukumomi 44. An ba da kujerar kowace karamar hukuma a cikin baka: A shekarar 2012, Ingonyama Trust ta mallaki kashi 32% na ƙasar da ke KwaZulu-Natal, a cikin ƙananan hukumomi da yawa. Wannan ya kai kimanin kadada miliyan uku, inda sama da mutane miliyan 4 ke zaune. Sarkin Zulu shine shugaban Amintaccen. ==== Ƙananan hukumomin birni ==== <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  ==== Karamar hukumar gunduma ==== <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /> === Gaɓar teku === [[File:Kznbeach.jpg|thumb| Tekun bakin teku a Tekun Arewa]] Gaɓar teku tana cike da ƙananan garuruwa, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin nishaɗi na yanayi. Yanayin yankunan bakin teku yana da danshi kuma yana da zafi sosai, kamar yadda yake a kudancin Florida a Amurka, amma ba kamar yadda yake a lokacin rani ba. Yayin da mutum ke ƙara matsawa arewa zuwa bakin teku zuwa kan iyakar Mozambique, yanayin ya zama kusan yanayin zafi kawai. Arewacin Durban ana kiransa da " Tekun Arewa ", yayin da kudu kuma ana kiransa " Tekun Kudu ". Hukumar yawon bude ido ta Kwazulu-Natal ta ƙunshi garuruwa kamar Margate, Port Shepstone, Scottburgh da Port Edward a cikin ma'anar Kudancin Tekun, yayin da Ballito, uMhlanga, Zimbali da Salt Rock su ne garuruwan shakatawa na Arewa maso Gabashin. [[File:San_Lameer.jpg|thumb| Wurin shakatawa na San Lameer]] Ana samun rairayin bakin teku masu inganci a kusan kowane yanki na gabashin gabar tekun Afirka ta Kudu, tare da wasu daga cikin duwatsu masu daraja da ba a taɓa samun su ba a ƙarshen kudu da arewa mai nisa na lardin. An amince da Marina Beach (da kuma wurin shakatawa na San Lameer) a shekarar 2002 a matsayin [[Blue Flag rairayin bakin teku|bakin teku mai launin shuɗi]] . Wasu baƙi suna zuwa don bikin shekara-shekara na ƙarshen kaka ko farkon hunturu a bakin tekun KwaZulu-Natal na " sardine run ". Ana kiransa da "mafi girman kogi a duniya", ruwan sardine yana faruwa ne lokacin da miliyoyin sardines suka yi ƙaura daga wurin haihuwarsu a kudu da ƙarshen kudancin Afirka zuwa arewa tare da gabar tekun Gabashin Cape zuwa KwaZulu-Natal. Suna bin wata hanya kusa da bakin teku, wanda hakan ke sa kifaye da yawa su watse a bakin teku. Babban tarin ƙananan kifaye na iya ɗaukar tsawon kilomita da yawa; dubban mafarauta ne ke farautarsa, ciki har da kifayen farauta, sharks, dolphins da tsuntsayen teku . Yawanci, kwarurukan ruwa suna wargajewa kuma kifayen suna ɓacewa cikin ruwa mai zurfi a kusa da Durban. Masana kimiyya sun kasa amsa tambayoyi da yawa game da wannan yanayi na musamman. === Ciki === Cikin lardin ya ƙunshi manyan tsaunuka masu birgima daga kwarin tsaunukan Thousand zuwa Midlands . Kyawun su ya zaburar da adabi. [[Alan Paton]], a cikin littafinsa mai suna ''Cry, the Beloved Country'', ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|There is a lovely road that runs from [[Ixopo]] into the hills. These hills are grass-covered and rolling, and they are lovely beyond any singing of it. The road climbs {{convert|7|mi|km|spell=in}} into them, to Carisbrooke; and from there, if there is no mist, you look down on one of the fairest valleys of Africa. About you there is grass and bracken and you may hear the forlorn crying of the [[black-winged lapwing|titihoya]], one of the birds of the veld. Below you is the valley of the [[Umzimkulu River|Umzimkulu]], on its journey from the Drakensberg to the sea; and beyond and behind the river, great hill after great hill; and beyond and behind them, the mountains of Ingeli and [[Griqualand East]].}} == Tarihi == [[File:Map_of_definitions_of_Zululand-KwaZulu.svg|thumb|''Zululand'' ko ''KwaZulu'' suna da ma'anoni daban-daban: ]] A ranar [[Kirsimeti]] ta 1497, wani mai binciken Vasco da Gama na ƙasar Portugal ya ga gabar tekun Natal kuma ya sanya wa wurin suna bayan kalmar Kirsimeti ta ƙasar Portugal, ''[[wiktionary:Natal#Portuguese|Natal]]'' . Reshen Nguni na [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] ya mamaye wannan yanki tun farkon shekarun 1300. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasco da Gama's Voyage of 'Discovery' 1497 |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/vasco-da-gamas-voyage-discovery-1497 |access-date=4 August 2020 |website=South African History Online}}</ref> Turawan farko da suka fara zama 'yan Birtaniya, galibinsu 'yan asalin ƙasar Birtaniya, sun kafa [[Durban|Port Natal]], wani wurin ciniki. Ba su yi wani yunƙuri na gina yankin cikin gida ba, wanda sarkin Zulu, [[Shaka zulu|Shaka,]] ya [[Mfecane|halaka]] mazaunansa. [[Al'ummar Afrikaner|Afrikaner]] Voortrekkers sun shiga yankin ta hanyar [[Drakensberg]] a cikin 1837. Waɗannan 'yan Afirka sun kayar da Zulus a [[Yakin kogin jini|Yaƙin Kogin Blood]] a shekarar 1838 sannan daga baya suka kafa Jamhuriyar Natal. Saboda haka, yankin ya kasance wani ɓangare na jamhuriyar Boer mai ɗan gajeren lokaci tsakanin 1839 da 1843 har zuwa lokacin da Birtaniya ta mamaye shi. Da yawa daga cikin mazauna Afrikaner sun koma cikin gida bayan an mayar da su ƙasar, kuma an maye gurbinsu da baƙi, galibi daga Birtaniya. Tun daga shekarar 1860, yawan 'yan Indiyawa, galibi 'yan Tamil, da Turawan Birtaniya suka kawo don yin aiki a gonakin sukari da ke bakin teku. Masarautar ta mallaki Zululand (yankin arewa da Kogin Tugela) bayan Yaƙin Zulu na 1879. An ƙara filayen arewacin Kogin Buffalo a shekarar 1902. Sojojin Boer sun shiga yankin a lokacin Yaƙin Afirka ta Kudu (1899 zuwa 1902){{Spaced en dash}}wanda kuma aka sani da Yaƙin Boer na biyu{{Spaced en dash}}kuma suka kewaye Ladysmith . Sun kasa ginawa a kan fa'idarsu ta farko kuma tsawon watanni uku layin da ke tsakanin sojojin da ke gaba da juna ya bi ta kan hanyar [[Kogin Tugela]] . A shekarar 1910, yankin ya zama lardin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma a shekarar 1961 Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ta zama lardin da aka fi sani da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu. Lokacin da aka sake haɗa ƙasar KwaZulu, wanda ke nufin "Wurin Zulu" cikin lardin Natal bayan ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994, an sake sanya wa lardin Natal, wanda ya kasance tsakanin 1910 da 1994, suna KwaZulu-Natal. Lardin yana da masarautar Zulu; yawancin jama'a suna magana da [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]] . Ita ce kawai lardi a Afirka ta Kudu da ke da sunan ƙabilar da ta fi rinjaye a cikin sunanta. Kamar yadda yake a Gabashin Cape, yawancin fararen fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu a KwaZulu-Natal 'yan asalin Birtaniya ne, kuma ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na fararen fata a lardin 'yan asalin Boer/Afrikaner ne. == Alamar makamai ta lardin == Magoya bayan zaki da na daji alamu ne na, bi da bi, KwaZulu da Natal, yankunan sun haɗu don ƙirƙirar KwaZulu-Natal. Baya ga mahimmancinsa a matsayin alamar masarautar Zulu, zakin yana kuma cikin alamomin jiha na Indiya da Burtaniya waɗanda tare suke wakiltar manyan ƙungiyoyi uku na mutane a KwaZulu-Natal kuma suna wakiltar haɗin kai a tsakaninsu. Layin zig-zag yana wakiltar [[Drakensberg]], wanda yake kore a lokacin rani, amma yana rufe dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu. <ref name="sabooklet">''My country South Africa{{Spaced en dash}}celebrating our national symbols and heritage'', Department of Education (South Africa), {{ISBN|1-77018-108-3}}.</ref> Tauraron yana wakiltar Tauraron Baitalami, saboda Vasco da Gama ya sanya wa yankin suna "Natalia", wanda ke nuni ga haihuwar Almasihu, a Ranar Kirsimeti a 1497. Furen strelitzia da ke kan garkuwa yana nuna kyawun lardin. Assegai da knobkierrie da ke bayan garkuwa suna wakiltar kariya da zaman lafiya. Tushen kambin wani nau'in hula ne da dattawan Zulu ke sanyawa a al'ada, wanda ke wakiltar hikima da balaga. Abin da ke cikinsa shi ne gidan ciyawa irin na Zulu. Taken shine ''Masisukume Sakhe'', Zulu na "Bari mu tashi tsaye mu gina". <ref name="sabooklet" /> == Doka da gwamnati == [[File:KwaZulu-Natal_Parliament_building,_Pietermaritzburg,_South_Africa.jpg|thumb| Ginin majalisar dokokin KwaZulu-Natal, wanda ke Pietermaritzburg]] === Gwamnatin lardi === Gwamnatin lardin KwaZulu-Natal tana da hedikwata a Pietermaritzburg . An aza harsashin ginin sabon ginin majalisar dokoki a ranar 21 ga watan Yunin 1887, domin tunawa da bikin zagayowar ranar Sarauniya Victoria ta Zinare . An kammala ginin bayan shekaru biyu. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu 1889, Gwamnan Natal, Sir Arthur Havelock, ya buɗe zaman Majalisar Dokoki ta farko a sabon ginin. Wannan shine tsohon wurin da aka gina cocin St Mary, wanda aka gina a shekarun 1860. Ikilisiyar ta gina sabuwar coci a shekarar 1884 a kusurwar titin Burger da titin Commercial. An rushe tsohon ginin a shekarar 1887 domin samar da sarari ga ginin majalisar dokoki. Lokacin da aka bai wa Natal mulki a shekarar 1893, sabuwar Majalisar Dokoki ta karɓi ragamar majalisar da Majalisar Dokoki ta yi amfani da ita tun daga shekarar 1889. An ƙara tsawaita ginin majalisar. Ginin ba shi da kowa har zuwa shekarar 1902, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi ba tare da an buɗe shi a hukumance ba, saboda ƙasar ta faɗa cikin yaƙin Anglo-Boer . Yaƙin ya tilasta wa Majalisar Dokoki ta motsa wurin zamanta, domin an yi amfani da ɗakinta a matsayin asibitin soja. An kare gine-ginen Majalisar Dokoki da kuma Majalisar Dokoki a matsayin wuraren tarihi na larduna . Sun kafa Majalisar Mulkin mallaka mai gidaje biyu: Majalisar wakilai 11 da aka zaɓa da kuma Majalisar wakilai 37 da aka zaɓa. An wargaza Majalisar Dokokin Natal a shekarar 1910 lokacin da aka kafa Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu, kuma Majalisar ta zama wurin taron Majalisar Lardin Natal. An rusa majalisar a shekarar 1986. Majalisar dokokin lardin ta ƙunshi mambobi 80. === Tsarin da ke ciki na yanzu === Zaɓen 2024 ya ga babban sauyi a fagen siyasar KwaZulu-Natal. [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Jam'iyyar African National Congress]] (ANC), wacce ta lashe rinjaye a lardin a kowace zabe tun daga 2004, ta ga kuri'unta sun fadi da kusan kashi biyu bisa uku, sun ragu zuwa kashi 17% kuma sun zo na uku. Sabanin haka, sabuwar jam'iyya ta [[Jam'iyyar UMkhonto weSizwe|uMkhonto we Sizwe]], wacce tsohon shugaban ƙasa [[Jacob Zuma]] ke jagoranta, ta zama babbar jam'iyya a lardin, inda ta lashe kashi 45% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, musamman a tsakanin 'yan kabilar Zulu da ke da rinjaye a lardin. Bayan zaɓen, Jam'iyyar Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), wacce a da ita ce jam'iyyar adawa ta lardin, ta kafa gwamnatin haɗin gwiwa tare da ANC, da Democratic Alliance (DA), da kuma National Freedom Party . A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa, Thami Ntuli na IFP ya zama firayim minista, wanda hakan ya sanya shi memba na farko na IFP da ya riƙe wannan matsayi cikin shekaru ashirin. {{Election results|image=[[File:South_Africa_KwaZulu-Natal_Parliament_2024.svg]]|party1=[[uMkhonto we Sizwe (political party)|uMkhonto we Sizwe]]|votes1=1590813|sw1=New|seats1=37|sc1=New|party2=[[Inkatha Freedom Party]]|votes2=633771|sw2={{increase}} 2.73|seats2=15|sc2={{increase}} 2|party3=[[African National Congress]]|votes3=595958|sw3={{decrease}} 27.23|seats3=14|sc3={{decrease}} 30|party4=[[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]]|votes4=468515|sw4={{decrease}} 0.54|seats4=11|sc4={{steady}} 0|party5=[[Economic Freedom Fighters]]|votes5=79211|sw5={{decrease}} 7.65|seats5=2|sc5={{decrease}} 6|party6=[[National Freedom Party]]|party7=Moodley Thanasagren Rubbanathan|votes6=19548|votes7=12323|sw6={{decrease}} 1.01|sw7=New|seats7=0|seats6=1|sc6={{steady}} 0|sc7=New|party8=[[African Christian Democratic Party]]|party9=[[ActionSA]]|party10=[[Allied Movement for Change]]|party11=[[Patriotic Alliance]]|votes8=11366|votes9=9569|votes10=8007|votes11=7843|sw8={{decrease}} 0.16|sw9=New|sw10=New|sw11=New|seats8=0|seats9=0|seats10=0|seats11=0|sc8={{decrease}} 1|sc9=New|sc10=New|sc11=New|seats12=0|seats13=0|seats14=0|seats15=0|seats16=0|party12=[[African Transformation Movement]]|party13=[[Democratic Liberal Congress]]|party14=[[Al Jama-ah]]|party15=[[Freedom Front Plus]]|party16=[[Build One South Africa]]|votes12=6477|votes13=6126|votes14=6012|votes15=5638|votes16=4648|sw12={{decrease}} 0.31|sw13={{decrease}} 0.21|sw14={{decrease}} 0.11|sw15={{decrease}} 0.15|sw16=New|sc12={{decrease}} 1|sc13={{steady}} 0|sc14={{steady}} 0|sc15={{steady}} 0|sc16=New|party17=[[African People's Movement]]|party18=[[Rise Mzansi]]|party19=[[Pan Africanist Congress of Azania]]|party20=Justice and Employment Party|votes17=4117|votes18=3898|votes19=3817|votes20=3626|sw17=New|sw18=New|sw19={{increase}} 0.04|sw20={{decrease}} 0.13|seats17=0|seats18=0|seats19=0|seats20=0|sc17=New|sc18=New|sc19={{steady}} 0|sc20={{steady}} 0|party21=[[Congress of the People (South African political party)|Congress of the People]]|party22=[[Abantu Batho Congress]]|party23=People's Freedom Party|party24=[[Sizwe Ummah Nation]]|party25=[[United Democratic Movement]]|votes21=3615|votes23=3162|votes24=2731|votes25=2565|sw21={{decrease}} 0.04|sw22=New|sw23=New|sw24=New|sw25={{decrease}} 0.03|seats21=0|seats22=0|seats23=0|seats24=0|seats25=0|sc21={{steady}} 0|sc22=New|sc23=New|sc24=New|sc25={{steady}} 0|votes22=3214|party26=[[African Independent Congress]]|party27=African Movement Congress|party28=[[Good (political party)|Good]]|party29=Arise SA|party30=African People First|party31=Economic Liberators Forum South Africa|party32=All Citizens Party|party33=[[Africa Restoration Alliance]]|votes26=2527|votes27=2049|votes28=2005|votes29=1958|votes30=1007|votes31=679|votes32=631|votes33=629|sw26={{decrease}} 0.19|sw27=New|sw28={{decrease}} 0.05|sw29=New|sw30=New|sw31=New|sw32=New|sw33=New|seats26=0|seats27=0|seats28=0|seats29=0|seats30=0|seats31=0|seats32=0|seats33=0|sc26={{steady}} 0|sc27=New|sc28={{steady}} 0|sc29=New|sc30=New|sc31=New|sc32=New|sc33=New|electorate=5738249|invalid=39761|source=[https://results.elections.org.za/home/NPEPublicReports/1335/Results%20Report/KN/KN.pdf Electoral Commission of South Africa]}}An rantsar da Thami Ntuli na jam'iyyar Inkatha Freedom Party a hukumance a matsayin Firayim Ministan KwaZulu-Natal a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2024. === Sarautar Zulu === KwaZulu-Natal gida ne ga sarkin Zulu, a halin yanzu Sarki Misuzulu Zulu kaZwelithini. {{As of|2015}} , gwamnatin lardin ta ba wa Sarkin Zulu tallafin kuɗi na [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|rand miliyan 54 na Afirka ta Kudu]] . Shi ne kuma shugaban Ingonyama Trust, wanda ke da iko da kashi 32% na yankin lardin. A ƙarƙashin dokokin larduna, ana ɗaukar sarkin Zulu a matsayin sarkin lardin KwaZulu-Natal. Ikon Sarki a tsarin mulki yana da iyaka. Wannan ya sanya KwaZulu-Natal, wacce ke tsakanin lardunan Afirka ta Kudu, ta zama masarautar tsarin mulki ta majalisar dokoki. == Alƙaluma == Ya zuwa shekarar ƙidayar jama'a ta 2022, KwaZulu-Natal tana da yawan jama'a 12,423,907, wanda ya karu da kashi 21.0% idan aka kwatanta da ƙidayar jama'a ta baya a shekarar 2011 . Ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan jama'a a cikin larduna tara na Afirka ta Kudu. Matsakaicin shekaru shine 28, ƙaruwar shekaru 6 daga 2011. <ref name="2022 census3">{{Cite web |title=Statistical Release - Census 2022 |url=https://census.statssa.gov.za/assets/documents/2022/P03014_Census_2022_Statistical_Release.pdf |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=statssa.gov.za}}</ref> === Kabila/Ƙabilu === A cikin ƙidayar jama'a ta 2022, kashi 84.8% na al'ummar sun bayyana kansu a matsayin Baƙar fata ɗan Afirka, kashi 9.3% a matsayin 'yan Indiya/Asiya, kashi 4.1% a matsayin Fari, da kuma kashi 1.5% a matsayin [[Coloureds|Masu Launi]] . <ref name="2022 census3" /> Mafi yawan 'yan Afirka baƙar fata a lardin Zulu ne. KwaZulu-Natal ita ce jiha mafi yawan al'ummar Indiya a Afirka ta Kudu, inda mafi yawan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu 'yan Indiya ke zaune a lardin. Yawancin fararen fata 'yan asalin Burtaniya ne, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin larduna biyu kacal (tare da Gabashin Cape ) inda fararen fata 'yan asalin Burtaniya suka fi [[Al'ummar Afrikaner|'yan Afirka]] . {| class="wikitable" |+Rarraba Tarihin Yawan Jama'a ta Rukuni <ref name="2022 census3" /> ! Rukunin Yawan Jama'a ! 1996 ! 2001 ! 2011 ! 2022 |- | Baƙar fata ɗan Afirka | Kashi 82.8% | 85.2% | 86.9% | 84.8% |- | Ba'indiye/Asiya | 9.3% | 8.3% | 7.4% | 9.3% |- | Fari | 6.6% | 5.0% | 4.2% | 4.1% |- | [[Coloureds|Mai launi]] | 1.4% | 1.5% | 1.4% | 1.5% |- | Wani | babu | babu | 0.3% | 0.3% |} === Harsuna === A ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2022, kashi 81.8% na al'ummar ƙasar sun ba da rahoton [[Harshen Uwa|harshensu na farko]] a matsayin [[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]], kashi 14.4% a matsayin Turanci, kashi 3.1% a matsayin [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]], da kuma kashi 1.0% a matsayin [[Afrikaans|'yan Afirka]] . KwaZulu-Natal ita ce kawai lardin da masu yaren Zulu na asali suka fi yawa a cikin al'ummar ƙasar. Lardin kuma yana da kashi na biyu mafi girma na masu magana da Turanci a larduna tara na Afirka ta Kudu (bayan Western Cape ). <ref name="2022 census3" /> === Addini === A bisa kididdigar da aka yi a shekarar 2022, kashi 74.9% na al'ummar kasar sun bayyana kansu a matsayin [[Kiristanci|Kiristoci]], wanda shi ne mafi karancin kaso a cikin larduna tara na Afirka ta Kudu. Manyan tsirarun al'umma suna bin [[Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka|addinan gargajiya na Afirka]], Hindu, da [[Musulunci]] . <ref name="2022 census" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar Addini (2022) |- | [[Kiristanci]] | Kashi 74.9% |- | [[Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka|Nahiyar Afirka ta Gargajiya]] | 13.6% |- | Hindu | 4.2% |- | [[Musulunci]] | 1.9% |- | [[Buddha|addinin Buddha]] | 0.1% |- | [[Mulhidanci|Rashin Atheism]] | 0.1% |- | Ra'ayin rashin fahimta | 0.1% |- | Babu alaƙa da addini | 3.4% |- | Wani | 1.8% |} == Tattalin Arziki == [[File:Sugar_Cane_in_Midlands_South.jpg|thumb| Rake a Kudancin Midlands]] KwaZulu-Natal ita ce ta biyu mafi girman tattalin arziki a yankin bayan Gauteng . [[Durban]] yanki ne na birane da ke bunƙasa cikin sauri kuma ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2015 |title=Durban, Africa's Eastern Gem - 5 Star Durban - Showcasing Beautiful KwaZulu-Natal |url=http://www.5stardurban.co.za/durban-africas-eastern-gem/ |website=5stardurban.co.za}}</ref> Kyakkyawan hanyar sadarwa ta layin dogo tana haɗa birnin da sauran yankuna na Kudancin Afirka. Tace suga shine babban masana'antar Durban. Ana kiwon tumaki, shanu, kiwo, 'ya'yan itatuwa citrus, [[masara]], [[Sorghum|dawa]], auduga, ayaba, da abarba . Akwai masana'antar giya ta KwaZulu-Natal mai tasowa. Sauran masana'antu, waɗanda galibi suke a cikin Durban da kewaye, sun haɗa da yadi, tufafi, [[Abubuwan sunadarai|sinadarai]], roba, [[taki]], takarda, masana'antar haɗa motoci da sarrafa abinci, masana'antar fanke, da matatun [[Danyen mai|mai]] . A arewa, Newcastle ita ce babbar cibiyar masana'antu a lardin, inda Mittal Steel ta Kudu (wanda a da ita ISPAT/ISCOR ce) da kuma masana'antar roba ta roba ta Karbochem ke mamaye tattalin arziki. A shekara ta 2002, Newcastle ta zama babbar mai samar da sinadarai masu gina jiki na chrome a Afirka bayan kammala wani kamfanin kera sinadarai masu gina jiki na chrome, wani aikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Karbochem da babban kamfanin kera kayayyaki na Jamus Bayer. Sauran manyan ayyuka sun haɗa da aikin yanke lu'u-lu'u, matsalolin injiniya daban-daban, masana'antar siminti ta Natal Portland Cement (NPC), da kuma Kamfanin Newcastle Cogeneration Plant (tsohuwar Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Ingagane). An sake ƙaddamar da wannan tashar wutar lantarki ta farko da ake amfani da iskar gas a Afirka ta Independent Power Southern Africa (IPSA), kuma tana samar wa masana'antar Karbochem wutar lantarki. Masana'antar masaku babbar ma'aikata ce a yankin Newcastle, inda take da masana'antu sama da 100 mallakar 'yan asalin Taiwan da China masu masana'antu. Manoma masara, dabbobi da kiwo suna aiki a gefen birnin. Ana haƙar kwal a yankin Newcastle. Haƙar ma'adinai masu nauyi a ƙasashen waje, ciki har da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci a fannin tattalin arziki, a wurare da dama, kamar rutile, ilmenite da zircon, na barazana ga yanayin halittun ruwa na gabar tekun KwaZulu-Natal, ciki har da Tugela Banks. Tattalin arzikin kamun kifi na jatan lande da masu jinya suma suna fuskantar barazana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=South African Coastal Information Centre: ''The Zululand coastal region...''. www.sacoast.ioisa.org.za |url=http://sacoast.ioisa.org.za/education/sacoast/regional/zululand.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508224705/http://sacoast.ioisa.org.za/education/sacoast/regional/zululand.asp |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=8 May 2014}}</ref> Yawon shakatawa na muhalli yana ƙara zama muhimmi ga tattalin arzikin KwaZulu-Natal. An fahimci dimbin bambancin halittu da kuma kokarin kiyaye muhallin yankin. Masu yawon bude ido sun zo don ganin wurin shakatawa na iSimangaliso Wetland da kuma wurin shakatawa na uKhahlamba Drakensberg, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin wuraren tarihi na duniya na UNESCO . Waɗannan manyan wuraren shakatawa guda biyu da na Ndumo suna da wuraren dausayi masu mahimmanci na ƙasashen duniya da aka jera a matsayin wuraren Ramsar don kiyayewa. == Al'ummar farar hula == Manyan ƙungiyoyin fararen hula da ke lardin KwaZulu-Natal sun haɗa da: ƙungiyar [[Abahlali base Mjondolo|Abahlali baseMjondolo]] (shackdwellers'), Majalisar Coci-coci ta Diakonia, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoba |first=Sibongakonke |date=7 January 2009 |title=South Africa: Churches Ask Parties to Preach Tolerance |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200901070039.html |via=AllAfrica}}</ref> kamfen ɗin [[Dama2Know|Right2Know]], da kuma Ƙungiyar Jama'a marasa Aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=No mercy, no grants, says Mkhize |url=http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=25560 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731125709/http://www.witness.co.za/index.php?showcontent&global%5B_id%5D=25560 |archive-date=31 July 2013 |access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref> == Ilimin Halittu == [[File:Starr_010820-0009_Carissa_macrocarpa.jpg|right|thumb| Plum na Natal]] Akwai wurare daban-daban na namun daji da aka samu a lardin; wani abin lura misali shine Hluhluwe–Imfolozi Park, inda aka ceci farin karkanda na kudu daga halaka. A cikin waɗannan manyan wuraren ajiyar dabbobi, ana iya samun manyan dabbobi, tun daga nau'ikan barewa da yawa zuwa giwa, bauna na Cape da kuma dorinar ruwa . Kare-karen dabbobi sun haɗa da zakoki, damisa, da kuma karnukan daji na Cape . Kifin rawaya mai launin toka ( ''Labeobarbus natalensis'' ) kifi ne da ake samu a cikin tsarin [[Kogin Tugela]] da kuma a cikin [[Kogin Umzimkulu|Umzimkulu]], [[Kogin Umfolozi|Umfolozi]] da [[Kogin Umgeni|Mgeni]] . Nau'i ne da aka fi sani da shi a lardin KwaZulu-Natal kuma yana zaune a wurare daban-daban tsakanin tsaunukan [[Drakensberg]] da ƙananan yankunan bakin teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2017 |access-date=29 March 2012 |website=wrc.org.za}}</ref> ''Carissa macrocarpa'' (Natal plum) wani tsiro ne da aka fi sani da shi a Afirka ta Kudu, inda ake kiransa da "large num-num". A cikin harshen Zulu ko isiZulu, da kuma a cikin kabilun Bantu na Uganda, ana kiranta da ''Amathungulu ko umThungulu oBomvu'' . A cikin Afrikaans, ana kiran 'ya'yan itace ''noem-noem'' . == Ilimi == === Jami'o'i === [[Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal]] (UKZN) tana da cibiyoyin karatu guda biyar a lardin. <ref name="ukzn-campuses">{{Cite web |title=Choice of campuses |url=http://www.ukzn.ac.za/aboutus/campusChoice.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222050039/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/aboutus/campusChoice.asp |archive-date=22 December 2007 |access-date=18 November 2007 |publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal}}</ref> An kafa ta ne a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2004 bayan hadewar [[Jami'ar Natal]] da Jami'ar Durban-Westville . <ref name="ukzn-history">{{Cite web |date=<!--unreliable "Last updated" dates on pages.--> |title=History of the University of KwaZulu-Natal |url=http://www.ukzn.ac.za/About-UKZN/UKZN-History.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820070130/http://www.ukzn.ac.za/About-UKZN/UKZN-History.aspx |archive-date=20 August 2011 |access-date=28 August 2011 |publisher=University of KwaZulu-Natal}}</ref> Sauran jami'o'in sune: * [[Jami'ar Zululand]] * [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Durban]] * [[Jami'ar Fasaha ta Mangosuthu]] * [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] === Kwalejoji masu zaman kansu === * Kwalejin Damelin * [[Kungiyar Ilimi ta CTI|Eduvos]] * [[MANCOSA]] * [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Regent]] * [[Kwalejin Varsity (Afirka ta Kudu)|Kwalejin Varsity]] == Wasanni == === Manyan abubuwan wasanni === [[File:Comrades_Marathon_2023_Starting_Line.jpg|thumb| Masu tsere sun yi layi a Pietermaritzburg a farkon tseren Marathon na 2023 na Comrades]] * Marathon na 'yan Comrades, wanda ake yi kowace shekara tsakanin Pietermaritzburg da Durban. * Midmar Mile, tseren ninkaya mai tsawon mil wanda ake yi kowace shekara a [[Dam ɗin Midmar|Midmar Dam]] . * Marathon na Dusi Canoe, wani tseren kwale-kwale na shekara-shekara wanda zai fara a Pietermaritzburg kuma ya ƙare a Durban. * Durban Yuli, babban taron tseren dawaki na shekara-shekara na Afirka ta Kudu a Greyville Racecourse, Durban. === Manyan ƙungiyoyin wasanni === ; [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙwallon ƙafa]] : Tun daga watan Yulin 2025, ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa suna wasa a gasar [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|Premier League]] ta Premier da kuma ta National First Division : :: AmaZulu, [[Maritzburg United FC|Durban City]], [[Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C.|Golden Arrows]], Milford (Durban) :: Midlands Wanderers (Pietermaritzburg) :: Tafkin Richards (Tafkin Richards) ; Ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby : Gasar Rugby ta United :: Sharks : Kofin Currie :: Sharks ; Kureket :: Dolphins suna wasa a gasar CSA ta kwanaki 4 (wanda ya gaji ƙungiyar wasan kurket ta KwaZulu-Natal ) :: Tuskers ; Kwando : KwaZulu Marlins == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|http://www.kznonline.gov.za/}} * [http://www.zulu.org.za/ Kwazulu-Natal Tourism Authority] <templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|29|S|31|E|region:ZA_type:adm1st_dim:550km}}{{KwaZulu-Natal Province}}{{Municipalities of KwaZulu-Natal}}{{Provinces of South Africa}}{{Somali Plate}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hrnqmn6z559o23e68cikt40dl69kkee 0 178407 964036 2026-10-06T20:03:00Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1099281888|MOSCED]]" 964036 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MOSCED''' (gajeren samfurin " '''rabawar ƙarfin haɗin kai" wanda aka gyara''' ) samfurin thermodynamic ne don kimanta ma'aunin aiki (wanda kuma aka sani da ma'aunin aiki a narkewa mara iyaka). <ref name="Eckert">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Eugene R |last2=Eckert |first2=Charles A |year=1984 |title=Prediction of limiting activity coefficients by a modified separation of cohesive energy density model and UNIFAC |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=194–209 |doi=10.1021/i200025a002}}</ref> <ref name="Lazzaroni">{{Cite journal |last=Lazzaroni |first=Michael J |last2=Bush |first2=David |last3=Eckert |first3=Charles A |last4=Frank |first4=Timothy C |last5=Gupta |first5=Sumnesh |last6=Olson |first6=James D |year=2005 |title=Revision of MOSCED Parameters and Extension to Solid Solubility Calculations |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=4075–83 |doi=10.1021/ie049122g}}</ref> Daga mahangar tarihi, ana iya ɗaukar MOSCED a matsayin ingantaccen gyare-gyare na hanyar Hansen da samfurin narkewar Hildebrand ta hanyar ƙara ma'anar hulɗa mafi girma kamar polarity, induction da rabuwa da sharuɗɗan haɗin hydrogen. Wannan yana ba da damar hasashen mahaɗan polar da associative, wanda aka gano cewa yawancin samfuran sigogin narkewa ba su yi kyau ba. Baya ga yin hasashen adadi, ana iya amfani da MOSCED don fahimtar hulɗar matakin kwayoyin halitta don zaɓin da kuma tsari mai sauƙi. Baya ga narkewa mara iyaka, ana iya amfani da MOSCED don tantance samfurin Gibbs Free Energy mai yawa kamar NRTL, WILSON, Mod-UNIFAC don tsara daidaiton Vapor Liquid na cakuda. Schriber da Eckert <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schreiber |first=L. B. |last2=Eckert |first2=C. A. |date=1971-10-01 |title=Use of Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients with Wilson's Equation |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=572–576 |doi=10.1021/i260040a025 |issn=0196-4305}}</ref> sun nuna wannan a taƙaice ta amfani da bayanan narkewa marasa iyaka don daidaita lissafin WILSON. An buga littafin farko ne daga shekarar 1984 kuma an yi babban gyara kan sigogi a shekarar 2005. An bayyana wannan sigar da aka gyara a nan. == Ka'ida ta asali == [[File:MOSCEDDerviations.png|thumb| Jadawalin Canje-canje]] MOSCED yana amfani da sigogi na musamman na kayan aiki waɗanda ke bayyana halayen lantarki na mahaɗi. Waɗannan halaye guda biyar an samo su ne daga ƙimar gwaji kuma an haɗa su da bayanan gwaji. Baya ga halaye guda biyar na lantarki, samfurin yana amfani da ƙarar molar ga kowane ɓangare. Ana shigar da waɗannan sigogi a cikin lissafi da yawa don samun ma'aunin aiki mai iyaka na wani mai narkewa mara iyaka a cikin wani mai narkewa. Waɗannan lissafin suna da ƙarin sigogi waɗanda aka samo ta hanyar gwaji. Marubutan <ref name="Lazzaroni" /> sun sami matsakaicin karkacewa na kashi 10.6% idan aka kwatanta da bayanan gwaji da suka tattara. Bayanan sun ƙunshi ma'aunin aiki mai iyaka na tsarin binary na mahaɗan da ba na polar ba, polar da hydrogen, amma babu ruwa. Kamar yadda ake gani a jadawalin karkacewa, tsarin da ke da ruwa ya karkace sosai. Saboda yawan karkacewar ruwa kamar yadda aka gani a jadawalin, an sake mayar da sabbin sigogin ruwa don inganta sakamako. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dhakal |first=Pratik |last2=Paluch |first2=Andrew S |date=2018-01-08 |title=Assessment and Revision of the MOSCED Parameters for Water: Application to Limiting Activity Coefficients and Binary Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=1689–1695 |doi=10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04133 |issn=0888-5885}}</ref> An ɗauko dukkan bayanan da aka tattara daga littafin Yaws Handbook of Properties for Aquaous System. Ta amfani da tsohon ma'aunin ruwa, don ruwa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin halitta, an gano cewa Tushen Ma'anar Square Deviation (RMSD) don ln (γ ^∞ ) yana kusa da 2.864% kuma Matsakaicin Kuskuren Cikakke (AAE) don (γ ^∞ ) yana kusa da 3056.2 %. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan babban kuskure ne wanda zai iya bayyana karkacewar kamar yadda aka gani daga jadawalin. Tare da sabbin sigogin ruwa na ruwa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin halitta, RMSD na ln (γ ^∞ ) ya ragu zuwa 0.771% kuma AAE na (γ ^∞ ) shi ma ya ragu zuwa 63.2%. <ref name=":0" /> Ana iya samun sigogin ruwa da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa mai taken "Ruwan da aka gyara". == Daidaito == : <math> \ln \gamma_2^{\infty } = \frac{\nu_2}{RT} \left[ \left( \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \right)^2 + \frac{q_1^2 q_2^2 \left( \tau_1^T - \tau_2^T \right)^2}{\psi_1} + \frac{\left( \alpha_1^T - \alpha_2^T \right) \left( \beta_1^T - \beta_2^T \right)}{\xi_1} \right] + d_{12} </math> : <math> d_{12} = \ln \left( \frac{\nu_2}{\nu_1} \right)^{aa} + 1 - \left( \frac{\nu_2}{\nu_1} \right)^{aa} </math> : <math> aa = 0.953 - 0.002314 \left( \left( \tau_2^T \right)^2 + \alpha_2^T \beta_2^T \right) </math> : <math> \alpha^T = \alpha \left( \frac\text{293 K}{T} \right)^{0.8} </math> , : <math> \beta^T = \beta \left( \frac\text{293 K}{T} \right)^{0.8} </math> , : <math> \tau^T = \tau \left( \frac\text{293 K}{T} \right)^{0.4} </math> : <math> \psi_1 = \text{POL} + 0.002629 \alpha_1^T \beta_1^T </math> : <math> \xi_1 = 0.68 \left( \text{POL} - 1 \right) + \left[3.4 - 2.4 \exp \left( -0.002687 \left( \alpha_1 \beta_1 \right)^{1.5} \right) \right]^{\left( 293 K/T \right)^2} </math> : <math> \text{POL} = q_1^4 \left[ 1.15 - 1.15 \exp \left( -0.002337 \left( \tau_1^T\right)^3 \right) \right] + 1 </math> tare da {| class="wikitable" border="0" !Sigogi ! Bayani |- | ν | Yawan ruwan molar |- | λ | Sigar Watsawa |- | q | Sigar shigarwa |- | τ | Sigar polarity |- | α | Sigar acidity na haɗin hydrogen |- | β | Sigar asali ta haɗin hydrogen |- | ξ da ψ | Abubuwan da ba su da daidaito |- | d ₁₂ | Kalmar haɗin kai (wanda aka gyara Flory-Huggins) |- | Fihirisa 1 | Maganin narkewa |- | Fihirisa ta 2 | Maganin narkewa |} Muhimmin bayani: Ƙimar 3.4 a cikin lissafin ξ ya bambanta da ƙimar 3.24 a cikin asalin wallafe-wallafen. An tabbatar da cewa kuskuren rubutu ne na 3.24. Ana iya faɗaɗa ma'aunin aiki na mai narkewa da mai narkewa zuwa wasu tarin abubuwa ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idar lissafin Margules . Wannan yana bayar da: : <math> \ln \gamma_2 = \left( \ln \gamma_2^\infty + 2 \left( \ln \gamma_1^\infty - \ln \gamma_2^\infty \right) \Phi_2 \right) \Phi_1^2 </math> : <math> \ln \gamma_1 = \left( \ln \gamma_1^\infty + 2 \left( \ln \gamma_2^\infty - \ln \gamma_1^\infty \right) \Phi_1 \right) \Phi_2^2 </math> ina : <math> \Phi_i= \frac{x_i \nu_i}{\sum_j \nu_j x_j} </math> shine ɓangaren ƙarar kuma <math>x_i</math> ƙashin mole na mahaɗin i. Ana ƙididdige ma'aunin aiki na mai narkewa tare da daidaito iri ɗaya, amma ma'aunin 1 da 2 masu canzawa. == Sigogi na samfuri == Samfurin yana amfani da takamaiman halaye guda biyar na abubuwa don kwatanta ƙarfin hulɗa tsakanin mai narkewa da mai narkewar sa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kaddarorin an samo su ne daga wasu sanannun kaddarorin kayan aiki kuma wasu an haɗa su da bayanan gwaji da aka samu daga bankunan bayanai. === Ƙarar ruwan jijiyar === Ana bayar da ƙarar ruwan molar ν a cm³/mol kuma ana ɗauka cewa ba ya dogara da zafin jiki. === Sigar Watsawa === Sigar watsawa λ tana bayyana rashin daidaituwar kwayar halitta. === Sigar polarity === Sigar polarity τ tana bayyana tsayayyen dipole na kwayar halitta. === Sigar shigarwa === Sigar shigarwa q ta bayyana tasirin dipoles da aka haifar (wanda dipoles masu tsayayye suka haifar). Ga gine-gine masu zoben ƙamshi, an saita ƙimar zuwa 0.9, ga zoben aliphatic da sarƙoƙi, an saita wannan ƙimar akan 1. Ga wasu mahaɗan, ana inganta sigar q tsakanin 0.9 da 1 (misali hexene, octene). === Sigogi na acidity da asali === Waɗannan sigogi suna bayyana tasirin haɗin hydrogen yayin warwarewa da haɗawa . === Teburin siga === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" ! scope="col" |Name ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |ν ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |λ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |τ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |q ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |α ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |β |- |propane |75.7 |13.10 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |1-phenyl-1-butanone |145.2 |16.46 |4.98 |1.00 |0.88 |6.54 |- |butane |96.5 |13.70 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |acetophenone |117.4 |16.16 |6.50 |0.90 |1.71 |7.12 |- |pentane |116.0 |14.40 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |epsilon-caprolactone |106.8 |16.42 |9.65 |1.00 |0.43 |13.06 |- |isopentane |117.1 |13.87 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |dichloromethane |64.4 |15.94 |6.23 |0.96 |3.98 |0.92 |- |cyclopentane |94.6 |16.55 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |chloroform |80.5 |15.61 |4.50 |0.96 |5.80 |0.12 |- |hexane |131.4 |14.90 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |carbon tetrachloride |97.1 |16.54 |1.82 |1.01 |1.25 |0.64 |- |cyclohexane |108.9 |16.74 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |1,1-dichloroethane |84.7 |16.77 |6.22 |0.92 |3.28 |1.56 |- |methylcyclopentane |113.0 |16.10 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |1,2-dichloroethane |79.4 |16.60 |6.58 |0.94 |2.42 |1.34 |- |3-methylpentane |130.4 |14.68 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |1,1,1-trichloroethane |100.3 |16.54 |3.15 |1.01 |1.05 |0.85 |- |2-methylpentane |132.9 |14.40 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |trichloroethylene |90.1 |17.19 |2.96 |1.00 |2.07 |0.21 |- |2,3-dimethylbutane |131.2 |14.30 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |1-chlorobutane |105.1 |15.49 |3.38 |1.00 |0.11 |1.17 |- |2,2-dimethylbutane |133.7 |13.77 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |chlorobenzene |102.3 |16.72 |4.17 |0.89 |0.00 |2.50 |- |heptane |147.0 |15.20 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |bromoethane |75.3 |15.72 |4.41 |1.00 |0.22 |1.56 |- |methylcyclohexane |128.2 |16.06 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |bromobenzene |105.6 |17.10 |4.29 |0.89 |0.00 |3.13 |- |cycloheptane |121.7 |17.20 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |iodomethane |62.7 |19.13 |4.21 |1.00 |1.16 |0.83 |- |3-methylhexane |146.4 |14.95 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |diiodomethane |81.0 |21.90 |5.19 |1.00 |2.40 |2.08 |- |2,2-dimethylpentane |148.9 |14.26 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |iodoethane |93.6 |17.39 |3.58 |1.00 |0.51 |1.96 |- |[[2,4-dimethylpentane]] |150.0 |14.29 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |acetonitrile |52.9 |13.78 |11.51 |1.00 |3.49 |8.98 |- |2,3,4-trimethylpentane |159.5 |14.94 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |propionitrile |70.9 |14.95 |9.82 |1.00 |1.08 |6.83 |- |octane |163.4 |15.40 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |butyronitrile |87.9 |14.95 |8.27 |1.00 |0.00 |8.57 |- |2,2,4-trimethylpentane |165.5 |14.08 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |benzonitrile |103.0 |15.43 |8.21 |0.90 |0.15 |7.41 |- |ethylcyclohexane |143.0 |16.34 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |glutaronitrile |95.8 |15.12 |12.59 |1.00 |3.76 |9.11 |- |cyclooctane |134.9 |17.41 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |nitromethane |54.1 |13.48 |12.44 |1.00 |4.07 |4.01 |- |2,5-dimethylhexane |165.6 |14.74 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |nitroethane |72.0 |14.68 |9.96 |1.00 |1.19 |4.72 |- |nonane |179.6 |15.60 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |1-nitropropane |89.5 |15.17 |8.62 |1.00 |0.28 |5.83 |- |decane |195.8 |15.70 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |2-nitropropane |90.6 |14.60 |8.30 |1.00 |0.55 |3.43 |- |dodecane |228.6 |16.00 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |nitrobenzene |102.7 |16.06 |8.23 |0.90 |0.98 |3.29 |- |tetradecane |261.3 |16.10 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |dimethylformamide (DMF) |77.4 |15.95 |9.51 |1.00 |1.22 |22.65 |- |hexadecane |294.2 |16.20 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |[[N,N-dibutylformamide]] |182.0 |15.99 |5.02 |1.00 |0.24 |14.07 |- |squalane |526.1 |14.49 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |N,N-dimethylacetamide |93.0 |15.86 |9.46 |1.00 |0.00 |21.00 |- |1-pentene |110.3 |14.64 |0.25 |0.90 |0.00 |0.24 |- |[[N,N-diethylacetamide]] |124.5 |15.66 |6.71 |1.00 |0.25 |18.67 |- |1-hexene |125.8 |15.23 |0.22 |0.93 |0.00 |0.29 |- |N-methylformamide |59.1 |15.55 |8.92 |1.00 |8.07 |22.01 |- |1-octene |157.8 |15.39 |0.44 |0.95 |0.00 |0.51 |- |[[N-methylacetamide]] |76.9 |16.22 |5.90 |1.00 |5.28 |23.58 |- |α-pinene |159.0 |17.32 |0.15 |0.95 |0.00 |1.30 |- |[[N-ethylacetamide]] |94.3 |16.07 |4.91 |1.00 |4.14 |22.45 |- |[[benzene]] |89.5 |16.71 |3.95 |0.90 |0.63 |2.24 |- |aniline |91.6 |16.51 |9.41 |0.90 |6.51 |6.34 |- |toluene |106.7 |16.61 |3.22 |0.90 |0.57 |2.23 |- |2-pyrrolidone |76.8 |16.72 |11.36 |1.00 |2.39 |27.59 |- |p-xylene |123.9 |16.06 |2.70 |0.90 |0.27 |1.87 |- |N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) |96.6 |17.64 |9.34 |1.00 |0.00 |24.22 |- |ethylbenzene |122.9 |16.78 |2.98 |0.90 |0.23 |1.83 |- |[[1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one]] |114.1 |16.74 |8.31 |1.00 |0.00 |20.75 |- |isopropylbenzene |139.9 |17.09 |3.23 |0.90 |0.20 |2.57 |- |[[1,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidinone]] |115.2 |16.50 |8.45 |1.00 |0.00 |22.66 |- |butylbenzene |156.6 |17.10 |2.51 |0.90 |0.10 |1.83 |- |[[N-formylmorpholine]] |100.6 |16.10 |10.91 |1.00 |2.42 |19.29 |- |methanol |40.6 |14.43 |3.77 |1.00 |17.43 |14.49 |- |pyridine |80.9 |16.39 |6.13 |0.90 |1.61 |14.93 |- |ethanol |58.6 |14.37 |2.53 |1.00 |12.58 |13.29 |- |2,6-dimethylpyridine |116.7 |15.95 |4.16 |0.90 |0.73 |13.12 |- |1-propanol |75.1 |14.93 |1.39 |1.00 |11.97 |10.35 |- |quinoline |118.5 |16.84 |5.96 |0.90 |2.17 |12.10 |- |2-propanol |76.8 |13.95 |1.95 |1.00 |9.23 |11.86 |- |sulfolane |95.3 |16.49 |12.16 |1.00 |1.36 |13.52 |- |1-butanol |92.0 |14.82 |1.86 |1.00 |8.44 |11.01 |- |dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) |71.3 |16.12 |13.36 |1.00 |0.00 |26.17 |- |2-butanol |92.0 |14.50 |1.56 |1.00 |8.03 |10.21 |- |dioxane |85.7 |16.96 |6.72 |1.00 |0.00 |10.39 |- |2-methyl-2-propanol |94.7 |14.47 |2.55 |1.00 |5.80 |11.93 |- |tetrahydrofuran |81.9 |15.78 |4.41 |1.00 |0.00 |10.43 |- |2-methyl-1-propanol |92.9 |14.19 |1.85 |1.00 |8.30 |10.52 |- |diethyl ether |104.7 |13.96 |2.79 |1.00 |0.00 |6.61 |- |1-pentanol |108.5 |15.25 |1.46 |1.00 |8.10 |9.51 |- |dipropyl ether |137.6 |15.20 |2.00 |1.00 |0.00 |5.25 |- |1-hexanol |125.2 |15.02 |1.27 |1.00 |7.56 |9.20 |- |dibutyl ether |170.4 |15.13 |1.73 |1.00 |0.00 |5.29 |- |1-octanol |158.2 |15.08 |1.31 |1.00 |4.22 |9.35 |- |diisopropyl ether |141.8 |14.72 |1.90 |1.00 |0.00 |6.39 |- |phenol |88.9 |16.66 |4.50 |0.90 |25.14 |5.35 |- |methyl tert-butyl ether |119.9 |15.17 |2.48 |1.00 |0.00 |7.40 |- |benzyl alcohol |103.8 |16.56 |5.03 |1.00 |15.01 |6.69 |- |anisole |109.2 |16.54 |5.63 |0.90 |0.75 |3.93 |- |3-methylphenol (m-cresol) |105.0 |17.86 |4.16 |0.90 |27.15 |2.17 |- |tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether |221.1 |16.08 |6.73 |1.00 |0.00 |13.53 |- |2-ethoxyethanol |97.3 |15.12 |7.39 |1.00 |3.77 |16.84 |- |acetic acid |57.6 |14.96 |3.23 |1.00 |24.03 |7.50 |- |methyl acetate |79.8 |13.59 |7.54 |1.00 |0.00 |8.38 |- |dimethyl carbonate |84.7 |17.81 |8.05 |1.00 |0.00 |7.32 |- |ethyl acetate |98.6 |14.51 |5.74 |1.00 |0.00 |7.25 |- |acetaldehyde |56.5 |13.76 |8.48 |1.00 |0.00 |6.50 |- |propyl acetate |115.8 |13.98 |5.45 |1.00 |0.00 |7.53 |- |butanal |90.4 |15.11 |5.97 |1.00 |0.00 |5.27 |- |butyl acetate |132.0 |15.22 |4.16 |1.00 |0.00 |6.40 |- |carbon disulfide |60.6 |19.67 |1.04 |1.00 |0.59 |0.33 |- |benzyl acetate |142.9 |16.17 |6.84 |0.90 |0.54 |5.53 |- |triethylamine |139.7 |14.49 |1.02 |1.00 |0.00 |7.70 |- |methyl formate |62.1 |18.79 |8.29 |1.00 |0.37 |8.62 |- |tributyl phosphate |345.0 |15.05 |4.87 |1.00 |0.00 |14.06 |- |ethyl benzoate |144.1 |16.48 |4.97 |1.00 |0.28 |2.40 |- |[[Ruwa|water]] |36.0 |10.58 |10.48 |1.00 |52.78 |15.86 |- |diethyl phthalate |199.7 |16.33 |6.14 |1.00 |1.07 |7.81 |- |argon |57.1 |9.84 |0 |1.0 |0 |0 |- |acetone |73.8 |13.71 |8.30 |1.00 |0.00 |11.14 |- |oxygen |52.9 |8.84 |0 |1.0 |0 |0 |- |2-butanone |90.2 |14.74 |6.64 |1.00 |0.00 |9.70 |- |nitrogen |50.0 |7.48 |0 |1.0 |0 |0 |- |2-pentanone |107.3 |15.07 |5.49 |1.00 |0.00 |8.09 |- |carbon monoxide |49.0 |8.15 |0 |1.0 |0 |0 |- |cyclohexanone |104.1 |15.80 |6.40 |1.00 |0.00 |10.71 |- |[[carbon dioxide]] |42.2 |8.72 |5.68 |1.0 |1.87 |0 |- |[[4-methyl-2-pentanone]] |125.8 |15.27 |4.71 |1.00 |0.00 |6.34 |- |<chem>[emin][(CF3SO2)2N]</chem> |258.6 |15.18 |10.72 |0.9 |9.79 |4.75 |- |2-heptanone |140.7 |14.72 |4.20 |1.00 |0.00 |6.08 |- |[[Revised Water]] |26.60 |6.53 |14.49 |1.00 |45.34 |12.81 |- |<chem>[emmin][(CF3SO2)2N]</chem> |275.9 |15.25 |10.83 |0.9 |7.20 |5.11 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rwrhde0l4c1pglttujth8ww3fh6b3t4 964038 964036 2026-10-06T20:03:46Z Baffa ali 47435 964038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''MOSCED''' (gajeren samfurin " '''rabawar ƙarfin haɗin kai" wanda aka gyara''' ) samfurin thermodynamic ne don kimanta ma'aunin aiki (wanda kuma aka sani da ma'aunin aiki a narkewa mara iyaka). <ref name="Eckert">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Eugene R |last2=Eckert |first2=Charles A |year=1984 |title=Prediction of limiting activity coefficients by a modified separation of cohesive energy density model and UNIFAC |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=194–209 |doi=10.1021/i200025a002}}</ref> <ref name="Lazzaroni">{{Cite journal |last=Lazzaroni |first=Michael J |last2=Bush |first2=David |last3=Eckert |first3=Charles A |last4=Frank |first4=Timothy C |last5=Gupta |first5=Sumnesh |last6=Olson |first6=James D |year=2005 |title=Revision of MOSCED Parameters and Extension to Solid Solubility Calculations |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research |volume=44 |issue=11 |pages=4075–83 |doi=10.1021/ie049122g}}</ref> Daga mahangar tarihi, ana iya ɗaukar MOSCED a matsayin ingantaccen gyare-gyare na hanyar Hansen da samfurin narkewar Hildebrand ta hanyar ƙara ma'anar hulɗa mafi girma kamar polarity, induction da rabuwa da sharuɗɗan haɗin hydrogen. Wannan yana ba da damar hasashen mahaɗan polar da associative, wanda aka gano cewa yawancin samfuran sigogin narkewa ba su yi kyau ba. Baya ga yin hasashen adadi, ana iya amfani da MOSCED don fahimtar hulɗar matakin kwayoyin halitta don zaɓin da kuma tsari mai sauƙi. Baya ga narkewa mara iyaka, ana iya amfani da MOSCED don tantance samfurin Gibbs Free Energy mai yawa kamar NRTL, WILSON, Mod-UNIFAC don tsara daidaiton Vapor Liquid na cakuda. Schriber da Eckert <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schreiber |first=L. B. |last2=Eckert |first2=C. A. |date=1971-10-01 |title=Use of Infinite Dilution Activity Coefficients with Wilson's Equation |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=572–576 |doi=10.1021/i260040a025 |issn=0196-4305}}</ref> sun nuna wannan a taƙaice ta amfani da bayanan narkewa marasa iyaka don daidaita lissafin WILSON. An buga littafin farko ne daga shekarar 1984 kuma an yi babban gyara kan sigogi a shekarar 2005. An bayyana wannan sigar da aka gyara a nan. == Ka'ida ta asali == [[File:MOSCEDDerviations.png|thumb| Jadawalin Canje-canje]] MOSCED yana amfani da sigogi na musamman na kayan aiki waɗanda ke bayyana halayen lantarki na mahaɗi. Waɗannan halaye guda biyar an samo su ne daga ƙimar gwaji kuma an haɗa su da bayanan gwaji. Baya ga halaye guda biyar na lantarki, samfurin yana amfani da ƙarar molar ga kowane ɓangare. Ana shigar da waɗannan sigogi a cikin lissafi da yawa don samun ma'aunin aiki mai iyaka na wani mai narkewa mara iyaka a cikin wani mai narkewa. Waɗannan lissafin suna da ƙarin sigogi waɗanda aka samo ta hanyar gwaji. Marubutan <ref name="Lazzaroni" /> sun sami matsakaicin karkacewa na kashi 10.6% idan aka kwatanta da bayanan gwaji da suka tattara. Bayanan sun ƙunshi ma'aunin aiki mai iyaka na tsarin binary na mahaɗan da ba na polar ba, polar da hydrogen, amma babu ruwa. Kamar yadda ake gani a jadawalin karkacewa, tsarin da ke da ruwa ya karkace sosai. Saboda yawan karkacewar ruwa kamar yadda aka gani a jadawalin, an sake mayar da sabbin sigogin ruwa don inganta sakamako. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Dhakal |first=Pratik |last2=Paluch |first2=Andrew S |date=2018-01-08 |title=Assessment and Revision of the MOSCED Parameters for Water: Application to Limiting Activity Coefficients and Binary Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium |journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=1689–1695 |doi=10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04133 |issn=0888-5885}}</ref> An ɗauko dukkan bayanan da aka tattara daga littafin Yaws Handbook of Properties for Aquaous System. Ta amfani da tsohon ma'aunin ruwa, don ruwa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin halitta, an gano cewa Tushen Ma'anar Square Deviation (RMSD) don ln (γ ^∞ ) yana kusa da 2.864% kuma Matsakaicin Kuskuren Cikakke (AAE) don (γ ^∞ ) yana kusa da 3056.2 %. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan babban kuskure ne wanda zai iya bayyana karkacewar kamar yadda aka gani daga jadawalin. Tare da sabbin sigogin ruwa na ruwa a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin halitta, RMSD na ln (γ ^∞ ) ya ragu zuwa 0.771% kuma AAE na (γ ^∞ ) shi ma ya ragu zuwa 63.2%. <ref name=":0" /> Ana iya samun sigogin ruwa da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa mai taken "Ruwan da aka gyara". == Daidaito == : <math> \ln \gamma_2^{\infty } = \frac{\nu_2}{RT} \left[ \left( \lambda_1 - \lambda_2 \right)^2 + \frac{q_1^2 q_2^2 \left( \tau_1^T - \tau_2^T \right)^2}{\psi_1} + \frac{\left( \alpha_1^T - \alpha_2^T \right) \left( \beta_1^T - \beta_2^T \right)}{\xi_1} \right] + d_{12} </math> : <math> d_{12} = \ln \left( \frac{\nu_2}{\nu_1} \right)^{aa} + 1 - \left( \frac{\nu_2}{\nu_1} \right)^{aa} </math> : <math> aa = 0.953 - 0.002314 \left( \left( \tau_2^T \right)^2 + \alpha_2^T \beta_2^T \right) </math> : <math> \alpha^T = \alpha \left( \frac\text{293 K}{T} \right)^{0.8} </math> , : <math> \beta^T = \beta \left( \frac\text{293 K}{T} \right)^{0.8} </math> , : <math> \tau^T = \tau \left( \frac\text{293 K}{T} \right)^{0.4} </math> : <math> \psi_1 = \text{POL} + 0.002629 \alpha_1^T \beta_1^T </math> : <math> \xi_1 = 0.68 \left( \text{POL} - 1 \right) + \left[3.4 - 2.4 \exp \left( -0.002687 \left( \alpha_1 \beta_1 \right)^{1.5} \right) \right]^{\left( 293 K/T \right)^2} </math> : <math> \text{POL} = q_1^4 \left[ 1.15 - 1.15 \exp \left( -0.002337 \left( \tau_1^T\right)^3 \right) \right] + 1 </math> tare da {| class="wikitable" border="0" !Sigogi ! Bayani |- | ν | Yawan ruwan molar |- | λ | Sigar Watsawa |- | q | Sigar shigarwa |- | τ | Sigar polarity |- | α | Sigar acidity na haɗin hydrogen |- | β | Sigar asali ta haɗin hydrogen |- | ξ da ψ | Abubuwan da ba su da daidaito |- | d ₁₂ | Kalmar haɗin kai (wanda aka gyara Flory-Huggins) |- | Fihirisa 1 | Maganin narkewa |- | Fihirisa ta 2 | Maganin narkewa |} Muhimmin bayani: Ƙimar 3.4 a cikin lissafin ξ ya bambanta da ƙimar 3.24 a cikin asalin wallafe-wallafen. An tabbatar da cewa kuskuren rubutu ne na 3.24. Ana iya faɗaɗa ma'aunin aiki na mai narkewa da mai narkewa zuwa wasu tarin abubuwa ta hanyar amfani da ƙa'idar lissafin Margules . Wannan yana bayar da: : <math> \ln \gamma_2 = \left( \ln \gamma_2^\infty + 2 \left( \ln \gamma_1^\infty - \ln \gamma_2^\infty \right) \Phi_2 \right) \Phi_1^2 </math> : <math> \ln \gamma_1 = \left( \ln \gamma_1^\infty + 2 \left( \ln \gamma_2^\infty - \ln \gamma_1^\infty \right) \Phi_1 \right) \Phi_2^2 </math> ina : <math> \Phi_i= \frac{x_i \nu_i}{\sum_j \nu_j x_j} </math> shine ɓangaren ƙarar kuma <math>x_i</math> ƙashin mole na mahaɗin i. Ana ƙididdige ma'aunin aiki na mai narkewa tare da daidaito iri ɗaya, amma ma'aunin 1 da 2 masu canzawa. == Sigogi na samfuri == Samfurin yana amfani da takamaiman halaye guda biyar na abubuwa don kwatanta ƙarfin hulɗa tsakanin mai narkewa da mai narkewar sa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan kaddarorin an samo su ne daga wasu sanannun kaddarorin kayan aiki kuma wasu an haɗa su da bayanan gwaji da aka samu daga bankunan bayanai. === Ƙarar ruwan jijiyar === Ana bayar da ƙarar ruwan molar ν a cm³/mol kuma ana ɗauka cewa ba ya dogara da zafin jiki. === Sigar Watsawa === Sigar watsawa λ tana bayyana rashin daidaituwar kwayar halitta. === Sigar polarity === Sigar polarity τ tana bayyana tsayayyen dipole na kwayar halitta. === Sigar shigarwa === Sigar shigarwa q ta bayyana tasirin dipoles da aka haifar (wanda dipoles masu tsayayye suka haifar). Ga gine-gine masu zoben ƙamshi, an saita ƙimar zuwa 0.9, ga zoben aliphatic da sarƙoƙi, an saita wannan ƙimar akan 1. Ga wasu mahaɗan, ana inganta sigar q tsakanin 0.9 da 1 (misali hexene, octene). === Sigogi na acidity da asali === Waɗannan sigogi suna bayyana tasirin haɗin hydrogen yayin warwarewa da haɗawa . === Teburin siga === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;" ! scope="col" |Name ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |ν ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |λ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |τ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |q ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |α ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |β |- |propane |75.7 |13.10 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |1-phenyl-1-butanone |145.2 |16.46 |4.98 |1.00 |0.88 |6.54 |- |butane |96.5 |13.70 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |acetophenone |117.4 |16.16 |6.50 |0.90 |1.71 |7.12 |- |pentane |116.0 |14.40 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |epsilon-caprolactone |106.8 |16.42 |9.65 |1.00 |0.43 |13.06 |- |isopentane |117.1 |13.87 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |dichloromethane |64.4 |15.94 |6.23 |0.96 |3.98 |0.92 |- |cyclopentane |94.6 |16.55 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |chloroform |80.5 |15.61 |4.50 |0.96 |5.80 |0.12 |- |hexane |131.4 |14.90 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |carbon tetrachloride |97.1 |16.54 |1.82 |1.01 |1.25 |0.64 |- |cyclohexane |108.9 |16.74 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |1,1-dichloroethane |84.7 |16.77 |6.22 |0.92 |3.28 |1.56 |- |methylcyclopentane |113.0 |16.10 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |1,2-dichloroethane |79.4 |16.60 |6.58 |0.94 |2.42 |1.34 |- |3-methylpentane |130.4 |14.68 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |1,1,1-trichloroethane |100.3 |16.54 |3.15 |1.01 |1.05 |0.85 |- |2-methylpentane |132.9 |14.40 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |trichloroethylene |90.1 |17.19 |2.96 |1.00 |2.07 |0.21 |- |2,3-dimethylbutane |131.2 |14.30 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |1-chlorobutane |105.1 |15.49 |3.38 |1.00 |0.11 |1.17 |- |2,2-dimethylbutane |133.7 |13.77 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |chlorobenzene |102.3 |16.72 |4.17 |0.89 |0.00 |2.50 |- |heptane |147.0 |15.20 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |bromoethane |75.3 |15.72 |4.41 |1.00 |0.22 |1.56 |- |methylcyclohexane |128.2 |16.06 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |bromobenzene |105.6 |17.10 |4.29 |0.89 |0.00 |3.13 |- |cycloheptane |121.7 |17.20 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |iodomethane |62.7 |19.13 |4.21 |1.00 |1.16 |0.83 |- |3-methylhexane |146.4 |14.95 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |diiodomethane |81.0 |21.90 |5.19 |1.00 |2.40 |2.08 |- |2,2-dimethylpentane |148.9 |14.26 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |iodoethane |93.6 |17.39 |3.58 |1.00 |0.51 |1.96 |- |[[2,4-dimethylpentane]] |150.0 |14.29 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |acetonitrile |52.9 |13.78 |11.51 |1.00 |3.49 |8.98 |- |2,3,4-trimethylpentane |159.5 |14.94 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |propionitrile |70.9 |14.95 |9.82 |1.00 |1.08 |6.83 |- |octane |163.4 |15.40 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |butyronitrile |87.9 |14.95 |8.27 |1.00 |0.00 |8.57 |- |2,2,4-trimethylpentane |165.5 |14.08 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |benzonitrile |103.0 |15.43 |8.21 |0.90 |0.15 |7.41 |- |ethylcyclohexane |143.0 |16.34 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |glutaronitrile |95.8 |15.12 |12.59 |1.00 |3.76 |9.11 |- |cyclooctane |134.9 |17.41 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |nitromethane |54.1 |13.48 |12.44 |1.00 |4.07 |4.01 |- |2,5-dimethylhexane |165.6 |14.74 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |nitroethane |72.0 |14.68 |9.96 |1.00 |1.19 |4.72 |- |nonane |179.6 |15.60 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |1-nitropropane |89.5 |15.17 |8.62 |1.00 |0.28 |5.83 |- |decane |195.8 |15.70 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |2-nitropropane |90.6 |14.60 |8.30 |1.00 |0.55 |3.43 |- |dodecane |228.6 |16.00 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |nitrobenzene |102.7 |16.06 |8.23 |0.90 |0.98 |3.29 |- |tetradecane |261.3 |16.10 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |dimethylformamide (DMF) |77.4 |15.95 |9.51 |1.00 |1.22 |22.65 |- |hexadecane |294.2 |16.20 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |[[N,N-dibutylformamide]] |182.0 |15.99 |5.02 |1.00 |0.24 |14.07 |- |squalane |526.1 |14.49 |0.00 |1.00 |0.00 |0.00 |- |N,N-dimethylacetamide |93.0 |15.86 |9.46 |1.00 |0.00 |21.00 |- |1-pentene |110.3 |14.64 |0.25 |0.90 |0.00 |0.24 |- |[[N,N-diethylacetamide]] |124.5 |15.66 |6.71 |1.00 |0.25 |18.67 |- |1-hexene |125.8 |15.23 |0.22 |0.93 |0.00 |0.29 |- |N-methylformamide |59.1 |15.55 |8.92 |1.00 |8.07 |22.01 |- |1-octene |157.8 |15.39 |0.44 |0.95 |0.00 |0.51 |- |[[N-methylacetamide]] |76.9 |16.22 |5.90 |1.00 |5.28 |23.58 |- |α-pinene |159.0 |17.32 |0.15 |0.95 |0.00 |1.30 |- |[[N-ethylacetamide]] |94.3 |16.07 |4.91 |1.00 |4.14 |22.45 |- |[[benzene]] |89.5 |16.71 |3.95 |0.90 |0.63 |2.24 |- |aniline |91.6 |16.51 |9.41 |0.90 |6.51 |6.34 |- |toluene |106.7 |16.61 |3.22 |0.90 |0.57 |2.23 |- |2-pyrrolidone |76.8 |16.72 |11.36 |1.00 |2.39 |27.59 |- |p-xylene |123.9 |16.06 |2.70 |0.90 |0.27 |1.87 |- |N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) |96.6 |17.64 |9.34 |1.00 |0.00 |24.22 |- |ethylbenzene |122.9 |16.78 |2.98 |0.90 |0.23 |1.83 |- |[[1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one]] |114.1 |16.74 |8.31 |1.00 |0.00 |20.75 |- |isopropylbenzene |139.9 |17.09 |3.23 |0.90 |0.20 |2.57 |- |[[1,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidinone]] |115.2 |16.50 |8.45 |1.00 |0.00 |22.66 |- |butylbenzene |156.6 |17.10 |2.51 |0.90 |0.10 |1.83 |- |[[N-formylmorpholine]] |100.6 |16.10 |10.91 |1.00 |2.42 |19.29 |- |methanol |40.6 |14.43 |3.77 |1.00 |17.43 |14.49 |- |pyridine |80.9 |16.39 |6.13 |0.90 |1.61 |14.93 |- |ethanol |58.6 |14.37 |2.53 |1.00 |12.58 |13.29 |- |2,6-dimethylpyridine |116.7 |15.95 |4.16 |0.90 |0.73 |13.12 |- |1-propanol |75.1 |14.93 |1.39 |1.00 |11.97 |10.35 |- |quinoline |118.5 |16.84 |5.96 |0.90 |2.17 |12.10 |- |2-propanol |76.8 |13.95 |1.95 |1.00 |9.23 |11.86 |- |sulfolane |95.3 |16.49 |12.16 |1.00 |1.36 |13.52 |- |1-butanol |92.0 |14.82 |1.86 |1.00 |8.44 |11.01 |- |dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) |71.3 |16.12 |13.36 |1.00 |0.00 |26.17 |- |2-butanol |92.0 |14.50 |1.56 |1.00 |8.03 |10.21 |- |dioxane |85.7 |16.96 |6.72 |1.00 |0.00 |10.39 |- |2-methyl-2-propanol |94.7 |14.47 |2.55 |1.00 |5.80 |11.93 |- |tetrahydrofuran |81.9 |15.78 |4.41 |1.00 |0.00 |10.43 |- |2-methyl-1-propanol |92.9 |14.19 |1.85 |1.00 |8.30 |10.52 |- |diethyl ether |104.7 |13.96 |2.79 |1.00 |0.00 |6.61 |- |1-pentanol |108.5 |15.25 |1.46 |1.00 |8.10 |9.51 |- |dipropyl ether |137.6 |15.20 |2.00 |1.00 |0.00 |5.25 |- |1-hexanol |125.2 |15.02 |1.27 |1.00 |7.56 |9.20 |- |dibutyl ether |170.4 |15.13 |1.73 |1.00 |0.00 |5.29 |- |1-octanol |158.2 |15.08 |1.31 |1.00 |4.22 |9.35 |- |diisopropyl ether |141.8 |14.72 |1.90 |1.00 |0.00 |6.39 |- |phenol |88.9 |16.66 |4.50 |0.90 |25.14 |5.35 |- |methyl tert-butyl ether |119.9 |15.17 |2.48 |1.00 |0.00 |7.40 |- |benzyl alcohol |103.8 |16.56 |5.03 |1.00 |15.01 |6.69 |- |anisole |109.2 |16.54 |5.63 |0.90 |0.75 |3.93 |- |3-methylphenol (m-cresol) |105.0 |17.86 |4.16 |0.90 |27.15 |2.17 |- |tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether |221.1 |16.08 |6.73 |1.00 |0.00 |13.53 |- |2-ethoxyethanol |97.3 |15.12 |7.39 |1.00 |3.77 |16.84 |- |acetic acid |57.6 |14.96 |3.23 |1.00 |24.03 |7.50 |- |methyl acetate |79.8 |13.59 |7.54 |1.00 |0.00 |8.38 |- |dimethyl carbonate |84.7 |17.81 |8.05 |1.00 |0.00 |7.32 |- |ethyl acetate |98.6 |14.51 |5.74 |1.00 |0.00 |7.25 |- |acetaldehyde |56.5 |13.76 |8.48 |1.00 |0.00 |6.50 |- |propyl acetate |115.8 |13.98 |5.45 |1.00 |0.00 |7.53 |- |butanal |90.4 |15.11 |5.97 |1.00 |0.00 |5.27 |- |butyl acetate |132.0 |15.22 |4.16 |1.00 |0.00 |6.40 |- |carbon disulfide |60.6 |19.67 |1.04 |1.00 |0.59 |0.33 |- |benzyl acetate |142.9 |16.17 |6.84 |0.90 |0.54 |5.53 |- |triethylamine |139.7 |14.49 |1.02 |1.00 |0.00 |7.70 |- |methyl formate |62.1 |18.79 |8.29 |1.00 |0.37 |8.62 |- |tributyl phosphate |345.0 |15.05 |4.87 |1.00 |0.00 |14.06 |- |ethyl benzoate |144.1 |16.48 |4.97 |1.00 |0.28 |2.40 |- |[[Ruwa|water]] |36.0 |10.58 |10.48 |1.00 |52.78 |15.86 |- |diethyl phthalate |199.7 |16.33 |6.14 |1.00 |1.07 |7.81 |- |argon |57.1 |9.84 |0 |1.0 |0 |0 |- |acetone |73.8 |13.71 |8.30 |1.00 |0.00 |11.14 |- |oxygen |52.9 |8.84 |0 |1.0 |0 |0 |- |2-butanone |90.2 |14.74 |6.64 |1.00 |0.00 |9.70 |- |nitrogen |50.0 |7.48 |0 |1.0 |0 |0 |- |2-pentanone |107.3 |15.07 |5.49 |1.00 |0.00 |8.09 |- |carbon monoxide |49.0 |8.15 |0 |1.0 |0 |0 |- |cyclohexanone |104.1 |15.80 |6.40 |1.00 |0.00 |10.71 |- |[[carbon dioxide]] |42.2 |8.72 |5.68 |1.0 |1.87 |0 |- |[[4-methyl-2-pentanone]] |125.8 |15.27 |4.71 |1.00 |0.00 |6.34 |- |<chem>[emin][(CF3SO2)2N]</chem> |258.6 |15.18 |10.72 |0.9 |9.79 |4.75 |- |2-heptanone |140.7 |14.72 |4.20 |1.00 |0.00 |6.08 |- |[[Revised Water]] |26.60 |6.53 |14.49 |1.00 |45.34 |12.81 |- |<chem>[emmin][(CF3SO2)2N]</chem> |275.9 |15.25 |10.83 |0.9 |7.20 |5.11 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m8ki4vfn4nk13us7d1rsusembaiio8o 0 178408 964037 2026-10-06T20:03:21Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Nigeria planing experience = Development plan is a document that contain the policy frame work and program for the development of a country weeding a specific period on a time. 964037 wikitext text/x-wiki = Nigeria planing experience = Development plan is a document that contain the policy frame work and program for the development of a country weeding a specific period on a time. 1expuefpoo6k1ppv083znsrjfdywb5n 0 178409 964039 2026-10-06T20:13:46Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360635924|Rubber pollution]]" 964039 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gurɓatar roba''', kamar [[Gurbacewar Robobi|gurɓatar filastik]], tana faruwa a wurare daban-daban, kuma tana samo asali ne daga wurare daban-daban, tun daga sarkar [[Hanyar sarrafa abinci|sarrafa]] [[masana'antar abinci]] har zuwa lalacewar taya . <ref name="Leeuw 2017">{{Cite web |last=Leeuw |first=Sarah de |date=2017-06-23 |title=Prevent Rubber Contamination in Food Processing Environments |url=https://www.processindustryinformer.com/prevent-rubber-contamination-food-processing-environments/ |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=Process Industry Informer |quote=[2016] there was a significant increase in the number of recorded recalls of food products contaminated with rubber, a 22% surge compared to 2015. (Source: US market, Food Safety Magazine)}}</ref> <ref name="Science NetLinks 2011">{{Cite web |date=2011-10-06 |title=Road Rubber - Science Updates |url=http://sciencenetlinks.com/science-news/science-updates/road-rubber/ |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=Science NetLinks |quote=All that rubber that gets worn off your tires has to go somewhere. And according to her research, a lot of it winds up in lakes, streams, and rivers.}}</ref> Yanzu haka ƙurar roba da ta halitta da kuma gutsuttsuran da ke faruwa a cikin abinci, waɗanda ake samu a iska a matsayin barbashi a cikin [[Gurbacewar Iska|gurɓataccen iska]], waɗanda aka ɓoye a cikin ƙasa a matsayin [[Gurɓatar ƙasa|gurɓataccen ƙasa]], da kuma a cikin [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa, tafkuna da teku]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamis |first=Jacqueline E. |last2=Koelmans |first2=Albert A. |last3=Dröge |first3=Rianne |last4=Kaag |first4=Nicolaas H. B. M. |last5=Keur |first5=Marinus C. |last6=Tromp |first6=Peter C. |last7=Jongbloed |first7=Ruud H. |date=2021-07-02 |title=Environmental risks of car tire microplastic particles and other road runoff pollutants |journal=Microplastics and Nanoplastics |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=10 |doi=10.1186/s43591-021-00008-w |issn=2662-4966 |s2cid=237303583 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilai == === Ƙwayoyin lalata tayoyi da hanyoyi (TRWP) === [[File:Old_tires_1.jpg|thumb| Hoton tsohon tayoyin mota]] Lalacewar tayoyin [[Vehicle|mota]] babban tushen gurɓatar roba ne, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baensch-Baltruschat |first=Beate |last2=Kocher |first2=Birgit |last3=Stock |first3=Friederike |last4=Reifferscheid |first4=Georg |year=2020 |title=Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=733 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.73337823B |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137823 |pmid=32422457 |s2cid=216385897 |doi-access=free}}</ref> wasu hanyoyin kuma na iya zama daga ciyawar wucin gadi <ref name="KPCNews 1970">{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=Artificial turf may have health drawbacks |url=https://www.kpcnews.com/opinions/article_d1702ddd-8fe6-59a8-8248-854497bb8657.html |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=KPCNews}}</ref> (yawanci ana yin su ne daga tsoffin tayoyi da aka yayyanka) <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Redondo-Hasselerharm |first=Paula E. |last2=de Ruijter |first2=Vera N. |last3=Mintenig |first3=Svenja M. |last4=Verschoor |first4=Anja |last5=Koelmans |first5=Albert A. |date=2018-12-04 |title=Ingestion and Chronic Effects of Car Tire Tread Particles on Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=52 |issue=23 |pages=13986–13994 |bibcode=2018EnST...5213986R |doi=10.1021/acs.est.8b05035 |issn=0013-936X |pmc=6284208 |pmid=30407008}}</ref> da zoben roba da hatimi. <ref name="Leeuw 2017" /> Barbashin lalacewar taya da hanya (TRWP) ko barbashin lalacewar taya (TWP) sakamako ne kai tsaye na lalacewar saman hanya yayin jigilar ababen hawa kuma ana tsammanin ana sakin su cikin muhalli a cikin adadin tan miliyan 6 a shekara, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Carrasco-Navarro |first=Victor |last2=Nuutinen |first2=Aino |last3=Sorvari |first3=Jouni |last4=Kukkonen |first4=Jussi V. K. |date=2022-02-01 |title=Toxicity of Tire Rubber Microplastics to Freshwater Sediment Organisms |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |language=en |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=180–190 |bibcode=2022ArECT..82..180C |doi=10.1007/s00244-021-00905-4 |issn=1432-0703 |pmc=8818004 |pmid=34928416}}</ref> inda [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]] ke fitar da kimanin tan 1120,000 da 1327,000 a kowace shekara. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Roubeau Dumont |first=E. |last2=Gao |first2=X. |last3=Zheng |first3=J. |last4=Macairan |first4=J. |last5=Hernandez |first5=L. M. |last6=Baesu |first6=A. |last7=Bayen |first7=S. |last8=Robinson |first8=S. A. |last9=Ghoshal |first9=S. |last10=Tufenkji |first10=N. |date=2023-07-05 |title=Unraveling the toxicity of tire wear contamination in three freshwater species: From chemical mixture to nanoparticles |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389423006854 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=453 |bibcode=2023JHzM..45331402R |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131402 |issn=0304-3894 |pmid=37062096 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A Switzerland, an kiyasta cewa su ne ke da alhakin kashi 90% na ƙananan filastik da ake fitarwa zuwa muhalli. Tsarin tsaftace ruwan hanya ya dawo da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wannan adadin, sauran kuma ya ƙare a cikin muhalli. Duk nau'in taya da kuma yanayin amfani da ita suna shafar tsarin taya, amma roba yawanci shine babban sashi banda wasu ƙarin abubuwa kamar mai, abubuwan cikawa, sinadarai na vulcanization da sauran sinadarai da aka ƙara don ƙara aiki. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> Abin damuwa shi ne, ba kamar [[Fitar gurbataccen hayakin gas|fitar da hayaki daga taya ba]], gurɓatar taya ba ta da tsari, duk da bincike da dama da ke nuna yiwuwar gubar da ke tattare da ita. <ref name=":2" /> Duk da haka ana ƙera wasu na'urori a ƙoƙarin rage yawan barbashi da ake fitarwa daga lalacewar taya da kuma waɗanda ke ƙarewa cikin muhalli. Ko da yake ba a iya ganin ƙurar taya nan take a ido ba, ƙurar taya tana da babban ɓangare na tarkacen hanya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Theodoros Grigoratos and Giorgio Martini |year=2014 |title=Non-exhaust traffic related emissions. Brake and tyre wear PM |url=https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC89231/jrc89231-online%20final%20version%202.pdf |publisher=[[European Commission Joint Research Centre]] Institute of Energy and Transport |quote=It is estimated that an average passenger vehicle tyre lasts for 40,000-50,000 km before it is worn out, with approximately 10-30% of its tread rubber emitted into the environment. ... A wide range of chemicals can be found in vehicle tyres, depending on required performance standards and the manufacturing company. It has been reported that a common-sized all season passenger commercial tyre contains approximately 30 kinds of synthetic rubber, 8 kinds of natural rubber, 8 kinds of carbon black, steel cord for belts, polyester and nylon fibre, steel bead wire and 40 different chemicals, waxes, oils, pigments, silica and clays.}}</ref> <ref name="Kole2017">{{Cite journal |last=Kole |first=Pieter Jan |last2=Löhr |first2=Ansje J. |last3=Van Belleghem |first3=Frank |last4=Ragas |first4=Ad |date=2017-10-20 |title=Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |publisher=MDPI AG |volume=14 |issue=10 |page=1265 |doi=10.3390/ijerph14101265 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=5664766 |pmid=29053641 |quote=Wear and tear from tyres significantly contributes to the flow of (micro-)plastics into the environment. ... The estimated per capita emission ranges from 0.23 to 4.7 kg/year, with a global average of 0.81 kg/year. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kyautata zaton cewa tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 18 cikin 100 na TWP da ake fitarwa kowace shekara suna shiga cikin yanayin ruwa kuma ana iya samun su a wurare masu nisa saboda jigilar yanayi. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Duk da haka, an gano cewa laka a cikin ƙasa magudanar ruwa ne ga TWP kuma yawan ruwan saman waɗannan ƙwayoyin ya yi ƙasa sosai. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Fahimtar tasirin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta yana da ƙalubale domin yawan fitar da sinadarai daga TWP ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar zafin jiki, pH, da gishiri, da kuma girman ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma abun da ke cikin TWP. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Rarrabawa == Ƙwayoyin ƙurar roba masu laushi sosai, dangane da rarrabuwa, za a iya ƙidaya su a matsayin microplastic (saboda roba wani polymer ne kawai) ko kuma daban, a matsayin roba mai kyau saboda abubuwan da ke cikinta, abubuwan da ake buƙata, da nau'in ragar haɗin sinadarai sun ɗan bambanta. A irin wannan yanayin, sau da yawa ana ambaton gurɓatar roba a ɓoye lokacin da aka magance gurɓatar filastik . An gano cewa 6PPD-quinone, wani maganin hana iskar oxygen da ake amfani da shi a tayoyin roba, yana kashe Coho Salmon da ke fuskantar barazanar lalacewa idan ya taru a cikin hanyoyin ruwa sakamakon gurɓatar taya. == Duba kuma == * Carbonyl sulfide * Hydrofuramide * Sake amfani da tayoyi == Manazarta == k7fc1nnfn8xy3din2lxn48i7jsbxhmc 964040 964039 2026-10-06T20:14:58Z Baffa ali 47435 964040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gurɓatar roba''', kamar [[Gurbacewar Robobi|gurɓatar filastik]], tana faruwa a wurare daban-daban, kuma tana samo asali ne daga wurare daban-daban, tun daga sarkar [[Hanyar sarrafa abinci|sarrafa]] [[masana'antar abinci]] har zuwa lalacewar taya . <ref name="Leeuw 2017">{{Cite web |last=Leeuw |first=Sarah de |date=2017-06-23 |title=Prevent Rubber Contamination in Food Processing Environments |url=https://www.processindustryinformer.com/prevent-rubber-contamination-food-processing-environments/ |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=Process Industry Informer |quote=[2016] there was a significant increase in the number of recorded recalls of food products contaminated with rubber, a 22% surge compared to 2015. (Source: US market, Food Safety Magazine)}}</ref> <ref name="Science NetLinks 2011">{{Cite web |date=2011-10-06 |title=Road Rubber - Science Updates |url=http://sciencenetlinks.com/science-news/science-updates/road-rubber/ |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=Science NetLinks |quote=All that rubber that gets worn off your tires has to go somewhere. And according to her research, a lot of it winds up in lakes, streams, and rivers.}}</ref> Yanzu haka ƙurar roba da ta halitta da kuma gutsuttsuran da ke faruwa a cikin abinci, waɗanda ake samu a iska a matsayin barbashi a cikin [[Gurbacewar Iska|gurɓataccen iska]], waɗanda aka ɓoye a cikin ƙasa a matsayin [[Gurɓatar ƙasa|gurɓataccen ƙasa]], da kuma a cikin [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa, tafkuna da teku]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamis |first=Jacqueline E. |last2=Koelmans |first2=Albert A. |last3=Dröge |first3=Rianne |last4=Kaag |first4=Nicolaas H. B. M. |last5=Keur |first5=Marinus C. |last6=Tromp |first6=Peter C. |last7=Jongbloed |first7=Ruud H. |date=2021-07-02 |title=Environmental risks of car tire microplastic particles and other road runoff pollutants |journal=Microplastics and Nanoplastics |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=10 |doi=10.1186/s43591-021-00008-w |issn=2662-4966 |s2cid=237303583 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilai == === Ƙwayoyin lalata tayoyi da hanyoyi (TRWP) === [[File:Old_tires_1.jpg|thumb| Hoton tsohon tayoyin mota]] Lalacewar tayoyin [[Vehicle|mota]] babban tushen gurɓatar roba ne, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baensch-Baltruschat |first=Beate |last2=Kocher |first2=Birgit |last3=Stock |first3=Friederike |last4=Reifferscheid |first4=Georg |year=2020 |title=Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=733 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.73337823B |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137823 |pmid=32422457 |s2cid=216385897 |doi-access=free}}</ref> wasu hanyoyin kuma na iya zama daga ciyawar wucin gadi <ref name="KPCNews 1970">{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=Artificial turf may have health drawbacks |url=https://www.kpcnews.com/opinions/article_d1702ddd-8fe6-59a8-8248-854497bb8657.html |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=KPCNews}}</ref> (yawanci ana yin su ne daga tsoffin tayoyi da aka yayyanka) <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Redondo-Hasselerharm |first=Paula E. |last2=de Ruijter |first2=Vera N. |last3=Mintenig |first3=Svenja M. |last4=Verschoor |first4=Anja |last5=Koelmans |first5=Albert A. |date=2018-12-04 |title=Ingestion and Chronic Effects of Car Tire Tread Particles on Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=52 |issue=23 |pages=13986–13994 |bibcode=2018EnST...5213986R |doi=10.1021/acs.est.8b05035 |issn=0013-936X |pmc=6284208 |pmid=30407008}}</ref> da zoben roba da hatimi. <ref name="Leeuw 2017" /> Barbashin lalacewar taya da hanya (TRWP) ko barbashin lalacewar taya (TWP) sakamako ne kai tsaye na lalacewar saman hanya yayin jigilar ababen hawa kuma ana tsammanin ana sakin su cikin muhalli a cikin adadin tan miliyan 6 a shekara, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Carrasco-Navarro |first=Victor |last2=Nuutinen |first2=Aino |last3=Sorvari |first3=Jouni |last4=Kukkonen |first4=Jussi V. K. |date=2022-02-01 |title=Toxicity of Tire Rubber Microplastics to Freshwater Sediment Organisms |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |language=en |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=180–190 |bibcode=2022ArECT..82..180C |doi=10.1007/s00244-021-00905-4 |issn=1432-0703 |pmc=8818004 |pmid=34928416}}</ref> inda [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]] ke fitar da kimanin tan 1120,000 da 1327,000 a kowace shekara. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Roubeau Dumont |first=E. |last2=Gao |first2=X. |last3=Zheng |first3=J. |last4=Macairan |first4=J. |last5=Hernandez |first5=L. M. |last6=Baesu |first6=A. |last7=Bayen |first7=S. |last8=Robinson |first8=S. A. |last9=Ghoshal |first9=S. |last10=Tufenkji |first10=N. |date=2023-07-05 |title=Unraveling the toxicity of tire wear contamination in three freshwater species: From chemical mixture to nanoparticles |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389423006854 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=453 |bibcode=2023JHzM..45331402R |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131402 |issn=0304-3894 |pmid=37062096 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A Switzerland, an kiyasta cewa su ne ke da alhakin kashi 90% na ƙananan filastik da ake fitarwa zuwa muhalli. Tsarin tsaftace ruwan hanya ya dawo da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wannan adadin, sauran kuma ya ƙare a cikin muhalli. Duk nau'in taya da kuma yanayin amfani da ita suna shafar tsarin taya, amma roba yawanci shine babban sashi banda wasu ƙarin abubuwa kamar mai, abubuwan cikawa, sinadarai na vulcanization da sauran sinadarai da aka ƙara don ƙara aiki. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> Abin damuwa shi ne, ba kamar [[Fitar gurbataccen hayakin gas|fitar da hayaki daga taya ba]], gurɓatar taya ba ta da tsari, duk da bincike da dama da ke nuna yiwuwar gubar da ke tattare da ita. <ref name=":2" /> Duk da haka ana ƙera wasu na'urori a ƙoƙarin rage yawan barbashi da ake fitarwa daga lalacewar taya da kuma waɗanda ke ƙarewa cikin muhalli. Ko da yake ba a iya ganin ƙurar taya nan take a ido ba, ƙurar taya tana da babban ɓangare na tarkacen hanya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Theodoros Grigoratos and Giorgio Martini |year=2014 |title=Non-exhaust traffic related emissions. Brake and tyre wear PM |url=https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC89231/jrc89231-online%20final%20version%202.pdf |publisher=[[European Commission Joint Research Centre]] Institute of Energy and Transport |quote=It is estimated that an average passenger vehicle tyre lasts for 40,000-50,000 km before it is worn out, with approximately 10-30% of its tread rubber emitted into the environment. ... A wide range of chemicals can be found in vehicle tyres, depending on required performance standards and the manufacturing company. It has been reported that a common-sized all season passenger commercial tyre contains approximately 30 kinds of synthetic rubber, 8 kinds of natural rubber, 8 kinds of carbon black, steel cord for belts, polyester and nylon fibre, steel bead wire and 40 different chemicals, waxes, oils, pigments, silica and clays.}}</ref> <ref name="Kole2017">{{Cite journal |last=Kole |first=Pieter Jan |last2=Löhr |first2=Ansje J. |last3=Van Belleghem |first3=Frank |last4=Ragas |first4=Ad |date=2017-10-20 |title=Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |publisher=MDPI AG |volume=14 |issue=10 |page=1265 |doi=10.3390/ijerph14101265 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=5664766 |pmid=29053641 |quote=Wear and tear from tyres significantly contributes to the flow of (micro-)plastics into the environment. ... The estimated per capita emission ranges from 0.23 to 4.7 kg/year, with a global average of 0.81 kg/year. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kyautata zaton cewa tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 18 cikin 100 na TWP da ake fitarwa kowace shekara suna shiga cikin yanayin ruwa kuma ana iya samun su a wurare masu nisa saboda jigilar yanayi. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Duk da haka, an gano cewa laka a cikin ƙasa magudanar ruwa ne ga TWP kuma yawan ruwan saman waɗannan ƙwayoyin ya yi ƙasa sosai. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Fahimtar tasirin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta yana da ƙalubale domin yawan fitar da sinadarai daga TWP ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar zafin jiki, pH, da gishiri, da kuma girman ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma abun da ke cikin TWP. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Rarrabawa == Ƙwayoyin ƙurar roba masu laushi sosai, dangane da rarrabuwa, za a iya ƙidaya su a matsayin microplastic (saboda roba wani polymer ne kawai) ko kuma daban, a matsayin roba mai kyau saboda abubuwan da ke cikinta, abubuwan da ake buƙata, da nau'in ragar haɗin sinadarai sun ɗan bambanta. A irin wannan yanayin, sau da yawa ana ambaton gurɓatar roba a ɓoye lokacin da aka magance gurɓatar filastik . An gano cewa 6PPD-quinone, wani maganin hana iskar oxygen da ake amfani da shi a tayoyin roba, yana kashe Coho Salmon da ke fuskantar barazanar lalacewa idan ya taru a cikin hanyoyin ruwa sakamakon gurɓatar taya. == Duba kuma == * Carbonyl sulfide * Hydrofuramide * Sake amfani da tayoyi == Manazarta == iz9c6bmhuqsigsnbopju46t99up7fsh 964044 964040 2026-10-06T20:20:36Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Rarrabawa */ 964044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gurɓatar roba''', kamar [[Gurbacewar Robobi|gurɓatar filastik]], tana faruwa a wurare daban-daban, kuma tana samo asali ne daga wurare daban-daban, tun daga sarkar [[Hanyar sarrafa abinci|sarrafa]] [[masana'antar abinci]] har zuwa lalacewar taya . <ref name="Leeuw 2017">{{Cite web |last=Leeuw |first=Sarah de |date=2017-06-23 |title=Prevent Rubber Contamination in Food Processing Environments |url=https://www.processindustryinformer.com/prevent-rubber-contamination-food-processing-environments/ |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=Process Industry Informer |quote=[2016] there was a significant increase in the number of recorded recalls of food products contaminated with rubber, a 22% surge compared to 2015. (Source: US market, Food Safety Magazine)}}</ref> <ref name="Science NetLinks 2011">{{Cite web |date=2011-10-06 |title=Road Rubber - Science Updates |url=http://sciencenetlinks.com/science-news/science-updates/road-rubber/ |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=Science NetLinks |quote=All that rubber that gets worn off your tires has to go somewhere. And according to her research, a lot of it winds up in lakes, streams, and rivers.}}</ref> Yanzu haka ƙurar roba da ta halitta da kuma gutsuttsuran da ke faruwa a cikin abinci, waɗanda ake samu a iska a matsayin barbashi a cikin [[Gurbacewar Iska|gurɓataccen iska]], waɗanda aka ɓoye a cikin ƙasa a matsayin [[Gurɓatar ƙasa|gurɓataccen ƙasa]], da kuma a cikin [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa, tafkuna da teku]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamis |first=Jacqueline E. |last2=Koelmans |first2=Albert A. |last3=Dröge |first3=Rianne |last4=Kaag |first4=Nicolaas H. B. M. |last5=Keur |first5=Marinus C. |last6=Tromp |first6=Peter C. |last7=Jongbloed |first7=Ruud H. |date=2021-07-02 |title=Environmental risks of car tire microplastic particles and other road runoff pollutants |journal=Microplastics and Nanoplastics |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=10 |doi=10.1186/s43591-021-00008-w |issn=2662-4966 |s2cid=237303583 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilai == === Ƙwayoyin lalata tayoyi da hanyoyi (TRWP) === [[File:Old_tires_1.jpg|thumb| Hoton tsohon tayoyin mota]] Lalacewar tayoyin [[Vehicle|mota]] babban tushen gurɓatar roba ne, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baensch-Baltruschat |first=Beate |last2=Kocher |first2=Birgit |last3=Stock |first3=Friederike |last4=Reifferscheid |first4=Georg |year=2020 |title=Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=733 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.73337823B |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137823 |pmid=32422457 |s2cid=216385897 |doi-access=free}}</ref> wasu hanyoyin kuma na iya zama daga ciyawar wucin gadi <ref name="KPCNews 1970">{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=Artificial turf may have health drawbacks |url=https://www.kpcnews.com/opinions/article_d1702ddd-8fe6-59a8-8248-854497bb8657.html |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=KPCNews}}</ref> (yawanci ana yin su ne daga tsoffin tayoyi da aka yayyanka) <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Redondo-Hasselerharm |first=Paula E. |last2=de Ruijter |first2=Vera N. |last3=Mintenig |first3=Svenja M. |last4=Verschoor |first4=Anja |last5=Koelmans |first5=Albert A. |date=2018-12-04 |title=Ingestion and Chronic Effects of Car Tire Tread Particles on Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=52 |issue=23 |pages=13986–13994 |bibcode=2018EnST...5213986R |doi=10.1021/acs.est.8b05035 |issn=0013-936X |pmc=6284208 |pmid=30407008}}</ref> da zoben roba da hatimi. <ref name="Leeuw 2017" /> Barbashin lalacewar taya da hanya (TRWP) ko barbashin lalacewar taya (TWP) sakamako ne kai tsaye na lalacewar saman hanya yayin jigilar ababen hawa kuma ana tsammanin ana sakin su cikin muhalli a cikin adadin tan miliyan 6 a shekara, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Carrasco-Navarro |first=Victor |last2=Nuutinen |first2=Aino |last3=Sorvari |first3=Jouni |last4=Kukkonen |first4=Jussi V. K. |date=2022-02-01 |title=Toxicity of Tire Rubber Microplastics to Freshwater Sediment Organisms |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |language=en |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=180–190 |bibcode=2022ArECT..82..180C |doi=10.1007/s00244-021-00905-4 |issn=1432-0703 |pmc=8818004 |pmid=34928416}}</ref> inda [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]] ke fitar da kimanin tan 1120,000 da 1327,000 a kowace shekara. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Roubeau Dumont |first=E. |last2=Gao |first2=X. |last3=Zheng |first3=J. |last4=Macairan |first4=J. |last5=Hernandez |first5=L. M. |last6=Baesu |first6=A. |last7=Bayen |first7=S. |last8=Robinson |first8=S. A. |last9=Ghoshal |first9=S. |last10=Tufenkji |first10=N. |date=2023-07-05 |title=Unraveling the toxicity of tire wear contamination in three freshwater species: From chemical mixture to nanoparticles |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389423006854 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=453 |bibcode=2023JHzM..45331402R |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131402 |issn=0304-3894 |pmid=37062096 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A Switzerland, an kiyasta cewa su ne ke da alhakin kashi 90% na ƙananan filastik da ake fitarwa zuwa muhalli. Tsarin tsaftace ruwan hanya ya dawo da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wannan adadin, sauran kuma ya ƙare a cikin muhalli. Duk nau'in taya da kuma yanayin amfani da ita suna shafar tsarin taya, amma roba yawanci shine babban sashi banda wasu ƙarin abubuwa kamar mai, abubuwan cikawa, sinadarai na vulcanization da sauran sinadarai da aka ƙara don ƙara aiki. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> Abin damuwa shi ne, ba kamar [[Fitar gurbataccen hayakin gas|fitar da hayaki daga taya ba]], gurɓatar taya ba ta da tsari, duk da bincike da dama da ke nuna yiwuwar gubar da ke tattare da ita. <ref name=":2" /> Duk da haka ana ƙera wasu na'urori a ƙoƙarin rage yawan barbashi da ake fitarwa daga lalacewar taya da kuma waɗanda ke ƙarewa cikin muhalli. Ko da yake ba a iya ganin ƙurar taya nan take a ido ba, ƙurar taya tana da babban ɓangare na tarkacen hanya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Theodoros Grigoratos and Giorgio Martini |year=2014 |title=Non-exhaust traffic related emissions. Brake and tyre wear PM |url=https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC89231/jrc89231-online%20final%20version%202.pdf |publisher=[[European Commission Joint Research Centre]] Institute of Energy and Transport |quote=It is estimated that an average passenger vehicle tyre lasts for 40,000-50,000 km before it is worn out, with approximately 10-30% of its tread rubber emitted into the environment. ... A wide range of chemicals can be found in vehicle tyres, depending on required performance standards and the manufacturing company. It has been reported that a common-sized all season passenger commercial tyre contains approximately 30 kinds of synthetic rubber, 8 kinds of natural rubber, 8 kinds of carbon black, steel cord for belts, polyester and nylon fibre, steel bead wire and 40 different chemicals, waxes, oils, pigments, silica and clays.}}</ref> <ref name="Kole2017">{{Cite journal |last=Kole |first=Pieter Jan |last2=Löhr |first2=Ansje J. |last3=Van Belleghem |first3=Frank |last4=Ragas |first4=Ad |date=2017-10-20 |title=Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |publisher=MDPI AG |volume=14 |issue=10 |page=1265 |doi=10.3390/ijerph14101265 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=5664766 |pmid=29053641 |quote=Wear and tear from tyres significantly contributes to the flow of (micro-)plastics into the environment. ... The estimated per capita emission ranges from 0.23 to 4.7 kg/year, with a global average of 0.81 kg/year. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kyautata zaton cewa tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 18 cikin 100 na TWP da ake fitarwa kowace shekara suna shiga cikin yanayin ruwa kuma ana iya samun su a wurare masu nisa saboda jigilar yanayi. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Duk da haka, an gano cewa laka a cikin ƙasa magudanar ruwa ne ga TWP kuma yawan ruwan saman waɗannan ƙwayoyin ya yi ƙasa sosai. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Fahimtar tasirin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta yana da ƙalubale domin yawan fitar da sinadarai daga TWP ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar zafin jiki, pH, da gishiri, da kuma girman ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma abun da ke cikin TWP. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Rarrabawa == Ƙwayoyin ƙurar roba masu laushi sosai, dangane da rarrabuwa, za a iya ƙidaya su a matsayin microplastic (saboda roba wani polymer ne kawai) ko kuma daban, a matsayin roba mai kyau saboda abubuwan da ke cikinta, abubuwan da ake buƙata, da nau'in ragar haɗin sinadarai sun ɗan bambanta. A irin wannan yanayin, sau da yawa ana ambaton gurɓatar roba a ɓoye lokacin da aka magance gurɓatar filastik . An gano cewa 6PPD-quinone, wani maganin hana iskar oxygen da ake amfani da shi a tayoyin roba, yana kashe Coho Salmon da ke fuskantar barazanar lalacewa idan ya taru a cikin hanyoyin ruwa sakamakon gurɓatar taya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tire dust killing coho salmon returning to Puget Sound, new research shows|work=The Seattle Times|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/tire-dust-is-killing-salmon/}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Carbonyl sulfide * Hydrofuramide * Sake amfani da tayoyi == Manazarta == 634963g1qhx9rewjassohsyf9tncrqo 964045 964044 2026-10-06T20:21:51Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Rarrabawa */ 964045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gurɓatar roba''', kamar [[Gurbacewar Robobi|gurɓatar filastik]], tana faruwa a wurare daban-daban, kuma tana samo asali ne daga wurare daban-daban, tun daga sarkar [[Hanyar sarrafa abinci|sarrafa]] [[masana'antar abinci]] har zuwa lalacewar taya . <ref name="Leeuw 2017">{{Cite web |last=Leeuw |first=Sarah de |date=2017-06-23 |title=Prevent Rubber Contamination in Food Processing Environments |url=https://www.processindustryinformer.com/prevent-rubber-contamination-food-processing-environments/ |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=Process Industry Informer |quote=[2016] there was a significant increase in the number of recorded recalls of food products contaminated with rubber, a 22% surge compared to 2015. (Source: US market, Food Safety Magazine)}}</ref> <ref name="Science NetLinks 2011">{{Cite web |date=2011-10-06 |title=Road Rubber - Science Updates |url=http://sciencenetlinks.com/science-news/science-updates/road-rubber/ |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=Science NetLinks |quote=All that rubber that gets worn off your tires has to go somewhere. And according to her research, a lot of it winds up in lakes, streams, and rivers.}}</ref> Yanzu haka ƙurar roba da ta halitta da kuma gutsuttsuran da ke faruwa a cikin abinci, waɗanda ake samu a iska a matsayin barbashi a cikin [[Gurbacewar Iska|gurɓataccen iska]], waɗanda aka ɓoye a cikin ƙasa a matsayin [[Gurɓatar ƙasa|gurɓataccen ƙasa]], da kuma a cikin [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa, tafkuna da teku]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamis |first=Jacqueline E. |last2=Koelmans |first2=Albert A. |last3=Dröge |first3=Rianne |last4=Kaag |first4=Nicolaas H. B. M. |last5=Keur |first5=Marinus C. |last6=Tromp |first6=Peter C. |last7=Jongbloed |first7=Ruud H. |date=2021-07-02 |title=Environmental risks of car tire microplastic particles and other road runoff pollutants |journal=Microplastics and Nanoplastics |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=10 |doi=10.1186/s43591-021-00008-w |issn=2662-4966 |s2cid=237303583 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dalilai == === Ƙwayoyin lalata tayoyi da hanyoyi (TRWP) === [[File:Old_tires_1.jpg|thumb| Hoton tsohon tayoyin mota]] Lalacewar tayoyin [[Vehicle|mota]] babban tushen gurɓatar roba ne, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baensch-Baltruschat |first=Beate |last2=Kocher |first2=Birgit |last3=Stock |first3=Friederike |last4=Reifferscheid |first4=Georg |year=2020 |title=Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=733 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.73337823B |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137823 |pmid=32422457 |s2cid=216385897 |doi-access=free}}</ref> wasu hanyoyin kuma na iya zama daga ciyawar wucin gadi <ref name="KPCNews 1970">{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=Artificial turf may have health drawbacks |url=https://www.kpcnews.com/opinions/article_d1702ddd-8fe6-59a8-8248-854497bb8657.html |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=KPCNews}}</ref> (yawanci ana yin su ne daga tsoffin tayoyi da aka yayyanka) <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Redondo-Hasselerharm |first=Paula E. |last2=de Ruijter |first2=Vera N. |last3=Mintenig |first3=Svenja M. |last4=Verschoor |first4=Anja |last5=Koelmans |first5=Albert A. |date=2018-12-04 |title=Ingestion and Chronic Effects of Car Tire Tread Particles on Freshwater Benthic Macroinvertebrates |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=52 |issue=23 |pages=13986–13994 |bibcode=2018EnST...5213986R |doi=10.1021/acs.est.8b05035 |issn=0013-936X |pmc=6284208 |pmid=30407008}}</ref> da zoben roba da hatimi. <ref name="Leeuw 2017" /> Barbashin lalacewar taya da hanya (TRWP) ko barbashin lalacewar taya (TWP) sakamako ne kai tsaye na lalacewar saman hanya yayin jigilar ababen hawa kuma ana tsammanin ana sakin su cikin muhalli a cikin adadin tan miliyan 6 a shekara, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Carrasco-Navarro |first=Victor |last2=Nuutinen |first2=Aino |last3=Sorvari |first3=Jouni |last4=Kukkonen |first4=Jussi V. K. |date=2022-02-01 |title=Toxicity of Tire Rubber Microplastics to Freshwater Sediment Organisms |journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |language=en |volume=82 |issue=2 |pages=180–190 |bibcode=2022ArECT..82..180C |doi=10.1007/s00244-021-00905-4 |issn=1432-0703 |pmc=8818004 |pmid=34928416}}</ref> inda [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Tarayyar Turai]] ke fitar da kimanin tan 1120,000 da 1327,000 a kowace shekara. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Roubeau Dumont |first=E. |last2=Gao |first2=X. |last3=Zheng |first3=J. |last4=Macairan |first4=J. |last5=Hernandez |first5=L. M. |last6=Baesu |first6=A. |last7=Bayen |first7=S. |last8=Robinson |first8=S. A. |last9=Ghoshal |first9=S. |last10=Tufenkji |first10=N. |date=2023-07-05 |title=Unraveling the toxicity of tire wear contamination in three freshwater species: From chemical mixture to nanoparticles |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304389423006854 |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=453 |bibcode=2023JHzM..45331402R |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131402 |issn=0304-3894 |pmid=37062096 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A Switzerland, an kiyasta cewa su ne ke da alhakin kashi 90% na ƙananan filastik da ake fitarwa zuwa muhalli. Tsarin tsaftace ruwan hanya ya dawo da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wannan adadin, sauran kuma ya ƙare a cikin muhalli. Duk nau'in taya da kuma yanayin amfani da ita suna shafar tsarin taya, amma roba yawanci shine babban sashi banda wasu ƙarin abubuwa kamar mai, abubuwan cikawa, sinadarai na vulcanization da sauran sinadarai da aka ƙara don ƙara aiki. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":0" /> Abin damuwa shi ne, ba kamar [[Fitar gurbataccen hayakin gas|fitar da hayaki daga taya ba]], gurɓatar taya ba ta da tsari, duk da bincike da dama da ke nuna yiwuwar gubar da ke tattare da ita. <ref name=":2" /> Duk da haka ana ƙera wasu na'urori a ƙoƙarin rage yawan barbashi da ake fitarwa daga lalacewar taya da kuma waɗanda ke ƙarewa cikin muhalli. Ko da yake ba a iya ganin ƙurar taya nan take a ido ba, ƙurar taya tana da babban ɓangare na tarkacen hanya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Theodoros Grigoratos and Giorgio Martini |year=2014 |title=Non-exhaust traffic related emissions. Brake and tyre wear PM |url=https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC89231/jrc89231-online%20final%20version%202.pdf |publisher=[[European Commission Joint Research Centre]] Institute of Energy and Transport |quote=It is estimated that an average passenger vehicle tyre lasts for 40,000-50,000 km before it is worn out, with approximately 10-30% of its tread rubber emitted into the environment. ... A wide range of chemicals can be found in vehicle tyres, depending on required performance standards and the manufacturing company. It has been reported that a common-sized all season passenger commercial tyre contains approximately 30 kinds of synthetic rubber, 8 kinds of natural rubber, 8 kinds of carbon black, steel cord for belts, polyester and nylon fibre, steel bead wire and 40 different chemicals, waxes, oils, pigments, silica and clays.}}</ref> <ref name="Kole2017">{{Cite journal |last=Kole |first=Pieter Jan |last2=Löhr |first2=Ansje J. |last3=Van Belleghem |first3=Frank |last4=Ragas |first4=Ad |date=2017-10-20 |title=Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |publisher=MDPI AG |volume=14 |issue=10 |page=1265 |doi=10.3390/ijerph14101265 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=5664766 |pmid=29053641 |quote=Wear and tear from tyres significantly contributes to the flow of (micro-)plastics into the environment. ... The estimated per capita emission ranges from 0.23 to 4.7 kg/year, with a global average of 0.81 kg/year. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana kyautata zaton cewa tsakanin kashi 10 zuwa 18 cikin 100 na TWP da ake fitarwa kowace shekara suna shiga cikin yanayin ruwa kuma ana iya samun su a wurare masu nisa saboda jigilar yanayi. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Duk da haka, an gano cewa laka a cikin ƙasa magudanar ruwa ne ga TWP kuma yawan ruwan saman waɗannan ƙwayoyin ya yi ƙasa sosai. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> Fahimtar tasirin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta yana da ƙalubale domin yawan fitar da sinadarai daga TWP ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar zafin jiki, pH, da gishiri, da kuma girman ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma abun da ke cikin TWP. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Rarrabawa == Ƙwayoyin ƙurar roba masu laushi sosai, dangane da rarrabuwa, za a iya ƙidaya su a matsayin microplastic (saboda roba wani polymer ne kawai) ko kuma daban, a matsayin roba mai kyau saboda abubuwan da ke cikinta, abubuwan da ake buƙata, da nau'in ragar haɗin sinadarai sun ɗan bambanta. A irin wannan yanayin, sau da yawa ana ambaton gurɓatar roba a ɓoye lokacin da aka magance gurɓatar filastik . <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baensch-Baltruschat |first1=Beate |last2=Kocher |first2=Birgit |last3=Stock |first3=Friederike |last4=Reifferscheid |first4=Georg |date=2020-09-01 |title=Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=733 |article-number=137823 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137823 |issn=0048-9697|doi-access=free |pmid=32422457 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.73337823B }}</ref> An gano cewa 6PPD-quinone, wani maganin hana iskar oxygen da ake amfani da shi a tayoyin roba, yana kashe Coho Salmon da ke fuskantar barazanar lalacewa idan ya taru a cikin hanyoyin ruwa sakamakon gurɓatar taya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tire dust killing coho salmon returning to Puget Sound, new research shows|work=The Seattle Times|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/tire-dust-is-killing-salmon/}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Carbonyl sulfide * Hydrofuramide * Sake amfani da tayoyi == Manazarta == 0r5g3izl1ta4uz3jszdwh96rtevszaq 0 178410 964041 2026-10-06T20:15:55Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367803648|KwaZulu]]" 964041 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''KwaZulu''' wani yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa na Bantustan a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda aka kafa a ranar 9 ga Yuni 1970 a matsayin ''Hukumar Yankin Zulu'', wanda gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta yi niyya a matsayin wurin zama na al'ummar Zulu . An ƙaura da babban birnin daga Nongoma zuwa Ulundi a shekarar 1980. Cif [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]] da shugaban Inkatha ne suka jagoranci har zuwa lokacin da aka soke ta a shekarar 1994, waɗanda suka aiwatar da ikon mulkin kai mai iyaka wanda gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yanke a matsayin wani ɓangare na wariyar launin fata, amma suka ƙi 'yancin kai na wasu ƙasashe huɗu, suna korafi game da rarrabuwar kawuna na ƙasar, da kuma gazawar gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta haɗa yankin KwaZulu mai dorewa da maƙwabtaka, duk da adawa mai ƙarfi daga fararen fata. <ref name="Trust2004" /> Daga baya FW de Klerk ya yi tsokaci a wata hira da aka yi da shi cewa ya yi imanin cewa Buthelezi zai amince da 'yancin kai idan aka bai wa ƙasarsa tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Richards Bay]], shawarar da ta gaza saboda adawar fararen fata ga ra'ayin. <ref name="independentDeKlerkEnded">{{Cite web |date=2011-10-23 |title=FW de Klerk: The day I ended apartheid |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fw-de-klerk-day-i-ended-apartheid-1886128.html |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Ba a taɓa cimma wani yunƙuri na mayar da sassan ƙasar, tare da sassan ƙasar Swazi ta KaNgwane, zuwa ƙasar da ke makwabtaka da ita ta Swaziland (yanzu Eswatini) a shekarar 1982 ba. [1] [2] Wannan zai bai wa ƙasar Swaziland da ke da iyaka da ruwa damar shiga teku. Gwamnatocin Afirka ta Kudu da Swaziland ne suka cimma yarjejeniyar, amma jama'a sun yi adawa da yankin da aka tsara za a mayar da shi. [3] Sarki Sobhuza na Swaziland ne ya yi iƙirarin mallakar yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na masarautar gargajiya ta sarakunan Swazi, kuma gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu tana fatan amfani da ƙasar a matsayin yankin kariya daga kutsen 'yan daba daga Mozambique . Afirka ta Kudu ta mayar da martani ga gazawar sauya tsarin mulkin ta hanyar dakatar da 'yancin cin gashin KaNgwane na ɗan lokaci, sannan ta maido da shi a watan Disamba na 1982 sannan ta ba shi ikon cin gashin kansa a shekarar 1984. [4] [5] An haɗa KwaZulu da lardin Natal na Afirka ta Kudu da ke kewaye don kafa sabuwar lardin KwaZulu-Natal . == Districts in 1991 == Gundumomin lardin da yawan jama'a a ƙidayar jama'a ta 1991. <ref name="RSAdist">{{Cite web |title=Census > 1991 > RSA > Variable Description > Person file > District code |url=http://interactive.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619202856/http://interactive.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/ |archive-date=19 June 2016 |access-date=18 August 2013 |publisher=Statistics South Africa - Nesstar WebView}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Duba kuma == * Manyan Ministocin KwaZulu == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{SA-Bantustans}}{{South African Governments|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|28.3167|S|31.4167|E|source:wikidata}} hy3hljk2npcjxuch0n2jmbij4133k6x 964043 964041 2026-10-06T20:16:56Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 964043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Infobox country/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''KwaZulu''' wani yanki ne mai cin gashin kansa na Bantustan a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wanda aka kafa a ranar 9 ga Yuni 1970 a matsayin ''Hukumar Yankin Zulu'', wanda gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta yi niyya a matsayin wurin zama na al'ummar Zulu . An ƙaura da babban birnin daga Nongoma zuwa Ulundi a shekarar 1980. Cif [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]] da shugaban Inkatha ne suka jagoranci har zuwa lokacin da aka soke ta a shekarar 1994, waɗanda suka aiwatar da ikon mulkin kai mai iyaka wanda gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yanke a matsayin wani ɓangare na wariyar launin fata, amma suka ƙi 'yancin kai na wasu ƙasashe huɗu, suna korafi game da rarrabuwar kawuna na ƙasar, da kuma gazawar gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta haɗa yankin KwaZulu mai dorewa da maƙwabtaka, duk da adawa mai ƙarfi daga fararen fata. <ref name="Trust2004" /> Daga baya FW de Klerk ya yi tsokaci a wata hira da aka yi da shi cewa ya yi imanin cewa Buthelezi zai amince da 'yancin kai idan aka bai wa ƙasarsa tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Richards Bay]], shawarar da ta gaza saboda adawar fararen fata ga ra'ayin. <ref name="independentDeKlerkEnded">{{Cite web |date=2011-10-23 |title=FW de Klerk: The day I ended apartheid |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/fw-de-klerk-day-i-ended-apartheid-1886128.html |access-date=2021-06-02 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Ba a taɓa cimma wani yunƙuri na mayar da sassan ƙasar, tare da sassan ƙasar Swazi ta KaNgwane, zuwa ƙasar da ke makwabtaka da ita ta Swaziland (yanzu Eswatini) a shekarar 1982 ba. [1] [2] Wannan zai bai wa ƙasar Swaziland da ke da iyaka da ruwa damar shiga teku. Gwamnatocin Afirka ta Kudu da Swaziland ne suka cimma yarjejeniyar, amma jama'a sun yi adawa da yankin da aka tsara za a mayar da shi. [3] Sarki Sobhuza na Swaziland ne ya yi iƙirarin mallakar yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na masarautar gargajiya ta sarakunan Swazi, kuma gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu tana fatan amfani da ƙasar a matsayin yankin kariya daga kutsen 'yan daba daga Mozambique . Afirka ta Kudu ta mayar da martani ga gazawar sauya tsarin mulkin ta hanyar dakatar da 'yancin cin gashin KaNgwane na ɗan lokaci, sannan ta maido da shi a watan Disamba na 1982 sannan ta ba shi ikon cin gashin kansa a shekarar 1984. [4] [5] An haɗa KwaZulu da lardin Natal na Afirka ta Kudu da ke kewaye don kafa sabuwar lardin KwaZulu-Natal . == Districts in 1991 == Gundumomin lardin da yawan jama'a a ƙidayar jama'a ta 1991. <ref name="RSAdist">{{Cite web |title=Census > 1991 > RSA > Variable Description > Person file > District code |url=http://interactive.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619202856/http://interactive.statssa.gov.za:8282/webview/ |archive-date=19 June 2016 |access-date=18 August 2013 |publisher=Statistics South Africa - Nesstar WebView}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Duba kuma == * Manyan Ministocin KwaZulu == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{SA-Bantustans}}{{South African Governments|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|28.3167|S|31.4167|E|source:wikidata}} ito1tqs2jvwvcm1z2if1ao8l44dxi93 0 178411 964046 2026-10-06T20:29:54Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Sabuwar mukala 964046 wikitext text/x-wiki Mushaf Fatima Mushaf Fatima (Larabci: مصحف فاطمة) wani littafi ne da ake ambatonsa a cikin wasu ruwayoyin Shi’a Imamiyya ‘Yan Shi’a Goma Sha Biyu. A fahimtar wannan mazhaba, Mushaf Fatima ba Alƙur’ani ba ne, kuma ba wani sabon littafin Alƙur’ani ba ne. Ana danganta shi da Fatima al-Zahra, ‘yar Annabi Muhammad, yayin da wasu ruwayoyin Shi’a suka bayyana cewa Ali bn Abi Talib ne ya rubuta abin da aka ruwaito cewa an sanar da Fatima bayan rasuwar mahaifinta. ==Ma’anar kalmar Mushaf== Kalmar mushaf (مُصْحَف) a Larabci tana nufin tarin takardu ko rubuce-rubuce da aka tattara aka haɗa su tsakanin bangwaye biyu. Lisān al-ʿArab ya bayyana mushaf a matsayin abin da aka tattara daga sahifofi da aka rubuta aka haɗa su tsakanin bangwaye biyu. Saboda haka, kalmar mushaf a asali ba lallai ta kasance suna na musamman ga Alƙur’ani ba. Sai dai bayan tattara rubutun Alƙur’ani a littafi guda, kalmar ta zama sanannen suna da ake amfani da shi wajen nufin kwafin Alƙur’ani. A wannan ma’ana ne ake fahimtar kalmar Mushaf Fatima a cikin ruwayoyin Shi’a: suna ne da aka ba wani littafi da aka danganta shi da Fatima, ba wai cewa kalmar mushaf kanta tana nufin Alƙur’ani a kowane yanayi ba. ==Asalin Mushaf Fatima a ruwayoyin Shi’a== Ruwayoyin Shi’a sun danganta asalin Mushaf Fatima da lokacin da ya biyo bayan rasuwar Annabi Muhammad. A wata ruwaya daga Ja'afar al-Sadiq, an bayyana cewa Fatima ta yi zaman kwanaki 75 bayan rasuwar mahaifinta cikin tsananin baƙin ciki. Ruwayar ta ce Jibrilu yana zuwa gare ta domin ta'aziyya da kuma sanar da ita wasu abubuwa game da mahaifinta da abin da zai faru da zuriyarta. An ce Ali bn Abi Talib yana rubuta abin da take ji, kuma wannan aka kira Mushaf Fatima. Wannan ruwaya tana cikin littafin Basa'ir al-Darajat, sannan an kuma kawo makamancinta a wasu littattafan hadisan Shi’a. ==Abin da ke cikin Mushaf Fatima== A cewar ruwayoyin da ake dangantawa da Imaman Shi’a, Mushaf Fatima ba littafi ne na dokokin shari'a ko wani sabon wahayi na Alƙur’ani ba. ==Wasu ruwayoyi sun bayyana cewa abin da ke cikinsa ya shafi== * labaran da aka ruwaito cewa Jibrilu ya sanar da Fatima bayan rasuwar Annabi; * bayanai game da matsayin Annabi bayan rasuwarsa; * wasu abubuwan da za su faru nan gaba; * bayanai game da zuriyar Fatima; * da wasu bayanai na abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba. Wata ruwayar da aka danganta da Ja'afar al-Sadiq ta ce Mushaf Fatima ba ya ƙunshe da bayanin halal da haram, sai dai yana ɗauke da “ilimin abin da zai kasance.” ==Shin Mushaf Fatima Alƙur’ani ne?== A fahimtar Shi’a Imamiyya, Mushaf Fatima ba Alƙur’ani ba ne. Wannan batu ya fito fili a cikin ruwayoyin da aka tattara a al-Kafi. A wata daga cikin ruwayoyin, an tambayi Ja'afar al-Sadiq game da Mushaf Fatima, sai ya bayyana cewa littafin ya kai girman kusan sau uku na Alƙur’anin da ake karantawa, amma ba ya ƙunshe da ko harafi guda daga Alƙur’anin da ake da shi. Wannan bayani yana da muhimmanci wajen fahimtar abin da ake nufi da Mushaf Fatima. Kalmar mushaf ba ita ce ta sa littafin ya zama Alƙur’ani ba; abin da ya bambanta su shi ne abin da ake cewa yana cikinsu. Haka kuma, wasu ruwayoyi a cikin littattafan Shi’a sun bayyana kai tsaye cewa Mushaf Fatima “ba Alƙur’ani ba ne” kuma ba ya ƙunshe da ayoyin Alƙur’ani. ==Mushaf Fatima da Alƙur’ani== A bisa wannan fahimta, akwai bambanci tsakanin: Alƙur’ani: Littafin da Musulmi suka yi imani Allah ya saukar wa Annabi Muhammad. Mushaf Fatima: Littafin da ruwayoyin Shi’a suka danganta da Fatima, wanda ake cewa yana ɗauke da wasu bayanai da aka rubuta bayan rasuwar Annabi, amma ba ayoyin Alƙur’ani ba. Saboda haka, a mahangar Shi’a Imamiyya, ba daidai ba ne a fassara sunan Mushaf Fatima da cewa “Alƙur’anin Fatima” ko wani Alƙur’ani daban. Wasu rubuce-rubucen Shi’a na zamani ma sun jaddada wannan bambanci, suna cewa Alƙur’anin da Shi’a suka yarda da shi shi ne Alƙur’anin da yake hannun Musulmi gaba ɗaya, yayin da Mushaf Fatima wani abu ne daban. ==Sau uku fiye da Alƙur’ani== Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ruwayoyin da suka jawo muhawara game da Mushaf Fatima ita ce wadda ta ce yana da girman abin da yake cikin Alƙur’ani kusan sau uku, tare da ƙarin bayani cewa babu wani abu daga Alƙur’ani a cikinsa. Ya kamata a fahimci wannan magana a cikin mahallin ruwayar: tana magana ne kan yawan abin da ke cikin littafin, ba wai cewa littafin ya ƙunshi ayoyin Alƙur’ani sau uku ba. Ruwayar kanta ta haɗa waɗannan bayanai biyu—girmansa da kuma rashin ayoyin Alƙur’ani a cikinsa. ==Matsayin Mushaf Fatima a Shi’a Imamiyya== A cikin ruwayoyin Shi’a, Mushaf Fatima yana daga cikin wasu rubuce-rubucen da ake dangantawa da ilimin musamman da Imaman Ahlul Baiti suke da shi. Al-Kafi ya kawo Mushaf Fatima tare da wasu abubuwa kamar al-Jami'a da al-Jafr, kuma ya gabatar da su a matsayin abubuwa daban-daban. A cewar wasu bayanan Shi’a, Mushaf Fatima ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin abin da ake dangantawa da Imaman Ahlul Baiti, har zuwa ga Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi. ==Mahangar Ahlus-Sunna== Ahlus-Sunna ba su yarda da wannan akidar Mushaf Fatima a matsayin wani littafi na addini da aka gada daga Fatima ba. Saboda haka, batun yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka bambanta fahimtar ruwayoyin Shi’a da na Ahlus-Sunna. Wasu masu sukar Shi’a sun taɓa amfani da ambaton Mushaf Fatima a matsayin hujjar cewa Shi’a suna da wani Alƙur’ani dabam. Sai dai wannan ba shi ne yadda ruwayoyin da suka ambaci Mushaf Fatima suke gabatar da shi ba. Ruwayoyin al-Kafi da kansu sun bambanta Mushaf Fatima da Alƙur’ani, har ma suna jaddada cewa ba ya ƙunshe da ayoyin Alƙur’ani. Saboda haka, a rubuce-rubucen ilimi, ya fi dacewa a bambanta tsakanin Mushaf Fatima a matsayin wani ra'ayi da ruwayoyi a cikin al'adar Shi’a, da kuma Alƙur’ani a matsayin littafin da Shi’a da Ahlus-Sunna suke magana a kansa. ==Muhawara kan ma'anar “wahayi== Wani ɓangare na wannan batu shi ne yadda ake fahimtar bayanin cewa Jibrilu ya yi magana da Fatima bayan rasuwar Annabi. A fahimtar malaman Shi’a Imamiyya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa Fatima ta zama annabiya ko cewa an saukar mata da sabon littafin shari'a ba. Wasu bayanan aqidar Shi’a suna bambanta tsakanin wahyin annabci da irin ilham ko sadarwar mala'iku da suke dangantawa da wasu bayin Allah. Saboda haka, a mahangar su, abin da aka danganta da Fatima ba sabon Alƙur’ani ko sabon tsarin shari'a ba ne. ==Littattafan da suka ambaci Mushaf Fatima== Daga cikin muhimman littattafan Shi’a da suka kawo ruwayoyi game da Mushaf Fatima akwai: 1. Al-Kafi, na Muhammad bn Ya'qub al-Kulayni — musamman babin da ya tattauna al-Sahifa, al-Jafr, al-Jami'a da Mushaf Fatima. Babin ya ƙunshi ruwayoyi da dama game da batun. 2. Basa'ir al-Darajat, na Muhammad bn al-Hasan al-Saffar al-Qummi — yana daga cikin tsofaffin littattafan ruwayoyin Shi’a da suka ambaci batun Mushaf Fatima. 3. Bihar al-Anwar, na Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi — ya tattara ruwayoyi da dama da suka shafi Mushaf Fatima da sauran abubuwan da ake dangantawa da ilimin Ahlul Baiti. ==Kammalawa== Mushaf Fatima wani batu ne da ya samo asali daga ruwayoyin Shi’a Imamiyya game da Fatima al-Zahra. A cewar waɗannan ruwayoyi, littafin ba Alƙur’ani ba ne, kuma ba ya ƙunshe da ayoyin Alƙur’ani. Ana danganta abin da ke cikinsa da wasu bayanai da aka ce Jibrilu ya sanar da Fatima bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, waɗanda Ali bn Abi Talib ya rubuta. Saboda haka, Mushaf Fatima da Alƙur’ani abubuwa biyu ne daban a cikin koyarwar Shi’a Imamiyya. Ambaton kalmar mushaf a sunan littafin shi kaɗai ba ya nufin cewa littafin Alƙur’ani ne, domin a Larabci kalmar tana da ma'anar tarin rubuce-rubuce ko littafi da aka tattara. ==Manazarta== * Al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya'qub. Al-Kafi, Kitab al-Hujjah, babin “ذكر الصحيفة والجفر والجامعة ومصحف فاطمة”. * Al-Saffar, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan. Basa'ir al-Darajat. * Al-Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Bihar al-Anwar, juzu'i na 26. * Lisān al-ʿArab, bayanin kalmar مصحف. * Momen, Moojan. An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. 4ybv48npq2t4fwpod2r4254kv406qi5 964048 964046 2026-10-06T20:37:18Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Daura hoto 964048 wikitext text/x-wiki Mushaf Fatima[[File:Mushaf Fatima.jpg|thumb|Bayanin Mushaf Fatima a mahangar Shi’a Imamiyya da bambancinsa da Alƙur’ani.]] Mushaf Fatima (Larabci: مصحف فاطمة) wani littafi ne da ake ambatonsa a cikin wasu ruwayoyin Shi’a Imamiyya ‘Yan Shi’a Goma Sha Biyu. A fahimtar wannan mazhaba, Mushaf Fatima ba Alƙur’ani ba ne, kuma ba wani sabon littafin Alƙur’ani ba ne. Ana danganta shi da Fatima al-Zahra, ‘yar Annabi Muhammad, yayin da wasu ruwayoyin Shi’a suka bayyana cewa Ali bn Abi Talib ne ya rubuta abin da aka ruwaito cewa an sanar da Fatima bayan rasuwar mahaifinta. ==Ma’anar kalmar Mushaf== Kalmar mushaf (مُصْحَف) a Larabci tana nufin tarin takardu ko rubuce-rubuce da aka tattara aka haɗa su tsakanin bangwaye biyu. Lisān al-ʿArab ya bayyana mushaf a matsayin abin da aka tattara daga sahifofi da aka rubuta aka haɗa su tsakanin bangwaye biyu. Saboda haka, kalmar mushaf a asali ba lallai ta kasance suna na musamman ga Alƙur’ani ba. Sai dai bayan tattara rubutun Alƙur’ani a littafi guda, kalmar ta zama sanannen suna da ake amfani da shi wajen nufin kwafin Alƙur’ani. A wannan ma’ana ne ake fahimtar kalmar Mushaf Fatima a cikin ruwayoyin Shi’a: suna ne da aka ba wani littafi da aka danganta shi da Fatima, ba wai cewa kalmar mushaf kanta tana nufin Alƙur’ani a kowane yanayi ba. ==Asalin Mushaf Fatima a ruwayoyin Shi’a== Ruwayoyin Shi’a sun danganta asalin Mushaf Fatima da lokacin da ya biyo bayan rasuwar Annabi Muhammad. A wata ruwaya daga Ja'afar al-Sadiq, an bayyana cewa Fatima ta yi zaman kwanaki 75 bayan rasuwar mahaifinta cikin tsananin baƙin ciki. Ruwayar ta ce Jibrilu yana zuwa gare ta domin ta'aziyya da kuma sanar da ita wasu abubuwa game da mahaifinta da abin da zai faru da zuriyarta. An ce Ali bn Abi Talib yana rubuta abin da take ji, kuma wannan aka kira Mushaf Fatima. Wannan ruwaya tana cikin littafin Basa'ir al-Darajat, sannan an kuma kawo makamancinta a wasu littattafan hadisan Shi’a. ==Abin da ke cikin Mushaf Fatima== A cewar ruwayoyin da ake dangantawa da Imaman Shi’a, Mushaf Fatima ba littafi ne na dokokin shari'a ko wani sabon wahayi na Alƙur’ani ba. ==Wasu ruwayoyi sun bayyana cewa abin da ke cikinsa ya shafi== * labaran da aka ruwaito cewa Jibrilu ya sanar da Fatima bayan rasuwar Annabi; * bayanai game da matsayin Annabi bayan rasuwarsa; * wasu abubuwan da za su faru nan gaba; * bayanai game da zuriyar Fatima; * da wasu bayanai na abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba. Wata ruwayar da aka danganta da Ja'afar al-Sadiq ta ce Mushaf Fatima ba ya ƙunshe da bayanin halal da haram, sai dai yana ɗauke da “ilimin abin da zai kasance.” ==Shin Mushaf Fatima Alƙur’ani ne?== A fahimtar Shi’a Imamiyya, Mushaf Fatima ba Alƙur’ani ba ne. Wannan batu ya fito fili a cikin ruwayoyin da aka tattara a al-Kafi. A wata daga cikin ruwayoyin, an tambayi Ja'afar al-Sadiq game da Mushaf Fatima, sai ya bayyana cewa littafin ya kai girman kusan sau uku na Alƙur’anin da ake karantawa, amma ba ya ƙunshe da ko harafi guda daga Alƙur’anin da ake da shi. Wannan bayani yana da muhimmanci wajen fahimtar abin da ake nufi da Mushaf Fatima. Kalmar mushaf ba ita ce ta sa littafin ya zama Alƙur’ani ba; abin da ya bambanta su shi ne abin da ake cewa yana cikinsu. Haka kuma, wasu ruwayoyi a cikin littattafan Shi’a sun bayyana kai tsaye cewa Mushaf Fatima “ba Alƙur’ani ba ne” kuma ba ya ƙunshe da ayoyin Alƙur’ani. ==Mushaf Fatima da Alƙur’ani== A bisa wannan fahimta, akwai bambanci tsakanin: Alƙur’ani: Littafin da Musulmi suka yi imani Allah ya saukar wa Annabi Muhammad. Mushaf Fatima: Littafin da ruwayoyin Shi’a suka danganta da Fatima, wanda ake cewa yana ɗauke da wasu bayanai da aka rubuta bayan rasuwar Annabi, amma ba ayoyin Alƙur’ani ba. Saboda haka, a mahangar Shi’a Imamiyya, ba daidai ba ne a fassara sunan Mushaf Fatima da cewa “Alƙur’anin Fatima” ko wani Alƙur’ani daban. Wasu rubuce-rubucen Shi’a na zamani ma sun jaddada wannan bambanci, suna cewa Alƙur’anin da Shi’a suka yarda da shi shi ne Alƙur’anin da yake hannun Musulmi gaba ɗaya, yayin da Mushaf Fatima wani abu ne daban. ==Sau uku fiye da Alƙur’ani== Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ruwayoyin da suka jawo muhawara game da Mushaf Fatima ita ce wadda ta ce yana da girman abin da yake cikin Alƙur’ani kusan sau uku, tare da ƙarin bayani cewa babu wani abu daga Alƙur’ani a cikinsa. Ya kamata a fahimci wannan magana a cikin mahallin ruwayar: tana magana ne kan yawan abin da ke cikin littafin, ba wai cewa littafin ya ƙunshi ayoyin Alƙur’ani sau uku ba. Ruwayar kanta ta haɗa waɗannan bayanai biyu—girmansa da kuma rashin ayoyin Alƙur’ani a cikinsa. ==Matsayin Mushaf Fatima a Shi’a Imamiyya== A cikin ruwayoyin Shi’a, Mushaf Fatima yana daga cikin wasu rubuce-rubucen da ake dangantawa da ilimin musamman da Imaman Ahlul Baiti suke da shi. Al-Kafi ya kawo Mushaf Fatima tare da wasu abubuwa kamar al-Jami'a da al-Jafr, kuma ya gabatar da su a matsayin abubuwa daban-daban. A cewar wasu bayanan Shi’a, Mushaf Fatima ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin abin da ake dangantawa da Imaman Ahlul Baiti, har zuwa ga Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi. ==Mahangar Ahlus-Sunna== Ahlus-Sunna ba su yarda da wannan akidar Mushaf Fatima a matsayin wani littafi na addini da aka gada daga Fatima ba. Saboda haka, batun yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka bambanta fahimtar ruwayoyin Shi’a da na Ahlus-Sunna. Wasu masu sukar Shi’a sun taɓa amfani da ambaton Mushaf Fatima a matsayin hujjar cewa Shi’a suna da wani Alƙur’ani dabam. Sai dai wannan ba shi ne yadda ruwayoyin da suka ambaci Mushaf Fatima suke gabatar da shi ba. Ruwayoyin al-Kafi da kansu sun bambanta Mushaf Fatima da Alƙur’ani, har ma suna jaddada cewa ba ya ƙunshe da ayoyin Alƙur’ani. Saboda haka, a rubuce-rubucen ilimi, ya fi dacewa a bambanta tsakanin Mushaf Fatima a matsayin wani ra'ayi da ruwayoyi a cikin al'adar Shi’a, da kuma Alƙur’ani a matsayin littafin da Shi’a da Ahlus-Sunna suke magana a kansa. ==Muhawara kan ma'anar “wahayi== Wani ɓangare na wannan batu shi ne yadda ake fahimtar bayanin cewa Jibrilu ya yi magana da Fatima bayan rasuwar Annabi. A fahimtar malaman Shi’a Imamiyya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa Fatima ta zama annabiya ko cewa an saukar mata da sabon littafin shari'a ba. Wasu bayanan aqidar Shi’a suna bambanta tsakanin wahyin annabci da irin ilham ko sadarwar mala'iku da suke dangantawa da wasu bayin Allah. Saboda haka, a mahangar su, abin da aka danganta da Fatima ba sabon Alƙur’ani ko sabon tsarin shari'a ba ne. ==Littattafan da suka ambaci Mushaf Fatima== Daga cikin muhimman littattafan Shi’a da suka kawo ruwayoyi game da Mushaf Fatima akwai: 1. Al-Kafi, na Muhammad bn Ya'qub al-Kulayni — musamman babin da ya tattauna al-Sahifa, al-Jafr, al-Jami'a da Mushaf Fatima. Babin ya ƙunshi ruwayoyi da dama game da batun. 2. Basa'ir al-Darajat, na Muhammad bn al-Hasan al-Saffar al-Qummi — yana daga cikin tsofaffin littattafan ruwayoyin Shi’a da suka ambaci batun Mushaf Fatima. 3. Bihar al-Anwar, na Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi — ya tattara ruwayoyi da dama da suka shafi Mushaf Fatima da sauran abubuwan da ake dangantawa da ilimin Ahlul Baiti. ==Kammalawa== Mushaf Fatima wani batu ne da ya samo asali daga ruwayoyin Shi’a Imamiyya game da Fatima al-Zahra. A cewar waɗannan ruwayoyi, littafin ba Alƙur’ani ba ne, kuma ba ya ƙunshe da ayoyin Alƙur’ani. Ana danganta abin da ke cikinsa da wasu bayanai da aka ce Jibrilu ya sanar da Fatima bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, waɗanda Ali bn Abi Talib ya rubuta. Saboda haka, Mushaf Fatima da Alƙur’ani abubuwa biyu ne daban a cikin koyarwar Shi’a Imamiyya. Ambaton kalmar mushaf a sunan littafin shi kaɗai ba ya nufin cewa littafin Alƙur’ani ne, domin a Larabci kalmar tana da ma'anar tarin rubuce-rubuce ko littafi da aka tattara. ==Manazarta== * Al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya'qub. Al-Kafi, Kitab al-Hujjah, babin “ذكر الصحيفة والجفر والجامعة ومصحف فاطمة”. * Al-Saffar, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan. Basa'ir al-Darajat. * Al-Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Bihar al-Anwar, juzu'i na 26. * Lisān al-ʿArab, bayanin kalmar مصحف. * Momen, Moojan. An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. k4059eq1icwqsp10y3y8zg8vezc3j36 964054 964048 2026-10-06T20:44:52Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Daura hoto 964054 wikitext text/x-wiki Mushaf Fatima[[File:Mushaf Fatima.jpg|thumb|Bayanin Mushaf Fatima a mahangar Shi’a Imamiyya da bambancinsa da Alƙur’ani.]][[File:MUSHAF FATIMA.jpg|thumb|Mushaf Fatima: Tarihi, asali da abin da ruwayoyin Shi’a suka bayyana game da shi.]] Mushaf Fatima (Larabci: مصحف فاطمة) wani littafi ne da ake ambatonsa a cikin wasu ruwayoyin Shi’a Imamiyya ‘Yan Shi’a Goma Sha Biyu. A fahimtar wannan mazhaba, Mushaf Fatima ba Alƙur’ani ba ne, kuma ba wani sabon littafin Alƙur’ani ba ne. Ana danganta shi da Fatima al-Zahra, ‘yar Annabi Muhammad, yayin da wasu ruwayoyin Shi’a suka bayyana cewa Ali bn Abi Talib ne ya rubuta abin da aka ruwaito cewa an sanar da Fatima bayan rasuwar mahaifinta. ==Ma’anar kalmar Mushaf== Kalmar mushaf (مُصْحَف) a Larabci tana nufin tarin takardu ko rubuce-rubuce da aka tattara aka haɗa su tsakanin bangwaye biyu. Lisān al-ʿArab ya bayyana mushaf a matsayin abin da aka tattara daga sahifofi da aka rubuta aka haɗa su tsakanin bangwaye biyu. Saboda haka, kalmar mushaf a asali ba lallai ta kasance suna na musamman ga Alƙur’ani ba. Sai dai bayan tattara rubutun Alƙur’ani a littafi guda, kalmar ta zama sanannen suna da ake amfani da shi wajen nufin kwafin Alƙur’ani. A wannan ma’ana ne ake fahimtar kalmar Mushaf Fatima a cikin ruwayoyin Shi’a: suna ne da aka ba wani littafi da aka danganta shi da Fatima, ba wai cewa kalmar mushaf kanta tana nufin Alƙur’ani a kowane yanayi ba. ==Asalin Mushaf Fatima a ruwayoyin Shi’a== Ruwayoyin Shi’a sun danganta asalin Mushaf Fatima da lokacin da ya biyo bayan rasuwar Annabi Muhammad. A wata ruwaya daga Ja'afar al-Sadiq, an bayyana cewa Fatima ta yi zaman kwanaki 75 bayan rasuwar mahaifinta cikin tsananin baƙin ciki. Ruwayar ta ce Jibrilu yana zuwa gare ta domin ta'aziyya da kuma sanar da ita wasu abubuwa game da mahaifinta da abin da zai faru da zuriyarta. An ce Ali bn Abi Talib yana rubuta abin da take ji, kuma wannan aka kira Mushaf Fatima. Wannan ruwaya tana cikin littafin Basa'ir al-Darajat, sannan an kuma kawo makamancinta a wasu littattafan hadisan Shi’a. ==Abin da ke cikin Mushaf Fatima== A cewar ruwayoyin da ake dangantawa da Imaman Shi’a, Mushaf Fatima ba littafi ne na dokokin shari'a ko wani sabon wahayi na Alƙur’ani ba. ==Wasu ruwayoyi sun bayyana cewa abin da ke cikinsa ya shafi== * labaran da aka ruwaito cewa Jibrilu ya sanar da Fatima bayan rasuwar Annabi; * bayanai game da matsayin Annabi bayan rasuwarsa; * wasu abubuwan da za su faru nan gaba; * bayanai game da zuriyar Fatima; * da wasu bayanai na abubuwan da za su faru a nan gaba. Wata ruwayar da aka danganta da Ja'afar al-Sadiq ta ce Mushaf Fatima ba ya ƙunshe da bayanin halal da haram, sai dai yana ɗauke da “ilimin abin da zai kasance.” ==Shin Mushaf Fatima Alƙur’ani ne?== A fahimtar Shi’a Imamiyya, Mushaf Fatima ba Alƙur’ani ba ne. Wannan batu ya fito fili a cikin ruwayoyin da aka tattara a al-Kafi. A wata daga cikin ruwayoyin, an tambayi Ja'afar al-Sadiq game da Mushaf Fatima, sai ya bayyana cewa littafin ya kai girman kusan sau uku na Alƙur’anin da ake karantawa, amma ba ya ƙunshe da ko harafi guda daga Alƙur’anin da ake da shi. Wannan bayani yana da muhimmanci wajen fahimtar abin da ake nufi da Mushaf Fatima. Kalmar mushaf ba ita ce ta sa littafin ya zama Alƙur’ani ba; abin da ya bambanta su shi ne abin da ake cewa yana cikinsu. Haka kuma, wasu ruwayoyi a cikin littattafan Shi’a sun bayyana kai tsaye cewa Mushaf Fatima “ba Alƙur’ani ba ne” kuma ba ya ƙunshe da ayoyin Alƙur’ani. ==Mushaf Fatima da Alƙur’ani== A bisa wannan fahimta, akwai bambanci tsakanin: Alƙur’ani: Littafin da Musulmi suka yi imani Allah ya saukar wa Annabi Muhammad. Mushaf Fatima: Littafin da ruwayoyin Shi’a suka danganta da Fatima, wanda ake cewa yana ɗauke da wasu bayanai da aka rubuta bayan rasuwar Annabi, amma ba ayoyin Alƙur’ani ba. Saboda haka, a mahangar Shi’a Imamiyya, ba daidai ba ne a fassara sunan Mushaf Fatima da cewa “Alƙur’anin Fatima” ko wani Alƙur’ani daban. Wasu rubuce-rubucen Shi’a na zamani ma sun jaddada wannan bambanci, suna cewa Alƙur’anin da Shi’a suka yarda da shi shi ne Alƙur’anin da yake hannun Musulmi gaba ɗaya, yayin da Mushaf Fatima wani abu ne daban. ==Sau uku fiye da Alƙur’ani== Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ruwayoyin da suka jawo muhawara game da Mushaf Fatima ita ce wadda ta ce yana da girman abin da yake cikin Alƙur’ani kusan sau uku, tare da ƙarin bayani cewa babu wani abu daga Alƙur’ani a cikinsa. Ya kamata a fahimci wannan magana a cikin mahallin ruwayar: tana magana ne kan yawan abin da ke cikin littafin, ba wai cewa littafin ya ƙunshi ayoyin Alƙur’ani sau uku ba. Ruwayar kanta ta haɗa waɗannan bayanai biyu—girmansa da kuma rashin ayoyin Alƙur’ani a cikinsa. ==Matsayin Mushaf Fatima a Shi’a Imamiyya== A cikin ruwayoyin Shi’a, Mushaf Fatima yana daga cikin wasu rubuce-rubucen da ake dangantawa da ilimin musamman da Imaman Ahlul Baiti suke da shi. Al-Kafi ya kawo Mushaf Fatima tare da wasu abubuwa kamar al-Jami'a da al-Jafr, kuma ya gabatar da su a matsayin abubuwa daban-daban. A cewar wasu bayanan Shi’a, Mushaf Fatima ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin abin da ake dangantawa da Imaman Ahlul Baiti, har zuwa ga Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi. ==Mahangar Ahlus-Sunna== Ahlus-Sunna ba su yarda da wannan akidar Mushaf Fatima a matsayin wani littafi na addini da aka gada daga Fatima ba. Saboda haka, batun yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka bambanta fahimtar ruwayoyin Shi’a da na Ahlus-Sunna. Wasu masu sukar Shi’a sun taɓa amfani da ambaton Mushaf Fatima a matsayin hujjar cewa Shi’a suna da wani Alƙur’ani dabam. Sai dai wannan ba shi ne yadda ruwayoyin da suka ambaci Mushaf Fatima suke gabatar da shi ba. Ruwayoyin al-Kafi da kansu sun bambanta Mushaf Fatima da Alƙur’ani, har ma suna jaddada cewa ba ya ƙunshe da ayoyin Alƙur’ani. Saboda haka, a rubuce-rubucen ilimi, ya fi dacewa a bambanta tsakanin Mushaf Fatima a matsayin wani ra'ayi da ruwayoyi a cikin al'adar Shi’a, da kuma Alƙur’ani a matsayin littafin da Shi’a da Ahlus-Sunna suke magana a kansa. ==Muhawara kan ma'anar “wahayi== Wani ɓangare na wannan batu shi ne yadda ake fahimtar bayanin cewa Jibrilu ya yi magana da Fatima bayan rasuwar Annabi. A fahimtar malaman Shi’a Imamiyya, wannan ba yana nufin cewa Fatima ta zama annabiya ko cewa an saukar mata da sabon littafin shari'a ba. Wasu bayanan aqidar Shi’a suna bambanta tsakanin wahyin annabci da irin ilham ko sadarwar mala'iku da suke dangantawa da wasu bayin Allah. Saboda haka, a mahangar su, abin da aka danganta da Fatima ba sabon Alƙur’ani ko sabon tsarin shari'a ba ne. ==Littattafan da suka ambaci Mushaf Fatima== Daga cikin muhimman littattafan Shi’a da suka kawo ruwayoyi game da Mushaf Fatima akwai: 1. Al-Kafi, na Muhammad bn Ya'qub al-Kulayni — musamman babin da ya tattauna al-Sahifa, al-Jafr, al-Jami'a da Mushaf Fatima. Babin ya ƙunshi ruwayoyi da dama game da batun. 2. Basa'ir al-Darajat, na Muhammad bn al-Hasan al-Saffar al-Qummi — yana daga cikin tsofaffin littattafan ruwayoyin Shi’a da suka ambaci batun Mushaf Fatima. 3. Bihar al-Anwar, na Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi — ya tattara ruwayoyi da dama da suka shafi Mushaf Fatima da sauran abubuwan da ake dangantawa da ilimin Ahlul Baiti. ==Kammalawa== Mushaf Fatima wani batu ne da ya samo asali daga ruwayoyin Shi’a Imamiyya game da Fatima al-Zahra. A cewar waɗannan ruwayoyi, littafin ba Alƙur’ani ba ne, kuma ba ya ƙunshe da ayoyin Alƙur’ani. Ana danganta abin da ke cikinsa da wasu bayanai da aka ce Jibrilu ya sanar da Fatima bayan rasuwar mahaifinta, waɗanda Ali bn Abi Talib ya rubuta. Saboda haka, Mushaf Fatima da Alƙur’ani abubuwa biyu ne daban a cikin koyarwar Shi’a Imamiyya. Ambaton kalmar mushaf a sunan littafin shi kaɗai ba ya nufin cewa littafin Alƙur’ani ne, domin a Larabci kalmar tana da ma'anar tarin rubuce-rubuce ko littafi da aka tattara. ==Manazarta== * Al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya'qub. Al-Kafi, Kitab al-Hujjah, babin “ذكر الصحيفة والجفر والجامعة ومصحف فاطمة”. * Al-Saffar, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan. Basa'ir al-Darajat. * Al-Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Bihar al-Anwar, juzu'i na 26. * Lisān al-ʿArab, bayanin kalmar مصحف. * Momen, Moojan. An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. 5qcz48ulgwz80mxomc7xdfrsq4u3me7 0 178412 964049 2026-10-06T20:37:30Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377204062|Paleobiota of the Yixian Formation]]" 964049 wikitext text/x-wiki Tsarin Yixian ( simplified Chinese ) wani yanki ne na ilmin ƙasa a Jinzhou, Liaoning, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China, wanda ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.6 a farkon zamanin Cretaceous (matakin Barremian - Aptian ). An san ta da burbushin halittu daban-daban, waɗanda aka lissafa a ƙasa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da dinosaurs, pterosaurs, dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye masu ruwa da tsaki, kifi, da kuma nau'ikan halittu marasa ƙashi daban-daban. An raba Tsarin Yixian zuwa ƙananan sassa kamar haka: (shekaru daga Zhong et al., 2021 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhong |first=Yuting |last2=Huyskens |first2=Magdalena H |last3=Yin |first3=Qing-Zhu |last4=Wang |first4=Yaqiong |last5=Ma |first5=Qiang |last6=Xu |first6=Yi-Gang |date=2021-04-12 |title=High-precision geochronological constraints on the duration of 'Dinosaur Pompeii' and the Yixian Formation |journal=National Science Review |volume=8 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwab063 |issn=2095-5138 |pmc=8288181 |pmid=34691675}}</ref> sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban) * Upper Yixian (124.1 Ma) ("Jingangshan Bed") ("Dawangzhangzi Bed") * Na'urar Lava ta Sama * Unit Jianshangou (125.46 Ma) * Ƙananan Rukunin Lava * Lujiatun Unit (125.76–125.68 Ma) == Sauropods == {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | | | | | | | |- | ''Dongbeititan'' | ''D. dongi'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | Bayan wani lokaci na ciwon baya <ref name="Wangetal07">{{Cite journal |last=Wang, X. |last2=You, H. |last3=Meng, Q. |last4=Gao, C. |last5=Chang, X. |last6=Liu, J. |year=2007 |title=''Dongbeititan dongi'', the first sauropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning Province, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=911–916 |bibcode=2007AcGlS..81..911W |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb01013.x |s2cid=128812879}}</ref> | Basal Titanosauriform | |- |cf. ''Euhelopus'' | cf. ''E.'' sp. | | Gadon Lujiatun | Hakoran da aka ware <ref name="titanosaurteeth">{{Cite journal |last=Barrett |first=P.M. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |year=2007 |title=Basal titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16138/files/PAL_E2969.pdf |journal=[[Palaeoworld]] |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=265–271 |bibcode=2007Palae..16..265B |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.001}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Honggang |last2=Yin |first2=Yalei |last3=Pei |first3=Rui |last4=Zhou |first4=Changfu |date=2024-04-27 |title=Early-diverging Titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) Teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Southeastern Inner Mongolia, Northeast China |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1755-6724.15169 |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |language=en |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=303–310 |bibcode=2024AcGlS..98..303Z |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.15169 |issn=1000-9515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | Basal Titanosauriform |[[File:EuhelopusDB2.jpg|frameless]] |- |- | ''Liaoningotitan'' | ''L. sinensis'' | | |Kusan cikakken kwarangwal <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chang-fu Zhou |last2=Wen-hao Wu |last3=Toru Sekiya |last4=Zhi-ming Dong |year=2018 |title=A new Titanosauriformes dinosaur from Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, China |url=http://sjdz.jlu.edu.cn/EN/abstract/abstract9375.shtml |journal=Global Geology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=327–333 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1004-5589.2018.02.001 |doi-broken-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | Basal Titanosauriform | |- | ''Ruixinia'' | ''R. zhangi'' | Beipiao | | kwarangwal mai sassauƙa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mo |first=Jinyou |last2=Ma |first2=Feimin |last3=Yu |first3=Yilun |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2022-12-09 |title=A New Titanosauriform Sauropod with An Unusual Tail from the Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122003135 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=144 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105449 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=254524890 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | Tsarin dinosaur na Somphospondylan | |- |Sauropoda spp. | | |Lujiatun & Jianshangou Beds | Kashin baya da haƙora da aka ware <ref name="xu&norell2006">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=X. |last2=Norell |first2=M.A. |year=2006 |title=Non-Avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China |journal=Geological Journal |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=419–437 |bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..419X |doi=10.1002/gj.1044 |s2cid=32369205}}</ref> <ref name=":8" /> | An samo nau'in sauropods ɗaya ko fiye, wataƙila titanosaurs, daga Tsarin Yixian, kodayake yawancinsu ba a bayyana su ba <ref name="titanosaurteeth" /> | |- |} == Ornithischians == An tattara dinosaurs da aka lissafa a ƙasa a cikin wani bincike da Xu da Norell suka yi a shekarar 2006, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. <ref name="xu&norell2006" /> === Ankylosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | ''Liaoningosaurus'' | ''L. mai rikitarwa'' | Yixian | Dawangzhangzi Bed | "Ƙangaren kwanyar [da] kwarangwal." | Ƙaramin ankylosaur |[[File:Liaoningosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |} === Masu maganin Ceratopsian === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | ''Liaoceratops'' | ''L. yanzigouensis'' | Beipiao | Gadon Lujiatun | "[Biyu] kusan cikakke ƙoƙon kai, daga yara zuwa manya." | Ceratopsian |[[File:Liaoceratops_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Psittacosaurus'' | ''P. lujiatunensis'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun & Jianshangou Beds | Dubban samfura a cikin Gadon Lujiatun, ba a cika samun su ba a Gadon Jianshangou | Ceratopsian | rowspan="2" |[[File:Psittacosaurus_lujiatunensis_BW.jpg|frameless]] |} === Ornithopods === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Bolong'' | ''B. yixianensis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | A nearly complete skeleton. | An iguanodontian ornithopod | [[File:Bolong_TD.png|frameless]] |- |''Changmiania''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Yuqing |last2=Wu |first2=Wenhao |last3=Dieudonné |first3=Paul-Emile |last4=Godefroit |first4=Pascal |date=2020-09-08 |title=A new basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=8 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9832 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=7485509 |pmid=33194351 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |''C. liaoningensis'' | |Lujiatun Bed |Two nearly complete skeletons |A basal ornithopod that may have dug burrows | [[File:Changmiania_specimen_PMOL_LFV022.png|frameless]] |- | ''Haolong''<ref name="Haolong">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=J. |last2=Wu |first2=W. |last3=Mao |first3=L. |last4=Bertozzo |first4=F. |last5=Dhouailly |first5=D. |last6=Robin |first6=N. |last7=Pittman |first7=M. |last8=Kaye |first8=T. G. |last9=Manucci |first9=F. |last10=He |first10=X. |last11=Wang |first11=X. |last12=Godefroit |first12=P. |year=2026 |title=Cellular-level preservation of cutaneous spikes in an Early Cretaceous iguanodontian dinosaur |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1038/s41559-025-02960-9}}</ref> | ''H. dongi'' | Jianchang | Jianshangou Unit | Nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument | A hadrosauroid ornithopod | [[File:Haolong_dongi.png|frameless]] |- | ''Jeholosaurus'' | ''J. shangyuanensis'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | "Skull with associated vertebrae and hindlimb, skull with cervical vertebrae." |An ornithopod |[[File:Jeholosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Jinzhousaurus'' | ''J. yangi'' | Yixian | Dawangzhangzi Bed | "Nearly complete skull and skeleton." | An ornithopod | [[File:Jinzhousaurus_yangi.JPG|frameless]] |- |} == Magungunan Jijiyoyi == An tattara dinosaurs da aka lissafa a ƙasa a cikin wani bincike da Xu da Norell suka yi a shekarar 2006, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. <ref name="xu&norell2006" /> === Avialans === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Abitusavis''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Min Wang |last2=Zhiheng Li |last3=Qingguo Liu |last4=Zhonghe Zhou |year=2020 |title=Two new Early Cretaceous ornithuromorph birds provide insights into the taxonomy and divergence of Yanornithidae (Aves: Ornithothoraces) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=18 |issue=21 |pages=1805–1827 |bibcode=2020JSPal..18.1805W |doi=10.1080/14772019.2020.1836050 |s2cid=229320421}}</ref> |''A. lii'' |Ningcheng | |"Nearly complete skeleton."<ref name=":1" /> | | |- | ''Archaeorhynchus'' | ''A. spathula'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An early, advanced short-tailed bird (ornithuran)<ref name="zhou&zhang2006">{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Zhonghe |last2=Zhang |first2=Fucheng |year=2006 |title=A beaked basal ornithurine bird (Aves, Ornithurae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=363–373 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00234.x |s2cid=85222311}}</ref> | |- | ''Changchengornis'' | ''C. hengdaoziensis''<ref name="table-11-1-211" /> | | Jianshangou Bed | "Nearly complete skeleton."<ref name="table-11-1-211" /> | A confuciusornithid |[[File:Changchengornis_550_CER.JPG|frameless]] |- | rowspan="5" | ''Confuciusornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''C. chuonzhous'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''Confuciusornis sanctus''<ref name="biostrat">Smith, J.B., Harris, J.D., Omar, G.I., Dodson, P. and You, H. (2001). "Biostratigraphy and avian origins in northeastern China. Appendix: Biota of the Yixian Formation and the endemicity of its taxa." In Gauthier, J. and Gall, L.F. (eds.), ''New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom.'' New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. {{ISBN|0-912532-57-2}}.</ref> | |- | ''C. dui'' | | Jianshangou Bed | "[Two] skeletons."<ref name="table-11-1-212" /> | | |- | ''C. feducciai''<ref name="cfeducciai">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Zihui |last2=Gao |first2=Chunling |last3=Meng |first3=Qingjin |last4=Liu |first4=Jinyuan |last5=Hou |first5=Lianhai |last6=Zheng |first6=Guangmei |year=2009 |title=Diversification in an Early Cretaceous avian genus: evidence from a new species of ''Confuciusornis'' from China |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=783–790 |bibcode=2009JOrni.150..783Z |doi=10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x |s2cid=21418230}}</ref> | | Jianshangou Bed | | | |- | ''C. sanctus''<ref name="table-11-1-212" /> | | Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds | "Hundreds of complete skeletons."<ref name="table-11-1-212" /> | A primitive short-tailed bird (pygostylian), also present in the Jiufotang Formation |[[File:Confuciusornis_sanctus_mmartyniuk.png|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''C. suniae'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''Confuciusornis sanctus''<ref name="biostrat" /> | |- | ''Dalingheornis'' | ''D. liweii'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An Enantiornithine<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zihui |first=Zhang |last2=Lianhai |first2=HOU |last3=Yoshikasu |first3=Hasegawa |last4=O'Connor |first4=Jingmai |last5=Martin |first5=Larry D. |last6=Chiappe |first6=Luis M. |year=2010 |title=The first Mesozoic heterodactyl bird from China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=631–635 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00285.x |s2cid=129069702}}</ref> | |- | ''Eoenantiornis'' | ''E. buhleri'' | | Jianshangou Bed | "Nearly complete skeleton." | An entantiornithine | |- | ''Eogranivora'' | ''E. edentulata'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | "Nearly complete skeleton with skull"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xiaoting Zheng |last2=Jingmai K. O'Connor |last3=Xiaoli Wang |last4=Yan Wang |last5=Zhonghe Zhou |year=2018 |title=Reinterpretation of a previously described Jehol bird clarifies early trophic evolution in the Ornithuromorpha |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=285 |issue=1871 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.2494 |pmc=5805944 |pmid=29386367}}</ref> | An ornithuromorph |[[File:Eogranivora_edentulata.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | {{Small|''[[Iteravis]]''}} | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | {{Small|''I. huchzermeyeri''}} | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | An ornithuromorph; previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Jiufotang Formation by Ju et al., 2021<ref name="Ju2021">{{Cite journal |last=Ju |first=Shu-bin |last2=Wang |first2=Xu-ri |last3=Liu |first3=Yi-chuan |date=June 2021 |title=A reassessment of ''Iteravis huchzermeyeri'' and ''Gansus zheni'' from the Jehol Biota in western Liaoning |journal=China Geology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.31035/cg2020066 |issn=2589-9430}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Jinzhouornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''J. yixianensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | A pygostylian, a junior synonym of ''Confuciusornis sanctus'' | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''J. zhangjiyingia'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''C. sanctus'' | |- | ''Jixiangornis'' | ''J. orientalis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | | A basal avialan, also present in the Jiufotang Formation<ref name="jijietal2002">{{Cite journal |last=Ji |last2=Ji |first2=Ji |last3=Zhang |first3=You |last4=Zhang |first4=Wang |last5=Yuan |year=2002 |title=A new avialian bird - ''Jixiangornis orientalis'' gen. et sp. nov. - from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, NE China |journal=Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences) |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=723–736}}</ref> | |- | ''Hongshanornis'' | ''H. longicresta'' | | Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds<ref name="hongshan2014">{{Cite journal |last=Chiappe |first=L. M. |last2=Zhao |first2=B. |last3=O'Connor |first3=J. K. |last4=Chunling |first4=G. |last5=Wang |first5=X. |last6=Habib |first6=M. |last7=Marugan-Lobon |first7=J. |last8=Meng |first8=Q. |last9=Cheng |first9=X. |year=2014 |title=A new specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird ''Hongshanornis longicresta'': Insights into the aerodynamics and diet of a basal ornithuromorph |journal=PeerJ |volume=2 |bibcode=2014PeerJ...2.e234C |doi=10.7717/peerj.234 |pmc=3898307 |pmid=24482756 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |Four specimens<ref name="hongshan2014" /> | An ornithuromorph<ref name="OGC10">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=J.K. |last2=Gao, K.-Q. |last3=Chiappe, L.M. |year=2010 |title=A new ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher-level diversity |url=http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/462280__920289337.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=311–321 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30..311O |doi=10.1080/02724631003617498 |s2cid=53489175}}</ref> |[[File:Hongshanornis.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Jibeinia''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''J. luahera''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.<ref name="jinetal2008birds" /> | |- | ''Liaoningornis'' | ''L. longidigitris'' | | Lujiatun Bed | "Partial skeleton." | An enantiornithine.<ref name="oconnor2012">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=J.K. |year=2012 |title=A revised look at ''Liaoningornis longidigitris'' (Aves) |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=25–37}}</ref> |[[File:Liaoningornis_048.JPG|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Liaoxiornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''L. delicatus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Dawangzhangzi Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Considered a ''nomen dubium'' because the name is based on remains of a hatchling entantiornithine and cannot be confidently matched with the adult form.<ref name="chiappeontogeny2007">{{Cite journal |last=Chiappe |first=L.M. |last2=Ji |first2=S. |last3=Ji |first3=Q. |year=2007 |title=Juvenile Birds from the Early Cretaceous of China: Implications for Enantiornithine Ontogeny |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/169246 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3594 |page=1 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3594[1:JBFTEC]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=85871695}}</ref> |[[File:Liaoxiornis_delicatus.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Lingyuanornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''L. parvus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Dawangzhangzi Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior objective synonym of ''Liaoxiornis delicatus'', a ''nomen dubium''.<ref name="chiappeontogeny2007" /> | |- | ''Longicrusavis'' | ''L. houi'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An ornithuromorph<ref name="OGC10" /> | |- | ''Longirostravis'' | ''L. hani'' | | bed unknown | | An enantiornithine | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Protopteryx''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''P. fengningensis''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.<ref name="jinetal2008birds">{{Cite journal |last=Jin |first=Fan |last2=Zhang |first2=Fucheng |last3=Li |first3=Zhiheng |last4=Zhang |first4=Jiangyong |last5=Li |first5=Chun |last6=Zhou |first6=Zhonghe |year=2008 |title=On the horizon of ''Protopteryx'' and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=53 |issue=18 |pages=2820–2827 |bibcode=2008SciBu..53.2820J |doi=10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5 |s2cid=133507763}}</ref> | |- | ''Mirusavis'' | ''M. parvus'' | | | Partial skeleton.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Min |last2=O'Connor |first2=Jingmai K |last3=Bailleul |first3=Alida M |last4=Li |first4=Zhiheng |date=2020-06-01 |title=Evolution and distribution of medullary bone: evidence from a new Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird |url=https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/7/6/1068/5681418 |journal=National Science Review |language=en |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=1068–1078 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwz214 |issn=2095-5138 |pmc=8289052 |pmid=34692126}}</ref> | An immature female enantiornithine preserved with medullary bone tissue.<ref name=":0" /> | |- |''Sapeornis''<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Chunling |last2=Chiappe |first2=Luis M. |last3=Zhang |first3=Fengjiao |last4=Pomeroy |first4=Diana L. |last5=Shen |first5=Caizhi |last6=Chinsamy |first6=Anusuya |last7=Walsh |first7=Maureen O. |date=September 2012 |title=A subadult specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird Sapeornis chaoyangensis and a taxonomic reassessment of sapeornithids |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2012.693865 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=1103–1112 |bibcode=2012JVPal..32.1103G |doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.693865 |issn=0272-4634 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |''S. chaoyangensis'' | | |Nearly complete skeleton.<ref name=":9" /> |A subadult omnivoropterygid with preserved feathers.<ref name=":9" /> | |- | ''Shanweiniao'' | ''S. cooperorum'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An enantiornithine.<ref name="O'connoretal.2009">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=Jingmai K. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |last3=Chiappe |first3=L.M. |last4=Gao |first4=C. |last5=Meng |first5=Q. |last6=Cheng |first6=X. |last7=Liu |first7=J. |year=2009 |title=Phylogenetic support for a specialized clade of Cretaceous enantiornithine birds with information from a new species |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=188–204 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29..188O |doi=10.1080/02724634.2009.10010371 |s2cid=196607241}}</ref> |[[File:Shanweiniao_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Vescornis''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''V. hebeiensis''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.<ref name="jinetal2008birds" /> | |- |''Yixianosaurus'' |''Y. longimanus'' | |Dawangzhangzi Bed | |An anchiornithid | |- | ''Zhongornis'' | ''Z. haoae'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | A primitive avialan with a short but non-pygostylian tail<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=C. |last2=Chiappe |first2=L.M. |last3=Meng |first3=Q. |last4=O'Connor |first4=J.K. |last5=Wang |first5=X. |last6=Cheng |first6=X. |last7=Liu |first7=J. |year=2008 |title=A new basal lineage of Early Cretaceous birds from China and its implications on the evolution of the avian tail |journal=Palaeontology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=775–791 |bibcode=2008Palgy..51..775G |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00793.x |s2cid=85431224 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Yixianosaurus_longimanus.png|frameless]] |} === Compsognathids === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Huadanosaurus''<ref name="Qiu2025">{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Rui |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaolin |last3=Jiang |first3=Shunxing |last4=Meng |first4=Jin |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhonghe |date=2025-02-22 |title=Two new compsognathid-like theropods show diversified predation strategies in theropod dinosaurs |journal=National Science Review |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwaf068 |issn=2095-5138 |pmc=11970238 |pmid=40191255 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |''H. sinensis'' | |Dawangzhangzi Bed |A nearly complete specimen missing the feet and end of the tail |A compsognathid | [[File:Huadanosaurus_sinensis.png|frameless]] |- | ''Huaxiagnathus'' | ''H. orientalis'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | A compsognathid | |- | ''Sinocalliopteryx'' | ''S. gigas'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | A large compsognathid |[[File:Sinocalliopteryx_gigas_feeding_on_the_primitive_bird_Confuciusornis_-_journal.pone.0044012.g008.png|frameless]] |- | rowspan="3" |''Sinosauropteryx'' |''S. lingyuanensis''<ref name="Qiu2025" /> | |Dawangzhangzi Bed |A nearly complete specimen |A compsognathid |[[File:Sinosauropteryx_lingyuanensis.png|frameless]] |- | ''S. prima'' | Beipiao & Lingyuan | Jianshangou & Dawangzhangzi Beds | Four nearly complete specimens<ref name="sinocolour2010">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Fucheng |last2=Kearns |first2=Stuart L. |last3=Orr |first3=Patrick J. |last4=Benton |first4=Michael J. |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhonghe |last6=Johnson |first6=Diane |last7=Xu |first7=Xing |last8=Wang |first8=Xiaolin |year=2010 |title=Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of Cretaceous dinosaurs and birds |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/22432/2/41064696.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=463 |issue=7284 |pages=1075–1078 |bibcode=2010Natur.463.1075Z |doi=10.1038/nature08740 |pmid=20107440 |s2cid=205219587}}</ref> | A compsognathid. The first non-avian dinosaur found with feather impressions. |[[File:Sinosauropteryx_with_Dalinghosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" | ''S.''? sp. | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Beipiao | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#fbdddb;" | One specimen (GMV 2124) with partial skull, postcrania, and preserved feathers | style="background:#fbdddb;" | An unnamed coelurosaur originally described as a specimen of ''Sinosauropteryx'', later suggested to be a new genus and species,<ref name="jietalnewsinosaur">{{Cite journal |last=Shu'an |first=JI |last2=Chunling |first2=GAO |last3=Jinyuan |first3=LIU |last4=Qingjin |first4=Meng |last5=Qiang |first5=JI |year=2007 |title=New material of ''Sinosauropteryx'' (Theropoda: Compsognathidae) from Western Liaoning, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=177–182 |bibcode=2007AcGlS..81..177J |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00942.x |s2cid=131019046}}</ref> probably a tyrannosauroid.<ref name="Qiu2025" /> | |} === Dromaeosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member ! width="20%" |Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Changyuraptor''<ref name="GangEtAl2015">{{Cite journal |last=Gang Han |last2=Luis M. Chiappe |last3=Shu-An Ji |last4=Michael Habib |last5=Alan H. Turner |last6=Anusuya Chinsamy |last7=Xueling Liu |last8=Lizhuo Han |name-list-style=amp |date=15 July 2014 |title=A new raptorial dinosaur with exceptionally long feathering provides insights into dromaeosaurid flight performance |journal=Nature Communications |volume=5, Article number: 4382 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.4382H |doi=10.1038/ncomms5382 |pmid=25025742 |s2cid=205327789 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ''C. yangi'' | Jianchang | | A complete articulated specimen with extensive feathering.<ref name="GangEtAl2015" /> | A dromaeosaurid | [[File:Changyuraptor.png|frameless]] |- | ''Graciliraptor'' | ''G. lujiatunensis'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | An incomplete specimen. | A dromaeosaurid |[[File:Graciliraptor.jpg|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" | ''Sinornithosaurus'' | ''S. haoiana'' | Yixian | Dawangzhangzi Bed | |Might be a junior synonym of ''Sinornithosaurus millenii''. |- | ''S. millenii'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | Three specimens with skulls and postcrania, two with preserved feathers. Feathered integument is also preserved.<ref name="table-10-1-198" /> |A dromaeosaurid, the first ever found with feather impressions. |[[File:Sinornithosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Tianyuraptor'' | ''T. ostromi'' | Lingyuan | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | A dromaeosaurid |[[File:Tianyuraptor_restoration.png|frameless]] |- | ''Zhenyuanlong''<ref name="zhenyuanlong">{{Cite journal |last=Lü |first=Junchang |last2=Brusatte |first2=Stephen L. |year=2015 |title=A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |bibcode=2015NatSR...511775L |doi=10.1038/srep11775 |pmc=4504142 |pmid=26181289 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ''Z. suni'' | Jianchang | | One nearly complete skeleton with preserved feathers, including long tail feathers and large wing feathers. | A dromaeosaurid |[[File:Zhenyuanlong_life_restoration.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Zhongjianosaurus''<ref name="ivpp.cas.cn">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xing |last2=Qin |first2=Zi-Chuan |year=2017 |title=A new tiny dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning and niche differentiation among the Jehol dromaeosaurids |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/pressonline/201704/P020170410587218147108.pdf |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413071120/http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/pressonline/201704/P020170410587218147108.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-13}}</ref> | ''Z. yangi'' | Lingyuan | | A partial skeleton includes an arm, legs, vertebrae, ribs, and most of the tail.<ref name="ivpp.cas.cn" /> | A microraptorian dromaeosaurid with very long legs.<ref name="ivpp.cas.cn" /> |[[File:Zhongjianosaurus_yangi.png|frameless]] |- | Unnamed dromaeosaurid | Specimen NGMC 91 | Lingyuan | Dawangzhangzi Bed | Complete specimen with feather imprints | A juvenile dromaeosaurid that may be a specimen of ''Sinornithosaurus millenii''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Senter |first=Phil |year=2011 |title=Using creation science to demonstrate evolution 2: morphological continuity within Dinosauria (supporting information) |url=https://digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/bio_wp/1 |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2197–2216 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02349.x |pmid=21726330 |s2cid=41172539 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="TurneretalBAMNH">{{Cite journal |last=Alan Hamilton Turner, Peter J. Makovicky and Mark Norell |year=2012 |title=A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5399588 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=371 |pages=1–206 |doi=10.1206/748.1 |s2cid=83572446}}</ref> Informally nicknamed "Dave". |} === Ornithomimosaurs === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | ''Hexing'' | ''H. Qingyi'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun | | Wani nau'in ornithomimosaur na asali | |- | ''Shenzhousaurus'' | ''S. orientalis'' | Beipiao | Gadon Lujiatun | "Kwankwalin da aka haɗa da kuma kwarangwal da ba a cika ba." | Asalin ornithomimosaur |[[File:Shenzhousaurus.jpg|frameless|''[[Shenzhousaurus]]'']] |} === Oviraptorosaurs === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="3" | ''Caudipteryx'' | ''C. dongi'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | One partial postcranium with feather imprints | rowspan="3" | An oviraptorosaur | |- | ''C. zoui'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | Common, only over a small region |[[File:Caudipteryx2mmartyniuk.png|frameless]] |- | ''C.'' sp.<ref name="caudisp">{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Wang |last2=Zhang |last3=Xu |year=2000 |title=Important features of ''Caudipteryx'' - evidence from two nearly complete new specimens |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200901/W020090813372420272632.pdf |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |language=zh |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=241–254}}</ref> | | | | |- | ''Incisivosaurus'' | ''I. gauthieri'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | A skull and partial cervical<ref name="table-8-1-166" /> | An oviraptorosaur |[[File:Incisivosaurus_(pencil_2013).png|frameless]] |- | ''Ningyuansaurus'' | ''N. wangi'' | | | Complete skeleton with feather impressions.<ref name="ningyuansaurus">{{Cite journal |last=Ji Qiang |last2=Lü Jun-Chang |last3=Wei Xue-Fang |last4=Wang Xu-Ri |year=2012 |title=A new oviraptorosaur from the Yixian Formation of Jianchang, Western Liaoning Province, China |journal=Regional Geology of China |issue=12 |pages=2102–2107}}</ref> | An oviraptorosaur | |- | ''Protarchaeopteryx'' | ''P. robusta'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | "Nearly complete skull and skeleton, at least [two] individuals." | A possible relative of ''Incisivosaurus'' |[[File:Protarchaeopteryx-reconstruction.png|frameless]] |- | ''Similicaudipteryx'' | ''S. yixianensis'' | | | Two specimens | An oviraptorosaur, also present in the Jiufotang Formation<ref name="simili2">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=X. |last2=Zheng |first2=X. |last3=You |first3=H. |year=2010 |title=Exceptional dinosaur fossils show ontogenetic development of early feathers |journal=Nature |volume=464 |issue=7293 |pages=1338–1341 |bibcode=2010Natur.464.1338X |doi=10.1038/nature08965 |pmid=20428169 |s2cid=205220207}}</ref> | |- | ''Xingtianosaurus'' | ''X. ganqi'' | Liaoning | Dakangpu Bed | One nearly complete specimen (IVPP V13390), minus the head | An oviraptorosaur<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rui Qiu |last2=Xiaolin Wang |last3=Qiang Wang |last4=Ning Li |last5=Jialiang Zhang |last6=Yiyun Ma |year=2019 |title=A new caudipterid from the Lower Cretaceous of China with information on the evolution of the manus of Oviraptorosauria |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.6431Q |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-42547-6 |pmc=6483983 |pmid=31024012 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |} === Therizinosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna ! Hotuna |- | ''Beipiaosaurus'' | ''B. rashin tsammani'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | kwarangwal mara cikakke tare da bawon fata | Therizinosaur | |[[File:Beipiaosaurus_Restoration.png|frameless]] |- | ''Kayrasaurus'' <ref name="Kayrasaurus">{{Cite journal |last=Liao |first=Chun-Chi |last2=Freimuth |first2=William J. |last3=Zanno |first3=Lindsay E. |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2026-09-10 |title=A new therizinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and ecomorphological patterns among early therizinosaurians |journal=[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology]] |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2026.2710287 |issn=1477-2019}}</ref> | ''K. changliensis'' | Beipiao | | Kusan cikakken kwarangwal har da kwanyar kai; babu ƙafafuwan baya | Therizinosaur | |[[File:Kayrasaurus_changliensis.png|frameless]] |- |''Jianchangosaurus'' | ''J. yixianensis'' | Jianchang | | Wani samfurin yara kusan cikakke tare da gashin fuka-fukai <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pu |first=Hanyong |last2=Kobayashi |first2=Yoshitsugu |last3=Lü |first3=Junchang |last4=Xu |first4=Li |last5=Wu |first5=Yanhua |last6=Chang |first6=Huali |last7=Zhang |first7=Jiming |last8=Jia |first8=Songhai |date=2013-05-29 |title=An Unusual Basal Therizinosaur Dinosaur with an Ornithischian Dental Arrangement from Northeastern China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863423P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063423 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3667168 |pmid=23734177 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | Therizinosaur | |[[File:Jianchangosaurus_Restoration.png|frameless]] |} === Troodontids === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member ! width="20%" |Material !Notes !Images |- |''Daliansaurus'' |''D. liaoningensis'' |Beipiao |Lujiatun Bed |A very complete specimen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Caizhi |last2=Lü |first2=Junchang |last3=Liu |first3=Sizhao |last4=Kundrát |first4=Martin |last5=Brusatte |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Gao |first6=Hailong |date=2017-06-01 |title=A New Troodontid Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/41311178/shen_2003_F_.pdf |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |language=en |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=763–780 |bibcode=2017AcGlS..91..763S |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.13307 |issn=1755-6724 |s2cid=129939153}}</ref> |A troodontid |[[File:Daliansaurus_reconstruction.png|frameless]] |- | ''Jianianhualong'' | ''J. tengi'' | Beipiao | Dawangzhangzi Bed |A very complete specimen with feather impressions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xing |last2=Currie |first2=Philip |last3=Pittman |first3=Michael |last4=Xing |first4=Lida |last5=Meng |first5=Qingjin |last6=Lü |first6=Junchang |last7=Hu |first7=Dongyu |last8=Yu |first8=Congyu |date=2017-05-02 |title=Mosaic evolution in an asymmetrically feathered troodontid dinosaur with transitional features |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=8 |bibcode=2017NatCo...814972X |doi=10.1038/ncomms14972 |pmc=5418581 |pmid=28463233 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | A troodontid |[[File:Jianianhualong_Restoration.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Liaoningvenator'' |''L. curriei'' |Beipiao | |A very complete specimen. |A troodontid |[[File:Liaoningvenator.png|frameless]] |- | ''Mei'' | ''M. long'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | | A small troodontid fossilized in a sleeping position |[[File:Meilong_mmartyniuk_wiki.png|frameless]] |- | ''Sinovenator'' | ''S. changii'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | Three specimens with partial skulls and postcrania.<ref name="white2009">{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Matt |year=2009 |title=The subarctometatarsus: intermediate metatarsus architecture demonstrating the evolution of the arctometatarsus and advanced agility in theropod dinosaurs |journal=Alcheringa |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |bibcode=2009Alch...33....1W |doi=10.1080/03115510802618193 |s2cid=85276956}}</ref> Hundreds of additional specimens known but undescribed. | A troodontid |[[File:Sinovenator_(update).png|frameless]] |- | ''Sinusonasus'' | ''S. magnodens'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | | A troodontid |[[File:Sinusonasus.png|frameless]] |- | Undescribed deinonychosaur/possible troodontid | | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | One specimen with feather imprints | A possible troodontid.<ref name="xunorell2006">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xu |last2=Norell |first2=M. |year=2006 |title=Non-avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China |journal=Geological Journal |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=419–437 |bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..419X |doi=10.1002/gj.1044 |s2cid=32369205}}</ref> | |- | Undescribed troodontid | Specimen CAGS-IG01-004 | | Lujiatun Bed | Skull and partial skeleton | A troodontid similar to ''Mei''.<ref name="hwangetal2004abs">{{Cite journal |last=Hwang |last2=Norell |last3=Ji |last4=Gao |year=2004 |title=A new troodontid from the lower Yixian Formation of China and its affinities to Mongolian troodontids |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=73A–74A}}</ref> | |} === Tyrannosaurs da sauran theropods === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Dilong'' | ''D. paradoxus'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun & Jianshangou Bed | Rare | A tyrannosauroid |[[File:Dilong_TJV_50.JPG|frameless]] |- | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | ''Grallator'' | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | lower Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | Footprints belonging to the ''Grallator'' form taxon, belonging to a small theropod. Of known Yixian theropods, the footprints most closely match ''Caudipteryx''.<ref name="xingetal2009">{{Cite journal |last=Xing |first=L.D. |last2=Harris |first2=J.D. |last3=Feng |first3=X.Y. |last4=Zhang |first4=Z.J. |year=2009 |title=Theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) tracks from Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Sihetun Village, Liaoning Province, China and possible track makers |journal=Geological Bulletin of China |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=705–712}}</ref> | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Raptorex''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''R. kriegsteini''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | A tyrannosaurid, probably from higher Mongolian strata. | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Scansoriopteryx''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''S. heilmanni''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Initially reported from the Dawangzhangzi Bed, probably from the Daohugou Beds instead.<ref name="Wangetal06">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=X. |last2=Zhou |first2=Z. |last3=He |first3=H. |last4=Jin |first4=F. |last5=Wang |first5=Y. |last6=Wang |first6=Y. |last7=Zhang |first7=J. |last8=Xu |first8=X. |last9=Zhang |first9=F. |display-authors=etal |year=2005 |title=Stratigraphy and age of the Daohugou Bed in Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=50 |issue=20 |pages=2369–2376 |bibcode=2005ChSBu..50.2369W |doi=10.1007/BF03183749 |s2cid=198142479}}</ref> | |- | ''Yutyrannus'' | ''Y. huali'' | | Unknown | Three nearly complete skeletons of various ages | A large tyrannosauroid<ref name="yutyrannus">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=X. |last2=Wang |first2=K. |last3=Zhang |first3=K. |last4=Ma |first4=Q. |last5=Xing |first5=L. |last6=Sullivan |first6=C. |last7=Hu |first7=D. |last8=Cheng |first8=S. |last9=Wang |first9=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China |url=http://www.xinglida.net/pdf/Xu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=484 |issue=7392 |pages=92–95 |bibcode=2012Natur.484...92X |doi=10.1038/nature10906 |pmid=22481363 |s2cid=29689629 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417134949/http://www.xinglida.net/pdf/Xu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> |[[File:Yutyrannus_huali.png|frameless]] |- | Unnamed theropod | Not yet described | Yixian | Lujiatun Bed | Partial post-cranial skeleton<ref name="dongbetitan_bite">{{Cite journal |last=Xing |first=L. |last2=Bell |first2=P.R. |last3=Currie |first3=P.J. |last4=Shibata |first4=M. |last5=Tseng |first5=K. |last6=Dong |first6=Z. |year=2012 |title=A sauropod rib with an embedded theropod tooth: direct evidence for feeding behaviour in the Jehol group, China |journal=Lethaia |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=500–506 |bibcode=2012Letha..45..500X |doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00310.x}}</ref> | A possible allosauroid<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Q. |last2=Xu |first2=X. |year=2008 |title=A new Theropod from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=28 |issue=3 |page=164A |doi=10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459 |s2cid=220405736}}</ref> | |- |} == Pterosaurs == {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Beipiaopterus'' | ''B. chenianus'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Boreopterus'' | ''B. cuiae'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A boreopterid | |- | ''Cathayopterus'' | ''C. grabaui'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Dendrorhynchoides''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=D.W.E. |year=2020 |title=A review of the taxonomy and palaeoecology of the Anurognathidae (Reptilia, Pterosauria) |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/67707 |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=1676–1692 |bibcode=2020AcGlS..94.1676H |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.14585 |s2cid=225169094 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ''D. curvidentatus'' | | | |An anurognathid | |- | ''Elanodactylus''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=C |year=2009 |title=New material of ''Elanodactylus prolatus'' Andres & Ji, 2008 (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=255 |issue=3 |pages=277–286 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0022}}</ref> | ''E. prolatus'' | | Jianshangou Bed<ref name="pterofiltrus" /> | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | rowspan="2" |''Eopteranodon'' |''E. lii''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lü |first=J.C. |last2=B.K. Zhang |year=2005 |title=New pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning |journal=Geological Review |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=458–462}}</ref> |Beipiao | | |A tapejarid | |- |''E. yixianensis''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Xinjun |last2=Jiang |first2=Shunxing |last3=Kellner |first3=Alexander W. A. |last4=Cheng |first4=Xin |last5=Costa |first5=Fabiana R. |last6=Wang |first6=Xiaolin |date=2023-09-01 |title=A new species of Eopteranodon (Pterodactyloidea, Tapejaridae) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123001015 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=149 |bibcode=2023CrRes.14905573Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105573 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=258531568 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |Beipiao |Jianshangou Bed | |A tapejarid | |- | ''Eosipterus'' | ''E. yangi'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Feilongus'' | ''F. youngi'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | A ctenochasmatid | [[File:Feilongus_NT.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Gegepterus'' | ''G. changae''<ref name="pterofiltrus" /> | | Jianshangou Bed<ref name="pterofiltrus" /> | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Gladocephaloideus'' | ''G. jingangshanensis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | [[File:Gladocephaloideus_jingangshanensis.PNG|frameless]] |- |''Haopterus'' | ''H. gracilis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A mimodactylid | [[File:HaopterusGracilis-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Luchibang''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=David W. E. |last2=Fitch |first2=Adam J. |last3=Ma |first3=Feimin |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2020-03-04 |title=An unusual new genus of istiodactylid pterosaur from China based on a near complete specimen |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/2931-a-new-istiodactylid-pterosaur |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–43 |doi=10.26879/1015 |issn=1094-8074 |s2cid=243055980 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=David W. E. |last2=Jiang |first2=Shunxing |last3=Fitch |first3=Adam J. |last4=Xu |first4=Yizhi |last5=Xu |first5=Xing |date=2024-08-16 |title=A reassessment on Luchibang xingzhe: A still valid istiodactylid pterosaur within a chimera |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2024/5273-luchibang-is-a-chinese-chimera |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=English |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.26879/1359 |issn=1094-8074 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |''L. xingzhe'' | | |One partial skull |An [[Istiodactylidae|istiodactylid]] | |- | ''Moganopterus'' | ''M. zhuiana'' | | Lujiatun bed? | |A ctenochasmatid |[[File:Moganopterus_reconstruction.png|frameless]] |- | ''Ningchengopterus'' | ''N. liuae'' | | Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi bed | |A pterodactyloid<ref name="LJ09">{{Cite journal |last=Lü J. |year=2009 |title=A baby pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |bibcode=2009AcGlS..83....1L |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00001.x |s2cid=85074573}}</ref> |[[File:Ningchengopterus_liuae.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Nurhachius'' |''N.'' sp. | |Jingangshan Member<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ozeki |first=Masanori |last2=Unwin |first2=David M. |last3=Bell |first3=Phil R. |last4=Li |first4=Daqing |last5=Xing |first5=Lida |date=2023-06-26 |title=A new pterosaur specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China: The oldest fossil record of Nurhachius |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2023.2222127 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=1625–1638 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2222127 |issn=0891-2963 |s2cid=259677697 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |An incomplete specimen<ref name=":6" /> |An [[Istiodactylidae|istiodactylid]] | |- | ''Pterofiltrus'' | ''P. qiui'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid<ref name="pterofiltrus">{{Cite journal |last=Jiang |first=S. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |year=2011 |title=A new ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, western Liaoning, China |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aabc/v83n4/10.pdf |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=1243–1249 |doi=10.1590/s0001-37652011000400011 |pmid=22146956}}</ref> | |- |''Yixianopterus'' |''Y. jingangshanensis'' | | | |An istiodactyliform | |- | ''Zhenyuanopterus'' | ''Z. longirostris'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A boreopteridm<ref name="ACX10">{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=J. |year=2010 |title=A new boreopterid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=241–246 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..241L |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00204.x |s2cid=140600398}}</ref> may be adult form of ''Boreopterus''. | |- |} == Misc. reptiles == === Choristoderans === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="2" | ''Hyphalosaurus'' | ''H. lingyuanensis'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | | [[File:Hyphalosaurus_mmartyniuk_wiki.png|frameless]] |- | ''H. baitaigouensis'' | | Jingangshan Bed | Thousands of specimens | | |- | ''Monjurosuchus'' | ''M. splendens'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | |[[File:Monjurosuchus.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Sinohydrosaurus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''S. lingyuanensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Dawangzhangzi Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis'' | |- |} === Lizards === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Dalinghosaurus'' | ''D. longidigitus'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A lizard related to shinisaurs | [[File:DalinghesaurusLongidigitus-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Liushusaurus'' | ''L. acanthocaudata''<ref name="evens&wang2010">{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=S.E. |last2=Wang |first2=Y. |year=2010 |title=A new lizard (Reptilia: Squamata) with exquisite preservation of soft tissue from the Lower Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=81–95 |bibcode=2010JSPal...8...81E |doi=10.1080/14772010903537773 |s2cid=56046960}}</ref> | | Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi bed | |A lizard related to [[Tsaka|geckos]] and skinks | |- | ''Xianglong'' | ''X. zhaoi'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A gliding lizard related to chameleons and dragon lizards |[[File:Xianglong_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Yabeinosaurus'' | ''Y. tenuis'' | | Dawangzhangzi & Jingangshan Beds | |A lizard related to geckos and skinks | |- |} === Turtles === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="2" | ''Manchurochelys'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | ''M. liaoxiensis''<ref name="chenetal2005">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=P. |last2=Wang |first2=Q. |last3=Zhang |first3=H. |last4=Cao |first4=M. |last5=Li |first5=W. |last6=Wu |first6=S. |last7=Shen |first7=Y. |year=2005 |title=Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation in West Liaoning, China |journal=Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=298–312 |bibcode=2005ScChD..48..298C |doi=10.1360/04yd0038 |s2cid=130825449}}</ref> | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Reclassified as ''Ordosemys liaoxiensis''<ref name="amnh1">{{Cite journal |last=Tong |first=H. |last2=Ji |first2=S. |last3=Ji |first3=Q. |year=2004 |title=Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, Northeastern China: New Specimens and Systematic Revision |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/177942 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3438 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2004)438<0001:OTCFTY>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0003-0082 |s2cid=55873696}}</ref> | |- | ''M. manchoukuoensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | Jingangshan Bed | | | |- | ''Ordosemys'' | ''O. liaoxiensis''<ref name="amnh1" /> | | Jianshangou Bed | | |[[File:Manchuroche.JPG|frameless]] |- |} == Dabbobi masu shayarwa == {{paleobiota-key-compact}}Dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka jera a ƙasa an tattara su a cikin binciken da Meng da abokan aiki suka yi a cikin shekara ta 2006, sai dai in ba haka ba.<ref name="mengetall2006">{{Cite journal |last=Meng |first=J. |last2=Hu |first2=Y. |last3=Li |first3=C. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |year=2006 |title=The mammal fauna in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: implications for diversity and biology of Mesozoic mammals |journal=Geological Journal |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=439–463 |bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..439J |doi=10.1002/gj.1054 |s2cid=84397126}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Abubuwan da ake amfani da su !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''Acristatherium'' |''A. yanensis''<ref name="acristatherium">{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Y. |last2=Meng |first2=J. |last3=Li |first3=C. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |year=2010 |title=New basal eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol biota, Liaoning, China |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=277 |issue=1679 |pages=229–236 |bibcode=2010PBioS.277..229H |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0203 |pmc=2842663 |pmid=19419990}}</ref> |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Wani mai ba da labariEutherian | |- |''Akidolestes'' |''A. cifellii'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |spalacotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''Gidajen ruwa<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Bi |first=Shundong |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaoting |last3=Wang |first3=Xiaoli |last4=Cignetti |first4=Natalie E. |last5=Yang |first5=Shiling |last6=Wible |first6=John R. |date=2018 |title=An Early Cretaceous eutherian and the placental–marsupial dichotomy |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0210-3 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=558 |issue=7710 |pages=390–395 |bibcode=2018Natur.558..390B |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0210-3 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=29899454 |s2cid=49183466 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>'' |''A. zhoui'' |Nincheng |Gidan Jianshangou | |Wani mai ba da labari | |- |''Chaoyangodens''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shilin Hou |last2=Jin Meng |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=A new eutriconodont mammal from the early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of Liaoning, China |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=59 |issue=5–6 |pages=546–553 |bibcode=2014ChSBu..59..546H |doi=10.1007/s11434-013-0088-2 |s2cid=129366743}}</ref> |''C. Li'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |A eutriconodont | |- |''Eomaia'' |''E. scansoria'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |Wani kabilar tribosphenidan, mai yiwuwa euTherian ko stem-therian |[[File:Live_reconstruction_of_Cretophasmomima_melanogramma_-_journal.pone.0091290.g007.png|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''Gobiconodon'' |''G. zofiae'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Gwamnatin Gidagobiconodont |[[File:Gobiconodon.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''G. luoianus''<ref name="Yuan">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Thierry |last2=Smith |first2=Richard |last3=Zhang |first3=Xingliao |last4=Xi |first4=Yunhong |last5=Wu |first5=Yanhua |last6=Ji |first6=Qiang |last9=Yuan Chongxi, Xu Li, Zhang Xingliao, Xi Yunhong, Wu Yanhua and Ji Qiang |year=2009 |title=A New Species of ''Gobiconodon'' (Mammalia) from Western Liaoning, China and its Implication for the Dental Formula of ''Gobiconodon'' |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=207–211 |bibcode=2009AcGlS..83..207Y |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00035.x |s2cid=129667303 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidan Lujiatun | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |A gobiconodont; ƙaramin ma'anar ''G. zofiae'' | |- |''Yeholodens'' |''J. jenkinsi'' |Chaoyang |Gidan Jianshangou | |A eutriconodont |[[File:Jeholodens_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Juchilestes''<ref name="Gao2010">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=CL |last2=Wilson |first2=GP |last3=Luo |first3=ZX |last4=Maga |first4=AM |last5=Meng |first5=Q |last6=Wang |first6=X |last9=Chun-Ling Gao, Gregory P. Wilson, Zhe-Xi Luo, A. Murat Maga, Qingjin Meng and Xuri Wang |year=2010 |title=A new mammal skull from the Lower Cretaceous of China with implications for the evolution of obtuse-angled molars and 'amphilestid' eutriconodonts |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=277 |issue=1679 |pages=237–246 |bibcode=2010PBioS.277..237G |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.1014 |pmc=2842676 |pmid=19726475}}</ref> |''J. liaoningensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Amphidontid | |- |''[[Jueconodon]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mao |first=F. |last2=Zhang |first2=C. |last3=Liu |first3=C. |last4=Meng |first4=J. |date=2021 |title=Fossoriality and evolutionary development in two Cretaceous mammaliamorphs |journal=Nature |volume=592 |issue=7855 |pages=577–582 |bibcode=2021Natur.592..577M |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03433-2 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=33828300 |s2cid=233183060}}</ref> |''J. cheni'' | | | |A eutriconodont | |- | rowspan="2" |''Maotherium'' |''M. sinensis'' |Chaoyang |Gidan Jianshangou | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''M. asiaticus''<ref name="Martin & Ruf 2009"> {{Cite journal |last=Martin, Thomas |last2=Ruf, Irina |year=2009 |title=On the mammalian ear |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5950 |pages=243–244 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..243M |doi=10.1126/science.1181131 |pmid=19815765 |s2cid=26545052}} </ref> |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''[[Meemannodon]]'' |''M. lujiatunensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Gwamnatin Gida | |- |''Origolestes'' |''O. lii'' | | | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''Ningchengodon'' |''N. foxi'' |Ningcheng |Kogin Ningcheng |Wani likitan hakora na dama. |A symmetrodont. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Repenomamus'' |''R. giganticus'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Gwamnatin Gida |[[File:Repenomamus_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- |''R. robustus'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Babban gobiconodont, wanda ya ci kananan dinosaur | |- |''Sinobaatar'' |''S. lingyuanensis'' |Lingyuan |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi | |Mai amfani da yawa | |- |''Sinodelphys'' |''S. szalayi'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |Therian, da farko an fassara shi azaman metatherian kuma daga baya an sake fassara shi a matsayin eutherian | |- |''Yanoconodon''<ref name="yanoconodon">{{Cite journal |last=Luo |first=Z. |last2=Chen |first2=P. |last3=Li |first3=G. |last4=Chen |first4=M. |year=2007 |title=A new eutriconodont mammal and evolutionary development in early mammals |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15542/files/PAL_E2954.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=446 |issue=7133 |pages=288–93 |bibcode=2007Natur.446..288L |doi=10.1038/nature05627 |pmid=17361176 |s2cid=4329583}}</ref> |''Y. allini''<ref name="yanoconodon" /> |Fengning <ref name="yanoconodon" /> | | |Eutricondondont |[[File:Yanoconodon_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Zhangheotherium'' |''Z. quinquecuspidens'' |Chaoyang |Gidan Jianshangou | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |} == Dabbobi masu rai da ruwa == {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Abubuwan da ake amfani da su !Bayani !Hotuna |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Callobatrachus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. sanyanensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Sihetun | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidan Jianshangou | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Liaobatrachus'' |[[File:Callobatrachus.png|frameless]] |- |''Laccotriton'' |''L. subsolanus'' |Paozhanggou |Gidan Fengshan | |urodelan | |- | rowspan="2" |''Liaobatrachus'' |''L. grabaui'' |Sihetun |Gidan Jianshangou | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi | |- |''L. zhaoi'' |Beipiao da Heitizigou |Lujiatun Bed & Jianshangou Bed | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Mesophryne'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''M. beipiaoensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Beipiao da Heitizigou | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Lujiatun Bed & Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Liaobatrachus'' | |- |''Sinerpeton'' |''S. fengshanensis'' |Paozhanggou |Gidan Fengshan | |urodelan | |- |} == Kifi == {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |Hybodontoidea indet. |Iyali, jinsin da jinsin da ba a tantance su ba | | | |Wani elasmobranch da aka sani daga wani dorsal fin spine <ref name="zhang2007shark">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2007 |title=Two shark finspines (Hybodontoidea) from the Mesozoic of North China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=277–280 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..277Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.005}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Lycoptera'' |''L. dabbidi'' | |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi |Har ila yau yana cikin Jiufotang Formation & Huajiying FormationTsarin Huajiying | rowspan="3" |Wani nau'in osteoglossiform |[[File:Lycoptera_reconstruction.jpg|frameless]] |- |''L. muroii'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | |- |''L. sinensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''Mesomyzon'' |''M. mengae'' | | | |Lambarlamprey |[[File:Mesomyzon_NT_small.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Peipiaosteus'' |''P. tsoro'' | |Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi Bed |Har ila yau yana cikin Tsarin Jiufotang |Kifi na peipiaosteid da ke da alaƙa da sturgeons | |- |''Protopsephurus'' |''P. liui'' | |Gidan Dawangzhangzi |Har ila yau yana cikin Jiufotang & Huajiying Formations |Kifi mai suna paddlefishKifi na paddlefish |[[File:Protopsephurus_liui.JPG|frameless]] |- |''Sinamia'' |''S. liaoningensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ƙarƙashin ƙuƙwalwabowfin |[[File:Sinamia.JPG|frameless]] |- |''[[Yanosteus]]'' |''Y. longidorsalis'' | | |Har ila yau yana cikin Tsarin Huajiying |Peipiaosteid | |- |} == Naman dabbobi marasa ƙashi na Tsarin Yixian == Nau'in halittu marasa ƙashi da aka lissafa a ƙasa ya biyo bayan wani bincike da Chen da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar a shekarar 2005, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. <ref name="chenetal2005" /> === Arachnids === Nau'in arachnid da aka lissafa a ƙasa suna bin kundin bayanai da Dunlop, Penney da Jekel suka tattara a shekarar 2010, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Yawa ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | rowspan="4" | ? ''Araneus'' | ''A.'' ? ''aethus'' | | | | rowspan="4" | Gizo-gizo masu sakawa na Orb | |- | ''A.'' ? ''beipiaoensis'' | | | | |- | ''A.'' ? ''liaoxiensis'' | | | | |- | ''A.'' ? ''reheensis'' | | | | |- | ''[[Cretaraneus|Cretaranus]]'' | ''C. liaoningensis'' | | | | Gizo-gizon Nephiline | |- | ? ''Gnaphosa'' | ''G.'' ? ''liaoningensis'' | | | | Gizo-gizo na ƙasa | |- | ''[[Jeholia|Yeholiya]]'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xuan |first=Qiang |last2=Cai |first2=Chenyang |last3=Huang |first3=Yuangeng |last4=Huang |first4=Diying |date=24 January 2025 |title=First Mesozoic scorpion from China and its ecological implications |journal=Science Bulletin |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=1941–1944 |bibcode=2025SciBu..70.1941X |doi=10.1016/j.scib.2025.01.035 |pmid=39924406}}</ref> | ''J. longchengi'' | | | | Kunama mai kama da buthoid | |- | ? ''Theridion'' | ''T.'' ? ''atalus'' | | | | Gizo-gizo mai tauri | |- |} === Ƙwaro (Coleoptera) === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Anoixis]]'' |''A. complanus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai latsawa <ref name="huali2010">{{Cite journal |last=Huali |first=C. |last2=Kirejtshuk |first2=A. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2010 |title=New Fossil Elaterids (Coleoptera: Polyphaga: Elateridae) From the Jehol Biota in China |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=866–874 |doi=10.1603/AN09076 |s2cid=55827291 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Apoclion]]'' |''A. antennatus'' | | | | rowspan="3" |Kwararrun kwari <ref name="huali2010" /> | |- |''A. clavatus'' | | | | |- |''A. dolini'' | | | | |- |''[[Coptoclava]]'' |''C. longipoda'' | | | |Kwango <ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Desmatinus]]'' |''D. cognatus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai latsawa <ref name="huali2010" /> | |- |''[[Fortiseode]]'' |''F. pervalimand'' | | | |Wani kwari na [[Eodromeinae|eodromeine]] trachypachid | |- |''Haske'' |''G. orthochilus'' | | | |Kwango mai laresid scarab <ref name="baietal2010">{{Cite journal |last=Bai |first=M. |last2=Krell |first2=F.T. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |last4=Yang |first4=X. |year=2010 |title=A New, Weil-Preserved Species of Glaresidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Jehol Biota of China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=676–679 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..676M |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00229.x |s2cid=140694460}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Hydrophilopsia]]'' |''H. gracilis'' | | | | rowspan="3" |Hydrophiloid ruwa scavenger beetles <ref name="prokinetal2010">{{Cite journal |last=Prokin |first=A. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Martin |first3=F. |year=2010 |title=New Mesozoic Water Scavenger Beetles from the Yixian Formation in China (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea) |journal=Annales Zoologici |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=173–179 |doi=10.3161/000345410X516821 |s2cid=51491869}}</ref> | |- |''H. hydraenoides'' | | | | |- |''H. shatrovskiyi'' | | | | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Lasiosyne]]'' |''L. inteera'' |Garin Huangbanjigou, Lardin Liaoning, arewa maso gabashin China.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Guo |first=Henan |last2=Zhao |first2=Yanchen |last3=Chang |first3=Huali |last4=Shih |first4=Chungkun |last5=Ren |first5=Dong |date=2022-08-13 |title=Two new species of Lasiosyne from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (Coleoptera, Lasiosynidae) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122002002 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=140 |bibcode=2022CrRes.14005336G |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105336 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=251558114 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | | |Wani kwari na [[Lasiosynidae|lasiosynid]].<ref name=":3" /> | |- |''L. parva'' |Garin Huangbanjigou, Lardin Liaoning, arewa maso gabashin China.<ref name=":3" /> | | |Wani kwari na [[Lasiosynidae|lasiosynid]].<ref name=":3" /> | |- |''Liaoximordella'' |''L. hongi'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna mordellid <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''Mirimordella'' |''M. gracilicruralis'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna mordellid <ref name="liuetal2007">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=M. |last2=Lu |first2=W. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2007 |title=A new fossil mordellid (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Mordellidae) from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning Province, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1415 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1415.1.6 |s2cid=4494968 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Oxyporus (beetle)|Oxyporus]]'' |''O. yixianus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna oxyporin rove <ref name="yue2011">{{Cite journal |last=Yue |first=Y. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Solodovnikovb |first3=A. |year=2011 |title=The oldest fossil species of the rove beetle subfamily Oxyporinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Early Cretaceous (Yixian Formation, China) and its phylogenetic significance |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=9 |issue=4 |page=2 |bibcode=2011JSPal...9..467Y |doi=10.1080/14772019.2010.493049 |s2cid=83787190}}</ref> | |- |''[[Paradesmatus]]'' |''P. dilatatus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai lamba desmati <ref name="huali2010" /> | |- |''[[Parageotrupes|Ƙungiyoyin Parageotrupes]]'' |''P. incanus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna Geotrupine scarab <ref name="nikolajev">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolajev |first=G.V. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |year=2010 |title=New Genus of the Subfamily Geotrupinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Geotrupindae) from the Jehol Biota |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=673–675 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..673N |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00260.x |s2cid=83650978}}</ref> | |- |''[[Sinocupes]]'' |''S. validus'' | | | |Kwango <ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Sinosperchopsis]]'' |''S. silinae'' | | | |Wani kwari mai cin ruwa mai suna hydrophiloid <ref name="prokinetal2010" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Sinoxytelus]]'' |''S. taƙaitaccen'' | | | | rowspan="3" |Oxyteline rove beetles <ref name="yuestaphylinids2010">{{Cite journal |last=Yue |first=Y. |last2=Zhao |first2=Y. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2010 |title=Three new Mesozoic Staphylinids (Coleoptera) from Liaoning, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |bibcode=2010CrRes..31...61Y |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2009.09.005}}</ref> | |- |''S. euglypheus'' | | | | |- |''S. longisetosus'' | | | | |- |} === Dabbobi masu kama da dabbobi === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- | rowspan="2" |''Chenops''<ref name="Hegna">{{Cite journal |last=Hegna |first=Thomas A. |last2=Dong |first2=REN |last9=Thomas A. Hegna, Ren Dong |year=2010 |title=Two New "Notostracans", ''Chenops'' gen. nov. and ''Jeholops'' gen. nov. (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: ?Notostraca) from the Yixian Formation, Northeastern China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=886–894 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..886H |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00232.x |s2cid=85023596}}</ref> |''C. oblongus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Notostracans | rowspan="2" |[[File:Chenops_yixianensis.jpg|frameless]] |- |''C. yixianensis'' | | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Cricoidoscelosus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. Aethus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Palaeocambarus<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Crayfishes from the Jehol biota |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/45/24 |journal=Geodiversitas |language=en |volume=45 |issue=24 |pages=689–719}}</ref>'' [2] | |- | rowspan="5" |''[[Cypridea]]'' |''C.'' (''Cypridea'') liaoningensis''haɗin kai'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | rowspan="5" |Ostracods | |- |''C.'' (''C.'') ''sihetunensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''C.'' (''C.'') veridica arguta''gaskiya mai ma'ana'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | |- |''C.'' (''C.'') sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''C.'' (''Ulwellia'') ''beipiaoensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''[[Damonella]]'' |''D. kyakkyawa'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''Darwinula'' |''D. leguminella'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Diestheria|Abinci]]'' |''D. jeholensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | rowspan="3" |Clam shrimps | |- |''D. yixianensis'' | |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | | |- |D?sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- | rowspan="5" |''[[Eosestheria]]'' |''E. jingangshanensis'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | rowspan="5" |Clam shrimps | |- |''E. lingyuanensis'' | |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | | |- |''E.'' da kuma. ''tsakiya'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | |- |''E. ovata'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''E. sihetunensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''[[Eosestheriopsis]]'' |''E. gujialingensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Crab shrimp | |- |''Yeholops''<ref name="Hegna" /> |''J. hongi'' | | | |Wani abu mai suna notostracan |[[File:Jeholops_Chenops.jpg|frameless]] |- |''[[Liaoningogriphus]]'' |''L. quadripartitus'' | |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi | |Tsuntsushrimp | |- |''[[Lycopterocypris]]'' |''L. infantilis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''[[Mantelliana]]'' |''M.'' sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |"<nowiki><i id="mwD3k">Mongolarachne</i></nowiki>" | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |"M" ''Chaoyangensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidajen Dawangzhangzi | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Palaeocambarus'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paul A. Selden |last2=Alison N. Olcott |last3=Matt R. Downen |last4=Dong Ren |last5=Chungkun Shih |last6=Xiaodong Cheng |year=2019 |title=The supposed giant spider ''Mongolarachne chaoyangensis'', from the Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China, is a crayfish |url=http://www.paulselden.net/uploads/7/5/3/2/7532217/yixiancrayfish2019.pdf |journal=Palaeoentomology |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=515–522 |bibcode=2019Plegy...2..515S |doi=10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.5.15 |s2cid=208124459}}</ref> | |- |''[[Mongolianella]]'' |Ka duba littafin nan. ''dabino'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''Palaeocambarus'' |''P. lasisi'' | | | |Kayan kifi |[[File:BMNH_IMG_5554_Cricoidoscelosus_aethus.jpg|frameless]] |- |''[[Rhinocyrpis]]'' |''R. jurassica'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''[[Timiriasevia]]'' |''T. jianshangouensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |?''[[Yanjiestheria]]'' |Y?''beipiaoensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Jianshangou | |Crab shrimp | |- |''[[Yanshania]]'' |''Y. dabeigouensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |} === Dragonflies (Odonata) === {{Paleobiota-key-compact}}Nau'in dragonfly da aka jera a ƙasa sun bi bita da Zhang, Ren da Panf suka tattara a cikin 2008, sai dai idan an lura da hakan.<ref name="zhangrenpang2008">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=B. Ren |last2=Pang |first2=H. |year=2008 |title=''Telmaeshna paradoxica'' gen. et sp. nov., a new fossil dragonfly (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera) from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1681 |pages=62–68 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1681.1.6}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Abrohemeroscopus]]'' |''A. Yana cin abinci'' | | | |dragonfly | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#f3e9f3;" |''[[Aeschnidium]]'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''A. heishankowense'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | rowspan="2" style="background:#fbdddb;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sinaeschnidia heishankowense'' <ref name="zhang2000" /> | |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''A.'' sp. | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |''[[Archaeogomphus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''A. labius'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Nymphs <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake rarraba shi a matsayin ''Yixiangomphus labius'', <ref name="zhang2000" /> wanda shine ƙaramin ma'anar ''Sinaeschnidia cancellosa'' <ref name="lin1994">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Q. |year=1994 |title=Cretaceous insects of China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=305–316 |bibcode=1994CrRes..15..305L |doi=10.1006/cres.1994.1019}}</ref> | |- |''[[Bellabrunetia]]'' |''B. catherinae'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Chrysogomphus]]'' |''C. beipiaoensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Dissurus|Rashin jituwa]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''D. liaoyuanensis''<ref name="lin1994" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Nymph da ba a kiyaye shi sosai ba <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sinaeschnidia'' cf. ''ya soke''<ref name="zhang2000" /> | |- |''[[Dracontaeschnidium]]'' |''D. gabas'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Hebeiaeschnidia]]'' |''H. fengningensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Huaxiagomphus]]'' |''H. taushanensis'' | | | |Dragonfly <ref name="lin1994" /> | |- |''[[Liogomphus]]'' |''L. yixianensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Mesocordulia]]'' |''M. boreala'' | | | |Wani dragonfly mai kama da corduliid <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Palaeogomphus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''P. labius'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Wani dragonfly, wanda aka sake rarraba shi a matsayin na ''Yixiangomphus labius'', wanda shine ƙaramin ma'anar ''Sinaeschnidia cancellosa'' <ref name="zhang2000" /><ref name="lin1994" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Parapetala]]'' |''P. liaoningensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''P. yixianensis'' | |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=Daran |last2=Zhang |first2=Xin |last3=Zhang |first3=Haichun |last4=Nel |first4=André |date=2022-08-13 |title=New Lower Cretaceous aeshnopteran dragonflies from western Liaoning, NE China (Odonata: Anisoptera) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122001884 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=140 |bibcode=2022CrRes.14005324Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105324 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=251558031 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | | | |- |''[[Protoliupanshania]]'' |''P. wangi'' | |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":2" /> | |Wani dragonfly na [[liupanshaniid]] | |- |''[[Pseudocymatophlebia]]'' |''P. bisecta'' |Gundumar Ningcheng<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Qiang |last2=Ren |first2=Dong |last3=Shi |first3=Chaofan |date=June 2023 |title=New petalurid dragonfly (Odonata: Aktassiidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of northern China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667123001374 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=151 |bibcode=2023CrRes.15105609Y |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105609 |s2cid=259601344 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | |Wani samfurin da aka adana sosai.<ref name=":4" /> |Wani dragonfly na [[Aktassiidae|aktassiid]] | |- |''[[Pseudoliupanshania]]'' |''P. magnanicellula'' | |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":2" /> | | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Pseudosamarura|Ƙarya mai ƙamshi]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''P. largina''<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ɗaya daga cikin samfurori, nymph <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sinaeschnidia'' cf. ''ya soke''<ref name="zhang2000" /> | |- |''[[Rudiaeschna]]'' |''R. limnobia'' | | | |Wani dragonfly aeshnid <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Sinaeschnidia'' |''S. heishankowense'' | |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi |Manya da nymphs <ref name="zhang2000" /> | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''S. cancellosa''<ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''S. heishankowense'' <ref name="fleck">{{Cite journal |last=Fleck |first=G. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |year=2003 |title=Revision of the Mesozoic family Aeschnidiidae (Odonata: Anisoptera) |journal=Zoologica |volume=153 |pages=1–170}}</ref> | |- |''S.'' sp. | | |Samfurori marasa tabbas <ref name="zhang2000" /> |An ba da wasu samfurori na nymph nasu jinsuna da jinsuna ko da yake mai yiwuwa sun kasance ''S. heishankowense'' amma ba a kiyaye su sosai ba don tabbatar da su <ref name="zhang2000" /> |[[File:Sinaeschnidia-Tianjin_Natural_History_Museum.jpg|frameless]] |- |''[[Sinaktassia]]'' |''S. tangi''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Q.-B. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |last3=Huang |first3=D.-Y. |year=2010 |title=Sinaktassia tangi, a new Chinese Mesozoic genus and species of Aktassiidae (Odonata: Petaluroidea) |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2359 |issue=1 |pages=61–64 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2359.1.5}}</ref> | | | |Wani dragonfly na [[Aktassiidae|aktassiid]] | |- |''[[Sinogomphus]]'' |''S. taoshanensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Sinojagoria]]'' |''S. imperfecta'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Sopholibellula]]'' |''S. amoena'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Tsuntsaye | |- |''S. a tsaye'' | | | | |- |''[[Stylaeschnidium]]'' |''S. rarum'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Telmaeshna]]'' |''T. mai rikitarwa'' |Beipiao | | |Dragonfly | |- |''Turanophlebia'' |''T. liaoningensis'' |Beipiao <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Fang |first=Rui |last2=Zheng |first2=Daran |date=2022-11-23 |title=A new tarsophlebiid dragonfly from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, NE China (Insecta: Odonatoptera, Panodonata) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122002889 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=143 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105424 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=253875737 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":5" /> | |Wani tarsophlebiid dragonfly. | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Yixiangomphus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Y. labius'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Nymphs <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Sinaeschnidia cancellosa'' <ref name="zhang2000">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2000 |title=The discovery of aeschnidiid nymphs (Aeschnidiidae, Odonata, Insecta) |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=1031–1038 |bibcode=2000ChSBu..45.1031Z |doi=10.1007/bf02884986 |s2cid=85282862}}</ref> | |} === Tsuntsaye (Diptera) === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Alleremonomus]]'' |''A. xingi'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi | |- |''[[Atalosciophila]]'' |''A. yanensis'' | | | |Gnat na mycetophilid <ref name="zhang2007">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2007 |title=New mesosciophilid gnats (Insecta: Diptera: Mesosciophilidae) in the Daohugou biota of Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=297–301 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..297Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.007}}</ref> | |- |''[[Chironomaptera]]'' |''C. gregaria'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai fashewaFantasma Midge | |- |''[[Gigantoberis]]'' |''G. liaoningensis'' | | | |sojan ya tashi <ref name="huang&lin2007soldier">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=D. |last2=Lin |first2=Q. |year=2007 |title=A new soldier fly (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, northeast China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=317–321 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..317H |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.006}}</ref> | |- |''[[Lichnoplecia]]'' |''L. kovalevi'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi <ref name="zhangflies2007">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2007 |title=New Mesozoic Protopleciidae (Insecta: Diptera: Nematocera) from China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=289–296 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..289Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.009}}</ref> | |- |''[[Palaepangonius]]'' |''P. eupterus'' | | | |Tsuntsu na doki <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Protapiocera]]'' |''P. megista'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai zaman kansa <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Protempis]]'' |''P. minti'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Protonemestrius]]'' |''P. jurassicus'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai laushi <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |} === Wasps (Hymenoptera) === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- |''[[Abropelecinus]]'' |''A. annulatus'' |Beipiao | | |An [[Iscopininae|iscopinine]] pelecinid<ref name="fengetal2011">{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=H. |last2=Shih |first2=C. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |last4=Liu |first4=C. |year=2011 |title=New male pelecinid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning (China) |journal=Geologica Carpathica |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=463–468 |doi=10.2478/v10096-010-0028-x |s2cid=84767798 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Angaridyela]]'' |''A. robusta'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A sawfly | |- |''[[Azygopelecinus]]'' |''A. clavatus'' |Beipiao | | | An iscopinine pelecinid<ref name="fengetal2011" /> | |- |''[[Chengdeserphus]]'' |''C. petidatus'' | | | |A proctotrupid wasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Cretevania'' |''C. exquisita'' | rowspan="3" |Beipiao | | | rowspan="3" |Hatchet wasps<ref name="zhangwasps2007">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=H. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first2=A.P. |last3=Wang |first3=D. |last4=Zhang |first4=Y. |year=2007 |title=Some hatchet wasps (Hymenoptera, Evaniidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=310–316 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..310Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.003}}</ref> | |- |''C. pristine'' |Jianshangou bed | | |- |''C. vesca'' | | | |- |''[[Hoplitolyda]]'' |''H. duolunica'' | | | |The largest known sawfly ever<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Taiping |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr P. |last4=Ren |first4=Dong |date=2013-05-03 |title=Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto Largest Sawfly from the Mesozoic of China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...862420G |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0062420 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3643952 |pmid=23671596 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Liaotoma]]'' |''L. linearis'' | | | |A [[Xyelotomidae|xyelotomid]] woodwasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Manlaya]]'' |''M. flexuosus'' | | | |An aulacid woodwasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#fbdddb;" |''Procretevania'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''P. exquisita'' | rowspan="3" style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | rowspan="3" style="background:#fbdddb;" | Reclassified as ''Cretevania'' spp.<ref name="Peñalver">{{Cite journal |last=Enrique Peñalver |last2=Jaime Ortega-Blanco |last3=André Nel |last4=Xavier Delclòs |year=2010 |title=Mesozoic Evaniidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in Spanish Amber: Reanalysis of the Phylogeny of the Evanioidea |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=809–827 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..809P |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00257.x |s2cid=83716591}}</ref> | |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''P. pristine'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''P. vesca'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Rudisiricius]]'' |''R. belli'' | | | | rowspan="3" | Praesiricid sawflies<ref name="gaoetal2010">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=T. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first2=A.P. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |year=2010 |title=The first Praesiricidae (Hymenoptera) from Northeast China |journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |volume=46 |issue=1–2 |pages=148–153 |bibcode=2010AnSEF..46..148G |doi=10.1080/00379271.2010.10697650 |s2cid=88390334}}</ref> | |- |''R. celsus'' | | | | |- |''R. crassinodus'' | | | | |- |''[[Scolichneumon]]'' |''S. rectivenius'' | | | |An ichneumonoid wasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Sinopelecinus]]'' |''S. viriosus'' | | | |A pelecinid<ref name="fengetal2011" /> | |- |''[[Tanychora]]'' |''T. exquisita'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |An ichneumon wasp | |- |} === Other insects === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- |''[[Abrigramma]]'' |''A. calophleba'' | | | |A kalligrammatid lacewing<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Qiang |last2=Wang |first2=Yongjie |last3=Labandeira |first3=Conrad C. |last4=Shih |first4=Chungkun |last5=Ren |first5=Dong |date=2014-06-09 |title=Mesozoic lacewings from China provide phylogenetic insight into evolution of the Kalligrammatidae (Neuroptera) |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=126 |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..126Y |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-126 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=4113026 |pmid=24912379 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Abrigramma_calophleba_holotype_A.jpg|center|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Alloraphidia]]'' |''A. bliquivenatica''<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | | | | rowspan="2" |Snakeflies | rowspan="2" | |- |''A. longistigmasa'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |- |''[[Archeraphidia]]'' |''A. shangyuanensis'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> |- |''[[Baissopterus]]'' |''B. liaoningensis'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> |- |''[[Caenoephemera]]'' |''C. shangyuanensis'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A mayfly<ref name="lin&huang2001">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Q.B. |last2=Huang |first2=D.Y. |year=2001 |title=Description of ''Caenophemera shangyuanensis'' gen. nov., sp. nov. (Ephemeroptera), from the Yixian Formation |journal=The Canadian Entomologist |volume=133 |issue=6 |pages=747–754 |bibcode=2001CaEnt.133..747L |doi=10.4039/Ent133747-6 |s2cid=85742721}}</ref> |- |''[[Caloraphidia]]'' |''C. glossophylla'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="ren2002">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=D. |year=2002 |title=Progress in the study of Mesozoic fossil insects during the last decade in China |journal=Acta Entomologica Sinica |volume=45 |pages=234–240}}</ref> | |- |''[[Choromyrmeleon]]'' |''C. othneius'' | | | |An antlion<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Circulaboilus]]'' |''C. aureus'' | | | |A grig<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=L.-M. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Wang |first3=Z.-H. |year=2007 |title=New Prophalangopsids from Late Mesozoic of China (Orthoptera, Prophalangopsidae, Aboilinae) |journal=Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=412–422}}</ref> |- |''Cretophasmomima'' |''C. melanogramma'' | | | |A stick insect<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Maomin |last2=Béthoux |first2=Olivier |last3=Bradler |first3=Sven |last4=Jacques |first4=Frédéric M. B. |last5=Cui |first5=Yingying |last6=Ren |first6=Dong |date=2014-03-19 |editor-last=Srygley |editor-first=Robert B. |title=Under Cover at Pre-Angiosperm Times: A Cloaked Phasmatodean Insect from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...991290W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0091290 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3960115 |pmid=24646906 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Cretophasmomima_melanogramma.png|center|frameless|''Cretophasmomima'', a stick insect]] |- |?''[[Ephemeropsis (animal)|Ephemeropsis]]'' |?''E. trisetalis'' | |Jianshangou and Jingangshan beds | |A mayfly. Chinese specimens probably represent species of ''Epicharmeropsis''<ref name="huangren2007" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Epicharmeropsis]]'' |''E. hexavenulosus''<ref name="huangren2007">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=J. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Sinitshenkova |first3=N. D. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |year=2007 |title=New genus and species of Hexagenitidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Yixian Formation, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1629 |pages=39–50 |bibcode=2007Zoot.16299.1.3H |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1629.1.3 |s2cid=85843454}}</ref> |Pingquan | | | rowspan="2" |Mayflies |- |''E. quadrivenulosus''<ref name="huangren2007" /> |Beipiao |Jianshangou Bed | |[[File:Epicharmeropsis.jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''[[Hagiphasma]]'' |''H. paradoxa'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A stick insect | |- | rowspan="6" |''[[Ilerdocossus]]'' |''I. beipiaoensis'' | | | | rowspan="6" |Palaeontinid hemipterans<ref name="menonetal2005">{{Cite journal |last=Menon |first=F. |last2=Heads |first2=S.W. |last3=Martill |first3=D.M. |year=2005 |title=New Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Cicadomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=837–844 |bibcode=2005CrRes..26..837M |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2005.05.005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Yuling |last2=Chen |first2=Jun |last3=Wang |first3=Bo |date=2019-03-01 |title=New Cretaceous palaeontinids (Insecta, Hemiptera) from northeast China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019566711830291X |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=95 |pages=130–137 |bibcode=2019CrRes..95..130L |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.007 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=134455637 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |''I. exiguus'' | | | |- |''I. exquisitus'' | | | |- |''I. fengningensis'' | | | |- |''I. hui'' | | | |- |''I. pingquanensis'' | | | |- |''[[Ithigramma]]'' |''I. multinervia'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Kalligrammatid lacewings<ref name=":7" /> |[[File:Labandeira_et_al_2016_Fig_1-f.jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''Kalligramma'' |''K. liaoningensis'' | |Jianshangou Bed | | |- |''[[Karatavoblatta]]'' |''K. formosa'' | | | |A cockroach<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Liaoaphidia]]'' |''L. fornicata'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Liaonemobius]]'' |''L. tanae'' | | | |A sword-tail cricket<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Longicellochrysa]]'' |''L. yixiana'' | | | |A mesochrysopid lacewing<ref name="renmakarkin2010">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=D. |last2=Makarkin |first2=V.N. |last3=Yang |first3=Q. |year=2010 |title=A new fossil genus of Mesochrysopidae (Neuroptera) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2523 |pages=50–56 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2523.1.3 |s2cid=73522770}}</ref> | |- |''[[Mesascalaphus]]'' |''M. yangi'' | | | |An owlfly<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Mesolygaeus]]'' |''M. laiyangensis'' | | | |A water bug<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Metabittacus]]'' |''M. colosseus'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A scorpionfly<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen, Peiji |last2=Wang, Qifei |last3=Zhang, Haichun |last4=Cao, Meizhen |last5=Li, Wenben |last6=Wu, Shunqing |last7=Shen, Yanbin |title=论义县组尖山沟层（Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation in West Liaoning, China） |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332553517 |language=zh}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Miracossus]]'' |''M. gongi'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Palaeontinid hemipterans<ref name="menonetal2005" /> |- |''M. ingentius'' | | | |- |''[[Nipponoblatta]]'' |''N. acerba'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A cockroach |- |''[[Oloberotha]]'' |''O. sinica'' | | | |A beaded lacewing<ref name="ren2002" /> |- | rowspan="2" |''Oregramma'' |''O. aureolosa'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Kalligrammatid lacewings<ref name=":7" /> |[[File:Labandeira_et_al_2016_Fig_1-e.jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''O. illecebrosa'' | | | |[[File:Oregramma_illecebrosa.png|center|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''Pseudopulex'' |''P. magnus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Stem-fleas<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Taiping |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr P. |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |last5=Wang |first5=Shuo |last6=Ren |first6=Dong |date=2014-08-27 |title=The first flea with fully distended abdomen from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=168 |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..168G |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0168-1 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=4154525 |pmid=25158612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Tai-ping |last2=Shih |first2=Chung-kun |last3=Xu |first3=Xing |last4=Wang |first4=Shuo |last5=Ren |first5=Dong |date=2012 |title=Mid-Mesozoic Flea-like Ectoparasites of Feathered or Haired Vertebrates |journal=Current Biology |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=732–735 |bibcode=2012CBio...22..732G |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.012 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=22445298 |s2cid=15965145 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |''P. tanlan'' | | | |[[File:Pseudopulex_tanlan_2_(cropped).jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''Renphasma'' |''R. sinica'' | | | |A stick insect<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nel |first=André |last2=Delfosse |first2=Emmanuel |date=2011 |title=A New Chinese Mesozoic Stick Insect |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=429–432 |bibcode=2011AcPaP..56..429N |doi=10.4202/app.2009.1108 |issn=0567-7920 |s2cid=84240218 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Renphasma_sinica.jpg|center|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''Saurophthirus'' |''S. exquisitus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Stem-fleas<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Yanjie |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr |last4=Ren |first4=Dong |last5=Gao |first5=Taiping |date=2020 |title=A new flea from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=65 |doi=10.4202/app.00680.2019 |issn=0567-7920 |s2cid=213622677 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''S. laevigatus'' | | | |[[File:Saurophthirid-flea-Saurophthirus-laevigatus-Zhang-Shih-Rasnitsyn-and-Gao-sp-nov.png|center|frameless]] |- |''[[Sinochresmoda]]'' |''S. magnicornia'' | | | |A chresmodid water-skiing insect<ref name="zhangetal2008a">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=X. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Pang |first3=H. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |year=2008 |title=A new genus and species of Chresmodidae (Insecta: Gryllones) from Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of Yixian Formation, Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1702 |pages=26–40 |bibcode=2008Zoot.17022.1.2Z |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1702.1.2 |s2cid=83282286}}</ref> | |- |''[[Sinosharaperla]]'' |''S. zhaoi'' |Beipiao | | |A stonefly<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Y. |last2=Sinitshenkova |first2=N.D. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2007 |title=A new genus and species of stonefly (Insecta: Plecoptera) from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=322–326 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..322L |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.08.003}}</ref> | |- |''[[Sinoviparosiphum]]'' |''S. lini'' | | | |An aphid<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Sophogramma]]'' |''S. lii'' | |Jianshangou Bed | | rowspan="2" |Kalligrammatid lacewings<ref name="yangetal2009">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Q. |last2=Zhao |first2=Y. |last3=Dong |first3=R. |year=2009 |title=An exceptionally well-preserved fossil Kalligrammatid from the Jehol Biota |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=1732–1737 |bibcode=2009SciBu..54.1732Y |doi=10.1007/s11434-009-0284-2 |s2cid=84821055}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> |[[File:Yang_2014_Sophogramma_lii.png|center|frameless]] |- |''S. pingquanica'' | | | | |- |''[[Tetraphelerus]]'' |''T. laetus'' | | | |A moth<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Tyrannopsylla]]'' |''T. beipiaoensis'' | | | |A stem-flea<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=DiYing |last2=Engel |first2=Michael S. |last3=Cai |first3=ChenYang |last4=Nel |first4=André |date=2013-03-25 |title=Mesozoic giant fleas from northeastern China (Siphonaptera): Taxonomy and implications for palaeodiversity |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=58 |issue=14 |pages=1682–1690 |bibcode=2013ChSBu..58.1682H |doi=10.1007/s11434-013-5769-3 |issn=1001-6538 |s2cid=53578959 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Varicapitatus]]'' |''V. sinuolatus'' |"Huangbanjigou, Chaomidian Village, Beipiao City."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dai |first=Rui |last2=Du |first2=Sile |last3=Ren |first3=Dong |last4=Yao |first4=Yunzhi |date=2022-07-31 |title=New Cretaceous Bugs from Northeastern China Imply the Systematic Position of Pachymeridiidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) |journal=Insects |volume=13 |issue=8 |page=689 |doi=10.3390/insects13080689 |issn=2075-4450 |pmc=9408836 |pmid=36005314 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | | |A hemipteran | |- |Unnamed [[Vitimotauliidae]] |Unnamed | | | |A caddisfly pupa, likely belonging to the [[Vitimotauliidae]]<ref name="davisengel&ren2010">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=S.R. |last2=Engel |first2=M.S. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2010 |title=A pupal caddisfly from the Early Cretaceous of China (Trichoptera) |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=396–399 |bibcode=2010CrRes..31..396D |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2010.05.001}}</ref> | |- |} === Molluscs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Amplovalvata]]'' |''A.'' sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | |gastropod | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Arguniella]]'' |''A. lingyuanensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Bivalve, kuma yana cikin Jiufotang da Fuxin Formations[[Fuxin Formation|Tsarin Fuxin]] | |- |''A. yanshanensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Bivalve, kuma yana cikin Tsarin Jiufotang | |- |<nowiki><i id="mwFkM">Bitiniya</i></nowiki> |''B. haizhouensis'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | |Gastropod | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Corbicula'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. anderssoni'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidan Jianshangou | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sphaerium anderssoni'' | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. jeholense'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sphaerium jeholense'' | |- |''Gyraulus'' |''G.'' sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Kwango mai laushikwari mai laushi | |- |''[[Probaicalia]]'' |''P. vitimensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Gastropod | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Ptychastylus]]'' |''P. harpaeformis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | rowspan="2" |Gastropods | |- |Ka duba hoton da ke shafin nan. ''filipi'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- | rowspan="3" |''Sphaerium'' |''S. anderssoni'' | | rowspan="3" |Gidan Jianshangou | |Kyakkyawan yatsan hannu, wanda yake a cikin Tsarin Jiufotang | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''S. jeholense'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''S. anderssoni'' | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''S. selenginense'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''S. anderssoni'' | |- |?''Rayuwa'' |Za a iya samun hakan?duba. ''matsumotoi'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | |Kwango | |- |} == Tsarin Tsarin Yixian == === Conifers === An tattara bishiyoyin coniferous da ciyayi da aka lissafa a ƙasa a cikin wani bincike da Wang da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar a shekara ta 2006, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Brachyphyllum'' | | | | |A cypress-like conifer | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Cephalotaxopsis]]'' | | | | |A yew | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Cunninghamia'' | | | | |A cypress | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Elatides]]'' | | | | |A cypress | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''Elatocladus'' |''E. leptophyllus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Conifers of uncertain classification | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''E. manchurica''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Liaoningocladus]]'' |''L. boii'' | |Jingangshan Bed | |A conifer of uncertain classification | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Pagiophyllum'' | | | | |A cypress-like conifer | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityocladus]]'' | | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityolepis]]'' |''P.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityophyllum]]'' |''P.'' cf. ''lindstroemi''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityostrobus]]'' | | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Podozamites'' |''P. lanceolatus''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |A conifer of uncertain classification | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Schizolepis]]'' |''S. jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Sequoia'' |''S.''? ''jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Taxus'' | | | | |A yew | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Torreya'' | | | | |A yew | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Yanliaoia]]'' | ''Y. sinensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- |} === Ferns === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Cladophlebis'' |''C. spp.''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Coniopteris'' |''C.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Onychiopsis]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''O. elongata''<ref name="biostrat" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Junior synonym of ''O. psilotoides'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''O. psilotoides''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Ruffordia'' |''R.''? sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- |} === Flowering plants === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="3" |''Archaefructus'' |''A. eoflora'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A primitive, aquatic angiosperm | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''A. liaoningensis'' | |Jianshangou Bed | | |[[File:Archaefructus_liaoningensis.jpg|frameless]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''A. sinensisis'' | |Dawangzhangzi Bed | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Callianthus]]'' |''C. dilae''<ref name="wangzhengflower2009">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=X. |last2=Zheng |first2=S. |year=2009 |title=The earliest normal flower from Liaoning Province, China |journal=Journal of Integrative Plant Biology |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=800–811 |bibcode=2009JIPB...51..800W |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00838.x |pmid=19686377}}</ref> |Liaoning | | |A plant with true flowers | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Davallia'' |''D.''? ''niehhutzuensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |<small>''[[Erenia]]''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |<small>''E. stenoptera''</small><ref name="wangzhengflower2009" /> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |Liaoning | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |Actually a specimen of ''Callianthus'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Leefructus'' |''L. mirus''<ref name="leefructus">{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=G. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |last3=Wang |first3=H. |last4=Chen |first4=Z. |year=2011 |title=A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=Nature |volume=471 |issue=7340 |pages=625–628 |bibcode=2011Natur.471..625S |doi=10.1038/nature09811 |pmid=21455178 |s2cid=205224036}}</ref> | | | |A eudicot | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Liaoxia]]'' |''L. chenii''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Potamogeton'' |''P.''? ''jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Ranunculus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''R. jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Junior synonym of ''Potamogeton jeholensis'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Sinocarpus]]'' |''S. decussatus'' | | | |A primitive eudicot | |- |} === Ginkgos === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''Bayera'' |''B.'' duba. ''Gracilis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''B. orientalis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Czekanowskia]]'' |''C. mai tsayi''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Ginkgo'' |''G. sunaye''<ref name="ginkgoapodes">{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=S. |last2=Zhou |first2=Z. |year=2004 |title=A new Mesozoic ''Ginkgo'' from western Liaoning, China and its evolutionary significance |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=131 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–103 |bibcode=2004RPaPa.131...91Z |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.03.002}}</ref> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Ginkgoites'' |''G. sibiricus''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Leptostrobus]]'' |''L.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''[[Nageiopsis]]'' |N?sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Phoenicopsis|Bayanan Phoenicopsis]]'' |Ka duba hoton da ke shafin nan. ''Augustifolia''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Solenites|Solemnites]]'' |''S.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Sphenobaiera'' |''S. longifola''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- |} === Wasu shuke-shuke === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Yawa ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Archaeamphora'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''A. longerervia'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Da farko an bayyana shi a matsayin [[Pitcher Plant|shukar tukwane]], wani bincike daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa yana iya zama ƙwari a kan ''Liaoningocladus'' . |[[File:Archaeamphora_fossils.jpg|frameless]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Chaoyangia (plant)|Chaoyangia]]'' | ''C. liangii'' <ref name="archaefructus">{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=G. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |last3=Zheng |first3=S. |last4=Zhou |first4=Z. |year=1998 |title=In Search of the First Flower: A Jurassic Angiosperm, Archaefructus, from Northeast China |journal=Science |volume=282 |issue=5394 |pages=1692–1695 |doi=10.1126/science.282.5394.1692 |pmid=9831557}}</ref> | | | | Gymnosperm na gnetale | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''[[Chaoyangicarpus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''C. liangii'' <ref name="biostrat" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙaramin ma'anar ''Chaoyangia liangii'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Ephedra'' | ''E.'' sp. | | | | Gymnosperm | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Equisetum'' | ''E.'' sp. | | | | Wutsiyar doki | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Eragrosites]]'' | ''E. canji'' <ref name="archaefructus" /> | | | | Gymnosperm mai ciyayi kamar gnetale | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Siphonospermum]]'' | ''S. simplex'' <ref name="simplex">{{Cite journal |last=Rydin |first=C. |last2=Friis |first2=E.M. |year=2010 |title=A new Early Cretaceous relative of Gnetales: ''Siphonospermum simplex'' gen. et sp. nov. from the Yixian Formation of Northeast China |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10..183R |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-183 |pmc=2900273 |pmid=20565755 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | Gymnosperm na gnetale | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Tyrmia]]'' | ''T.'' sp. <ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |Bennettite | |- |} 5oj9nrbq8owwc9kx8xijr68zq3tef35 964050 964049 2026-10-06T20:39:37Z Baffa ali 47435 964050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsarin Yixian''' ( simplified Chinese ) wani yanki ne na ilmin ƙasa a Jinzhou, Liaoning, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China, wanda ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.6 a farkon zamanin Cretaceous (matakin Barremian - Aptian ). An san ta da burbushin halittu daban-daban, waɗanda aka lissafa a ƙasa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da dinosaurs, pterosaurs, dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye masu ruwa da tsaki, kifi, da kuma nau'ikan halittu marasa ƙashi daban-daban. An raba Tsarin Yixian zuwa ƙananan sassa kamar haka: (shekaru daga Zhong et al., 2021 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhong |first=Yuting |last2=Huyskens |first2=Magdalena H |last3=Yin |first3=Qing-Zhu |last4=Wang |first4=Yaqiong |last5=Ma |first5=Qiang |last6=Xu |first6=Yi-Gang |date=2021-04-12 |title=High-precision geochronological constraints on the duration of 'Dinosaur Pompeii' and the Yixian Formation |journal=National Science Review |volume=8 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwab063 |issn=2095-5138 |pmc=8288181 |pmid=34691675}}</ref> sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban) * Upper Yixian (124.1 Ma) ("Jingangshan Bed") ("Dawangzhangzi Bed") * Na'urar Lava ta Sama * Unit Jianshangou (125.46 Ma) * Ƙananan Rukunin Lava * Lujiatun Unit (125.76–125.68 Ma) == Sauropods == {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | | | | | | | |- | ''Dongbeititan'' | ''D. dongi'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | Bayan wani lokaci na ciwon baya <ref name="Wangetal07">{{Cite journal |last=Wang, X. |last2=You, H. |last3=Meng, Q. |last4=Gao, C. |last5=Chang, X. |last6=Liu, J. |year=2007 |title=''Dongbeititan dongi'', the first sauropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning Province, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=911–916 |bibcode=2007AcGlS..81..911W |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb01013.x |s2cid=128812879}}</ref> | Basal Titanosauriform | |- |cf. ''Euhelopus'' | cf. ''E.'' sp. | | Gadon Lujiatun | Hakoran da aka ware <ref name="titanosaurteeth">{{Cite journal |last=Barrett |first=P.M. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |year=2007 |title=Basal titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16138/files/PAL_E2969.pdf |journal=[[Palaeoworld]] |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=265–271 |bibcode=2007Palae..16..265B |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.001}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Honggang |last2=Yin |first2=Yalei |last3=Pei |first3=Rui |last4=Zhou |first4=Changfu |date=2024-04-27 |title=Early-diverging Titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) Teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Southeastern Inner Mongolia, Northeast China |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1755-6724.15169 |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |language=en |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=303–310 |bibcode=2024AcGlS..98..303Z |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.15169 |issn=1000-9515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | Basal Titanosauriform |[[File:EuhelopusDB2.jpg|frameless]] |- |- | ''Liaoningotitan'' | ''L. sinensis'' | | |Kusan cikakken kwarangwal <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chang-fu Zhou |last2=Wen-hao Wu |last3=Toru Sekiya |last4=Zhi-ming Dong |year=2018 |title=A new Titanosauriformes dinosaur from Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, China |url=http://sjdz.jlu.edu.cn/EN/abstract/abstract9375.shtml |journal=Global Geology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=327–333 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1004-5589.2018.02.001 |doi-broken-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | Basal Titanosauriform | |- | ''Ruixinia'' | ''R. zhangi'' | Beipiao | | kwarangwal mai sassauƙa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mo |first=Jinyou |last2=Ma |first2=Feimin |last3=Yu |first3=Yilun |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2022-12-09 |title=A New Titanosauriform Sauropod with An Unusual Tail from the Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122003135 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=144 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105449 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=254524890 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | Tsarin dinosaur na Somphospondylan | |- |Sauropoda spp. | | |Lujiatun & Jianshangou Beds | Kashin baya da haƙora da aka ware <ref name="xu&norell2006">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=X. |last2=Norell |first2=M.A. |year=2006 |title=Non-Avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China |journal=Geological Journal |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=419–437 |bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..419X |doi=10.1002/gj.1044 |s2cid=32369205}}</ref> <ref name=":8" /> | An samo nau'in sauropods ɗaya ko fiye, wataƙila titanosaurs, daga Tsarin Yixian, kodayake yawancinsu ba a bayyana su ba <ref name="titanosaurteeth" /> | |- |} == Ornithischians == An tattara dinosaurs da aka lissafa a ƙasa a cikin wani bincike da Xu da Norell suka yi a shekarar 2006, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. <ref name="xu&norell2006" /> === Ankylosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | ''Liaoningosaurus'' | ''L. mai rikitarwa'' | Yixian | Dawangzhangzi Bed | "Ƙangaren kwanyar [da] kwarangwal." | Ƙaramin ankylosaur |[[File:Liaoningosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |} === Masu maganin Ceratopsian === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | ''Liaoceratops'' | ''L. yanzigouensis'' | Beipiao | Gadon Lujiatun | "[Biyu] kusan cikakke ƙoƙon kai, daga yara zuwa manya." | Ceratopsian |[[File:Liaoceratops_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Psittacosaurus'' | ''P. lujiatunensis'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun & Jianshangou Beds | Dubban samfura a cikin Gadon Lujiatun, ba a cika samun su ba a Gadon Jianshangou | Ceratopsian | rowspan="2" |[[File:Psittacosaurus_lujiatunensis_BW.jpg|frameless]] |} === Ornithopods === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Bolong'' | ''B. yixianensis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | A nearly complete skeleton. | An iguanodontian ornithopod | [[File:Bolong_TD.png|frameless]] |- |''Changmiania''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Yuqing |last2=Wu |first2=Wenhao |last3=Dieudonné |first3=Paul-Emile |last4=Godefroit |first4=Pascal |date=2020-09-08 |title=A new basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=8 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9832 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=7485509 |pmid=33194351 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |''C. liaoningensis'' | |Lujiatun Bed |Two nearly complete skeletons |A basal ornithopod that may have dug burrows | [[File:Changmiania_specimen_PMOL_LFV022.png|frameless]] |- | ''Haolong''<ref name="Haolong">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=J. |last2=Wu |first2=W. |last3=Mao |first3=L. |last4=Bertozzo |first4=F. |last5=Dhouailly |first5=D. |last6=Robin |first6=N. |last7=Pittman |first7=M. |last8=Kaye |first8=T. G. |last9=Manucci |first9=F. |last10=He |first10=X. |last11=Wang |first11=X. |last12=Godefroit |first12=P. |year=2026 |title=Cellular-level preservation of cutaneous spikes in an Early Cretaceous iguanodontian dinosaur |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1038/s41559-025-02960-9}}</ref> | ''H. dongi'' | Jianchang | Jianshangou Unit | Nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument | A hadrosauroid ornithopod | [[File:Haolong_dongi.png|frameless]] |- | ''Jeholosaurus'' | ''J. shangyuanensis'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | "Skull with associated vertebrae and hindlimb, skull with cervical vertebrae." |An ornithopod |[[File:Jeholosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Jinzhousaurus'' | ''J. yangi'' | Yixian | Dawangzhangzi Bed | "Nearly complete skull and skeleton." | An ornithopod | [[File:Jinzhousaurus_yangi.JPG|frameless]] |- |} == Magungunan Jijiyoyi == An tattara dinosaurs da aka lissafa a ƙasa a cikin wani bincike da Xu da Norell suka yi a shekarar 2006, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. <ref name="xu&norell2006" /> === Avialans === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Abitusavis''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Min Wang |last2=Zhiheng Li |last3=Qingguo Liu |last4=Zhonghe Zhou |year=2020 |title=Two new Early Cretaceous ornithuromorph birds provide insights into the taxonomy and divergence of Yanornithidae (Aves: Ornithothoraces) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=18 |issue=21 |pages=1805–1827 |bibcode=2020JSPal..18.1805W |doi=10.1080/14772019.2020.1836050 |s2cid=229320421}}</ref> |''A. lii'' |Ningcheng | |"Nearly complete skeleton."<ref name=":1" /> | | |- | ''Archaeorhynchus'' | ''A. spathula'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An early, advanced short-tailed bird (ornithuran)<ref name="zhou&zhang2006">{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Zhonghe |last2=Zhang |first2=Fucheng |year=2006 |title=A beaked basal ornithurine bird (Aves, Ornithurae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=363–373 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00234.x |s2cid=85222311}}</ref> | |- | ''Changchengornis'' | ''C. hengdaoziensis''<ref name="table-11-1-211" /> | | Jianshangou Bed | "Nearly complete skeleton."<ref name="table-11-1-211" /> | A confuciusornithid |[[File:Changchengornis_550_CER.JPG|frameless]] |- | rowspan="5" | ''Confuciusornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''C. chuonzhous'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''Confuciusornis sanctus''<ref name="biostrat">Smith, J.B., Harris, J.D., Omar, G.I., Dodson, P. and You, H. (2001). "Biostratigraphy and avian origins in northeastern China. Appendix: Biota of the Yixian Formation and the endemicity of its taxa." In Gauthier, J. and Gall, L.F. (eds.), ''New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom.'' New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. {{ISBN|0-912532-57-2}}.</ref> | |- | ''C. dui'' | | Jianshangou Bed | "[Two] skeletons."<ref name="table-11-1-212" /> | | |- | ''C. feducciai''<ref name="cfeducciai">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Zihui |last2=Gao |first2=Chunling |last3=Meng |first3=Qingjin |last4=Liu |first4=Jinyuan |last5=Hou |first5=Lianhai |last6=Zheng |first6=Guangmei |year=2009 |title=Diversification in an Early Cretaceous avian genus: evidence from a new species of ''Confuciusornis'' from China |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=783–790 |bibcode=2009JOrni.150..783Z |doi=10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x |s2cid=21418230}}</ref> | | Jianshangou Bed | | | |- | ''C. sanctus''<ref name="table-11-1-212" /> | | Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds | "Hundreds of complete skeletons."<ref name="table-11-1-212" /> | A primitive short-tailed bird (pygostylian), also present in the Jiufotang Formation |[[File:Confuciusornis_sanctus_mmartyniuk.png|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''C. suniae'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''Confuciusornis sanctus''<ref name="biostrat" /> | |- | ''Dalingheornis'' | ''D. liweii'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An Enantiornithine<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zihui |first=Zhang |last2=Lianhai |first2=HOU |last3=Yoshikasu |first3=Hasegawa |last4=O'Connor |first4=Jingmai |last5=Martin |first5=Larry D. |last6=Chiappe |first6=Luis M. |year=2010 |title=The first Mesozoic heterodactyl bird from China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=631–635 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00285.x |s2cid=129069702}}</ref> | |- | ''Eoenantiornis'' | ''E. buhleri'' | | Jianshangou Bed | "Nearly complete skeleton." | An entantiornithine | |- | ''Eogranivora'' | ''E. edentulata'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | "Nearly complete skeleton with skull"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xiaoting Zheng |last2=Jingmai K. O'Connor |last3=Xiaoli Wang |last4=Yan Wang |last5=Zhonghe Zhou |year=2018 |title=Reinterpretation of a previously described Jehol bird clarifies early trophic evolution in the Ornithuromorpha |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=285 |issue=1871 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.2494 |pmc=5805944 |pmid=29386367}}</ref> | An ornithuromorph |[[File:Eogranivora_edentulata.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | {{Small|''[[Iteravis]]''}} | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | {{Small|''I. huchzermeyeri''}} | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | An ornithuromorph; previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Jiufotang Formation by Ju et al., 2021<ref name="Ju2021">{{Cite journal |last=Ju |first=Shu-bin |last2=Wang |first2=Xu-ri |last3=Liu |first3=Yi-chuan |date=June 2021 |title=A reassessment of ''Iteravis huchzermeyeri'' and ''Gansus zheni'' from the Jehol Biota in western Liaoning |journal=China Geology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.31035/cg2020066 |issn=2589-9430}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Jinzhouornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''J. yixianensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | A pygostylian, a junior synonym of ''Confuciusornis sanctus'' | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''J. zhangjiyingia'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''C. sanctus'' | |- | ''Jixiangornis'' | ''J. orientalis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | | A basal avialan, also present in the Jiufotang Formation<ref name="jijietal2002">{{Cite journal |last=Ji |last2=Ji |first2=Ji |last3=Zhang |first3=You |last4=Zhang |first4=Wang |last5=Yuan |year=2002 |title=A new avialian bird - ''Jixiangornis orientalis'' gen. et sp. nov. - from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, NE China |journal=Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences) |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=723–736}}</ref> | |- | ''Hongshanornis'' | ''H. longicresta'' | | Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds<ref name="hongshan2014">{{Cite journal |last=Chiappe |first=L. M. |last2=Zhao |first2=B. |last3=O'Connor |first3=J. K. |last4=Chunling |first4=G. |last5=Wang |first5=X. |last6=Habib |first6=M. |last7=Marugan-Lobon |first7=J. |last8=Meng |first8=Q. |last9=Cheng |first9=X. |year=2014 |title=A new specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird ''Hongshanornis longicresta'': Insights into the aerodynamics and diet of a basal ornithuromorph |journal=PeerJ |volume=2 |bibcode=2014PeerJ...2.e234C |doi=10.7717/peerj.234 |pmc=3898307 |pmid=24482756 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |Four specimens<ref name="hongshan2014" /> | An ornithuromorph<ref name="OGC10">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=J.K. |last2=Gao, K.-Q. |last3=Chiappe, L.M. |year=2010 |title=A new ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher-level diversity |url=http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/462280__920289337.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=311–321 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30..311O |doi=10.1080/02724631003617498 |s2cid=53489175}}</ref> |[[File:Hongshanornis.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Jibeinia''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''J. luahera''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.<ref name="jinetal2008birds" /> | |- | ''Liaoningornis'' | ''L. longidigitris'' | | Lujiatun Bed | "Partial skeleton." | An enantiornithine.<ref name="oconnor2012">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=J.K. |year=2012 |title=A revised look at ''Liaoningornis longidigitris'' (Aves) |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=25–37}}</ref> |[[File:Liaoningornis_048.JPG|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Liaoxiornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''L. delicatus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Dawangzhangzi Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Considered a ''nomen dubium'' because the name is based on remains of a hatchling entantiornithine and cannot be confidently matched with the adult form.<ref name="chiappeontogeny2007">{{Cite journal |last=Chiappe |first=L.M. |last2=Ji |first2=S. |last3=Ji |first3=Q. |year=2007 |title=Juvenile Birds from the Early Cretaceous of China: Implications for Enantiornithine Ontogeny |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/169246 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3594 |page=1 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3594[1:JBFTEC]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=85871695}}</ref> |[[File:Liaoxiornis_delicatus.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Lingyuanornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''L. parvus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Dawangzhangzi Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior objective synonym of ''Liaoxiornis delicatus'', a ''nomen dubium''.<ref name="chiappeontogeny2007" /> | |- | ''Longicrusavis'' | ''L. houi'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An ornithuromorph<ref name="OGC10" /> | |- | ''Longirostravis'' | ''L. hani'' | | bed unknown | | An enantiornithine | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Protopteryx''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''P. fengningensis''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.<ref name="jinetal2008birds">{{Cite journal |last=Jin |first=Fan |last2=Zhang |first2=Fucheng |last3=Li |first3=Zhiheng |last4=Zhang |first4=Jiangyong |last5=Li |first5=Chun |last6=Zhou |first6=Zhonghe |year=2008 |title=On the horizon of ''Protopteryx'' and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=53 |issue=18 |pages=2820–2827 |bibcode=2008SciBu..53.2820J |doi=10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5 |s2cid=133507763}}</ref> | |- | ''Mirusavis'' | ''M. parvus'' | | | Partial skeleton.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Min |last2=O'Connor |first2=Jingmai K |last3=Bailleul |first3=Alida M |last4=Li |first4=Zhiheng |date=2020-06-01 |title=Evolution and distribution of medullary bone: evidence from a new Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird |url=https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/7/6/1068/5681418 |journal=National Science Review |language=en |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=1068–1078 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwz214 |issn=2095-5138 |pmc=8289052 |pmid=34692126}}</ref> | An immature female enantiornithine preserved with medullary bone tissue.<ref name=":0" /> | |- |''Sapeornis''<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Chunling |last2=Chiappe |first2=Luis M. |last3=Zhang |first3=Fengjiao |last4=Pomeroy |first4=Diana L. |last5=Shen |first5=Caizhi |last6=Chinsamy |first6=Anusuya |last7=Walsh |first7=Maureen O. |date=September 2012 |title=A subadult specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird Sapeornis chaoyangensis and a taxonomic reassessment of sapeornithids |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2012.693865 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=1103–1112 |bibcode=2012JVPal..32.1103G |doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.693865 |issn=0272-4634 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |''S. chaoyangensis'' | | |Nearly complete skeleton.<ref name=":9" /> |A subadult omnivoropterygid with preserved feathers.<ref name=":9" /> | |- | ''Shanweiniao'' | ''S. cooperorum'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An enantiornithine.<ref name="O'connoretal.2009">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=Jingmai K. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |last3=Chiappe |first3=L.M. |last4=Gao |first4=C. |last5=Meng |first5=Q. |last6=Cheng |first6=X. |last7=Liu |first7=J. |year=2009 |title=Phylogenetic support for a specialized clade of Cretaceous enantiornithine birds with information from a new species |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=188–204 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29..188O |doi=10.1080/02724634.2009.10010371 |s2cid=196607241}}</ref> |[[File:Shanweiniao_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Vescornis''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''V. hebeiensis''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.<ref name="jinetal2008birds" /> | |- |''Yixianosaurus'' |''Y. longimanus'' | |Dawangzhangzi Bed | |An anchiornithid | |- | ''Zhongornis'' | ''Z. haoae'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | A primitive avialan with a short but non-pygostylian tail<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=C. |last2=Chiappe |first2=L.M. |last3=Meng |first3=Q. |last4=O'Connor |first4=J.K. |last5=Wang |first5=X. |last6=Cheng |first6=X. |last7=Liu |first7=J. |year=2008 |title=A new basal lineage of Early Cretaceous birds from China and its implications on the evolution of the avian tail |journal=Palaeontology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=775–791 |bibcode=2008Palgy..51..775G |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00793.x |s2cid=85431224 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Yixianosaurus_longimanus.png|frameless]] |} === Compsognathids === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Huadanosaurus''<ref name="Qiu2025">{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Rui |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaolin |last3=Jiang |first3=Shunxing |last4=Meng |first4=Jin |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhonghe |date=2025-02-22 |title=Two new compsognathid-like theropods show diversified predation strategies in theropod dinosaurs |journal=National Science Review |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwaf068 |issn=2095-5138 |pmc=11970238 |pmid=40191255 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |''H. sinensis'' | |Dawangzhangzi Bed |A nearly complete specimen missing the feet and end of the tail |A compsognathid | [[File:Huadanosaurus_sinensis.png|frameless]] |- | ''Huaxiagnathus'' | ''H. orientalis'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | A compsognathid | |- | ''Sinocalliopteryx'' | ''S. gigas'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | A large compsognathid |[[File:Sinocalliopteryx_gigas_feeding_on_the_primitive_bird_Confuciusornis_-_journal.pone.0044012.g008.png|frameless]] |- | rowspan="3" |''Sinosauropteryx'' |''S. lingyuanensis''<ref name="Qiu2025" /> | |Dawangzhangzi Bed |A nearly complete specimen |A compsognathid |[[File:Sinosauropteryx_lingyuanensis.png|frameless]] |- | ''S. prima'' | Beipiao & Lingyuan | Jianshangou & Dawangzhangzi Beds | Four nearly complete specimens<ref name="sinocolour2010">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Fucheng |last2=Kearns |first2=Stuart L. |last3=Orr |first3=Patrick J. |last4=Benton |first4=Michael J. |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhonghe |last6=Johnson |first6=Diane |last7=Xu |first7=Xing |last8=Wang |first8=Xiaolin |year=2010 |title=Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of Cretaceous dinosaurs and birds |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/22432/2/41064696.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=463 |issue=7284 |pages=1075–1078 |bibcode=2010Natur.463.1075Z |doi=10.1038/nature08740 |pmid=20107440 |s2cid=205219587}}</ref> | A compsognathid. The first non-avian dinosaur found with feather impressions. |[[File:Sinosauropteryx_with_Dalinghosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" | ''S.''? sp. | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Beipiao | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#fbdddb;" | One specimen (GMV 2124) with partial skull, postcrania, and preserved feathers | style="background:#fbdddb;" | An unnamed coelurosaur originally described as a specimen of ''Sinosauropteryx'', later suggested to be a new genus and species,<ref name="jietalnewsinosaur">{{Cite journal |last=Shu'an |first=JI |last2=Chunling |first2=GAO |last3=Jinyuan |first3=LIU |last4=Qingjin |first4=Meng |last5=Qiang |first5=JI |year=2007 |title=New material of ''Sinosauropteryx'' (Theropoda: Compsognathidae) from Western Liaoning, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=177–182 |bibcode=2007AcGlS..81..177J |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00942.x |s2cid=131019046}}</ref> probably a tyrannosauroid.<ref name="Qiu2025" /> | |} === Dromaeosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member ! width="20%" |Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Changyuraptor''<ref name="GangEtAl2015">{{Cite journal |last=Gang Han |last2=Luis M. Chiappe |last3=Shu-An Ji |last4=Michael Habib |last5=Alan H. Turner |last6=Anusuya Chinsamy |last7=Xueling Liu |last8=Lizhuo Han |name-list-style=amp |date=15 July 2014 |title=A new raptorial dinosaur with exceptionally long feathering provides insights into dromaeosaurid flight performance |journal=Nature Communications |volume=5, Article number: 4382 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.4382H |doi=10.1038/ncomms5382 |pmid=25025742 |s2cid=205327789 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ''C. yangi'' | Jianchang | | A complete articulated specimen with extensive feathering.<ref name="GangEtAl2015" /> | A dromaeosaurid | [[File:Changyuraptor.png|frameless]] |- | ''Graciliraptor'' | ''G. lujiatunensis'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | An incomplete specimen. | A dromaeosaurid |[[File:Graciliraptor.jpg|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" | ''Sinornithosaurus'' | ''S. haoiana'' | Yixian | Dawangzhangzi Bed | |Might be a junior synonym of ''Sinornithosaurus millenii''. |- | ''S. millenii'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | Three specimens with skulls and postcrania, two with preserved feathers. Feathered integument is also preserved.<ref name="table-10-1-198" /> |A dromaeosaurid, the first ever found with feather impressions. |[[File:Sinornithosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Tianyuraptor'' | ''T. ostromi'' | Lingyuan | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | A dromaeosaurid |[[File:Tianyuraptor_restoration.png|frameless]] |- | ''Zhenyuanlong''<ref name="zhenyuanlong">{{Cite journal |last=Lü |first=Junchang |last2=Brusatte |first2=Stephen L. |year=2015 |title=A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |bibcode=2015NatSR...511775L |doi=10.1038/srep11775 |pmc=4504142 |pmid=26181289 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ''Z. suni'' | Jianchang | | One nearly complete skeleton with preserved feathers, including long tail feathers and large wing feathers. | A dromaeosaurid |[[File:Zhenyuanlong_life_restoration.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Zhongjianosaurus''<ref name="ivpp.cas.cn">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xing |last2=Qin |first2=Zi-Chuan |year=2017 |title=A new tiny dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning and niche differentiation among the Jehol dromaeosaurids |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/pressonline/201704/P020170410587218147108.pdf |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413071120/http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/pressonline/201704/P020170410587218147108.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-13}}</ref> | ''Z. yangi'' | Lingyuan | | A partial skeleton includes an arm, legs, vertebrae, ribs, and most of the tail.<ref name="ivpp.cas.cn" /> | A microraptorian dromaeosaurid with very long legs.<ref name="ivpp.cas.cn" /> |[[File:Zhongjianosaurus_yangi.png|frameless]] |- | Unnamed dromaeosaurid | Specimen NGMC 91 | Lingyuan | Dawangzhangzi Bed | Complete specimen with feather imprints | A juvenile dromaeosaurid that may be a specimen of ''Sinornithosaurus millenii''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Senter |first=Phil |year=2011 |title=Using creation science to demonstrate evolution 2: morphological continuity within Dinosauria (supporting information) |url=https://digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/bio_wp/1 |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2197–2216 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02349.x |pmid=21726330 |s2cid=41172539 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="TurneretalBAMNH">{{Cite journal |last=Alan Hamilton Turner, Peter J. Makovicky and Mark Norell |year=2012 |title=A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5399588 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=371 |pages=1–206 |doi=10.1206/748.1 |s2cid=83572446}}</ref> Informally nicknamed "Dave". |} === Ornithomimosaurs === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | ''Hexing'' | ''H. Qingyi'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun | | Wani nau'in ornithomimosaur na asali | |- | ''Shenzhousaurus'' | ''S. orientalis'' | Beipiao | Gadon Lujiatun | "Kwankwalin da aka haɗa da kuma kwarangwal da ba a cika ba." | Asalin ornithomimosaur |[[File:Shenzhousaurus.jpg|frameless|''[[Shenzhousaurus]]'']] |} === Oviraptorosaurs === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="3" | ''Caudipteryx'' | ''C. dongi'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | One partial postcranium with feather imprints | rowspan="3" | An oviraptorosaur | |- | ''C. zoui'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | Common, only over a small region |[[File:Caudipteryx2mmartyniuk.png|frameless]] |- | ''C.'' sp.<ref name="caudisp">{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Wang |last2=Zhang |last3=Xu |year=2000 |title=Important features of ''Caudipteryx'' - evidence from two nearly complete new specimens |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200901/W020090813372420272632.pdf |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |language=zh |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=241–254}}</ref> | | | | |- | ''Incisivosaurus'' | ''I. gauthieri'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | A skull and partial cervical<ref name="table-8-1-166" /> | An oviraptorosaur |[[File:Incisivosaurus_(pencil_2013).png|frameless]] |- | ''Ningyuansaurus'' | ''N. wangi'' | | | Complete skeleton with feather impressions.<ref name="ningyuansaurus">{{Cite journal |last=Ji Qiang |last2=Lü Jun-Chang |last3=Wei Xue-Fang |last4=Wang Xu-Ri |year=2012 |title=A new oviraptorosaur from the Yixian Formation of Jianchang, Western Liaoning Province, China |journal=Regional Geology of China |issue=12 |pages=2102–2107}}</ref> | An oviraptorosaur | |- | ''Protarchaeopteryx'' | ''P. robusta'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | "Nearly complete skull and skeleton, at least [two] individuals." | A possible relative of ''Incisivosaurus'' |[[File:Protarchaeopteryx-reconstruction.png|frameless]] |- | ''Similicaudipteryx'' | ''S. yixianensis'' | | | Two specimens | An oviraptorosaur, also present in the Jiufotang Formation<ref name="simili2">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=X. |last2=Zheng |first2=X. |last3=You |first3=H. |year=2010 |title=Exceptional dinosaur fossils show ontogenetic development of early feathers |journal=Nature |volume=464 |issue=7293 |pages=1338–1341 |bibcode=2010Natur.464.1338X |doi=10.1038/nature08965 |pmid=20428169 |s2cid=205220207}}</ref> | |- | ''Xingtianosaurus'' | ''X. ganqi'' | Liaoning | Dakangpu Bed | One nearly complete specimen (IVPP V13390), minus the head | An oviraptorosaur<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rui Qiu |last2=Xiaolin Wang |last3=Qiang Wang |last4=Ning Li |last5=Jialiang Zhang |last6=Yiyun Ma |year=2019 |title=A new caudipterid from the Lower Cretaceous of China with information on the evolution of the manus of Oviraptorosauria |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.6431Q |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-42547-6 |pmc=6483983 |pmid=31024012 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |} === Therizinosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna ! Hotuna |- | ''Beipiaosaurus'' | ''B. rashin tsammani'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | kwarangwal mara cikakke tare da bawon fata | Therizinosaur | |[[File:Beipiaosaurus_Restoration.png|frameless]] |- | ''Kayrasaurus'' <ref name="Kayrasaurus">{{Cite journal |last=Liao |first=Chun-Chi |last2=Freimuth |first2=William J. |last3=Zanno |first3=Lindsay E. |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2026-09-10 |title=A new therizinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and ecomorphological patterns among early therizinosaurians |journal=[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology]] |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2026.2710287 |issn=1477-2019}}</ref> | ''K. changliensis'' | Beipiao | | Kusan cikakken kwarangwal har da kwanyar kai; babu ƙafafuwan baya | Therizinosaur | |[[File:Kayrasaurus_changliensis.png|frameless]] |- |''Jianchangosaurus'' | ''J. yixianensis'' | Jianchang | | Wani samfurin yara kusan cikakke tare da gashin fuka-fukai <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pu |first=Hanyong |last2=Kobayashi |first2=Yoshitsugu |last3=Lü |first3=Junchang |last4=Xu |first4=Li |last5=Wu |first5=Yanhua |last6=Chang |first6=Huali |last7=Zhang |first7=Jiming |last8=Jia |first8=Songhai |date=2013-05-29 |title=An Unusual Basal Therizinosaur Dinosaur with an Ornithischian Dental Arrangement from Northeastern China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863423P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063423 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3667168 |pmid=23734177 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | Therizinosaur | |[[File:Jianchangosaurus_Restoration.png|frameless]] |} === Troodontids === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member ! width="20%" |Material !Notes !Images |- |''Daliansaurus'' |''D. liaoningensis'' |Beipiao |Lujiatun Bed |A very complete specimen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Caizhi |last2=Lü |first2=Junchang |last3=Liu |first3=Sizhao |last4=Kundrát |first4=Martin |last5=Brusatte |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Gao |first6=Hailong |date=2017-06-01 |title=A New Troodontid Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/41311178/shen_2003_F_.pdf |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |language=en |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=763–780 |bibcode=2017AcGlS..91..763S |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.13307 |issn=1755-6724 |s2cid=129939153}}</ref> |A troodontid |[[File:Daliansaurus_reconstruction.png|frameless]] |- | ''Jianianhualong'' | ''J. tengi'' | Beipiao | Dawangzhangzi Bed |A very complete specimen with feather impressions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xing |last2=Currie |first2=Philip |last3=Pittman |first3=Michael |last4=Xing |first4=Lida |last5=Meng |first5=Qingjin |last6=Lü |first6=Junchang |last7=Hu |first7=Dongyu |last8=Yu |first8=Congyu |date=2017-05-02 |title=Mosaic evolution in an asymmetrically feathered troodontid dinosaur with transitional features |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=8 |bibcode=2017NatCo...814972X |doi=10.1038/ncomms14972 |pmc=5418581 |pmid=28463233 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | A troodontid |[[File:Jianianhualong_Restoration.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Liaoningvenator'' |''L. curriei'' |Beipiao | |A very complete specimen. |A troodontid |[[File:Liaoningvenator.png|frameless]] |- | ''Mei'' | ''M. long'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | | A small troodontid fossilized in a sleeping position |[[File:Meilong_mmartyniuk_wiki.png|frameless]] |- | ''Sinovenator'' | ''S. changii'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | Three specimens with partial skulls and postcrania.<ref name="white2009">{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Matt |year=2009 |title=The subarctometatarsus: intermediate metatarsus architecture demonstrating the evolution of the arctometatarsus and advanced agility in theropod dinosaurs |journal=Alcheringa |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |bibcode=2009Alch...33....1W |doi=10.1080/03115510802618193 |s2cid=85276956}}</ref> Hundreds of additional specimens known but undescribed. | A troodontid |[[File:Sinovenator_(update).png|frameless]] |- | ''Sinusonasus'' | ''S. magnodens'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | | A troodontid |[[File:Sinusonasus.png|frameless]] |- | Undescribed deinonychosaur/possible troodontid | | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | One specimen with feather imprints | A possible troodontid.<ref name="xunorell2006">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xu |last2=Norell |first2=M. |year=2006 |title=Non-avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China |journal=Geological Journal |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=419–437 |bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..419X |doi=10.1002/gj.1044 |s2cid=32369205}}</ref> | |- | Undescribed troodontid | Specimen CAGS-IG01-004 | | Lujiatun Bed | Skull and partial skeleton | A troodontid similar to ''Mei''.<ref name="hwangetal2004abs">{{Cite journal |last=Hwang |last2=Norell |last3=Ji |last4=Gao |year=2004 |title=A new troodontid from the lower Yixian Formation of China and its affinities to Mongolian troodontids |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=73A–74A}}</ref> | |} === Tyrannosaurs da sauran theropods === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Dilong'' | ''D. paradoxus'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun & Jianshangou Bed | Rare | A tyrannosauroid |[[File:Dilong_TJV_50.JPG|frameless]] |- | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | ''Grallator'' | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | lower Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | Footprints belonging to the ''Grallator'' form taxon, belonging to a small theropod. Of known Yixian theropods, the footprints most closely match ''Caudipteryx''.<ref name="xingetal2009">{{Cite journal |last=Xing |first=L.D. |last2=Harris |first2=J.D. |last3=Feng |first3=X.Y. |last4=Zhang |first4=Z.J. |year=2009 |title=Theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) tracks from Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Sihetun Village, Liaoning Province, China and possible track makers |journal=Geological Bulletin of China |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=705–712}}</ref> | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Raptorex''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''R. kriegsteini''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | A tyrannosaurid, probably from higher Mongolian strata. | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Scansoriopteryx''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''S. heilmanni''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Initially reported from the Dawangzhangzi Bed, probably from the Daohugou Beds instead.<ref name="Wangetal06">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=X. |last2=Zhou |first2=Z. |last3=He |first3=H. |last4=Jin |first4=F. |last5=Wang |first5=Y. |last6=Wang |first6=Y. |last7=Zhang |first7=J. |last8=Xu |first8=X. |last9=Zhang |first9=F. |display-authors=etal |year=2005 |title=Stratigraphy and age of the Daohugou Bed in Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=50 |issue=20 |pages=2369–2376 |bibcode=2005ChSBu..50.2369W |doi=10.1007/BF03183749 |s2cid=198142479}}</ref> | |- | ''Yutyrannus'' | ''Y. huali'' | | Unknown | Three nearly complete skeletons of various ages | A large tyrannosauroid<ref name="yutyrannus">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=X. |last2=Wang |first2=K. |last3=Zhang |first3=K. |last4=Ma |first4=Q. |last5=Xing |first5=L. |last6=Sullivan |first6=C. |last7=Hu |first7=D. |last8=Cheng |first8=S. |last9=Wang |first9=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China |url=http://www.xinglida.net/pdf/Xu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=484 |issue=7392 |pages=92–95 |bibcode=2012Natur.484...92X |doi=10.1038/nature10906 |pmid=22481363 |s2cid=29689629 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417134949/http://www.xinglida.net/pdf/Xu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> |[[File:Yutyrannus_huali.png|frameless]] |- | Unnamed theropod | Not yet described | Yixian | Lujiatun Bed | Partial post-cranial skeleton<ref name="dongbetitan_bite">{{Cite journal |last=Xing |first=L. |last2=Bell |first2=P.R. |last3=Currie |first3=P.J. |last4=Shibata |first4=M. |last5=Tseng |first5=K. |last6=Dong |first6=Z. |year=2012 |title=A sauropod rib with an embedded theropod tooth: direct evidence for feeding behaviour in the Jehol group, China |journal=Lethaia |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=500–506 |bibcode=2012Letha..45..500X |doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00310.x}}</ref> | A possible allosauroid<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Q. |last2=Xu |first2=X. |year=2008 |title=A new Theropod from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=28 |issue=3 |page=164A |doi=10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459 |s2cid=220405736}}</ref> | |- |} == Pterosaurs == {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Beipiaopterus'' | ''B. chenianus'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Boreopterus'' | ''B. cuiae'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A boreopterid | |- | ''Cathayopterus'' | ''C. grabaui'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Dendrorhynchoides''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=D.W.E. |year=2020 |title=A review of the taxonomy and palaeoecology of the Anurognathidae (Reptilia, Pterosauria) |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/67707 |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=1676–1692 |bibcode=2020AcGlS..94.1676H |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.14585 |s2cid=225169094 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ''D. curvidentatus'' | | | |An anurognathid | |- | ''Elanodactylus''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=C |year=2009 |title=New material of ''Elanodactylus prolatus'' Andres & Ji, 2008 (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=255 |issue=3 |pages=277–286 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0022}}</ref> | ''E. prolatus'' | | Jianshangou Bed<ref name="pterofiltrus" /> | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | rowspan="2" |''Eopteranodon'' |''E. lii''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lü |first=J.C. |last2=B.K. Zhang |year=2005 |title=New pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning |journal=Geological Review |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=458–462}}</ref> |Beipiao | | |A tapejarid | |- |''E. yixianensis''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Xinjun |last2=Jiang |first2=Shunxing |last3=Kellner |first3=Alexander W. A. |last4=Cheng |first4=Xin |last5=Costa |first5=Fabiana R. |last6=Wang |first6=Xiaolin |date=2023-09-01 |title=A new species of Eopteranodon (Pterodactyloidea, Tapejaridae) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123001015 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=149 |bibcode=2023CrRes.14905573Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105573 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=258531568 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |Beipiao |Jianshangou Bed | |A tapejarid | |- | ''Eosipterus'' | ''E. yangi'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Feilongus'' | ''F. youngi'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | A ctenochasmatid | [[File:Feilongus_NT.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Gegepterus'' | ''G. changae''<ref name="pterofiltrus" /> | | Jianshangou Bed<ref name="pterofiltrus" /> | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Gladocephaloideus'' | ''G. jingangshanensis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | [[File:Gladocephaloideus_jingangshanensis.PNG|frameless]] |- |''Haopterus'' | ''H. gracilis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A mimodactylid | [[File:HaopterusGracilis-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Luchibang''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=David W. E. |last2=Fitch |first2=Adam J. |last3=Ma |first3=Feimin |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2020-03-04 |title=An unusual new genus of istiodactylid pterosaur from China based on a near complete specimen |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/2931-a-new-istiodactylid-pterosaur |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–43 |doi=10.26879/1015 |issn=1094-8074 |s2cid=243055980 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=David W. E. |last2=Jiang |first2=Shunxing |last3=Fitch |first3=Adam J. |last4=Xu |first4=Yizhi |last5=Xu |first5=Xing |date=2024-08-16 |title=A reassessment on Luchibang xingzhe: A still valid istiodactylid pterosaur within a chimera |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2024/5273-luchibang-is-a-chinese-chimera |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=English |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.26879/1359 |issn=1094-8074 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |''L. xingzhe'' | | |One partial skull |An [[Istiodactylidae|istiodactylid]] | |- | ''Moganopterus'' | ''M. zhuiana'' | | Lujiatun bed? | |A ctenochasmatid |[[File:Moganopterus_reconstruction.png|frameless]] |- | ''Ningchengopterus'' | ''N. liuae'' | | Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi bed | |A pterodactyloid<ref name="LJ09">{{Cite journal |last=Lü J. |year=2009 |title=A baby pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |bibcode=2009AcGlS..83....1L |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00001.x |s2cid=85074573}}</ref> |[[File:Ningchengopterus_liuae.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Nurhachius'' |''N.'' sp. | |Jingangshan Member<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ozeki |first=Masanori |last2=Unwin |first2=David M. |last3=Bell |first3=Phil R. |last4=Li |first4=Daqing |last5=Xing |first5=Lida |date=2023-06-26 |title=A new pterosaur specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China: The oldest fossil record of Nurhachius |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2023.2222127 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=1625–1638 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2222127 |issn=0891-2963 |s2cid=259677697 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |An incomplete specimen<ref name=":6" /> |An [[Istiodactylidae|istiodactylid]] | |- | ''Pterofiltrus'' | ''P. qiui'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid<ref name="pterofiltrus">{{Cite journal |last=Jiang |first=S. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |year=2011 |title=A new ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, western Liaoning, China |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aabc/v83n4/10.pdf |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=1243–1249 |doi=10.1590/s0001-37652011000400011 |pmid=22146956}}</ref> | |- |''Yixianopterus'' |''Y. jingangshanensis'' | | | |An istiodactyliform | |- | ''Zhenyuanopterus'' | ''Z. longirostris'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A boreopteridm<ref name="ACX10">{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=J. |year=2010 |title=A new boreopterid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=241–246 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..241L |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00204.x |s2cid=140600398}}</ref> may be adult form of ''Boreopterus''. | |- |} == Misc. reptiles == === Choristoderans === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="2" | ''Hyphalosaurus'' | ''H. lingyuanensis'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | | [[File:Hyphalosaurus_mmartyniuk_wiki.png|frameless]] |- | ''H. baitaigouensis'' | | Jingangshan Bed | Thousands of specimens | | |- | ''Monjurosuchus'' | ''M. splendens'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | |[[File:Monjurosuchus.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Sinohydrosaurus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''S. lingyuanensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Dawangzhangzi Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis'' | |- |} === Lizards === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Dalinghosaurus'' | ''D. longidigitus'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A lizard related to shinisaurs | [[File:DalinghesaurusLongidigitus-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Liushusaurus'' | ''L. acanthocaudata''<ref name="evens&wang2010">{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=S.E. |last2=Wang |first2=Y. |year=2010 |title=A new lizard (Reptilia: Squamata) with exquisite preservation of soft tissue from the Lower Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=81–95 |bibcode=2010JSPal...8...81E |doi=10.1080/14772010903537773 |s2cid=56046960}}</ref> | | Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi bed | |A lizard related to [[Tsaka|geckos]] and skinks | |- | ''Xianglong'' | ''X. zhaoi'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A gliding lizard related to chameleons and dragon lizards |[[File:Xianglong_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Yabeinosaurus'' | ''Y. tenuis'' | | Dawangzhangzi & Jingangshan Beds | |A lizard related to geckos and skinks | |- |} === Turtles === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="2" | ''Manchurochelys'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | ''M. liaoxiensis''<ref name="chenetal2005">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=P. |last2=Wang |first2=Q. |last3=Zhang |first3=H. |last4=Cao |first4=M. |last5=Li |first5=W. |last6=Wu |first6=S. |last7=Shen |first7=Y. |year=2005 |title=Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation in West Liaoning, China |journal=Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=298–312 |bibcode=2005ScChD..48..298C |doi=10.1360/04yd0038 |s2cid=130825449}}</ref> | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Reclassified as ''Ordosemys liaoxiensis''<ref name="amnh1">{{Cite journal |last=Tong |first=H. |last2=Ji |first2=S. |last3=Ji |first3=Q. |year=2004 |title=Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, Northeastern China: New Specimens and Systematic Revision |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/177942 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3438 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2004)438<0001:OTCFTY>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0003-0082 |s2cid=55873696}}</ref> | |- | ''M. manchoukuoensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | Jingangshan Bed | | | |- | ''Ordosemys'' | ''O. liaoxiensis''<ref name="amnh1" /> | | Jianshangou Bed | | |[[File:Manchuroche.JPG|frameless]] |- |} == Dabbobi masu shayarwa == {{paleobiota-key-compact}}Dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka jera a ƙasa an tattara su a cikin binciken da Meng da abokan aiki suka yi a cikin shekara ta 2006, sai dai in ba haka ba.<ref name="mengetall2006">{{Cite journal |last=Meng |first=J. |last2=Hu |first2=Y. |last3=Li |first3=C. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |year=2006 |title=The mammal fauna in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: implications for diversity and biology of Mesozoic mammals |journal=Geological Journal |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=439–463 |bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..439J |doi=10.1002/gj.1054 |s2cid=84397126}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Abubuwan da ake amfani da su !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''Acristatherium'' |''A. yanensis''<ref name="acristatherium">{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Y. |last2=Meng |first2=J. |last3=Li |first3=C. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |year=2010 |title=New basal eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol biota, Liaoning, China |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=277 |issue=1679 |pages=229–236 |bibcode=2010PBioS.277..229H |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0203 |pmc=2842663 |pmid=19419990}}</ref> |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Wani mai ba da labariEutherian | |- |''Akidolestes'' |''A. cifellii'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |spalacotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''Gidajen ruwa<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Bi |first=Shundong |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaoting |last3=Wang |first3=Xiaoli |last4=Cignetti |first4=Natalie E. |last5=Yang |first5=Shiling |last6=Wible |first6=John R. |date=2018 |title=An Early Cretaceous eutherian and the placental–marsupial dichotomy |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0210-3 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=558 |issue=7710 |pages=390–395 |bibcode=2018Natur.558..390B |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0210-3 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=29899454 |s2cid=49183466 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>'' |''A. zhoui'' |Nincheng |Gidan Jianshangou | |Wani mai ba da labari | |- |''Chaoyangodens''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shilin Hou |last2=Jin Meng |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=A new eutriconodont mammal from the early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of Liaoning, China |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=59 |issue=5–6 |pages=546–553 |bibcode=2014ChSBu..59..546H |doi=10.1007/s11434-013-0088-2 |s2cid=129366743}}</ref> |''C. Li'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |A eutriconodont | |- |''Eomaia'' |''E. scansoria'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |Wani kabilar tribosphenidan, mai yiwuwa euTherian ko stem-therian |[[File:Live_reconstruction_of_Cretophasmomima_melanogramma_-_journal.pone.0091290.g007.png|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''Gobiconodon'' |''G. zofiae'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Gwamnatin Gidagobiconodont |[[File:Gobiconodon.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''G. luoianus''<ref name="Yuan">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Thierry |last2=Smith |first2=Richard |last3=Zhang |first3=Xingliao |last4=Xi |first4=Yunhong |last5=Wu |first5=Yanhua |last6=Ji |first6=Qiang |last9=Yuan Chongxi, Xu Li, Zhang Xingliao, Xi Yunhong, Wu Yanhua and Ji Qiang |year=2009 |title=A New Species of ''Gobiconodon'' (Mammalia) from Western Liaoning, China and its Implication for the Dental Formula of ''Gobiconodon'' |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=207–211 |bibcode=2009AcGlS..83..207Y |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00035.x |s2cid=129667303 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidan Lujiatun | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |A gobiconodont; ƙaramin ma'anar ''G. zofiae'' | |- |''Yeholodens'' |''J. jenkinsi'' |Chaoyang |Gidan Jianshangou | |A eutriconodont |[[File:Jeholodens_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Juchilestes''<ref name="Gao2010">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=CL |last2=Wilson |first2=GP |last3=Luo |first3=ZX |last4=Maga |first4=AM |last5=Meng |first5=Q |last6=Wang |first6=X |last9=Chun-Ling Gao, Gregory P. Wilson, Zhe-Xi Luo, A. Murat Maga, Qingjin Meng and Xuri Wang |year=2010 |title=A new mammal skull from the Lower Cretaceous of China with implications for the evolution of obtuse-angled molars and 'amphilestid' eutriconodonts |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=277 |issue=1679 |pages=237–246 |bibcode=2010PBioS.277..237G |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.1014 |pmc=2842676 |pmid=19726475}}</ref> |''J. liaoningensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Amphidontid | |- |''[[Jueconodon]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mao |first=F. |last2=Zhang |first2=C. |last3=Liu |first3=C. |last4=Meng |first4=J. |date=2021 |title=Fossoriality and evolutionary development in two Cretaceous mammaliamorphs |journal=Nature |volume=592 |issue=7855 |pages=577–582 |bibcode=2021Natur.592..577M |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03433-2 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=33828300 |s2cid=233183060}}</ref> |''J. cheni'' | | | |A eutriconodont | |- | rowspan="2" |''Maotherium'' |''M. sinensis'' |Chaoyang |Gidan Jianshangou | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''M. asiaticus''<ref name="Martin & Ruf 2009"> {{Cite journal |last=Martin, Thomas |last2=Ruf, Irina |year=2009 |title=On the mammalian ear |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5950 |pages=243–244 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..243M |doi=10.1126/science.1181131 |pmid=19815765 |s2cid=26545052}} </ref> |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''[[Meemannodon]]'' |''M. lujiatunensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Gwamnatin Gida | |- |''Origolestes'' |''O. lii'' | | | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''Ningchengodon'' |''N. foxi'' |Ningcheng |Kogin Ningcheng |Wani likitan hakora na dama. |A symmetrodont. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Repenomamus'' |''R. giganticus'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Gwamnatin Gida |[[File:Repenomamus_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- |''R. robustus'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Babban gobiconodont, wanda ya ci kananan dinosaur | |- |''Sinobaatar'' |''S. lingyuanensis'' |Lingyuan |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi | |Mai amfani da yawa | |- |''Sinodelphys'' |''S. szalayi'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |Therian, da farko an fassara shi azaman metatherian kuma daga baya an sake fassara shi a matsayin eutherian | |- |''Yanoconodon''<ref name="yanoconodon">{{Cite journal |last=Luo |first=Z. |last2=Chen |first2=P. |last3=Li |first3=G. |last4=Chen |first4=M. |year=2007 |title=A new eutriconodont mammal and evolutionary development in early mammals |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15542/files/PAL_E2954.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=446 |issue=7133 |pages=288–93 |bibcode=2007Natur.446..288L |doi=10.1038/nature05627 |pmid=17361176 |s2cid=4329583}}</ref> |''Y. allini''<ref name="yanoconodon" /> |Fengning <ref name="yanoconodon" /> | | |Eutricondondont |[[File:Yanoconodon_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Zhangheotherium'' |''Z. quinquecuspidens'' |Chaoyang |Gidan Jianshangou | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |} == Dabbobi masu rai da ruwa == {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Abubuwan da ake amfani da su !Bayani !Hotuna |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Callobatrachus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. sanyanensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Sihetun | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidan Jianshangou | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Liaobatrachus'' |[[File:Callobatrachus.png|frameless]] |- |''Laccotriton'' |''L. subsolanus'' |Paozhanggou |Gidan Fengshan | |urodelan | |- | rowspan="2" |''Liaobatrachus'' |''L. grabaui'' |Sihetun |Gidan Jianshangou | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi | |- |''L. zhaoi'' |Beipiao da Heitizigou |Lujiatun Bed & Jianshangou Bed | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Mesophryne'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''M. beipiaoensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Beipiao da Heitizigou | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Lujiatun Bed & Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Liaobatrachus'' | |- |''Sinerpeton'' |''S. fengshanensis'' |Paozhanggou |Gidan Fengshan | |urodelan | |- |} == Kifi == {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |Hybodontoidea indet. |Iyali, jinsin da jinsin da ba a tantance su ba | | | |Wani elasmobranch da aka sani daga wani dorsal fin spine <ref name="zhang2007shark">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2007 |title=Two shark finspines (Hybodontoidea) from the Mesozoic of North China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=277–280 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..277Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.005}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Lycoptera'' |''L. dabbidi'' | |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi |Har ila yau yana cikin Jiufotang Formation & Huajiying FormationTsarin Huajiying | rowspan="3" |Wani nau'in osteoglossiform |[[File:Lycoptera_reconstruction.jpg|frameless]] |- |''L. muroii'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | |- |''L. sinensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''Mesomyzon'' |''M. mengae'' | | | |Lambarlamprey |[[File:Mesomyzon_NT_small.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Peipiaosteus'' |''P. tsoro'' | |Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi Bed |Har ila yau yana cikin Tsarin Jiufotang |Kifi na peipiaosteid da ke da alaƙa da sturgeons | |- |''Protopsephurus'' |''P. liui'' | |Gidan Dawangzhangzi |Har ila yau yana cikin Jiufotang & Huajiying Formations |Kifi mai suna paddlefishKifi na paddlefish |[[File:Protopsephurus_liui.JPG|frameless]] |- |''Sinamia'' |''S. liaoningensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ƙarƙashin ƙuƙwalwabowfin |[[File:Sinamia.JPG|frameless]] |- |''[[Yanosteus]]'' |''Y. longidorsalis'' | | |Har ila yau yana cikin Tsarin Huajiying |Peipiaosteid | |- |} == Naman dabbobi marasa ƙashi na Tsarin Yixian == Nau'in halittu marasa ƙashi da aka lissafa a ƙasa ya biyo bayan wani bincike da Chen da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar a shekarar 2005, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. <ref name="chenetal2005" /> === Arachnids === Nau'in arachnid da aka lissafa a ƙasa suna bin kundin bayanai da Dunlop, Penney da Jekel suka tattara a shekarar 2010, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Yawa ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | rowspan="4" | ? ''Araneus'' | ''A.'' ? ''aethus'' | | | | rowspan="4" | Gizo-gizo masu sakawa na Orb | |- | ''A.'' ? ''beipiaoensis'' | | | | |- | ''A.'' ? ''liaoxiensis'' | | | | |- | ''A.'' ? ''reheensis'' | | | | |- | ''[[Cretaraneus|Cretaranus]]'' | ''C. liaoningensis'' | | | | Gizo-gizon Nephiline | |- | ? ''Gnaphosa'' | ''G.'' ? ''liaoningensis'' | | | | Gizo-gizo na ƙasa | |- | ''[[Jeholia|Yeholiya]]'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xuan |first=Qiang |last2=Cai |first2=Chenyang |last3=Huang |first3=Yuangeng |last4=Huang |first4=Diying |date=24 January 2025 |title=First Mesozoic scorpion from China and its ecological implications |journal=Science Bulletin |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=1941–1944 |bibcode=2025SciBu..70.1941X |doi=10.1016/j.scib.2025.01.035 |pmid=39924406}}</ref> | ''J. longchengi'' | | | | Kunama mai kama da buthoid | |- | ? ''Theridion'' | ''T.'' ? ''atalus'' | | | | Gizo-gizo mai tauri | |- |} === Ƙwaro (Coleoptera) === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Anoixis]]'' |''A. complanus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai latsawa <ref name="huali2010">{{Cite journal |last=Huali |first=C. |last2=Kirejtshuk |first2=A. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2010 |title=New Fossil Elaterids (Coleoptera: Polyphaga: Elateridae) From the Jehol Biota in China |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=866–874 |doi=10.1603/AN09076 |s2cid=55827291 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Apoclion]]'' |''A. antennatus'' | | | | rowspan="3" |Kwararrun kwari <ref name="huali2010" /> | |- |''A. clavatus'' | | | | |- |''A. dolini'' | | | | |- |''[[Coptoclava]]'' |''C. longipoda'' | | | |Kwango <ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Desmatinus]]'' |''D. cognatus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai latsawa <ref name="huali2010" /> | |- |''[[Fortiseode]]'' |''F. pervalimand'' | | | |Wani kwari na [[Eodromeinae|eodromeine]] trachypachid | |- |''Haske'' |''G. orthochilus'' | | | |Kwango mai laresid scarab <ref name="baietal2010">{{Cite journal |last=Bai |first=M. |last2=Krell |first2=F.T. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |last4=Yang |first4=X. |year=2010 |title=A New, Weil-Preserved Species of Glaresidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Jehol Biota of China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=676–679 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..676M |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00229.x |s2cid=140694460}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Hydrophilopsia]]'' |''H. gracilis'' | | | | rowspan="3" |Hydrophiloid ruwa scavenger beetles <ref name="prokinetal2010">{{Cite journal |last=Prokin |first=A. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Martin |first3=F. |year=2010 |title=New Mesozoic Water Scavenger Beetles from the Yixian Formation in China (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea) |journal=Annales Zoologici |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=173–179 |doi=10.3161/000345410X516821 |s2cid=51491869}}</ref> | |- |''H. hydraenoides'' | | | | |- |''H. shatrovskiyi'' | | | | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Lasiosyne]]'' |''L. inteera'' |Garin Huangbanjigou, Lardin Liaoning, arewa maso gabashin China.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Guo |first=Henan |last2=Zhao |first2=Yanchen |last3=Chang |first3=Huali |last4=Shih |first4=Chungkun |last5=Ren |first5=Dong |date=2022-08-13 |title=Two new species of Lasiosyne from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (Coleoptera, Lasiosynidae) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122002002 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=140 |bibcode=2022CrRes.14005336G |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105336 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=251558114 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | | |Wani kwari na [[Lasiosynidae|lasiosynid]].<ref name=":3" /> | |- |''L. parva'' |Garin Huangbanjigou, Lardin Liaoning, arewa maso gabashin China.<ref name=":3" /> | | |Wani kwari na [[Lasiosynidae|lasiosynid]].<ref name=":3" /> | |- |''Liaoximordella'' |''L. hongi'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna mordellid <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''Mirimordella'' |''M. gracilicruralis'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna mordellid <ref name="liuetal2007">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=M. |last2=Lu |first2=W. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2007 |title=A new fossil mordellid (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Mordellidae) from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning Province, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1415 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1415.1.6 |s2cid=4494968 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Oxyporus (beetle)|Oxyporus]]'' |''O. yixianus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna oxyporin rove <ref name="yue2011">{{Cite journal |last=Yue |first=Y. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Solodovnikovb |first3=A. |year=2011 |title=The oldest fossil species of the rove beetle subfamily Oxyporinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Early Cretaceous (Yixian Formation, China) and its phylogenetic significance |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=9 |issue=4 |page=2 |bibcode=2011JSPal...9..467Y |doi=10.1080/14772019.2010.493049 |s2cid=83787190}}</ref> | |- |''[[Paradesmatus]]'' |''P. dilatatus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai lamba desmati <ref name="huali2010" /> | |- |''[[Parageotrupes|Ƙungiyoyin Parageotrupes]]'' |''P. incanus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna Geotrupine scarab <ref name="nikolajev">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolajev |first=G.V. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |year=2010 |title=New Genus of the Subfamily Geotrupinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Geotrupindae) from the Jehol Biota |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=673–675 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..673N |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00260.x |s2cid=83650978}}</ref> | |- |''[[Sinocupes]]'' |''S. validus'' | | | |Kwango <ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Sinosperchopsis]]'' |''S. silinae'' | | | |Wani kwari mai cin ruwa mai suna hydrophiloid <ref name="prokinetal2010" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Sinoxytelus]]'' |''S. taƙaitaccen'' | | | | rowspan="3" |Oxyteline rove beetles <ref name="yuestaphylinids2010">{{Cite journal |last=Yue |first=Y. |last2=Zhao |first2=Y. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2010 |title=Three new Mesozoic Staphylinids (Coleoptera) from Liaoning, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |bibcode=2010CrRes..31...61Y |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2009.09.005}}</ref> | |- |''S. euglypheus'' | | | | |- |''S. longisetosus'' | | | | |- |} === Dabbobi masu kama da dabbobi === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- | rowspan="2" |''Chenops''<ref name="Hegna">{{Cite journal |last=Hegna |first=Thomas A. |last2=Dong |first2=REN |last9=Thomas A. Hegna, Ren Dong |year=2010 |title=Two New "Notostracans", ''Chenops'' gen. nov. and ''Jeholops'' gen. nov. (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: ?Notostraca) from the Yixian Formation, Northeastern China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=886–894 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..886H |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00232.x |s2cid=85023596}}</ref> |''C. oblongus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Notostracans | rowspan="2" |[[File:Chenops_yixianensis.jpg|frameless]] |- |''C. yixianensis'' | | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Cricoidoscelosus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. Aethus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Palaeocambarus<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Crayfishes from the Jehol biota |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/45/24 |journal=Geodiversitas |language=en |volume=45 |issue=24 |pages=689–719}}</ref>'' [2] | |- | rowspan="5" |''[[Cypridea]]'' |''C.'' (''Cypridea'') liaoningensis''haɗin kai'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | rowspan="5" |Ostracods | |- |''C.'' (''C.'') ''sihetunensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''C.'' (''C.'') veridica arguta''gaskiya mai ma'ana'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | |- |''C.'' (''C.'') sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''C.'' (''Ulwellia'') ''beipiaoensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''[[Damonella]]'' |''D. kyakkyawa'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''Darwinula'' |''D. leguminella'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Diestheria|Abinci]]'' |''D. jeholensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | rowspan="3" |Clam shrimps | |- |''D. yixianensis'' | |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | | |- |D?sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- | rowspan="5" |''[[Eosestheria]]'' |''E. jingangshanensis'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | rowspan="5" |Clam shrimps | |- |''E. lingyuanensis'' | |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | | |- |''E.'' da kuma. ''tsakiya'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | |- |''E. ovata'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''E. sihetunensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''[[Eosestheriopsis]]'' |''E. gujialingensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Crab shrimp | |- |''Yeholops''<ref name="Hegna" /> |''J. hongi'' | | | |Wani abu mai suna notostracan |[[File:Jeholops_Chenops.jpg|frameless]] |- |''[[Liaoningogriphus]]'' |''L. quadripartitus'' | |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi | |Tsuntsushrimp | |- |''[[Lycopterocypris]]'' |''L. infantilis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''[[Mantelliana]]'' |''M.'' sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |"<nowiki><i id="mwD3k">Mongolarachne</i></nowiki>" | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |"M" ''Chaoyangensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidajen Dawangzhangzi | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Palaeocambarus'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paul A. Selden |last2=Alison N. Olcott |last3=Matt R. Downen |last4=Dong Ren |last5=Chungkun Shih |last6=Xiaodong Cheng |year=2019 |title=The supposed giant spider ''Mongolarachne chaoyangensis'', from the Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China, is a crayfish |url=http://www.paulselden.net/uploads/7/5/3/2/7532217/yixiancrayfish2019.pdf |journal=Palaeoentomology |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=515–522 |bibcode=2019Plegy...2..515S |doi=10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.5.15 |s2cid=208124459}}</ref> | |- |''[[Mongolianella]]'' |Ka duba littafin nan. ''dabino'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''Palaeocambarus'' |''P. lasisi'' | | | |Kayan kifi |[[File:BMNH_IMG_5554_Cricoidoscelosus_aethus.jpg|frameless]] |- |''[[Rhinocyrpis]]'' |''R. jurassica'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''[[Timiriasevia]]'' |''T. jianshangouensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |?''[[Yanjiestheria]]'' |Y?''beipiaoensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Jianshangou | |Crab shrimp | |- |''[[Yanshania]]'' |''Y. dabeigouensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |} === Dragonflies (Odonata) === {{Paleobiota-key-compact}}Nau'in dragonfly da aka jera a ƙasa sun bi bita da Zhang, Ren da Panf suka tattara a cikin 2008, sai dai idan an lura da hakan.<ref name="zhangrenpang2008">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=B. Ren |last2=Pang |first2=H. |year=2008 |title=''Telmaeshna paradoxica'' gen. et sp. nov., a new fossil dragonfly (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera) from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1681 |pages=62–68 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1681.1.6}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Abrohemeroscopus]]'' |''A. Yana cin abinci'' | | | |dragonfly | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#f3e9f3;" |''[[Aeschnidium]]'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''A. heishankowense'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | rowspan="2" style="background:#fbdddb;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sinaeschnidia heishankowense'' <ref name="zhang2000" /> | |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''A.'' sp. | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |''[[Archaeogomphus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''A. labius'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Nymphs <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake rarraba shi a matsayin ''Yixiangomphus labius'', <ref name="zhang2000" /> wanda shine ƙaramin ma'anar ''Sinaeschnidia cancellosa'' <ref name="lin1994">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Q. |year=1994 |title=Cretaceous insects of China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=305–316 |bibcode=1994CrRes..15..305L |doi=10.1006/cres.1994.1019}}</ref> | |- |''[[Bellabrunetia]]'' |''B. catherinae'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Chrysogomphus]]'' |''C. beipiaoensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Dissurus|Rashin jituwa]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''D. liaoyuanensis''<ref name="lin1994" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Nymph da ba a kiyaye shi sosai ba <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sinaeschnidia'' cf. ''ya soke''<ref name="zhang2000" /> | |- |''[[Dracontaeschnidium]]'' |''D. gabas'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Hebeiaeschnidia]]'' |''H. fengningensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Huaxiagomphus]]'' |''H. taushanensis'' | | | |Dragonfly <ref name="lin1994" /> | |- |''[[Liogomphus]]'' |''L. yixianensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Mesocordulia]]'' |''M. boreala'' | | | |Wani dragonfly mai kama da corduliid <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Palaeogomphus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''P. labius'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Wani dragonfly, wanda aka sake rarraba shi a matsayin na ''Yixiangomphus labius'', wanda shine ƙaramin ma'anar ''Sinaeschnidia cancellosa'' <ref name="zhang2000" /><ref name="lin1994" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Parapetala]]'' |''P. liaoningensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''P. yixianensis'' | |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=Daran |last2=Zhang |first2=Xin |last3=Zhang |first3=Haichun |last4=Nel |first4=André |date=2022-08-13 |title=New Lower Cretaceous aeshnopteran dragonflies from western Liaoning, NE China (Odonata: Anisoptera) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122001884 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=140 |bibcode=2022CrRes.14005324Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105324 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=251558031 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | | | |- |''[[Protoliupanshania]]'' |''P. wangi'' | |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":2" /> | |Wani dragonfly na [[liupanshaniid]] | |- |''[[Pseudocymatophlebia]]'' |''P. bisecta'' |Gundumar Ningcheng<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Qiang |last2=Ren |first2=Dong |last3=Shi |first3=Chaofan |date=June 2023 |title=New petalurid dragonfly (Odonata: Aktassiidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of northern China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667123001374 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=151 |bibcode=2023CrRes.15105609Y |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105609 |s2cid=259601344 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | |Wani samfurin da aka adana sosai.<ref name=":4" /> |Wani dragonfly na [[Aktassiidae|aktassiid]] | |- |''[[Pseudoliupanshania]]'' |''P. magnanicellula'' | |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":2" /> | | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Pseudosamarura|Ƙarya mai ƙamshi]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''P. largina''<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ɗaya daga cikin samfurori, nymph <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sinaeschnidia'' cf. ''ya soke''<ref name="zhang2000" /> | |- |''[[Rudiaeschna]]'' |''R. limnobia'' | | | |Wani dragonfly aeshnid <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Sinaeschnidia'' |''S. heishankowense'' | |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi |Manya da nymphs <ref name="zhang2000" /> | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''S. cancellosa''<ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''S. heishankowense'' <ref name="fleck">{{Cite journal |last=Fleck |first=G. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |year=2003 |title=Revision of the Mesozoic family Aeschnidiidae (Odonata: Anisoptera) |journal=Zoologica |volume=153 |pages=1–170}}</ref> | |- |''S.'' sp. | | |Samfurori marasa tabbas <ref name="zhang2000" /> |An ba da wasu samfurori na nymph nasu jinsuna da jinsuna ko da yake mai yiwuwa sun kasance ''S. heishankowense'' amma ba a kiyaye su sosai ba don tabbatar da su <ref name="zhang2000" /> |[[File:Sinaeschnidia-Tianjin_Natural_History_Museum.jpg|frameless]] |- |''[[Sinaktassia]]'' |''S. tangi''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Q.-B. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |last3=Huang |first3=D.-Y. |year=2010 |title=Sinaktassia tangi, a new Chinese Mesozoic genus and species of Aktassiidae (Odonata: Petaluroidea) |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2359 |issue=1 |pages=61–64 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2359.1.5}}</ref> | | | |Wani dragonfly na [[Aktassiidae|aktassiid]] | |- |''[[Sinogomphus]]'' |''S. taoshanensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Sinojagoria]]'' |''S. imperfecta'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Sopholibellula]]'' |''S. amoena'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Tsuntsaye | |- |''S. a tsaye'' | | | | |- |''[[Stylaeschnidium]]'' |''S. rarum'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Telmaeshna]]'' |''T. mai rikitarwa'' |Beipiao | | |Dragonfly | |- |''Turanophlebia'' |''T. liaoningensis'' |Beipiao <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Fang |first=Rui |last2=Zheng |first2=Daran |date=2022-11-23 |title=A new tarsophlebiid dragonfly from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, NE China (Insecta: Odonatoptera, Panodonata) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122002889 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=143 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105424 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=253875737 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":5" /> | |Wani tarsophlebiid dragonfly. | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Yixiangomphus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Y. labius'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Nymphs <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Sinaeschnidia cancellosa'' <ref name="zhang2000">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2000 |title=The discovery of aeschnidiid nymphs (Aeschnidiidae, Odonata, Insecta) |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=1031–1038 |bibcode=2000ChSBu..45.1031Z |doi=10.1007/bf02884986 |s2cid=85282862}}</ref> | |} === Tsuntsaye (Diptera) === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Alleremonomus]]'' |''A. xingi'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi | |- |''[[Atalosciophila]]'' |''A. yanensis'' | | | |Gnat na mycetophilid <ref name="zhang2007">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2007 |title=New mesosciophilid gnats (Insecta: Diptera: Mesosciophilidae) in the Daohugou biota of Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=297–301 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..297Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.007}}</ref> | |- |''[[Chironomaptera]]'' |''C. gregaria'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai fashewaFantasma Midge | |- |''[[Gigantoberis]]'' |''G. liaoningensis'' | | | |sojan ya tashi <ref name="huang&lin2007soldier">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=D. |last2=Lin |first2=Q. |year=2007 |title=A new soldier fly (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, northeast China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=317–321 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..317H |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.006}}</ref> | |- |''[[Lichnoplecia]]'' |''L. kovalevi'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi <ref name="zhangflies2007">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2007 |title=New Mesozoic Protopleciidae (Insecta: Diptera: Nematocera) from China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=289–296 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..289Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.009}}</ref> | |- |''[[Palaepangonius]]'' |''P. eupterus'' | | | |Tsuntsu na doki <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Protapiocera]]'' |''P. megista'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai zaman kansa <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Protempis]]'' |''P. minti'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Protonemestrius]]'' |''P. jurassicus'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai laushi <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |} === Wasps (Hymenoptera) === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- |''[[Abropelecinus]]'' |''A. annulatus'' |Beipiao | | |An [[Iscopininae|iscopinine]] pelecinid<ref name="fengetal2011">{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=H. |last2=Shih |first2=C. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |last4=Liu |first4=C. |year=2011 |title=New male pelecinid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning (China) |journal=Geologica Carpathica |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=463–468 |doi=10.2478/v10096-010-0028-x |s2cid=84767798 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Angaridyela]]'' |''A. robusta'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A sawfly | |- |''[[Azygopelecinus]]'' |''A. clavatus'' |Beipiao | | | An iscopinine pelecinid<ref name="fengetal2011" /> | |- |''[[Chengdeserphus]]'' |''C. petidatus'' | | | |A proctotrupid wasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Cretevania'' |''C. exquisita'' | rowspan="3" |Beipiao | | | rowspan="3" |Hatchet wasps<ref name="zhangwasps2007">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=H. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first2=A.P. |last3=Wang |first3=D. |last4=Zhang |first4=Y. |year=2007 |title=Some hatchet wasps (Hymenoptera, Evaniidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=310–316 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..310Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.003}}</ref> | |- |''C. pristine'' |Jianshangou bed | | |- |''C. vesca'' | | | |- |''[[Hoplitolyda]]'' |''H. duolunica'' | | | |The largest known sawfly ever<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Taiping |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr P. |last4=Ren |first4=Dong |date=2013-05-03 |title=Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto Largest Sawfly from the Mesozoic of China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...862420G |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0062420 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3643952 |pmid=23671596 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Liaotoma]]'' |''L. linearis'' | | | |A [[Xyelotomidae|xyelotomid]] woodwasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Manlaya]]'' |''M. flexuosus'' | | | |An aulacid woodwasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#fbdddb;" |''Procretevania'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''P. exquisita'' | rowspan="3" style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | rowspan="3" style="background:#fbdddb;" | Reclassified as ''Cretevania'' spp.<ref name="Peñalver">{{Cite journal |last=Enrique Peñalver |last2=Jaime Ortega-Blanco |last3=André Nel |last4=Xavier Delclòs |year=2010 |title=Mesozoic Evaniidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in Spanish Amber: Reanalysis of the Phylogeny of the Evanioidea |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=809–827 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..809P |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00257.x |s2cid=83716591}}</ref> | |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''P. pristine'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''P. vesca'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Rudisiricius]]'' |''R. belli'' | | | | rowspan="3" | Praesiricid sawflies<ref name="gaoetal2010">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=T. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first2=A.P. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |year=2010 |title=The first Praesiricidae (Hymenoptera) from Northeast China |journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |volume=46 |issue=1–2 |pages=148–153 |bibcode=2010AnSEF..46..148G |doi=10.1080/00379271.2010.10697650 |s2cid=88390334}}</ref> | |- |''R. celsus'' | | | | |- |''R. crassinodus'' | | | | |- |''[[Scolichneumon]]'' |''S. rectivenius'' | | | |An ichneumonoid wasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Sinopelecinus]]'' |''S. viriosus'' | | | |A pelecinid<ref name="fengetal2011" /> | |- |''[[Tanychora]]'' |''T. exquisita'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |An ichneumon wasp | |- |} === Other insects === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- |''[[Abrigramma]]'' |''A. calophleba'' | | | |A kalligrammatid lacewing<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Qiang |last2=Wang |first2=Yongjie |last3=Labandeira |first3=Conrad C. |last4=Shih |first4=Chungkun |last5=Ren |first5=Dong |date=2014-06-09 |title=Mesozoic lacewings from China provide phylogenetic insight into evolution of the Kalligrammatidae (Neuroptera) |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=126 |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..126Y |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-126 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=4113026 |pmid=24912379 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Abrigramma_calophleba_holotype_A.jpg|center|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Alloraphidia]]'' |''A. bliquivenatica''<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | | | | rowspan="2" |Snakeflies | rowspan="2" | |- |''A. longistigmasa'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |- |''[[Archeraphidia]]'' |''A. shangyuanensis'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> |- |''[[Baissopterus]]'' |''B. liaoningensis'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> |- |''[[Caenoephemera]]'' |''C. shangyuanensis'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A mayfly<ref name="lin&huang2001">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Q.B. |last2=Huang |first2=D.Y. |year=2001 |title=Description of ''Caenophemera shangyuanensis'' gen. nov., sp. nov. (Ephemeroptera), from the Yixian Formation |journal=The Canadian Entomologist |volume=133 |issue=6 |pages=747–754 |bibcode=2001CaEnt.133..747L |doi=10.4039/Ent133747-6 |s2cid=85742721}}</ref> |- |''[[Caloraphidia]]'' |''C. glossophylla'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="ren2002">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=D. |year=2002 |title=Progress in the study of Mesozoic fossil insects during the last decade in China |journal=Acta Entomologica Sinica |volume=45 |pages=234–240}}</ref> | |- |''[[Choromyrmeleon]]'' |''C. othneius'' | | | |An antlion<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Circulaboilus]]'' |''C. aureus'' | | | |A grig<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=L.-M. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Wang |first3=Z.-H. |year=2007 |title=New Prophalangopsids from Late Mesozoic of China (Orthoptera, Prophalangopsidae, Aboilinae) |journal=Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=412–422}}</ref> |- |''Cretophasmomima'' |''C. melanogramma'' | | | |A stick insect<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Maomin |last2=Béthoux |first2=Olivier |last3=Bradler |first3=Sven |last4=Jacques |first4=Frédéric M. B. |last5=Cui |first5=Yingying |last6=Ren |first6=Dong |date=2014-03-19 |editor-last=Srygley |editor-first=Robert B. |title=Under Cover at Pre-Angiosperm Times: A Cloaked Phasmatodean Insect from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...991290W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0091290 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3960115 |pmid=24646906 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Cretophasmomima_melanogramma.png|center|frameless|''Cretophasmomima'', a stick insect]] |- |?''[[Ephemeropsis (animal)|Ephemeropsis]]'' |?''E. trisetalis'' | |Jianshangou and Jingangshan beds | |A mayfly. Chinese specimens probably represent species of ''Epicharmeropsis''<ref name="huangren2007" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Epicharmeropsis]]'' |''E. hexavenulosus''<ref name="huangren2007">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=J. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Sinitshenkova |first3=N. D. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |year=2007 |title=New genus and species of Hexagenitidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Yixian Formation, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1629 |pages=39–50 |bibcode=2007Zoot.16299.1.3H |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1629.1.3 |s2cid=85843454}}</ref> |Pingquan | | | rowspan="2" |Mayflies |- |''E. quadrivenulosus''<ref name="huangren2007" /> |Beipiao |Jianshangou Bed | |[[File:Epicharmeropsis.jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''[[Hagiphasma]]'' |''H. paradoxa'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A stick insect | |- | rowspan="6" |''[[Ilerdocossus]]'' |''I. beipiaoensis'' | | | | rowspan="6" |Palaeontinid hemipterans<ref name="menonetal2005">{{Cite journal |last=Menon |first=F. |last2=Heads |first2=S.W. |last3=Martill |first3=D.M. |year=2005 |title=New Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Cicadomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=837–844 |bibcode=2005CrRes..26..837M |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2005.05.005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Yuling |last2=Chen |first2=Jun |last3=Wang |first3=Bo |date=2019-03-01 |title=New Cretaceous palaeontinids (Insecta, Hemiptera) from northeast China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019566711830291X |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=95 |pages=130–137 |bibcode=2019CrRes..95..130L |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.007 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=134455637 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |''I. exiguus'' | | | |- |''I. exquisitus'' | | | |- |''I. fengningensis'' | | | |- |''I. hui'' | | | |- |''I. pingquanensis'' | | | |- |''[[Ithigramma]]'' |''I. multinervia'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Kalligrammatid lacewings<ref name=":7" /> |[[File:Labandeira_et_al_2016_Fig_1-f.jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''Kalligramma'' |''K. liaoningensis'' | |Jianshangou Bed | | |- |''[[Karatavoblatta]]'' |''K. formosa'' | | | |A cockroach<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Liaoaphidia]]'' |''L. fornicata'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Liaonemobius]]'' |''L. tanae'' | | | |A sword-tail cricket<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Longicellochrysa]]'' |''L. yixiana'' | | | |A mesochrysopid lacewing<ref name="renmakarkin2010">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=D. |last2=Makarkin |first2=V.N. |last3=Yang |first3=Q. |year=2010 |title=A new fossil genus of Mesochrysopidae (Neuroptera) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2523 |pages=50–56 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2523.1.3 |s2cid=73522770}}</ref> | |- |''[[Mesascalaphus]]'' |''M. yangi'' | | | |An owlfly<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Mesolygaeus]]'' |''M. laiyangensis'' | | | |A water bug<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Metabittacus]]'' |''M. colosseus'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A scorpionfly<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen, Peiji |last2=Wang, Qifei |last3=Zhang, Haichun |last4=Cao, Meizhen |last5=Li, Wenben |last6=Wu, Shunqing |last7=Shen, Yanbin |title=论义县组尖山沟层（Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation in West Liaoning, China） |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332553517 |language=zh}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Miracossus]]'' |''M. gongi'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Palaeontinid hemipterans<ref name="menonetal2005" /> |- |''M. ingentius'' | | | |- |''[[Nipponoblatta]]'' |''N. acerba'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A cockroach |- |''[[Oloberotha]]'' |''O. sinica'' | | | |A beaded lacewing<ref name="ren2002" /> |- | rowspan="2" |''Oregramma'' |''O. aureolosa'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Kalligrammatid lacewings<ref name=":7" /> |[[File:Labandeira_et_al_2016_Fig_1-e.jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''O. illecebrosa'' | | | |[[File:Oregramma_illecebrosa.png|center|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''Pseudopulex'' |''P. magnus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Stem-fleas<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Taiping |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr P. |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |last5=Wang |first5=Shuo |last6=Ren |first6=Dong |date=2014-08-27 |title=The first flea with fully distended abdomen from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=168 |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..168G |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0168-1 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=4154525 |pmid=25158612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Tai-ping |last2=Shih |first2=Chung-kun |last3=Xu |first3=Xing |last4=Wang |first4=Shuo |last5=Ren |first5=Dong |date=2012 |title=Mid-Mesozoic Flea-like Ectoparasites of Feathered or Haired Vertebrates |journal=Current Biology |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=732–735 |bibcode=2012CBio...22..732G |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.012 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=22445298 |s2cid=15965145 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |''P. tanlan'' | | | |[[File:Pseudopulex_tanlan_2_(cropped).jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''Renphasma'' |''R. sinica'' | | | |A stick insect<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nel |first=André |last2=Delfosse |first2=Emmanuel |date=2011 |title=A New Chinese Mesozoic Stick Insect |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=429–432 |bibcode=2011AcPaP..56..429N |doi=10.4202/app.2009.1108 |issn=0567-7920 |s2cid=84240218 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Renphasma_sinica.jpg|center|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''Saurophthirus'' |''S. exquisitus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Stem-fleas<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Yanjie |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr |last4=Ren |first4=Dong |last5=Gao |first5=Taiping |date=2020 |title=A new flea from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=65 |doi=10.4202/app.00680.2019 |issn=0567-7920 |s2cid=213622677 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''S. laevigatus'' | | | |[[File:Saurophthirid-flea-Saurophthirus-laevigatus-Zhang-Shih-Rasnitsyn-and-Gao-sp-nov.png|center|frameless]] |- |''[[Sinochresmoda]]'' |''S. magnicornia'' | | | |A chresmodid water-skiing insect<ref name="zhangetal2008a">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=X. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Pang |first3=H. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |year=2008 |title=A new genus and species of Chresmodidae (Insecta: Gryllones) from Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of Yixian Formation, Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1702 |pages=26–40 |bibcode=2008Zoot.17022.1.2Z |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1702.1.2 |s2cid=83282286}}</ref> | |- |''[[Sinosharaperla]]'' |''S. zhaoi'' |Beipiao | | |A stonefly<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Y. |last2=Sinitshenkova |first2=N.D. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2007 |title=A new genus and species of stonefly (Insecta: Plecoptera) from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=322–326 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..322L |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.08.003}}</ref> | |- |''[[Sinoviparosiphum]]'' |''S. lini'' | | | |An aphid<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Sophogramma]]'' |''S. lii'' | |Jianshangou Bed | | rowspan="2" |Kalligrammatid lacewings<ref name="yangetal2009">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Q. |last2=Zhao |first2=Y. |last3=Dong |first3=R. |year=2009 |title=An exceptionally well-preserved fossil Kalligrammatid from the Jehol Biota |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=1732–1737 |bibcode=2009SciBu..54.1732Y |doi=10.1007/s11434-009-0284-2 |s2cid=84821055}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> |[[File:Yang_2014_Sophogramma_lii.png|center|frameless]] |- |''S. pingquanica'' | | | | |- |''[[Tetraphelerus]]'' |''T. laetus'' | | | |A moth<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Tyrannopsylla]]'' |''T. beipiaoensis'' | | | |A stem-flea<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=DiYing |last2=Engel |first2=Michael S. |last3=Cai |first3=ChenYang |last4=Nel |first4=André |date=2013-03-25 |title=Mesozoic giant fleas from northeastern China (Siphonaptera): Taxonomy and implications for palaeodiversity |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=58 |issue=14 |pages=1682–1690 |bibcode=2013ChSBu..58.1682H |doi=10.1007/s11434-013-5769-3 |issn=1001-6538 |s2cid=53578959 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Varicapitatus]]'' |''V. sinuolatus'' |"Huangbanjigou, Chaomidian Village, Beipiao City."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dai |first=Rui |last2=Du |first2=Sile |last3=Ren |first3=Dong |last4=Yao |first4=Yunzhi |date=2022-07-31 |title=New Cretaceous Bugs from Northeastern China Imply the Systematic Position of Pachymeridiidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) |journal=Insects |volume=13 |issue=8 |page=689 |doi=10.3390/insects13080689 |issn=2075-4450 |pmc=9408836 |pmid=36005314 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | | |A hemipteran | |- |Unnamed [[Vitimotauliidae]] |Unnamed | | | |A caddisfly pupa, likely belonging to the [[Vitimotauliidae]]<ref name="davisengel&ren2010">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=S.R. |last2=Engel |first2=M.S. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2010 |title=A pupal caddisfly from the Early Cretaceous of China (Trichoptera) |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=396–399 |bibcode=2010CrRes..31..396D |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2010.05.001}}</ref> | |- |} === Molluscs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Amplovalvata]]'' |''A.'' sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | |gastropod | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Arguniella]]'' |''A. lingyuanensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Bivalve, kuma yana cikin Jiufotang da Fuxin Formations[[Fuxin Formation|Tsarin Fuxin]] | |- |''A. yanshanensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Bivalve, kuma yana cikin Tsarin Jiufotang | |- |<nowiki><i id="mwFkM">Bitiniya</i></nowiki> |''B. haizhouensis'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | |Gastropod | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Corbicula'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. anderssoni'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidan Jianshangou | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sphaerium anderssoni'' | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. jeholense'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sphaerium jeholense'' | |- |''Gyraulus'' |''G.'' sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Kwango mai laushikwari mai laushi | |- |''[[Probaicalia]]'' |''P. vitimensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Gastropod | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Ptychastylus]]'' |''P. harpaeformis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | rowspan="2" |Gastropods | |- |Ka duba hoton da ke shafin nan. ''filipi'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- | rowspan="3" |''Sphaerium'' |''S. anderssoni'' | | rowspan="3" |Gidan Jianshangou | |Kyakkyawan yatsan hannu, wanda yake a cikin Tsarin Jiufotang | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''S. jeholense'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''S. anderssoni'' | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''S. selenginense'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''S. anderssoni'' | |- |?''Rayuwa'' |Za a iya samun hakan?duba. ''matsumotoi'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | |Kwango | |- |} == Tsarin Tsarin Yixian == === Conifers === An tattara bishiyoyin coniferous da ciyayi da aka lissafa a ƙasa a cikin wani bincike da Wang da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar a shekara ta 2006, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Brachyphyllum'' | | | | |A cypress-like conifer | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Cephalotaxopsis]]'' | | | | |A yew | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Cunninghamia'' | | | | |A cypress | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Elatides]]'' | | | | |A cypress | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''Elatocladus'' |''E. leptophyllus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Conifers of uncertain classification | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''E. manchurica''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Liaoningocladus]]'' |''L. boii'' | |Jingangshan Bed | |A conifer of uncertain classification | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Pagiophyllum'' | | | | |A cypress-like conifer | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityocladus]]'' | | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityolepis]]'' |''P.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityophyllum]]'' |''P.'' cf. ''lindstroemi''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityostrobus]]'' | | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Podozamites'' |''P. lanceolatus''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |A conifer of uncertain classification | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Schizolepis]]'' |''S. jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Sequoia'' |''S.''? ''jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Taxus'' | | | | |A yew | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Torreya'' | | | | |A yew | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Yanliaoia]]'' | ''Y. sinensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- |} === Ferns === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Cladophlebis'' |''C. spp.''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Coniopteris'' |''C.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Onychiopsis]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''O. elongata''<ref name="biostrat" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Junior synonym of ''O. psilotoides'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''O. psilotoides''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Ruffordia'' |''R.''? sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- |} === Flowering plants === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="3" |''Archaefructus'' |''A. eoflora'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A primitive, aquatic angiosperm | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''A. liaoningensis'' | |Jianshangou Bed | | |[[File:Archaefructus_liaoningensis.jpg|frameless]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''A. sinensisis'' | |Dawangzhangzi Bed | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Callianthus]]'' |''C. dilae''<ref name="wangzhengflower2009">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=X. |last2=Zheng |first2=S. |year=2009 |title=The earliest normal flower from Liaoning Province, China |journal=Journal of Integrative Plant Biology |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=800–811 |bibcode=2009JIPB...51..800W |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00838.x |pmid=19686377}}</ref> |Liaoning | | |A plant with true flowers | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Davallia'' |''D.''? ''niehhutzuensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |<small>''[[Erenia]]''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |<small>''E. stenoptera''</small><ref name="wangzhengflower2009" /> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |Liaoning | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |Actually a specimen of ''Callianthus'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Leefructus'' |''L. mirus''<ref name="leefructus">{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=G. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |last3=Wang |first3=H. |last4=Chen |first4=Z. |year=2011 |title=A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=Nature |volume=471 |issue=7340 |pages=625–628 |bibcode=2011Natur.471..625S |doi=10.1038/nature09811 |pmid=21455178 |s2cid=205224036}}</ref> | | | |A eudicot | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Liaoxia]]'' |''L. chenii''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Potamogeton'' |''P.''? ''jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Ranunculus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''R. jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Junior synonym of ''Potamogeton jeholensis'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Sinocarpus]]'' |''S. decussatus'' | | | |A primitive eudicot | |- |} === Ginkgos === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''Bayera'' |''B.'' duba. ''Gracilis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''B. orientalis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Czekanowskia]]'' |''C. mai tsayi''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Ginkgo'' |''G. sunaye''<ref name="ginkgoapodes">{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=S. |last2=Zhou |first2=Z. |year=2004 |title=A new Mesozoic ''Ginkgo'' from western Liaoning, China and its evolutionary significance |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=131 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–103 |bibcode=2004RPaPa.131...91Z |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.03.002}}</ref> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Ginkgoites'' |''G. sibiricus''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Leptostrobus]]'' |''L.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''[[Nageiopsis]]'' |N?sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Phoenicopsis|Bayanan Phoenicopsis]]'' |Ka duba hoton da ke shafin nan. ''Augustifolia''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Solenites|Solemnites]]'' |''S.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Sphenobaiera'' |''S. longifola''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- |} === Wasu shuke-shuke === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Yawa ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Archaeamphora'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''A. longerervia'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Da farko an bayyana shi a matsayin [[Pitcher Plant|shukar tukwane]], wani bincike daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa yana iya zama ƙwari a kan ''Liaoningocladus'' . |[[File:Archaeamphora_fossils.jpg|frameless]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Chaoyangia (plant)|Chaoyangia]]'' | ''C. liangii'' <ref name="archaefructus">{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=G. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |last3=Zheng |first3=S. |last4=Zhou |first4=Z. |year=1998 |title=In Search of the First Flower: A Jurassic Angiosperm, Archaefructus, from Northeast China |journal=Science |volume=282 |issue=5394 |pages=1692–1695 |doi=10.1126/science.282.5394.1692 |pmid=9831557}}</ref> | | | | Gymnosperm na gnetale | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''[[Chaoyangicarpus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''C. liangii'' <ref name="biostrat" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙaramin ma'anar ''Chaoyangia liangii'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Ephedra'' | ''E.'' sp. | | | | Gymnosperm | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Equisetum'' | ''E.'' sp. | | | | Wutsiyar doki | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Eragrosites]]'' | ''E. canji'' <ref name="archaefructus" /> | | | | Gymnosperm mai ciyayi kamar gnetale | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Siphonospermum]]'' | ''S. simplex'' <ref name="simplex">{{Cite journal |last=Rydin |first=C. |last2=Friis |first2=E.M. |year=2010 |title=A new Early Cretaceous relative of Gnetales: ''Siphonospermum simplex'' gen. et sp. nov. from the Yixian Formation of Northeast China |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10..183R |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-183 |pmc=2900273 |pmid=20565755 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | Gymnosperm na gnetale | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Tyrmia]]'' | ''T.'' sp. <ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |Bennettite | |- |} skypi5di51085o016ww7eqaiwvm2qcg 964052 964050 2026-10-06T20:40:55Z Baffa ali 47435 964052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tsarin Yixian''' ( simplified Chinese ) wani yanki ne na ilmin ƙasa a Jinzhou, Liaoning, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China, wanda ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.6 a farkon zamanin Cretaceous (matakin Barremian - Aptian ). An san ta da burbushin halittu daban-daban, waɗanda aka lissafa a ƙasa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da dinosaurs, pterosaurs, dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye masu ruwa da tsaki, kifi, da kuma nau'ikan halittu marasa ƙashi daban-daban. An raba Tsarin Yixian zuwa ƙananan sassa kamar haka: (shekaru daga Zhong et al., 2021 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhong |first=Yuting |last2=Huyskens |first2=Magdalena H |last3=Yin |first3=Qing-Zhu |last4=Wang |first4=Yaqiong |last5=Ma |first5=Qiang |last6=Xu |first6=Yi-Gang |date=2021-04-12 |title=High-precision geochronological constraints on the duration of 'Dinosaur Pompeii' and the Yixian Formation |journal=National Science Review |volume=8 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwab063 |issn=2095-5138 |pmc=8288181 |pmid=34691675}}</ref> sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban) * Upper Yixian (124.1 Ma) ("Jingangshan Bed") ("Dawangzhangzi Bed") * Na'urar Lava ta Sama * Unit Jianshangou (125.46 Ma) * Ƙananan Rukunin Lava * Lujiatun Unit (125.76–125.68 Ma) == Sauropods == {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | | | | | | | |- | ''Dongbeititan'' | ''D. dongi'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | Bayan wani lokaci na ciwon baya <ref name="Wangetal07">{{Cite journal |last=Wang, X. |last2=You, H. |last3=Meng, Q. |last4=Gao, C. |last5=Chang, X. |last6=Liu, J. |year=2007 |title=''Dongbeititan dongi'', the first sauropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning Province, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=911–916 |bibcode=2007AcGlS..81..911W |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb01013.x |s2cid=128812879}}</ref> | Basal Titanosauriform | |- |cf. ''Euhelopus'' | cf. ''E.'' sp. | | Gadon Lujiatun | Hakoran da aka ware <ref name="titanosaurteeth">{{Cite journal |last=Barrett |first=P.M. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |year=2007 |title=Basal titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/16138/files/PAL_E2969.pdf |journal=[[Palaeoworld]] |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=265–271 |bibcode=2007Palae..16..265B |doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2007.07.001}}</ref> <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Honggang |last2=Yin |first2=Yalei |last3=Pei |first3=Rui |last4=Zhou |first4=Changfu |date=2024-04-27 |title=Early-diverging Titanosauriform (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) Teeth from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Southeastern Inner Mongolia, Northeast China |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1755-6724.15169 |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |language=en |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=303–310 |bibcode=2024AcGlS..98..303Z |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.15169 |issn=1000-9515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | Basal Titanosauriform |[[File:EuhelopusDB2.jpg|frameless]] |- |- | ''Liaoningotitan'' | ''L. sinensis'' | | |Kusan cikakken kwarangwal <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chang-fu Zhou |last2=Wen-hao Wu |last3=Toru Sekiya |last4=Zhi-ming Dong |year=2018 |title=A new Titanosauriformes dinosaur from Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, China |url=http://sjdz.jlu.edu.cn/EN/abstract/abstract9375.shtml |journal=Global Geology |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=327–333 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1004-5589.2018.02.001 |doi-broken-date=4 July 2025}}</ref> | Basal Titanosauriform | |- | ''Ruixinia'' | ''R. zhangi'' | Beipiao | | kwarangwal mai sassauƙa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mo |first=Jinyou |last2=Ma |first2=Feimin |last3=Yu |first3=Yilun |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2022-12-09 |title=A New Titanosauriform Sauropod with An Unusual Tail from the Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122003135 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=144 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105449 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=254524890 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | Tsarin dinosaur na Somphospondylan | |- |Sauropoda spp. | | |Lujiatun & Jianshangou Beds | Kashin baya da haƙora da aka ware <ref name="xu&norell2006">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=X. |last2=Norell |first2=M.A. |year=2006 |title=Non-Avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China |journal=Geological Journal |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=419–437 |bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..419X |doi=10.1002/gj.1044 |s2cid=32369205}}</ref> <ref name=":8" /> | An samo nau'in sauropods ɗaya ko fiye, wataƙila titanosaurs, daga Tsarin Yixian, kodayake yawancinsu ba a bayyana su ba <ref name="titanosaurteeth" /> | |- |} == Ornithischians == An tattara dinosaurs da aka lissafa a ƙasa a cikin wani bincike da Xu da Norell suka yi a shekarar 2006, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. <ref name="xu&norell2006" /> === Ankylosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | ''Liaoningosaurus'' | ''L. mai rikitarwa'' | Yixian | Dawangzhangzi Bed | "Ƙangaren kwanyar [da] kwarangwal." | Ƙaramin ankylosaur |[[File:Liaoningosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |} === Masu maganin Ceratopsian === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | ''Liaoceratops'' | ''L. yanzigouensis'' | Beipiao | Gadon Lujiatun | "[Biyu] kusan cikakke ƙoƙon kai, daga yara zuwa manya." | Ceratopsian |[[File:Liaoceratops_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Psittacosaurus'' | ''P. lujiatunensis'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun & Jianshangou Beds | Dubban samfura a cikin Gadon Lujiatun, ba a cika samun su ba a Gadon Jianshangou | Ceratopsian | rowspan="2" |[[File:Psittacosaurus_lujiatunensis_BW.jpg|frameless]] |} === Ornithopods === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Bolong'' | ''B. yixianensis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | A nearly complete skeleton. | An iguanodontian ornithopod | [[File:Bolong_TD.png|frameless]] |- |''Changmiania''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Yuqing |last2=Wu |first2=Wenhao |last3=Dieudonné |first3=Paul-Emile |last4=Godefroit |first4=Pascal |date=2020-09-08 |title=A new basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=8 |doi=10.7717/peerj.9832 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=7485509 |pmid=33194351 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |''C. liaoningensis'' | |Lujiatun Bed |Two nearly complete skeletons |A basal ornithopod that may have dug burrows | [[File:Changmiania_specimen_PMOL_LFV022.png|frameless]] |- | ''Haolong''<ref name="Haolong">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=J. |last2=Wu |first2=W. |last3=Mao |first3=L. |last4=Bertozzo |first4=F. |last5=Dhouailly |first5=D. |last6=Robin |first6=N. |last7=Pittman |first7=M. |last8=Kaye |first8=T. G. |last9=Manucci |first9=F. |last10=He |first10=X. |last11=Wang |first11=X. |last12=Godefroit |first12=P. |year=2026 |title=Cellular-level preservation of cutaneous spikes in an Early Cretaceous iguanodontian dinosaur |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1038/s41559-025-02960-9}}</ref> | ''H. dongi'' | Jianchang | Jianshangou Unit | Nearly complete skeleton with preserved integument | A hadrosauroid ornithopod | [[File:Haolong_dongi.png|frameless]] |- | ''Jeholosaurus'' | ''J. shangyuanensis'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | "Skull with associated vertebrae and hindlimb, skull with cervical vertebrae." |An ornithopod |[[File:Jeholosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Jinzhousaurus'' | ''J. yangi'' | Yixian | Dawangzhangzi Bed | "Nearly complete skull and skeleton." | An ornithopod | [[File:Jinzhousaurus_yangi.JPG|frameless]] |- |} == Magungunan Jijiyoyi == An tattara dinosaurs da aka lissafa a ƙasa a cikin wani bincike da Xu da Norell suka yi a shekarar 2006, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. <ref name="xu&norell2006" /> === Avialans === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Abitusavis''<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Min Wang |last2=Zhiheng Li |last3=Qingguo Liu |last4=Zhonghe Zhou |year=2020 |title=Two new Early Cretaceous ornithuromorph birds provide insights into the taxonomy and divergence of Yanornithidae (Aves: Ornithothoraces) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=18 |issue=21 |pages=1805–1827 |bibcode=2020JSPal..18.1805W |doi=10.1080/14772019.2020.1836050 |s2cid=229320421}}</ref> |''A. lii'' |Ningcheng | |"Nearly complete skeleton."<ref name=":1" /> | | |- | ''Archaeorhynchus'' | ''A. spathula'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An early, advanced short-tailed bird (ornithuran)<ref name="zhou&zhang2006">{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Zhonghe |last2=Zhang |first2=Fucheng |year=2006 |title=A beaked basal ornithurine bird (Aves, Ornithurae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=363–373 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00234.x |s2cid=85222311}}</ref> | |- | ''Changchengornis'' | ''C. hengdaoziensis''<ref name="table-11-1-211" /> | | Jianshangou Bed | "Nearly complete skeleton."<ref name="table-11-1-211" /> | A confuciusornithid |[[File:Changchengornis_550_CER.JPG|frameless]] |- | rowspan="5" | ''Confuciusornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''C. chuonzhous'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''Confuciusornis sanctus''<ref name="biostrat">Smith, J.B., Harris, J.D., Omar, G.I., Dodson, P. and You, H. (2001). "Biostratigraphy and avian origins in northeastern China. Appendix: Biota of the Yixian Formation and the endemicity of its taxa." In Gauthier, J. and Gall, L.F. (eds.), ''New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom.'' New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. {{ISBN|0-912532-57-2}}.</ref> | |- | ''C. dui'' | | Jianshangou Bed | "[Two] skeletons."<ref name="table-11-1-212" /> | | |- | ''C. feducciai''<ref name="cfeducciai">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Zihui |last2=Gao |first2=Chunling |last3=Meng |first3=Qingjin |last4=Liu |first4=Jinyuan |last5=Hou |first5=Lianhai |last6=Zheng |first6=Guangmei |year=2009 |title=Diversification in an Early Cretaceous avian genus: evidence from a new species of ''Confuciusornis'' from China |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=783–790 |bibcode=2009JOrni.150..783Z |doi=10.1007/s10336-009-0399-x |s2cid=21418230}}</ref> | | Jianshangou Bed | | | |- | ''C. sanctus''<ref name="table-11-1-212" /> | | Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds | "Hundreds of complete skeletons."<ref name="table-11-1-212" /> | A primitive short-tailed bird (pygostylian), also present in the Jiufotang Formation |[[File:Confuciusornis_sanctus_mmartyniuk.png|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''C. suniae'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''Confuciusornis sanctus''<ref name="biostrat" /> | |- | ''Dalingheornis'' | ''D. liweii'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An Enantiornithine<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zihui |first=Zhang |last2=Lianhai |first2=HOU |last3=Yoshikasu |first3=Hasegawa |last4=O'Connor |first4=Jingmai |last5=Martin |first5=Larry D. |last6=Chiappe |first6=Luis M. |year=2010 |title=The first Mesozoic heterodactyl bird from China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=80 |issue=5 |pages=631–635 |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00285.x |s2cid=129069702}}</ref> | |- | ''Eoenantiornis'' | ''E. buhleri'' | | Jianshangou Bed | "Nearly complete skeleton." | An entantiornithine | |- | ''Eogranivora'' | ''E. edentulata'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | "Nearly complete skeleton with skull"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xiaoting Zheng |last2=Jingmai K. O'Connor |last3=Xiaoli Wang |last4=Yan Wang |last5=Zhonghe Zhou |year=2018 |title=Reinterpretation of a previously described Jehol bird clarifies early trophic evolution in the Ornithuromorpha |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=285 |issue=1871 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.2494 |pmc=5805944 |pmid=29386367}}</ref> | An ornithuromorph |[[File:Eogranivora_edentulata.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | {{Small|''[[Iteravis]]''}} | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | {{Small|''I. huchzermeyeri''}} | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | An ornithuromorph; previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Jiufotang Formation by Ju et al., 2021<ref name="Ju2021">{{Cite journal |last=Ju |first=Shu-bin |last2=Wang |first2=Xu-ri |last3=Liu |first3=Yi-chuan |date=June 2021 |title=A reassessment of ''Iteravis huchzermeyeri'' and ''Gansus zheni'' from the Jehol Biota in western Liaoning |journal=China Geology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.31035/cg2020066 |issn=2589-9430}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Jinzhouornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''J. yixianensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | A pygostylian, a junior synonym of ''Confuciusornis sanctus'' | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''J. zhangjiyingia'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''C. sanctus'' | |- | ''Jixiangornis'' | ''J. orientalis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | | A basal avialan, also present in the Jiufotang Formation<ref name="jijietal2002">{{Cite journal |last=Ji |last2=Ji |first2=Ji |last3=Zhang |first3=You |last4=Zhang |first4=Wang |last5=Yuan |year=2002 |title=A new avialian bird - ''Jixiangornis orientalis'' gen. et sp. nov. - from the Lower Cretaceous of Western Liaoning, NE China |journal=Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Sciences) |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=723–736}}</ref> | |- | ''Hongshanornis'' | ''H. longicresta'' | | Jianshangou and Dawangzhangzi Beds<ref name="hongshan2014">{{Cite journal |last=Chiappe |first=L. M. |last2=Zhao |first2=B. |last3=O'Connor |first3=J. K. |last4=Chunling |first4=G. |last5=Wang |first5=X. |last6=Habib |first6=M. |last7=Marugan-Lobon |first7=J. |last8=Meng |first8=Q. |last9=Cheng |first9=X. |year=2014 |title=A new specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird ''Hongshanornis longicresta'': Insights into the aerodynamics and diet of a basal ornithuromorph |journal=PeerJ |volume=2 |bibcode=2014PeerJ...2.e234C |doi=10.7717/peerj.234 |pmc=3898307 |pmid=24482756 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |Four specimens<ref name="hongshan2014" /> | An ornithuromorph<ref name="OGC10">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=J.K. |last2=Gao, K.-Q. |last3=Chiappe, L.M. |year=2010 |title=A new ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher-level diversity |url=http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/462280__920289337.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=311–321 |bibcode=2010JVPal..30..311O |doi=10.1080/02724631003617498 |s2cid=53489175}}</ref> |[[File:Hongshanornis.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Jibeinia''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''J. luahera''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.<ref name="jinetal2008birds" /> | |- | ''Liaoningornis'' | ''L. longidigitris'' | | Lujiatun Bed | "Partial skeleton." | An enantiornithine.<ref name="oconnor2012">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=J.K. |year=2012 |title=A revised look at ''Liaoningornis longidigitris'' (Aves) |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=25–37}}</ref> |[[File:Liaoningornis_048.JPG|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Liaoxiornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''L. delicatus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Dawangzhangzi Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Considered a ''nomen dubium'' because the name is based on remains of a hatchling entantiornithine and cannot be confidently matched with the adult form.<ref name="chiappeontogeny2007">{{Cite journal |last=Chiappe |first=L.M. |last2=Ji |first2=S. |last3=Ji |first3=Q. |year=2007 |title=Juvenile Birds from the Early Cretaceous of China: Implications for Enantiornithine Ontogeny |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/169246 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3594 |page=1 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3594[1:JBFTEC]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=85871695}}</ref> |[[File:Liaoxiornis_delicatus.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Lingyuanornis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''L. parvus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Dawangzhangzi Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior objective synonym of ''Liaoxiornis delicatus'', a ''nomen dubium''.<ref name="chiappeontogeny2007" /> | |- | ''Longicrusavis'' | ''L. houi'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An ornithuromorph<ref name="OGC10" /> | |- | ''Longirostravis'' | ''L. hani'' | | bed unknown | | An enantiornithine | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Protopteryx''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''P. fengningensis''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.<ref name="jinetal2008birds">{{Cite journal |last=Jin |first=Fan |last2=Zhang |first2=Fucheng |last3=Li |first3=Zhiheng |last4=Zhang |first4=Jiangyong |last5=Li |first5=Chun |last6=Zhou |first6=Zhonghe |year=2008 |title=On the horizon of ''Protopteryx'' and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=53 |issue=18 |pages=2820–2827 |bibcode=2008SciBu..53.2820J |doi=10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5 |s2cid=133507763}}</ref> | |- | ''Mirusavis'' | ''M. parvus'' | | | Partial skeleton.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Min |last2=O'Connor |first2=Jingmai K |last3=Bailleul |first3=Alida M |last4=Li |first4=Zhiheng |date=2020-06-01 |title=Evolution and distribution of medullary bone: evidence from a new Early Cretaceous enantiornithine bird |url=https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/7/6/1068/5681418 |journal=National Science Review |language=en |volume=7 |issue=6 |pages=1068–1078 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwz214 |issn=2095-5138 |pmc=8289052 |pmid=34692126}}</ref> | An immature female enantiornithine preserved with medullary bone tissue.<ref name=":0" /> | |- |''Sapeornis''<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Chunling |last2=Chiappe |first2=Luis M. |last3=Zhang |first3=Fengjiao |last4=Pomeroy |first4=Diana L. |last5=Shen |first5=Caizhi |last6=Chinsamy |first6=Anusuya |last7=Walsh |first7=Maureen O. |date=September 2012 |title=A subadult specimen of the Early Cretaceous bird Sapeornis chaoyangensis and a taxonomic reassessment of sapeornithids |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2012.693865 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=1103–1112 |bibcode=2012JVPal..32.1103G |doi=10.1080/02724634.2012.693865 |issn=0272-4634 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |''S. chaoyangensis'' | | |Nearly complete skeleton.<ref name=":9" /> |A subadult omnivoropterygid with preserved feathers.<ref name=":9" /> | |- | ''Shanweiniao'' | ''S. cooperorum'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | An enantiornithine.<ref name="O'connoretal.2009">{{Cite journal |last=O'Connor |first=Jingmai K. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |last3=Chiappe |first3=L.M. |last4=Gao |first4=C. |last5=Meng |first5=Q. |last6=Cheng |first6=X. |last7=Liu |first7=J. |year=2009 |title=Phylogenetic support for a specialized clade of Cretaceous enantiornithine birds with information from a new species |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=188–204 |bibcode=2009JVPal..29..188O |doi=10.1080/02724634.2009.10010371 |s2cid=196607241}}</ref> |[[File:Shanweiniao_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Vescornis''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''V. hebeiensis''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously regarded as Yixian, horizon reassigned to the Huajiying Formation by Jin et al., 2008.<ref name="jinetal2008birds" /> | |- |''Yixianosaurus'' |''Y. longimanus'' | |Dawangzhangzi Bed | |An anchiornithid | |- | ''Zhongornis'' | ''Z. haoae'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | A primitive avialan with a short but non-pygostylian tail<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=C. |last2=Chiappe |first2=L.M. |last3=Meng |first3=Q. |last4=O'Connor |first4=J.K. |last5=Wang |first5=X. |last6=Cheng |first6=X. |last7=Liu |first7=J. |year=2008 |title=A new basal lineage of Early Cretaceous birds from China and its implications on the evolution of the avian tail |journal=Palaeontology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=775–791 |bibcode=2008Palgy..51..775G |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00793.x |s2cid=85431224 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Yixianosaurus_longimanus.png|frameless]] |} === Compsognathids === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- |''Huadanosaurus''<ref name="Qiu2025">{{Cite journal |last=Qiu |first=Rui |last2=Wang |first2=Xiaolin |last3=Jiang |first3=Shunxing |last4=Meng |first4=Jin |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhonghe |date=2025-02-22 |title=Two new compsognathid-like theropods show diversified predation strategies in theropod dinosaurs |journal=National Science Review |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |doi=10.1093/nsr/nwaf068 |issn=2095-5138 |pmc=11970238 |pmid=40191255 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |''H. sinensis'' | |Dawangzhangzi Bed |A nearly complete specimen missing the feet and end of the tail |A compsognathid | [[File:Huadanosaurus_sinensis.png|frameless]] |- | ''Huaxiagnathus'' | ''H. orientalis'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | A compsognathid | |- | ''Sinocalliopteryx'' | ''S. gigas'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | A large compsognathid |[[File:Sinocalliopteryx_gigas_feeding_on_the_primitive_bird_Confuciusornis_-_journal.pone.0044012.g008.png|frameless]] |- | rowspan="3" |''Sinosauropteryx'' |''S. lingyuanensis''<ref name="Qiu2025" /> | |Dawangzhangzi Bed |A nearly complete specimen |A compsognathid |[[File:Sinosauropteryx_lingyuanensis.png|frameless]] |- | ''S. prima'' | Beipiao & Lingyuan | Jianshangou & Dawangzhangzi Beds | Four nearly complete specimens<ref name="sinocolour2010">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Fucheng |last2=Kearns |first2=Stuart L. |last3=Orr |first3=Patrick J. |last4=Benton |first4=Michael J. |last5=Zhou |first5=Zhonghe |last6=Johnson |first6=Diane |last7=Xu |first7=Xing |last8=Wang |first8=Xiaolin |year=2010 |title=Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of Cretaceous dinosaurs and birds |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/22432/2/41064696.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=463 |issue=7284 |pages=1075–1078 |bibcode=2010Natur.463.1075Z |doi=10.1038/nature08740 |pmid=20107440 |s2cid=205219587}}</ref> | A compsognathid. The first non-avian dinosaur found with feather impressions. |[[File:Sinosauropteryx_with_Dalinghosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" | ''S.''? sp. | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Beipiao | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#fbdddb;" | One specimen (GMV 2124) with partial skull, postcrania, and preserved feathers | style="background:#fbdddb;" | An unnamed coelurosaur originally described as a specimen of ''Sinosauropteryx'', later suggested to be a new genus and species,<ref name="jietalnewsinosaur">{{Cite journal |last=Shu'an |first=JI |last2=Chunling |first2=GAO |last3=Jinyuan |first3=LIU |last4=Qingjin |first4=Meng |last5=Qiang |first5=JI |year=2007 |title=New material of ''Sinosauropteryx'' (Theropoda: Compsognathidae) from Western Liaoning, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=177–182 |bibcode=2007AcGlS..81..177J |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2007.tb00942.x |s2cid=131019046}}</ref> probably a tyrannosauroid.<ref name="Qiu2025" /> | |} === Dromaeosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member ! width="20%" |Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Changyuraptor''<ref name="GangEtAl2015">{{Cite journal |last=Gang Han |last2=Luis M. Chiappe |last3=Shu-An Ji |last4=Michael Habib |last5=Alan H. Turner |last6=Anusuya Chinsamy |last7=Xueling Liu |last8=Lizhuo Han |name-list-style=amp |date=15 July 2014 |title=A new raptorial dinosaur with exceptionally long feathering provides insights into dromaeosaurid flight performance |journal=Nature Communications |volume=5, Article number: 4382 |bibcode=2014NatCo...5.4382H |doi=10.1038/ncomms5382 |pmid=25025742 |s2cid=205327789 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ''C. yangi'' | Jianchang | | A complete articulated specimen with extensive feathering.<ref name="GangEtAl2015" /> | A dromaeosaurid | [[File:Changyuraptor.png|frameless]] |- | ''Graciliraptor'' | ''G. lujiatunensis'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | An incomplete specimen. | A dromaeosaurid |[[File:Graciliraptor.jpg|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" | ''Sinornithosaurus'' | ''S. haoiana'' | Yixian | Dawangzhangzi Bed | |Might be a junior synonym of ''Sinornithosaurus millenii''. |- | ''S. millenii'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | Three specimens with skulls and postcrania, two with preserved feathers. Feathered integument is also preserved.<ref name="table-10-1-198" /> |A dromaeosaurid, the first ever found with feather impressions. |[[File:Sinornithosaurus.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Tianyuraptor'' | ''T. ostromi'' | Lingyuan | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | A dromaeosaurid |[[File:Tianyuraptor_restoration.png|frameless]] |- | ''Zhenyuanlong''<ref name="zhenyuanlong">{{Cite journal |last=Lü |first=Junchang |last2=Brusatte |first2=Stephen L. |year=2015 |title=A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=5 |bibcode=2015NatSR...511775L |doi=10.1038/srep11775 |pmc=4504142 |pmid=26181289 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | ''Z. suni'' | Jianchang | | One nearly complete skeleton with preserved feathers, including long tail feathers and large wing feathers. | A dromaeosaurid |[[File:Zhenyuanlong_life_restoration.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Zhongjianosaurus''<ref name="ivpp.cas.cn">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xing |last2=Qin |first2=Zi-Chuan |year=2017 |title=A new tiny dromaeosaurid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning and niche differentiation among the Jehol dromaeosaurids |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/pressonline/201704/P020170410587218147108.pdf |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413071120/http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/pressonline/201704/P020170410587218147108.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-13}}</ref> | ''Z. yangi'' | Lingyuan | | A partial skeleton includes an arm, legs, vertebrae, ribs, and most of the tail.<ref name="ivpp.cas.cn" /> | A microraptorian dromaeosaurid with very long legs.<ref name="ivpp.cas.cn" /> |[[File:Zhongjianosaurus_yangi.png|frameless]] |- | Unnamed dromaeosaurid | Specimen NGMC 91 | Lingyuan | Dawangzhangzi Bed | Complete specimen with feather imprints | A juvenile dromaeosaurid that may be a specimen of ''Sinornithosaurus millenii''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Senter |first=Phil |year=2011 |title=Using creation science to demonstrate evolution 2: morphological continuity within Dinosauria (supporting information) |url=https://digitalcommons.uncfsu.edu/bio_wp/1 |journal=Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2197–2216 |doi=10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02349.x |pmid=21726330 |s2cid=41172539 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="TurneretalBAMNH">{{Cite journal |last=Alan Hamilton Turner, Peter J. Makovicky and Mark Norell |year=2012 |title=A review of dromaeosaurid systematics and paravian phylogeny |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5399588 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=371 |pages=1–206 |doi=10.1206/748.1 |s2cid=83572446}}</ref> Informally nicknamed "Dave". |} === Ornithomimosaurs === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | ''Hexing'' | ''H. Qingyi'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun | | Wani nau'in ornithomimosaur na asali | |- | ''Shenzhousaurus'' | ''S. orientalis'' | Beipiao | Gadon Lujiatun | "Kwankwalin da aka haɗa da kuma kwarangwal da ba a cika ba." | Asalin ornithomimosaur |[[File:Shenzhousaurus.jpg|frameless|''[[Shenzhousaurus]]'']] |} === Oviraptorosaurs === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="3" | ''Caudipteryx'' | ''C. dongi'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | One partial postcranium with feather imprints | rowspan="3" | An oviraptorosaur | |- | ''C. zoui'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | Common, only over a small region |[[File:Caudipteryx2mmartyniuk.png|frameless]] |- | ''C.'' sp.<ref name="caudisp">{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=Wang |last2=Zhang |last3=Xu |year=2000 |title=Important features of ''Caudipteryx'' - evidence from two nearly complete new specimens |url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200901/W020090813372420272632.pdf |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |language=zh |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=241–254}}</ref> | | | | |- | ''Incisivosaurus'' | ''I. gauthieri'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | A skull and partial cervical<ref name="table-8-1-166" /> | An oviraptorosaur |[[File:Incisivosaurus_(pencil_2013).png|frameless]] |- | ''Ningyuansaurus'' | ''N. wangi'' | | | Complete skeleton with feather impressions.<ref name="ningyuansaurus">{{Cite journal |last=Ji Qiang |last2=Lü Jun-Chang |last3=Wei Xue-Fang |last4=Wang Xu-Ri |year=2012 |title=A new oviraptorosaur from the Yixian Formation of Jianchang, Western Liaoning Province, China |journal=Regional Geology of China |issue=12 |pages=2102–2107}}</ref> | An oviraptorosaur | |- | ''Protarchaeopteryx'' | ''P. robusta'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | "Nearly complete skull and skeleton, at least [two] individuals." | A possible relative of ''Incisivosaurus'' |[[File:Protarchaeopteryx-reconstruction.png|frameless]] |- | ''Similicaudipteryx'' | ''S. yixianensis'' | | | Two specimens | An oviraptorosaur, also present in the Jiufotang Formation<ref name="simili2">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=X. |last2=Zheng |first2=X. |last3=You |first3=H. |year=2010 |title=Exceptional dinosaur fossils show ontogenetic development of early feathers |journal=Nature |volume=464 |issue=7293 |pages=1338–1341 |bibcode=2010Natur.464.1338X |doi=10.1038/nature08965 |pmid=20428169 |s2cid=205220207}}</ref> | |- | ''Xingtianosaurus'' | ''X. ganqi'' | Liaoning | Dakangpu Bed | One nearly complete specimen (IVPP V13390), minus the head | An oviraptorosaur<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rui Qiu |last2=Xiaolin Wang |last3=Qiang Wang |last4=Ning Li |last5=Jialiang Zhang |last6=Yiyun Ma |year=2019 |title=A new caudipterid from the Lower Cretaceous of China with information on the evolution of the manus of Oviraptorosauria |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.6431Q |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-42547-6 |pmc=6483983 |pmid=31024012 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |} === Therizinosaurs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Kayan Aiki ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna ! Hotuna |- | ''Beipiaosaurus'' | ''B. rashin tsammani'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | kwarangwal mara cikakke tare da bawon fata | Therizinosaur | |[[File:Beipiaosaurus_Restoration.png|frameless]] |- | ''Kayrasaurus'' <ref name="Kayrasaurus">{{Cite journal |last=Liao |first=Chun-Chi |last2=Freimuth |first2=William J. |last3=Zanno |first3=Lindsay E. |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2026-09-10 |title=A new therizinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota and ecomorphological patterns among early therizinosaurians |journal=[[Journal of Systematic Palaeontology]] |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2026.2710287 |issn=1477-2019}}</ref> | ''K. changliensis'' | Beipiao | | Kusan cikakken kwarangwal har da kwanyar kai; babu ƙafafuwan baya | Therizinosaur | |[[File:Kayrasaurus_changliensis.png|frameless]] |- |''Jianchangosaurus'' | ''J. yixianensis'' | Jianchang | | Wani samfurin yara kusan cikakke tare da gashin fuka-fukai <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pu |first=Hanyong |last2=Kobayashi |first2=Yoshitsugu |last3=Lü |first3=Junchang |last4=Xu |first4=Li |last5=Wu |first5=Yanhua |last6=Chang |first6=Huali |last7=Zhang |first7=Jiming |last8=Jia |first8=Songhai |date=2013-05-29 |title=An Unusual Basal Therizinosaur Dinosaur with an Ornithischian Dental Arrangement from Northeastern China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...863423P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0063423 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3667168 |pmid=23734177 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | Therizinosaur | |[[File:Jianchangosaurus_Restoration.png|frameless]] |} === Troodontids === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member ! width="20%" |Material !Notes !Images |- |''Daliansaurus'' |''D. liaoningensis'' |Beipiao |Lujiatun Bed |A very complete specimen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shen |first=Caizhi |last2=Lü |first2=Junchang |last3=Liu |first3=Sizhao |last4=Kundrát |first4=Martin |last5=Brusatte |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Gao |first6=Hailong |date=2017-06-01 |title=A New Troodontid Dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China |url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/41311178/shen_2003_F_.pdf |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |language=en |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=763–780 |bibcode=2017AcGlS..91..763S |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.13307 |issn=1755-6724 |s2cid=129939153}}</ref> |A troodontid |[[File:Daliansaurus_reconstruction.png|frameless]] |- | ''Jianianhualong'' | ''J. tengi'' | Beipiao | Dawangzhangzi Bed |A very complete specimen with feather impressions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xing |last2=Currie |first2=Philip |last3=Pittman |first3=Michael |last4=Xing |first4=Lida |last5=Meng |first5=Qingjin |last6=Lü |first6=Junchang |last7=Hu |first7=Dongyu |last8=Yu |first8=Congyu |date=2017-05-02 |title=Mosaic evolution in an asymmetrically feathered troodontid dinosaur with transitional features |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=8 |bibcode=2017NatCo...814972X |doi=10.1038/ncomms14972 |pmc=5418581 |pmid=28463233 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | A troodontid |[[File:Jianianhualong_Restoration.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Liaoningvenator'' |''L. curriei'' |Beipiao | |A very complete specimen. |A troodontid |[[File:Liaoningvenator.png|frameless]] |- | ''Mei'' | ''M. long'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | | A small troodontid fossilized in a sleeping position |[[File:Meilong_mmartyniuk_wiki.png|frameless]] |- | ''Sinovenator'' | ''S. changii'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | Three specimens with partial skulls and postcrania.<ref name="white2009">{{Cite journal |last=White |first=Matt |year=2009 |title=The subarctometatarsus: intermediate metatarsus architecture demonstrating the evolution of the arctometatarsus and advanced agility in theropod dinosaurs |journal=Alcheringa |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |bibcode=2009Alch...33....1W |doi=10.1080/03115510802618193 |s2cid=85276956}}</ref> Hundreds of additional specimens known but undescribed. | A troodontid |[[File:Sinovenator_(update).png|frameless]] |- | ''Sinusonasus'' | ''S. magnodens'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun Bed | | A troodontid |[[File:Sinusonasus.png|frameless]] |- | Undescribed deinonychosaur/possible troodontid | | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | One specimen with feather imprints | A possible troodontid.<ref name="xunorell2006">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Xu |last2=Norell |first2=M. |year=2006 |title=Non-avian dinosaur fossils from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of western Liaoning, China |journal=Geological Journal |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=419–437 |bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..419X |doi=10.1002/gj.1044 |s2cid=32369205}}</ref> | |- | Undescribed troodontid | Specimen CAGS-IG01-004 | | Lujiatun Bed | Skull and partial skeleton | A troodontid similar to ''Mei''.<ref name="hwangetal2004abs">{{Cite journal |last=Hwang |last2=Norell |last3=Ji |last4=Gao |year=2004 |title=A new troodontid from the lower Yixian Formation of China and its affinities to Mongolian troodontids |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=73A–74A}}</ref> | |} === Tyrannosaurs da sauran theropods === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Dilong'' | ''D. paradoxus'' | Beipiao | Lujiatun & Jianshangou Bed | Rare | A tyrannosauroid |[[File:Dilong_TJV_50.JPG|frameless]] |- | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | ''Grallator'' | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | lower Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | | style="background:#FEF6E4;" | Footprints belonging to the ''Grallator'' form taxon, belonging to a small theropod. Of known Yixian theropods, the footprints most closely match ''Caudipteryx''.<ref name="xingetal2009">{{Cite journal |last=Xing |first=L.D. |last2=Harris |first2=J.D. |last3=Feng |first3=X.Y. |last4=Zhang |first4=Z.J. |year=2009 |title=Theropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) tracks from Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Sihetun Village, Liaoning Province, China and possible track makers |journal=Geological Bulletin of China |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=705–712}}</ref> | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Raptorex''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''R. kriegsteini''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | A tyrannosaurid, probably from higher Mongolian strata. | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''Scansoriopteryx''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | <small>''S. heilmanni''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Initially reported from the Dawangzhangzi Bed, probably from the Daohugou Beds instead.<ref name="Wangetal06">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=X. |last2=Zhou |first2=Z. |last3=He |first3=H. |last4=Jin |first4=F. |last5=Wang |first5=Y. |last6=Wang |first6=Y. |last7=Zhang |first7=J. |last8=Xu |first8=X. |last9=Zhang |first9=F. |display-authors=etal |year=2005 |title=Stratigraphy and age of the Daohugou Bed in Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=50 |issue=20 |pages=2369–2376 |bibcode=2005ChSBu..50.2369W |doi=10.1007/BF03183749 |s2cid=198142479}}</ref> | |- | ''Yutyrannus'' | ''Y. huali'' | | Unknown | Three nearly complete skeletons of various ages | A large tyrannosauroid<ref name="yutyrannus">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=X. |last2=Wang |first2=K. |last3=Zhang |first3=K. |last4=Ma |first4=Q. |last5=Xing |first5=L. |last6=Sullivan |first6=C. |last7=Hu |first7=D. |last8=Cheng |first8=S. |last9=Wang |first9=S. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China |url=http://www.xinglida.net/pdf/Xu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=484 |issue=7392 |pages=92–95 |bibcode=2012Natur.484...92X |doi=10.1038/nature10906 |pmid=22481363 |s2cid=29689629 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417134949/http://www.xinglida.net/pdf/Xu_et_al_2012_Yutyrannus.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-17}}</ref> |[[File:Yutyrannus_huali.png|frameless]] |- | Unnamed theropod | Not yet described | Yixian | Lujiatun Bed | Partial post-cranial skeleton<ref name="dongbetitan_bite">{{Cite journal |last=Xing |first=L. |last2=Bell |first2=P.R. |last3=Currie |first3=P.J. |last4=Shibata |first4=M. |last5=Tseng |first5=K. |last6=Dong |first6=Z. |year=2012 |title=A sauropod rib with an embedded theropod tooth: direct evidence for feeding behaviour in the Jehol group, China |journal=Lethaia |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=500–506 |bibcode=2012Letha..45..500X |doi=10.1111/j.1502-3931.2012.00310.x}}</ref> | A possible allosauroid<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhao |first=Q. |last2=Xu |first2=X. |year=2008 |title=A new Theropod from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=28 |issue=3 |page=164A |doi=10.1080/02724634.2008.10010459 |s2cid=220405736}}</ref> | |- |} == Pterosaurs == {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Beipiaopterus'' | ''B. chenianus'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Boreopterus'' | ''B. cuiae'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A boreopterid | |- | ''Cathayopterus'' | ''C. grabaui'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Dendrorhynchoides''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=D.W.E. |year=2020 |title=A review of the taxonomy and palaeoecology of the Anurognathidae (Reptilia, Pterosauria) |url=https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/67707 |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=1676–1692 |bibcode=2020AcGlS..94.1676H |doi=10.1111/1755-6724.14585 |s2cid=225169094 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | ''D. curvidentatus'' | | | |An anurognathid | |- | ''Elanodactylus''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhou |first=C |year=2009 |title=New material of ''Elanodactylus prolatus'' Andres & Ji, 2008 (Pterosauria: Pterodactyloidea) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=255 |issue=3 |pages=277–286 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2009/0022}}</ref> | ''E. prolatus'' | | Jianshangou Bed<ref name="pterofiltrus" /> | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | rowspan="2" |''Eopteranodon'' |''E. lii''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lü |first=J.C. |last2=B.K. Zhang |year=2005 |title=New pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning |journal=Geological Review |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=458–462}}</ref> |Beipiao | | |A tapejarid | |- |''E. yixianensis''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Xinjun |last2=Jiang |first2=Shunxing |last3=Kellner |first3=Alexander W. A. |last4=Cheng |first4=Xin |last5=Costa |first5=Fabiana R. |last6=Wang |first6=Xiaolin |date=2023-09-01 |title=A new species of Eopteranodon (Pterodactyloidea, Tapejaridae) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667123001015 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=149 |bibcode=2023CrRes.14905573Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105573 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=258531568 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |Beipiao |Jianshangou Bed | |A tapejarid | |- | ''Eosipterus'' | ''E. yangi'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Feilongus'' | ''F. youngi'' | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | A ctenochasmatid | [[File:Feilongus_NT.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Gegepterus'' | ''G. changae''<ref name="pterofiltrus" /> | | Jianshangou Bed<ref name="pterofiltrus" /> | |A ctenochasmatid | |- | ''Gladocephaloideus'' | ''G. jingangshanensis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid | [[File:Gladocephaloideus_jingangshanensis.PNG|frameless]] |- |''Haopterus'' | ''H. gracilis'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A mimodactylid | [[File:HaopterusGracilis-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Luchibang''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=David W. E. |last2=Fitch |first2=Adam J. |last3=Ma |first3=Feimin |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2020-03-04 |title=An unusual new genus of istiodactylid pterosaur from China based on a near complete specimen |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2020/2931-a-new-istiodactylid-pterosaur |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=en |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=1–43 |doi=10.26879/1015 |issn=1094-8074 |s2cid=243055980 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hone |first=David W. E. |last2=Jiang |first2=Shunxing |last3=Fitch |first3=Adam J. |last4=Xu |first4=Yizhi |last5=Xu |first5=Xing |date=2024-08-16 |title=A reassessment on Luchibang xingzhe: A still valid istiodactylid pterosaur within a chimera |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2024/5273-luchibang-is-a-chinese-chimera |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |language=English |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=1–25 |doi=10.26879/1359 |issn=1094-8074 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |''L. xingzhe'' | | |One partial skull |An [[Istiodactylidae|istiodactylid]] | |- | ''Moganopterus'' | ''M. zhuiana'' | | Lujiatun bed? | |A ctenochasmatid |[[File:Moganopterus_reconstruction.png|frameless]] |- | ''Ningchengopterus'' | ''N. liuae'' | | Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi bed | |A pterodactyloid<ref name="LJ09">{{Cite journal |last=Lü J. |year=2009 |title=A baby pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Yixian Formation of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=83 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |bibcode=2009AcGlS..83....1L |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00001.x |s2cid=85074573}}</ref> |[[File:Ningchengopterus_liuae.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Nurhachius'' |''N.'' sp. | |Jingangshan Member<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ozeki |first=Masanori |last2=Unwin |first2=David M. |last3=Bell |first3=Phil R. |last4=Li |first4=Daqing |last5=Xing |first5=Lida |date=2023-06-26 |title=A new pterosaur specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China: The oldest fossil record of Nurhachius |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2023.2222127 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=1625–1638 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2222127 |issn=0891-2963 |s2cid=259677697 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |An incomplete specimen<ref name=":6" /> |An [[Istiodactylidae|istiodactylid]] | |- | ''Pterofiltrus'' | ''P. qiui'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A ctenochasmatid<ref name="pterofiltrus">{{Cite journal |last=Jiang |first=S. |last2=Wang |first2=X. |year=2011 |title=A new ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, western Liaoning, China |url=http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aabc/v83n4/10.pdf |journal=Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=1243–1249 |doi=10.1590/s0001-37652011000400011 |pmid=22146956}}</ref> | |- |''Yixianopterus'' |''Y. jingangshanensis'' | | | |An istiodactyliform | |- | ''Zhenyuanopterus'' | ''Z. longirostris'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A boreopteridm<ref name="ACX10">{{Cite journal |last=Lu |first=J. |year=2010 |title=A new boreopterid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=241–246 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..241L |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00204.x |s2cid=140600398}}</ref> may be adult form of ''Boreopterus''. | |- |} == Misc. reptiles == === Choristoderans === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="2" | ''Hyphalosaurus'' | ''H. lingyuanensis'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | | [[File:Hyphalosaurus_mmartyniuk_wiki.png|frameless]] |- | ''H. baitaigouensis'' | | Jingangshan Bed | Thousands of specimens | | |- | ''Monjurosuchus'' | ''M. splendens'' | | Dawangzhangzi Bed | | |[[File:Monjurosuchus.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Sinohydrosaurus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''S. lingyuanensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Dawangzhangzi Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Junior synonym of ''Hyphalosaurus lingyuanensis'' | |- |} === Lizards === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | ''Dalinghosaurus'' | ''D. longidigitus'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A lizard related to shinisaurs | [[File:DalinghesaurusLongidigitus-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Liushusaurus'' | ''L. acanthocaudata''<ref name="evens&wang2010">{{Cite journal |last=Evans |first=S.E. |last2=Wang |first2=Y. |year=2010 |title=A new lizard (Reptilia: Squamata) with exquisite preservation of soft tissue from the Lower Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=81–95 |bibcode=2010JSPal...8...81E |doi=10.1080/14772010903537773 |s2cid=56046960}}</ref> | | Jianshangou or Dawangzhangzi bed | |A lizard related to [[Tsaka|geckos]] and skinks | |- | ''Xianglong'' | ''X. zhaoi'' | | Jianshangou Bed | |A gliding lizard related to chameleons and dragon lizards |[[File:Xianglong_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- | ''Yabeinosaurus'' | ''Y. tenuis'' | | Dawangzhangzi & Jingangshan Beds | |A lizard related to geckos and skinks | |- |} === Turtles === {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Material !Notes !Images |- | rowspan="2" | ''Manchurochelys'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | ''M. liaoxiensis''<ref name="chenetal2005">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=P. |last2=Wang |first2=Q. |last3=Zhang |first3=H. |last4=Cao |first4=M. |last5=Li |first5=W. |last6=Wu |first6=S. |last7=Shen |first7=Y. |year=2005 |title=Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation in West Liaoning, China |journal=Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=298–312 |bibcode=2005ScChD..48..298C |doi=10.1360/04yd0038 |s2cid=130825449}}</ref> | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | Reclassified as ''Ordosemys liaoxiensis''<ref name="amnh1">{{Cite journal |last=Tong |first=H. |last2=Ji |first2=S. |last3=Ji |first3=Q. |year=2004 |title=Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, Northeastern China: New Specimens and Systematic Revision |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/177942 |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3438 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2004)438<0001:OTCFTY>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0003-0082 |s2cid=55873696}}</ref> | |- | ''M. manchoukuoensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | Jingangshan Bed | | | |- | ''Ordosemys'' | ''O. liaoxiensis''<ref name="amnh1" /> | | Jianshangou Bed | | |[[File:Manchuroche.JPG|frameless]] |- |} == Dabbobi masu shayarwa == {{paleobiota-key-compact}}Dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka jera a ƙasa an tattara su a cikin binciken da Meng da abokan aiki suka yi a cikin shekara ta 2006, sai dai in ba haka ba.<ref name="mengetall2006">{{Cite journal |last=Meng |first=J. |last2=Hu |first2=Y. |last3=Li |first3=C. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |year=2006 |title=The mammal fauna in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: implications for diversity and biology of Mesozoic mammals |journal=Geological Journal |volume=41 |issue=3–4 |pages=439–463 |bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..439J |doi=10.1002/gj.1054 |s2cid=84397126}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Abubuwan da ake amfani da su !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''Acristatherium'' |''A. yanensis''<ref name="acristatherium">{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Y. |last2=Meng |first2=J. |last3=Li |first3=C. |last4=Wang |first4=Y. |year=2010 |title=New basal eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol biota, Liaoning, China |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=277 |issue=1679 |pages=229–236 |bibcode=2010PBioS.277..229H |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0203 |pmc=2842663 |pmid=19419990}}</ref> |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Wani mai ba da labariEutherian | |- |''Akidolestes'' |''A. cifellii'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |spalacotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''Gidajen ruwa<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Bi |first=Shundong |last2=Zheng |first2=Xiaoting |last3=Wang |first3=Xiaoli |last4=Cignetti |first4=Natalie E. |last5=Yang |first5=Shiling |last6=Wible |first6=John R. |date=2018 |title=An Early Cretaceous eutherian and the placental–marsupial dichotomy |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0210-3 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=558 |issue=7710 |pages=390–395 |bibcode=2018Natur.558..390B |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0210-3 |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=29899454 |s2cid=49183466 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>'' |''A. zhoui'' |Nincheng |Gidan Jianshangou | |Wani mai ba da labari | |- |''Chaoyangodens''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shilin Hou |last2=Jin Meng |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=A new eutriconodont mammal from the early Cretaceous Jehol Biota of Liaoning, China |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=59 |issue=5–6 |pages=546–553 |bibcode=2014ChSBu..59..546H |doi=10.1007/s11434-013-0088-2 |s2cid=129366743}}</ref> |''C. Li'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |A eutriconodont | |- |''Eomaia'' |''E. scansoria'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |Wani kabilar tribosphenidan, mai yiwuwa euTherian ko stem-therian |[[File:Live_reconstruction_of_Cretophasmomima_melanogramma_-_journal.pone.0091290.g007.png|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''Gobiconodon'' |''G. zofiae'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Gwamnatin Gidagobiconodont |[[File:Gobiconodon.jpg|frameless]] |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''G. luoianus''<ref name="Yuan">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Thierry |last2=Smith |first2=Richard |last3=Zhang |first3=Xingliao |last4=Xi |first4=Yunhong |last5=Wu |first5=Yanhua |last6=Ji |first6=Qiang |last9=Yuan Chongxi, Xu Li, Zhang Xingliao, Xi Yunhong, Wu Yanhua and Ji Qiang |year=2009 |title=A New Species of ''Gobiconodon'' (Mammalia) from Western Liaoning, China and its Implication for the Dental Formula of ''Gobiconodon'' |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=207–211 |bibcode=2009AcGlS..83..207Y |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00035.x |s2cid=129667303 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidan Lujiatun | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |A gobiconodont; ƙaramin ma'anar ''G. zofiae'' | |- |''Yeholodens'' |''J. jenkinsi'' |Chaoyang |Gidan Jianshangou | |A eutriconodont |[[File:Jeholodens_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Juchilestes''<ref name="Gao2010">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=CL |last2=Wilson |first2=GP |last3=Luo |first3=ZX |last4=Maga |first4=AM |last5=Meng |first5=Q |last6=Wang |first6=X |last9=Chun-Ling Gao, Gregory P. Wilson, Zhe-Xi Luo, A. Murat Maga, Qingjin Meng and Xuri Wang |year=2010 |title=A new mammal skull from the Lower Cretaceous of China with implications for the evolution of obtuse-angled molars and 'amphilestid' eutriconodonts |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=277 |issue=1679 |pages=237–246 |bibcode=2010PBioS.277..237G |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.1014 |pmc=2842676 |pmid=19726475}}</ref> |''J. liaoningensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Amphidontid | |- |''[[Jueconodon]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mao |first=F. |last2=Zhang |first2=C. |last3=Liu |first3=C. |last4=Meng |first4=J. |date=2021 |title=Fossoriality and evolutionary development in two Cretaceous mammaliamorphs |journal=Nature |volume=592 |issue=7855 |pages=577–582 |bibcode=2021Natur.592..577M |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03433-2 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=33828300 |s2cid=233183060}}</ref> |''J. cheni'' | | | |A eutriconodont | |- | rowspan="2" |''Maotherium'' |''M. sinensis'' |Chaoyang |Gidan Jianshangou | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''M. asiaticus''<ref name="Martin & Ruf 2009"> {{Cite journal |last=Martin, Thomas |last2=Ruf, Irina |year=2009 |title=On the mammalian ear |journal=Science |volume=326 |issue=5950 |pages=243–244 |bibcode=2009Sci...326..243M |doi=10.1126/science.1181131 |pmid=19815765 |s2cid=26545052}} </ref> |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''[[Meemannodon]]'' |''M. lujiatunensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Gwamnatin Gida | |- |''Origolestes'' |''O. lii'' | | | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |''Ningchengodon'' |''N. foxi'' |Ningcheng |Kogin Ningcheng |Wani likitan hakora na dama. |A symmetrodont. | |- | rowspan="2" |''Repenomamus'' |''R. giganticus'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Gwamnatin Gida |[[File:Repenomamus_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- |''R. robustus'' |Beipiao |Gidan Lujiatun | |Babban gobiconodont, wanda ya ci kananan dinosaur | |- |''Sinobaatar'' |''S. lingyuanensis'' |Lingyuan |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi | |Mai amfani da yawa | |- |''Sinodelphys'' |''S. szalayi'' |Lingyuan |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | |Therian, da farko an fassara shi azaman metatherian kuma daga baya an sake fassara shi a matsayin eutherian | |- |''Yanoconodon''<ref name="yanoconodon">{{Cite journal |last=Luo |first=Z. |last2=Chen |first2=P. |last3=Li |first3=G. |last4=Chen |first4=M. |year=2007 |title=A new eutriconodont mammal and evolutionary development in early mammals |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15542/files/PAL_E2954.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=446 |issue=7133 |pages=288–93 |bibcode=2007Natur.446..288L |doi=10.1038/nature05627 |pmid=17361176 |s2cid=4329583}}</ref> |''Y. allini''<ref name="yanoconodon" /> |Fengning <ref name="yanoconodon" /> | | |Eutricondondont |[[File:Yanoconodon_BW.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Zhangheotherium'' |''Z. quinquecuspidens'' |Chaoyang |Gidan Jianshangou | |Zhangheotheriid "symmetrodont" | |- |} == Dabbobi masu rai da ruwa == {{paleobiota-key-compact}} {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Abubuwan da ake amfani da su !Bayani !Hotuna |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Callobatrachus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. sanyanensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Sihetun | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidan Jianshangou | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Liaobatrachus'' |[[File:Callobatrachus.png|frameless]] |- |''Laccotriton'' |''L. subsolanus'' |Paozhanggou |Gidan Fengshan | |urodelan | |- | rowspan="2" |''Liaobatrachus'' |''L. grabaui'' |Sihetun |Gidan Jianshangou | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi | |- |''L. zhaoi'' |Beipiao da Heitizigou |Lujiatun Bed & Jianshangou Bed | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Mesophryne'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''M. beipiaoensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Beipiao da Heitizigou | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Lujiatun Bed & Jianshangou Bed | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Liaobatrachus'' | |- |''Sinerpeton'' |''S. fengshanensis'' |Paozhanggou |Gidan Fengshan | |urodelan | |- |} == Kifi == {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |Hybodontoidea indet. |Iyali, jinsin da jinsin da ba a tantance su ba | | | |Wani elasmobranch da aka sani daga wani dorsal fin spine <ref name="zhang2007shark">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2007 |title=Two shark finspines (Hybodontoidea) from the Mesozoic of North China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=277–280 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..277Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.005}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Lycoptera'' |''L. dabbidi'' | |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi |Har ila yau yana cikin Jiufotang Formation & Huajiying FormationTsarin Huajiying | rowspan="3" |Wani nau'in osteoglossiform |[[File:Lycoptera_reconstruction.jpg|frameless]] |- |''L. muroii'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | |- |''L. sinensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''Mesomyzon'' |''M. mengae'' | | | |Lambarlamprey |[[File:Mesomyzon_NT_small.jpg|frameless]] |- |''Peipiaosteus'' |''P. tsoro'' | |Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi Bed |Har ila yau yana cikin Tsarin Jiufotang |Kifi na peipiaosteid da ke da alaƙa da sturgeons | |- |''Protopsephurus'' |''P. liui'' | |Gidan Dawangzhangzi |Har ila yau yana cikin Jiufotang & Huajiying Formations |Kifi mai suna paddlefishKifi na paddlefish |[[File:Protopsephurus_liui.JPG|frameless]] |- |''Sinamia'' |''S. liaoningensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ƙarƙashin ƙuƙwalwabowfin |[[File:Sinamia.JPG|frameless]] |- |''[[Yanosteus]]'' |''Y. longidorsalis'' | | |Har ila yau yana cikin Tsarin Huajiying |Peipiaosteid | |- |} == Naman dabbobi marasa ƙashi na Tsarin Yixian == Nau'in halittu marasa ƙashi da aka lissafa a ƙasa ya biyo bayan wani bincike da Chen da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar a shekarar 2005, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. <ref name="chenetal2005" /> === Arachnids === Nau'in arachnid da aka lissafa a ƙasa suna bin kundin bayanai da Dunlop, Penney da Jekel suka tattara a shekarar 2010, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Yawa ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- | rowspan="4" | ? ''Araneus'' | ''A.'' ? ''aethus'' | | | | rowspan="4" | Gizo-gizo masu sakawa na Orb | |- | ''A.'' ? ''beipiaoensis'' | | | | |- | ''A.'' ? ''liaoxiensis'' | | | | |- | ''A.'' ? ''reheensis'' | | | | |- | ''[[Cretaraneus|Cretaranus]]'' | ''C. liaoningensis'' | | | | Gizo-gizon Nephiline | |- | ? ''Gnaphosa'' | ''G.'' ? ''liaoningensis'' | | | | Gizo-gizo na ƙasa | |- | ''[[Jeholia|Yeholiya]]'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Xuan |first=Qiang |last2=Cai |first2=Chenyang |last3=Huang |first3=Yuangeng |last4=Huang |first4=Diying |date=24 January 2025 |title=First Mesozoic scorpion from China and its ecological implications |journal=Science Bulletin |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=1941–1944 |bibcode=2025SciBu..70.1941X |doi=10.1016/j.scib.2025.01.035 |pmid=39924406}}</ref> | ''J. longchengi'' | | | | Kunama mai kama da buthoid | |- | ? ''Theridion'' | ''T.'' ? ''atalus'' | | | | Gizo-gizo mai tauri | |- |} === Ƙwaro (Coleoptera) === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Anoixis]]'' |''A. complanus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai latsawa <ref name="huali2010">{{Cite journal |last=Huali |first=C. |last2=Kirejtshuk |first2=A. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2010 |title=New Fossil Elaterids (Coleoptera: Polyphaga: Elateridae) From the Jehol Biota in China |journal=Annals of the Entomological Society of America |volume=103 |issue=6 |pages=866–874 |doi=10.1603/AN09076 |s2cid=55827291 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Apoclion]]'' |''A. antennatus'' | | | | rowspan="3" |Kwararrun kwari <ref name="huali2010" /> | |- |''A. clavatus'' | | | | |- |''A. dolini'' | | | | |- |''[[Coptoclava]]'' |''C. longipoda'' | | | |Kwango <ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Desmatinus]]'' |''D. cognatus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai latsawa <ref name="huali2010" /> | |- |''[[Fortiseode]]'' |''F. pervalimand'' | | | |Wani kwari na [[Eodromeinae|eodromeine]] trachypachid | |- |''Haske'' |''G. orthochilus'' | | | |Kwango mai laresid scarab <ref name="baietal2010">{{Cite journal |last=Bai |first=M. |last2=Krell |first2=F.T. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |last4=Yang |first4=X. |year=2010 |title=A New, Weil-Preserved Species of Glaresidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) from the Jehol Biota of China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=676–679 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..676M |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00229.x |s2cid=140694460}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Hydrophilopsia]]'' |''H. gracilis'' | | | | rowspan="3" |Hydrophiloid ruwa scavenger beetles <ref name="prokinetal2010">{{Cite journal |last=Prokin |first=A. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Martin |first3=F. |year=2010 |title=New Mesozoic Water Scavenger Beetles from the Yixian Formation in China (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea) |journal=Annales Zoologici |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=173–179 |doi=10.3161/000345410X516821 |s2cid=51491869}}</ref> | |- |''H. hydraenoides'' | | | | |- |''H. shatrovskiyi'' | | | | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Lasiosyne]]'' |''L. inteera'' |Garin Huangbanjigou, Lardin Liaoning, arewa maso gabashin China.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Guo |first=Henan |last2=Zhao |first2=Yanchen |last3=Chang |first3=Huali |last4=Shih |first4=Chungkun |last5=Ren |first5=Dong |date=2022-08-13 |title=Two new species of Lasiosyne from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (Coleoptera, Lasiosynidae) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122002002 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=140 |bibcode=2022CrRes.14005336G |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105336 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=251558114 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | | |Wani kwari na [[Lasiosynidae|lasiosynid]].<ref name=":3" /> | |- |''L. parva'' |Garin Huangbanjigou, Lardin Liaoning, arewa maso gabashin China.<ref name=":3" /> | | |Wani kwari na [[Lasiosynidae|lasiosynid]].<ref name=":3" /> | |- |''Liaoximordella'' |''L. hongi'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna mordellid <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''Mirimordella'' |''M. gracilicruralis'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna mordellid <ref name="liuetal2007">{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=M. |last2=Lu |first2=W. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2007 |title=A new fossil mordellid (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Mordellidae) from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning Province, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1415 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1415.1.6 |s2cid=4494968 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Oxyporus (beetle)|Oxyporus]]'' |''O. yixianus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna oxyporin rove <ref name="yue2011">{{Cite journal |last=Yue |first=Y. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Solodovnikovb |first3=A. |year=2011 |title=The oldest fossil species of the rove beetle subfamily Oxyporinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) from the Early Cretaceous (Yixian Formation, China) and its phylogenetic significance |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=9 |issue=4 |page=2 |bibcode=2011JSPal...9..467Y |doi=10.1080/14772019.2010.493049 |s2cid=83787190}}</ref> | |- |''[[Paradesmatus]]'' |''P. dilatatus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai lamba desmati <ref name="huali2010" /> | |- |''[[Parageotrupes|Ƙungiyoyin Parageotrupes]]'' |''P. incanus'' | | | |Wani kwari mai suna Geotrupine scarab <ref name="nikolajev">{{Cite journal |last=Nikolajev |first=G.V. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |year=2010 |title=New Genus of the Subfamily Geotrupinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Geotrupindae) from the Jehol Biota |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=673–675 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..673N |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00260.x |s2cid=83650978}}</ref> | |- |''[[Sinocupes]]'' |''S. validus'' | | | |Kwango <ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Sinosperchopsis]]'' |''S. silinae'' | | | |Wani kwari mai cin ruwa mai suna hydrophiloid <ref name="prokinetal2010" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Sinoxytelus]]'' |''S. taƙaitaccen'' | | | | rowspan="3" |Oxyteline rove beetles <ref name="yuestaphylinids2010">{{Cite journal |last=Yue |first=Y. |last2=Zhao |first2=Y. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2010 |title=Three new Mesozoic Staphylinids (Coleoptera) from Liaoning, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=61–70 |bibcode=2010CrRes..31...61Y |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2009.09.005}}</ref> | |- |''S. euglypheus'' | | | | |- |''S. longisetosus'' | | | | |- |} === Dabbobi masu kama da dabbobi === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- | rowspan="2" |''Chenops''<ref name="Hegna">{{Cite journal |last=Hegna |first=Thomas A. |last2=Dong |first2=REN |last9=Thomas A. Hegna, Ren Dong |year=2010 |title=Two New "Notostracans", ''Chenops'' gen. nov. and ''Jeholops'' gen. nov. (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: ?Notostraca) from the Yixian Formation, Northeastern China |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=886–894 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..886H |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00232.x |s2cid=85023596}}</ref> |''C. oblongus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Notostracans | rowspan="2" |[[File:Chenops_yixianensis.jpg|frameless]] |- |''C. yixianensis'' | | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Cricoidoscelosus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. Aethus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Palaeocambarus<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Crayfishes from the Jehol biota |url=https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/45/24 |journal=Geodiversitas |language=en |volume=45 |issue=24 |pages=689–719}}</ref>'' [2] | |- | rowspan="5" |''[[Cypridea]]'' |''C.'' (''Cypridea'') liaoningensis''haɗin kai'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | rowspan="5" |Ostracods | |- |''C.'' (''C.'') ''sihetunensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''C.'' (''C.'') veridica arguta''gaskiya mai ma'ana'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | |- |''C.'' (''C.'') sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''C.'' (''Ulwellia'') ''beipiaoensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''[[Damonella]]'' |''D. kyakkyawa'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''Darwinula'' |''D. leguminella'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Diestheria|Abinci]]'' |''D. jeholensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | rowspan="3" |Clam shrimps | |- |''D. yixianensis'' | |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | | |- |D?sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- | rowspan="5" |''[[Eosestheria]]'' |''E. jingangshanensis'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | rowspan="5" |Clam shrimps | |- |''E. lingyuanensis'' | |Gidan Dawangzhangzi | | |- |''E.'' da kuma. ''tsakiya'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | | |- |''E. ovata'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''E. sihetunensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- |''[[Eosestheriopsis]]'' |''E. gujialingensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Crab shrimp | |- |''Yeholops''<ref name="Hegna" /> |''J. hongi'' | | | |Wani abu mai suna notostracan |[[File:Jeholops_Chenops.jpg|frameless]] |- |''[[Liaoningogriphus]]'' |''L. quadripartitus'' | |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi | |Tsuntsushrimp | |- |''[[Lycopterocypris]]'' |''L. infantilis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''[[Mantelliana]]'' |''M.'' sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |"<nowiki><i id="mwD3k">Mongolarachne</i></nowiki>" | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |"M" ''Chaoyangensis'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidajen Dawangzhangzi | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Palaeocambarus'' <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Paul A. Selden |last2=Alison N. Olcott |last3=Matt R. Downen |last4=Dong Ren |last5=Chungkun Shih |last6=Xiaodong Cheng |year=2019 |title=The supposed giant spider ''Mongolarachne chaoyangensis'', from the Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China, is a crayfish |url=http://www.paulselden.net/uploads/7/5/3/2/7532217/yixiancrayfish2019.pdf |journal=Palaeoentomology |volume=2 |issue=5 |pages=515–522 |bibcode=2019Plegy...2..515S |doi=10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.5.15 |s2cid=208124459}}</ref> | |- |''[[Mongolianella]]'' |Ka duba littafin nan. ''dabino'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''Palaeocambarus'' |''P. lasisi'' | | | |Kayan kifi |[[File:BMNH_IMG_5554_Cricoidoscelosus_aethus.jpg|frameless]] |- |''[[Rhinocyrpis]]'' |''R. jurassica'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |''[[Timiriasevia]]'' |''T. jianshangouensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |?''[[Yanjiestheria]]'' |Y?''beipiaoensis'' |Beipiao |Gidan Jianshangou | |Crab shrimp | |- |''[[Yanshania]]'' |''Y. dabeigouensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Ostracod | |- |} === Dragonflies (Odonata) === {{Paleobiota-key-compact}}Nau'in dragonfly da aka jera a ƙasa sun bi bita da Zhang, Ren da Panf suka tattara a cikin 2008, sai dai idan an lura da hakan.<ref name="zhangrenpang2008">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=B. Ren |last2=Pang |first2=H. |year=2008 |title=''Telmaeshna paradoxica'' gen. et sp. nov., a new fossil dragonfly (Insecta: Odonata: Anisoptera) from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1681 |pages=62–68 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1681.1.6}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Abrohemeroscopus]]'' |''A. Yana cin abinci'' | | | |dragonfly | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#f3e9f3;" |''[[Aeschnidium]]'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''A. heishankowense'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | rowspan="2" style="background:#fbdddb;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sinaeschnidia heishankowense'' <ref name="zhang2000" /> | |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''A.'' sp. | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |''[[Archaeogomphus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''A. labius'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Nymphs <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake rarraba shi a matsayin ''Yixiangomphus labius'', <ref name="zhang2000" /> wanda shine ƙaramin ma'anar ''Sinaeschnidia cancellosa'' <ref name="lin1994">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Q. |year=1994 |title=Cretaceous insects of China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=305–316 |bibcode=1994CrRes..15..305L |doi=10.1006/cres.1994.1019}}</ref> | |- |''[[Bellabrunetia]]'' |''B. catherinae'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Chrysogomphus]]'' |''C. beipiaoensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Dissurus|Rashin jituwa]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''D. liaoyuanensis''<ref name="lin1994" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Nymph da ba a kiyaye shi sosai ba <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sinaeschnidia'' cf. ''ya soke''<ref name="zhang2000" /> | |- |''[[Dracontaeschnidium]]'' |''D. gabas'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Hebeiaeschnidia]]'' |''H. fengningensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Huaxiagomphus]]'' |''H. taushanensis'' | | | |Dragonfly <ref name="lin1994" /> | |- |''[[Liogomphus]]'' |''L. yixianensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Mesocordulia]]'' |''M. boreala'' | | | |Wani dragonfly mai kama da corduliid <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Palaeogomphus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''P. labius'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Wani dragonfly, wanda aka sake rarraba shi a matsayin na ''Yixiangomphus labius'', wanda shine ƙaramin ma'anar ''Sinaeschnidia cancellosa'' <ref name="zhang2000" /><ref name="lin1994" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Parapetala]]'' |''P. liaoningensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''P. yixianensis'' | |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=Daran |last2=Zhang |first2=Xin |last3=Zhang |first3=Haichun |last4=Nel |first4=André |date=2022-08-13 |title=New Lower Cretaceous aeshnopteran dragonflies from western Liaoning, NE China (Odonata: Anisoptera) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122001884 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=140 |bibcode=2022CrRes.14005324Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105324 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=251558031 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | | | |- |''[[Protoliupanshania]]'' |''P. wangi'' | |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":2" /> | |Wani dragonfly na [[liupanshaniid]] | |- |''[[Pseudocymatophlebia]]'' |''P. bisecta'' |Gundumar Ningcheng<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Qiang |last2=Ren |first2=Dong |last3=Shi |first3=Chaofan |date=June 2023 |title=New petalurid dragonfly (Odonata: Aktassiidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of northern China |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0195667123001374 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=151 |bibcode=2023CrRes.15105609Y |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2023.105609 |s2cid=259601344 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> | |Wani samfurin da aka adana sosai.<ref name=":4" /> |Wani dragonfly na [[Aktassiidae|aktassiid]] | |- |''[[Pseudoliupanshania]]'' |''P. magnanicellula'' | |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":2" /> | | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Pseudosamarura|Ƙarya mai ƙamshi]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''P. largina''<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ɗaya daga cikin samfurori, nymph <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sinaeschnidia'' cf. ''ya soke''<ref name="zhang2000" /> | |- |''[[Rudiaeschna]]'' |''R. limnobia'' | | | |Wani dragonfly aeshnid <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Sinaeschnidia'' |''S. heishankowense'' | |Gidajen Jianshangou da Dawangzhangzi |Manya da nymphs <ref name="zhang2000" /> | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''S. cancellosa''<ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''S. heishankowense'' <ref name="fleck">{{Cite journal |last=Fleck |first=G. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |year=2003 |title=Revision of the Mesozoic family Aeschnidiidae (Odonata: Anisoptera) |journal=Zoologica |volume=153 |pages=1–170}}</ref> | |- |''S.'' sp. | | |Samfurori marasa tabbas <ref name="zhang2000" /> |An ba da wasu samfurori na nymph nasu jinsuna da jinsuna ko da yake mai yiwuwa sun kasance ''S. heishankowense'' amma ba a kiyaye su sosai ba don tabbatar da su <ref name="zhang2000" /> |[[File:Sinaeschnidia-Tianjin_Natural_History_Museum.jpg|frameless]] |- |''[[Sinaktassia]]'' |''S. tangi''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Q.-B. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |last3=Huang |first3=D.-Y. |year=2010 |title=Sinaktassia tangi, a new Chinese Mesozoic genus and species of Aktassiidae (Odonata: Petaluroidea) |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2359 |issue=1 |pages=61–64 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2359.1.5}}</ref> | | | |Wani dragonfly na [[Aktassiidae|aktassiid]] | |- |''[[Sinogomphus]]'' |''S. taoshanensis'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Sinojagoria]]'' |''S. imperfecta'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Sopholibellula]]'' |''S. amoena'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Tsuntsaye | |- |''S. a tsaye'' | | | | |- |''[[Stylaeschnidium]]'' |''S. rarum'' | | | |Dragonfly | |- |''[[Telmaeshna]]'' |''T. mai rikitarwa'' |Beipiao | | |Dragonfly | |- |''Turanophlebia'' |''T. liaoningensis'' |Beipiao <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Fang |first=Rui |last2=Zheng |first2=Daran |date=2022-11-23 |title=A new tarsophlebiid dragonfly from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, NE China (Insecta: Odonatoptera, Panodonata) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667122002889 |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=143 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105424 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=253875737 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |Rukunin Jianshangou <ref name=":5" /> | |Wani tarsophlebiid dragonfly. | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''[[Yixiangomphus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Y. labius'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Nymphs <ref name="zhang2000" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''Sinaeschnidia cancellosa'' <ref name="zhang2000">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2000 |title=The discovery of aeschnidiid nymphs (Aeschnidiidae, Odonata, Insecta) |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=1031–1038 |bibcode=2000ChSBu..45.1031Z |doi=10.1007/bf02884986 |s2cid=85282862}}</ref> | |} === Tsuntsaye (Diptera) === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Alleremonomus]]'' |''A. xingi'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi | |- |''[[Atalosciophila]]'' |''A. yanensis'' | | | |Gnat na mycetophilid <ref name="zhang2007">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2007 |title=New mesosciophilid gnats (Insecta: Diptera: Mesosciophilidae) in the Daohugou biota of Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=297–301 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..297Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.007}}</ref> | |- |''[[Chironomaptera]]'' |''C. gregaria'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai fashewaFantasma Midge | |- |''[[Gigantoberis]]'' |''G. liaoningensis'' | | | |sojan ya tashi <ref name="huang&lin2007soldier">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=D. |last2=Lin |first2=Q. |year=2007 |title=A new soldier fly (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning Province, northeast China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=317–321 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..317H |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.006}}</ref> | |- |''[[Lichnoplecia]]'' |''L. kovalevi'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi <ref name="zhangflies2007">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=J. |year=2007 |title=New Mesozoic Protopleciidae (Insecta: Diptera: Nematocera) from China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=289–296 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..289Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.009}}</ref> | |- |''[[Palaepangonius]]'' |''P. eupterus'' | | | |Tsuntsu na doki <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Protapiocera]]'' |''P. megista'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai zaman kansa <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Protempis]]'' |''P. minti'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai tsayi <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Protonemestrius]]'' |''P. jurassicus'' | | | |Tsuntsu mai laushi <ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |} === Wasps (Hymenoptera) === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- |''[[Abropelecinus]]'' |''A. annulatus'' |Beipiao | | |An [[Iscopininae|iscopinine]] pelecinid<ref name="fengetal2011">{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=H. |last2=Shih |first2=C. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |last4=Liu |first4=C. |year=2011 |title=New male pelecinid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning (China) |journal=Geologica Carpathica |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=463–468 |doi=10.2478/v10096-010-0028-x |s2cid=84767798 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Angaridyela]]'' |''A. robusta'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A sawfly | |- |''[[Azygopelecinus]]'' |''A. clavatus'' |Beipiao | | | An iscopinine pelecinid<ref name="fengetal2011" /> | |- |''[[Chengdeserphus]]'' |''C. petidatus'' | | | |A proctotrupid wasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="3" |''Cretevania'' |''C. exquisita'' | rowspan="3" |Beipiao | | | rowspan="3" |Hatchet wasps<ref name="zhangwasps2007">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=H. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first2=A.P. |last3=Wang |first3=D. |last4=Zhang |first4=Y. |year=2007 |title=Some hatchet wasps (Hymenoptera, Evaniidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=310–316 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..310Z |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.05.003}}</ref> | |- |''C. pristine'' |Jianshangou bed | | |- |''C. vesca'' | | | |- |''[[Hoplitolyda]]'' |''H. duolunica'' | | | |The largest known sawfly ever<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Taiping |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr P. |last4=Ren |first4=Dong |date=2013-05-03 |title=Hoplitolyda duolunica gen. et sp. nov. (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Praesiricidae), the Hitherto Largest Sawfly from the Mesozoic of China |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=5 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...862420G |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0062420 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3643952 |pmid=23671596 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Liaotoma]]'' |''L. linearis'' | | | |A [[Xyelotomidae|xyelotomid]] woodwasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Manlaya]]'' |''M. flexuosus'' | | | |An aulacid woodwasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="3" style="background:#fbdddb;" |''Procretevania'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''P. exquisita'' | rowspan="3" style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | rowspan="3" style="background:#fbdddb;" | Reclassified as ''Cretevania'' spp.<ref name="Peñalver">{{Cite journal |last=Enrique Peñalver |last2=Jaime Ortega-Blanco |last3=André Nel |last4=Xavier Delclòs |year=2010 |title=Mesozoic Evaniidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) in Spanish Amber: Reanalysis of the Phylogeny of the Evanioidea |journal=Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition |volume=84 |issue=4 |pages=809–827 |bibcode=2010AcGlS..84..809P |doi=10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00257.x |s2cid=83716591}}</ref> | |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''P. pristine'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | |- | style="background:#fbdddb;" |''P. vesca'' | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | style="background:#fbdddb;" | | |- | rowspan="3" |''[[Rudisiricius]]'' |''R. belli'' | | | | rowspan="3" | Praesiricid sawflies<ref name="gaoetal2010">{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=T. |last2=Rasnitsyn |first2=A.P. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |year=2010 |title=The first Praesiricidae (Hymenoptera) from Northeast China |journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |volume=46 |issue=1–2 |pages=148–153 |bibcode=2010AnSEF..46..148G |doi=10.1080/00379271.2010.10697650 |s2cid=88390334}}</ref> | |- |''R. celsus'' | | | | |- |''R. crassinodus'' | | | | |- |''[[Scolichneumon]]'' |''S. rectivenius'' | | | |An ichneumonoid wasp<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Sinopelecinus]]'' |''S. viriosus'' | | | |A pelecinid<ref name="fengetal2011" /> | |- |''[[Tanychora]]'' |''T. exquisita'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |An ichneumon wasp | |- |} === Other insects === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- |''[[Abrigramma]]'' |''A. calophleba'' | | | |A kalligrammatid lacewing<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Qiang |last2=Wang |first2=Yongjie |last3=Labandeira |first3=Conrad C. |last4=Shih |first4=Chungkun |last5=Ren |first5=Dong |date=2014-06-09 |title=Mesozoic lacewings from China provide phylogenetic insight into evolution of the Kalligrammatidae (Neuroptera) |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=126 |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..126Y |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-126 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=4113026 |pmid=24912379 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Abrigramma_calophleba_holotype_A.jpg|center|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Alloraphidia]]'' |''A. bliquivenatica''<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | | | | rowspan="2" |Snakeflies | rowspan="2" | |- |''A. longistigmasa'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |- |''[[Archeraphidia]]'' |''A. shangyuanensis'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> |- |''[[Baissopterus]]'' |''B. liaoningensis'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> |- |''[[Caenoephemera]]'' |''C. shangyuanensis'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A mayfly<ref name="lin&huang2001">{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Q.B. |last2=Huang |first2=D.Y. |year=2001 |title=Description of ''Caenophemera shangyuanensis'' gen. nov., sp. nov. (Ephemeroptera), from the Yixian Formation |journal=The Canadian Entomologist |volume=133 |issue=6 |pages=747–754 |bibcode=2001CaEnt.133..747L |doi=10.4039/Ent133747-6 |s2cid=85742721}}</ref> |- |''[[Caloraphidia]]'' |''C. glossophylla'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="ren2002">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=D. |year=2002 |title=Progress in the study of Mesozoic fossil insects during the last decade in China |journal=Acta Entomologica Sinica |volume=45 |pages=234–240}}</ref> | |- |''[[Choromyrmeleon]]'' |''C. othneius'' | | | |An antlion<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Circulaboilus]]'' |''C. aureus'' | | | |A grig<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=L.-M. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Wang |first3=Z.-H. |year=2007 |title=New Prophalangopsids from Late Mesozoic of China (Orthoptera, Prophalangopsidae, Aboilinae) |journal=Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=412–422}}</ref> |- |''Cretophasmomima'' |''C. melanogramma'' | | | |A stick insect<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Maomin |last2=Béthoux |first2=Olivier |last3=Bradler |first3=Sven |last4=Jacques |first4=Frédéric M. B. |last5=Cui |first5=Yingying |last6=Ren |first6=Dong |date=2014-03-19 |editor-last=Srygley |editor-first=Robert B. |title=Under Cover at Pre-Angiosperm Times: A Cloaked Phasmatodean Insect from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...991290W |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0091290 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3960115 |pmid=24646906 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Cretophasmomima_melanogramma.png|center|frameless|''Cretophasmomima'', a stick insect]] |- |?''[[Ephemeropsis (animal)|Ephemeropsis]]'' |?''E. trisetalis'' | |Jianshangou and Jingangshan beds | |A mayfly. Chinese specimens probably represent species of ''Epicharmeropsis''<ref name="huangren2007" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Epicharmeropsis]]'' |''E. hexavenulosus''<ref name="huangren2007">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=J. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Sinitshenkova |first3=N. D. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |year=2007 |title=New genus and species of Hexagenitidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Yixian Formation, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1629 |pages=39–50 |bibcode=2007Zoot.16299.1.3H |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1629.1.3 |s2cid=85843454}}</ref> |Pingquan | | | rowspan="2" |Mayflies |- |''E. quadrivenulosus''<ref name="huangren2007" /> |Beipiao |Jianshangou Bed | |[[File:Epicharmeropsis.jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''[[Hagiphasma]]'' |''H. paradoxa'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A stick insect | |- | rowspan="6" |''[[Ilerdocossus]]'' |''I. beipiaoensis'' | | | | rowspan="6" |Palaeontinid hemipterans<ref name="menonetal2005">{{Cite journal |last=Menon |first=F. |last2=Heads |first2=S.W. |last3=Martill |first3=D.M. |year=2005 |title=New Palaeontinidae (Insecta: Cicadomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of Brazil |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=837–844 |bibcode=2005CrRes..26..837M |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2005.05.005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Yuling |last2=Chen |first2=Jun |last3=Wang |first3=Bo |date=2019-03-01 |title=New Cretaceous palaeontinids (Insecta, Hemiptera) from northeast China |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019566711830291X |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=95 |pages=130–137 |bibcode=2019CrRes..95..130L |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2018.11.007 |issn=0195-6671 |s2cid=134455637 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> |- |''I. exiguus'' | | | |- |''I. exquisitus'' | | | |- |''I. fengningensis'' | | | |- |''I. hui'' | | | |- |''I. pingquanensis'' | | | |- |''[[Ithigramma]]'' |''I. multinervia'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Kalligrammatid lacewings<ref name=":7" /> |[[File:Labandeira_et_al_2016_Fig_1-f.jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''Kalligramma'' |''K. liaoningensis'' | |Jianshangou Bed | | |- |''[[Karatavoblatta]]'' |''K. formosa'' | | | |A cockroach<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Liaoaphidia]]'' |''L. fornicata'' | | | |A snakefly<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Liaonemobius]]'' |''L. tanae'' | | | |A sword-tail cricket<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Longicellochrysa]]'' |''L. yixiana'' | | | |A mesochrysopid lacewing<ref name="renmakarkin2010">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=D. |last2=Makarkin |first2=V.N. |last3=Yang |first3=Q. |year=2010 |title=A new fossil genus of Mesochrysopidae (Neuroptera) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2523 |pages=50–56 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2523.1.3 |s2cid=73522770}}</ref> | |- |''[[Mesascalaphus]]'' |''M. yangi'' | | | |An owlfly<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- |''[[Mesolygaeus]]'' |''M. laiyangensis'' | | | |A water bug<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Metabittacus]]'' |''M. colosseus'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A scorpionfly<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen, Peiji |last2=Wang, Qifei |last3=Zhang, Haichun |last4=Cao, Meizhen |last5=Li, Wenben |last6=Wu, Shunqing |last7=Shen, Yanbin |title=论义县组尖山沟层（Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation in West Liaoning, China） |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332553517 |language=zh}}</ref> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Miracossus]]'' |''M. gongi'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Palaeontinid hemipterans<ref name="menonetal2005" /> |- |''M. ingentius'' | | | |- |''[[Nipponoblatta]]'' |''N. acerba'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A cockroach |- |''[[Oloberotha]]'' |''O. sinica'' | | | |A beaded lacewing<ref name="ren2002" /> |- | rowspan="2" |''Oregramma'' |''O. aureolosa'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Kalligrammatid lacewings<ref name=":7" /> |[[File:Labandeira_et_al_2016_Fig_1-e.jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''O. illecebrosa'' | | | |[[File:Oregramma_illecebrosa.png|center|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''Pseudopulex'' |''P. magnus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Stem-fleas<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Taiping |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr P. |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |last5=Wang |first5=Shuo |last6=Ren |first6=Dong |date=2014-08-27 |title=The first flea with fully distended abdomen from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=168 |bibcode=2014BMCEE..14..168G |doi=10.1186/s12862-014-0168-1 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=4154525 |pmid=25158612 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gao |first=Tai-ping |last2=Shih |first2=Chung-kun |last3=Xu |first3=Xing |last4=Wang |first4=Shuo |last5=Ren |first5=Dong |date=2012 |title=Mid-Mesozoic Flea-like Ectoparasites of Feathered or Haired Vertebrates |journal=Current Biology |volume=22 |issue=8 |pages=732–735 |bibcode=2012CBio...22..732G |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.03.012 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=22445298 |s2cid=15965145 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |- |''P. tanlan'' | | | |[[File:Pseudopulex_tanlan_2_(cropped).jpg|center|frameless]] |- |''Renphasma'' |''R. sinica'' | | | |A stick insect<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nel |first=André |last2=Delfosse |first2=Emmanuel |date=2011 |title=A New Chinese Mesozoic Stick Insect |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=429–432 |bibcode=2011AcPaP..56..429N |doi=10.4202/app.2009.1108 |issn=0567-7920 |s2cid=84240218 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |[[File:Renphasma_sinica.jpg|center|frameless]] |- | rowspan="2" |''Saurophthirus'' |''S. exquisitus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Stem-fleas<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Yanjie |last2=Shih |first2=Chungkun |last3=Rasnitsyn |first3=Alexandr |last4=Ren |first4=Dong |last5=Gao |first5=Taiping |date=2020 |title=A new flea from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=65 |doi=10.4202/app.00680.2019 |issn=0567-7920 |s2cid=213622677 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''S. laevigatus'' | | | |[[File:Saurophthirid-flea-Saurophthirus-laevigatus-Zhang-Shih-Rasnitsyn-and-Gao-sp-nov.png|center|frameless]] |- |''[[Sinochresmoda]]'' |''S. magnicornia'' | | | |A chresmodid water-skiing insect<ref name="zhangetal2008a">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=X. |last2=Ren |first2=D. |last3=Pang |first3=H. |last4=Shih |first4=C. |year=2008 |title=A new genus and species of Chresmodidae (Insecta: Gryllones) from Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous of Yixian Formation, Inner Mongolia, China |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1702 |pages=26–40 |bibcode=2008Zoot.17022.1.2Z |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1702.1.2 |s2cid=83282286}}</ref> | |- |''[[Sinosharaperla]]'' |''S. zhaoi'' |Beipiao | | |A stonefly<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Liu |first=Y. |last2=Sinitshenkova |first2=N.D. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2007 |title=A new genus and species of stonefly (Insecta: Plecoptera) from the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, China |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=322–326 |bibcode=2007CrRes..28..322L |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2006.08.003}}</ref> | |- |''[[Sinoviparosiphum]]'' |''S. lini'' | | | |An aphid<ref name="ren2002" /> | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Sophogramma]]'' |''S. lii'' | |Jianshangou Bed | | rowspan="2" |Kalligrammatid lacewings<ref name="yangetal2009">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Q. |last2=Zhao |first2=Y. |last3=Dong |first3=R. |year=2009 |title=An exceptionally well-preserved fossil Kalligrammatid from the Jehol Biota |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=54 |issue=10 |pages=1732–1737 |bibcode=2009SciBu..54.1732Y |doi=10.1007/s11434-009-0284-2 |s2cid=84821055}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> |[[File:Yang_2014_Sophogramma_lii.png|center|frameless]] |- |''S. pingquanica'' | | | | |- |''[[Tetraphelerus]]'' |''T. laetus'' | | | |A moth<ref name="lin&huang2001" /> | |- |''[[Tyrannopsylla]]'' |''T. beipiaoensis'' | | | |A stem-flea<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=DiYing |last2=Engel |first2=Michael S. |last3=Cai |first3=ChenYang |last4=Nel |first4=André |date=2013-03-25 |title=Mesozoic giant fleas from northeastern China (Siphonaptera): Taxonomy and implications for palaeodiversity |journal=Chinese Science Bulletin |volume=58 |issue=14 |pages=1682–1690 |bibcode=2013ChSBu..58.1682H |doi=10.1007/s11434-013-5769-3 |issn=1001-6538 |s2cid=53578959 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> | |- |''[[Varicapitatus]]'' |''V. sinuolatus'' |"Huangbanjigou, Chaomidian Village, Beipiao City."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dai |first=Rui |last2=Du |first2=Sile |last3=Ren |first3=Dong |last4=Yao |first4=Yunzhi |date=2022-07-31 |title=New Cretaceous Bugs from Northeastern China Imply the Systematic Position of Pachymeridiidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) |journal=Insects |volume=13 |issue=8 |page=689 |doi=10.3390/insects13080689 |issn=2075-4450 |pmc=9408836 |pmid=36005314 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | | |A hemipteran | |- |Unnamed [[Vitimotauliidae]] |Unnamed | | | |A caddisfly pupa, likely belonging to the [[Vitimotauliidae]]<ref name="davisengel&ren2010">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=S.R. |last2=Engel |first2=M.S. |last3=Ren |first3=D. |year=2010 |title=A pupal caddisfly from the Early Cretaceous of China (Trichoptera) |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=396–399 |bibcode=2010CrRes..31..396D |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2010.05.001}}</ref> | |- |} === Molluscs === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- |''[[Amplovalvata]]'' |''A.'' sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | |gastropod | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Arguniella]]'' |''A. lingyuanensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Bivalve, kuma yana cikin Jiufotang da Fuxin Formations[[Fuxin Formation|Tsarin Fuxin]] | |- |''A. yanshanensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Bivalve, kuma yana cikin Tsarin Jiufotang | |- |<nowiki><i id="mwFkM">Bitiniya</i></nowiki> |''B. haizhouensis'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | |Gastropod | |- | rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Corbicula'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. anderssoni'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | rowspan="2" style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Gidan Jianshangou | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sphaerium anderssoni'' | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''C. jeholense'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An sake sanya shi a matsayin ''Sphaerium jeholense'' | |- |''Gyraulus'' |''G.'' sp. | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Kwango mai laushikwari mai laushi | |- |''[[Probaicalia]]'' |''P. vitimensis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | |Gastropod | |- | rowspan="2" |''[[Ptychastylus]]'' |''P. harpaeformis'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | rowspan="2" |Gastropods | |- |Ka duba hoton da ke shafin nan. ''filipi'' | |Gidan Jianshangou | | |- | rowspan="3" |''Sphaerium'' |''S. anderssoni'' | | rowspan="3" |Gidan Jianshangou | |Kyakkyawan yatsan hannu, wanda yake a cikin Tsarin Jiufotang | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''S. jeholense'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''S. anderssoni'' | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''S. selenginense'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙananan ma'anar ''S. anderssoni'' | |- |?''Rayuwa'' |Za a iya samun hakan?duba. ''matsumotoi'' | |Gidan Jingangshan | |Kwango | |- |} == Tsarin Tsarin Yixian == === Conifers === An tattara bishiyoyin coniferous da ciyayi da aka lissafa a ƙasa a cikin wani bincike da Wang da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar a shekara ta 2006, sai dai idan an lura da wani abu daban. {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Brachyphyllum'' | | | | |A cypress-like conifer | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Cephalotaxopsis]]'' | | | | |A yew | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Cunninghamia'' | | | | |A cypress | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Elatides]]'' | | | | |A cypress | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''Elatocladus'' |''E. leptophyllus'' | | | | rowspan="2" |Conifers of uncertain classification | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''E. manchurica''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Liaoningocladus]]'' |''L. boii'' | |Jingangshan Bed | |A conifer of uncertain classification | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Pagiophyllum'' | | | | |A cypress-like conifer | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityocladus]]'' | | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityolepis]]'' |''P.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityophyllum]]'' |''P.'' cf. ''lindstroemi''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Pityostrobus]]'' | | | | |A pine | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Podozamites'' |''P. lanceolatus''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |A conifer of uncertain classification | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Schizolepis]]'' |''S. jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Sequoia'' |''S.''? ''jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Taxus'' | | | | |A yew | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Torreya'' | | | | |A yew | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Yanliaoia]]'' | ''Y. sinensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- |} === Ferns === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Cladophlebis'' |''C. spp.''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Coniopteris'' |''C.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''[[Onychiopsis]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''O. elongata''<ref name="biostrat" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Junior synonym of ''O. psilotoides'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''O. psilotoides''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Ruffordia'' |''R.''? sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- |} === Flowering plants === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Genus !Species !County !Member !Abundance !Notes !Images |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="3" |''Archaefructus'' |''A. eoflora'' | |Jianshangou Bed | |A primitive, aquatic angiosperm | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''A. liaoningensis'' | |Jianshangou Bed | | |[[File:Archaefructus_liaoningensis.jpg|frameless]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''A. sinensisis'' | |Dawangzhangzi Bed | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Callianthus]]'' |''C. dilae''<ref name="wangzhengflower2009">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=X. |last2=Zheng |first2=S. |year=2009 |title=The earliest normal flower from Liaoning Province, China |journal=Journal of Integrative Plant Biology |volume=51 |issue=8 |pages=800–811 |bibcode=2009JIPB...51..800W |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7909.2009.00838.x |pmid=19686377}}</ref> |Liaoning | | |A plant with true flowers | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Davallia'' |''D.''? ''niehhutzuensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |<small>''[[Erenia]]''</small> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |<small>''E. stenoptera''</small><ref name="wangzhengflower2009" /> | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |Liaoning | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" | | style="background:#f3e9f3;" |Actually a specimen of ''Callianthus'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Leefructus'' |''L. mirus''<ref name="leefructus">{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=G. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |last3=Wang |first3=H. |last4=Chen |first4=Z. |year=2011 |title=A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China |journal=Nature |volume=471 |issue=7340 |pages=625–628 |bibcode=2011Natur.471..625S |doi=10.1038/nature09811 |pmid=21455178 |s2cid=205224036}}</ref> | | | |A eudicot | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Liaoxia]]'' |''L. chenii''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''Potamogeton'' |''P.''? ''jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''Ranunculus'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |''R. jeholensis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Junior synonym of ''Potamogeton jeholensis'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Sinocarpus]]'' |''S. decussatus'' | | | |A primitive eudicot | |- |} === Ginkgos === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Halitta !Nau'o'in !Gundumar !memba !Yawanci !Bayani !Hotuna |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | rowspan="2" |''Bayera'' |''B.'' duba. ''Gracilis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''B. orientalis''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Czekanowskia]]'' |''C. mai tsayi''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Ginkgo'' |''G. sunaye''<ref name="ginkgoapodes">{{Cite journal |last=Zheng |first=S. |last2=Zhou |first2=Z. |year=2004 |title=A new Mesozoic ''Ginkgo'' from western Liaoning, China and its evolutionary significance |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=131 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–103 |bibcode=2004RPaPa.131...91Z |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.03.002}}</ref> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Ginkgoites'' |''G. sibiricus''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Leptostrobus]]'' |''L.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |?''[[Nageiopsis]]'' |N?sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Phoenicopsis|Bayanan Phoenicopsis]]'' |Ka duba hoton da ke shafin nan. ''Augustifolia''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''[[Solenites|Solemnites]]'' |''S.'' sp.<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" |''Sphenobaiera'' |''S. longifola''<ref name="biostrat" /> | | | | | |- |} === Wasu shuke-shuke === {| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%" !Nau'in ! Nau'o'i ! Gundumar ! Memba ! Yawa ! Bayanan kula ! Hotuna |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''Archaeamphora'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''A. longerervia'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Da farko an bayyana shi a matsayin [[Pitcher Plant|shukar tukwane]], wani bincike daga baya ya tabbatar da cewa yana iya zama ƙwari a kan ''Liaoningocladus'' . |[[File:Archaeamphora_fossils.jpg|frameless]] |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Chaoyangia (plant)|Chaoyangia]]'' | ''C. liangii'' <ref name="archaefructus">{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=G. |last2=Dilcher |first2=D.L. |last3=Zheng |first3=S. |last4=Zhou |first4=Z. |year=1998 |title=In Search of the First Flower: A Jurassic Angiosperm, Archaefructus, from Northeast China |journal=Science |volume=282 |issue=5394 |pages=1692–1695 |doi=10.1126/science.282.5394.1692 |pmid=9831557}}</ref> | | | | Gymnosperm na gnetale | |- | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''[[Chaoyangicarpus]]'' | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''C. liangii'' <ref name="biostrat" /> | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" | | style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Ƙaramin ma'anar ''Chaoyangia liangii'' | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Ephedra'' | ''E.'' sp. | | | | Gymnosperm | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''Equisetum'' | ''E.'' sp. | | | | Wutsiyar doki | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Eragrosites]]'' | ''E. canji'' <ref name="archaefructus" /> | | | | Gymnosperm mai ciyayi kamar gnetale | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Siphonospermum]]'' | ''S. simplex'' <ref name="simplex">{{Cite journal |last=Rydin |first=C. |last2=Friis |first2=E.M. |year=2010 |title=A new Early Cretaceous relative of Gnetales: ''Siphonospermum simplex'' gen. et sp. nov. from the Yixian Formation of Northeast China |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |bibcode=2010BMCEE..10..183R |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-183 |pmc=2900273 |pmid=20565755 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | Beipiao | Jianshangou Bed | | Gymnosperm na gnetale | |- style="background:#D1FFCF;" | ''[[Tyrmia]]'' | ''T.'' sp. <ref name="biostrat" /> | | | |Bennettite | |- |} == Manazarta == mvh2g6bb76yzu3yvs76qbv2i31l83ep 0 178413 964051 2026-10-06T20:39:56Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373007647|Bantustan]]" 964051 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  [[File:South_Africa_&_South_West_Africa_Bantustans_Map.svg|right|thumb|350x350px|Map of South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia). This map shows the bantustans that were present in both territories.<br /><br /> '''Non-bantustan territories''' <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#AEAEAE|South West Africa}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#8B8B8B|South Africa}} '''Bantustan territories (South West Africa)''' <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FD4756|[[Kaokoland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#609979|[[Ovamboland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#4E4B0D|[[Damaraland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#901B35|[[Kavangoland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#09A7B4|[[East Caprivi]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#43D99A|[[Bushmanland (South West Africa)|Bushmanland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#E4BC20|[[Hereroland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#222560|[[Rehoboth (homeland)|Rehoboth]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#9B37F9|[[Tswanaland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#8F6F68|[[Namaland]]}} '''Bantustan territories (South Africa)''' <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FB8072|[[KwaNdebele]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#B3DE69|[[Lebowa]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FE951F|[[Gazankulu]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FCCDE5|[[KaNgwane]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#80B1D3|[[KwaZulu]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#CCEBC5|[[QwaQwa]]}} '''Puppet state Bantustans''' <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#BC80BD|[[Bophuthatswana]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FE85CE|[[Venda (Bantustan)|Venda]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#8AFE9D|[[Transkei]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FED121|[[Ciskei]]}}]] <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Bantustan''' (wanda kuma aka sani da ƙasar [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]], ƙasar [[Bakar fata|baƙar fata]], ƙasar [[Khoisan|baƙar fata]] ko kuma kawai an san ta da ƙasar haihuwa; Afrikaans ko tsibirin {{Lang|af|tuisland}} ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanneke H. Stuit |date=2013 |title=Ubuntu strategies in contemporary South African culture |url=https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.392486 |website=pure.uva.nl |publisher=University of Amsterdam |page=42 |quote=The so-called "homelands" or "Bantustans" (tuislande in Afrikaans) evolved from}}</ref> yanki ne da gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Ƙasa ta Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu (1910–1961) daga baya kuma Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (1961–1994) ta ware wa baƙar fata mazauna Afirka ta Kudu da Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka (yanzu [[Namibiya|Namibia]] ), a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofinta na wariyar launin fata . <ref name="Macmillan">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Macmillan Education Customer Support |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/bantustan |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015175012/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/bantustan |archive-date=15 October 2017 |access-date=30 April 2022}}, "1. one of the areas in South Africa where black people lived during the apartheid system; 2. SHOWING DISAPPROVAL any area where people are forced to live without full civil and political rights."</ref> The term, first used in the late 1940s, was coined from ''Bantu'' (meaning "people" in some of the [[Yaren Bantu|Bantu languages]]) and ''-stan'' (a suffix meaning "land" in [[Farisawa|Persian]] and other Persian-influenced languages). It subsequently came to be regarded as a disparaging term by some critics of the apartheid-era government's ''homelands''. The Pretoria government established ten Bantustans in South Africa, and ten in neighbouring South West Africa (then under South African administration), for the purpose of concentrating the members of designated ethnic groups, thus making each of those territories ethnically homogeneous as the basis for creating autonomous nation states for South Africa's different black ethnic groups. Under the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970, the government stripped black South Africans of their South African citizenship, depriving them of their few remaining political and civil rights in South Africa, and declared them to be citizens of these homelands.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Bantustan &#124; Definition, History, Map, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bantustan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725193819/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bantustan |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref> Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ayyana cewa 'yan Bantustan Afirka ta Kudu guda huɗu ne masu 'yancin kai— Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, da Ciskei (waɗanda ake kira "Ƙasashen TBVC"), amma [[Internal resistance to apartheid|sojojin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata]] a Afirka ta Kudu ko kuma wata gwamnatin ƙasa da ƙasa ba su taɓa amincewa da wannan sanarwar ba. Sauran Bantustans (kamar KwaZulu, Lebowa, da QwaQwa ) an ba su "'yancin kai" amma ba a taɓa ba su "'yancin kai ba". A Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka, an ayyana Ovamboland, Kavangoland, da East Caprivi a matsayin masu mulkin kai, tare da wasu 'yan tsirarun ƙasashe masu tasowa da ba a taɓa ba su 'yancin cin gashin kansu ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Wucin Gadi ya kawar da Bantustans ta hanyar kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1994. == Ƙirƙira == [[File:South_Africa_racial_map,_1979.gif|right|thumb|350x350px| Taswirar launin fata da alƙaluma ta Afirka ta Kudu da [[C.I.A|CIA]] ta buga a shekarar 1979 tare da bayanai daga ƙidayar jama'a ta Afirka ta Kudu ta 1970]] Tun daga shekarar 1913, gwamnatocin Afirka ta Kudu masu launin fata marasa rinjaye suka kafa "taskokin ajiya" ga baƙar fata domin [[Rarraba launin fata|raba]] su da fararen fata ta hanyar launin fata, kamar ƙirƙirar wuraren ajiyar Indiya a Amurka. Dokar Filayen 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa, ta 1913 ta takaita baƙar fata zuwa kashi bakwai cikin ɗari na ƙasar da ke ƙasar. A shekarar 1936, gwamnati ta yi niyyar ƙara wannan zuwa kashi 13.6 cikin ɗari na ƙasar, amma an yi jinkirin siyan filaye kuma wannan shirin bai cika aiki ba. Lokacin da Jam'iyyar National Party ta hau mulki a shekarar 1948, Ministan Harkokin 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa (kuma daga baya Firayim Ministan Afirka ta Kudu ) Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd ya gina a kan wannan, inda ya gabatar da jerin matakan "babban wariyar launin fata" kamar Dokokin Yankunan Ƙungiya da Dokar Sake Matsugunin 'Yan Asalin, 1954 wanda ya sake fasalin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu ta yadda fararen fata za su zama mafi rinjaye a cikin al'umma. Ƙirƙirar ƙasashen waje ko Bantustans muhimmin abu ne na wannan dabarar, domin manufar dogon lokaci ita ce a mai da Bantustans 'yantacciyar ƙasa. Sakamakon haka, baƙar fata za su rasa 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu da kuma haƙƙin zaɓe, wanda hakan zai bai wa fararen fata damar ci gaba da riƙe iko a Afirka ta Kudu. Kalmar "Bantustan" ga ƙasashen [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] an yi ta ne don yin daidai da ƙirƙirar [[Pakistan]] da [[Indiya]] (" Hindustan "), wanda ya faru 'yan watanni kaɗan kafin a ƙarshen 1947, kuma magoya bayan manufar ne suka ƙirƙiro ta. Duk da haka, nan da nan ya zama kalmar da ake yi wa ba'a, inda Jam'iyyar Ƙasa ta fi son kalmar "ƙasashe". Kamar yadda [[Nelson Mandela]] ya bayyana a cikin wani kasida a shekarar 1959: : Jaridun sun yi wa shirin 'yan Nationalist lakabi da "Bantustans". Kalmar da aka haɗa ta hanyoyi da yawa tana da matuƙar ɓatarwa. Yana da alaƙa da raba ƙasar Indiya, bayan ficewar Birtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai, kuma a matsayin sharaɗi, zuwa ƙasashe biyu daban-daban, Hindustan da Pakistan. Babu wani abu da ya yi daidai da shawarwarin 'yan kishin ƙasa, domin (a) Indiya da Pakistan sun ƙunshi ƙasashe biyu daban-daban kuma masu 'yancin siyasa, (b) [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] suna da [[Musulunci a Indiya|daidaiton haƙƙoƙi a Indiya]] ; 'yan Hindu suna da daidaiton haƙƙoƙi a Pakistan, (c) An gabatar da kuma amincewa da rabuwar ga ɓangarorin biyu, ko kuma a kowane hali ɓangarorin kowannensu sun yaɗu kuma sun yi tasiri. Shirye-shiryen Gwamnati ba sa hasashen raba wannan ƙasa zuwa Jihohi daban-daban masu cin gashin kansu. Ba sa tunanin daidaiton haƙƙoƙi, ko wani haƙƙi kwata-kwata, ga 'yan Afirka da ke wajen ajiyar kuɗi. 'Yan Afirka ba su taɓa amincewa da raba ƙasar ba kuma ba za a taɓa amincewa da ita ba. A wannan batun, fararen fata ba su taɓa miƙa shi ko amincewa da shi ba. Saboda haka kalmar "Bantustan" ba ta da ma'ana kwata-kwata, kuma kawai tana taimaka wa 'yan kishin ƙasa su yi zamba. Ra'ayin Afrikaner shine: : "Duk da cewa wariyar launin fata akida ce da aka haifa da son tsira ko kuma, a wata ma'anar, tsoron halaka, shugabannin Afrikaner sun bambanta kan yadda za a aiwatar da ita. Yayin da wasu suka gamsu da manufofin wariya da suka sanya su a saman matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wasu kuma sun yi imani da manufar 'raba amma daidai'. Ga na ƙarshe, hujjar akidar rarrabuwa, wariya, da hana haƙƙin siyasa ita ce shirin ware filayen musamman ga baƙar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda daga baya aka kira su 'bantustans' ko 'ƙasashe'. Kowace ƙabila za ta sami jiharta tare da tsarin siyasa da tattalin arzikinta, kuma kowace za ta dogara da ƙarfinta na ma'aikata. Waɗannan ƙasashe masu zaman kansu za su zauna tare da fararen Afirka ta Kudu cikin ruhin abota da haɗin gwiwa. A yankunansu, 'yan ƙasa baƙar fata za su ji daɗin cikakken haƙƙoƙi." <ref>Norman, Kajsa. Into the laager. Afrikaners living on the edge. Jonathan Ball Publishers. 2016. {{ISBN|978-1-86842-736-9}}. Page 106.</ref> Verwoerd ya yi jayayya cewa Bantustans su ne "gidajen asali" na baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu. A shekarar 1951, gwamnatin Daniel François Malan ta gabatar da [[Dokar Hukumomin Bantu, 1951|Dokar Hukumomin Bantu]] don kafa "ƙasashe" da aka ware wa ƙabilun baƙar fata na ƙasar. Waɗannan sun kai kashi 13% na ƙasar ƙasar, sauran kuma an keɓe su ne ga fararen fata. Shugabannin kabilu masu haɗin gwiwa ne ke tafiyar da yankunan karkara, yayin da aka tilasta wa sarakunan da ba su da haɗin kai ko ɗaya su sauke su daga muƙaminsu. A tsawon lokaci, wani bakar fata mai mulki ya fito da sha'awarsa ta kashin kansa da ta kuɗi wajen kare ƙasashen da ke kewaye. Duk da cewa wannan ya taimaka wa zaman lafiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar har zuwa wani mataki, amma matsayinsu ya dogara ne kacokan kan goyon bayan Afirka ta Kudu. An faɗaɗa rawar da ƙasashen waje ke takawa a shekarar 1959 tare da amincewa da Dokar Gwamnatin Kai ta Bantu, wadda ta tsara wani shiri mai suna " Raba Ci Gaba ". Wannan ya ba wa ƙasashen da suka ci gaba damar kafa kansu a cikin dogon lokaci a matsayin yankuna masu cin gashin kansu, kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin jihohi masu cikakken "cin gashin kansu". An yi nufin cimma wannan tsari ta hanyoyi guda huɗu masu mahimmanci ga kowace ƙasa: * Haɗakar da aka ware wa "ƙabilun" daban-daban (wanda aka fi sani da "ƙasashe" tun daga 1959) a ƙarƙashin "Hukumar Yankuna" guda ɗaya. * Kafa majalisar dokoki ga kowace ƙasa mai iyakacin ikon mallakar kanta * Kafa ƙasar a matsayin "ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta" * Ba wa ƙasar haihuwa cikakken 'yancin kai Ba a kowane hali aka bi wannan tsarin gabaɗaya ta hanya mai sauƙi ba, amma sau da yawa ana bin sa da matakai masu tsaka-tsaki da kuma masu haɗuwa. Asalin Transkei ya yi aiki a fannoni da dama a matsayin "wurin gwaji" ga manufofin wariyar launin fata; ci gaban cibiyoyinta ya fara tun kafin dokar 1959, don haka an aiwatar da cimma mulkin kai da 'yancin kai kafin sauran ƙasashe. An ƙara himma wajen wannan shirin a ƙarƙashin magajin Verwoerd a matsayin firayim minista, John Vorster, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin "wayewa" na wariyar launin fata. Duk da haka, ainihin manufar wannan manufar ita ce a cika shirin farko na Verwoerd na sanya baƙar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu 'yan ƙasa na ƙasashen waje maimakon na Afirka ta Kudu - don haka a cire 'yan haƙƙin da har yanzu suke da su a matsayin 'yan ƙasa. An ƙarfafa wa ƙasashen da ke yankin da su zaɓi 'yancin kai, domin hakan zai rage yawan baƙar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu sosai. An kammala tsarin ƙirƙirar tsarin shari'a na wannan shirin ta hanyar Dokar 'Yancin Baƙar fata ta 1970, wadda ta ayyana dukkan baƙar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin 'yan asalin ƙasar, koda kuwa suna zaune a "Afirka ta Kudu farare", kuma ta soke zama ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma Dokar Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Bantu na 1971, wadda ta samar da cikakken tsari na matakan ci gaban kundin tsarin mulki na dukkan ƙasashen ƙasar (banda Transkei) tun daga kafa Hukumomin Yankuna har zuwa cikakken 'yancin kai. Zuwa shekarar 1984, dukkan ƙasashe goma na Afirka ta Kudu sun sami mulkin kai kuma an ayyana huɗu daga cikinsu ( Transkei, Boputhatswana, Venda da Ciskei ) a matsayin 'yantacciyar ƙasa tsakanin 1976 da 1981. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna lokacin da aka tsara ci gaban hukumomi da shari'a na Bantustans goma na Afirka ta Kudu dangane da manyan matakai guda huɗu da aka ambata a sama: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Homeland !Tribe/Nation !Territorial<br /><br />authority !Legislative<br /><br />assembly !Self-<br /><br />government !Nominal<br /><br />independence !Notes |- |{{Flag|Transkei}} |[[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] |1956 |1963 |1963<ref name=":3" /> |1976 |{{Small|A forerunner of the Territorial Authority and the Legislative Assembly existed since 1931 under the name "United Transkeian Territories General Council".<ref>The Transkeian Territories General Council and the [[Pondoland]] General Council were amalgamated to become the United Transkeian Territories General Council, with effect from 1 January 1931, by Proclamation No. 279 in SA Government Gazette No. 1911 of 28 November 1930.</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|Bophuthatswana}} |Tswana |1961 |1971 |1972 |1977 |{{Small|The Territorial Authority established in 1961 was reorganised in 1968.<ref>Government departments established by Proclamation No. R.141 in SA Government Gazette No. 2091 of 12 June 1968.</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|Venda}} |Venda |1962 |1971 |1973 |1979 |{{Small|The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.<ref>The name of the Territorial Authority was changed to the Venda Territorial Authority by Government Notice No. R.837 in SA Government Gazette No. 2406 of 23 May 1969. The government departments of the Venda Territorial Authority were established by Proclamation No. R.168 in SA Government Gazette No. 2440 of 20 June 1969.</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|Ciskei}} |[[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] |1961 |1971 |1972 |1981 |{{Small|A forerunner of the Territorial Authority and the Legislative Assembly previously existed from 1934<ref>The Ciskeian General Council was established with effect from 1 April 1934, in terms of the Native Affairs Act 23 of 1920 and the Native Administration Act 38 of 1927, by Proclamation No. 34 in SA Government Gazette No. 2177 of 9 March 1934.</ref> to 1955<ref>The Ciskeian General Council was disestablished with effect from 1 January 1956, by Proclamation No. 279 in SA Government Gazette No. 5600 of 23 December 1955.</ref> under the name "Ciskeian General Council".<br/>The Territorial Authority established in 1961 was reorganised in 1968.<ref>The Government departments of the Ciskeian Territorial Authority were established by Proclamation No. R.143 in SA Government Gazette No. 2092 of 12 June 1968.</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|Lebowa}} |Northern Sotho (Pedi) |1962 |1971 |1972 |— |{{Small|The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.<ref>Lebowa Government departments were established by Proclamation No. R.115 in SA Government Gazette No. 2377 of 2 May 1969.</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|Gazankulu}} |Tsonga (Shangaan) |1962 |1971 |1973 |— |{{Small|The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.<ref>The Government departments of the Matshangana Territorial Authority were established by Proclamation No. R.95 in SA Government Gazette No. 2362 of 25 April 1969.</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|QwaQwa}} |Southern Sotho |1969 |1971 |1974 |— | |- |{{Flag|KwaZulu}} |Zulu |1970 |1972 |1977 |— | |- |{{Flag|KwaNdebele}} |Ndebele |1977 |1979 |1981 |— | |- |{{Flag|KaNgwane}} |[[Kabilar Swazi|Swazi]] |1976 |1977 |1984 |— |{{Small|The homeland status was temporarily suspended between June and December 1982.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1982|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|year=1983|pages=375–379}}</ref>}} |} A daidai lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri ƙasashen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka, an tilasta wa baƙar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu yin ƙaura zuwa wasu ƙasashe. An kiyasta cewa an tilasta wa mutane miliyan 3.5 barin gidajensu daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu an sake tsugunar da su a Bantustans.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}} Gwamnati ta bayyana karara cewa babban burinta shine kawar da bakar fata gaba daya daga Afirka ta Kudu. Connie Mulder, Ministar Hulɗa da Ci Gaban Jama'a, ta shaida wa Majalisar Dokoki a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1978 cewa: {{Blockquote|If our policy is taken to its logical conclusion as far as the black people are concerned, there will be not one black man with South African citizenship ... Every black man in South Africa will eventually be accommodated in some independent new state in this honourable way and there will no longer be an obligation on this Parliament to accommodate these people politically.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mn6HDAAAQBAJ&q=Connie+Mulder+If+our+policy+is+taken+to+its+logical+conclusion&pg=PA62|title=The Political Economy of Regionalism: The Case of Southern Africa|last=Söderbaum|first=F.|date=2004-10-29|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230513716|language=en|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430013610/https://books.google.com/books?id=mn6HDAAAQBAJ&q=Connie+Mulder+If+our+policy+is+taken+to+its+logical+conclusion&pg=PA62|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Amma ba a cimma wannan burin ba. 'Yan tsiraru ne kawai (kimanin kashi 39% a shekarar 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographic Characteristics of South Africa in the late 1980s - The O'Malley Archives |url=https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv03370/05lv03389.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203349/https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv03370/05lv03389.htm |archive-date=17 October 2017 |access-date=10 January 2019 |website=www.nelsonmandela.org}}</ref> ) na baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu sun rayu a Bantustans; sauran kuma sun rayu a Afirka ta Kudu, da yawa a cikin garuruwa, ƙauyuka marasa galihu da kuma ƙauyuka marasa galihu a wajen biranen Afirka ta Kudu. == Fitowar ƙasashen duniya == An rarraba Bantustans a cikin iyakokin Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin "masu mulkin kai" ko "masu zaman kansu". A ka'ida, Bantustans masu mulkin kansu suna da iko a kan fannoni da yawa na ayyukansu na cikin gida amma har yanzu ba su kasance ƙasashe masu 'yancin kai ba. Bantustans masu zaman kansu (Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda da Ciskei; wanda kuma aka sani da jihohin TBVC) an yi niyya don su zama masu cikakken iko. Duk da haka, waɗannan yankunan ba su sami kulawa sosai daga gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka da na Afirka ta Kudu ba, kuma har yanzu ba a ci gaba da su ba. Wannan ya rage wa waɗannan jihohi ƙarfin mulki sosai, ya kuma sa su dogara sosai ga gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. A tsawon wanzuwar 'yan Bantustan masu zaman kansu, Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance ƙasa ɗaya tilo da ta amince da 'yancin kanta. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi kira da a amince da su. A shekarar 1976, kafin Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta zartar da kuduri da ke kira ga Shugaban Kasa da kada ya amince da Transkei, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi kira ga 'yan majalisa da su yi adawa da kudirin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pitterman |first=Shelly |title=A Fine Face for Apartheid |url=http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/50/304/32-130-E84-84-al.sff.document.af000020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218200853/http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/50/304/32-130-E84-84-al.sff.document.af000020.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=10 January 2019 |website=Southern Africa Perspectives}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri alamun kiran rediyo na 'yan koyo ba tare da izini ba kuma ba tare da an san su ba ga ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, kuma masu aiki da ke amfani da su suna aika katunan QSL, amma Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya ba ta taɓa amincewa da waɗannan tashoshin a matsayin halal ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=S8 - Transkei(Entité DXCC ayant changé de préfixe) |url=http://lesnouvellesdx.fr/galerie/galerie2.php?page=moreqsl&pfx=S8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308000147/http://lesnouvellesdx.fr/galerie/galerie2.php?page=moreqsl&pfx=S8 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> Kowace jiha ta TBVC ta bai wa sauran 'yan Bantustan masu zaman kansu girmamawa, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu ta nuna jajircewarta ga ra'ayin ikon mallakar TBVC ta hanyar gina ofisoshin jakadanci a manyan biranen TBVC. == Rayuwa a Bantustans == Gabaɗaya, mutanen Bantustan ba su da wadata, kuma akwai ƙarancin damar samun aiki a yankin. <ref name="Colorado Bantustans">{{Cite web |title=Bantustans |url=http://autocww2.colorado.edu/~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/AfricanHistory/Bantustans.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203213119/http://autocww2.colorado.edu/~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/AfricanHistory/Bantustans.html |archive-date=3 December 2012 |access-date=7 June 2012 |publisher=Colorado.edu}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai wasu damammaki na ci gaba ga baƙar fata kuma an sami wasu ci gaba a fannin ilimi da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Bangustani huɗu waɗanda suka sami 'yancin kai na musamman (Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, da Ciskei) sun soke duk dokokin wariyar launin fata. <ref name="Ciskei's Independent Way">{{Cite web |date=April 1985 |title=Ciskei's Independent Way |url=https://reason.com/1985/04/01/ciskeis-independent-way/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111203825/https://reason.com/1985/04/01/ciskeis-independent-way/ |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |publisher=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]}}</ref> Dokokin Bantustan sun bambanta da na Afirka ta Kudu. Manyan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu galibi suna amfani da waɗannan bambance-bambancen, misali ta hanyar gina manyan gidajen caca, kamar Sun City a ƙasar Bophuthatswana . Bophuthatswana kuma tana da ma'adinan platinum, da sauran albarkatun ƙasa, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mafi arziki a cikin Bantustans. Ana ɗaukar shugabannin Bantustan a matsayin masu haɗin gwiwa da tsarin wariyar launin fata, kodayake wasu sun yi nasarar samun mabiya. Yawancin shugabannin ƙasar suna da ra'ayi mai sarkakiya game da 'yancin ƙasarsu: yawancinsu sun yi shakku, sun kasance masu taka tsantsan kuma sun guji yanke shawara mai tabbas, wasu sun ƙi shi kai tsaye saboda ƙin amincewa da "ci gaba daban" da kuma alƙawarin da suka yi na "ƙiyayya da wariyar launin fata daga cikin tsarin", yayin da wasu kuma suka yi imanin cewa 'yancin kai na musamman zai iya taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa tushen ikonsu (har ma fiye da matsayin da suke da shi a matsayin masu mulkin ƙasashen da ke da ikon kansu) kuma ya ba da dama don gina al'umma mai 'yanci daga wariyar launin fata. Shugabannin Bantustans, duk da haɗin gwiwarsu da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata, a wasu lokutan suna sukar manufofin gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu na launin fata kuma suna kira da a soke ko a sassauta dokokin wariyar launin fata (wanda aka soke yawancinsu a ƙasashe masu 'yancin kai). A wasu lokutan, an yi ta hasashen tsare-tsare daban-daban na mafita ta tarayya, daga gwamnatocin Bantustan da kuma jam'iyyun adawa a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma da'irori a cikin jam'iyyar National Party mai mulki farar fata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Survey of race relations in South Africa: 1983 |url=http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.boo19840000.042.000_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110502/http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.boo19840000.042.000_final.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2018 |access-date=10 January 2019 |publisher=[[South African Institute of Race Relations]]}}</ref> == Ci gaba daga baya == A watan Janairun 1985, Shugaban Jiha [[P. W. Botha|PW Botha]] ya ayyana cewa ba za a sake hana baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu zama ɗan ƙasarsu ba saboda 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Bantustan kuma cewa 'yan ƙasar baƙar fata a cikin 'yan Bantustan masu zaman kansu za su iya sake neman zama ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu; FW de Klerk ya bayyana a madadin Jam'iyyar Ƙasa a lokacin babban zaɓen 1987 cewa "duk wani ƙoƙari na sauya yanayin [ma'aikata baƙar fata] da ke kwarara zuwa birane ya gaza. Bai taimaka wajen ɓatar da kanmu game da wannan ba. Tattalin arziki yana buƙatar kasancewar yawancin baƙar fata na dindindin a cikin birane... Ba za su iya zama a Afirka ta Kudu shekara bayan shekara ba tare da wakilcin siyasa ba." A watan Maris na shekarar 1990, de Klerk, wanda ya gaji Botha a matsayin Shugaban Jiha a shekarar 1989, ya sanar da cewa gwamnatinsa ba za ta sake bai wa wasu Bantustan 'yancin kai ba. <ref>Bertil Egerö. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EoTt9GkYP3UC&q=De+Klerk&pg=PA16 South Africa's Bantustans: From Dumping Grounds to Battlefronts] {{Webarchive}}''. Sweden: Motala Grafiska. 1991. p. 6.</ref> Duk da haka, waɗannan maganganun ba a yi nufin ƙin tsarin Bantustan gaba ɗaya ba: manufar gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a rabin na biyu na shekarun 1980 ita ce "zamantakewa" tsarin ƙungiyoyi na wariyar launin fata yayin da take barin ƙa'idodinta na asali, gami da na ƙasashen waje, ba tare da wani canji ba. An tilasta wa gwamnati ta amince da kasancewar baƙar fata a cikin birane na dindindin da kuma rashin yiwuwar amfani da nau'ikan "sarrafa tasirin" na yanzu (wanda aka maye gurbinsa da hanyoyin "sauƙi" na sarrafawa), ba tare da ambaton rashin yiwuwar kawar da baƙar fata gaba ɗaya zuwa ƙasashen waje ko da a cikin dogon lokaci ba. Tana fatan "lalacewa" baƙar fata mazauna birane ta hanyar tsara tsare-tsare daban-daban don ba su haƙƙoƙi masu iyaka a matakin ƙananan hukumomi (amma ba manyan matakan gwamnati ba). Bugu da ƙari, an raba yankunan zama na birni (da na karkara) bisa ga launin fata bisa ga Dokar Yankunan Ƙungiya . "Ci gaba daban" a matsayin ƙa'ida ya ci gaba da aiki, kuma gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta ci gaba da dogara ga Bantustans a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ginshiƙan manufofinta wajen mu'amala da baƙar fata. Har zuwa shekarar 1990, an ci gaba da yin yunƙurin tilasta wa ƙasashen da ke mulkin kansu su zaɓi 'yancin kai (misali Lebowa, Gazankulu da KwaZulu), kuma a wasu lokutan, gwamnatocin ƙasashen da ke mulkin kansu (misali KwaNdebele) da kansu sun nuna sha'awar samun 'yancin kai daga ƙarshe. An kuma yi la'akari da hakan a cikin da'irorin Jam'iyyar Kasa mai mulki don ƙirƙirar ƙarin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin birane a cikin nau'i na "jihohin birane" baƙar fata "masu zaman kansu". Hangen nesa na dogon lokaci a wannan lokacin shine ƙirƙirar wani nau'i na "ƙungiyar ƙasashen Afirka ta Kudu" mai launin fata daban-daban tare da zama ɗan ƙasa iri ɗaya, amma aka raba su zuwa yankuna masu alaƙa da launin fata. An yi shirye-shirye (wanda kaɗan ne kawai aka cimma) don haɓaka cibiyoyi daban-daban na "haɗin gwiwa" waɗanda aka ɗora wa alhakin shawarwari, tattaunawa da kuma wasu ayyuka na zartarwa dangane da "al'amuran gabaɗaya" da suka zama ruwan dare ga dukkan ƙungiyoyin jama'a, muddin waɗannan cibiyoyi ba za su haifar da barazana ga wariyar launin fata da kuma kiyaye mulkin farar fata gaba ɗaya ba. Wannan "ƙungiyar" za ta haɗa da abin da ake kira "yanki na gama gari" - ma'ana mafi yawan yankin Afirka ta Kudu a wajen ƙasashen waje - a ƙarƙashin ci gaba da mulkin fararen fata da tsiraru da kuma ƙayyadadden tsarin raba iko tare da ƙungiyoyin jama'a [[Coloureds|masu launin fata]] da na Indiya / Asiya da aka ware, da ƙasashen da ke da 'yancin kai da kuma masu mulkin kai, da kuma wasu ƙarin ƙungiyoyin baƙar fata a birane. From 1990 to 1994, these "confederational" ideas were in principle still entertained by large parts of the National Party (and in various forms also by certain parties and groups of the white liberal opposition), but their overtly race-based foundations gradually became less pronounced in the course of the negotiations to end apartheid, and the focus shifted to securing "minority rights" (having in mind primarily the white population in particular) after an expected handover of power to the black majority. Federalist plans also met with support from some homeland governments and parties, most importantly the Inkatha Freedom Party, which was the ruling party of KwaZulu. But since especially the [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|African National Congress]] made it clear that the principles of "one man - one vote" and a unitary state were non-negotiable, confederal schemes were eventually dropped. Because of this, the Inkatha Freedom Party threatened to boycott the April 1994 general election that ended apartheid and decided only in the last minute to participate in them after concessions had been made to them and as well as to the still-ruling National Party and several white opposition groups. A lokacin da aka fara zaɓe a shekarar 1994, shugabanni da dama a ƙasashen da ke da 'yancin kai da kuma masu mulkin kai (misali a Boputhatswana ), waɗanda ba sa son su miƙa mulki, sun yi adawa da wargaza Bantustans da ƙarfi, kuma ta yin hakan, sun sami goyon baya daga jam'iyyun fararen fata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, sassan gwamnatin wariyar launin fata da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi masu goyon bayan wariyar launin fata kamar [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging]] . == Narkewa == With the demise of the apartheid regime in South Africa in 1994, all Bantustans (both nominally independent and self-governing) were dismantled and their territories reincorporated into the Republic of South Africa with effect from 27 April 1994 (the day on which the Interim Constitution, which formally ended apartheid, came into force and the first democratic elections began) in terms of [[wikisource:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993/1994-04-27/Chapter 1|section 1(2)]] and [[wikisource:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993/1994-04-27/Schedule 1|Schedule 1]] of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 ("Interim Constitution"). [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Ƙungiyar ANC ta Afirka]] ce ta jagoranci wannan yunƙuri na cimma wannan buri a matsayin babban ɓangare na shirinta na yin garambawul. An cimma nasarar sake kafa gwamnati cikin lumana, duk da cewa akwai wasu turjiya daga manyan mutane na yankin, wadanda suka rasa damarmakin samun wadata da karfin siyasa da 'yan asalin kasar suka bayar. Rushewar yankunan Bophuthatswana da Ciskei ya kasance da wahala musamman. A Ciskei, jami'an tsaron Afirka ta Kudu sun shiga tsakani a watan Maris na 1994 domin kwantar da rikicin siyasa. Daga shekarar 1994, an sake raba yawancin sassan ƙasar zuwa sabbin larduna bisa ga tsarin mulki. Duk da haka, shugabannin tsoffin Bantustans ko Homelands da yawa sun taka rawa a siyasar Afirka ta Kudu tun bayan soke su. Wasu sun shiga jam'iyyunsu a zaɓen farko da ba na launin fata ba, yayin da wasu kuma suka shiga jam'iyyar ANC. [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]] ya kasance babban minista a mahaifarsa ta KwaZulu daga 1976 zuwa 1994. A Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Inkatha Freedom Party da kuma Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida. Bantubonke Holomisa, wanda janar ne a ƙasar Transkei tun daga 1987, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar United Democratic Movement tun 1997. Janar Constand Viljoen, wani ɗan Afirkaner wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban hafsan tsaron Afirka ta Kudu, ya aika da sojoji 1,500 don kare Lucas Mangope da kuma yin adawa da dakatar da Bophuthatswana a matsayin ƙasarsu a shekarar 1994. Ya kafa ƙungiyar 'Yanci a shekarar 1994. Lucas Mangope, tsohon shugaban ƙabilar Motsweda Ba hurutshe-Boo-Manyane na Tswana kuma shugaban Bophuthatswana shine shugaban jam'iyyar United Christian Democratic Party, a zahiri ci gaba ne na jam'iyyar da ke mulki a ƙasar. Oupa Gqozo, sarkin Ciskei na ƙarshe, ya shiga ƙungiyarsa ta [[African Democratic Movement]] a zaɓen 1994 amma bai yi nasara ba. Jam'iyyar Dikwankwetla, wadda ke mulkin Qwaqwa, ta ci gaba da kasancewa babbar jam'iyyar adawa a majalisar Maluti a Phofung inda ita ce babbar jam'iyyar adawa. Jam'iyyar Ximoko, wacce ta mulki Gazankulu, tana da rinjaye a kananan hukumomi a Giyani . Hakazalika, tsohon babban ministan KwaNdebele George Mahlangu da wasu sun kafa [[Sindawonye Progressive Party|Jam'iyyar Progressive ta Sindawonye]] wacce take ɗaya daga cikin manyan jam'iyyun adawa a karamar hukumar Thembisile Hani da kuma karamar hukumar Dr JS Moroka (wadda ta ƙunshi yankin tsohuwar ƙasar). == Jerin Bantustans == === Bantustans a Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Bantustans_in_South_Africa.svg|right|thumb|300x300px| Taswirar ƙasashen baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994]] An lissafa wuraren da aka ware a ƙasa tare da ƙabilar da aka keɓe wa kowace ƙasa. Hudu sun kasance masu zaman kansu (wadanda ake kira jihohin TBVC na Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda da Ciskei ). Sauran shida suna da ikon mallakar kansu kaɗan: ==== Jihohin 'yan tsana ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bantustan !Capital !Ethnic group !Self-government <br /><br /> years !Nominal independence <br /><br /> years |- |{{Flag|Transkei}} |Umtata |[[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] |1963–1976 |1976–1994 |- |{{Flag|Bophuthatswana}} |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*[[Mmabatho]] {{small|(1977–1994)}} *[[Mafikeng|Mafeking]] {{small|(provisionally, until 1977)}}}} |Tswana |1972–1977 |1977–1994<ref name=":17" /> |- |{{Flag|Venda}} |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*[[Thohoyandou]] {{small|(1979–1994)}} *[[Sibasa]] {{small|(provisionally, until 1979)}}}} |Venda |1973–1979 |1979–1994<ref name=":17" /> |- |{{Flag|Ciskei}} |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*[[Bhisho|Bisho]] {{small|(1981–1994)}} *[[Zwelitsha]] {{small|(provisionally, until 1981)}}}} |[[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] |1972–1981 |1981–1994<ref name=":17" /> |} ==== Ƙungiyoyi masu mulkin kai ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bantustan ! Babban birnin ! Kabila ! Shekaru |- |{{Flag|Lebowa}} | Lebowakgomo {{Small|(1974–1994)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /> Seshego {{Small|(provisionally, until 1974)}} | Arewacin Sotho (Pedi) | 1972 –1994 |- |{{Flag|Gazankulu}} | Giyani | Tsonga (Shangaan) | 1973 –1994 <ref name=":17" /> |- |{{Flag|QwaQwa}} | Phuthaditjhaba {{Small|(until 1974 called Witsieshoek)}} | Kudancin Sotho | 1974 –1994 <ref name=":17" /> |- |{{Flag|KwaZulu}} | Ulundi {{Small|(1980–1994)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /> Nongoma {{Small|(provisionally, until 1980)}} | Zulu | 1977 –1994 <ref name=":17" /> |- |{{Flag|KwaNdebele}} | KwaMhlanga {{Small|(1986–1994)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /> Siyabuswa {{Small|(provisionally, until 1986)}} | Ndebele | 1981 –1994 <ref name=":17" /> |- |{{Flag|KaNgwane}} | Louieville<br /><br /><br /><br /> Schoemansdal {{Small|(provisionally, until the mid-1980s)}} | [[Kabilar Swazi|Swazi]] | 1984 –1994 <ref name=":17" /> |} Bantustan na farko shine Transkei, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Cif Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima a lardin Cape na ƙasar Xhosa. KwaZulu, na ƙasar Zulu a Lardin Natal, wani memba ne na sarkin dangin sarautar Zulu [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi|Mangosuthu ("Gatsha") Buthelezi]] ya jagoranta a madadin sarkin Zulu. [[Lesotho]] da [[Eswatini]] (wanda a da aka fi sani da Swaziland) ba 'yan Bantustan ba ne; ƙasashe ne masu 'yancin kai kuma tsoffin ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniya. Waɗannan ƙasashe galibi ko kuma gaba ɗaya suna kewaye da yankin Afirka ta Kudu kuma kusan sun dogara ne kacokan ga Afirka ta Kudu. Ba su taɓa dogaro da Afirka ta Kudu a siyasance ba, kuma ƙasashen duniya sun amince da su a matsayin ƙasashe masu 'yancin kai tun lokacin da Birtaniya ta ba su 'yancin kai a shekarun 1960. === Bantustans a Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka === ==== Gidajen ƙasa ====   [[File:Namibia_homelands_78.jpeg|thumb| Taswirar ƙasashen baƙar fata a [[Namibiya|Namibia]] tun daga shekarar 1978]] A shekarun 1960, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wacce ke mulkin Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka a ƙarƙashin ikon Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe, ta fuskanci matsin lamba daga ƙasashen duniya game da mulkin fararen fata marasa rinjaye a kan yawancin al'ummar baƙar fata. Mafitar da Afirka ta Kudu ta tsara— Shirin Odendaal —ita ce a raba fararen fata da waɗanda ba fararen fata ba, a bai wa yankunan baƙar fata da aka keɓe ikon cin gashin kansu, ta haka ne za a sanya fararen fata su zama mafi rinjaye a sauran sassan ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa, ta hanyar raba kowace ƙabila da kuma killace mutane bisa doka zuwa yankunan da aka takaita, wariya ta launin fata za ta ɓace kai tsaye. <ref name="Proposals">{{Cite journal |last=D'Amato |first=Anthony A |date=October 1966 |title=The Bantustan Proposals for South-West Africa |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=177–192 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00013239 |jstor=158943 |s2cid=154050355}}</ref> Wahayi ga Shirin Odendaal ya fito ne, a wani ɓangare, daga masana ilimin ɗan adam na Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=R. |date=2018 |title=How Good People Become Absurd: J.P. van S. Bruwer, the Making of Namibian Grand Apartheid and the Decline of Volkekunde |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2018.1403266 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=97–113 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2018.1403266 |s2cid=148593350 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430013614/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2018.1403266 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> An kira yankunan da aka raba su da ''bantustans'', sauran yankin kuma an kira shi ''Yankin 'Yan Sanda'' . Nan take, duk mutanen da ba fararen fata ba da ke aiki a Yankin 'Yan Sanda suka zama ''ma'aikata 'yan ci-rani'', kuma aka kafa dokoki don zirga-zirgar 'yan sanda a ciki da wajen Bantustans. <ref name="Proposals" /> Yankin da dukkan 'yan bantustan suka haɗu ya yi daidai da yankin 'yan sanda. Duk da haka, dukkan bantustans galibin yankunan karkara ne kuma ba a haɗa manyan garuruwa ba. Duk tashoshin jiragen ruwa, mafi yawan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa da kayayyakin more rayuwa na tituna masu kwalta, dukkan manyan filayen jiragen sama, yankunan lu'u-lu'u masu riba da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa suna cikin yankin 'yan sanda. <ref name="Proposals" /> Tun daga shekarar 1968, [1] [2] bayan shawarwarin 1964 na kwamitin da Fox Odendaal ke jagoranta, an kafa gidaje goma masu kama da na Afirka ta Kudu a Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka ( Namibiya ta yanzu). Kalmar "Bantustan" ba ta dace ba a wannan mahallin, domin wasu daga cikin mutanen da abin ya shafa Khoisan ne, ba Bantu ba, kuma Rehoboth Basters misali ne mai sarkakiya. Daga cikin waɗannan ƙasashe goma na Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka, uku ne kawai aka bai wa ikon mulkin kai (idan aka kwatanta da Bantustans a Afirka ta Kudu) tsakanin 1973 da 1976. [3] [4] [5] [6] ==== Hukumomin Wakilai ==== A watan Yulin 1980, [1] an canza tsarin zuwa ɗaya daga cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban ("hukumomin wakilai") a matsayin sassan gudanarwa na mataki na biyu (wanda ke da alhakin wasu al'amura kamar mallakar filaye, noma, ilimi har zuwa matakin horar da malaman makarantun firamare, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da walwalar zamantakewa da fansho) bisa ga ƙabilanci kawai kuma ba ya dogara da yankuna da aka ƙayyade a ƙasa ba. An gina bisa ga cibiyoyi da suka riga suka wanzu tun daga 1925 da 1962, bi da bi, an kuma kafa hukumomin wakilci ga ƙungiyoyin jama'a na fararen fata [2] da masu launi [3] . Ba a kafa irin waɗannan hukumomin wakilci ga al'ummar Himba da San ba (galibi suna mamaye tsoffin ƙasashensu na Kaokoland da Bushmanland). [4] An dakatar da waɗannan gwamnatocin ƙabilu na biyu ''a zahiri'' a watan Mayu na 1989, a farkon sauyin mulki zuwa 'yancin kai, kuma an soke ''dokar de jure'' a ranar 21 ga Maris 1990 (ranar da Namibia ta sami 'yancin kai) bisa ga Jadawali na 8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Namibia . <ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Namibia – Schedules |url=https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/wa01000_.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621204439/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/wa01000_.html |archive-date=21 June 2020 |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref> Basters sun yi nasarar ci gaba da riƙe matsayin Rehoboth mai cin gashin kansa, wanda a da yake da ikon cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Jamus, da kuma Basterland, amma ba su yi nasara ba. A tsohuwar Bantustan ta Gabashin Caprivi, masu ra'ayin kishin ƙasa na Lozi a shekarar 1999 sun ƙaddamar da wani bore da bai yi nasara ba a yunƙurin samun 'yancin kai daga Namibia. Ƙasar da ke yankunan Bantustan ta faɗa hannun jihar Namibia, kuma a yau ana kiranta "Yankunan Hadin Gwiwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gargallo |first=Eduard |year=2010 |title=Beyond Black and White: Ethnicity and Land Reform in Namibia |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-africaine-2010-4-page-153.htm |journal=[[Politique africaine]] |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=153–173 |doi=10.3917/polaf.120.0153 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== Gidajen ƙasa (har zuwa 1980) / Hukumomin Wakilai (1980–1989/1990) ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bantustan !Capital<ref>{{Cite web |title=''South-West Africa, Proposed Homelands.'' in: The Bantustan Proposals for South-West Africa, p 179. |url=http://www.long-damato.northwestern.edu/Pages-papers2/bantustan-proposals-SWAfrica.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626094847/http://www.long-damato.northwestern.edu/Pages-papers2/bantustan-proposals-SWAfrica.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2016 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> !Most represented tribe !Legislative Council established !Self-government !Representative Authority years |- |{{Flag|Ovamboland}} |Ondangua |Ovambo |1968 |1973 |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |{{Flag|Kavangoland}} |Rundu |Kavango |1970 |1973 |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |{{Flag|East Caprivi}} |Katima Mulilo |Lozi |1972 |1976 |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |[[Namaland]] |[[Keetmanshoop]] |[[Mutanen Nama|Nama]] |1976 |— |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |{{Flag|Rehoboth}} |Rehoboth |[[Kabilar basters|Baster]] |1977 |— |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /><ref>On 20 March 1990, one day before Namibia finally became independent on 21 March, Rehoboth unilaterally declared its independence from Namibia: {{Cite web |date=24 November 2019 |title=''Declaration of Independence 1990.'' Rehoboth Basters, 20 March 1990 |url=http://rehobothbasters.org/casedetails.php?id=213 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923202755/http://rehobothbasters.org/casedetails.php?id=213 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=Rehoboth Basters}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Damaraland}} |Welwitschia |Damara |1977 |— |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |[[Hereroland]] |Okakarara |Herero |— |— |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |[[Tswanaland]] |Aminuis |Tswana |— |— |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |[[Bushmanland (South West Africa)|Bushmanland]] |Tsumkwe |[[Mutanen San|San]] |— |— |— |- |{{Flag|Kaokoland}} |Ohopoho |Himba |— |— |— |} == Amfani a cikin mahallin da ba na Afirka ta Kudu ba == Kalmar "bantustan" ta zama kalma ta gama gari da ake amfani da ita a ma'anar rashin amincewa da ita ga duk wani yanki da ake tilasta wa mutane su rayu ba tare da cikakkun 'yancin farar hula da siyasa ba. <ref name="Macmillan" /> === Yankunan Falasdinawa === A Gabas ta Tsakiya, yankunan Falasdinawa da ke Yammacin Kogin Jordan, da kuma Zirin Gaza, galibi ana siffanta su da 'yan bantustan daga masu sukar manufofin Isra'ila a yankunan Falasdinawa . [1] Ana amfani da kalmar don nufin ko dai yankunan da aka tsara a Yammacin Kogin Jordan da aka ware wa Falasdinawa a ƙarƙashin shawarwari daban-daban da Amurka da Isra'ila suka jagoranta don kawo ƙarshen rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinawa, ko kuma "tsibiran" 165 da ke akwai waɗanda suka fara zama a hukumance a matsayin Yankuna A da B a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Oslo ta Biyu ta 1995. Isra'ila-U. Shirye-shiryen zaman lafiya na S., gami da Shirin Allon, shirin Kungiyar Zionist ta Duniya ta Drobles, shirin Menachem Begin, shirin "Allon Plus" na Benjamin Netanyahu, taron kolin Camp David na 2000, da kuma hangen nesa na Sharon na ƙasar Falasɗinu sun gabatar da yankin da ke da alaƙa da yankin, [1] [1] kamar yadda shirin zaman lafiya na Trump na 2020 ya gabatar . [1] [1] An soki wannan a matsayin "zaɓin Bantustan". [1] [1] [1] === Wasu misalai === A [[Geology na yankin Indiya|yankin Indiya]], ana zargin gwamnatin Sinhalese ta [[Sri Lanka]] da mayar da yankunan Tamil zuwa "bantustans". An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don nufin yanayin rayuwa na Dalits a [[Indiya]] . A [[Najeriya]], Bishop [[Matthew Hassan Kukah]] na Katolika ya kira kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] da "babban sakacin gwamnati." A [[Kanada]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], galibi ana kwatanta ajiyar Indiya da ajiyar Indiya da Bantustans saboda alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsarin wariyar launin fata na ƙasashen. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cambre |first=Maria-Carolina |date=2007-04-01 |title=Terminologies of Control: Tracing the Canadian-South African Connection in a Word |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589340701336211 |journal=Politikon |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=19–34 |doi=10.1080/02589340701336211 |issn=0258-9346 |s2cid=144893432 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Makiyayin Bedoon * Yankunan Falasdinawa, waɗanda aka fi sani da bantustans * Wurin ajiyar 'yan Indiya * Masu zaɓen Māori * Wariyar launin fata * Dokar 'Yancin Ƙasa ta Bantu, 1970 * [[Rarraba launin fata|Wariyar launin fata]] * Volkstaat * Fasfo na ciki * [[Tsabtace kabilanci|Tsarkakewar ƙabilanci]] * Hukumar Kula da Matsugunan Yaƙi * Yarjejeniyar Oslo * Hamastan == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Littattafan tarihi == *   * {{Cite book|edition=Rebecca L.}} * {{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Brice Jr |date=Summer 1984 |title=The South Africanization of Israel |journal=[[Arab Studies Quarterly]] |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=169–189 |jstor=41857718}} *   *   *   *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bantustan policy * [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015513/Bantustan Encyclopædia Britannica, Bantustan] * ''[[iarchive:bantustansdivideandrule|Divide & Rule: South Africa's Bantustans]]'' by Barbara Rogers (1980) * Pelliccioni Franco, LO SVILUPPO DELLE "BANTU HOMELANDS" NEL SUDAFRICA, 1974 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346425228_LO_SVILUPPO_DELLE_BANTU_HOMELANDS_NEL_SUDAFRICA] (1974) {{Bantustans}}{{Segregation by type}}{{Political history of South Africa}}{{Indigenous rights footer}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dt7eqgv8ysfq7vutklu1hznd8m34b63 964053 964051 2026-10-06T20:41:10Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 964053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  [[File:South_Africa_&_South_West_Africa_Bantustans_Map.svg|right|thumb|350x350px|Map of South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia). This map shows the bantustans that were present in both territories.<br /><br /> '''Non-bantustan territories''' <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#AEAEAE|South West Africa}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#8B8B8B|South Africa}} '''Bantustan territories (South West Africa)''' <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FD4756|[[Kaokoland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#609979|[[Ovamboland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#4E4B0D|[[Damaraland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#901B35|[[Kavangoland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#09A7B4|[[East Caprivi]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#43D99A|[[Bushmanland (South West Africa)|Bushmanland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#E4BC20|[[Hereroland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#222560|[[Rehoboth (homeland)|Rehoboth]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#9B37F9|[[Tswanaland]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#8F6F68|[[Namaland]]}} '''Bantustan territories (South Africa)''' <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FB8072|[[KwaNdebele]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#B3DE69|[[Lebowa]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FE951F|[[Gazankulu]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FCCDE5|[[KaNgwane]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#80B1D3|[[KwaZulu]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#CCEBC5|[[QwaQwa]]}} '''Puppet state Bantustans''' <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#BC80BD|[[Bophuthatswana]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FE85CE|[[Venda (Bantustan)|Venda]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#8AFE9D|[[Transkei]]}} <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|#FED121|[[Ciskei]]}}]] <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Bantustan''' (wanda kuma aka sani da ƙasar [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]], ƙasar [[Bakar fata|baƙar fata]], ƙasar [[Khoisan|baƙar fata]] ko kuma kawai an san ta da ƙasar haihuwa; Afrikaans ko tsibirin {{Lang|af|tuisland}} ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanneke H. Stuit |date=2013 |title=Ubuntu strategies in contemporary South African culture |url=https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.392486 |website=pure.uva.nl |publisher=University of Amsterdam |page=42 |quote=The so-called "homelands" or "Bantustans" (tuislande in Afrikaans) evolved from}}</ref> yanki ne da gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Ƙasa ta Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu (1910–1961) daga baya kuma Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (1961–1994) ta ware wa baƙar fata mazauna Afirka ta Kudu da Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka (yanzu [[Namibiya|Namibia]] ), a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofinta na wariyar launin fata . <ref name="Macmillan">{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Macmillan Education Customer Support |url=http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/bantustan |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015175012/http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/bantustan |archive-date=15 October 2017 |access-date=30 April 2022}}, "1. one of the areas in South Africa where black people lived during the apartheid system; 2. SHOWING DISAPPROVAL any area where people are forced to live without full civil and political rights."</ref> The term, first used in the late 1940s, was coined from ''Bantu'' (meaning "people" in some of the [[Yaren Bantu|Bantu languages]]) and ''-stan'' (a suffix meaning "land" in [[Farisawa|Persian]] and other Persian-influenced languages). It subsequently came to be regarded as a disparaging term by some critics of the apartheid-era government's ''homelands''. The Pretoria government established ten Bantustans in South Africa, and ten in neighbouring South West Africa (then under South African administration), for the purpose of concentrating the members of designated ethnic groups, thus making each of those territories ethnically homogeneous as the basis for creating autonomous nation states for South Africa's different black ethnic groups. Under the Bantu Homelands Citizenship Act of 1970, the government stripped black South Africans of their South African citizenship, depriving them of their few remaining political and civil rights in South Africa, and declared them to be citizens of these homelands.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Bantustan &#124; Definition, History, Map, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bantustan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725193819/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bantustan |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref> Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta ayyana cewa 'yan Bantustan Afirka ta Kudu guda huɗu ne masu 'yancin kai— Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, da Ciskei (waɗanda ake kira "Ƙasashen TBVC"), amma [[Internal resistance to apartheid|sojojin yaƙi da wariyar launin fata]] a Afirka ta Kudu ko kuma wata gwamnatin ƙasa da ƙasa ba su taɓa amincewa da wannan sanarwar ba. Sauran Bantustans (kamar KwaZulu, Lebowa, da QwaQwa ) an ba su "'yancin kai" amma ba a taɓa ba su "'yancin kai ba". A Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka, an ayyana Ovamboland, Kavangoland, da East Caprivi a matsayin masu mulkin kai, tare da wasu 'yan tsirarun ƙasashe masu tasowa da ba a taɓa ba su 'yancin cin gashin kansu ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Wucin Gadi ya kawar da Bantustans ta hanyar kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1994. == Ƙirƙira == [[File:South_Africa_racial_map,_1979.gif|right|thumb|350x350px| Taswirar launin fata da alƙaluma ta Afirka ta Kudu da [[C.I.A|CIA]] ta buga a shekarar 1979 tare da bayanai daga ƙidayar jama'a ta Afirka ta Kudu ta 1970]] Tun daga shekarar 1913, gwamnatocin Afirka ta Kudu masu launin fata marasa rinjaye suka kafa "taskokin ajiya" ga baƙar fata domin [[Rarraba launin fata|raba]] su da fararen fata ta hanyar launin fata, kamar ƙirƙirar wuraren ajiyar Indiya a Amurka. Dokar Filayen 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa, ta 1913 ta takaita baƙar fata zuwa kashi bakwai cikin ɗari na ƙasar da ke ƙasar. A shekarar 1936, gwamnati ta yi niyyar ƙara wannan zuwa kashi 13.6 cikin ɗari na ƙasar, amma an yi jinkirin siyan filaye kuma wannan shirin bai cika aiki ba. Lokacin da Jam'iyyar National Party ta hau mulki a shekarar 1948, Ministan Harkokin 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa (kuma daga baya Firayim Ministan Afirka ta Kudu ) Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd ya gina a kan wannan, inda ya gabatar da jerin matakan "babban wariyar launin fata" kamar Dokokin Yankunan Ƙungiya da Dokar Sake Matsugunin 'Yan Asalin, 1954 wanda ya sake fasalin al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu ta yadda fararen fata za su zama mafi rinjaye a cikin al'umma. Ƙirƙirar ƙasashen waje ko Bantustans muhimmin abu ne na wannan dabarar, domin manufar dogon lokaci ita ce a mai da Bantustans 'yantacciyar ƙasa. Sakamakon haka, baƙar fata za su rasa 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu da kuma haƙƙin zaɓe, wanda hakan zai bai wa fararen fata damar ci gaba da riƙe iko a Afirka ta Kudu. Kalmar "Bantustan" ga ƙasashen [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] an yi ta ne don yin daidai da ƙirƙirar [[Pakistan]] da [[Indiya]] (" Hindustan "), wanda ya faru 'yan watanni kaɗan kafin a ƙarshen 1947, kuma magoya bayan manufar ne suka ƙirƙiro ta. Duk da haka, nan da nan ya zama kalmar da ake yi wa ba'a, inda Jam'iyyar Ƙasa ta fi son kalmar "ƙasashe". Kamar yadda [[Nelson Mandela]] ya bayyana a cikin wani kasida a shekarar 1959: : Jaridun sun yi wa shirin 'yan Nationalist lakabi da "Bantustans". Kalmar da aka haɗa ta hanyoyi da yawa tana da matuƙar ɓatarwa. Yana da alaƙa da raba ƙasar Indiya, bayan ficewar Birtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai, kuma a matsayin sharaɗi, zuwa ƙasashe biyu daban-daban, Hindustan da Pakistan. Babu wani abu da ya yi daidai da shawarwarin 'yan kishin ƙasa, domin (a) Indiya da Pakistan sun ƙunshi ƙasashe biyu daban-daban kuma masu 'yancin siyasa, (b) [[Musulmi|Musulmai]] suna da [[Musulunci a Indiya|daidaiton haƙƙoƙi a Indiya]] ; 'yan Hindu suna da daidaiton haƙƙoƙi a Pakistan, (c) An gabatar da kuma amincewa da rabuwar ga ɓangarorin biyu, ko kuma a kowane hali ɓangarorin kowannensu sun yaɗu kuma sun yi tasiri. Shirye-shiryen Gwamnati ba sa hasashen raba wannan ƙasa zuwa Jihohi daban-daban masu cin gashin kansu. Ba sa tunanin daidaiton haƙƙoƙi, ko wani haƙƙi kwata-kwata, ga 'yan Afirka da ke wajen ajiyar kuɗi. 'Yan Afirka ba su taɓa amincewa da raba ƙasar ba kuma ba za a taɓa amincewa da ita ba. A wannan batun, fararen fata ba su taɓa miƙa shi ko amincewa da shi ba. Saboda haka kalmar "Bantustan" ba ta da ma'ana kwata-kwata, kuma kawai tana taimaka wa 'yan kishin ƙasa su yi zamba. Ra'ayin Afrikaner shine: : "Duk da cewa wariyar launin fata akida ce da aka haifa da son tsira ko kuma, a wata ma'anar, tsoron halaka, shugabannin Afrikaner sun bambanta kan yadda za a aiwatar da ita. Yayin da wasu suka gamsu da manufofin wariya da suka sanya su a saman matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, wasu kuma sun yi imani da manufar 'raba amma daidai'. Ga na ƙarshe, hujjar akidar rarrabuwa, wariya, da hana haƙƙin siyasa ita ce shirin ware filayen musamman ga baƙar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, waɗanda daga baya aka kira su 'bantustans' ko 'ƙasashe'. Kowace ƙabila za ta sami jiharta tare da tsarin siyasa da tattalin arzikinta, kuma kowace za ta dogara da ƙarfinta na ma'aikata. Waɗannan ƙasashe masu zaman kansu za su zauna tare da fararen Afirka ta Kudu cikin ruhin abota da haɗin gwiwa. A yankunansu, 'yan ƙasa baƙar fata za su ji daɗin cikakken haƙƙoƙi." <ref>Norman, Kajsa. Into the laager. Afrikaners living on the edge. Jonathan Ball Publishers. 2016. {{ISBN|978-1-86842-736-9}}. Page 106.</ref> Verwoerd ya yi jayayya cewa Bantustans su ne "gidajen asali" na baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu. A shekarar 1951, gwamnatin Daniel François Malan ta gabatar da [[Dokar Hukumomin Bantu, 1951|Dokar Hukumomin Bantu]] don kafa "ƙasashe" da aka ware wa ƙabilun baƙar fata na ƙasar. Waɗannan sun kai kashi 13% na ƙasar ƙasar, sauran kuma an keɓe su ne ga fararen fata. Shugabannin kabilu masu haɗin gwiwa ne ke tafiyar da yankunan karkara, yayin da aka tilasta wa sarakunan da ba su da haɗin kai ko ɗaya su sauke su daga muƙaminsu. A tsawon lokaci, wani bakar fata mai mulki ya fito da sha'awarsa ta kashin kansa da ta kuɗi wajen kare ƙasashen da ke kewaye. Duk da cewa wannan ya taimaka wa zaman lafiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar har zuwa wani mataki, amma matsayinsu ya dogara ne kacokan kan goyon bayan Afirka ta Kudu. An faɗaɗa rawar da ƙasashen waje ke takawa a shekarar 1959 tare da amincewa da Dokar Gwamnatin Kai ta Bantu, wadda ta tsara wani shiri mai suna " Raba Ci Gaba ". Wannan ya ba wa ƙasashen da suka ci gaba damar kafa kansu a cikin dogon lokaci a matsayin yankuna masu cin gashin kansu, kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin jihohi masu cikakken "cin gashin kansu". An yi nufin cimma wannan tsari ta hanyoyi guda huɗu masu mahimmanci ga kowace ƙasa: * Haɗakar da aka ware wa "ƙabilun" daban-daban (wanda aka fi sani da "ƙasashe" tun daga 1959) a ƙarƙashin "Hukumar Yankuna" guda ɗaya. * Kafa majalisar dokoki ga kowace ƙasa mai iyakacin ikon mallakar kanta * Kafa ƙasar a matsayin "ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta" * Ba wa ƙasar haihuwa cikakken 'yancin kai Ba a kowane hali aka bi wannan tsarin gabaɗaya ta hanya mai sauƙi ba, amma sau da yawa ana bin sa da matakai masu tsaka-tsaki da kuma masu haɗuwa. Asalin Transkei ya yi aiki a fannoni da dama a matsayin "wurin gwaji" ga manufofin wariyar launin fata; ci gaban cibiyoyinta ya fara tun kafin dokar 1959, don haka an aiwatar da cimma mulkin kai da 'yancin kai kafin sauran ƙasashe. An ƙara himma wajen wannan shirin a ƙarƙashin magajin Verwoerd a matsayin firayim minista, John Vorster, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin "wayewa" na wariyar launin fata. Duk da haka, ainihin manufar wannan manufar ita ce a cika shirin farko na Verwoerd na sanya baƙar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu 'yan ƙasa na ƙasashen waje maimakon na Afirka ta Kudu - don haka a cire 'yan haƙƙin da har yanzu suke da su a matsayin 'yan ƙasa. An ƙarfafa wa ƙasashen da ke yankin da su zaɓi 'yancin kai, domin hakan zai rage yawan baƙar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu sosai. An kammala tsarin ƙirƙirar tsarin shari'a na wannan shirin ta hanyar Dokar 'Yancin Baƙar fata ta 1970, wadda ta ayyana dukkan baƙar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin 'yan asalin ƙasar, koda kuwa suna zaune a "Afirka ta Kudu farare", kuma ta soke zama ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma Dokar Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Bantu na 1971, wadda ta samar da cikakken tsari na matakan ci gaban kundin tsarin mulki na dukkan ƙasashen ƙasar (banda Transkei) tun daga kafa Hukumomin Yankuna har zuwa cikakken 'yancin kai. Zuwa shekarar 1984, dukkan ƙasashe goma na Afirka ta Kudu sun sami mulkin kai kuma an ayyana huɗu daga cikinsu ( Transkei, Boputhatswana, Venda da Ciskei ) a matsayin 'yantacciyar ƙasa tsakanin 1976 da 1981. Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna lokacin da aka tsara ci gaban hukumomi da shari'a na Bantustans goma na Afirka ta Kudu dangane da manyan matakai guda huɗu da aka ambata a sama: {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Homeland !Tribe/Nation !Territorial<br /><br />authority !Legislative<br /><br />assembly !Self-<br /><br />government !Nominal<br /><br />independence !Notes |- |{{Flag|Transkei}} |[[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] |1956 |1963 |1963<ref name=":3" /> |1976 |{{Small|A forerunner of the Territorial Authority and the Legislative Assembly existed since 1931 under the name "United Transkeian Territories General Council".<ref>The Transkeian Territories General Council and the [[Pondoland]] General Council were amalgamated to become the United Transkeian Territories General Council, with effect from 1 January 1931, by Proclamation No. 279 in SA Government Gazette No. 1911 of 28 November 1930.</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|Bophuthatswana}} |Tswana |1961 |1971 |1972 |1977 |{{Small|The Territorial Authority established in 1961 was reorganised in 1968.<ref>Government departments established by Proclamation No. R.141 in SA Government Gazette No. 2091 of 12 June 1968.</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|Venda}} |Venda |1962 |1971 |1973 |1979 |{{Small|The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.<ref>The name of the Territorial Authority was changed to the Venda Territorial Authority by Government Notice No. R.837 in SA Government Gazette No. 2406 of 23 May 1969. The government departments of the Venda Territorial Authority were established by Proclamation No. R.168 in SA Government Gazette No. 2440 of 20 June 1969.</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|Ciskei}} |[[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] |1961 |1971 |1972 |1981 |{{Small|A forerunner of the Territorial Authority and the Legislative Assembly previously existed from 1934<ref>The Ciskeian General Council was established with effect from 1 April 1934, in terms of the Native Affairs Act 23 of 1920 and the Native Administration Act 38 of 1927, by Proclamation No. 34 in SA Government Gazette No. 2177 of 9 March 1934.</ref> to 1955<ref>The Ciskeian General Council was disestablished with effect from 1 January 1956, by Proclamation No. 279 in SA Government Gazette No. 5600 of 23 December 1955.</ref> under the name "Ciskeian General Council".<br/>The Territorial Authority established in 1961 was reorganised in 1968.<ref>The Government departments of the Ciskeian Territorial Authority were established by Proclamation No. R.143 in SA Government Gazette No. 2092 of 12 June 1968.</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|Lebowa}} |Northern Sotho (Pedi) |1962 |1971 |1972 |— |{{Small|The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.<ref>Lebowa Government departments were established by Proclamation No. R.115 in SA Government Gazette No. 2377 of 2 May 1969.</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|Gazankulu}} |Tsonga (Shangaan) |1962 |1971 |1973 |— |{{Small|The Territorial Authority established in 1962 was reorganised in 1969.<ref>The Government departments of the Matshangana Territorial Authority were established by Proclamation No. R.95 in SA Government Gazette No. 2362 of 25 April 1969.</ref>}} |- |{{Flag|QwaQwa}} |Southern Sotho |1969 |1971 |1974 |— | |- |{{Flag|KwaZulu}} |Zulu |1970 |1972 |1977 |— | |- |{{Flag|KwaNdebele}} |Ndebele |1977 |1979 |1981 |— | |- |{{Flag|KaNgwane}} |[[Kabilar Swazi|Swazi]] |1976 |1977 |1984 |— |{{Small|The homeland status was temporarily suspended between June and December 1982.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa 1982|publisher=South African Institute of Race Relations|year=1983|pages=375–379}}</ref>}} |} A daidai lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri ƙasashen da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka, an tilasta wa baƙar fata 'yan Afirka ta Kudu yin ƙaura zuwa wasu ƙasashe. An kiyasta cewa an tilasta wa mutane miliyan 3.5 barin gidajensu daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu an sake tsugunar da su a Bantustans.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}} Gwamnati ta bayyana karara cewa babban burinta shine kawar da bakar fata gaba daya daga Afirka ta Kudu. Connie Mulder, Ministar Hulɗa da Ci Gaban Jama'a, ta shaida wa Majalisar Dokoki a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1978 cewa: {{Blockquote|If our policy is taken to its logical conclusion as far as the black people are concerned, there will be not one black man with South African citizenship ... Every black man in South Africa will eventually be accommodated in some independent new state in this honourable way and there will no longer be an obligation on this Parliament to accommodate these people politically.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mn6HDAAAQBAJ&q=Connie+Mulder+If+our+policy+is+taken+to+its+logical+conclusion&pg=PA62|title=The Political Economy of Regionalism: The Case of Southern Africa|last=Söderbaum|first=F.|date=2004-10-29|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230513716|language=en|access-date=25 October 2020|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430013610/https://books.google.com/books?id=mn6HDAAAQBAJ&q=Connie+Mulder+If+our+policy+is+taken+to+its+logical+conclusion&pg=PA62|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Amma ba a cimma wannan burin ba. 'Yan tsiraru ne kawai (kimanin kashi 39% a shekarar 1986 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographic Characteristics of South Africa in the late 1980s - The O'Malley Archives |url=https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv03370/05lv03389.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017203349/https://www.nelsonmandela.org/omalley/index.php/site/q/03lv02424/04lv03370/05lv03389.htm |archive-date=17 October 2017 |access-date=10 January 2019 |website=www.nelsonmandela.org}}</ref> ) na baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu sun rayu a Bantustans; sauran kuma sun rayu a Afirka ta Kudu, da yawa a cikin garuruwa, ƙauyuka marasa galihu da kuma ƙauyuka marasa galihu a wajen biranen Afirka ta Kudu. == Fitowar ƙasashen duniya == An rarraba Bantustans a cikin iyakokin Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin "masu mulkin kai" ko "masu zaman kansu". A ka'ida, Bantustans masu mulkin kansu suna da iko a kan fannoni da yawa na ayyukansu na cikin gida amma har yanzu ba su kasance ƙasashe masu 'yancin kai ba. Bantustans masu zaman kansu (Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda da Ciskei; wanda kuma aka sani da jihohin TBVC) an yi niyya don su zama masu cikakken iko. Duk da haka, waɗannan yankunan ba su sami kulawa sosai daga gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka da na Afirka ta Kudu ba, kuma har yanzu ba a ci gaba da su ba. Wannan ya rage wa waɗannan jihohi ƙarfin mulki sosai, ya kuma sa su dogara sosai ga gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu. A tsawon wanzuwar 'yan Bantustan masu zaman kansu, Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance ƙasa ɗaya tilo da ta amince da 'yancin kanta. Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi kira da a amince da su. A shekarar 1976, kafin Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka ta zartar da kuduri da ke kira ga Shugaban Kasa da kada ya amince da Transkei, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi kira ga 'yan majalisa da su yi adawa da kudirin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pitterman |first=Shelly |title=A Fine Face for Apartheid |url=http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/50/304/32-130-E84-84-al.sff.document.af000020.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218200853/http://kora.matrix.msu.edu/files/50/304/32-130-E84-84-al.sff.document.af000020.pdf |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=10 January 2019 |website=Southern Africa Perspectives}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri alamun kiran rediyo na 'yan koyo ba tare da izini ba kuma ba tare da an san su ba ga ƙasashe masu zaman kansu, kuma masu aiki da ke amfani da su suna aika katunan QSL, amma Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya ba ta taɓa amincewa da waɗannan tashoshin a matsayin halal ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=S8 - Transkei(Entité DXCC ayant changé de préfixe) |url=http://lesnouvellesdx.fr/galerie/galerie2.php?page=moreqsl&pfx=S8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308000147/http://lesnouvellesdx.fr/galerie/galerie2.php?page=moreqsl&pfx=S8 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=30 January 2020}}</ref> Kowace jiha ta TBVC ta bai wa sauran 'yan Bantustan masu zaman kansu girmamawa, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu ta nuna jajircewarta ga ra'ayin ikon mallakar TBVC ta hanyar gina ofisoshin jakadanci a manyan biranen TBVC. == Rayuwa a Bantustans == Gabaɗaya, mutanen Bantustan ba su da wadata, kuma akwai ƙarancin damar samun aiki a yankin. <ref name="Colorado Bantustans">{{Cite web |title=Bantustans |url=http://autocww2.colorado.edu/~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/AfricanHistory/Bantustans.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203213119/http://autocww2.colorado.edu/~blackmon/E64ContentFiles/AfricanHistory/Bantustans.html |archive-date=3 December 2012 |access-date=7 June 2012 |publisher=Colorado.edu}}</ref> Duk da haka, akwai wasu damammaki na ci gaba ga baƙar fata kuma an sami wasu ci gaba a fannin ilimi da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Bangustani huɗu waɗanda suka sami 'yancin kai na musamman (Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, da Ciskei) sun soke duk dokokin wariyar launin fata. <ref name="Ciskei's Independent Way">{{Cite web |date=April 1985 |title=Ciskei's Independent Way |url=https://reason.com/1985/04/01/ciskeis-independent-way/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111203825/https://reason.com/1985/04/01/ciskeis-independent-way/ |archive-date=11 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021 |publisher=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]}}</ref> Dokokin Bantustan sun bambanta da na Afirka ta Kudu. Manyan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu galibi suna amfani da waɗannan bambance-bambancen, misali ta hanyar gina manyan gidajen caca, kamar Sun City a ƙasar Bophuthatswana . Bophuthatswana kuma tana da ma'adinan platinum, da sauran albarkatun ƙasa, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama mafi arziki a cikin Bantustans. Ana ɗaukar shugabannin Bantustan a matsayin masu haɗin gwiwa da tsarin wariyar launin fata, kodayake wasu sun yi nasarar samun mabiya. Yawancin shugabannin ƙasar suna da ra'ayi mai sarkakiya game da 'yancin ƙasarsu: yawancinsu sun yi shakku, sun kasance masu taka tsantsan kuma sun guji yanke shawara mai tabbas, wasu sun ƙi shi kai tsaye saboda ƙin amincewa da "ci gaba daban" da kuma alƙawarin da suka yi na "ƙiyayya da wariyar launin fata daga cikin tsarin", yayin da wasu kuma suka yi imanin cewa 'yancin kai na musamman zai iya taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa tushen ikonsu (har ma fiye da matsayin da suke da shi a matsayin masu mulkin ƙasashen da ke da ikon kansu) kuma ya ba da dama don gina al'umma mai 'yanci daga wariyar launin fata. Shugabannin Bantustans, duk da haɗin gwiwarsu da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata, a wasu lokutan suna sukar manufofin gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu na launin fata kuma suna kira da a soke ko a sassauta dokokin wariyar launin fata (wanda aka soke yawancinsu a ƙasashe masu 'yancin kai). A wasu lokutan, an yi ta hasashen tsare-tsare daban-daban na mafita ta tarayya, daga gwamnatocin Bantustan da kuma jam'iyyun adawa a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma da'irori a cikin jam'iyyar National Party mai mulki farar fata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Survey of race relations in South Africa: 1983 |url=http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.boo19840000.042.000_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110502/http://psimg.jstor.org/fsi/img/pdf/t0/10.5555/al.sff.document.boo19840000.042.000_final.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2018 |access-date=10 January 2019 |publisher=[[South African Institute of Race Relations]]}}</ref> == Ci gaba daga baya == A watan Janairun 1985, Shugaban Jiha [[P. W. Botha|PW Botha]] ya ayyana cewa ba za a sake hana baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu zama ɗan ƙasarsu ba saboda 'yancin zama ɗan ƙasar Bantustan kuma cewa 'yan ƙasar baƙar fata a cikin 'yan Bantustan masu zaman kansu za su iya sake neman zama ɗan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu; FW de Klerk ya bayyana a madadin Jam'iyyar Ƙasa a lokacin babban zaɓen 1987 cewa "duk wani ƙoƙari na sauya yanayin [ma'aikata baƙar fata] da ke kwarara zuwa birane ya gaza. Bai taimaka wajen ɓatar da kanmu game da wannan ba. Tattalin arziki yana buƙatar kasancewar yawancin baƙar fata na dindindin a cikin birane... Ba za su iya zama a Afirka ta Kudu shekara bayan shekara ba tare da wakilcin siyasa ba." A watan Maris na shekarar 1990, de Klerk, wanda ya gaji Botha a matsayin Shugaban Jiha a shekarar 1989, ya sanar da cewa gwamnatinsa ba za ta sake bai wa wasu Bantustan 'yancin kai ba. <ref>Bertil Egerö. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=EoTt9GkYP3UC&q=De+Klerk&pg=PA16 South Africa's Bantustans: From Dumping Grounds to Battlefronts] {{Webarchive}}''. Sweden: Motala Grafiska. 1991. p. 6.</ref> Duk da haka, waɗannan maganganun ba a yi nufin ƙin tsarin Bantustan gaba ɗaya ba: manufar gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a rabin na biyu na shekarun 1980 ita ce "zamantakewa" tsarin ƙungiyoyi na wariyar launin fata yayin da take barin ƙa'idodinta na asali, gami da na ƙasashen waje, ba tare da wani canji ba. An tilasta wa gwamnati ta amince da kasancewar baƙar fata a cikin birane na dindindin da kuma rashin yiwuwar amfani da nau'ikan "sarrafa tasirin" na yanzu (wanda aka maye gurbinsa da hanyoyin "sauƙi" na sarrafawa), ba tare da ambaton rashin yiwuwar kawar da baƙar fata gaba ɗaya zuwa ƙasashen waje ko da a cikin dogon lokaci ba. Tana fatan "lalacewa" baƙar fata mazauna birane ta hanyar tsara tsare-tsare daban-daban don ba su haƙƙoƙi masu iyaka a matakin ƙananan hukumomi (amma ba manyan matakan gwamnati ba). Bugu da ƙari, an raba yankunan zama na birni (da na karkara) bisa ga launin fata bisa ga Dokar Yankunan Ƙungiya . "Ci gaba daban" a matsayin ƙa'ida ya ci gaba da aiki, kuma gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta ci gaba da dogara ga Bantustans a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ginshiƙan manufofinta wajen mu'amala da baƙar fata. Har zuwa shekarar 1990, an ci gaba da yin yunƙurin tilasta wa ƙasashen da ke mulkin kansu su zaɓi 'yancin kai (misali Lebowa, Gazankulu da KwaZulu), kuma a wasu lokutan, gwamnatocin ƙasashen da ke mulkin kansu (misali KwaNdebele) da kansu sun nuna sha'awar samun 'yancin kai daga ƙarshe. An kuma yi la'akari da hakan a cikin da'irorin Jam'iyyar Kasa mai mulki don ƙirƙirar ƙarin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin birane a cikin nau'i na "jihohin birane" baƙar fata "masu zaman kansu". Hangen nesa na dogon lokaci a wannan lokacin shine ƙirƙirar wani nau'i na "ƙungiyar ƙasashen Afirka ta Kudu" mai launin fata daban-daban tare da zama ɗan ƙasa iri ɗaya, amma aka raba su zuwa yankuna masu alaƙa da launin fata. An yi shirye-shirye (wanda kaɗan ne kawai aka cimma) don haɓaka cibiyoyi daban-daban na "haɗin gwiwa" waɗanda aka ɗora wa alhakin shawarwari, tattaunawa da kuma wasu ayyuka na zartarwa dangane da "al'amuran gabaɗaya" da suka zama ruwan dare ga dukkan ƙungiyoyin jama'a, muddin waɗannan cibiyoyi ba za su haifar da barazana ga wariyar launin fata da kuma kiyaye mulkin farar fata gaba ɗaya ba. Wannan "ƙungiyar" za ta haɗa da abin da ake kira "yanki na gama gari" - ma'ana mafi yawan yankin Afirka ta Kudu a wajen ƙasashen waje - a ƙarƙashin ci gaba da mulkin fararen fata da tsiraru da kuma ƙayyadadden tsarin raba iko tare da ƙungiyoyin jama'a [[Coloureds|masu launin fata]] da na Indiya / Asiya da aka ware, da ƙasashen da ke da 'yancin kai da kuma masu mulkin kai, da kuma wasu ƙarin ƙungiyoyin baƙar fata a birane. From 1990 to 1994, these "confederational" ideas were in principle still entertained by large parts of the National Party (and in various forms also by certain parties and groups of the white liberal opposition), but their overtly race-based foundations gradually became less pronounced in the course of the negotiations to end apartheid, and the focus shifted to securing "minority rights" (having in mind primarily the white population in particular) after an expected handover of power to the black majority. Federalist plans also met with support from some homeland governments and parties, most importantly the Inkatha Freedom Party, which was the ruling party of KwaZulu. But since especially the [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|African National Congress]] made it clear that the principles of "one man - one vote" and a unitary state were non-negotiable, confederal schemes were eventually dropped. Because of this, the Inkatha Freedom Party threatened to boycott the April 1994 general election that ended apartheid and decided only in the last minute to participate in them after concessions had been made to them and as well as to the still-ruling National Party and several white opposition groups. A lokacin da aka fara zaɓe a shekarar 1994, shugabanni da dama a ƙasashen da ke da 'yancin kai da kuma masu mulkin kai (misali a Boputhatswana ), waɗanda ba sa son su miƙa mulki, sun yi adawa da wargaza Bantustans da ƙarfi, kuma ta yin hakan, sun sami goyon baya daga jam'iyyun fararen fata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, sassan gwamnatin wariyar launin fata da ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi masu goyon bayan wariyar launin fata kamar [[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging]] . == Narkewa == With the demise of the apartheid regime in South Africa in 1994, all Bantustans (both nominally independent and self-governing) were dismantled and their territories reincorporated into the Republic of South Africa with effect from 27 April 1994 (the day on which the Interim Constitution, which formally ended apartheid, came into force and the first democratic elections began) in terms of [[wikisource:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993/1994-04-27/Chapter 1|section 1(2)]] and [[wikisource:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993/1994-04-27/Schedule 1|Schedule 1]] of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993 ("Interim Constitution"). [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Ƙungiyar ANC ta Afirka]] ce ta jagoranci wannan yunƙuri na cimma wannan buri a matsayin babban ɓangare na shirinta na yin garambawul. An cimma nasarar sake kafa gwamnati cikin lumana, duk da cewa akwai wasu turjiya daga manyan mutane na yankin, wadanda suka rasa damarmakin samun wadata da karfin siyasa da 'yan asalin kasar suka bayar. Rushewar yankunan Bophuthatswana da Ciskei ya kasance da wahala musamman. A Ciskei, jami'an tsaron Afirka ta Kudu sun shiga tsakani a watan Maris na 1994 domin kwantar da rikicin siyasa. Daga shekarar 1994, an sake raba yawancin sassan ƙasar zuwa sabbin larduna bisa ga tsarin mulki. Duk da haka, shugabannin tsoffin Bantustans ko Homelands da yawa sun taka rawa a siyasar Afirka ta Kudu tun bayan soke su. Wasu sun shiga jam'iyyunsu a zaɓen farko da ba na launin fata ba, yayin da wasu kuma suka shiga jam'iyyar ANC. [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi]] ya kasance babban minista a mahaifarsa ta KwaZulu daga 1976 zuwa 1994. A Afirka ta Kudu bayan mulkin wariyar launin fata, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Inkatha Freedom Party da kuma Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida. Bantubonke Holomisa, wanda janar ne a ƙasar Transkei tun daga 1987, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar United Democratic Movement tun 1997. Janar Constand Viljoen, wani ɗan Afirkaner wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban hafsan tsaron Afirka ta Kudu, ya aika da sojoji 1,500 don kare Lucas Mangope da kuma yin adawa da dakatar da Bophuthatswana a matsayin ƙasarsu a shekarar 1994. Ya kafa ƙungiyar 'Yanci a shekarar 1994. Lucas Mangope, tsohon shugaban ƙabilar Motsweda Ba hurutshe-Boo-Manyane na Tswana kuma shugaban Bophuthatswana shine shugaban jam'iyyar United Christian Democratic Party, a zahiri ci gaba ne na jam'iyyar da ke mulki a ƙasar. Oupa Gqozo, sarkin Ciskei na ƙarshe, ya shiga ƙungiyarsa ta [[African Democratic Movement]] a zaɓen 1994 amma bai yi nasara ba. Jam'iyyar Dikwankwetla, wadda ke mulkin Qwaqwa, ta ci gaba da kasancewa babbar jam'iyyar adawa a majalisar Maluti a Phofung inda ita ce babbar jam'iyyar adawa. Jam'iyyar Ximoko, wacce ta mulki Gazankulu, tana da rinjaye a kananan hukumomi a Giyani . Hakazalika, tsohon babban ministan KwaNdebele George Mahlangu da wasu sun kafa [[Sindawonye Progressive Party|Jam'iyyar Progressive ta Sindawonye]] wacce take ɗaya daga cikin manyan jam'iyyun adawa a karamar hukumar Thembisile Hani da kuma karamar hukumar Dr JS Moroka (wadda ta ƙunshi yankin tsohuwar ƙasar). == Jerin Bantustans == === Bantustans a Afirka ta Kudu === [[File:Bantustans_in_South_Africa.svg|right|thumb|300x300px| Taswirar ƙasashen baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994]] An lissafa wuraren da aka ware a ƙasa tare da ƙabilar da aka keɓe wa kowace ƙasa. Hudu sun kasance masu zaman kansu (wadanda ake kira jihohin TBVC na Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda da Ciskei ). Sauran shida suna da ikon mallakar kansu kaɗan: ==== Jihohin 'yan tsana ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bantustan !Capital !Ethnic group !Self-government <br /><br /> years !Nominal independence <br /><br /> years |- |{{Flag|Transkei}} |Umtata |[[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] |1963–1976 |1976–1994 |- |{{Flag|Bophuthatswana}} |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*[[Mmabatho]] {{small|(1977–1994)}} *[[Mafikeng|Mafeking]] {{small|(provisionally, until 1977)}}}} |Tswana |1972–1977 |1977–1994<ref name=":17" /> |- |{{Flag|Venda}} |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*[[Thohoyandou]] {{small|(1979–1994)}} *[[Sibasa]] {{small|(provisionally, until 1979)}}}} |Venda |1973–1979 |1979–1994<ref name=":17" /> |- |{{Flag|Ciskei}} |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" />{{Plainlist|*[[Bhisho|Bisho]] {{small|(1981–1994)}} *[[Zwelitsha]] {{small|(provisionally, until 1981)}}}} |[[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] |1972–1981 |1981–1994<ref name=":17" /> |} ==== Ƙungiyoyi masu mulkin kai ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bantustan ! Babban birnin ! Kabila ! Shekaru |- |{{Flag|Lebowa}} | Lebowakgomo {{Small|(1974–1994)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /> Seshego {{Small|(provisionally, until 1974)}} | Arewacin Sotho (Pedi) | 1972 –1994 |- |{{Flag|Gazankulu}} | Giyani | Tsonga (Shangaan) | 1973 –1994 <ref name=":17" /> |- |{{Flag|QwaQwa}} | Phuthaditjhaba {{Small|(until 1974 called Witsieshoek)}} | Kudancin Sotho | 1974 –1994 <ref name=":17" /> |- |{{Flag|KwaZulu}} | Ulundi {{Small|(1980–1994)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /> Nongoma {{Small|(provisionally, until 1980)}} | Zulu | 1977 –1994 <ref name=":17" /> |- |{{Flag|KwaNdebele}} | KwaMhlanga {{Small|(1986–1994)}}<br /><br /><br /><br /> Siyabuswa {{Small|(provisionally, until 1986)}} | Ndebele | 1981 –1994 <ref name=":17" /> |- |{{Flag|KaNgwane}} | Louieville<br /><br /><br /><br /> Schoemansdal {{Small|(provisionally, until the mid-1980s)}} | [[Kabilar Swazi|Swazi]] | 1984 –1994 <ref name=":17" /> |} Bantustan na farko shine Transkei, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Cif Kaiser Daliwonga Matanzima a lardin Cape na ƙasar Xhosa. KwaZulu, na ƙasar Zulu a Lardin Natal, wani memba ne na sarkin dangin sarautar Zulu [[Mangosuthu Buthelezi|Mangosuthu ("Gatsha") Buthelezi]] ya jagoranta a madadin sarkin Zulu. [[Lesotho]] da [[Eswatini]] (wanda a da aka fi sani da Swaziland) ba 'yan Bantustan ba ne; ƙasashe ne masu 'yancin kai kuma tsoffin ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniya. Waɗannan ƙasashe galibi ko kuma gaba ɗaya suna kewaye da yankin Afirka ta Kudu kuma kusan sun dogara ne kacokan ga Afirka ta Kudu. Ba su taɓa dogaro da Afirka ta Kudu a siyasance ba, kuma ƙasashen duniya sun amince da su a matsayin ƙasashe masu 'yancin kai tun lokacin da Birtaniya ta ba su 'yancin kai a shekarun 1960. === Bantustans a Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka === ==== Gidajen ƙasa ====   [[File:Namibia_homelands_78.jpeg|thumb| Taswirar ƙasashen baƙar fata a [[Namibiya|Namibia]] tun daga shekarar 1978]] A shekarun 1960, [[Afirka ta Kudu]], wacce ke mulkin Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka a ƙarƙashin ikon Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe, ta fuskanci matsin lamba daga ƙasashen duniya game da mulkin fararen fata marasa rinjaye a kan yawancin al'ummar baƙar fata. Mafitar da Afirka ta Kudu ta tsara— Shirin Odendaal —ita ce a raba fararen fata da waɗanda ba fararen fata ba, a bai wa yankunan baƙar fata da aka keɓe ikon cin gashin kansu, ta haka ne za a sanya fararen fata su zama mafi rinjaye a sauran sassan ƙasar. Bugu da ƙari, an yi hasashen cewa, ta hanyar raba kowace ƙabila da kuma killace mutane bisa doka zuwa yankunan da aka takaita, wariya ta launin fata za ta ɓace kai tsaye. <ref name="Proposals">{{Cite journal |last=D'Amato |first=Anthony A |date=October 1966 |title=The Bantustan Proposals for South-West Africa |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=177–192 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X00013239 |jstor=158943 |s2cid=154050355}}</ref> Wahayi ga Shirin Odendaal ya fito ne, a wani ɓangare, daga masana ilimin ɗan adam na Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=R. |date=2018 |title=How Good People Become Absurd: J.P. van S. Bruwer, the Making of Namibian Grand Apartheid and the Decline of Volkekunde |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2018.1403266 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=97–113 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2018.1403266 |s2cid=148593350 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430013614/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03057070.2018.1403266 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref> An kira yankunan da aka raba su da ''bantustans'', sauran yankin kuma an kira shi ''Yankin 'Yan Sanda'' . Nan take, duk mutanen da ba fararen fata ba da ke aiki a Yankin 'Yan Sanda suka zama ''ma'aikata 'yan ci-rani'', kuma aka kafa dokoki don zirga-zirgar 'yan sanda a ciki da wajen Bantustans. <ref name="Proposals" /> Yankin da dukkan 'yan bantustan suka haɗu ya yi daidai da yankin 'yan sanda. Duk da haka, dukkan bantustans galibin yankunan karkara ne kuma ba a haɗa manyan garuruwa ba. Duk tashoshin jiragen ruwa, mafi yawan hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa da kayayyakin more rayuwa na tituna masu kwalta, dukkan manyan filayen jiragen sama, yankunan lu'u-lu'u masu riba da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa suna cikin yankin 'yan sanda. <ref name="Proposals" /> Tun daga shekarar 1968, [1] [2] bayan shawarwarin 1964 na kwamitin da Fox Odendaal ke jagoranta, an kafa gidaje goma masu kama da na Afirka ta Kudu a Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka ( Namibiya ta yanzu). Kalmar "Bantustan" ba ta dace ba a wannan mahallin, domin wasu daga cikin mutanen da abin ya shafa Khoisan ne, ba Bantu ba, kuma Rehoboth Basters misali ne mai sarkakiya. Daga cikin waɗannan ƙasashe goma na Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka, uku ne kawai aka bai wa ikon mulkin kai (idan aka kwatanta da Bantustans a Afirka ta Kudu) tsakanin 1973 da 1976. [3] [4] [5] [6] ==== Hukumomin Wakilai ==== A watan Yulin 1980, [1] an canza tsarin zuwa ɗaya daga cikin gwamnatoci daban-daban ("hukumomin wakilai") a matsayin sassan gudanarwa na mataki na biyu (wanda ke da alhakin wasu al'amura kamar mallakar filaye, noma, ilimi har zuwa matakin horar da malaman makarantun firamare, ayyukan kiwon lafiya da walwalar zamantakewa da fansho) bisa ga ƙabilanci kawai kuma ba ya dogara da yankuna da aka ƙayyade a ƙasa ba. An gina bisa ga cibiyoyi da suka riga suka wanzu tun daga 1925 da 1962, bi da bi, an kuma kafa hukumomin wakilci ga ƙungiyoyin jama'a na fararen fata [2] da masu launi [3] . Ba a kafa irin waɗannan hukumomin wakilci ga al'ummar Himba da San ba (galibi suna mamaye tsoffin ƙasashensu na Kaokoland da Bushmanland). [4] An dakatar da waɗannan gwamnatocin ƙabilu na biyu ''a zahiri'' a watan Mayu na 1989, a farkon sauyin mulki zuwa 'yancin kai, kuma an soke ''dokar de jure'' a ranar 21 ga Maris 1990 (ranar da Namibia ta sami 'yancin kai) bisa ga Jadawali na 8 na Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Namibia . <ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Constitution of Namibia – Schedules |url=https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/wa01000_.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621204439/https://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/wa01000_.html |archive-date=21 June 2020 |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref> Basters sun yi nasarar ci gaba da riƙe matsayin Rehoboth mai cin gashin kansa, wanda a da yake da ikon cin gashin kansa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Jamus, da kuma Basterland, amma ba su yi nasara ba. A tsohuwar Bantustan ta Gabashin Caprivi, masu ra'ayin kishin ƙasa na Lozi a shekarar 1999 sun ƙaddamar da wani bore da bai yi nasara ba a yunƙurin samun 'yancin kai daga Namibia. Ƙasar da ke yankunan Bantustan ta faɗa hannun jihar Namibia, kuma a yau ana kiranta "Yankunan Hadin Gwiwa". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gargallo |first=Eduard |year=2010 |title=Beyond Black and White: Ethnicity and Land Reform in Namibia |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-politique-africaine-2010-4-page-153.htm |journal=[[Politique africaine]] |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=153–173 |doi=10.3917/polaf.120.0153 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ==== Gidajen ƙasa (har zuwa 1980) / Hukumomin Wakilai (1980–1989/1990) ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Bantustan !Capital<ref>{{Cite web |title=''South-West Africa, Proposed Homelands.'' in: The Bantustan Proposals for South-West Africa, p 179. |url=http://www.long-damato.northwestern.edu/Pages-papers2/bantustan-proposals-SWAfrica.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626094847/http://www.long-damato.northwestern.edu/Pages-papers2/bantustan-proposals-SWAfrica.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2016 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> !Most represented tribe !Legislative Council established !Self-government !Representative Authority years |- |{{Flag|Ovamboland}} |Ondangua |Ovambo |1968 |1973 |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |{{Flag|Kavangoland}} |Rundu |Kavango |1970 |1973 |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |{{Flag|East Caprivi}} |Katima Mulilo |Lozi |1972 |1976 |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |[[Namaland]] |[[Keetmanshoop]] |[[Mutanen Nama|Nama]] |1976 |— |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |{{Flag|Rehoboth}} |Rehoboth |[[Kabilar basters|Baster]] |1977 |— |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /><ref>On 20 March 1990, one day before Namibia finally became independent on 21 March, Rehoboth unilaterally declared its independence from Namibia: {{Cite web |date=24 November 2019 |title=''Declaration of Independence 1990.'' Rehoboth Basters, 20 March 1990 |url=http://rehobothbasters.org/casedetails.php?id=213 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923202755/http://rehobothbasters.org/casedetails.php?id=213 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=24 November 2019 |website=Rehoboth Basters}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Damaraland}} |Welwitschia |Damara |1977 |— |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |[[Hereroland]] |Okakarara |Herero |— |— |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |[[Tswanaland]] |Aminuis |Tswana |— |— |1980–1989 (1990)<ref name=":18" /> |- |[[Bushmanland (South West Africa)|Bushmanland]] |Tsumkwe |[[Mutanen San|San]] |— |— |— |- |{{Flag|Kaokoland}} |Ohopoho |Himba |— |— |— |} == Amfani a cikin mahallin da ba na Afirka ta Kudu ba == Kalmar "bantustan" ta zama kalma ta gama gari da ake amfani da ita a ma'anar rashin amincewa da ita ga duk wani yanki da ake tilasta wa mutane su rayu ba tare da cikakkun 'yancin farar hula da siyasa ba. <ref name="Macmillan" /> === Yankunan Falasdinawa === A Gabas ta Tsakiya, yankunan Falasdinawa da ke Yammacin Kogin Jordan, da kuma Zirin Gaza, galibi ana siffanta su da 'yan bantustan daga masu sukar manufofin Isra'ila a yankunan Falasdinawa . [1] Ana amfani da kalmar don nufin ko dai yankunan da aka tsara a Yammacin Kogin Jordan da aka ware wa Falasdinawa a ƙarƙashin shawarwari daban-daban da Amurka da Isra'ila suka jagoranta don kawo ƙarshen rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinawa, ko kuma "tsibiran" 165 da ke akwai waɗanda suka fara zama a hukumance a matsayin Yankuna A da B a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Oslo ta Biyu ta 1995. Isra'ila-U. Shirye-shiryen zaman lafiya na S., gami da Shirin Allon, shirin Kungiyar Zionist ta Duniya ta Drobles, shirin Menachem Begin, shirin "Allon Plus" na Benjamin Netanyahu, taron kolin Camp David na 2000, da kuma hangen nesa na Sharon na ƙasar Falasɗinu sun gabatar da yankin da ke da alaƙa da yankin, [1] [1] kamar yadda shirin zaman lafiya na Trump na 2020 ya gabatar . [1] [1] An soki wannan a matsayin "zaɓin Bantustan". [1] [1] [1] === Wasu misalai === A [[Geology na yankin Indiya|yankin Indiya]], ana zargin gwamnatin Sinhalese ta [[Sri Lanka]] da mayar da yankunan Tamil zuwa "bantustans". An kuma yi amfani da kalmar don nufin yanayin rayuwa na Dalits a [[Indiya]] . A [[Najeriya]], Bishop [[Matthew Hassan Kukah]] na Katolika ya kira kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] da "babban sakacin gwamnati." A [[Kanada]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], galibi ana kwatanta ajiyar Indiya da ajiyar Indiya da Bantustans saboda alaƙar da ke tsakanin tsarin wariyar launin fata na ƙasashen. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cambre |first=Maria-Carolina |date=2007-04-01 |title=Terminologies of Control: Tracing the Canadian-South African Connection in a Word |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02589340701336211 |journal=Politikon |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=19–34 |doi=10.1080/02589340701336211 |issn=0258-9346 |s2cid=144893432 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Makiyayin Bedoon * Yankunan Falasdinawa, waɗanda aka fi sani da bantustans * Wurin ajiyar 'yan Indiya * Masu zaɓen Māori * Wariyar launin fata * Dokar 'Yancin Ƙasa ta Bantu, 1970 * [[Rarraba launin fata|Wariyar launin fata]] * Volkstaat * Fasfo na ciki * [[Tsabtace kabilanci|Tsarkakewar ƙabilanci]] * Hukumar Kula da Matsugunan Yaƙi * Yarjejeniyar Oslo * Hamastan == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Littattafan tarihi == *   * {{Cite book|edition=Rebecca L.}} * {{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Brice Jr |date=Summer 1984 |title=The South Africanization of Israel |journal=[[Arab Studies Quarterly]] |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=169–189 |jstor=41857718}} *   *   *   *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bantustan policy * [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9015513/Bantustan Encyclopædia Britannica, Bantustan] * ''[[iarchive:bantustansdivideandrule|Divide & Rule: South Africa's Bantustans]]'' by Barbara Rogers (1980) * Pelliccioni Franco, LO SVILUPPO DELLE "BANTU HOMELANDS" NEL SUDAFRICA, 1974 [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346425228_LO_SVILUPPO_DELLE_BANTU_HOMELANDS_NEL_SUDAFRICA] (1974) {{Bantustans}}{{Segregation by type}}{{Political history of South Africa}}{{Indigenous rights footer}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ejplpi3kufmix0i97bc5intttd9i5q2 0 178414 964057 2026-10-06T20:53:07Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373133009|Adolphus Aghughu]]" 964057 wikitext text/x-wiki   Adolphus Ag 1979, Arhotomhenla (an haife shi 7 Satumba 1962 a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]]) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Najeriya. Ya kasance Babban Mai Bincike na Tarayyar kuma shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Afirka ta waje. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Adolphus ya kammala karatu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Jihar Bendel yanzu [[Jami'ar Ambrose Alli]], [[Ekpoma]], Jihar Bendal (Yanzu [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]) Najeriya a shekarar 1986. Ya yi aikinsa na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a 1987. Ya sami Jagora a (Tattalin Arziki) Kudi da Bankin daga [[Jami'ar Benin|Jami'ar Benin (Nijeriya)]] , Benin City Najeriya a shekarar 1997. A halin yanzu dalibi ne na PhD na ɗan lokaci (Management of Environmental Resource) tare da tasiri daga 2017 a Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]] [[Keffi]], Najeriya. == Ayyukan sana'a == Ya fara aikinsa na aiki a shekarar 1980 a matsayin malami a gwamnatin Bendel (wanda yanzu ita ce gwamnatin jihar Edo) sannan ya zama Akanta a gwamnatin jihar Edo a shekarar 1988. ↵Ya zama Akanta a ofishin Babban Mai Binciken Kudi na Tarayya a shekarar 1992. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gwamnati ta Tarayya (Nigeria) ta kara masa matsayi zuwa matsayin Daraktan Binciken Kudi daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, kuma ya kasance dan takarar har zuwa matakin karshe na jarrabawar Sakatare na Dindindin ta Tarayya a shekarar 2018 da 2019.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} Adolphus memba ne na Certified National Akantant of Nigeria, memba ne na Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (FCTI) kuma memba ne na Nigerian Institute of Management (Chartered).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}} Mista Adolphus Agughu ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a ranar Laraba, 7 ga Satumba, 2022, yana da shekaru 60. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] 6hu89p46x8t76iha6v6irxqngflbv0h 964058 964057 2026-10-06T20:53:52Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 964058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adolphus Ag 1979, Arhotomhenla (an haife shi 7 Satumba 1962 a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]]) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Najeriya. Ya kasance Babban Mai Bincike na Tarayyar kuma shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Afirka ta waje. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Adolphus ya kammala karatu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Jihar Bendel yanzu [[Jami'ar Ambrose Alli]], [[Ekpoma]], Jihar Bendal (Yanzu [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]) Najeriya a shekarar 1986. Ya yi aikinsa na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a 1987. Ya sami Jagora a (Tattalin Arziki) Kudi da Bankin daga [[Jami'ar Benin|Jami'ar Benin (Nijeriya)]] , Benin City Najeriya a shekarar 1997. A halin yanzu dalibi ne na PhD na ɗan lokaci (Management of Environmental Resource) tare da tasiri daga 2017 a Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]] [[Keffi]], Najeriya. == Ayyukan sana'a == Ya fara aikinsa na aiki a shekarar 1980 a matsayin malami a gwamnatin Bendel (wanda yanzu ita ce gwamnatin jihar Edo) sannan ya zama Akanta a gwamnatin jihar Edo a shekarar 1988. ↵Ya zama Akanta a ofishin Babban Mai Binciken Kudi na Tarayya a shekarar 1992. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gwamnati ta Tarayya (Nigeria) ta kara masa matsayi zuwa matsayin Daraktan Binciken Kudi daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, kuma ya kasance dan takarar har zuwa matakin karshe na jarrabawar Sakatare na Dindindin ta Tarayya a shekarar 2018 da 2019.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} Adolphus memba ne na Certified National Akantant of Nigeria, memba ne na Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (FCTI) kuma memba ne na Nigerian Institute of Management (Chartered).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}} Mista Adolphus Agughu ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a ranar Laraba, 7 ga Satumba, 2022, yana da shekaru 60. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] nsey6g8okf7b538f2nws1bh1v0xd6lt 964060 964058 2026-10-06T20:55:03Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Ayyukan sana'a */ 964060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adolphus Ag 1979, Arhotomhenla (an haife shi 7 Satumba 1962 a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]]) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Najeriya. Ya kasance Babban Mai Bincike na Tarayyar kuma shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Afirka ta waje. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Adolphus ya kammala karatu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Jihar Bendel yanzu [[Jami'ar Ambrose Alli]], [[Ekpoma]], Jihar Bendal (Yanzu [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]) Najeriya a shekarar 1986. Ya yi aikinsa na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a 1987. Ya sami Jagora a (Tattalin Arziki) Kudi da Bankin daga [[Jami'ar Benin|Jami'ar Benin (Nijeriya)]] , Benin City Najeriya a shekarar 1997. A halin yanzu dalibi ne na PhD na ɗan lokaci (Management of Environmental Resource) tare da tasiri daga 2017 a Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]] [[Keffi]], Najeriya. == Ayyukan sana'a == Ya fara aikinsa na aiki a shekarar 1980 a matsayin malami a gwamnatin Bendel (wanda yanzu ita ce gwamnatin jihar Edo) sannan ya zama Akanta a gwamnatin jihar Edo a shekarar 1988. ↵Ya zama Akanta a ofishin Babban Mai Binciken Kudi na Tarayya a shekarar 1992. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gwamnati ta Tarayya (Nigeria) ta kara masa matsayi zuwa matsayin Daraktan Binciken Kudi daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, kuma ya kasance dan takarar har zuwa matakin karshe na jarrabawar Sakatare na Dindindin ta Tarayya a shekarar 2018 da 2019.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} Adolphus memba ne na Certified National Akantant of Nigeria, memba ne na Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (FCTI) kuma memba ne na Nigerian Institute of Management (Chartered).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}} Mista Adolphus Agughu ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a ranar Laraba, 7 ga Satumba, 2022, yana da shekaru 60.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://oaugf.ng/mr-aghughu-adolphus-a-jp-fcna|title=Mr. Aghughu Adolphus A. (JP), FCNA|work=Office of the Auditor-General for the Federation|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/fg-shops-for-new-auditor-general-among-directors/|title=FG shops for new Auditor-General among directors |date=2022-08-17|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] a6ctb70lfh4zm40q9xvw5cc9tplbhnt 964061 964060 2026-10-06T20:56:04Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 A Sulaiman Z moved page [[Adolphus Ya Shekaru 1979,]] to [[Adolphus Aghughu]] 964060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adolphus Ag 1979, Arhotomhenla (an haife shi 7 Satumba 1962 a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]]) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Najeriya. Ya kasance Babban Mai Bincike na Tarayyar kuma shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Afirka ta waje. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Adolphus ya kammala karatu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Jihar Bendel yanzu [[Jami'ar Ambrose Alli]], [[Ekpoma]], Jihar Bendal (Yanzu [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]) Najeriya a shekarar 1986. Ya yi aikinsa na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a 1987. Ya sami Jagora a (Tattalin Arziki) Kudi da Bankin daga [[Jami'ar Benin|Jami'ar Benin (Nijeriya)]] , Benin City Najeriya a shekarar 1997. A halin yanzu dalibi ne na PhD na ɗan lokaci (Management of Environmental Resource) tare da tasiri daga 2017 a Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]] [[Keffi]], Najeriya. == Ayyukan sana'a == Ya fara aikinsa na aiki a shekarar 1980 a matsayin malami a gwamnatin Bendel (wanda yanzu ita ce gwamnatin jihar Edo) sannan ya zama Akanta a gwamnatin jihar Edo a shekarar 1988. ↵Ya zama Akanta a ofishin Babban Mai Binciken Kudi na Tarayya a shekarar 1992. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gwamnati ta Tarayya (Nigeria) ta kara masa matsayi zuwa matsayin Daraktan Binciken Kudi daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, kuma ya kasance dan takarar har zuwa matakin karshe na jarrabawar Sakatare na Dindindin ta Tarayya a shekarar 2018 da 2019.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}} Adolphus memba ne na Certified National Akantant of Nigeria, memba ne na Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (FCTI) kuma memba ne na Nigerian Institute of Management (Chartered).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}} Mista Adolphus Agughu ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a ranar Laraba, 7 ga Satumba, 2022, yana da shekaru 60.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://oaugf.ng/mr-aghughu-adolphus-a-jp-fcna|title=Mr. Aghughu Adolphus A. (JP), FCNA|work=Office of the Auditor-General for the Federation|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/fg-shops-for-new-auditor-general-among-directors/|title=FG shops for new Auditor-General among directors |date=2022-08-17|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] a6ctb70lfh4zm40q9xvw5cc9tplbhnt 964063 964061 2026-10-06T20:56:50Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Ayyukan sana'a */ 964063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adolphus Ag 1979, Arhotomhenla (an haife shi 7 Satumba 1962 a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]]) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Najeriya. Ya kasance Babban Mai Bincike na Tarayyar kuma shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Afirka ta waje. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Adolphus ya kammala karatu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Jihar Bendel yanzu [[Jami'ar Ambrose Alli]], [[Ekpoma]], Jihar Bendal (Yanzu [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]) Najeriya a shekarar 1986. Ya yi aikinsa na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a 1987. Ya sami Jagora a (Tattalin Arziki) Kudi da Bankin daga [[Jami'ar Benin|Jami'ar Benin (Nijeriya)]] , Benin City Najeriya a shekarar 1997. A halin yanzu dalibi ne na PhD na ɗan lokaci (Management of Environmental Resource) tare da tasiri daga 2017 a Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]] [[Keffi]], Najeriya. == Ayyukan sana'a == Ya fara aikinsa na aiki a shekarar 1980 a matsayin malami a gwamnatin Bendel (wanda yanzu ita ce gwamnatin jihar Edo) sannan ya zama Akanta a gwamnatin jihar Edo a shekarar 1988. ↵Ya zama Akanta a ofishin Babban Mai Binciken Kudi na Tarayya a shekarar 1992. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gwamnati ta Tarayya (Nigeria) ta kara masa matsayi zuwa matsayin Daraktan Binciken Kudi daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, kuma ya kasance dan takarar har zuwa matakin karshe na jarrabawar Sakatare na Dindindin ta Tarayya a shekarar 2018 da 2019. Adolphus memba ne na Certified National Akantant of Nigeria, memba ne na Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (FCTI) kuma memba ne na Nigerian Institute of Management (Chartered). Mista Adolphus Agughu ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a ranar Laraba, 7 ga Satumba, 2022, yana da shekaru 60.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://oaugf.ng/mr-aghughu-adolphus-a-jp-fcna|title=Mr. Aghughu Adolphus A. (JP), FCNA|work=Office of the Auditor-General for the Federation|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/fg-shops-for-new-auditor-general-among-directors/|title=FG shops for new Auditor-General among directors |date=2022-08-17|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] ca0rrr9odyn4caqvqj75vwipktx4l0s 964064 964063 2026-10-06T20:57:52Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 964064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adolphus Ag 1979, Arhotomhenla (an haife shi 7 Satumba 1962 a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]]) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Najeriya. Ya kasance Babban Mai Bincike na Tarayyar kuma shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Afirka ta waje. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Adolphus ya kammala karatu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Jihar Bendel yanzu [[Jami'ar Ambrose Alli]], [[Ekpoma]], Jihar Bendal (Yanzu [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]) Najeriya a shekarar 1986. Ya yi aikinsa na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a 1987. Ya sami Jagora a (Tattalin Arziki) Kudi da Bankin daga [[Jami'ar Benin|Jami'ar Benin (Nijeriya)]] , Benin City Najeriya a shekarar 1997. A halin yanzu dalibi ne na PhD na ɗan lokaci (Management of Environmental Resource) tare da tasiri daga 2017 a Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]] [[Keffi]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gazettengr.com/profile-aghughu-adolphus-newly-confirmed-auditor-general-of-the-federation/|location=Abuja, Nigeria|title=Profile: Aghughu Adolphus, newly confirmed Auditor-General of the Federation |date=2021-02-17|access-date=2021-11-30|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Peoples Gazette]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.afrosaiwgea.africa/index.php/about/chairman-afrosai-wgea/|title=President AFROSAI WGEA|work=AFROSAI WGEA|access-date=2021-11-30|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130125639/https://www.afrosaiwgea.africa/index.php/about/chairman-afrosai-wgea/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gbetutv.com/about-mr-aghughu-arhotomhenla-adolphus-jp-fcna/|title=About Mr. Aghughu Arhotomhenla Adolphus (JP), FCNA |date=2021-01-27|work=Gbetu Tv|access-date=2021-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Ya fara aikinsa na aiki a shekarar 1980 a matsayin malami a gwamnatin Bendel (wanda yanzu ita ce gwamnatin jihar Edo) sannan ya zama Akanta a gwamnatin jihar Edo a shekarar 1988. ↵Ya zama Akanta a ofishin Babban Mai Binciken Kudi na Tarayya a shekarar 1992. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gwamnati ta Tarayya (Nigeria) ta kara masa matsayi zuwa matsayin Daraktan Binciken Kudi daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, kuma ya kasance dan takarar har zuwa matakin karshe na jarrabawar Sakatare na Dindindin ta Tarayya a shekarar 2018 da 2019. Adolphus memba ne na Certified National Akantant of Nigeria, memba ne na Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (FCTI) kuma memba ne na Nigerian Institute of Management (Chartered). Mista Adolphus Agughu ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a ranar Laraba, 7 ga Satumba, 2022, yana da shekaru 60.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://oaugf.ng/mr-aghughu-adolphus-a-jp-fcna|title=Mr. Aghughu Adolphus A. (JP), FCNA|work=Office of the Auditor-General for the Federation|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/fg-shops-for-new-auditor-general-among-directors/|title=FG shops for new Auditor-General among directors |date=2022-08-17|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] sk5q4blfugpmcgksc1ua8nftvij1nke 964065 964064 2026-10-06T20:59:34Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 964065 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adolphus Ag 1979, Arhotomhenla (an haife shi 7 Satumba 1962 a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]]) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Najeriya. Ya kasance Babban Mai Bincike na Tarayyar kuma shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Afirka ta waje.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerias-auditor-general-emerges-au-board-of-external-auditors-chair/gl2ez28|title=Nigeria's Auditor-General emerges AU Board of External Auditors Chair - Pulse.ng|date=2021-02-25|access-date=2021-03-12|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/auditor-general-queries-multibillion-naira-irregularities-in-npa-accounts/|title=Auditor-General queries multibillion-naira irregularities in NPA accounts|date=2021-06-26|access-date=2021-11-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Adolphus ya kammala karatu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Jihar Bendel yanzu [[Jami'ar Ambrose Alli]], [[Ekpoma]], Jihar Bendal (Yanzu [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]) Najeriya a shekarar 1986. Ya yi aikinsa na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a 1987. Ya sami Jagora a (Tattalin Arziki) Kudi da Bankin daga [[Jami'ar Benin|Jami'ar Benin (Nijeriya)]] , Benin City Najeriya a shekarar 1997. A halin yanzu dalibi ne na PhD na ɗan lokaci (Management of Environmental Resource) tare da tasiri daga 2017 a Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]] [[Keffi]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gazettengr.com/profile-aghughu-adolphus-newly-confirmed-auditor-general-of-the-federation/|location=Abuja, Nigeria|title=Profile: Aghughu Adolphus, newly confirmed Auditor-General of the Federation |date=2021-02-17|access-date=2021-11-30|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Peoples Gazette]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.afrosaiwgea.africa/index.php/about/chairman-afrosai-wgea/|title=President AFROSAI WGEA|work=AFROSAI WGEA|access-date=2021-11-30|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130125639/https://www.afrosaiwgea.africa/index.php/about/chairman-afrosai-wgea/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gbetutv.com/about-mr-aghughu-arhotomhenla-adolphus-jp-fcna/|title=About Mr. Aghughu Arhotomhenla Adolphus (JP), FCNA |date=2021-01-27|work=Gbetu Tv|access-date=2021-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Ya fara aikinsa na aiki a shekarar 1980 a matsayin malami a gwamnatin Bendel (wanda yanzu ita ce gwamnatin jihar Edo) sannan ya zama Akanta a gwamnatin jihar Edo a shekarar 1988. ↵Ya zama Akanta a ofishin Babban Mai Binciken Kudi na Tarayya a shekarar 1992. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gwamnati ta Tarayya (Nigeria) ta kara masa matsayi zuwa matsayin Daraktan Binciken Kudi daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, kuma ya kasance dan takarar har zuwa matakin karshe na jarrabawar Sakatare na Dindindin ta Tarayya a shekarar 2018 da 2019. Adolphus memba ne na Certified National Akantant of Nigeria, memba ne na Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (FCTI) kuma memba ne na Nigerian Institute of Management (Chartered). Mista Adolphus Agughu ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a ranar Laraba, 7 ga Satumba, 2022, yana da shekaru 60.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://oaugf.ng/mr-aghughu-adolphus-a-jp-fcna|title=Mr. Aghughu Adolphus A. (JP), FCNA|work=Office of the Auditor-General for the Federation|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/fg-shops-for-new-auditor-general-among-directors/|title=FG shops for new Auditor-General among directors |date=2022-08-17|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] qt4hdiq8wmw5vd8u4lmkm7r610nkpqs 964067 964065 2026-10-06T21:01:27Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 964067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Adolphus Ag 1979, Arhotomhenla (an haife shi 7 Satumba 1962 a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]]) ma'aikacin gwamnati ne na Najeriya. Ya kasance Babban Mai Bincike na Tarayyar<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/senate-confirms-adolphus-as-auditor-general-for-the-federation|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Senate confirms Adolphus as Auditor-General for the Federation - Vanguard|date=2021-02-17|access-date=2021-03-12|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/438945-buhari-appoints-auditor-general-frc-chairman.html |title=Buhari appoints Auditor-General, FRC chairman |date=2021-01-27|access-date=2021-11-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/buhari-appoints-auditor-general-frc-boss/|title=Buhari appoints auditor-general, FRC boss|date=2021-01-27|access-date=2021-11-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/01/26/buhari-nominates-aghughu-as-auditor-general-of-the-federation/|title=Buhari Nominates Aghughu as Auditor General of the Federation|date=2021-01-26|access-date=2021-11-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://afrosai-e.org.za/2021/02/25/sai-nigeria-welcomes-new-auditor-general-mr-adolphus-aghughu/|title=SAI Nigeria welcomes new Auditor General, Mr Adolphus Aghughu - Afrosai-e|date=2021-02-25|work=Afrosai-e(Institution of Auditors-General from English-speaking African countries)|access-date=2021-11-08|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thecable.ng/senate-confirms-aghughu-adolphus-as-auditor-general-for-the-federation|title=Senate confirms Aghughu Adolphus as auditor-general - TheCable|date=2021-02-17|access-date=2021-03-12|language=en-US|newspaper=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> kuma shugaban, Hukumar Kula da Bincike ta Ƙungiyar Afirka ta waje.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/nigerias-auditor-general-emerges-au-board-of-external-auditors-chair/gl2ez28|title=Nigeria's Auditor-General emerges AU Board of External Auditors Chair - Pulse.ng|date=2021-02-25|access-date=2021-03-12|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/auditor-general-queries-multibillion-naira-irregularities-in-npa-accounts/|title=Auditor-General queries multibillion-naira irregularities in NPA accounts|date=2021-06-26|access-date=2021-11-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Adolphus ya kammala karatu a fannin tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Jihar Bendel yanzu [[Jami'ar Ambrose Alli]], [[Ekpoma]], Jihar Bendal (Yanzu [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]) Najeriya a shekarar 1986. Ya yi aikinsa na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) a [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]] a 1987. Ya sami Jagora a (Tattalin Arziki) Kudi da Bankin daga [[Jami'ar Benin|Jami'ar Benin (Nijeriya)]] , Benin City Najeriya a shekarar 1997. A halin yanzu dalibi ne na PhD na ɗan lokaci (Management of Environmental Resource) tare da tasiri daga 2017 a Makarantar Nazarin Postgraduate, [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]] [[Keffi]], Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gazettengr.com/profile-aghughu-adolphus-newly-confirmed-auditor-general-of-the-federation/|location=Abuja, Nigeria|title=Profile: Aghughu Adolphus, newly confirmed Auditor-General of the Federation |date=2021-02-17|access-date=2021-11-30|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Peoples Gazette]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.afrosaiwgea.africa/index.php/about/chairman-afrosai-wgea/|title=President AFROSAI WGEA|work=AFROSAI WGEA|access-date=2021-11-30|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130125639/https://www.afrosaiwgea.africa/index.php/about/chairman-afrosai-wgea/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gbetutv.com/about-mr-aghughu-arhotomhenla-adolphus-jp-fcna/|title=About Mr. Aghughu Arhotomhenla Adolphus (JP), FCNA |date=2021-01-27|work=Gbetu Tv|access-date=2021-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Ya fara aikinsa na aiki a shekarar 1980 a matsayin malami a gwamnatin Bendel (wanda yanzu ita ce gwamnatin jihar Edo) sannan ya zama Akanta a gwamnatin jihar Edo a shekarar 1988. ↵Ya zama Akanta a ofishin Babban Mai Binciken Kudi na Tarayya a shekarar 1992. Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Gwamnati ta Tarayya (Nigeria) ta kara masa matsayi zuwa matsayin Daraktan Binciken Kudi daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2016, kuma ya kasance dan takarar har zuwa matakin karshe na jarrabawar Sakatare na Dindindin ta Tarayya a shekarar 2018 da 2019. Adolphus memba ne na Certified National Akantant of Nigeria, memba ne na Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria (FCTI) kuma memba ne na Nigerian Institute of Management (Chartered). Mista Adolphus Agughu ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati a ranar Laraba, 7 ga Satumba, 2022, yana da shekaru 60.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://oaugf.ng/mr-aghughu-adolphus-a-jp-fcna|title=Mr. Aghughu Adolphus A. (JP), FCNA|work=Office of the Auditor-General for the Federation|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/fg-shops-for-new-auditor-general-among-directors/|title=FG shops for new Auditor-General among directors |date=2022-08-17|access-date=2022-09-08|language=en-US|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] pdrc1rhdldn3as58gbivimvbhzev047 0 178415 964062 2026-10-06T20:56:04Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 A Sulaiman Z moved page [[Adolphus Ya Shekaru 1979,]] to [[Adolphus Aghughu]] 964062 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Adolphus Aghughu]] eczqgwj3zjk5a2310ziwi6ohavueroz 3 178416 964071 2026-10-06T21:23:20Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Khaleel767! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Khaleel767|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) a3jyx7wyhbfh007yykzudgxcwlbf69w 3 178417 964072 2026-10-06T21:23:30Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964072 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, K.O.518! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/K.O.518|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 6b5u6adaomybi4dkr6xh5spsyf8c5ga 3 178418 964073 2026-10-06T21:23:49Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964073 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mattmilligan13! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mattmilligan13|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) o4ambyzs7v30ofgyho0smjt3tk24ru2 3 178419 964074 2026-10-06T21:24:00Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964074 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Communityupdater2847! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Communityupdater2847|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) j4jsy8pugridthfkk248c4pohm5sf1x 3 178420 964075 2026-10-06T21:24:09Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964075 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Adankong! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Adankong|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) oiqtbzd4qodd8qug1qs9oyvqydk6lpq 3 178421 964076 2026-10-06T21:24:19Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964076 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mynetizen! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mynetizen|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 3z1zj1wxsa2cdkz6v2a22uq8usekbs2 3 178422 964077 2026-10-06T21:24:30Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964077 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rafaelnelsoncarvajal11! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rafaelnelsoncarvajal11|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) b00meigzowz348qbzbc5n64n5s5vbty 3 178423 964078 2026-10-06T21:24:39Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964078 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sadiq attah! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sadiq attah|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 631qoqaalebrhp21t1b10iakugwxgoh 3 178424 964079 2026-10-06T21:24:50Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964079 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ednxa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ednxa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 4quy56s0a6qveyhf54iqetca5iq7rbs 3 178425 964080 2026-10-06T21:24:59Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964080 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mai Saje bawangare! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mai Saje bawangare|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) plbam4i6lk2l4qo78ehofzvvsfy1019 3 178426 964081 2026-10-06T21:25:10Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964081 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, PAssimacopoulos-WMF! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/PAssimacopoulos-WMF|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 4aqj9xu3clhbdizpvndm4xnlg0ibndd 3 178427 964082 2026-10-06T21:25:20Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964082 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, RealSCG.! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/RealSCG.|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ilfj8hj1zh6cmlqqjkmljsvf5al4t9r 3 178428 964083 2026-10-06T21:25:30Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964083 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, لاہور مرد عشق 23! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/لاہور مرد عشق 23|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) fkz7f4ahr57pbj3isx779pk3vjl36sn 3 178429 964084 2026-10-06T21:25:40Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964084 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kirky in the pirky! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kirky in the pirky|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) p377hqu5gpzqeto33wqtf14ua2enywx 3 178430 964085 2026-10-06T21:25:50Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964085 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, عبد الرحمن أبوبكر! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/عبد الرحمن أبوبكر|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) oded7k5sb8963scff3ih8jx5x3cgs6p 3 178431 964086 2026-10-06T21:25:59Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964086 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gameiva! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gameiva|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ffyk9xq3zs5iibcpnf377g7v1q4ypd9 3 178432 964087 2026-10-06T21:26:10Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964087 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mkawano01! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mkawano01|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 19ts2h5o50a7at0fdfcpwu32ndck6tl 0 178433 964089 2026-10-06T21:34:22Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Rabiu Dagari | image = Rabiu Dagari in Ecuador.jpg | caption = Rabiu Dagari | office = Darakta-Janar na [[Directorate of Technical Cooperation in Africa|Directorate of Technical Cooperation in Africa (DTCA)]] | term_start = 16 Maris 2021 | term_end = 2024 | predecessor = | successor = [[Garba Moyi Isa]] | office1 = Jakadan Najeriya a Venezuela | term_start1 = 2014 | term_end1 = 2016 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = Martins Nyong Cobham | birth_place =... 964089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Rabiu Dagari | image = Rabiu Dagari in Ecuador.jpg | caption = Rabiu Dagari | office = Darakta-Janar na [[Directorate of Technical Cooperation in Africa|Directorate of Technical Cooperation in Africa (DTCA)]] | term_start = 16 Maris 2021 | term_end = 2024 | predecessor = | successor = [[Garba Moyi Isa]] | office1 = Jakadan Najeriya a Venezuela | term_start1 = 2014 | term_end1 = 2016 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = Martins Nyong Cobham | birth_place = [[Nguru]], Jihar Yobe, Najeriya | nationality = Najeriya | education = [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]]<br>[[Jami'ar Liverpool]] | occupation = Diflomasiyya | known_for = Diflomasiyyar Najeriya | awards = [[Order of the Niger|OON]]; mni | wikidata = Q22976074 }} '''Rabiu Dagari''' ɗan diflomasiyyar Najeriya ne wanda ya riƙe manyan mukamai a [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Najeriya]] da kuma a ƙasashen waje. Ya taɓa zama [[jakada]]n Najeriya a [[Venezuela]], tare da wakilci a [[Colombia]] da [[Ecuador]], sannan ya zama Darakta-Janar na [[Directorate of Technical Cooperation in Africa]] (DTCA) a shekarar 2021. An bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan asalin [[Nguru]], Jihar [[Yobe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Buhari appoints Dagari DG DTCA |url=https://thesun.ng/buhari-appoints-dagari-dg-dtca/ |website=The Sun Nigeria |date=10 April 2021 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == Rabiu Dagari ɗan asalin [[Nguru]] ne a Jihar Yobe. Ya yi karatun kimiyyar siyasa (Political Science) a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke [[Zaria]], inda ya samu digirin farko. Daga baya ya samu digirin [[Master of Public Administration]] daga [[Jami'ar Liverpool]] a Birtaniya. Ya kuma samu digirin Master of Arts a Governance and Development Policy daga CERIS/Université Paris-Sud.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buhari appoints Dagari DG DTCA |url=https://thesun.ng/buhari-appoints-dagari-dg-dtca/ |website=The Sun Nigeria |date=10 April 2021 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ta kuma bayyana Dagari a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗaliban School of Basic Studies ta jami'ar, wadda ta haɗa ɗaliban ajin 1976/1977. A shekarar 2025, ya jagoranci wasu daga cikin tsofaffin ɗaliban wajen ziyartar jami'ar domin tattauna hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ci gaban jami'ar.<ref>{{cite web |title=ABU SBS Class of 1976/77 reconnects with alma mater |url=https://abu.edu.ng/abu-sbs-class-of-1976-77-reconnects-with-alma-mater/ |website=Ahmadu Bello University |date=18 February 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin diflomasiyya == Dagari ya yi aiki na tsawon lokaci a [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Najeriya]], inda ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban. Ya yi aiki a ofisoshin diflomasiyyar Najeriya da dama a ƙasashen waje, ciki har da [[Paris]], [[London]], [[Rome]], [[Dublin]] da [[Brussels]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Buhari appoints Dagari DG DTCA |url=https://thesun.ng/buhari-appoints-dagari-dg-dtca/ |website=The Sun Nigeria |date=10 April 2021 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A cikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, ya kuma riƙe mukamai kamar mukaddashin daraktan Ofishin Ministan Harkokin Waje, Daraktan Harkokin Jakadanci (Consular Affairs), da Mataimakin Darakta mai kula da Protocol a Ofishin Shugaban Ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buhari appoints Dagari DG DTCA |url=https://thesun.ng/buhari-appoints-dagari-dg-dtca/ |website=The Sun Nigeria |date=10 April 2021 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Ya kuma kasance cikin wani kwamiti da ya shirya cikakken rahoto kan sake fasalin [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Najeriya]]. Bugu da ƙari, ya halarci Senior Executive Course 28 na [[National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies]] (NIPSS), Kuru.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buhari appoints Dagari DG DTCA |url=https://thesun.ng/buhari-appoints-dagari-dg-dtca/ |website=The Sun Nigeria |date=10 April 2021 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Jakadan Najeriya a Venezuela == A shekarar 2014, Rabiu Dagari ya zama [[jakada]]n Najeriya a [[Venezuela]]. Aikin jakadancinsa ya kuma haɗa da wakiltar Najeriya a [[Colombia]] da [[Ecuador]] a matsayin jakada mai zama a Venezuela.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ante el Presidente Juan Manuel Santos y la Canciller Holguín, Embajador de Nigeria en Venezuela concurrente para Colombia presentó cartas credenciales |url=https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/sala-de-prensa/noticias/ante-el-presidente-juan-manuel-santos-y-la-canciller-holguin-embajador-de-nigeria-en-venezuela-concurrente-para-colombia-presento-cartas-credenciales |website=Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Colombia |date=18 March 2014 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Maris 2014, Dagari ya gabatar da takardun shaidar jakadanci ga Shugaban Colombia, [[Juan Manuel Santos]], a Bogotá. A yayin taron, an tattauna batutuwan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da Colombia, ciki har da yaki da safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi da garkuwa da mutane, da kuma haɗin gwiwa a fannin noma.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ante el Presidente Juan Manuel Santos y la Canciller Holguín, Embajador de Nigeria en Venezuela concurrente para Colombia presentó cartas credenciales |url=https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/sala-de-prensa/noticias/ante-el-presidente-juan-manuel-santos-y-la-canciller-holguin-embajador-de-nigeria-en-venezuela-concurrente-para-colombia-presento-cartas-credenciales |website=Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Colombia |date=18 March 2014 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A lokacin aikin nasa, ya kuma ziyarci Colombia a shekarar 2015 domin tattaunawa kan dangantakar kasuwanci da tattalin arziki tsakanin ƙasashen biyu, tare da jami'an gwamnatin Colombia da hukumomin kasuwanci.<ref>{{cite web |title=Otros Países |url=https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/politica-exterior/otros-paises |website=Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Colombia |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Darakta-Janar na DTCA == A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2021, gwamnatin Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ta sanar da naɗin Rabiu Dagari a matsayin Darakta-Janar na [[Directorate of Technical Cooperation in Africa]] (DTCA). Naɗin ya fara aiki ne a watan Maris 2021 kuma an tsara shi na farko na tsawon shekaru huɗu.<ref>{{cite web |title=Buhari appoints Dagari DG DTCA |url=https://thesun.ng/buhari-appoints-dagari-dg-dtca/ |website=The Sun Nigeria |date=10 April 2021 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A matsayinsa na Darakta-Janar, Dagari ya jagoranci DTCA wajen neman hanyoyin amfani da ƙwarewar masana da kwararrun Afirka wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziki, kimiyya, fasaha da noma a nahiyar. A shekarar 2021, ya gana da shugabannin [[International Institute of Tropical Agriculture]] (IITA) domin tattauna haɗin gwiwa a fannin noma da amfani da fasaha wajen inganta samar da abinci a Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=DTCA partner with IITA in promoting agriculture in Africa |url=https://www.cgiar.org/news-events/news/dtca-partner-with-iita-in-promoting-agriculture-in-africa |website=CGIAR |date=28 October 2021 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2021, ya ziyarci [[Jami'ar Bayero Kano]] domin tattauna yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin DTCA da Centre for Dryland Agriculture. Ya bayyana cewa binciken noma da sabbin fasahohi na da muhimmanci wajen taimaka wa manoma, musamman a yankunan Sahel da ke fuskantar sauyin yanayi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambassador Rabiu Dagari visits Bayero University Kano |url=https://buk.edu.ng/sites/default/files/bulletin/2021/friday_10th_December_2021_No_63.pdf |website=Bayero University Kano |date=10 December 2021 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwar Afirka == Dagari ya kuma shiga shirye-shiryen da suka shafi haɗin kan ƙasashen Afirka da amfani da ƙwarewar 'yan Afirka mazauna ƙasashen waje wajen ci gaban nahiyar. A shekarar 2023, ya kasance Darakta-Janar na DTCA kuma ya yi jawabi a taron Global African Diaspora Symposium da aka gudanar a Abuja.<ref>{{cite web |title=Building Stronger Connections between Africa and the Global Diaspora |url=https://gadsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/GADS-2023-Full-Report.pdf |website=Global African Diaspora Symposium |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A taron National Diaspora Day na shekarar 2023, Rabiu Dagari ya kasance mai jagorantar tattaunawa kan yadda 'yan Najeriya mazauna ƙasashen waje za su taimaka wajen ci gaban ƙasa. Taron ya samu halartar jami'an gwamnati da masu ruwa da tsaki kan harkokin 'yan Najeriya a ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{cite web |title=Communique issued at the end of the National Diaspora Day Celebrations 2023 |url=https://nidcom.gov.ng/communique-issued-at-the-end-of-the-national-diaspora-day-celebrations-2023-with-the-theme-consolidating-diaspora-engagement-for-national-development-held-on-25th-and-26th-of-july-20/ |website=Nigerians in Diaspora Commission |date=2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Ya kuma shiga taron [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a matsayin wakilin Najeriya, inda a shekarar 2023 ya yi jawabi kan ci gaban Afirka, haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa, sauyin dijital da kuma muhimmancin jagorancin ƙasashen Afirka wajen tsara manufofin ci gaba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sustainable Development under Grave Threat, Requiring Strengthened Multilateralism |url=https://press.un.org/en/2023/gaef359.doc.htm |website=United Nations |date=2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Hulɗa da cibiyoyin bincike da noma == A lokacin da yake jagorantar DTCA, Dagari ya jaddada muhimmancin [[kimiyya]], [[fasaha]] da bincike wajen magance matsalolin ci gaban Afirka. A shekarar 2021, ya bayyana cewa amfani da binciken kimiyya da fasaha a harkar noma na iya taimaka wa Afirka wajen ƙara yawan amfanin gona da rage dogaro da shigo da abinci daga wasu nahiyoyi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Solution to Africa's problems in Science, Technology, Research application |url=https://nationaldailynews.com.ng/2021/09/15/solution-to-africas-problems-in-science-technology-research-application/ |website=National Daily News |date=15 September 2021 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> DTCA ta yi aiki tare da cibiyoyi kamar IITA da sauran ƙungiyoyin bincike domin ƙarfafa musayar fasaha da ƙwarewa tsakanin Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |title=DTCA partner with IITA in promoting agriculture in Africa |url=https://www.cgiar.org/news-events/news/dtca-partner-with-iita-in-promoting-agriculture-in-africa |website=CGIAR |date=28 October 2021 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Mukamin DTCA da ya biyo baya == Bayanan DTCA na yanzu sun nuna cewa Col. Garba Moyi Isa (Rtd.) ne Darakta-Janar na hukumar a yanzu. Saboda haka Rabiu Dagari ba shi ne Darakta-Janar na yanzu ba; ya riƙe wannan mukami ne a shekarun baya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Directorate of Technical Cooperation in Africa |url=https://www.dtca.gov.ng/ |website=Directorate of Technical Cooperation in Africa |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Daraja da suna == Ana kiran Rabiu Dagari da Ambassador Rabiu Dagari, mni a wasu bayanan hukumomi. Har ila yau, Wikidata tana da wani abu mai lamba Q22976074 da aka ware masa, inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan diflomasiyyar Najeriya kuma jakada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rabiu Dagari |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22976074 |website=Wikidata |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Diflomasiyyar Najeriya]] * [[Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Najeriya]] * [[Directorate of Technical Cooperation in Africa]] * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[Jami'ar Liverpool]] * [[Nguru]] * [[Jihar Yobe]] * [[Jakadancin Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://thesun.ng/buhari-appoints-dagari-dg-dtca/ The Sun Nigeria — Buhari appoints Dagari DG DTCA] * [https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/sala-de-prensa/noticias/ante-el-presidente-juan-manuel-santos-y-la-canciller-holguin-embajador-de-nigeria-en-venezuela-concurrente-para-colombia-presento-cartas-credenciales Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Colombia — Rabiu Dagari ya gabatar da takardun shaidar jakadanci] * [https://abu.edu.ng/abu-sbs-class-of-1976-77-reconnects-with-alma-mater/ Ahmadu Bello University — ABU SBS Class of 1976/77 reconnects with alma mater] * [https://www.cgiar.org/news-events/news/dtca-partner-with-iita-in-promoting-agriculture-in-africa CGIAR/IITA — DTCA partner with IITA] * [https://nidcom.gov.ng/communique-issued-at-the-end-of-the-national-diaspora-day-celebrations-2023-with-the-theme-consolidating-diaspora-engagement-for-national-development-held-on-25th-and-26th-of-july-20/ NiDCOM — National Diaspora Day 2023] * [https://press.un.org/en/2023/gaef359.doc.htm United Nations — Sustainable Development under Grave Threat] * [https://www.dtca.gov.ng/ DTCA — Directorate of Technical Cooperation in Africa] * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22976074 Wikidata — Rabiu Dagari] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] [[Category:Mutanen Nguru]] [[Category:Diplomats na Najeriya]] [[Category:Jakadun Najeriya]] [[Category:Jakadun Najeriya a Venezuela]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan gwamnati na Najeriya]] [[Category:Daliban Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Category:Daliban Jami'ar Liverpool]] [[Category:Masu rike da mukaman gwamnati a Najeriya]] [[Category:Q22976074]] ja3wc8cf726ammwqh64nmq4v1lb0auu 0 178434 964091 2026-10-06T21:37:35Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Theophilus J.T. Princewill | full_name = Theophilus Jacob Tom Princewill | title = Amachree XI | image = | caption = | reign = 23 Maris 2002 – 2023 | predecessor = Abbiye Suku, Amachree X | successor = Kariboye-Abbi Benebo Princewill, Amachree XII | birth_date = 4 Janairu 1930 | birth_place = [[Buguma]], Jihar Rivers, Najeriya | death_date = 2023 | death_place = [[Buguma]], Jihar Rivers, Najeriya | burial_place = Buguma | spouse = Ibiere Princewill... 964091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Theophilus J.T. Princewill | full_name = Theophilus Jacob Tom Princewill | title = Amachree XI | image = | caption = | reign = 23 Maris 2002 – 2023 | predecessor = Abbiye Suku, Amachree X | successor = Kariboye-Abbi Benebo Princewill, Amachree XII | birth_date = 4 Janairu 1930 | birth_place = [[Buguma]], Jihar Rivers, Najeriya | death_date = 2023 | death_place = [[Buguma]], Jihar Rivers, Najeriya | burial_place = Buguma | spouse = Ibiere Princewill | issue = [[Tonye Princewill]] | house = Princewill | occupation = Farfesa; Sarkin gargajiya | profession = Microbiology | awards = [[Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic|CFR]] }} '''Theophilus Jacob Tom Princewill''' (4 Janairu 1930 – 2023), wanda aka fi sani da '''Prof. T.J.T. Princewill''' ko '''King Theophilus J.T. Princewill''', ya kasance farfesa ɗan Najeriya kuma tsohon [[Amanyanabo]] na [[Masarautar Kalabari]] a Jihar [[Rivers]]. Ya kasance '''Amachree XI''', kuma ya hau gadon sarautar Kalabari a ranar 23 ga Maris 2002. Ya riƙe sarautar har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2023. Majiyoyin Najeriya sun bayyana shi a matsayin masani, farfesa kuma shugaban gargajiya mai tasiri a yankin [[Niger Delta]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Princewill Announces Father's Death |url=https://leadership.ng/princewill-announces-fathers-death/ |work=Leadership |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Theophilus Jacob Tom Princewill a ranar 4 ga Janairu 1930 a [[Buguma]], a cikin gidan sarautar King da Queen Jacob Tom Princewill, Amachree VII na Masarautar Kalabari.<ref>{{cite news |title=Princewill Announces Father's Death |url=https://leadership.ng/princewill-announces-fathers-death/ |work=Leadership |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Princewill ya yi karatun kimiyya sannan ya shiga fannin [[Microbiology]]. Ya ci gaba da aikin ilimi a [[Jami'ar Port Harcourt]], inda ya zama farfesa a shekarar 1984. An bayyana shi a matsayin na farko da ya jagoranci Sashen Microbiology na jami'ar, sannan ya zama farfesa na farko a fannin Microbiology a jami'ar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Princewill Announces Father's Death |url=https://leadership.ng/princewill-announces-fathers-death/ |work=Leadership |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Bayan haka, ya zama Dean na Faculty of Science a tsohuwar [[Rivers State University of Science and Technology]], wadda daga baya aka sake tsarawa a matsayin [[Rivers State University]]. An bayyana shi a matsayin baƙar fata na farko da ya riƙe matsayin Dean na wannan Faculty.<ref>{{cite news |title=Princewill Announces Father's Death |url=https://leadership.ng/princewill-announces-fathers-death/ |work=Leadership |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Bayanan [[Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] sun nuna cewa Farfesa T.J.T. Princewill ya kasance Dean na School of Graduate Studies daga shekarar 1987 zuwa 1990, abin da ke nuna matsayinsa a shugabancin jami'ar kafin ya hau sarautar Kalabari.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Regulations for Graduate Programmes |url=https://www.uniport.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/General_Regulations_for_Graduate_Programmes.pdf |website=University of Port Harcourt |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin ilimi == Kafin ya zama sarki, Princewill ya shafe shekaru da dama yana aikin koyarwa da bincike a fannin Microbiology. Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya [[Goodluck Jonathan]], wanda ya kasance ɗalibinsa a Jami'ar Port Harcourt, ya bayyana shi a matsayin malami da ya yi tasiri a rayuwar ɗalibansa da kuma harkar ilimi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jonathan eulogises late Rivers Monarch, Prof Princewill |url=https://guardian.ng/news/jonathan-eulogises-late-rivers-monarch-prof-princewill/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=30 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> An kuma ambaci Princewill a cikin wallafe-wallafen ƙwararrun masana Microbiology na Najeriya. A cikin mujallar Nigerian Journal of Microbiology, an jera T.J.T. Princewill cikin kwamitin editocin mujallar a farkon shekarun 1980.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Nigerian Journal of Microbiology |url=https://www.nsmjournal.org.ng/uploads/articles/preliminary_pages_21.pdf |journal=Nigerian Journal of Microbiology |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=1982 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Ayyukansa na ilimi sun taimaka wajen kafa matsayinsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin malaman kimiyya da suka taka rawa wajen bunkasa ilimin Microbiology a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Princewill Announces Father's Death |url=https://leadership.ng/princewill-announces-fathers-death/ |work=Leadership |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Hawan sarautar Kalabari == Bayan rasuwar Amachree X, Abbiye Suku, a shekarar 1998, kujerar Amanyanabo ta kasance babu mai sarauta na wani lokaci. Kundin tarihin sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya ya nuna cewa an zaɓi Theophilus J.T. Princewill a matsayin Amachree XI a ranar 23 ga Maris 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian traditional polities |url=https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html |website=Rulers.org |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Shigarsa sarauta ta sanya shi cikin tarihin Masarautar Kalabari a matsayin '''Amachree XI'''. An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin farfesa na farko da ya zama sarkin Kalabari, kuma ɗaya daga cikin malaman jami'a da suka koma shugabancin gargajiya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Princewill Announces Father's Death |url=https://leadership.ng/princewill-announces-fathers-death/ |work=Leadership |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa, ya kasance Amanyanabo da Natural Ruler na [[Kalabari Kingdom]], wadda ke da cibiyarta a [[Buguma]]. Masarautar tana cikin yankin Niger Delta kuma mutanen Kalabari wani ɓangare ne na al'ummar [[Ijaw]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Brief History of Kalabari Kingdom |url=https://www.nijpcr.nou.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/COMPLETE-NIJPCR-VOL-4-NO-1-COMPLETE-PDF.pdf |website=Nigerian Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Shugabancin Majalisar Sarakunan Jihar Rivers == A ranar 1 ga Janairu 2010, gwamnan Jihar Rivers na lokacin, [[Chibuike Rotimi Amaechi]], ya naɗa Princewill a matsayin Shugaban [[Rivers State Council of Traditional Rulers]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Amayanabo T.J.T Princewill: Encounter with the Great King who called me son |url=https://newsexpressngr.com/news/210454/amayanabo-tjt-princewill-encounter-with-the-great-king-who-called-me-son |work=News Express |date=2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Wannan matsayi ya ƙara masa tasiri wajen wakiltar sarakunan gargajiya da kuma tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi zaman lafiya da ci gaban Jihar Rivers. An bayyana shi a matsayin shugaban farko na majalisar wanda ya kasance farfesa kuma sarkin Kalabari.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amayanabo T.J.T Princewill: Encounter with the Great King who called me son |url=https://newsexpressngr.com/news/210454/amayanabo-tjt-princewill-encounter-with-the-great-king-who-called-me-son |work=News Express |date=2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Zaman lafiya da ci gaban Kalabari == A matsayinsa na Amanyanabo, Princewill ya shiga harkokin da suka shafi zaman lafiya, haɗin kan al'umma da ci gaban Masarautar Kalabari. A shekarar 2023, masu shirya jana'izarsa sun bayyana cewa mutanen Kalabari daga al'ummomi 33 za su shiga cikin jana'izarsa, abin da ya nuna muhimmancin sarautar wajen haɗa al'ummar masarautar.<ref>{{cite news |title=33 communities to participate In Kalabari Monarch's burial |url=https://guardian.ng/news/33-communities-to-participate-in-kalabari-monarchs-burial/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=24 November 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa, ya kuma shiga cikin wasu ƙoƙarin sasanta rikice-rikicen al'umma. Misali, a rikicin da ya shafi iyalan O.B. Lulu-Briggs, Princewill ya kafa wani kwamiti domin ƙoƙarin taimakawa wajen warware rikicin da ya shafi jana'izar marigayi ɗan kasuwar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wike's anger over Dickson's visit to Amanyanabo of Kalabari, needless |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/12/wikes-anger-over-dicksons-visit-to-amanyanabo-of-kalabari-needless/ |work=Vanguard |date=14 December 2019 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Matsayinsa a al'ummar Ijaw == Princewill ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan gargajiya masu tasiri a yankin [[Niger Delta]]. Tsohon Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya bayyana shi a matsayin mutum mai muhimmiyar rawa ga al'ummar Ijaw da kuma harkar ilimi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-president Jonathan, Wife mourn late Amanyanabo of Kalabari, pledge support to family |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-president-jonathan-wife-mourn-late-amanyanbo-of-kalabari-pledge-support-to-family/ |work=The Nation |date=2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A wasu takardun ƙungiyoyin Ijaw, an jera shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakunan gargajiya na Ijaw, tare da sauran Amanyanabo da sarakunan yankin Niger Delta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Open Letter to Ijaw Leaders |url=https://ijawnation.org/resources/Governance/Open-Letter-to-Ijaw--Leaders-8-15-2020-2.pdf |website=Ijaw Nation |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Lambar yabo ta CFR == A shekarar 2011, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba Princewill lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa ta '''[[Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR)'''. Tsohon Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya sake ambaton wannan lambar yabo a lokacin da yake mika ta'aziyyarsa ga iyalan sarkin bayan rasuwarsa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-president Jonathan, Wife mourn late Amanyanabo of Kalabari, pledge support to family |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-president-jonathan-wife-mourn-late-amanyanbo-of-kalabari-pledge-support-to-family/ |work=The Nation |date=2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> An kuma san shi da girmamawar '''JP''' a wasu bayanan da aka wallafa game da rayuwarsa da jana'izarsa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amayanabo T.J.T Princewill: Encounter with the Great King who called me son |url=https://newsexpressngr.com/news/210454/amayanabo-tjt-princewill-encounter-with-the-great-king-who-called-me-son |work=News Express |date=2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Iyali == Princewill ya fito daga gidan sarautar Princewill na Kalabari. Ɗansa, '''[[Tonye Princewill]]''', ɗan kasuwa ne, ɗan siyasa kuma tsohon ɗan takarar gwamnan Jihar Rivers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Princewill crowned monarch in Kalabari Kingdom |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/princewill-crowned-monarch-in-kalabari-king/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> Tonye Princewill ya kasance babban mai kula da shirye-shiryen jana'izar mahaifinsa a shekarar 2023, tare da wakilan Majalisar Sarakunan Kalabari da sauran shugabannin al'umma.<ref>{{cite news |title=33 communities to participate In Kalabari Monarch's burial |url=https://guardian.ng/news/33-communities-to-participate-in-kalabari-monarchs-burial/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=24 November 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Rasuwarsa da jana'iza == A watan Yuni 2023 aka sanar da rasuwar Theophilus J.T. Princewill. Sanarwar rasuwar, wadda ɗansa Tonye Princewill ya fitar, ba ta bayyana takamaiman ranar da sarkin ya rasu ba saboda al'adun Masarautar Kalabari game da sanar da rasuwar sarakuna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prince Tonye's father King Amanyanabo of Kalabari is dead |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/06/18/prince-tonyes-father-king-amanyanabo-of-kalabari-is-dead/ |work=P.M. News |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> An shirya jana'izarsa a Buguma a watan Nuwamba 2023, kuma al'ummomi da dama na Kalabari suka shiga cikin ayyukan jana'izar. The Guardian ta ruwaito cewa an shirya binne shi a ranar 29 da 30 ga Nuwamba 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=33 communities to participate In Kalabari Monarch's burial |url=https://guardian.ng/news/33-communities-to-participate-in-kalabari-monarchs-burial/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=24 November 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> An gudanar da jana'izarsa a Buguma, inda aka samu halartar manyan jami'an gwamnati, sarakuna da wakilan al'ummar Ijaw. Gwamnan Jihar Rivers [[Siminalayi Fubara]] ya halarci jana'izar kuma ya yaba da ƙoƙarin haɗa kan Kalabari.<ref>{{cite news |title=I Will Not Fail Rivers People, Fubara Assures – Lauds Kalabari unity at King Princewill's burial |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/12/01/i-will-not-fail-rivers-people-fubara-assures/ |work=THISDAY |date=1 December 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Gadon sarauta == Bayan rasuwarsa, an shiga wani sabon lokaci na zaɓen Amanyanabo na Kalabari. Majiyoyin tarihin sarakunan gargajiya sun rubuta mulkinsa daga 23 Maris 2002 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian traditional polities |url=https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html |website=Rulers.org |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, ɗansa Tonye Princewill ya zama shugaban Da Ogo Polo, wani rukuni na gidajen sarauta na Kalabari, bayan manyan sarakunan yankin sun amince da shi a matsayin wanda zai jagoranci rukunin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Princewill crowned monarch in Kalabari Kingdom |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/princewill-crowned-monarch-in-kalabari-king/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Masarautar Kalabari]] * [[Kalabari]] * [[Ijaw]] * [[Jihar Rivers]] * [[Niger Delta]] * [[Tonye Princewill]] * [[Goodluck Jonathan]] * [[Chibuike Rotimi Amaechi]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://leadership.ng/princewill-announces-fathers-death/ Leadership — Princewill Announces Father's Death] * [https://guardian.ng/news/jonathan-eulogises-late-rivers-monarch-prof-princewill/ The Guardian — Jonathan eulogises late Rivers Monarch, Prof Princewill] * [https://guardian.ng/news/33-communities-to-participate-in-kalabari-monarchs-burial/ The Guardian — 33 communities to participate in Kalabari Monarch's burial] * [https://thenationonlineng.net/ex-president-jonathan-wife-mourn-late-amanyanbo-of-kalabari-pledge-support-to-family/ The Nation — Ex-president Jonathan mourns late Kalabari monarch] * [https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/12/01/i-will-not-fail-rivers-people-fubara-assures/ THISDAY — Fubara attends King Princewill's burial] * [https://www.rulers.org/nigatrad.html Rulers.org — Nigerian traditional polities] * [https://www.uniport.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/General_Regulations_for_Graduate_Programmes.pdf University of Port Harcourt — Graduate Programmes] * [https://www.nsmjournal.org.ng/uploads/articles/preliminary_pages_21.pdf Nigerian Journal of Microbiology] * [https://newsexpressngr.com/news/210454/amayanabo-tjt-princewill-encounter-with-the-great-king-who-called-me-son News Express — Biography of T.J.T. Princewill] [[Category:1930 haihuwa]] [[Category:2023 rasuwa]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Rivers]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Sarakunan Najeriya]] [[Category:Sarakunan gargajiya na Jihar Rivers]] [[Category:Kalabari]] [[Category:Ijaw]] [[Category:Masarautun gargajiya a Najeriya]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana ilimin halittu]] [[Category:Microbiologists]] [[Category:Farfesoshi na Najeriya]] [[Category:University of Port Harcourt alumni]] [[Category:Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic]] i81pk7souhreostdvb87nuuunl78j0d 0 178435 964093 2026-10-06T21:40:14Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Muhammadu Sambo Haruna II | title = Sarkin Wase | reign = 28 Oktoba 2010 – yanzu | predecessor = [[Haruna Abdullahi Maikano]] | successor = | birth_date = | birth_place = | place_of_burial = | house = Masarautar Wase | occupation = Sarkin gargajiya | known_for = Sarkin Wase na 14 }} '''Muhammadu Sambo Haruna II''' (wanda ake kuma rubuta sunansa '''Muhammad Sambo Haruna''') ɗan Najeriya ne kuma [[sarkin gargajiya]] wanda yake riƙe da sarautar '''E... 964093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Muhammadu Sambo Haruna II | title = Sarkin Wase | reign = 28 Oktoba 2010 – yanzu | predecessor = [[Haruna Abdullahi Maikano]] | successor = | birth_date = | birth_place = | place_of_burial = | house = Masarautar Wase | occupation = Sarkin gargajiya | known_for = Sarkin Wase na 14 }} '''Muhammadu Sambo Haruna II''' (wanda ake kuma rubuta sunansa '''Muhammad Sambo Haruna''') ɗan Najeriya ne kuma [[sarkin gargajiya]] wanda yake riƙe da sarautar '''Emir na Wase''' a Jihar [[Plateau]]. An naɗa shi a matsayin Sarkin Wase na 14 a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2010, bayan rasuwar magajinsa, [[Haruna Abdullahi Maikano]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian traditional polities |url=https://rulers.org/nigatrad.html |website=Rulers.org |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2026, majiyoyi har yanzu suna bayyana Muhammadu Sambo Haruna II a matsayin Emir na Wase kuma shugaban Majalisar Gargajiya ta Wase.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mutfwang, Lalong, NUJ Celebrate Emir Of Wase At Birthday |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/mutfwang-lalong-nuj-celebrate-emir-of-wase-at-birthday/ |work=New Telegraph |date=19 June 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Hawan sarauta == Kafin Muhammadu Sambo Haruna ya hau karagar sarautar Wase, [[Haruna Abdullahi Maikano]] ne Emir na Wase. Haruna Abdullahi ya rasu a watan Satumba 2010 yana da shekaru 64, bayan ya shafe kusan shekaru goma a matsayin sarkin Wase.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of AMCOE |url=https://www.amcoewase.edu.ng/history-of-amcoe |website=Abdullahi Maikano College of Education, Wase |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> An naɗa Muhammadu Sambo Haruna a matsayin sabon Emir na Wase, inda ya gaji marigayi Haruna Abdullahi. Kundin tarihin sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya ya rubuta cewa mulkinsa ya fara ne a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigerian traditional polities |url=https://rulers.org/nigatrad.html |website=Rulers.org |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2020, ya cika shekaru goma a kan karagar sarautar Wase. A yayin bikin cikar shekaru goma, ya yi magana kan kalubalen da Wase da Jihar Plateau suka fuskanta a farkon zamaninsa, musamman rikice-rikicen addini da kabilanci, da kuma yadda zaman lafiya ya samu ci gaba a shekarun da suka biyo baya.<ref>{{cite news |title=Emir of Wase wants laws supporting traditional rulers' roles |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/emir-of-wase-wants-laws-supporting-traditional-rulers-roles/ |work=Vanguard |date=1 November 2020 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Shugabancin gargajiya == A matsayinsa na Emir, Muhammadu Sambo Haruna yana jagorantar [[Majalisar Gargajiya ta Wase]]. Wase Emirate tana kunshe da yankuna da dama, ciki har da Wase, Bashar, Lamba da Kadarko, waɗanda suke da shugabannin gargajiya daban-daban a ƙarƙashin tsarin masarautar.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of AMCOE |url=https://www.amcoewase.edu.ng/history-of-amcoe |website=Abdullahi Maikano College of Education, Wase |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A matsayinsa na shugaban masarautar, ya shiga cikin harkokin ci gaban al'umma, ilimi, zaman lafiya da hulɗa tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban na Wase da Jihar Plateau. A shekarar 2026, an bayyana shi a matsayin '''Emir na Wase kuma shugaban Wase Traditional Council''' a yayin ziyarar da ya kai [[Federal Character Commission]] a Abuja tare da Emir na Tula.<ref>{{cite news |title=Emirs Visit FCC, Advocate for Equitable Resource Distribution |url=https://english.hausa360.com/emirs-visit-fcc-advocate-for-equitable-resource-distribution/ |work=Hausa360 |date=6 July 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Zaman lafiya a Plateau == Muhammadu Sambo Haruna ya yi kira akai-akai ga zaman lafiya da haɗin kan al'ummomin Jihar Plateau. A shekarar 2024, ya jagoranci tawagar al'ummar Musulmi zuwa gidan gwamnatin Jihar Plateau bayan wasu hare-hare da suka haddasa asarar rayuka. Ya yi kira da a aiwatar da rahotannin kwamitocin bincike na baya tare da tabbatar da cewa masu aikata laifi sun fuskanci hukunci.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plateau: Emir of Wase wants past reports of commission of inquiries implemented |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/plateau-emir-of-wase-wants-past-reports-of-commission-of-inquiries-implemented/ |work=Nigerian Tribune |date=9 January 2024 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, ya jagoranci wata tawaga daga Wase zuwa Zaria domin jajantawa al'ummar Jihar Kaduna da iyalan waɗanda suka mutu a wani hari. Ya kuma yi kira ga al'ummar masarautarsa da kada lamarin ya lalata kyakkyawar dangantakar da ke tsakanin Plateau da Kaduna.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plateau: Emir leads condolence visit to attacked travellers |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/plateau-emir-leads-condolence-visit-to-attacked-travellers/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=30 June 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A watan Afrilu 2025, ya yi magana kan matsalar hare-hare a Plateau, inda ya jaddada muhimmancin gano waɗanda suke taimaka wa masu kai hare-hare daga cikin al'umma tare da ƙarfafa tsaro.<ref>{{cite news |title=5th columnists fuelling Plateau killings – Emir of Wase |url=https://thesun.ng/5th-columnists-fuelling-plateau-killings-emir-of-wase/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=27 April 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Jama'atu Nasril Islam == Muhammadu Sambo Haruna ya kuma riƙe shugabancin reshen [[Jama'atu Nasril Islam]] (JNI) na Jihar Plateau. A wannan matsayi, ya shiga cikin harkokin da suka shafi Musulmi, zaman lafiya da haɗin kan addinai a jihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plateau JNI Lauds Mutfwang Over Support For Muslims |url=https://leadership.ng/plateau-jni-lauds-mutfwang-over-support-for-muslims/ |work=Leadership |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2023, a lokacin wani taron wayar da kan al'umma game da shirin [[Adolescent Girls Initiative for Learning and Empowerment]] (AGILE), ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga ilimin 'yan mata. Ya ce al'adu da addini bai kamata su zama shinge ga samun ilimi ba, kuma ya nuna cewa zai taimaka wajen wayar da kan al'umma game da shirin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Emir, Chief Imam To Mobilise Muslim Community On AGILE Projects |url=https://leadership.ng/emir-chief-imam-to-mobilise-muslim-community-on-agile-projects/ |work=Leadership |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da ci gaban al'umma == A matsayinsa na sarki, Muhammadu Sambo Haruna ya goyi bayan ayyukan da suka shafi ilimi da ci gaban al'umma a Wase. Abdullahi Maikano College of Education da ke Wase ta bayyana shi a matsayin shugaban gargajiya na 14 da ya bayar da gudunmawa wajen ci gaban harkar ilimi a yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of AMCOE |url=https://www.amcoewase.edu.ng/history-of-amcoe |website=Abdullahi Maikano College of Education, Wase |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ya yi maraba da shirin AGILE wanda [[Bankin Duniya]] ke tallafawa domin ƙara yawan 'yan mata masu zuwa makaranta da inganta ilimin dijital. Ya bayyana cewa ya ziyarci wasu makarantu da aka gina a yankinsa ƙarƙashin shirin kuma ya nuna gamsuwa da ayyukan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Emir, Chief Imam To Mobilise Muslim Community On AGILE Projects |url=https://leadership.ng/emir-chief-imam-to-mobilise-muslim-community-on-agile-projects/ |work=Leadership |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Hulɗa da gwamnatin Plateau == Muhammadu Sambo Haruna ya riƙa ganawa da shugabannin gwamnatin Jihar Plateau kan batutuwan zaman lafiya, tsaro da ci gaban al'umma. A shekarar 2024, ya gana da Gwamna [[Caleb Mutfwang]] tare da sauran shugabannin Musulmi a jihar. A yayin taron, ya bayyana goyon bayan al'ummar Musulmi ga ƙoƙarin gwamnati na samar da zaman lafiya da magance rikice-rikice.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plateau JNI Lauds Mutfwang Over Support For Muslims |url=https://leadership.ng/plateau-jni-lauds-mutfwang-over-support-for-muslims/ |work=Leadership |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A watan Yunin 2026, Gwamna Mutfwang, tsohon Gwamna [[Simon Lalong]] da shugabannin [[Nigeria Union of Journalists]] na Jihar Plateau sun taya Emir ɗin murnar zagayowar ranar haihuwarsa. Mutfwang ya bayyana shi a matsayin jagoran al'umma mai ba da muhimmanci ga tattaunawa, zaman lafiya da fahimtar juna tsakanin al'ummomi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mutfwang, Lalong, NUJ Celebrate Emir Of Wase At Birthday |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/mutfwang-lalong-nuj-celebrate-emir-of-wase-at-birthday/ |work=New Telegraph |date=19 June 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Hulɗa da gwamnatin tarayya == A watan Yulin 2026, Muhammadu Sambo Haruna II ya ziyarci [[Federal Character Commission]] a Abuja tare da Emir na Tula. Taron ya mayar da hankali kan rabon albarkatun ƙasa cikin adalci, ayyukan ci gaban karkara, ilimi, lafiya, noma da samar da damar aiki ga matasa.<ref>{{cite news |title=Emirs Visit FCC, Advocate for Equitable Resource Distribution |url=https://english.hausa360.com/emirs-visit-fcc-advocate-for-equitable-resource-distribution/ |work=Hausa360 |date=6 July 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> A watan Agustan 2026, Ma'aikatar Yaɗa Labarai ta Tarayya ta ambace shi a matsayin Emir na Wase a wani taron da ya shafi harkar lafiya. A yayin taron, ya yaba da muhimmancin samar da ingantaccen tsarin kula da lafiya ga al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=FG Reaffirms Commitment to Sustainable Financing for Critical Care Services |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/fg-reaffirms-commitment-to-sustainable-financing-for-critical-care-services/ |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=8 July 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ra'ayinsa kan rawar sarakunan gargajiya == A shekarar 2020, lokacin bikin cikar shekaru goma a kan karagar sarauta, Muhammadu Sambo Haruna ya yi kira ga 'yan siyasa da su samar da dokoki da za su fayyace da kuma tallafa wa rawar sarakunan gargajiya a Najeriya. Ya bayyana cewa sarakunan gargajiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen warware matsalolin al'umma, amma tsarin mulkin Najeriya bai fayyace rawar da kundin tsarin mulki ya ba su ba. Ya yi kira da a samar da tsarin doka da zai taimaka musu wajen gudanar da ayyukansu yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{cite news |title=Emir of Wase wants laws supporting traditional rulers' roles |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/emir-of-wase-wants-laws-supporting-traditional-rulers-roles/ |work=Vanguard |date=1 November 2020 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Sarautarsa a yanzu == Ya zuwa shekarar 2026, Muhammadu Sambo Haruna II yana ci gaba da zama Emir na Wase. Majiyoyi na shekarar 2026 sun ambace shi a matsayin Emir na Wase a ayyukan hukuma da na al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |title=FG Reaffirms Commitment to Sustainable Financing for Critical Care Services |url=https://fmino.gov.ng/fg-reaffirms-commitment-to-sustainable-financing-for-critical-care-services/ |website=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation |date=8 July 2026 |access-date=6 October 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Wase]] * [[Jihar Plateau]] * [[Masarautun gargajiya na Najeriya]] * [[Jama'atu Nasril Islam]] * [[Caleb Mutfwang]] * [[Federal Character Commission]] * [[Abdullahi Maikano College of Education]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://rulers.org/nigatrad.html Rulers.org — Nigerian traditional polities] * [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/emir-of-wase-wants-laws-supporting-traditional-rulers-roles/ Vanguard — Emir of Wase wants laws supporting traditional rulers' roles] * [https://leadership.ng/emir-chief-imam-to-mobilise-muslim-community-on-agile-projects/ Leadership — Emir, Chief Imam To Mobilise Muslim Community On AGILE Projects] * [https://tribuneonlineng.com/plateau-emir-of-wase-wants-past-reports-of-commission-of-inquiries-implemented/ Nigerian Tribune — Plateau: Emir of Wase wants past reports of commission of inquiries implemented] * [https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/plateau-emir-leads-condolence-visit-to-attacked-travellers/ The Guardian — Plateau: Emir leads condolence visit] * [https://thesun.ng/5th-columnists-fuelling-plateau-killings-emir-of-wase/ The Sun — 5th columnists fuelling Plateau killings] * [https://newtelegraphng.com/mutfwang-lalong-nuj-celebrate-emir-of-wase-at-birthday/ New Telegraph — Mutfwang, Lalong, NUJ celebrate Emir of Wase] * [https://fmino.gov.ng/fg-reaffirms-commitment-to-sustainable-financing-for-critical-care-services/ Federal Ministry of Information — FG Reaffirms Commitment to Sustainable Financing for Critical Care Services] * [https://www.amcoewase.edu.ng/history-of-amcoe Abdullahi Maikano College of Education — History of AMCOE] [[Category:Masarautun gargajiya a Najeriya]] [[Category:Sarakunan Najeriya]] [[Category:Sarakunan Plateau]] [[Category:Wase]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Plateau]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Fulani]] [[Category:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu rike da sarautun gargajiya]] [[Category:Masu fafutukar zaman lafiya]] 60gflmqy0asenrryq159lbgo8jbiq7x 0 178436 964097 2026-10-06T21:55:01Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Affan Buba Abuya | image = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = | nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = Mai taimaka wa jami'in gwamnati, ɗan siyasa | known_for = Tsohon Personal Assistant ga [[Isa Ali Pantami]] }} '''Affan Buba Abuya''' ɗan Najeriya ne kuma tsohon mai taimaka wa Farfesa [[Isa Ali Pantami]], tsohon Darakta-Janar na [[National Information Technology Development Agency]] (NITDA) kuma tsohon Ministan Sadarwa da... 964097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Affan Buba Abuya | image = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = | nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = Mai taimaka wa jami'in gwamnati, ɗan siyasa | known_for = Tsohon Personal Assistant ga [[Isa Ali Pantami]] }} '''Affan Buba Abuya''' ɗan Najeriya ne kuma tsohon mai taimaka wa Farfesa [[Isa Ali Pantami]], tsohon Darakta-Janar na [[National Information Technology Development Agency]] (NITDA) kuma tsohon Ministan Sadarwa da Tattalin Arziƙin Dijital na Najeriya. An bayyana Abuya a matsayin Personal Assistant na Pantami, kuma ya yi aiki tare da shi tun lokacin da Pantami ke jagorantar NITDA har zuwa lokacin da yake minista.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dateline.ng/gombe-governor-other-dignitaries-attend-wedding-of-pantamis-pa/ |title=Gombe governor, other dignitaries attend wedding of Pantami's PA |website=Dateline Nigeria |date=19 Disamba 2021 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/ex-aide-says-pantamis-limited-accessibility-could-hurt-2027-political-ambitions/ |title=Ex aide says Pantami’s limited accessibility could hurt 2027 political ambitions |website=Neptune Prime |date=3 Agusta 2026 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Aiki tare da Isa Ali Pantami == Abuya ya yi aiki a matsayin Personal Assistant ga [[Isa Ali Pantami]] a lokacin da Pantami ke matsayin Darakta-Janar na [[National Information Technology Development Agency]] (NITDA), sannan ya ci gaba da aiki tare da shi bayan an naɗa Pantami Ministan Sadarwa da Tattalin Arziƙin Dijital na Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/ex-aide-says-pantamis-limited-accessibility-could-hurt-2027-political-ambitions/ |title=Ex aide says Pantami’s limited accessibility could hurt 2027 political ambitions |website=Neptune Prime |date=3 Agusta 2026 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> A watan Disamba 2021, jaridar Dateline Nigeria ta ruwaito cewa Gwamnan Jihar Gombe, [[Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya]], ya halarci bikin ɗaurin auren Abuya a Gombe. Rahoton ya bayyana Abuya a matsayin Personal Assistant na Ministan Sadarwa da Tattalin Arziƙin Dijital a lokacin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dateline.ng/gombe-governor-other-dignitaries-attend-wedding-of-pantamis-pa/ |title=Gombe governor, other dignitaries attend wedding of Pantami's PA |website=Dateline Nigeria |date=19 Disamba 2021 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Siyasa == A shekarar 2026, sunan Abuya ya fara fitowa a cikin rahotannin sauye-sauyen siyasa a [[Jihar Gombe]] gabanin [[Zaben Najeriya na 2027|babban zaɓen Najeriya na 2027]]. Rahotanni sun bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da suka taɓa kasancewa kusa da Pantami kuma daga baya suka koma wata hanya ta siyasa.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/08/2027-gwamna-pantami-camps-trade-claims-as-gombe-politics-heats-up/ |title=2027: Gwamna, Pantami camps trade claims as Gombe politics heats up |work=Vanguard |date=17 Agusta 2026 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> A watan Agusta 2026, rahotanni daga sansanin ɗan takarar gwamnan Gombe, [[Jamil Isyaku Gwamna]], sun ambaci Abuya a matsayin tsohon Personal Assistant na Pantami wanda ya rabu da sansanin siyasar Pantami tare da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/2027-ex-pantami-aide-dalhatu-defects-to-apc-backs-gwamnas-guber-bid/ |title=2027: Ex-Pantami aide Dalhatu defects to APC, backs Gwamna’s guber bid |work=The Nation |date=8 Agusta 2026 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi kan siyasar Gombe == A watan Agusta 2026, Abuya ya bayyana ra'ayinsa game da salon hulɗar tsohon shugaban aikinsa, Pantami, da wasu manyan 'yan siyasa da shugabannin addini. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun ce Abuya ya yi iƙirarin cewa rashin yawan hulɗa da wasu manyan mutane na iya zama ƙalubale ga Pantami yayin shiga siyasar jam'iyya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/ex-aide-says-pantamis-limited-accessibility-could-hurt-2027-political-ambitions/ |title=Ex aide says Pantami’s limited accessibility could hurt 2027 political ambitions |website=Neptune Prime |date=3 Agusta 2026 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Waɗannan maganganun ra'ayi ne da aka danganta ga Abuya, kuma rahoton Neptune Prime ya bayyana cewa zarge-zargen ba a tabbatar da su da kansu ba a lokacin da aka wallafa rahoton.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/ex-aide-says-pantamis-limited-accessibility-could-hurt-2027-political-ambitions/ |title=Ex aide says Pantami’s limited accessibility could hurt 2027 political ambitions |website=Neptune Prime |date=3 Agusta 2026 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == A ranar 18 ga Disamba 2021, an gudanar da bikin ɗaurin auren Affan Buba Abuya da Hauwa'u Abubakar Minangi a [[Gombe]]. Gwamnan Jihar Gombe Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya ya kasance wakilin ango a wajen bikin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dateline.ng/gombe-governor-other-dignitaries-attend-wedding-of-pantamis-pa/ |title=Gombe governor, other dignitaries attend wedding of Pantami's PA |website=Dateline Nigeria |date=19 Disamba 2021 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Isa Ali Pantami]] * [[National Information Technology Development Agency]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://dateline.ng/gombe-governor-other-dignitaries-attend-wedding-of-pantamis-pa/ Dateline Nigeria — Gombe governor, other dignitaries attend wedding of Pantami's PA] * [https://neptuneprime.com.ng/ex-aide-says-pantamis-limited-accessibility-could-hurt-2027-political-ambitions/ Neptune Prime — Ex aide says Pantami’s limited accessibility could hurt 2027 political ambitions] * [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2026/08/2027-gwamna-pantami-camps-trade-claims-as-gombe-politics-heats-up/ Vanguard — Gwamna, Pantami camps trade claims as Gombe politics heats up] * [https://thenationonlineng.net/2027-ex-pantami-aide-dalhatu-defects-to-apc-backs-gwamnas-guber-bid/ The Nation — Ex-Pantami aide Dalhatu defects to APC] [[Category:Mutanen Gombe]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:'Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:'Yan siyasar Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan gwamnati na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu taimaka wa jami'an gwamnati]] [[Category:Mutanen Gombe]] 9p2z0iypudju7y1m8ama7x003h0c37g 0 178437 964098 2026-10-06T21:56:45Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Danjuma Muhammad Baba Karami | image = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = | nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = [[Siyasa|ɗan siyasa]] | known_for = Ɗan siyasar Najeriya }} '''Danjuma Muhammad Baba Karami''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne. An san sunansa a cikin bayanan [[Wikidata]] da jerin sunayen 'yan siyasar Najeriya da ba su da cikakken labari a [[Wikipedia]]. An ba shi lambar Wikidata '''Q114346385'''.<ref>{{cite web |url... 964098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Danjuma Muhammad Baba Karami | image = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_place = | nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = [[Siyasa|ɗan siyasa]] | known_for = Ɗan siyasar Najeriya }} '''Danjuma Muhammad Baba Karami''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne. An san sunansa a cikin bayanan [[Wikidata]] da jerin sunayen 'yan siyasar Najeriya da ba su da cikakken labari a [[Wikipedia]]. An ba shi lambar Wikidata '''Q114346385'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114346385 |title=Danjuma Muhammad Baba Karami |website=Wikidata |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Sana'ar siyasa == Danjuma Muhammad Baba Karami an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan siyasar Najeriya a bayanan Wikidata da wasu jerin ayyukan Wikimedia da suka tattara 'yan siyasar Afirka waɗanda ba su da labarin Wikipedia a wasu harsuna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:African_Legislators_in_Red |title=African Legislators in Red |website=Meta-Wiki |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> A halin yanzu, ba a samu isasshiyar majiya mai zaman kanta da za ta tabbatar da cikakken tarihin ayyukan siyasar Danjuma Muhammad Baba Karami ba. Saboda haka, ba a ƙara wasu bayanai kamar mazabar da ya wakilta, jam'iyyar siyasa, shekarun fara aiki ko mukamin gwamnati ba tare da ingantacciyar majiya ba. == Wikidata == An ƙirƙiri shafin Danjuma Muhammad Baba Karami a [[Wikidata]] da lambar '''Q114346385'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114346385 |title=Danjuma Muhammad Baba Karami — Wikidata |website=Wikidata |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya]] * [[Wikidata]] * [[Wikipedia ta Hausa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114346385 Wikidata — Danjuma Muhammad Baba Karami] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Event:African_Legislators_in_Red Meta-Wiki — African Legislators in Red] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_Wiki_Women/Listeria/Nigerian_politicians_without_English_Wikipedia_articles Meta-Wiki — Nigerian politicians without English Wikipedia articles] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:'Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Wikidata]] [[Category:Mutanen da ba su da labarin Wikipedia]] lzljulljrtd8rcbdxa6gbvtt0op9d1j 0 178438 964101 2026-10-06T22:00:45Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Nwaogu Emmanuel | birth_date = | birth_place = | nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = [[Siyasa|ɗan siyasa]] | known_for = An jera shi a matsayin ɗan siyasar Najeriya | wikidata = Q104906221 }} '''Nwaogu Emmanuel''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda aka ƙirƙiri bayaninsa a [[Wikidata]] da lambar '''Q104906221'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104906221 |title=Nwaogu Emmanuel |website=Wikidata |access-date=6 Okto... 964101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nwaogu Emmanuel | birth_date = | birth_place = | nationality = [[Najeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] | occupation = [[Siyasa|ɗan siyasa]] | known_for = An jera shi a matsayin ɗan siyasar Najeriya | wikidata = Q104906221 }} '''Nwaogu Emmanuel''' ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda aka ƙirƙiri bayaninsa a [[Wikidata]] da lambar '''Q104906221'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104906221 |title=Nwaogu Emmanuel |website=Wikidata |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> An jera Nwaogu Emmanuel a cikin wani aikin [[Wikimedia]] mai tattara sunayen 'yan siyasar Najeriya waɗanda ba su da cikakken labari a Wikipedia. A wannan bayanin, an bayyana shi da matsayin “Nigerian politician”, amma ba a bayar da cikakkun bayanai game da ranar haihuwarsa, wurin haihuwa, iliminsa, jam'iyyarsa ko mukamansa ba.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Vanderwaalforces/ALiR_missing_articles |title=African Legislators in Red — Missing articles |website=Meta-Wiki |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Siyasa == A bayanan Wikidata da aikin ''African Legislators in Red'', an danganta Nwaogu Emmanuel da siyasar Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/African_Legislators_in_Red_2025 |title=African Legislators in Red 2025 |website=Meta-Wiki |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Sai dai, har zuwa lokacin rubuta wannan labarin, ba a samu isassun majiyoyi masu zaman kansu da za su tabbatar da cikakken tarihin aikinsa na siyasa ba. Saboda haka, ba a bayyana takamaiman mukami, mazaba, jam'iyya ko shekarun da ya yi aiki a siyasa ba tare da wata majiya mai inganci ba. == Batun mukamin Gwamnan Anambra == Wasu kwafin bayanan tarihin [[Chukwuemeka Ezeife]] da ake samu a intanet sun nuna sunan “Nwaogu Emmanuel” a matsayin wanda ya gaji Ezeife a matsayin Gwamnan [[Jihar Anambra]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kiwix.scoggi.net/content/wikipedia_en_all_maxi_2023-11/A/Chukwuemeka_Ezeife |title=Chukwuemeka Ezeife |website=Kiwix |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Duk da haka, wannan bayanin bai samu tabbaci daga wata majiya mai zaman kanta mai ƙarfi da aka gano yayin binciken ba. Saboda haka, bai kamata a gabatar da Nwaogu Emmanuel a matsayin tsohon gwamnan Anambra a matsayin tabbataccen bayani ba sai an samu majiya ta farko ko wata majiya mai inganci da ta tabbatar da hakan. == Wikidata == An ba Nwaogu Emmanuel lambar [[Wikidata]] '''Q104906221'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104906221 |title=Q104906221 — Nwaogu Emmanuel |website=Wikidata |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Anambra]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[Chukwuemeka Ezeife]] * [[Wikidata]] * [[Wikimedia]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104906221 Wikidata — Nwaogu Emmanuel] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Vanderwaalforces/ALiR_missing_articles Meta-Wiki — African Legislators in Red, missing articles] * [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/African_Legislators_in_Red_2025 Meta-Wiki — African Legislators in Red 2025] * [https://kiwix.scoggi.net/content/wikipedia_en_all_maxi_2023-11/A/Chukwuemeka_Ezeife Chukwuemeka Ezeife — Kiwix] [[Category:'Yan siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Category:Siyasar Najeriya]] [[Category:Wikidata]] [[Category:Mutanen da ba su da cikakken labari a Wikipedia]] 24luqopa8usfm4m35fg9ebcbrr66g60 0 178439 964102 2026-10-06T22:02:21Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox building | name = Fadar Sarkin Dukku | native_name = Emir's Palace, Dukku | image = | caption = | location = [[Dukku]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] | status = Fadar masarauta | building_type = Fadar sarki | owner = [[Masarautar Dukku]] | current_tenant = [[Sarkin Dukku]] | completion_date = }} '''Fadar Sarkin Dukku''' ({{lang-en|Emir's Palace, Dukku}}) fada ce ta masarauta da ke garin [[Dukku]], hedikwatar [[Karamar Hukumar Dukku]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]].... 964102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Fadar Sarkin Dukku | native_name = Emir's Palace, Dukku | image = | caption = | location = [[Dukku]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] | status = Fadar masarauta | building_type = Fadar sarki | owner = [[Masarautar Dukku]] | current_tenant = [[Sarkin Dukku]] | completion_date = }} '''Fadar Sarkin Dukku''' ({{lang-en|Emir's Palace, Dukku}}) fada ce ta masarauta da ke garin [[Dukku]], hedikwatar [[Karamar Hukumar Dukku]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Fadar ita ce cibiyar gudanar da harkokin [[Masarautar Dukku]], kuma wurin zama da karɓar baƙi na [[Sarkin Dukku]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dukku |title=Dukku |website=Wikivoyage |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi da matsayi == Dukku na daga cikin masarautun gargajiya na Jihar Gombe. An kafa [[Masarautar Dukku]] daga wani ɓangare na [[Masarautar Gombe]] a shekarar 2001, a lokacin gwamnatin Gwamna [[Abubakar Habu Hashidu]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukku |title=Dukku |website=Wikipedia |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Fadar Sarkin Dukku tana matsayin muhimmiyar cibiyar gudanar da harkokin gargajiya da hulɗa tsakanin sarauta da al'ummar masarautar. Wikivoyage ta lissafa '''Dukku Emirate Council (Emir of Dukku Palace)''' a matsayin wurin da Sarkin gargajiya na Masarautar Dukku yake.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dukku |title=Dukku |website=Wikivoyage |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Sarkin Dukku == A shekarar 2013, [[Haruna Abdulkadir Rasheed II]] ya hau kujerar sarautar Dukku bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, [[Abdulkadir Haruna Rashid]], wanda shi ne Sarkin Dukku na farko bayan ƙirƙirar masarautar. An naɗa Haruna Abdulkadir Rasheed II a matsayin Sarkin Dukku a ranar 4 ga Janairu 2013.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/3a7c77ad-e280-45bd-a28f-9229977eab24/download |title=Congratulations! On your 10th Year Anniversary |work=Daily Trust |date=4 Janairu 2023 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2025, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Yari ta Najeriya ta kai ziyarar girmamawa ga Sarkin Dukku a fadarsa da ke Dukku. Rahoton hukumar ya bayyana Sarkin da suna '''Alhaji Haruna Abdulkadir Rasheed II, CON''', tare da bayyana fadar a matsayin wurin da aka gudanar da ganawar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.corrections.gov.ng/news/controller-agada-visits-dukku-emirate-council?news_id=192 |title=Controller Agada Visits Dukku Emirate Council |website=Nigerian Correctional Service |date=27 Nuwamba 2025 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Ayyukan sarauta == Fadar tana zama wurin da Sarkin Dukku yake karɓar manyan baƙi da wakilan hukumomin gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. Misali, a shekarar 2023, Gwamnan Jihar Gombe [[Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya]] ya ziyarci fadar Sarkin Dukku a lokacin wata ziyarar siyasa zuwa ƙaramar hukumar Dukku.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://leadership.ng/2023-governor-inuwa-leads-campaign-team-to-dukku-lga-bags-traditional-title/ |title=2023: Governor Inuwa Leads Campaign Team To Dukku LGA, Bags Traditional Title |work=Leadership |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2025, ziyarar Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Yari ta Najeriya ta mayar da hankali kan ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Majalisar Masarautar Dukku da hukumar wajen tallafa wa zaman lafiya, tsaro, gyaran hali da shirye-shiryen sake shigar da waɗanda suka kammala zaman gidan yari cikin al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.corrections.gov.ng/news/controller-agada-visits-dukku-emirate-council?news_id=192 |title=Controller Agada Visits Dukku Emirate Council |website=Nigerian Correctional Service |date=27 Nuwamba 2025 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Wurin fadar == Fadar tana cikin garin [[Dukku]], wanda yake a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Dukku ita ce hedikwatar [[Karamar Hukumar Dukku]] kuma cibiyar [[Masarautar Dukku]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dukku |title=Dukku |website=Wikivoyage |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Fadar Sarkin Dukku tana daga cikin wuraren da ake dangantawa da tarihin gargajiya da al'adun al'ummar Dukku. == Duba kuma == * [[Dukku]] * [[Masarautar Dukku]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Sarkin Dukku]] * [[Masarautun gargajiya a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Dukku Wikivoyage — Dukku] * [https://www.corrections.gov.ng/news/controller-agada-visits-dukku-emirate-council?news_id=192 Nigerian Correctional Service — Controller Agada Visits Dukku Emirate Council] * [https://leadership.ng/2023-governor-inuwa-leads-campaign-team-to-dukku-lga-bags-traditional-title/ Leadership — 2023: Governor Inuwa Leads Campaign Team To Dukku LGA] * [https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/3a7c77ad-e280-45bd-a28f-9229977eab24/download Daily Trust — 10th anniversary of the Emir of Dukku] [[Category:Fadar sarakunan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fadojin Najeriya]] [[Category:Masarautar Dukku]] [[Category:Dukku]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Yawon buɗe ido a Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Wuraren tarihi a Najeriya]] dv0wwgv9yjdhdjdanfo9cjnesb9tuxb 0 178440 964103 2026-10-06T22:04:16Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox building | name = Fadar Mai Kaltungo | native_name = Emir's Palace, Kaltungo | image = | caption = | location = [[Kaltungo]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] | type = Fadar gargajiya | owner = [[Masarautar Kaltungo]] | current_tenant = [[Mai Kaltungo]] | status = Ana amfani da ita }} '''Fadar Mai Kaltungo''' ({{lang-en|Emir's Palace, Kaltungo}}) fada ce ta gargajiya da ke [[Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ita ce fadar [[Mai Kaltungo]], shugaban gargajiyar... 964103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Fadar Mai Kaltungo | native_name = Emir's Palace, Kaltungo | image = | caption = | location = [[Kaltungo]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] | type = Fadar gargajiya | owner = [[Masarautar Kaltungo]] | current_tenant = [[Mai Kaltungo]] | status = Ana amfani da ita }} '''Fadar Mai Kaltungo''' ({{lang-en|Emir's Palace, Kaltungo}}) fada ce ta gargajiya da ke [[Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ita ce fadar [[Mai Kaltungo]], shugaban gargajiyar [[Kaltungo Chiefdom]], kuma wurin da ake gudanar da wasu manyan ayyuka na masarautar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://peoplesdaily.ng/kaltungo-agog-as-gombe-gov-is-turbaned-matawallen-kaltungo/ |title=Kaltungo agog as Gombe gov is turbaned Matawallen Kaltungo |work=People's Daily |date=10 Fabrairu 2020 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Fadar tana cikin garin [[Kaltungo]], hedikwatar [[Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo]] a Jihar Gombe. Kaltungo na daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyin gargajiya da al'adu a kudancin Jihar Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/pages/lgas.php |title=The 11 Kingdoms |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Majiyar gwamnati ta Jihar Gombe ta bayyana Kaltungo a matsayin wuri mai tarihin al'adu da kuma kyawawan tsaunuka, yayin da cibiyoyin gargajiya suke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare al'adu da haɗin kan al'umma.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/pages/emirates.php |title=Emirates & Chiefdoms |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Mai Kaltungo == Mai Kaltungo shi ne shugaban gargajiyar Kaltungo. A shekarar 2020, jaridar People's Daily ta ruwaito cewa Gwamnan Jihar Gombe, [[Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya]], ya samu sarautar ''Matawallen Kaltungo'' daga Mai Kaltungo, Injiniya '''Saleh Mohammed''', a fadar Mai Kaltungo da ke Kaltungo.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://peoplesdaily.ng/kaltungo-agog-as-gombe-gov-is-turbaned-matawallen-kaltungo/ |title=Kaltungo agog as Gombe gov is turbaned Matawallen Kaltungo |work=People's Daily |date=10 Fabrairu 2020 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2023, jaridar Punch ta bayyana Saleh Muhammad a matsayin Mai Kaltungo kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Sarakunan Gombe. A lokacin da [[Peter Obi]] ya ziyarci Gombe, Mai Kaltungo ya yi magana kan matsalolin noma da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi tsakanin matasa a yankin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://punchng.com/why-youths-are-involved-in-drug-abuse-gombe-monarch/ |title=Why youths are involved in drug abuse – Gombe monarch |work=Punch |date=31 Janairu 2023 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Ayyukan fada == Fadar Mai Kaltungo tana zama wurin da ake gudanar da bukukuwa, tarurrukan sarauta da karɓar manyan baƙi. A watan Fabrairun 2020, an gudanar da bikin ba da sarautar Matawallen Kaltungo ga Gwamna Inuwa Yahaya a fadar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/traditional-institution-important-for-peacebuilding-%E2%80%95-gombe-gov/ |title=Traditional institution important for peacebuilding ― Gombe Gov |work=Nigerian Tribune |date=2020 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> A watan Disamba 2024, an gudanar da bikin ɗaurin auren 'ya'yan Mai Kaltungo a Masallacin Mohammed Central Mosque da ke cikin fadar Mai Kaltungo. Bikin ya samu halartar manyan jami'an gwamnati, sarakuna da sauran manyan baƙi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.com.ng/kaltungo-royalty-unites-nations-elite-in-lavish-wedding/ |title=Kaltungo Royalty Unites Nation's Elite in Lavish Wedding |work=ABC News Nigeria |date=28 Disamba 2024 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2024, wakilan [[Anglican Communion]] sun kai ziyara fadar Mai Kaltungo, inda aka karrama Mai Kaltungo, Injiniya Saleh Muhammad Umar, saboda gudummawarsa wajen samar da zaman lafiya da haɗin kan al'umma.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.com.ng/mai-kaltungo-recieve-award-as-peace-builder-from-anglican-communion/ |title=Mai Kaltungo Receive Award as Peace Builder from Anglican Communion |work=ABC News Nigeria |date=19 Nuwamba 2024 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, wata tawagar gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta ziyarci fadar Mai Kaltungo yayin da take gudanar da ayyukan cike guraben shugabannin gundumomi da ƙauyuka a wasu masarautun jihar.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://periscopenga.com/2025/03/gombe-gov-refills-vacancies-of-district-village-heads-in-dadiya-tula-kaltungo-chiefdoms/ |title=Gombe gov refills vacancies of district, village heads in Dadiya, Tula, Kaltungo chiefdoms |work=PeriscopeNGA |date=2025 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu == Fadar Mai Kaltungo tana daga cikin wuraren da ake danganta su da tsarin shugabancin gargajiya na Kaltungo. Mai Kaltungo yana taka rawa wajen zaman lafiya, haɗin kan al'umma da hulɗa tsakanin al'ummar Kaltungo da hukumomin gwamnati.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/traditional-institution-important-for-peacebuilding-%E2%80%95-gombe-gov/ |title=Traditional institution important for peacebuilding ― Gombe Gov |work=Nigerian Tribune |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Kaltungo kuma tana da muhimmiyar al'adar bukukuwan gargajiya da ke haɗa al'ummomin yankin. A shekarar 2024, an gudanar da bikin al'adun Kaltungo wanda aka bayyana shi a matsayin wani dandali na ƙarfafa haɗin kai, zaman lafiya da ci gaban tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.com.ng/kaltungo-2024-cultural-festival-a-celebration-of-unity-and-heritage/ |title=Kaltungo 2024 Cultural Festival: A Celebration of Unity and Heritage |work=ABC News Nigeria |date=28 Disamba 2024 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Masarautun gargajiya a Najeriya]] * [[Mai Kaltungo]] * [[Al'adun Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/pages/emirates.php Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe — Emirates & Chiefdoms] * [https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/pages/lgas.php Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe — The 11 Kingdoms] * [https://peoplesdaily.ng/kaltungo-agog-as-gombe-gov-is-turbaned-matawallen-kaltungo/ People's Daily — Kaltungo agog as Gombe gov is turbaned Matawallen Kaltungo] * [https://punchng.com/why-youths-are-involved-in-drug-abuse-gombe-monarch/ Punch — Why youths are involved in drug abuse] * [https://tribuneonlineng.com/traditional-institution-important-for-peacebuilding-%E2%80%95-gombe-gov/ Nigerian Tribune — Traditional institution important for peacebuilding] * [https://abcnews.com.ng/kaltungo-royalty-unites-nations-elite-in-lavish-wedding/ ABC News Nigeria — Kaltungo Royalty Unites Nation's Elite in Lavish Wedding] * [https://abcnews.com.ng/mai-kaltungo-recieve-award-as-peace-builder-from-anglican-communion/ ABC News Nigeria — Mai Kaltungo receives award as Peace Builder] * [https://periscopenga.com/2025/03/gombe-gov-refills-vacancies-of-district-village-heads-in-dadiya-tula-kaltungo-chiefdoms/ PeriscopeNGA — Gombe gov refills vacancies in Kaltungo Chiefdom] [[Category:Fadojin Najeriya]] [[Category:Fadojin sarakunan Najeriya]] [[Category:Kaltungo]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Masarautun gargajiya a Najeriya]] [[Category:Wuraren al'adu a Najeriya]] [[Category:Wuraren tarihi a Jihar Gombe]] dgk8414iamyuawopjiirsvte0hhzjky 0 178441 964104 2026-10-06T22:05:48Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox building | name = Fadar Sarkin Gombe | native_name = Emir's Palace, Gombe | image = The Gombe state Emirs palace.jpg | caption = Fadar Sarkin Gombe | location = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] | type = Fadar masarauta | architectural_style = | owner = [[Masarautar Gombe]] | current_tenant = [[Sarkin Gombe]] | completion_date = 1984 | status = Ana amfani da ita | website = }} '''Fadar Sarkin Gombe''' ({{lang-en|Emir's Palace, Gombe}}) fada ce ta... 964104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Fadar Sarkin Gombe | native_name = Emir's Palace, Gombe | image = The Gombe state Emirs palace.jpg | caption = Fadar Sarkin Gombe | location = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] | type = Fadar masarauta | architectural_style = | owner = [[Masarautar Gombe]] | current_tenant = [[Sarkin Gombe]] | completion_date = 1984 | status = Ana amfani da ita | website = }} '''Fadar Sarkin Gombe''' ({{lang-en|Emir's Palace, Gombe}}) fada ce ta masarauta da ke cikin [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], hedikwatar [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Fadar ita ce cibiyar masarautar [[Sarkin Gombe]] kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wuraren tarihi da al'adu na birnin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108956370 |title=Emir's Palace Gombe |website=Wikidata |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi == An gina sabuwar Fadar Sarkin Gombe a shekarar 1984 a lokacin mulkin [[Shehu Usman Abubakar]], Sarkin Gombe na 10, wanda ya yi sarauta daga shekarar 1984 zuwa 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gombe |title=Gombe |website=Wikivoyage |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Wata majiyar tarihin Gombe ta bayyana cewa tun daga farkon ci gaban birnin Gombe, Fadar Sarkin Gombe tana cikin muhimmin yanki na birnin, tare da [[Masallacin Juma'a]] da sauran gine-ginen da suka shafi gudanar da mulkin gargajiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368602021_Gombe25_Essays_in_Honor_of_Ibrahim_Hassan_Dankwambo_PhD_OON |title=Gombe@25: Essays in Honor of Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo PhD OON |website=ResearchGate |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Ginin fadar == Fadar tana kan [[Dukku Road]] a birnin Gombe, kusa da mahadar [[PDP]] Roundabout. An bayyana ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da masu ziyara za su iya gani a birnin Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gombe |title=Gombe |website=Wikivoyage |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Hoton fadar da aka ɗora a [[Wikimedia Commons]] ya nuna ginin fadar a tsakiyar birnin Gombe. Bayanin hoton ya ce an gina fadar a shekarar 1984 ta hannun Sarkin Gombe na 10, Shehu Usman Abubakar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Gombe_state_Emirs_palace.jpg |title=The Gombe state Emirs palace.jpg |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=12 Oktoba 2023 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Sarkin Gombe == Fadar ita ce wurin da ake danganta da kujerar [[Sarkin Gombe]], shugaban [[Masarautar Gombe]]. Sarkin Gombe na 10, Shehu Usman Abubakar, ya yi sarauta daga Janairu 1984 zuwa Mayu 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu_Abubakar |title=Shehu Abubakar |website=Wikipedia |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Bayan rasuwar Shehu Usman Abubakar a ranar 27 ga Mayu 2014, aka naɗa ɗansa, [[Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar]], a matsayin Sarkin Gombe na 11 a watan Yunin 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar_Shehu-Abubakar |title=Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar |website=Wikipedia |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2026, Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar III har yanzu shi ne Sarkin Gombe, kuma rahotanni sun bayyana yadda yake gudanar da wasu ayyukansa na sarauta da hulɗa da al'ummar birnin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://punchng.com/the-modern-emir-of-gombe-shehu-abubakar-iii/ |title=The modern Emir of Gombe, Shehu Abubakar III |work=Punch |date=5 Yuni 2026 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Muhimmancin tarihi da al'adu == Fadar Sarkin Gombe tana da muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin [[Masarautar Gombe]] da ci gaban birnin Gombe. Tarihin ci gaban birnin ya nuna cewa Fadar Sarkin Gombe tana cikin tsakiyar tsarin gine-ginen gargajiya na birnin tun lokacin da Gombe ta zama hedikwatar mulkin yankin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368602021_Gombe25_Essays_in_Honor_of_Ibrahim_Hassan_Dankwambo_PhD_OON |title=Gombe@25: Essays in Honor of Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo PhD OON |website=ResearchGate |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Fadar tana kuma zama wurin da Sarkin Gombe yake karɓar baƙi da gudanar da wasu ayyukan sarauta. A shekarar 2007, misali, Sarkin Gombe Shehu Usman Abubakar ya karɓi Robert E. Gribbin, Charge d'Affaires na Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka, a wajen fadar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emir_of_Gombe_Gribbin_2007.jpg |title=Emir of Gombe Gribbin 2007 |website=Wikimedia Commons |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Sabon aikin gyara da haɓakawa == A watan Agustan 2026, an sanar da wani shirin sake ginawa da haɓaka Fadar Sarkin Gombe. Shirin, wanda gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta hannun [[Joint Projects Development and Essential Social Services Agency]] (JPDESA) ke jagoranta, an bayyana shi a matsayin wani aiki da zai taimaka wajen kare tarihi da al'adun masarautar tare da inganta muhimmancin fadar a matsayin cibiyar gargajiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jamilgwamna.org/news/the-new-gombe-emir-palace |title=The New Gombe Emir Palace |website=Jamil Isyaku Gwamna |date=11 Agusta 2026 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Rahoton ya ce an amince da aikin a taron Joint Project Development Council na takwas, wanda Gwamnan Jihar Gombe [[Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya]] ya jagoranta.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jamilgwamna.org/news/the-new-gombe-emir-palace |title=The New Gombe Emir Palace |website=Jamil Isyaku Gwamna |date=11 Agusta 2026 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Wikidata == Fadar Sarkin Gombe tana da shafin [[Wikidata]] mai lamba '''Q108956370'''. An bayyana ta a matsayin fada (palace), tana Najeriya, a Jihar Gombe, kuma an saka wurinta da ma'aunin latitude da longitude.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108956370 |title=Emir's Palace Gombe |website=Wikidata |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Masarautar Gombe]] * [[Sarkin Gombe]] * [[Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar]] * [[Shehu Usman Abubakar]] * [[Masarautun gargajiya a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108956370 Wikidata — Emir's Palace Gombe] * [https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gombe Wikivoyage — Gombe] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Gombe_state_Emirs_palace.jpg Wikimedia Commons — The Gombe state Emirs palace] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emir_of_Gombe_Gribbin_2007.jpg Wikimedia Commons — Emir of Gombe Gribbin 2007] * [https://www.jamilgwamna.org/news/the-new-gombe-emir-palace The New Gombe Emir Palace] * [https://punchng.com/the-modern-emir-of-gombe-shehu-abubakar-iii/ Punch — The modern Emir of Gombe, Shehu Abubakar III] * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368602021_Gombe25_Essays_in_Honor_of_Ibrahim_Hassan_Dankwambo_PhD_OON Gombe@25 — Essays in Honor of Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo] [[Category:Fadojin Najeriya]] [[Category:Fadojin sarakunan Najeriya]] [[Category:Masarautar Gombe]] [[Category:Gombe (birni)]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Wuraren tarihi a Najeriya]] [[Category:Wuraren al'adu a Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Masarautun gargajiya a Najeriya]] oey5jqjxta3l865n42d67wbxtl8mrq3 0 178442 964106 2026-10-06T22:08:19Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox market | name = Kasuwar Pantami | native_name = Pantami Market | image = | caption = | location = [[Pantami]], [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] | coordinates = | type = Kasuwar birni | goods_sold = Abinci, kayan masarufi da sauran kayayyaki | owner = | website = }} '''Kasuwar Pantami''' ({{lang-en|Pantami Market}}) kasuwa ce da ke yankin [[Pantami]] a cikin [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Kasuwar tana ɗaya daga ci... 964106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox market | name = Kasuwar Pantami | native_name = Pantami Market | image = | caption = | location = [[Pantami]], [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] | coordinates = | type = Kasuwar birni | goods_sold = Abinci, kayan masarufi da sauran kayayyaki | owner = | website = }} '''Kasuwar Pantami''' ({{lang-en|Pantami Market}}) kasuwa ce da ke yankin [[Pantami]] a cikin [[Gombe (birni)|birnin Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Kasuwar tana ɗaya daga cikin kasuwannin biranen Gombe da ake gudanar da harkokin ciniki, musamman na kayan abinci da sauran kayayyakin masarufi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamidu |first1=K. |last2=Adamu |first2=Y. |last3=Mohammed |first3=S. Y. |title=Spatial Profit Differential of Yam Marketing in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare |volume=4 |issue=12 |year=2014 |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JBAH/article/view/12948 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Kasuwar tana cikin yankin Pantami na [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], kuma adireshin yankin yana amfani da lambar gidan waya '''760253'''. Bayanai na wuraren gidan waya sun jera ''Pantami Market'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ke yankin Pantami.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-gombe-pantami-pantami-market.html |title=Pantami Market, Gombe — Postcode 760253 |website=Nigeria Postcode |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Kasuwar tana kan [[Pantami Road]], kusa da [[Pantami Township Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ynaija.com/a-guide-to-healthy-food-markets-in-gombe/ |title=A guide to healthy food markets in Gombe |website=YNaija |date=2021 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi da bunƙasar kasuwa == Binciken da aka wallafa a ''International Journal of Environmental Design & Construction Management'' ya nuna cewa a lokacin faɗaɗar birnin Gombe tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa 2017, an samu ƙarin cibiyoyin kasuwanci a birnin. An lissafa Pantami Market cikin sabbin kasuwannin da suka bayyana a wannan lokaci, tare da Arawa, Bogo, Tumfure, Bagadaza da Liji markets.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Evolution and Development of Market Centres in Gombe Region |journal=International Journal of Environmental Design & Construction Management |volume=10 |issue=4 |year=2019 |url=https://www.cambridgenigeriapub.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/BJECM_Vol10_No4-6.pdf |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa kayayyakin da ake sayarwa a waɗannan sabbin kasuwanni sun haɗa da kayan masarufi da abinci, kuma waɗannan kasuwannin sun fi ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da babban kasuwar Gombe.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Evolution and Development of Market Centres in Gombe Region |journal=International Journal of Environmental Design & Construction Management |volume=10 |issue=4 |year=2019 |url=https://www.cambridgenigeriapub.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/BJECM_Vol10_No4-6.pdf |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Cinikin amfanin gona == Pantami Market na daga cikin kasuwannin da aka yi amfani da su wajen binciken cinikin [[doya]] a Gombe metropolis. Wani bincike da aka wallafa a shekarar 2014 ya kwatanta ribar masu sayar da doya a Pantami Market da wasu kasuwannin Gombe, ciki har da Gombe Old Market.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamidu |first1=K. |last2=Adamu |first2=Y. |last3=Mohammed |first3=S. Y. |title=Spatial Profit Differential of Yam Marketing in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare |volume=4 |issue=12 |year=2014 |url=https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JBAH/article/download/12948/13488 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> Wani binciken da aka wallafa a shekarar 2025 ya kuma sanya Pantami Market cikin kasuwannin biranen da aka zaɓa domin nazarin [[wake]] da cinikinsa a Jihar Gombe. Binciken ya rarraba Gombe Central, Tudun Hatsi da Pantami a matsayin kasuwannin birane.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Selected Markets for Cowpea Marketing in Gombe State |journal=Nigerian Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology |volume=5 |issue=1A |year=2025 |url=https://njaat.com.ng/index.php/njaat/article/download/1179/856/3372 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Kasuwar GSM == Akwai kuma wani ɓangare na kasuwancin [[wayar hannu|GSM]] da ake kira '''Pantami GSM Market''' a yankin. A watan Satumba 2024, Gombe State Urban Planning and Development Authority (GOSUPDA) ta dakatar da gine-gine tare da rusa wasu gine-gine a yankin kasuwar saboda hukumomin sun ce gine-ginen sun shiga wuraren da aka tanada a matsayin [[right of way|hanyoyin wucewar kayayyakin more rayuwa]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://jeweltimes.com.ng/gosupda-enforces-regulation-demolishes-structures-in-pantami-gsm-market-says-rights-of-ways-meant-for-public-use/ |title=GOSUPDA Enforces Regulation, Demolishes Structures in Pantami GSM Market |work=Jewel Times |date=1 Satumba 2024 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> GOSUPDA ta ce ta samu koke-koke daga 'yan kasuwar, kuma ta riga ta bayar da sanarwar ficewa kafin matakin. Hukumar ta kuma yi gargadin cewa ba za ta amince da gine-ginen da suka keta wuraren da aka tanada domin ayyukan jama'a ba.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://jeweltimes.com.ng/gosupda-enforces-regulation-demolishes-structures-in-pantami-gsm-market-says-rights-of-ways-meant-for-public-use/ |title=GOSUPDA Enforces Regulation, Demolishes Structures in Pantami GSM Market |work=Jewel Times |date=1 Satumba 2024 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Gudanar da rumfunan kasuwa == Takardar ''Grievance Report'' ta Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta shekarar 2024 ta ambaci Pantami Market a matsayin wurin da aka samu ƙorafi kan rabon rumfunan kasuwa. Rahoton ya ce an sake duba rabon rumfunan bayan wata ƙungiyar mata masu sana'a ta kai ƙorafi, kuma aka mayar da wasu rumfunan ga ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite report |title=Grievance Report |author=Gombe State Government |publisher=Ministry of Trade, Industry & Tourism |year=2024 |url=https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Min-of-Trade-Jan-Dec-2024-Grievance-Report.pdf |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Muhimmancin kasuwar == Kasuwar Pantami tana taimakawa wajen samar da wurin ciniki ga mazauna yankin Pantami da sauran sassan Gombe. Binciken kasuwannin Gombe ya nuna cewa Pantami na daga cikin cibiyoyin kasuwanci da suka taso sakamakon faɗaɗar birnin da ƙaruwa da yawan ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Evolution and Development of Market Centres in Gombe Region |journal=International Journal of Environmental Design & Construction Management |volume=10 |issue=4 |year=2019 |url=https://www.cambridgenigeriapub.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/BJECM_Vol10_No4-6.pdf |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2026, an kuma samar da wani sauti na Pantami Market a [[Wikimedia Commons]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na Wiki Loves Africa 2026, wanda ya ƙara wani abu na gani da ji da ke rubuce game da kasuwar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Audio_of_Pantami_Market,_Gombe_State.ogg |title=Audio of Pantami Market, Gombe State |website=Wikimedia Commons |date=27 Afrilu 2026 |access-date=6 Oktoba 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Pantami]] * [[Kasuwanni a Najeriya]] * [[Pantami Stadium]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JBAH/article/view/12948 Hamidu, Adamu & Mohammed — Spatial Profit Differential of Yam Marketing in Gombe Metropolis] * [https://www.cambridgenigeriapub.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/BJECM_Vol10_No4-6.pdf International Journal of Environmental Design & Construction Management — Evolution and Development of Market Centres in Gombe Region] * [https://njaat.com.ng/index.php/njaat/article/download/1179/856/3372 Nigerian Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology — Cowpea marketing research] * [https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Min-of-Trade-Jan-Dec-2024-Grievance-Report.pdf Gombe State Government — Grievance Report] * [https://jeweltimes.com.ng/gosupda-enforces-regulation-demolishes-structures-in-pantami-gsm-market-says-rights-of-ways-meant-for-public-use/ Jewel Times — GOSUPDA and Pantami GSM Market] * [https://ynaija.com/a-guide-to-healthy-food-markets-in-gombe/ YNaija — A guide to healthy food markets in Gombe] * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Audio_of_Pantami_Market,_Gombe_State.ogg Wikimedia Commons — Audio of Pantami Market, Gombe State] [[Category:Kasuwanni a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kasuwanni a Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Gombe (birni)]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Pantami]] [[Category:Wuraren kasuwanci a Najeriya]] [[Category:Wuraren kasuwanci a Jihar Gombe]] s60w5kv7kn0ocum65qxohtvaxtelvb0 0 178443 964107 2026-10-06T22:10:58Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox building | name = Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Museum | type = Gidan tarihi | location = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | owner = [[Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe]] | status = An tsara kafawa | opened_date = Ba a kammala kafawa ba }} '''Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Gombe''' ({{lang-en|Gombe State Museum}}) wani shiri ne na [[Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe]] na kafa gidan tarihi domin adanawa da baje kolin tarihi, kay... 964107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Museum | type = Gidan tarihi | location = [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | owner = [[Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe]] | status = An tsara kafawa | opened_date = Ba a kammala kafawa ba }} '''Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Gombe''' ({{lang-en|Gombe State Museum}}) wani shiri ne na [[Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe]] na kafa gidan tarihi domin adanawa da baje kolin tarihi, kayayyakin tarihi da al'adun mutanen [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Gwamnan jihar, [[Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya]], ya bayyana shirin kafa gidan tarihin a watan Afrilu 2025 domin kiyaye da kuma nuna tarihin, kayayyakin tarihi da al'adun jihar.<ref name="Blueprint2025">{{cite news |title=Gombe will remain model of growth, Yahaya assures |url=https://blueprint.ng/gombe-will-remain-model-of-growth-yahaya-assures/ |work=Blueprint Newspapers |date=3 April 2025 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2025, Gwamna Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya ya bayyana cewa gwamnatin Jihar Gombe tana da shirin kafa gidan tarihi na jihar. Ya ce manufar ita ce adanawa da nuna wa jama'a tarihin jihar, kayayyakin tarihi da al'adunta.<ref name="Blueprint2025" /> Shirin ya zo ne a cikin manufofin gwamnatin jihar na bunƙasa al'adu da kuma kare abubuwan tarihi na al'ummomin Gombe. Gwamnatin jihar ta bayyana cibiyoyin gargajiya da al'adu a matsayin muhimman sassa na kare asalin jihar da tarihinta.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emirates & Chiefdoms |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/pages/emirates.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Manufa == Babbar manufar gidan tarihin ita ce: * adana tarihin [[Jihar Gombe]]; * tattara da kare kayayyakin tarihi; * baje kolin al'adun al'ummomin jihar; * taimaka wa bincike kan tarihi da al'adun Gombe; da * ƙara fahimtar jama'a game da tarihin da al'adun jihar. == Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Gombe == Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Gombe bai kamata a rikita shi da '''[[National Museum Gombe]]''' ba. National Museum Gombe wata cibiyar [[National Commission for Museums and Monuments]] ce da ke Gombe Federal Secretariat Complex, a ɗakin 289–294, bene na biyu, a tsakiyar birnin Gombe.<ref name="NCMM">{{cite web |title=National Museum Gombe |url=https://museum.ng/museums/national-museums/ |website=National Commission for Museums and Monuments |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Bayanan NCMM sun nuna cewa National Museum Gombe gidan tarihi ne da ke karkashin hukumar tarayya, kuma mai kula da shi shi ne Hassan Kashim.<ref name="NCMM" /> Wani kundin bayanan gidajen tarihi na ƙasashen Afirka ya kuma bayyana National Museum Gombe a matsayin gidan tarihi mai nau'in adana al'adun al'umma (ethnographic museum).<ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Museums |url=https://iwh.icesco.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/DIRECTORY-OF-MUSEUMS.pdf |publisher=Islamic World Heritage Committee / ICESCO |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Muhimmancin al'adu == Gombe na da al'ummomi daban-daban masu tarihi da al'adu iri-iri. Gwamnatin jihar ta bayyana cibiyoyin gargajiya da sarakunan gargajiya a matsayin masu taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare al'adu da tarihin jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Emirates & Chiefdoms |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/pages/emirates.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Gidan tarihin da aka shirya kafawa zai iya zama wata cibiyar adana abubuwan tarihi da al'adun waɗannan al'ummomi, tare da samar da damar yin bincike da ilmantar da jama'a game da tarihin Gombe. == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]] * [[National Museum Gombe]] * [[National Commission for Museums and Monuments]] * [[Al'adun Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://blueprint.ng/gombe-will-remain-model-of-growth-yahaya-assures/ Blueprint Newspapers – Gombe will remain model of growth, Yahaya assures] * [https://museum.ng/museums/national-museums/ National Commission for Museums and Monuments – National Museums] * [https://iwh.icesco.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/DIRECTORY-OF-MUSEUMS.pdf ICESCO – Directory of Museums] * [https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/pages/emirates.php Gombe State Government – Emirates & Chiefdoms] [[Category:Gidajen tarihi a Najeriya]] [[Category:Gidajen tarihi a Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Gombe (birni)]] [[Category:Al'adun Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Yawon buɗe ido a Jihar Gombe]] n1bb5q6enmz57x9mo4uocf2627ytiyb 0 178444 964109 2026-10-06T22:13:27Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox building | name = Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Gombe, Billiri | native_name = Gombe State College of Education, Billiri | former_names = College of Education, Billiri | type = Kwalejin ilimi ta gwamnati | established = 2012 | city = [[Billiri]] | state = [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | affiliation = [[National Commission for Colleges of Education|NCCE]] | provost = Dr. Esrom Toro Jokthan | website = [http://www.billiricoe.edu.ng/ billiricoe.edu.ng] }} '''Kwale... 964109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building | name = Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Gombe, Billiri | native_name = Gombe State College of Education, Billiri | former_names = College of Education, Billiri | type = Kwalejin ilimi ta gwamnati | established = 2012 | city = [[Billiri]] | state = [[Jihar Gombe]] | country = [[Najeriya]] | affiliation = [[National Commission for Colleges of Education|NCCE]] | provost = Dr. Esrom Toro Jokthan | website = [http://www.billiricoe.edu.ng/ billiricoe.edu.ng] }} '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Gombe, Billiri''' ({{lang-en|Gombe State College of Education, Billiri}}), wadda ake kuma kira '''College of Education, Billiri''', kwalejin ilimi ce mallakar [[Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe]] da ke [[Billiri]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar [[National Commission for Colleges of Education]] (NCCE) ta lissafa kwalejin a matsayin ''State College of Education'' a Jihar Gombe.<ref name="NCCE">{{cite web |title=NCCE Accredited Colleges |url=https://www.ncce.gov.ng/AccreditedColleges |website=National Commission for Colleges of Education |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> An kafa kwalejin ne a shekarar 2012 a lokacin gwamnatin [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]], domin ƙara damar samun ilimin manyan makarantu da kuma horar da malamai a jihar.<ref name="TRCN">{{cite web |title=TRCN 2019–2020 Statistical Digest |url=https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/TRCN-2019-2020-STATISTICAL-DIGEST.pdf |website=Federal Ministry of Education, Nigeria |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kwalejin Ilimi ta Billiri a shekarar 2012 a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Gwamna [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]]. Majiyar da ta bayyana manufofin gwamnatin Dankwambo ta lissafa kafa College of Education Billiri cikin manyan ayyukan da aka aiwatar a fannin ilimi.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Education |url=https://ibrahimdankwambo4president.wordpress.com/ |website=Ibrahim Dankwambo 4 President |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, wata majiyar da ta yi bayani kan manufofin ilimi na gwamnatin jihar ta ce ana gina Kwalejin Ilimi a Billiri a matsayin wani sabon shiri na ilimi a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peek at the Jewel |url=https://reasonwithkumo.wordpress.com/2012/11/26/peek-at-the-jewel/ |date=26 November 2012 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayyar Najeriya ta lissafa College of Education Billiri a matsayin kwalejin ilimi da ke Billiri, Jihar Gombe, tare da shekarar kafawa ta 2012.<ref name="TRCN" /> == Matsayi da amincewa == Kwalejin na ƙarƙashin ikon [[Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe]] kuma tana cikin kwalejojin ilimi da Hukumar [[National Commission for Colleges of Education|NCCE]] ta amince da su. NCCE ta bayyana ta a matsayin ''State College of Education'' kuma ta nuna Dr. Esrom Toro Jokthan a matsayin provost a bayanan da hukumar ta wallafa.<ref name="NCCE" /> Hukumar [[Tertiary Education Trust Fund]] (TETFund) ma ta lissafa Gombe State College of Education, Billiri cikin cibiyoyin ilimi na jiha da ke cin gajiyar shirye-shiryen hukumar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beneficiaries |url=https://www.tetfund.gov.ng/site/public/index.php/beneficiaries |website=Tertiary Education Trust Fund |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen karatu == Babban aikin kwalejin shi ne bayar da horo a fannin ilimi da kuma shirye-shiryen da suka shafi [[malami|koyarwa]]. Takardun bincike da aka wallafa daga ma'aikatan kwalejin sun tabbatar da kasancewar sassa kamar Mathematics and Computer Science da General Studies a cikin kwalejin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hamid |first1=Mohammed Raihanatu |last2=Aji |first2=Samaila |last3=Ajuji |first3=Mohammed |last4=Ibrahim |first4=Abba |title=Assessment of Accessibility and Utilization of Internet Services Among Staff and Students of College of Education Billiri |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Science, Technology and Innovation |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=2024 |url=https://www.ijmrsti.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Assessment-of-Accessibility-and-Utilization-of-Internet-Services-Among-Staff-and-Students-of-College-of-Education-Billiri.pdf |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Kwalejin tana bayar da shirye-shiryen da suka kai ga samun [[Nigeria Certificate in Education|NCE]], tare da wasu shirye-shiryen ilimi da bincike da suka shafi koyarwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colleges of Education |url=https://ibass.jamb.gov.ng/assets/uploads/nce-list-of-schools.pdf |website=Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Provost shi ne babban jami'in gudanarwa da ilimi na kwalejin. A bayanan NCCE na yanzu, an bayyana '''Dr. Esrom Toro Jokthan''' a matsayin provost na College of Education, Billiri.<ref name="NCCE" /> A shekarar 2022, kwalejin ta fitar da sanarwar neman sabon provost, inda ta ambaci [[College of Education Law, 2012|Gombe State College of Education Law, 2012]] da tsarin da majalisar gudanarwar kwalejin ke amfani da shi wajen ba da shawarar wanda zai zama provost.<ref>{{cite web |title=College Provost at Gombe State College of Education |url=https://www.hotnigerianjobs.com/hotjobs/423220/college-provost-at-gombe-state-college-of-educatio.html |website=HotNigerianJobs |date=30 March 2022 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Kwalejin tana [[Billiri]], hedkwatar [[Billiri Local Government Area]] a kudancin Jihar Gombe. Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya ta ba da adireshin kwalejin a matsayin ''Along Yola Road, Billiri LGA''.<ref name="TRCN" /> Takardun gwamnatin Jihar Gombe da aka haɗa cikin rahoton Bankin Duniya sun kuma lissafa '''Gombe State College of Education Billiri''' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin manyan makarantu na gwamnati a jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Government of Nigeria: Report of the Accountant General for the Year Ended 31st December, 2023 |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099091024125036630/pdf/P174114144fc550ff1995b1c695731b7689.pdf |website=World Bank Documents |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Kalubalen makarantar == A shekarar 2020, Vanguard ta ruwaito cewa kwalejin tana fuskantar matsalolin tsaro, musamman da dare, kuma mahukuntan makarantar sun ɗauki jami'an sa-kai 15 domin taimakawa wajen tsaron harabar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Insecurity: Gombe College hires vigilante men to watch over institution |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/insecurity-gombe-college-hires-vigilante-men-to-watch-over-institution/ |work=Vanguard |date=2 July 2020 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Rahoton ya kuma bayyana cewa a lokacin kwalejin ba ta da haɗin wutar lantarki daga babban layin ƙasa, don haka mahukuntan makarantar suka yi amfani da hasken wutar rana domin haskaka harabar. Rahoton ya kuma ambaci ƙarancin masaukin ɗalibai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙalubalen da kwalejin ke fuskanta.<ref name="Vanguard2020">{{cite news |title=Insecurity: Gombe College hires vigilante men to watch over institution |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/insecurity-gombe-college-hires-vigilante-men-to-watch-over-institution/ |work=Vanguard |date=2 July 2020 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Billiri]] * [[Gombe State University]] * [[Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe]] * [[National Commission for Colleges of Education]] * [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://www.ncce.gov.ng/AccreditedColleges National Commission for Colleges of Education – NCCE Accredited Colleges] * [https://education.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/TRCN-2019-2020-STATISTICAL-DIGEST.pdf Federal Ministry of Education – TRCN Statistical Digest] * [https://www.tetfund.gov.ng/site/public/index.php/beneficiaries Tertiary Education Trust Fund – Beneficiaries] * [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/insecurity-gombe-college-hires-vigilante-men-to-watch-over-institution/ Vanguard – Insecurity: Gombe College hires vigilante men] * [https://www.ijmrsti.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Assessment-of-Accessibility-and-Utilization-of-Internet-Services-Among-Staff-and-Students-of-College-of-Education-Billiri.pdf Research article on College of Education Billiri] [[Category:Kwalejojin ilimi a Najeriya]] [[Category:Kwalejoji a Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Billiri]] [[Category:Kafaffen makarantu a Najeriya a 2012]] [[Category:2012 a Najeriya]] n4jmvxygceqza32hmpw9q6c9ju3l04u 0 178445 964110 2026-10-06T22:14:04Z Wayit 45027 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378913716|Mariam Dao Gabala]]" 964110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mariam Dao Gabala''' 'yar kasuwa ce ta Ivory Coast, 'yar siyasa, kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin mata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-22 |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Femmes - Mariam Dao Gabala, la bonne fée |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/economie/cote-d-ivoire-femmes-mariam-dao-gabala-la-bonne-fee-22-02-2015-1906964_28.php |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}</ref> Tana aiki a matsayin Sanata na Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire . == Rayuwa ta farko == Ta halarci [[HEC Paris]] a Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=FIF, qui est Mariam DAO Gabala la présidente du Comité de normalisation {{!}} 7info |url=https://www.7info.ci/fif-qui-est-mariam-dao-gabala-la-presidente-du-comite-de-normalisation/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website={{!}} 7info |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta yi aiki da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ivory Coast . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire. Fif : Mission réussie pour Dao Gabala, la force tranquille |url=https://lebanco.net/news/44646-cote-divoire-fif-mission-reussie-pour-dao-gabala-la-force-tranquille.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=lebanco.net |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a shekara ta 1960 An haife ta ne ga mahaifin Kirista da mahaifiyar musulma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait - Mariam Dao Gabala : Prêter plutôt que donner |url=https://www.lebabi.net/actualite/portrait-mariam-dao-gabala-preter-plutot-que-donner-2485.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=LeBabi.net |language=fr}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] r0tsswgsegadpiv7ilgnoqaylyzs2ke 964112 964110 2026-10-06T22:19:17Z Wayit 45027 964112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mariam Dao Gabala''' 'yar kasuwa ce ta Ivory Coast, 'yar siyasa, kuma mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin mata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-22 |title=Côte d'Ivoire - Femmes - Mariam Dao Gabala, la bonne fée |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/economie/cote-d-ivoire-femmes-mariam-dao-gabala-la-bonne-fee-22-02-2015-1906964_28.php |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Le Point |language=fr}}</ref> Tana aiki a matsayin Sanata na Jamhuriyar Côte d'Ivoire . == Rayuwa ta farko == Ta halarci [[HEC Paris]] a Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-15 |title=FIF, qui est Mariam DAO Gabala la présidente du Comité de normalisation {{!}} 7info |url=https://www.7info.ci/fif-qui-est-mariam-dao-gabala-la-presidente-du-comite-de-normalisation/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website={{!}} 7info |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta yi aiki da Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ivory Coast . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Côte d'Ivoire. Fif : Mission réussie pour Dao Gabala, la force tranquille |url=https://lebanco.net/news/44646-cote-divoire-fif-mission-reussie-pour-dao-gabala-la-force-tranquille.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=lebanco.net |language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a shekara ta 1960 An haife ta ne ga mahaifin Kirista da mahaifiyar musulma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait - Mariam Dao Gabala : Prêter plutôt que donner |url=https://www.lebabi.net/actualite/portrait-mariam-dao-gabala-preter-plutot-que-donner-2485.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=LeBabi.net |language=fr}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] quue7wmovmd2ke1f899uucauxfi3j3m 0 178446 964111 2026-10-06T22:19:17Z Uskeone 40867 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox person | name = Masarautar Kaltungo | native_name = Kaltungo Chiefdom | native_name_lang = en | settlement_type = Masarauta/masarautar gargajiya | image = | image_caption = | subdivision_type = Ƙasa | subdivision_name = [[Najeriya]] | subdivision_type1 = Jiha | subdivision_name1 = [[Jihar Gombe]] | subdivision_type2 = Ƙaramar hukuma | subdivision_name2 = [[Kaltungo]] | seat = [[Kaltungo]] | leader_title = Mai Kaltungo | leader_name = Engr. Saleh Muhammadu | establi... 964111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Masarautar Kaltungo | native_name = Kaltungo Chiefdom | native_name_lang = en | settlement_type = Masarauta/masarautar gargajiya | image = | image_caption = | subdivision_type = Ƙasa | subdivision_name = [[Najeriya]] | subdivision_type1 = Jiha | subdivision_name1 = [[Jihar Gombe]] | subdivision_type2 = Ƙaramar hukuma | subdivision_name2 = [[Kaltungo]] | seat = [[Kaltungo]] | leader_title = Mai Kaltungo | leader_name = Engr. Saleh Muhammadu | established_title = Matsayin masarautar gargajiya | established_date = }} '''Masarautar Kaltungo''' ({{lang-en|Kaltungo Emirate}}), wadda majiyoyin gwamnatin Jihar Gombe da wasu rubuce-rubuce suka fi kira '''Kaltungo Chiefdom''' ko '''Kaltungo Traditional Council''', wata masarauta ce ta gargajiya da ke [[Kaltungo]], [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]].<ref name="GombeGov">{{cite web |title=Gombe State Government – Traditional Institutions |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/ |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Shugaban masarautar yana ɗauke da sarautar '''Mai Kaltungo'''.<ref name="Soluap">{{cite web |title=List of Gombe state traditional chiefs, emirs |url=https://soluap.com/gombe-emirate-and-traditional-councils/ |website=Soluap |date=11 November 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Masarautar tana cikin kudancin Jihar Gombe, yankin da ke da al'ummomi da ƙabilu daban-daban, ciki har da [[Tangale]], [[Tula]], [[Kamo]] da [[Awak]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Socio-Economic Transformation and Business Enabling Environment Strategy |url=https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/FINALIZATION.pdf |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Kaltungo na daga cikin tsoffin cibiyoyin siyasa da al'adu na kudancin Jihar Gombe. Yankin yana da tarihin zamantakewa da hulɗa tsakanin ƙabilu daban-daban, musamman mutanen Tangale, Tula, Waja, Kamo da sauran al'ummomin da ke kudancin jihar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Who is my Brother? An ironic reading of Genesis 19:1–11 |journal=Verbum et Ecclesia |year=2019 |url=https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S1010-99192019000100005&script=sci_arttext |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> A tsarin mulkin gargajiya na Jihar Gombe, Kaltungo tana daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin sarautun gargajiya. Wani bayanin da ya dogara da kundin Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ya lissafa '''Chiefdom of Kaltungo''' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masarautun gargajiya na jihar, tare da Mai Kaltungo a matsayin shugaban masarautar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Traditional rulers and cultural background of Gombe State |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/a2caa65e-be20-4949-b4b1-005078fa9adf/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Mai Kaltungo == Shugaban masarautar yana riƙe da sarautar '''Mai Kaltungo'''. A shekarar 2023, majiyar da ta tattara jerin sarakunan gargajiya na Gombe ta ambaci '''Engr. Saleh Muhammad''' a matsayin Mai Kaltungo.<ref name="Soluap" /> Majiyoyin labarai sun kuma rubuta sunansa a matsayin '''Engr. Saleh Muhammadu'''. An bayyana shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban [[Gombe State Traditional Council|Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya ta Jihar Gombe]].<ref name="Dateline">{{cite news |title=Kaltungo carnival: A people's celebration of heritage and peaceful coexistence |url=https://dateline.ng/kaltungo-carnival-a-peoples-celebration-of-heritage-and-peaceful-coexistence/ |work=Dateline Nigeria |date=2023 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin masarautar == Masarautar Kaltungo tana daga cikin tsarin sarautun gargajiya da ke taka rawa wajen wakiltar al'ummomi da kuma kiyaye al'adu a Jihar Gombe. Ayyukan sarakunan gargajiya sun haɗa da shiga cikin ayyukan zaman lafiya, sasanta rikice-rikice, da kuma wakiltar al'umma a wasu harkokin al'adu da zamantakewa.<ref name="Dateline" /> Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana cewa jihar tana da tsarin sarautun gargajiya da ya ƙunshi masarautu da chiefdoms daban-daban. Kaltungo na daga cikin cibiyoyin wannan tsarin a kudancin jihar.<ref name="GombeGov" /> == Al'adu == Kaltungo na da al'adu masu yawa saboda kasancewar ƙabilu daban-daban a yankin. A cikin waɗannan al'ummomi akwai Tangale, Tula, Kamo, Awak da sauran ƙungiyoyin da ke zaune a yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Socio-Economic Transformation and Business Enabling Environment Strategy |url=https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/FINALIZATION.pdf |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Masarautar tana tallafa wa bukukuwan al'adu da ake gudanarwa domin nuna tarihin da al'adun mutanen yankin. Daga cikin waɗannan abubuwa akwai bikin '''Kaltungo Carnival''', wanda ke haɗa al'ummomi daban-daban domin nuna rawa, kayan gargajiya, abinci da kayayyakin tarihi.<ref name="Dateline" /> A lokacin bikin, al'ummomi daban-daban a cikin masarautar suna gabatar da al'adunsu da fasahohinsu, abin da ke taimakawa wajen ƙarfafa haɗin kai da zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomin yankin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cultural display lights up Kaltungo carnival |url=https://dateline.ng/cultural-display-lights-up-kaltungo-carnival/ |work=Dateline Nigeria |date=28 January 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Yankin Kaltungo == Kaltungo tana kuma matsayin hedkwatar [[Kaltungo Local Government Area]], ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 11 na Jihar Gombe. Karamar hukumar tana da fadin kusan 881 km², kuma ƙidayar shekarar 2006 ta ba ta yawan jama'a 149,805.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaltungo Local Government Area |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/ |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Kaltungo tana kan babbar hanyar A345, kuma tana da muhimmiyar alaƙa da sauran yankunan kudancin Gombe da jihohin da ke makwabtaka da ita.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaltungo |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltungo |website=Wikipedia |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> == Dangantaka da sauran masarautu == Kaltungo tana daga cikin cibiyoyin gargajiya na kudancin Gombe tare da wasu kamar [[Tula Chiefdom|Masarautar Tula]], [[Tangale Chiefdom|Masarautar Tangale]] da [[Waja Chiefdom|Masarautar Waja]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Gombe state traditional chiefs, emirs |url=https://soluap.com/gombe-emirate-and-traditional-councils/ |website=Soluap |date=11 November 2023 |access-date=6 October 2026}}</ref> Bambancin ƙabilu da al'adu a yankin ya sa hulɗar tsakanin masarautu da shugabannin gargajiya ta kasance muhimmi wajen samar da zaman lafiya da haɗin kai.<ref name="Dateline" /> == Duba kuma == * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Tula Chiefdom]] * [[Tangale Chiefdom]] * [[Waja Chiefdom]] * [[Gombe State Traditional Council]] * [[Sarakunan gargajiya a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Majiyoyi == * [https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/ Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe] * [https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/FINALIZATION.pdf Gombe State Government – Socio-Economic Transformation and Business Enabling Environment Strategy] * [https://dateline.ng/kaltungo-carnival-a-peoples-celebration-of-heritage-and-peaceful-coexistence/ Dateline Nigeria – Kaltungo Carnival] * [https://dateline.ng/cultural-display-lights-up-kaltungo-carnival/ Dateline Nigeria – Cultural display lights up Kaltungo carnival] * [https://soluap.com/gombe-emirate-and-traditional-councils/ Soluap – List of Gombe State traditional chiefs and emirs] * [https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/a2caa65e-be20-4949-b4b1-005078fa9adf/content Ahmadu Bello University Repository – Traditional rulers and cultural background of Gombe State] [[Category:Masarautun Najeriya]] [[Category:Masarautun Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Kaltungo]] [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya]] [[Category:Al'adun Jihar Gombe]] kis5b9qplcleta6q7hpwxv1te84fme6 0 178447 964115 2026-10-06T22:48:03Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365031836|Thermosetting polymer]]" 964115 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Structures_of_macromolecules.png|thumb| '''Hagu''' : sarƙoƙin polymer masu layi ɗaya<br /><br /><br /><br /> '''Dama''' : Sarkokin polymer waɗanda aka haɗa su don samar da polymer mai ƙarfi na 3D thermoset]] A kimiyyar kayan aiki, '''polymer mai saita thermosetting''', wanda galibi ake kira '''thermoset''', polymer ne wanda ake samu ta hanyar taurare (" warkewa ") wani ruwa mai laushi ko mai kauri ( resin ) mai laushi. Ana haifar da wartsakewa ta hanyar zafi ko [[Rashin haske|radiation]] mai dacewa kuma ana iya haɓaka shi ta hanyar matsin lamba mai yawa ko haɗuwa da wani [[Catalysis|abu mai kara kuzari]] . Ba lallai ba ne a yi amfani da zafi a waje, kuma sau da yawa ana samar da shi ta hanyar amsawar resin tare da maganin warkarwa ( ''mai kara kuzari'', ''mai taurare'' ). Warkewa yana haifar da halayen sinadarai waɗanda ke haifar da haɗin gwiwa mai yawa tsakanin sarƙoƙin polymer don samar da hanyar sadarwa ta polymer [[wiktionary:infusible|mai narkewa]] da ba ta narkewa . Kayan farko da ake amfani da shi wajen yin thermosets yawanci ruwa ne ko kuma mai laushi kafin a goge su, kuma galibi ana tsara su ne don a ƙera su zuwa siffar ƙarshe. Ana iya amfani da shi azaman manne . Da zarar ya taurare, ba za a iya narke thermoset don sake fasalinsa ba, sabanin polymers na thermoplastic waɗanda galibi ake samarwa da rarrabawa a cikin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ana siffanta su zuwa siffar samfurin ƙarshe ta hanyar narkewa, matsi, ko ƙera allura . == Tsarin sinadarai == Gyaran resin thermosetting yana canza shi zuwa filastik, ko elastomer ( roba ) ta hanyar haɗa ko faɗaɗa sarka ta hanyar ƙirƙirar haɗin covalent tsakanin sarƙoƙi na polymer guda ɗaya. Yawan haɗin giciye ya bambanta dangane da haɗin monomer ko prepolymer, da kuma hanyar haɗin giciye: Resin acrylic, polyester da vinyl esters waɗanda ke da wuraren da ba su cika ba a ƙarshen ko a kan kashin baya gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa ta hanyar haɗa su da monomers marasa cika, tare da maganin da aka fara ta hanyar free radicals da aka samar daga radiation ionizing ko kuma ta hanyar photolytic ko thermal discomposition na mai farawa mai tsauri - ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa yana tasiri ta hanyar matakin rashin cika kashin baya a cikin prepolymer; Ana iya haɗa resins masu aiki na Epoxy tare da abubuwan kara kuzari na anionic ko cationic da zafi, ko kuma a haɗa su ta hanyar haɗa halayen ƙarin nucleophilic tare da wakilai masu haɗin gwiwa masu aiki da yawa waɗanda kuma aka sani da wakilai masu warkarwa ko masu tauri. Yayin da amsawar ke ci gaba, ana samar da manyan ƙwayoyin halitta kuma manyan sassan da ke da alaƙa da juna suna haɓaka, ƙimar maganin yana shafar siffar jiki da aikin resin epoxy da abubuwan warkarwa - ƙaruwar zafin jiki bayan tsaftacewa yana haifar da haɗin gwiwa na biyu na aikin hydroxyl na baya wanda ke taruwa don samar da haɗin ether; [[File:Carbon_fiber_-_epoxy_thermoset_prepreg.jpg|alt=carbon fiber / epoxy thermoset prepreg|thumb| Tsarin zare na carbon / thermoset na epoxy]] Polyurethanes suna samuwa ne lokacin da aka haɗa resin isocyanate da prepolymers tare da ƙananan ko manyan polyols masu nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta, tare da tsauraran rabon stoichiometric waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don sarrafa polymerization na ƙarin nucleophilic - an daidaita matakin haɗin gwiwa da nau'in jiki (elastomer ko filastik) daga nauyin kwayoyin halitta da aikin resin isocyanate, prepolymers, da kuma ainihin haɗuwar diols, triols da polyols da aka zaɓa, tare da tasirin amsawar yana da tasiri sosai daga masu haɓaka da masu hanawa; polyureas suna samuwa kusan nan take lokacin da aka haɗa resin isocyanate tare da resin polyether ko polyester na amine mai dogon sarka da kuma masu faɗaɗa diamine na gajerun sarka - amsawar ƙarin nucleophilic na amine-isocyanate baya buƙatar masu haɓaka. Polyurea kuma yana samuwa ne lokacin da resin isocyanate ya taɓa danshi; Resins na phenolic, amino, da furan duk an warkar da su ta hanyar amfani da polycondensation wanda ya haɗa da sakin ruwa da zafi, tare da sarrafa maganin warkarwa da polymerization exotherm wanda zafin warkarwa, zaɓin catalyst ko hanyar lodawa da sarrafawa ko matsin lamba ke tasiri - matakin kafin polymerization da matakin abubuwan da suka rage a cikin resins ɗin suna ƙayyade yawan haɗin gwiwa. <ref>Reactive Polymers Fundamentals and Applications: A Concise Guide to Industrial Polymers (Plastics Design Library), William Andrew Inc., 2nd edition, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1455731497}}</ref> Ana warkar da Polybenzoxazine ta hanyar amfani da hanyar polymerization ta hanyar buɗe zobe ta waje ba tare da fitar da wani sinadari ba, wanda ke nufin kusan raguwar sifili bayan polymerization. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Polybenzoxazines |url=http://polymerdatabase.com/polymer%20classes/Polybenzoxazine%20type.html |website=Polymer Properties Database}}</ref> Za'a iya tsara ma'aunin polymer na thermosetting bisa ga ma'auni na resin da pre-polymers da kuma amfani da su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyoyi da yawa don ƙirƙirar halaye masu warkewa na musamman waɗanda ba za a iya cimma su da polymers na thermoplastic ko kayan inorganic ba.<ref>Industrial Polymer Applications: Essential Chemistry and Technology, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, 1st edition, 2016, {{ISBN|978-1782628149}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Gilashin thermosetting suna da ƙarfi fiye da kayan thermoplastic saboda cibiyar sadarwa mai girma uku na haɗin gwiwa (crosslinking), kuma sun fi dacewa da aikace-aikacen [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] har zuwa zafin jiki tunda suna riƙe da siffar su kamar yadda ba za a iya karya haɗin haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin sarkar polymer cikin sauƙi ba. Mafi girman ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da ƙanshin ƙanshi na polymer na thermoset, mafi girman juriya ga lalacewar zafi da harin sinadarai. Ƙarfin inji da ƙarfin aiki suma suna ingantawa tare da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, kodayake a kan kuɗin ƙanƙara. Yawanci suna lalacewa kafin narkewa. Hard, filastik thermosets na iya fuskantar dindindin ko filastik lalacewa a ƙarƙashin kaya. Elastomers, waɗanda suke da taushi da springy ko roba kuma ana iya lalata su kuma su koma ga ainihin siffar su a lokacin da aka saki loading. Ba za a iya narkar da filastik na thermoset na al'ada ko elastomers ba kuma a sake fasalin su bayan an warke su. Wannan yawanci yana hana sake amfani da shi don wannan dalili, sai dai a matsayin kayan cikawa. Sabbin ci gaba da suka shafi resins na epoxy wanda a kan sarrafawa kuma ya ƙunshi nau'in dumama wanda aka haɗa da hanyoyin sadarwar da aka ba da izinin sake fasalin sauyawa, kamar gilashin silica ta hanyar juyawa covalent bond musayar halayen kan sakewa sama da zafin canjin gilashi.<ref>D. Montarnal, M. Capelot, F. Tournilhac, L. Leibler, Science, 2011, 334, 965-968], {{Doi|10.1126/science.1212648}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai polyurethanes na thermoset da aka nuna suna da kaddarorin ɗan lokaci kuma wanda za'a iya sake sarrafawa ko sake amfani da shi. == Abubuwan da aka ƙarfafa da fiber == Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da fiber, resins masu zafi suna samar da sinadarin polymer mai ƙarfi, waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen kirkirar kayan aikin OEM ko sassan maye gurbin masana'antu, <ref>Polymer Matrix Composites: Materials Usage, Design, and Analysis, SAE International, 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-7680-7813-8}}</ref> kuma a matsayin wurin da aka yi amfani da shi, warkarwa da kuma kammala gyaran kayan kariya <ref>PCC-2 Repair of Pressure Equipment and Piping, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-7918-6959-8}}</ref> da kayan kariya. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da su azaman mai ɗaurewa don tarawa da sauran cikawa masu ƙarfi, suna samar da sinadarin polymer masu ƙarfafawa, waɗanda ake amfani da su don rufewa ko ƙirar kayan aiki, da kuma aikin da aka yi da kuma warkar da shi, ko dalilai na kulawa. == Kayan aiki == * Epoxy resin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guzman |first=Enrique |last2=Cugnoni |first2=Joël |last3=Gmür |first3=Thomas |year=2014 |title=Multi-Factorial Models of a Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Composite Subjected to Accelerated Environmental Ageing |journal=Composite Structures |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=179–192 |doi=10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.12.028}}</ref> wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman bangare na matrix a cikin filastik masu ƙarfi da yawa kamar filastik mai ƙarfafa gilashi da filastik da aka ƙarfafa graphite; simintin; encapsulation na lantarki; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kulkarni |first=Romit |last2=Wappler |first2=Peter |last3=Soltani |first3=Mahdi |last4=Haybat |first4=Mehmet |last5=Guenther |first5=Thomas |last6=Groezinger |first6=Tobias |last7=Zimmermann |first7=André |date=1 February 2019 |title=An Assessment of Thermoset Injection Molding for Thin-Walled Conformal Encapsulation of Board-Level Electronic Packages |journal=Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.3390/jmmp3010018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> gini; murfin kariya; adhesives; hatimi da shiga. * Polyimides da Bismaleimides da aka yi amfani da su a cikin allon da'irar da aka buga da kuma sassan jiki na jirgin sama na zamani, tsarin da ke cikin sararin samaniya, a matsayin kayan rufewa da kuma bututun da aka ƙarfafa gilashi. * Cyanate esters ko polycyanurates don aikace-aikacen lantarki tare da buƙatar kaddarorin dielectric da buƙatun zafin jiki mai girma a cikin abubuwan haɗin sararin samaniya. * Tsarin fiberglass na Resin polyester: mahadi na gyaran takarda da mahadi na kwalliya mai yawa; winding na filament; shimfidawa mai laushi; mahadi na gyarawa da murfin kariya. * Polyurethanes: ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, mattresses, coatings, adhesives, sassan mota, rollers na bugawa, takalma, bene, fiber na roba, da dai sauransu. Polyurethane polymers an kafa su ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da bi- ko mafi girma monomers / oligomers. * Polyurea / polyurethane hybrids da aka yi amfani da su don rufewa mai tsayayya da ruwa. * Rubutun roba mai laushi. * Bakelite, resin phenol-formaldehyde da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin insulators na lantarki da kayan filastik. * Duroplast, abu mai haske amma mai ƙarfi, mai kama da Bakelite da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙera motar Trabant, a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi don kayan gida * Urea-formaldehyde kumfa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin katako, allon ƙwayoyin cuta da allon fiber mai matsakaici. * Melamine resin da aka yi amfani da shi a kan farfajiyar aiki da wasu jita-jita na filastik, cutlery da sinks. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roberto C. Dante, Diego A. Santamaría and Jesús Martín Gil |year=2009 |title=Crosslinking and thermal stability of thermosets based on novolak and melamine |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=4059–4065 |doi=10.1002/app.31114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ishiwata |first=Hajimu |last2=Inoue |first2=Takiko |last3=Tanimura |first3=Akio |date=1986 |title=Migration of melamine and formaldehyde from tableware made of melamine resin |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02652038609373566 |journal=Food Additives and Contaminants |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=63–69 |doi=10.1080/02652038609373566 |pmid=3956795 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Diallyl phthalate (DAP) da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin zafin jiki mai girma da haɗin lantarki na mil-spec da sauran abubuwan. Yawancin lokaci an cika gilashi. * Epoxy novolac resins da aka yi amfani da su don allon da aka buga, encapsulation na lantarki, adhesives da coatings don ƙarfe. * Benzoxazines, wanda aka yi amfani da shi kadai ko kuma an haɗa shi da epoxy da phenolic resins, don tsarin pre-glass, gyaran ruwa da mannewar fim don ginin, haɗin kai da gyara. * Mold ko mold runners (bangaren filastik na baki a cikin hadadden da'irori ko semiconductors). * Furan resins da aka yi amfani da su wajen kera gine-ginen biocomposite mai ɗorewa, ciment, adhesives, coatings da simintin / foundry resins. * Silicone resins da aka yi amfani da su don thermoset polymer matrix composites da kuma a matsayin yumbu matrix composite precursors. * [[Thiolyte]], kayan lantarki mai rufe thermoset phenolic laminate. * Vinyl ester resins da aka yi amfani da su don shimfida shimfiɗa, gyare-gyare da saurin saita kariya ta masana'antu da kayan gyara. == Aikace-aikacen == Amfani / tsari da hanyoyin don thermosets sun haɗa da murfin kariya, bene mara sutura, gine-ginen injiniya don haɗin kai da allura, turmi, yashi, adhesives, sealants, simintin, potting, Ruwan lantarki, encapsulation, kumfa mai ƙarfi, shimfiɗa laminating, pultrusion, gelcoats, filament winding, pre-pre-prelament, da molding. Takamaiman hanyoyin gyaran thermosets sune: * Reactive injection molding (wanda aka yi amfani da shi don abubuwa kamar akwatunan kwalban madara) * Extrusion molding (wanda aka yi amfani da shi don yin bututu, zaren masana'anta da rufi don igiyoyin lantarki) * Tsarin matsawa (wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tsara filastik na SMC da BMC) * Spin simintin (wanda aka yi amfani da shi don samar da kayan kamun kifi da jigs, ƙananan wasanni, siffofi, alamomi da kuma samarwa da sassan maye gurbin) == Dubi kuma == * Fusion bonded epoxy coating * Matrix na polymer na thermoset * Vulcanization == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6gpzwlbh78gqg7q9m134sydy3wnh4l1 964116 964115 2026-10-06T22:48:32Z Baffa ali 47435 964116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Structures_of_macromolecules.png|thumb| '''Hagu''' : sarƙoƙin polymer masu layi ɗaya<br /><br /><br /><br /> '''Dama''' : Sarkokin polymer waɗanda aka haɗa su don samar da polymer mai ƙarfi na 3D thermoset]] A kimiyyar kayan aiki, '''polymer mai saita thermosetting''', wanda galibi ake kira '''thermoset''', polymer ne wanda ake samu ta hanyar taurare (" warkewa ") wani ruwa mai laushi ko mai kauri ( resin ) mai laushi. Ana haifar da wartsakewa ta hanyar zafi ko [[Rashin haske|radiation]] mai dacewa kuma ana iya haɓaka shi ta hanyar matsin lamba mai yawa ko haɗuwa da wani [[Catalysis|abu mai kara kuzari]] . Ba lallai ba ne a yi amfani da zafi a waje, kuma sau da yawa ana samar da shi ta hanyar amsawar resin tare da maganin warkarwa ( ''mai kara kuzari'', ''mai taurare'' ). Warkewa yana haifar da halayen sinadarai waɗanda ke haifar da haɗin gwiwa mai yawa tsakanin sarƙoƙin polymer don samar da hanyar sadarwa ta polymer [[wiktionary:infusible|mai narkewa]] da ba ta narkewa . Kayan farko da ake amfani da shi wajen yin thermosets yawanci ruwa ne ko kuma mai laushi kafin a goge su, kuma galibi ana tsara su ne don a ƙera su zuwa siffar ƙarshe. Ana iya amfani da shi azaman manne . Da zarar ya taurare, ba za a iya narke thermoset don sake fasalinsa ba, sabanin polymers na thermoplastic waɗanda galibi ake samarwa da rarrabawa a cikin nau'in ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ana siffanta su zuwa siffar samfurin ƙarshe ta hanyar narkewa, matsi, ko ƙera allura . == Tsarin sinadarai == Gyaran resin thermosetting yana canza shi zuwa filastik, ko elastomer ( roba ) ta hanyar haɗa ko faɗaɗa sarka ta hanyar ƙirƙirar haɗin covalent tsakanin sarƙoƙi na polymer guda ɗaya. Yawan haɗin giciye ya bambanta dangane da haɗin monomer ko prepolymer, da kuma hanyar haɗin giciye: Resin acrylic, polyester da vinyl esters waɗanda ke da wuraren da ba su cika ba a ƙarshen ko a kan kashin baya gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa ta hanyar haɗa su da monomers marasa cika, tare da maganin da aka fara ta hanyar free radicals da aka samar daga radiation ionizing ko kuma ta hanyar photolytic ko thermal discomposition na mai farawa mai tsauri - ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa yana tasiri ta hanyar matakin rashin cika kashin baya a cikin prepolymer; Ana iya haɗa resins masu aiki na Epoxy tare da abubuwan kara kuzari na anionic ko cationic da zafi, ko kuma a haɗa su ta hanyar haɗa halayen ƙarin nucleophilic tare da wakilai masu haɗin gwiwa masu aiki da yawa waɗanda kuma aka sani da wakilai masu warkarwa ko masu tauri. Yayin da amsawar ke ci gaba, ana samar da manyan ƙwayoyin halitta kuma manyan sassan da ke da alaƙa da juna suna haɓaka, ƙimar maganin yana shafar siffar jiki da aikin resin epoxy da abubuwan warkarwa - ƙaruwar zafin jiki bayan tsaftacewa yana haifar da haɗin gwiwa na biyu na aikin hydroxyl na baya wanda ke taruwa don samar da haɗin ether; [[File:Carbon_fiber_-_epoxy_thermoset_prepreg.jpg|alt=carbon fiber / epoxy thermoset prepreg|thumb| Tsarin zare na carbon / thermoset na epoxy]] Polyurethanes suna samuwa ne lokacin da aka haɗa resin isocyanate da prepolymers tare da ƙananan ko manyan polyols masu nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta, tare da tsauraran rabon stoichiometric waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don sarrafa polymerization na ƙarin nucleophilic - an daidaita matakin haɗin gwiwa da nau'in jiki (elastomer ko filastik) daga nauyin kwayoyin halitta da aikin resin isocyanate, prepolymers, da kuma ainihin haɗuwar diols, triols da polyols da aka zaɓa, tare da tasirin amsawar yana da tasiri sosai daga masu haɓaka da masu hanawa; polyureas suna samuwa kusan nan take lokacin da aka haɗa resin isocyanate tare da resin polyether ko polyester na amine mai dogon sarka da kuma masu faɗaɗa diamine na gajerun sarka - amsawar ƙarin nucleophilic na amine-isocyanate baya buƙatar masu haɓaka. Polyurea kuma yana samuwa ne lokacin da resin isocyanate ya taɓa danshi; Resins na phenolic, amino, da furan duk an warkar da su ta hanyar amfani da polycondensation wanda ya haɗa da sakin ruwa da zafi, tare da sarrafa maganin warkarwa da polymerization exotherm wanda zafin warkarwa, zaɓin catalyst ko hanyar lodawa da sarrafawa ko matsin lamba ke tasiri - matakin kafin polymerization da matakin abubuwan da suka rage a cikin resins ɗin suna ƙayyade yawan haɗin gwiwa. <ref>Reactive Polymers Fundamentals and Applications: A Concise Guide to Industrial Polymers (Plastics Design Library), William Andrew Inc., 2nd edition, 2013, {{ISBN|978-1455731497}}</ref> Ana warkar da Polybenzoxazine ta hanyar amfani da hanyar polymerization ta hanyar buɗe zobe ta waje ba tare da fitar da wani sinadari ba, wanda ke nufin kusan raguwar sifili bayan polymerization. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Polybenzoxazines |url=http://polymerdatabase.com/polymer%20classes/Polybenzoxazine%20type.html |website=Polymer Properties Database}}</ref> Za'a iya tsara ma'aunin polymer na thermosetting bisa ga ma'auni na resin da pre-polymers da kuma amfani da su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyoyi da yawa don ƙirƙirar halaye masu warkewa na musamman waɗanda ba za a iya cimma su da polymers na thermoplastic ko kayan inorganic ba.<ref>Industrial Polymer Applications: Essential Chemistry and Technology, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, 1st edition, 2016, {{ISBN|978-1782628149}}</ref> == Abubuwan da ke ciki == Gilashin thermosetting suna da ƙarfi fiye da kayan thermoplastic saboda cibiyar sadarwa mai girma uku na haɗin gwiwa (crosslinking), kuma sun fi dacewa da aikace-aikacen [[Temperature|zafin jiki]] har zuwa zafin jiki tunda suna riƙe da siffar su kamar yadda ba za a iya karya haɗin haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tsakanin sarkar polymer cikin sauƙi ba. Mafi girman ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa da ƙanshin ƙanshi na polymer na thermoset, mafi girman juriya ga lalacewar zafi da harin sinadarai. Ƙarfin inji da ƙarfin aiki suma suna ingantawa tare da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, kodayake a kan kuɗin ƙanƙara. Yawanci suna lalacewa kafin narkewa. Hard, filastik thermosets na iya fuskantar dindindin ko filastik lalacewa a ƙarƙashin kaya. Elastomers, waɗanda suke da taushi da springy ko roba kuma ana iya lalata su kuma su koma ga ainihin siffar su a lokacin da aka saki loading. Ba za a iya narkar da filastik na thermoset na al'ada ko elastomers ba kuma a sake fasalin su bayan an warke su. Wannan yawanci yana hana sake amfani da shi don wannan dalili, sai dai a matsayin kayan cikawa. Sabbin ci gaba da suka shafi resins na epoxy wanda a kan sarrafawa kuma ya ƙunshi nau'in dumama wanda aka haɗa da hanyoyin sadarwar da aka ba da izinin sake fasalin sauyawa, kamar gilashin silica ta hanyar juyawa covalent bond musayar halayen kan sakewa sama da zafin canjin gilashi.<ref>D. Montarnal, M. Capelot, F. Tournilhac, L. Leibler, Science, 2011, 334, 965-968], {{Doi|10.1126/science.1212648}}</ref> Har ila yau, akwai polyurethanes na thermoset da aka nuna suna da kaddarorin ɗan lokaci kuma wanda za'a iya sake sarrafawa ko sake amfani da shi. == Abubuwan da aka ƙarfafa da fiber == Lokacin da aka haɗa shi da fiber, resins masu zafi suna samar da sinadarin polymer mai ƙarfi, waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen kirkirar kayan aikin OEM ko sassan maye gurbin masana'antu, <ref>Polymer Matrix Composites: Materials Usage, Design, and Analysis, SAE International, 2012, {{ISBN|978-0-7680-7813-8}}</ref> kuma a matsayin wurin da aka yi amfani da shi, warkarwa da kuma kammala gyaran kayan kariya <ref>PCC-2 Repair of Pressure Equipment and Piping, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015, {{ISBN|978-0-7918-6959-8}}</ref> da kayan kariya. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da su azaman mai ɗaurewa don tarawa da sauran cikawa masu ƙarfi, suna samar da sinadarin polymer masu ƙarfafawa, waɗanda ake amfani da su don rufewa ko ƙirar kayan aiki, da kuma aikin da aka yi da kuma warkar da shi, ko dalilai na kulawa. == Kayan aiki == * Epoxy resin <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Guzman |first=Enrique |last2=Cugnoni |first2=Joël |last3=Gmür |first3=Thomas |year=2014 |title=Multi-Factorial Models of a Carbon Fibre/Epoxy Composite Subjected to Accelerated Environmental Ageing |journal=Composite Structures |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=179–192 |doi=10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.12.028}}</ref> wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman bangare na matrix a cikin filastik masu ƙarfi da yawa kamar filastik mai ƙarfafa gilashi da filastik da aka ƙarfafa graphite; simintin; encapsulation na lantarki; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kulkarni |first=Romit |last2=Wappler |first2=Peter |last3=Soltani |first3=Mahdi |last4=Haybat |first4=Mehmet |last5=Guenther |first5=Thomas |last6=Groezinger |first6=Tobias |last7=Zimmermann |first7=André |date=1 February 2019 |title=An Assessment of Thermoset Injection Molding for Thin-Walled Conformal Encapsulation of Board-Level Electronic Packages |journal=Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=18 |doi=10.3390/jmmp3010018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> gini; murfin kariya; adhesives; hatimi da shiga. * Polyimides da Bismaleimides da aka yi amfani da su a cikin allon da'irar da aka buga da kuma sassan jiki na jirgin sama na zamani, tsarin da ke cikin sararin samaniya, a matsayin kayan rufewa da kuma bututun da aka ƙarfafa gilashi. * Cyanate esters ko polycyanurates don aikace-aikacen lantarki tare da buƙatar kaddarorin dielectric da buƙatun zafin jiki mai girma a cikin abubuwan haɗin sararin samaniya. * Tsarin fiberglass na Resin polyester: mahadi na gyaran takarda da mahadi na kwalliya mai yawa; winding na filament; shimfidawa mai laushi; mahadi na gyarawa da murfin kariya. * Polyurethanes: ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, mattresses, coatings, adhesives, sassan mota, rollers na bugawa, takalma, bene, fiber na roba, da dai sauransu. Polyurethane polymers an kafa su ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da bi- ko mafi girma monomers / oligomers. * Polyurea / polyurethane hybrids da aka yi amfani da su don rufewa mai tsayayya da ruwa. * Rubutun roba mai laushi. * Bakelite, resin phenol-formaldehyde da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin insulators na lantarki da kayan filastik. * Duroplast, abu mai haske amma mai ƙarfi, mai kama da Bakelite da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ƙera motar Trabant, a halin yanzu ana amfani da shi don kayan gida * Urea-formaldehyde kumfa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin katako, allon ƙwayoyin cuta da allon fiber mai matsakaici. * Melamine resin da aka yi amfani da shi a kan farfajiyar aiki da wasu jita-jita na filastik, cutlery da sinks. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roberto C. Dante, Diego A. Santamaría and Jesús Martín Gil |year=2009 |title=Crosslinking and thermal stability of thermosets based on novolak and melamine |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |volume=114 |issue=6 |pages=4059–4065 |doi=10.1002/app.31114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ishiwata |first=Hajimu |last2=Inoue |first2=Takiko |last3=Tanimura |first3=Akio |date=1986 |title=Migration of melamine and formaldehyde from tableware made of melamine resin |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02652038609373566 |journal=Food Additives and Contaminants |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=63–69 |doi=10.1080/02652038609373566 |pmid=3956795 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> * Diallyl phthalate (DAP) da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin zafin jiki mai girma da haɗin lantarki na mil-spec da sauran abubuwan. Yawancin lokaci an cika gilashi. * Epoxy novolac resins da aka yi amfani da su don allon da aka buga, encapsulation na lantarki, adhesives da coatings don ƙarfe. * Benzoxazines, wanda aka yi amfani da shi kadai ko kuma an haɗa shi da epoxy da phenolic resins, don tsarin pre-glass, gyaran ruwa da mannewar fim don ginin, haɗin kai da gyara. * Mold ko mold runners (bangaren filastik na baki a cikin hadadden da'irori ko semiconductors). * Furan resins da aka yi amfani da su wajen kera gine-ginen biocomposite mai ɗorewa, ciment, adhesives, coatings da simintin / foundry resins. * Silicone resins da aka yi amfani da su don thermoset polymer matrix composites da kuma a matsayin yumbu matrix composite precursors. * [[Thiolyte]], kayan lantarki mai rufe thermoset phenolic laminate. * Vinyl ester resins da aka yi amfani da su don shimfida shimfiɗa, gyare-gyare da saurin saita kariya ta masana'antu da kayan gyara. == Aikace-aikacen == Amfani / tsari da hanyoyin don thermosets sun haɗa da murfin kariya, bene mara sutura, gine-ginen injiniya don haɗin kai da allura, turmi, yashi, adhesives, sealants, simintin, potting, Ruwan lantarki, encapsulation, kumfa mai ƙarfi, shimfiɗa laminating, pultrusion, gelcoats, filament winding, pre-pre-prelament, da molding. Takamaiman hanyoyin gyaran thermosets sune: * Reactive injection molding (wanda aka yi amfani da shi don abubuwa kamar akwatunan kwalban madara) * Extrusion molding (wanda aka yi amfani da shi don yin bututu, zaren masana'anta da rufi don igiyoyin lantarki) * Tsarin matsawa (wanda aka yi amfani da shi don tsara filastik na SMC da BMC) * Spin simintin (wanda aka yi amfani da shi don samar da kayan kamun kifi da jigs, ƙananan wasanni, siffofi, alamomi da kuma samarwa da sassan maye gurbin) == Dubi kuma == * Fusion bonded epoxy coating * Matrix na polymer na thermoset * Vulcanization == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pw55ckn5lkp0oejc7dicz8iwag0qmlt 0 178448 964121 2026-10-06T23:02:52Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369088052|Alfonso X of Castile]]" 964121 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alfonso X''' (wanda aka fi Zaki da Wise, Mutanen Espanya: el Sabio; 23 ga Nuwamba 1221 - 4 ga Afrilu 1284) ya kasance Sarkin Castile, León da Galicia daga 1 ga Yuni 1252 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1284. A lokacin zaben 1257, wata kungiya mai adawa ta zaba shi ya zama Sarkin Jamus a ranar 1 ga Afrilu. Ya yi watsi da da'awarsa ga Jamus a cikin 1275, kuma a cikin ƙirƙirar kawance tare da Masarautar Ingila a cikin 1254, da'awar sa a kan Duchy na Gascony. Sha'awar kimiyya ta Alfonso—wani lokacin ana yi masa lakabi da '''Mai Tauraro''' ( ''el Astrólogo'' )—ta sa shi ɗaukar nauyin ƙirƙirar teburin Alfonsine, kuma an sanya wa ramin Alphonsus da ke kan Wata suna bayansa. Ya kuma ɗauki nauyin ayyukan masana tarihi waɗanda, a karon farko tun bayan Isidore na Seville a {{Circa|600}}, ya sanya Spain cikin mahallin tarihin duniya. A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa, ya gabatar da dokar farko ta harshen Castile, wato ''Siete Partidas'' . Ya ƙirƙiri Mesta, ƙungiyar manoman tumaki a tsakiyar yankin, amma ya lalata kuɗin don ya biya kuɗin da ya mallaka wa gwamnatin Jamus. Ya yi yaƙi mai nasara da Portugal, amma bai yi nasara ba da Granada . Ƙarshen mulkinsa ya fuskanci yaƙin basasa da babban ɗansa da ya rage, Sancho na gaba<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwJw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>IV, wanda ya ci gaba bayan mutuwarsa. == Rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Alfonso a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1221 {{Sfn|Thacker|Escobar|2002}} a Toledo, Masarautar Castile. Shi ne ɗan fari na Ferdinand<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwMQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>na uku da Elizabeth (Beatrice) na Swabia . {{Sfn|O'Callaghan|1998}} Mahaifiyarsa 'yar uba ce ga Sarki Frederick na Romawa Mai Tsarki<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwOA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>II, wanda galibi ana kwatanta Alfonso da shi. Kakanninsa na uwa sune Philip na Swabia da Irene Angelina . Ba a san komai game da yadda ya girma ba, amma wataƙila an rene shi a Toledo. A cikin shekaru tara na farko na rayuwarsa, Alfonso ya kasance magajin Castile ne kawai har sai da kakansa na uba, sarki Alfonso na IX na León, ya mutu, kuma mahaifinsa ya haɗa masarautun Castile da León . Ya fara aikinsa na soja, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsa, lokacin yana ɗan shekara goma sha shida. Bayan hawan Sarki Theobald na ɗaya na Navarre, Ferdinand ya yi ƙoƙarin shirya auren Alfonso da 'yar Theobald, Blanche, amma matakin bai yi nasara ba. A lokaci guda kuma, yana da alaƙa ta soyayya da Magajin Gari Guillén de Guzmán, wanda ya haifa masa 'ya mace, Beatrice . A shekara ta 1240, ya auri Magajin Gari Guillén de Guzmán, amma daga baya aka soke auren kuma aka ayyana batunsu a matsayin haramtacciyar hanya. A cikin shekarun 1240, tare da mahaifinsa, ya mamaye wurare da dama na musulmai a Al-Andalus, ciki har da Murcia, Alicante da Cádiz . A shekara ta 1249, Alfonso ya auri Violante, 'yar Sarki James na ɗaya na Aragon kuma Violant na Hungary, {{Sfn|Previté-Orton|1952}} duk da cewa an riga an yi aure a shekara ta 1246. === Sarki === Alfonso ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin Sarkin Castile da León a shekara ta 1252. A shekara mai zuwa ya mamaye Portugal, inda ya kwace yankin Algarve . Dole ne Sarki Afonso na Uku na Portugal ya miƙa wuya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}} Duk da haka, Afonso III ya cimma yarjejeniya da Alfonso X cewa ta hanyar amincewa da auren 'yar Alfonso X, Beatrice na Castile, za a mayar wa magadansu ƙasar da aka kama. A shekara ta 1261 Alfonso X ya kama Jerez . A shekara ta 1263 ya mayar da Algarve ga Sarkin Portugal kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Badajoz (1267) . A shekara ta 1254, Alfonso X ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ƙawance da Sarki Henry na Uku na Ingila, inda ya tallafa masa a yaƙin da ya yi da Sarki Louis na IX na Faransa . A wannan shekarar ce 'yar'uwar Alfonso, Eleanor, ta auri ɗan Henry Edward : da wannan halin, Alfonso ya daina da'awar mallakar Duchy of Gascony har abada, wanda Castile ta kasance mai yin ƙarya tun auren Alfonso VIII na Castile da Eleanor na Ingila . ==== Zaɓen sarauta ==== A shekara ta 1256, bayan mutuwar William II na Holland, zuriyar Alfonso daga Hohenstaufen ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa, 'yar Philip na Swabia, ta ba shi da'awar sarautar Jamus ta hanyar zuriyar Hohenstaufen . Zaɓen da Alfonso ya yi a matsayin sarkin Jamus da masu zaɓen yarima suka yi ya ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin tsare-tsare masu sarkakiya waɗanda suka haɗa da kashe kuɗi mai yawa amma ba tare da sun kai ga nasara ba. Alfonso bai taɓa yin tafiya zuwa Jamus ba, kuma haɗin gwiwarsa da Ghibelline na Italiya Lord Ezzelino IV da Romano ya hana shi samun goyon bayan Paparoma Alexander na IV . Abokin hamayyarsa, Richard na Cornwall, ya tafi Jamus kuma aka naɗa shi a shekara ta 1257 a Aachen . Domin samun kuɗi, Alfonso ya kawar da darajar kuɗin sannan ya yi ƙoƙarin hana hauhawar farashi ta hanyar amfani da kuɗin fito na musamman. Ƙaramin cinikin da aka yi a mulkinsa ya lalace, kuma masu farautar shanu da manoma sun yi matuƙar fushi. Manyan mutanensa, waɗanda ya yi ƙoƙarin hana su ta hanyar ayyukan ta'addanci lokaci-lokaci, sun yi masa tawaye a shekara ta 1272. Dan Alfonso Ferdinand ne ya kawo sulhu da sarakuna a shekara ta 1273. Bayan mutuwar Richard na Cornwell, sarakunan Jamus sun zaɓi Rudolph na Habsburg (1273), inda Paparoma Gregory X ya ayyana cewa Alfonso ya hambarar da shi. A shekara ta 1275, Alfonso ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗuwa da babban firist ɗinsa a Italiya, William VII na Montferrat (wanda ya gaji Ezzelino), da abokansa na Ghibelline a Piedmont da Lombardy don murnar nasarar da aka samu a kan Guelph Charles I na Anjou kuma a naɗa shi a Lombardy. Duk da haka, Paparoma ya dakatar da shi daga burinsa na sarauta a Provence, wanda bayan dogon tattaunawa, ya sami izinin Alfonso na yin watsi da duk wani ikirarin da ya yi wa Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki. ==== Yaƙin basasa ==== [[File:TumboAKing.jpg|thumb| Hoton Alfonso X daga kundin Tumbo 'A' de Santiago (An rubuta tsakanin 1229 da 1255)]] A tsawon mulkinsa, Alfonso ya yi gwagwarmaya da manyan sarakunansa, musamman iyalan Nuño González de Lara, Diego López de Haro da Esteban Fernández de Castro, waɗanda dukkansu sojoji ne masu ƙarfi kuma suka taka rawa wajen kiyaye ƙarfin sojojin Castile a yankunan da ke kan iyaka. A cewar wasu malamai, Alfonso ba shi da manufa ɗaya da mai mulki zai sadaukar da kansa ga tsari da kuma haɗakar ƙarfin hali da ake buƙata don mu'amala da manyansa duk da cewa wannan ba ra'ayi ne da kowa ke ɗauka ba.   Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa ƙoƙarinsa ya fi mayar da hankali kan shirye-shiryen diflomasiyya da na kuɗi da suka shafi yunƙurinsa na zama Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2019}} [[File:Castillia.jpg|right|thumb| Jakadun Castillian suna ganawa da Almohad khalifa Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada, daga <nowiki><i id="mwig">Cantigas de Santa María</i></nowiki>]] Babban ɗan Alfonso, Ferdinand, ya mutu a shekara ta 1275 a Yaƙin Écija da sojojin mamayar Morocco da Granada, inda ya bar jarirai maza biyu. Ɗan Alfonso na biyu, Sancho, ya yi iƙirarin zama sabon magaji, maimakon 'ya'yan Ferdinand de la Cerda, yana mai da'awarsa bisa ga tsohuwar al'adar Castilian, wato kusancin jini da kuma girman kai . Alfonso ya fi son ya bar wa jikokinsa sarauta, amma Sancho ya sami goyon bayan manyan mutane. Yaƙin basasa mai zafi ya ɓarke wanda ya tilasta wa Alfonso a shekara ta 1282 ya karɓi Sancho a matsayin magajinsa maimakon jikokinsa ƙanana; biranen [[Sevilla|Seville]], Murcia da Badajoz ne kawai suka riƙe aminci a gare shi. Ɗansa da manyan mutane sun goyi bayan [[Moors]] lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗa kan al'umma a wani yaƙi; kuma lokacin da ya haɗa kai da Abu Yusuf Yakub, sarkin Maroko mai mulki, sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin maƙiyin addini. Wani martani da ya mayar masa ya fara ne a kwanakinsa na ƙarshe, amma ya mutu a yaƙin da aka yi masa kaca-kaca aka kuma yashe shi a Seville a shekara ta 1284, inda ya bar wasiyya, wadda ta yi ƙoƙarin ware Sancho, da kuma gadon yaƙin basasa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2019}} ==== Manufar tattalin arziki ==== A shekara ta 1273, ya ƙirƙiri Mesta, wata ƙungiya ta kimanin ƙananan masu kiwon tumaki 3,000 a Castile, a matsayin martani ga ƙarancin ulu da ake fitarwa daga wuraren gargajiya a Ingila. Daga baya wannan ƙungiya ta sami ƙarfi sosai a ƙasar (yayin da ulu ya zama babban kayan da Castile ke fitarwa <ref name="Nicholas 1999" /> kuma ya ba da rahoton ƙarin ciniki, wanda ake kira "farin zinariya", saboda yawan ulu yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga lafiyar jama'a a lokacin hunturu), kuma daga ƙarshe gatansa ya zama mummunan rauni a tattalin arzikin Castilian. Ɗaya daga cikin illolin da garken tumakin ke fuskanta wajen faɗaɗawa cikin sauri shi ne raguwar gonakin Castilian inda tumakin ke kiwo ta ciki. <ref name="Nicholas 1999" /> Aikin Mesta na asali shine raba gonaki da hanyoyin tumaki da ke haɗa wuraren kiwo. ==== Ayyukan yin dokoki ==== A matsayinsa na mai mulki, Alfonso ya nuna ikon yin dokoki, da kuma sha'awar samar wa masarautun da aka faɗaɗa ƙarƙashin mahaifinsa da dokokin doka da kuma tsarin shari'a mai ɗorewa. Dokar ''Fuero Real'' ko ta sarauta wadda ta yi ƙoƙarin tsara waɗannan dokoki wataƙila aikin sa ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Fuero Real de Alfonso X el Sabio |url=https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/publicacion.php?id=PUB-LH-2018-7 |website=Leyes Históricas de la monarquía hispánica}}</ref> Ya fara ɗaya daga cikin dokokin Turai mafi cikakken tsari a zamanin da, ''Siete Partidas'', wanda manyan Castile suka hana, sai dai jikansa ne ya ayyana shi. Saboda haka, kuma saboda jam'iyyar ''Partidas'' ta ci gaba da kasancewa babbar doka a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisa 23 da aka wakilta a zauren Majalisar Wakilai na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka . ==== Horar da sojoji ==== [[File:Alfonso_X_of_Castile.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Equestrian seal of Alfonso X of Castile]] Tun yana ƙarami, Alfonso X ya nuna sha'awar rayuwarsa ta soja da jarumtaka. A shekara ta 1231 Alfonso ya yi tafiya tare da Pérez de Castron a wani yakin neman zabe a yankin Andalusia. A lokacin da yake rubutu a cikin ''littafin Estoria de España'', Alfonso ya bayyana yadda ya ga St. James a kan farin doki mai launin fari da kuma rundunar jarumai suna fafatawa a yaƙi a saman sojojin Spain. Wannan hangen nesa na rundunar sama da ke yaƙi a Jerez da kuma shiga cikin yaƙin soja wataƙila ya bar Alfonso X da ilimi mai zurfi da girmamawa ga ayyukan soja da jaruman jarumai. Ana iya ganin girmama Alfonso ga jarumtaka a cikin rubutunsa game da dokokin Spain. An tsara tsarin mulkin kama-karya na {{Lang|es|Siete Partidas}} a cikin tsarin mulkin kama-karya na Siete (2,21) inda ya rubuta cewa ya kamata jarumai su kasance, "masu kyawawan zuri'a kuma an bambanta su da kirki, hikima, fahimta, aminci, jarumtaka, daidaito, adalci, ƙwarewa, da ilimin aiki da ake buƙata don tantance ingancin doki da makamai ( {{Lang|es|Siete Partidas}}, 21, 1–10). " Waɗannan ƙoƙarin da aka yi na samar da ƙa'idar ɗabi'ar jarumtaka mai tsari wataƙila an yi su ne don ƙarfafa ƙarfin makamai (ƙarfin hali) da kuma hana amfani da tashin hankali don amfani mai adalci (wanda gwamnati ta ɗauki nauyinsa) . == Al'adar kotu == Sarki Alfonso X ya ƙirƙiro al'adar kotu wadda ke ƙarfafa ilimin duniya baki ɗaya. Alfonso yana da rubuce-rubuce da yawa a baya a cikin [[Larabci]] da Latin da aka fassara zuwa harshen Castilian a fadarsa. Alfonso "ya koma ga harshen yaren don irin alkawuran ilimi da a da ba a iya tsammani ba a wajen [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ." An yaba masa da ƙarfafa amfani da harshen Castilian a rubuce maimakon Latin a matsayin harshen da ake amfani da shi a kotuna, majami'u, da littattafai da takardu na hukuma (kodayake mahaifinsa, Ferdinand III, ya fara amfani da shi don wasu takardu). Wannan fassarar takardun Larabci da na Gargajiya zuwa harsunan ya ƙarfafa ci gaban kimiyyar Sifaniyanci, adabi, da falsafa. === Fassarori === Tun daga farkon mulkinsa, Alfonso ya ɗauki malamai Yahudawa, Kirista da Musulmi a fadarsa, musamman don fassara littattafai daga [[Larabci]] da [[Ibrananci]] zuwa Latin da Castilian, kodayake koyaushe yana dagewa kan kula da fassarar da kansa. Wannan ƙungiyar malamai ta kafa littafin sarautarsa, tana ci gaba da al'adar Escuela de Traductores de Toledo ( Makarantar Masu Fassara ta Toledo ) ta ƙarni na sha biyu. Sakamakonsu na ƙarshe ya ɗaukaka Castilian a matsayin harshen koyo a fannin kimiyya da adabi, kuma ya kafa harsashin sabon [[Yaren Sifen|harshen Sifaniyanci]] . Wannan sigar harshen Castilian da ta bunƙasa ta kuma sami muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin gidan sarauta, inda ta zo ta maye gurbin Latin, wanda har zuwa lokacin shine harshen da aka fi amfani da shi don diflomasiyyar sarauta a Castile da León. Fassarar farko, wadda ɗan'uwansa, Fernando de la Cerda, ya bayar - wanda yake da ƙwarewa sosai, a fannin diflomasiyya da soja, tsakanin Musulmin kudancin Iberia da arewacin Afirka - ta fito ne daga Castilian, wani littafi mai suna ''Kalila wa-Dimna'' ya ƙunshi nau'in adabin hikima mai suna Mirrors for Princes : labarai da maganganu da aka yi niyya don koyar da sarki kan shugabanci mai kyau da inganci. Babban aikin ilimi na waɗannan masana ya ta'allaka ne akan ilmin taurari da ilmin taurari. A farkon zamanin mulkin Alfonso, an fassara wasu ayyukan sihiri ( ''Lapidario'', ''Picatrix'', ''Libro de las formas et las ymagenes'' ) waɗanda wani masani Bayahude mai suna Yehuda ben Moshe (Yhuda Mosca, a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubucen tushen Sifaniyanci) ya fassara. Waɗannan duk rubuce-rubuce ne masu matuƙar ado ( ''Lapidario'' ne kawai suka tsira gaba ɗaya) waɗanda ke ɗauke da abin da aka yi imanin cewa sirri ne game da sifofin sihiri na duwatsu da talisman . Bugu da ƙari ga waɗannan littattafan sihiri na taurari, Alfonso ya ba da umarnin fassara fitattun labaran Larabci compendia, ciki har da ''Libro de las cruzes'' da ''Libro conplido en los iudizios de las estrellas'' . Na farko daga cikin waɗannan, abin mamaki, an fassara shi daga Latin (an yi amfani da shi a tsakanin Visigoths ), zuwa Larabci, sannan aka mayar da shi zuwa Castilian da Latin. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen da aka fara fassara a wannan lokacin sun tsira ne kawai a cikin rubutun hannu ɗaya kowanne. === Ilimin Taurari === A matsayinsa na mai ilimi, ya sami shaharar kimiyya sosai bisa ga ƙarfafawarsa ga ilmin taurari, wanda ya haɗa da ilmin taurari a lokacin da kuma ilimin sararin samaniya na Ptolemaic kamar yadda [[Larabawa]] suka sani. Ya kewaye kansa da yawancin masu fassara Yahudawa waɗanda suka fassara rubuce-rubucen kimiyya na Larabci zuwa Castilian a Toledo. Shahararsa ta kai ga shirya teburin Alfonsine, bisa ga lissafin [[Al-Zarqali|al-Zarqali, "Arzachel"]] . Alexander Bogdanov ya dage cewa waɗannan tebura sun zama tushen ci gaban [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]] na fahimtar sararin samaniya mai tsayi . Saboda wannan aikin, an sanya wa Alphonsus sunan ramin wata. Wani sanannen magana, amma mai kama da na apocryphal, wanda aka jingina masa bayan jin sa, bayanin lissafi mai sarkakiya da ake buƙata don nuna ka'idar Ptolemy ta ilmin taurari shine "Da Ubangiji Mai Iko Dukka ya nemi shawarata kafin fara halitta haka, da na ba da shawarar wani abu mafi sauƙi." Gingerich (1990) ya ce wani nau'in wannan zance da ake zargin an ambaci (amma an ƙi) tun farkon ƙarni na 16 ta masanin tarihi Jerónimo de Zurita, kuma Soriano Viguera (1926) ya ce "ba za a iya samun wani abu makamancin haka a rubuce-rubucen Alfonso ba." Duk da haka, [[Dean Acheson]] (Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Amurka, 1949–1953) ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin tushen taken da kuma rubutun tarihin rayuwarsa ''Present at the Creation.'' === Tarihi === Alfonso ya kuma ba da umarnin tattara tarihin tarihi, ''[[Crónica general|Janar na Cronica]]'', wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1264. Wannan tarihin ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa tarihi gabaɗaya kuma ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin tarihin tarihi, tatsuniyoyi da kuma tushen Larabci. <ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Alfonso X – king of Castile and Leon |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfonso-X |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Wannan aikin ya sami karbuwa tun daga ƙarni na sha shida, lokacin da aka farfaɗo da sha'awar tarihi; [[Florián de Ocampo|Floríán de Ocampo]] ya buga sabon bugu kuma Lorenzo de Sepúlveda ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin babban tushen soyayyarsa . Sepúlveda ta rubuta wasu fina-finan soyayya da dama, inda Alfonso X ya zama gwarzonsu. === Ayyukan tarihi === Kotun Alfonso ta tattara wani aiki da aka rubuta da harshen Castilian mai suna ''Janar Estoria'' . Wannan aikin yunƙuri ne na tarihin duniya wanda ya samo asali daga tushe da yawa kuma ya haɗa da fassarori daga Tsohon Alkawari na Vulgate wanda aka haɗa shi da tatsuniyoyi da tarihi daga duniyar gargajiya, galibi Masar, Girka, da Roma. <ref name="britannica" /> Duk da haka, wannan tarihin duniya bai cika ba, don haka ya tsaya a lokacin haihuwar Almasihu. Babban mahimmancin wannan aikin yana cikin fassarar daga Latin zuwa Castilian. <ref name="Procter" /> Kamar tarihin rayuwarsa, ikon kotun Alfonso na tattara rubuce-rubuce daga al'adu daban-daban da kuma fassara su zuwa Castilian ya bar wani tasiri na tarihi a Spain. An yaba wa Alfonso X da hoton farko na ''hórreo'', wani gidan ajiyar kaya na yau da kullun daga arewa maso yammacin yankin Iberian. Tsohuwar takarda mai ɗauke da hoton ''hórreo'' ita ce Alfonso's ''Cantigas de Santa Maria'' (waƙar CLXXXVII) daga XII AC A cikin wannan hoton, an kwatanta ''hórreos'' mai rectangular guda uku na salon Gothic. === Wasanni === [[File:Alfonso-LJ-27V.jpg|right|thumb| Matsalar dara #35]] Alfonso kuma ya sami ''Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas'' ( ''"Libro de los Juegos" (Littafin Wasanni)'' ) wanda aka fassara zuwa Castilian daga Larabci kuma ya ƙara zane-zane da nufin kammala aikin. An kammala shi a shekara ta 1283. Littafin Libro de juegos ya ƙunshi tarin rubuce-rubuce masu yawa game da [[Dara (Chess)|wasan dara]], tare da matsalolin wasan dara sama da 100 da bambance-bambancen wasan dara . === Kiɗa === Alfonso X ya ba da umarni ko kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙi da yawa a lokacin mulkinsa. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da ''Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer'' da babban littafin ''Cantigas de Santa Maria'' ("Waƙoƙi ga Budurwa Maryamu"), wanda aka rubuta a cikin [[Galician{{endash}}Portuguese|Galician-Portuguese]] da ƙididdiga daga cikin mafi mahimmancin ayyukansa. ''Cantigas de Santa Maria'' sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarin waƙoƙin monophonic na gargajiya da suka tsira tun [[zamanin Tsakiya]] . Sun ƙunshi waƙoƙi 420 tare da rubutun waƙa. Waƙoƙin galibi suna kan mu'ujizai da aka danganta ga [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu]] . Ɗaya daga cikin mu'ujizai da Alfonso ya faɗa shine warkarwarsa a Puerto de Santa María . == Iyali == Violante tana da shekaru goma sha biyu ko goma sha uku a lokacin aurenta da Alfonso; ba ta haifi 'ya'ya ba tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma ana jin tsoron cewa ba ta da haihuwa. An kusa kashe auren Alfonso, amma sun haifi 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya: # Berengaria (1253 - bayan 1284). An yi mata aure da Louis, ɗan kuma magajin Sarki Louis na IX na Faransa, amma saurayinta ya mutu kafin lokacin a shekara ta 1260. Ta shiga gidan sufi da ke Las Huelgas, inda take zaune a shekara ta 1284. # Beatrice (1254–1280). Ta auri William VII, Marquess na Montferrat . # Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante na Castile (23 Oktoba 1255 - 25 Yuli 1275). Ya auri Blanche, 'yar Sarki Louis na IX na Faransa, wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu. Domin kuwa ya riga mahaifinsa rasuwa, ƙaninsa Sancho ya gaje shi. # [[Eleanor of Castile (1257–1275)|Eleanor]] (1257–1275) # Sancho na IV na Castile (13 Mayu 1258 - 1295) # [[Constance of Castile (1258–1280)|Constance]] (1258 - 22 ga Agusta 1280), yar uwa a Las Huelgas. # Bitrus, Ubangijin Ledesma (Yuni 1260 - 10 Oktoba 1283) # John, Ubangijin Valencia de Campos (Maris ko Afrilu 1262 - 25 ga Yuni 1319). # Isabella, ta mutu tana ƙarama. # Mai Ta'addanci (1265–1296). Ta auri Diego López V de Haro, Ubangijin Biscay # James, Ubangijin Cameros (Agusta 1266 - 9 Agusta 1284) Alfonso X shi ma yana da 'ya'ya da dama da ba a haifa ba. Tare da magajin gari Guillén de Guzmán, 'yar Guillén Pérez de Guzman da María González Giron, ya haifi: * Beatrice, ta auri Sarki Afonso na Uku na Portugal . Tare da Elvira Rodríguez de Villada, 'yar [[Rodrigo Fernández de Villada]], ya haifi: * Alfonso Fernández de Castilla (1242-1281), kuma aka sani da ''el Niño'', ya riƙe taken "Señor de Molina y Mesa" ta hanyar aurensa tare da [[Blanca Alfonso de Molina]] . Tare da [[María Alfonso de León]], mahaifiyarsa, 'yar sarki Alfonso IX na León da [[Teresa Gil de Soverosa]] na shege yana da: * Berenguela Alfonso na Castile, wanda ya auri Pedro Núñez de Guzmán a shekara ta 1264, amma ya mutu yana matashi bai bar zuriya ba. == Manazarta ==   == Ƙarin karatu == *   *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |date=July–August 2009 |title=The Game of Kings |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm |url-status=dead |journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]] |location=Houston |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=18–23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720035407/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm |archive-date=20 July 2009}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121003051322/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/pdf/2000/200904.pdf PDF version]) Cf. especially section on "The Alfonso X 'Book of Games'". *   *   *   *   *   *   ([https://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Alfonso_X_BEA.pdf PDF version]) *   *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_245.html Lewis E 245 Fuero real (Lambar birni ta sarauta) a OPenn] * [http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/ Cantigas de Santa Maria] * [http://games.rengeekcentral.com/ Alphonso X – Littafin Wasanni] * ''Cantigas de Santa María'', Códice rico, Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, MS TI-1, [https://rbdigital.realbiblioteca.es/s/rbme/item/11337#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-3673%2C-313%2C11089%2C6240/ haɗi zuwa rubutun hannu] Archived * ''[http://alfama.sim.ucm.es/dioscorides/consulta_libro.asp?ref=B18550071&idioma=1 Libros del Saber de Astronomía] Archived'' – Hotunan rubutun hannu daga 1276. * Free scores by Alfonso X of Castile * Free scores by Alfonso X of Castile * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185029/http://www.cancioneros.si/mediawiki/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_de_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n Alfonso X de Castilla y León], a [http://www.cancioneros.si/mediawiki Cancioneros Musicales Españoles]{{Dead link|date=June 2020}} . * Works by or about Alfonso X of Castile * Works by Alfonso X of Castile {{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[Castilian House of Ivrea]]|23 November|1221|4 April|1284|[[House of Ivrea]]}} {{S-reg}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-break}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0nog22yzduqy20etbmda0qipbvx5iyd 964122 964121 2026-10-06T23:04:58Z Baffa ali 47435 964122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox }} '''Alfonso X''' (wanda aka fi Zaki da Wise, Mutanen Espanya: el Sabio; 23 ga Nuwamba 1221 - 4 ga Afrilu 1284) ya kasance Sarkin Castile, León da Galicia daga 1 ga Yuni 1252 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1284. A lokacin zaben 1257, wata kungiya mai adawa ta zaba shi ya zama Sarkin Jamus a ranar 1 ga Afrilu. Ya yi watsi da da'awarsa ga Jamus a cikin 1275, kuma a cikin ƙirƙirar kawance tare da Masarautar Ingila a cikin 1254, da'awar sa a kan Duchy na Gascony. Sha'awar kimiyya ta Alfonso—wani lokacin ana yi masa lakabi da '''Mai Tauraro''' ( ''el Astrólogo'' )—ta sa shi ɗaukar nauyin ƙirƙirar teburin Alfonsine, kuma an sanya wa ramin Alphonsus da ke kan Wata suna bayansa. Ya kuma ɗauki nauyin ayyukan masana tarihi waɗanda, a karon farko tun bayan Isidore na Seville a {{Circa|600}}, ya sanya Spain cikin mahallin tarihin duniya. A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa, ya gabatar da dokar farko ta harshen Castile, wato ''Siete Partidas'' . Ya ƙirƙiri Mesta, ƙungiyar manoman tumaki a tsakiyar yankin, amma ya lalata kuɗin don ya biya kuɗin da ya mallaka wa gwamnatin Jamus. Ya yi yaƙi mai nasara da Portugal, amma bai yi nasara ba da Granada . Ƙarshen mulkinsa ya fuskanci yaƙin basasa da babban ɗansa da ya rage, Sancho na gaba<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwJw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>IV, wanda ya ci gaba bayan mutuwarsa. == Rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Alfonso a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1221 {{Sfn|Thacker|Escobar|2002}} a Toledo, Masarautar Castile. Shi ne ɗan fari na Ferdinand<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwMQ">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>na uku da Elizabeth (Beatrice) na Swabia . {{Sfn|O'Callaghan|1998}} Mahaifiyarsa 'yar uba ce ga Sarki Frederick na Romawa Mai Tsarki<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwOA">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>II, wanda galibi ana kwatanta Alfonso da shi. Kakanninsa na uwa sune Philip na Swabia da Irene Angelina . Ba a san komai game da yadda ya girma ba, amma wataƙila an rene shi a Toledo. A cikin shekaru tara na farko na rayuwarsa, Alfonso ya kasance magajin Castile ne kawai har sai da kakansa na uba, sarki Alfonso na IX na León, ya mutu, kuma mahaifinsa ya haɗa masarautun Castile da León . Ya fara aikinsa na soja, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsa, lokacin yana ɗan shekara goma sha shida. Bayan hawan Sarki Theobald na ɗaya na Navarre, Ferdinand ya yi ƙoƙarin shirya auren Alfonso da 'yar Theobald, Blanche, amma matakin bai yi nasara ba. A lokaci guda kuma, yana da alaƙa ta soyayya da Magajin Gari Guillén de Guzmán, wanda ya haifa masa 'ya mace, Beatrice . A shekara ta 1240, ya auri Magajin Gari Guillén de Guzmán, amma daga baya aka soke auren kuma aka ayyana batunsu a matsayin haramtacciyar hanya. A cikin shekarun 1240, tare da mahaifinsa, ya mamaye wurare da dama na musulmai a Al-Andalus, ciki har da Murcia, Alicante da Cádiz . A shekara ta 1249, Alfonso ya auri Violante, 'yar Sarki James na ɗaya na Aragon kuma Violant na Hungary, {{Sfn|Previté-Orton|1952}} duk da cewa an riga an yi aure a shekara ta 1246. === Sarki === Alfonso ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin Sarkin Castile da León a shekara ta 1252. A shekara mai zuwa ya mamaye Portugal, inda ya kwace yankin Algarve . Dole ne Sarki Afonso na Uku na Portugal ya miƙa wuya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2023}} Duk da haka, Afonso III ya cimma yarjejeniya da Alfonso X cewa ta hanyar amincewa da auren 'yar Alfonso X, Beatrice na Castile, za a mayar wa magadansu ƙasar da aka kama. A shekara ta 1261 Alfonso X ya kama Jerez . A shekara ta 1263 ya mayar da Algarve ga Sarkin Portugal kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Badajoz (1267) . A shekara ta 1254, Alfonso X ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ƙawance da Sarki Henry na Uku na Ingila, inda ya tallafa masa a yaƙin da ya yi da Sarki Louis na IX na Faransa . A wannan shekarar ce 'yar'uwar Alfonso, Eleanor, ta auri ɗan Henry Edward : da wannan halin, Alfonso ya daina da'awar mallakar Duchy of Gascony har abada, wanda Castile ta kasance mai yin ƙarya tun auren Alfonso VIII na Castile da Eleanor na Ingila . ==== Zaɓen sarauta ==== A shekara ta 1256, bayan mutuwar William II na Holland, zuriyar Alfonso daga Hohenstaufen ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa, 'yar Philip na Swabia, ta ba shi da'awar sarautar Jamus ta hanyar zuriyar Hohenstaufen . Zaɓen da Alfonso ya yi a matsayin sarkin Jamus da masu zaɓen yarima suka yi ya ƙarfafa shi ya shiga cikin tsare-tsare masu sarkakiya waɗanda suka haɗa da kashe kuɗi mai yawa amma ba tare da sun kai ga nasara ba. Alfonso bai taɓa yin tafiya zuwa Jamus ba, kuma haɗin gwiwarsa da Ghibelline na Italiya Lord Ezzelino IV da Romano ya hana shi samun goyon bayan Paparoma Alexander na IV . Abokin hamayyarsa, Richard na Cornwall, ya tafi Jamus kuma aka naɗa shi a shekara ta 1257 a Aachen . Domin samun kuɗi, Alfonso ya kawar da darajar kuɗin sannan ya yi ƙoƙarin hana hauhawar farashi ta hanyar amfani da kuɗin fito na musamman. Ƙaramin cinikin da aka yi a mulkinsa ya lalace, kuma masu farautar shanu da manoma sun yi matuƙar fushi. Manyan mutanensa, waɗanda ya yi ƙoƙarin hana su ta hanyar ayyukan ta'addanci lokaci-lokaci, sun yi masa tawaye a shekara ta 1272. Dan Alfonso Ferdinand ne ya kawo sulhu da sarakuna a shekara ta 1273. Bayan mutuwar Richard na Cornwell, sarakunan Jamus sun zaɓi Rudolph na Habsburg (1273), inda Paparoma Gregory X ya ayyana cewa Alfonso ya hambarar da shi. A shekara ta 1275, Alfonso ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗuwa da babban firist ɗinsa a Italiya, William VII na Montferrat (wanda ya gaji Ezzelino), da abokansa na Ghibelline a Piedmont da Lombardy don murnar nasarar da aka samu a kan Guelph Charles I na Anjou kuma a naɗa shi a Lombardy. Duk da haka, Paparoma ya dakatar da shi daga burinsa na sarauta a Provence, wanda bayan dogon tattaunawa, ya sami izinin Alfonso na yin watsi da duk wani ikirarin da ya yi wa Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki. ==== Yaƙin basasa ==== [[File:TumboAKing.jpg|thumb| Hoton Alfonso X daga kundin Tumbo 'A' de Santiago (An rubuta tsakanin 1229 da 1255)]] A tsawon mulkinsa, Alfonso ya yi gwagwarmaya da manyan sarakunansa, musamman iyalan Nuño González de Lara, Diego López de Haro da Esteban Fernández de Castro, waɗanda dukkansu sojoji ne masu ƙarfi kuma suka taka rawa wajen kiyaye ƙarfin sojojin Castile a yankunan da ke kan iyaka. A cewar wasu malamai, Alfonso ba shi da manufa ɗaya da mai mulki zai sadaukar da kansa ga tsari da kuma haɗakar ƙarfin hali da ake buƙata don mu'amala da manyansa duk da cewa wannan ba ra'ayi ne da kowa ke ɗauka ba.   Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa ƙoƙarinsa ya fi mayar da hankali kan shirye-shiryen diflomasiyya da na kuɗi da suka shafi yunƙurinsa na zama Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2019}} [[File:Castillia.jpg|right|thumb| Jakadun Castillian suna ganawa da Almohad khalifa Abu Hafs Umar al-Murtada, daga <nowiki><i id="mwig">Cantigas de Santa María</i></nowiki>]] Babban ɗan Alfonso, Ferdinand, ya mutu a shekara ta 1275 a Yaƙin Écija da sojojin mamayar Morocco da Granada, inda ya bar jarirai maza biyu. Ɗan Alfonso na biyu, Sancho, ya yi iƙirarin zama sabon magaji, maimakon 'ya'yan Ferdinand de la Cerda, yana mai da'awarsa bisa ga tsohuwar al'adar Castilian, wato kusancin jini da kuma girman kai . Alfonso ya fi son ya bar wa jikokinsa sarauta, amma Sancho ya sami goyon bayan manyan mutane. Yaƙin basasa mai zafi ya ɓarke wanda ya tilasta wa Alfonso a shekara ta 1282 ya karɓi Sancho a matsayin magajinsa maimakon jikokinsa ƙanana; biranen [[Sevilla|Seville]], Murcia da Badajoz ne kawai suka riƙe aminci a gare shi. Ɗansa da manyan mutane sun goyi bayan [[Moors]] lokacin da ya yi ƙoƙarin haɗa kan al'umma a wani yaƙi; kuma lokacin da ya haɗa kai da Abu Yusuf Yakub, sarkin Maroko mai mulki, sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin maƙiyin addini. Wani martani da ya mayar masa ya fara ne a kwanakinsa na ƙarshe, amma ya mutu a yaƙin da aka yi masa kaca-kaca aka kuma yashe shi a Seville a shekara ta 1284, inda ya bar wasiyya, wadda ta yi ƙoƙarin ware Sancho, da kuma gadon yaƙin basasa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2019}} ==== Manufar tattalin arziki ==== A shekara ta 1273, ya ƙirƙiri Mesta, wata ƙungiya ta kimanin ƙananan masu kiwon tumaki 3,000 a Castile, a matsayin martani ga ƙarancin ulu da ake fitarwa daga wuraren gargajiya a Ingila. Daga baya wannan ƙungiya ta sami ƙarfi sosai a ƙasar (yayin da ulu ya zama babban kayan da Castile ke fitarwa <ref name="Nicholas 1999" /> kuma ya ba da rahoton ƙarin ciniki, wanda ake kira "farin zinariya", saboda yawan ulu yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga lafiyar jama'a a lokacin hunturu), kuma daga ƙarshe gatansa ya zama mummunan rauni a tattalin arzikin Castilian. Ɗaya daga cikin illolin da garken tumakin ke fuskanta wajen faɗaɗawa cikin sauri shi ne raguwar gonakin Castilian inda tumakin ke kiwo ta ciki. <ref name="Nicholas 1999" /> Aikin Mesta na asali shine raba gonaki da hanyoyin tumaki da ke haɗa wuraren kiwo. ==== Ayyukan yin dokoki ==== A matsayinsa na mai mulki, Alfonso ya nuna ikon yin dokoki, da kuma sha'awar samar wa masarautun da aka faɗaɗa ƙarƙashin mahaifinsa da dokokin doka da kuma tsarin shari'a mai ɗorewa. Dokar ''Fuero Real'' ko ta sarauta wadda ta yi ƙoƙarin tsara waɗannan dokoki wataƙila aikin sa ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Fuero Real de Alfonso X el Sabio |url=https://www.boe.es/biblioteca_juridica/publicacion.php?id=PUB-LH-2018-7 |website=Leyes Históricas de la monarquía hispánica}}</ref> Ya fara ɗaya daga cikin dokokin Turai mafi cikakken tsari a zamanin da, ''Siete Partidas'', wanda manyan Castile suka hana, sai dai jikansa ne ya ayyana shi. Saboda haka, kuma saboda jam'iyyar ''Partidas'' ta ci gaba da kasancewa babbar doka a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Amurka, yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan majalisa 23 da aka wakilta a zauren Majalisar Wakilai na Majalisar Dokokin Amurka . ==== Horar da sojoji ==== [[File:Alfonso_X_of_Castile.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Equestrian seal of Alfonso X of Castile]] Tun yana ƙarami, Alfonso X ya nuna sha'awar rayuwarsa ta soja da jarumtaka. A shekara ta 1231 Alfonso ya yi tafiya tare da Pérez de Castron a wani yakin neman zabe a yankin Andalusia. A lokacin da yake rubutu a cikin ''littafin Estoria de España'', Alfonso ya bayyana yadda ya ga St. James a kan farin doki mai launin fari da kuma rundunar jarumai suna fafatawa a yaƙi a saman sojojin Spain. Wannan hangen nesa na rundunar sama da ke yaƙi a Jerez da kuma shiga cikin yaƙin soja wataƙila ya bar Alfonso X da ilimi mai zurfi da girmamawa ga ayyukan soja da jaruman jarumai. Ana iya ganin girmama Alfonso ga jarumtaka a cikin rubutunsa game da dokokin Spain. An tsara tsarin mulkin kama-karya na {{Lang|es|Siete Partidas}} a cikin tsarin mulkin kama-karya na Siete (2,21) inda ya rubuta cewa ya kamata jarumai su kasance, "masu kyawawan zuri'a kuma an bambanta su da kirki, hikima, fahimta, aminci, jarumtaka, daidaito, adalci, ƙwarewa, da ilimin aiki da ake buƙata don tantance ingancin doki da makamai ( {{Lang|es|Siete Partidas}}, 21, 1–10). " Waɗannan ƙoƙarin da aka yi na samar da ƙa'idar ɗabi'ar jarumtaka mai tsari wataƙila an yi su ne don ƙarfafa ƙarfin makamai (ƙarfin hali) da kuma hana amfani da tashin hankali don amfani mai adalci (wanda gwamnati ta ɗauki nauyinsa) . == Al'adar kotu == Sarki Alfonso X ya ƙirƙiro al'adar kotu wadda ke ƙarfafa ilimin duniya baki ɗaya. Alfonso yana da rubuce-rubuce da yawa a baya a cikin [[Larabci]] da Latin da aka fassara zuwa harshen Castilian a fadarsa. Alfonso "ya koma ga harshen yaren don irin alkawuran ilimi da a da ba a iya tsammani ba a wajen [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] ." An yaba masa da ƙarfafa amfani da harshen Castilian a rubuce maimakon Latin a matsayin harshen da ake amfani da shi a kotuna, majami'u, da littattafai da takardu na hukuma (kodayake mahaifinsa, Ferdinand III, ya fara amfani da shi don wasu takardu). Wannan fassarar takardun Larabci da na Gargajiya zuwa harsunan ya ƙarfafa ci gaban kimiyyar Sifaniyanci, adabi, da falsafa. === Fassarori === Tun daga farkon mulkinsa, Alfonso ya ɗauki malamai Yahudawa, Kirista da Musulmi a fadarsa, musamman don fassara littattafai daga [[Larabci]] da [[Ibrananci]] zuwa Latin da Castilian, kodayake koyaushe yana dagewa kan kula da fassarar da kansa. Wannan ƙungiyar malamai ta kafa littafin sarautarsa, tana ci gaba da al'adar Escuela de Traductores de Toledo ( Makarantar Masu Fassara ta Toledo ) ta ƙarni na sha biyu. Sakamakonsu na ƙarshe ya ɗaukaka Castilian a matsayin harshen koyo a fannin kimiyya da adabi, kuma ya kafa harsashin sabon [[Yaren Sifen|harshen Sifaniyanci]] . Wannan sigar harshen Castilian da ta bunƙasa ta kuma sami muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin gidan sarauta, inda ta zo ta maye gurbin Latin, wanda har zuwa lokacin shine harshen da aka fi amfani da shi don diflomasiyyar sarauta a Castile da León. Fassarar farko, wadda ɗan'uwansa, Fernando de la Cerda, ya bayar - wanda yake da ƙwarewa sosai, a fannin diflomasiyya da soja, tsakanin Musulmin kudancin Iberia da arewacin Afirka - ta fito ne daga Castilian, wani littafi mai suna ''Kalila wa-Dimna'' ya ƙunshi nau'in adabin hikima mai suna Mirrors for Princes : labarai da maganganu da aka yi niyya don koyar da sarki kan shugabanci mai kyau da inganci. Babban aikin ilimi na waɗannan masana ya ta'allaka ne akan ilmin taurari da ilmin taurari. A farkon zamanin mulkin Alfonso, an fassara wasu ayyukan sihiri ( ''Lapidario'', ''Picatrix'', ''Libro de las formas et las ymagenes'' ) waɗanda wani masani Bayahude mai suna Yehuda ben Moshe (Yhuda Mosca, a cikin tsoffin rubuce-rubucen tushen Sifaniyanci) ya fassara. Waɗannan duk rubuce-rubuce ne masu matuƙar ado ( ''Lapidario'' ne kawai suka tsira gaba ɗaya) waɗanda ke ɗauke da abin da aka yi imanin cewa sirri ne game da sifofin sihiri na duwatsu da talisman . Bugu da ƙari ga waɗannan littattafan sihiri na taurari, Alfonso ya ba da umarnin fassara fitattun labaran Larabci compendia, ciki har da ''Libro de las cruzes'' da ''Libro conplido en los iudizios de las estrellas'' . Na farko daga cikin waɗannan, abin mamaki, an fassara shi daga Latin (an yi amfani da shi a tsakanin Visigoths ), zuwa Larabci, sannan aka mayar da shi zuwa Castilian da Latin. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen da aka fara fassara a wannan lokacin sun tsira ne kawai a cikin rubutun hannu ɗaya kowanne. === Ilimin Taurari === A matsayinsa na mai ilimi, ya sami shaharar kimiyya sosai bisa ga ƙarfafawarsa ga ilmin taurari, wanda ya haɗa da ilmin taurari a lokacin da kuma ilimin sararin samaniya na Ptolemaic kamar yadda [[Larabawa]] suka sani. Ya kewaye kansa da yawancin masu fassara Yahudawa waɗanda suka fassara rubuce-rubucen kimiyya na Larabci zuwa Castilian a Toledo. Shahararsa ta kai ga shirya teburin Alfonsine, bisa ga lissafin [[Al-Zarqali|al-Zarqali, "Arzachel"]] . Alexander Bogdanov ya dage cewa waɗannan tebura sun zama tushen ci gaban [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]] na fahimtar sararin samaniya mai tsayi . Saboda wannan aikin, an sanya wa Alphonsus sunan ramin wata. Wani sanannen magana, amma mai kama da na apocryphal, wanda aka jingina masa bayan jin sa, bayanin lissafi mai sarkakiya da ake buƙata don nuna ka'idar Ptolemy ta ilmin taurari shine "Da Ubangiji Mai Iko Dukka ya nemi shawarata kafin fara halitta haka, da na ba da shawarar wani abu mafi sauƙi." Gingerich (1990) ya ce wani nau'in wannan zance da ake zargin an ambaci (amma an ƙi) tun farkon ƙarni na 16 ta masanin tarihi Jerónimo de Zurita, kuma Soriano Viguera (1926) ya ce "ba za a iya samun wani abu makamancin haka a rubuce-rubucen Alfonso ba." Duk da haka, [[Dean Acheson]] (Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Amurka, 1949–1953) ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin tushen taken da kuma rubutun tarihin rayuwarsa ''Present at the Creation.'' === Tarihi === Alfonso ya kuma ba da umarnin tattara tarihin tarihi, ''[[Crónica general|Janar na Cronica]]'', wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1264. Wannan tarihin ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa tarihi gabaɗaya kuma ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin tarihin tarihi, tatsuniyoyi da kuma tushen Larabci. <ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Alfonso X – king of Castile and Leon |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfonso-X |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Wannan aikin ya sami karbuwa tun daga ƙarni na sha shida, lokacin da aka farfaɗo da sha'awar tarihi; [[Florián de Ocampo|Floríán de Ocampo]] ya buga sabon bugu kuma Lorenzo de Sepúlveda ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin babban tushen soyayyarsa . Sepúlveda ta rubuta wasu fina-finan soyayya da dama, inda Alfonso X ya zama gwarzonsu. === Ayyukan tarihi === Kotun Alfonso ta tattara wani aiki da aka rubuta da harshen Castilian mai suna ''Janar Estoria'' . Wannan aikin yunƙuri ne na tarihin duniya wanda ya samo asali daga tushe da yawa kuma ya haɗa da fassarori daga Tsohon Alkawari na Vulgate wanda aka haɗa shi da tatsuniyoyi da tarihi daga duniyar gargajiya, galibi Masar, Girka, da Roma. <ref name="britannica" /> Duk da haka, wannan tarihin duniya bai cika ba, don haka ya tsaya a lokacin haihuwar Almasihu. Babban mahimmancin wannan aikin yana cikin fassarar daga Latin zuwa Castilian. <ref name="Procter" /> Kamar tarihin rayuwarsa, ikon kotun Alfonso na tattara rubuce-rubuce daga al'adu daban-daban da kuma fassara su zuwa Castilian ya bar wani tasiri na tarihi a Spain. An yaba wa Alfonso X da hoton farko na ''hórreo'', wani gidan ajiyar kaya na yau da kullun daga arewa maso yammacin yankin Iberian. Tsohuwar takarda mai ɗauke da hoton ''hórreo'' ita ce Alfonso's ''Cantigas de Santa Maria'' (waƙar CLXXXVII) daga XII AC A cikin wannan hoton, an kwatanta ''hórreos'' mai rectangular guda uku na salon Gothic. === Wasanni === [[File:Alfonso-LJ-27V.jpg|right|thumb| Matsalar dara #35]] Alfonso kuma ya sami ''Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas'' ( ''"Libro de los Juegos" (Littafin Wasanni)'' ) wanda aka fassara zuwa Castilian daga Larabci kuma ya ƙara zane-zane da nufin kammala aikin. An kammala shi a shekara ta 1283. Littafin Libro de juegos ya ƙunshi tarin rubuce-rubuce masu yawa game da [[Dara (Chess)|wasan dara]], tare da matsalolin wasan dara sama da 100 da bambance-bambancen wasan dara . === Kiɗa === Alfonso X ya ba da umarni ko kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙi da yawa a lokacin mulkinsa. Waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da ''Cantigas d'escarnio e maldicer'' da babban littafin ''Cantigas de Santa Maria'' ("Waƙoƙi ga Budurwa Maryamu"), wanda aka rubuta a cikin [[Galician{{endash}}Portuguese|Galician-Portuguese]] da ƙididdiga daga cikin mafi mahimmancin ayyukansa. ''Cantigas de Santa Maria'' sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarin waƙoƙin monophonic na gargajiya da suka tsira tun [[zamanin Tsakiya]] . Sun ƙunshi waƙoƙi 420 tare da rubutun waƙa. Waƙoƙin galibi suna kan mu'ujizai da aka danganta ga [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Budurwa Maryamu]] . Ɗaya daga cikin mu'ujizai da Alfonso ya faɗa shine warkarwarsa a Puerto de Santa María . == Iyali == Violante tana da shekaru goma sha biyu ko goma sha uku a lokacin aurenta da Alfonso; ba ta haifi 'ya'ya ba tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma ana jin tsoron cewa ba ta da haihuwa. An kusa kashe auren Alfonso, amma sun haifi 'ya'ya goma sha ɗaya: # Berengaria (1253 - bayan 1284). An yi mata aure da Louis, ɗan kuma magajin Sarki Louis na IX na Faransa, amma saurayinta ya mutu kafin lokacin a shekara ta 1260. Ta shiga gidan sufi da ke Las Huelgas, inda take zaune a shekara ta 1284. # Beatrice (1254–1280). Ta auri William VII, Marquess na Montferrat . # Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante na Castile (23 Oktoba 1255 - 25 Yuli 1275). Ya auri Blanche, 'yar Sarki Louis na IX na Faransa, wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu. Domin kuwa ya riga mahaifinsa rasuwa, ƙaninsa Sancho ya gaje shi. # [[Eleanor of Castile (1257–1275)|Eleanor]] (1257–1275) # Sancho na IV na Castile (13 Mayu 1258 - 1295) # [[Constance of Castile (1258–1280)|Constance]] (1258 - 22 ga Agusta 1280), yar uwa a Las Huelgas. # Bitrus, Ubangijin Ledesma (Yuni 1260 - 10 Oktoba 1283) # John, Ubangijin Valencia de Campos (Maris ko Afrilu 1262 - 25 ga Yuni 1319). # Isabella, ta mutu tana ƙarama. # Mai Ta'addanci (1265–1296). Ta auri Diego López V de Haro, Ubangijin Biscay # James, Ubangijin Cameros (Agusta 1266 - 9 Agusta 1284) Alfonso X shi ma yana da 'ya'ya da dama da ba a haifa ba. Tare da magajin gari Guillén de Guzmán, 'yar Guillén Pérez de Guzman da María González Giron, ya haifi: * Beatrice, ta auri Sarki Afonso na Uku na Portugal . Tare da Elvira Rodríguez de Villada, 'yar [[Rodrigo Fernández de Villada]], ya haifi: * Alfonso Fernández de Castilla (1242-1281), kuma aka sani da ''el Niño'', ya riƙe taken "Señor de Molina y Mesa" ta hanyar aurensa tare da [[Blanca Alfonso de Molina]] . Tare da [[María Alfonso de León]], mahaifiyarsa, 'yar sarki Alfonso IX na León da [[Teresa Gil de Soverosa]] na shege yana da: * Berenguela Alfonso na Castile, wanda ya auri Pedro Núñez de Guzmán a shekara ta 1264, amma ya mutu yana matashi bai bar zuriya ba. == Ƙarin karatu == *   *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |date=July–August 2009 |title=The Game of Kings |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm |url-status=dead |journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]] |location=Houston |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=18–23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720035407/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200904/the.game.of.kings.htm |archive-date=20 July 2009}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20121003051322/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/pdf/2000/200904.pdf PDF version]) Cf. especially section on "The Alfonso X 'Book of Games'". *   *   *   *   *   *   ([https://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Alfonso_X_BEA.pdf PDF version]) *   *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_245.html Lewis E 245 Fuero real (Lambar birni ta sarauta) a OPenn] * [http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/ Cantigas de Santa Maria] * [http://games.rengeekcentral.com/ Alphonso X – Littafin Wasanni] * ''Cantigas de Santa María'', Códice rico, Real Biblioteca del Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial, MS TI-1, [https://rbdigital.realbiblioteca.es/s/rbme/item/11337#?c=&m=&s=&cv=&xywh=-3673%2C-313%2C11089%2C6240/ haɗi zuwa rubutun hannu] Archived * ''[http://alfama.sim.ucm.es/dioscorides/consulta_libro.asp?ref=B18550071&idioma=1 Libros del Saber de Astronomía] Archived'' – Hotunan rubutun hannu daga 1276. * Free scores by Alfonso X of Castile * Free scores by Alfonso X of Castile * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150227185029/http://www.cancioneros.si/mediawiki/index.php?title=Alfonso_X_de_Castilla_y_Le%C3%B3n Alfonso X de Castilla y León], a [http://www.cancioneros.si/mediawiki Cancioneros Musicales Españoles]{{Dead link|date=June 2020}} . * Works by or about Alfonso X of Castile * Works by Alfonso X of Castile {{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[Castilian House of Ivrea]]|23 November|1221|4 April|1284|[[House of Ivrea]]}} {{S-reg}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-break}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta ==   mtceoc1c3p8ytjnbi9gyin1lojo4h77 0 178449 964179 2026-10-07T06:39:48Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378262240|Carol Judge]]" 964179 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carol Ann Judge''' ( <nowiki><i id="mwCg">née</i></nowiki> '''Anderson''' ; 7 ga Yuni, 1941 - 7 ga Disamba, 2014) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare lafiya ta Amurka kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ta Montana daga 1973 har zuwa lokacin da ta sake ta daga mijinta, Gwamna Thomas Lee Judge a lokacin hunturu na 1980. <ref name="ir" /> Zuwa yanzu, ita ce ƙaramar matar shugaban ƙasa a tarihin Montana. Alkali ya daɗe yana fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙi da dama, ciki har da makarantar yara ta yara, gyaran tsarin kula da lafiya, da kuma amincewa da shirin gyaran daidaiton haƙƙin ɗan adam . Ta yi aiki a fannin aikin jinya da sauran fannoni masu alaƙa a cikin masana'antar kiwon lafiya sama da shekaru 32. A lokacin da take a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, ta yi nasarar yin kira ga sabuwar doka da ta buƙaci [[Yin allurar rigakafi|allurar riga-kafi]] ta tilas ga yaran makaranta a Montana, wadda aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1979. Ta yi fafutukar neman inganta yanayin marasa lafiya a [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|asibitocin tabin hankali]] na jihar Montana, ciki har da Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs da Makarantar Boulder River da Asibitin (wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Ci Gaban Montana). <ref name="ir" /> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === An haifi Judge '''Carol Ann Anderson''' a Los Angeles, California, a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1941. Mahaifiyarta Hazel Anderson, mai gyaran gida ce kuma mai kula da abinci, kuma mahaifinta, Kermit Anderson, shi ne ke da kamfanin Anderson Advertising Agency da ke Los Angeles. <ref name="dilake" /> Iyalinta, waɗanda asalinsu daga Montana ne, sun koma Helena, Montana, lokacin tana da shekaru 10. <ref name="dilake" /> Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Bryant kuma ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Helena a shekarar 1958. <ref name="dilake" /> Ta sami digiri a fannin aikin jinya tare da girmamawa a shekarar 1962 daga Jami'ar Jihar Montana . <ref name="dilake" /> An tura Anderson zuwa Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs, wani [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|asibitin tabin hankali]] mallakar gwamnati, a matsayin ɗalibi mai aikin jinya a farkon shekarun 1960. Ta firgita da mummunan yanayi da rashin ma'aikata a Warm Springs. <ref name="ir" /> Daga baya ta kai saurayinta kuma mijinta na gaba, Tom Judge, zuwa wani abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "wani rangadin bayan fage, mai buɗe ido" na Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs don nuna wa ɗan majalisar yanayin rashin inganci a asibitocin tabin hankali na Montana. <ref name="ir" /> Carol Anderson ta auri Thomas L. Judge a shekarar 1966. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Thomas Warren Judge da Patrick Lane Judge. A shekarar 1966, Carol Judge ta kafa Hukumar Lafiyar Gida a Asibitin St. Peter, shirin kula da lafiya da ziyara na farko a Helena, Montana. === Uwargidan Shugaban Montana === An zaɓi Thomas L. Judge, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat, a matsayin Laftanar Gwamnan Montana, a shekarar 1968, inda ya kayar da shi a shekarar 1968. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Gwamnan Montana a shekarar 1972, inda ya kayar da Ed Smith, ɗan majalisar dokoki kuma manomi na jam'iyyar Republican. <ref name="mstandard" /> Alkali ya hau mulki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1973. Carol Judge, wacce take da shekaru 31 a lokacin, ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Montana, wani tarihi da har yanzu take riƙe da shi. Lawrence K. Pettit, manajan kamfen na Alkali a shekarar 1972 kuma tsohon surukin Carol Judge, daga baya ya rubuta game da Judges, "Tom da Carol sun kasance kamar [[John F. Kennedy|Jack]] da [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jackie]] na Montana, suna da kyau, suna da kyau kuma koyaushe suna da kyau, tare da ɗanɗanon ƙwarewa da kuma yanayin birni," a cikin littafinsa, ''If You Live by the Sword: Politics and in the Making and Unmaking of a University President'' . Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa Carol Judge ta ba da fifiko ga tsarin gwamnati na asibitoci da asibitocin tabin hankali a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Ta fara fuskantar mummunan yanayi mara kyau a Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs a lokacin da take ɗalibar aikin jinya a farkon shekarun 1960. Ta ziyarci asibitoci goma sha biyu na jihar a kokarinta na jawo hankali ga mummunan yanayin rayuwa ga marasa lafiya. <ref name="ir" /> Ta rubuta kuma ta buga wata ƙasida mai shafuka huɗu, mai launin rawaya mai suna "Have a Heart: The Human Side of Boulder River School and Hospital and Warm Springs State Hospital," wadda ta rarraba wa 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar da sauran mutane masu tasiri a duk faɗin Montana. <ref name="ir" /> A cikin ƙasidar, Carol Judge ta rubuta musamman game da Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs, "A nan, kamar yadda yake a Boulder, mun ga ƙarancin ma'aikata, rashin albashi mai kyau da kuma rashin isasshen gidaje. Marasa lafiya suna cike da mutane a cikin gine-gine masu lalacewa, waɗanda ba za a iya tsaftace su ba, kuma wannan yana ƙarfafa yaɗuwar cututtuka. Mummunan yanayi da baƙin ciki ba su da abubuwan da za su iya ƙarfafa ilmantarwa, magani da nishaɗi." <ref name="ir" /> Ta haɗa hotunan asibitoci a cikin littafin. <ref name="ir" /> Gwamna Thomas Judge, a martanin da ya mayar ga kamfen ɗin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, ya gabatar da gagarumin gyare-gyare ga asibitocin mahaukata na jihar, waɗanda suka sami goyon baya mai ƙarfi daga 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar da sauran ƙungiyoyi. <ref name="ir" /> 'Yan majalisar dokokin Montana sun ƙara kuɗaɗen tallafi don inganta yanayin rayuwa da aiki a Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs da Makarantar Boulder River da Asibitin. <ref name="ir" /> Gwamnatin Montana ta kuma fara kawar da wasu marasa lafiya daga cibiyoyin kula da marasa lafiya, ta hanyar fitar da su daga asibitocin tabin hankali zuwa cibiyoyin zama na gida. Sau da yawa ana yawan nuna adawa ga gidajen da ake da su a cikin al'ummomin yankin. A martanin da suka mayar, masu kula da gidajen rukunin za su gayyaci Carol Judge, wacce ta shahara a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa, zuwa wuraren budewa da tarurrukan su don yin magana da maƙwabta da shugabannin al'umma. <ref name="ir" /> A farkon shekarun 1970, Carol Judge ta haɗu da sauran matan shugabannin jihar Amurka don jawo hankali ga ƙarancin [[Yin allurar rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]] a tsakanin yaran makaranta. An san wannan kamfen da suna "Kowane Yaro a '76." <ref name="dilake" /> A shekarar 1979, Alkalin Gwamna ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ta bukaci dukkan yaran makaranta a Montana su sami allurar rigakafi ta tilas ga wasu cututtuka. Carol Judge ta yi maganin [[Shaye-shaye|shan barasa]] a lokacin da take matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa. Daga nan ta jagoranci kamfen ɗin da aka sanya shaye-shaye a matsayin cuta bisa doka bayan da Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka ta sake duba matsayinta. <ref name="ir" /> Montana ta canza dokar jiharta don sake rarraba giya a matsayin cuta a shekarar 1975. <ref name="ir" /> A shekarar 1977, an naɗa Carol Judge a cikin Kwamitin Hulɗa kan Matsalolin da Suka Shafi Barasa na Hukumar Lafiyar Hankali ta Shugaban Ƙasa. Ta gana da [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka]] [[Rosalynn Carter]] a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] domin tattauna batun shan barasa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref name="dilake" /> A shekarun 1980, bayan barin mukamin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, Carol Judge ta kafa wani shirin kula da marasa lafiya na jiha don kula da masu jinya da shirye-shiryen shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. <ref name="ir" /> Gwamna Thomas L. Judge da Carol Judge sun rabu a lokacin kaka na 1979 kuma suka sake a lokacin hunturu na 1980, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen wa'adin Judge a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa a Montana. An bayyana saki a matsayin wanda aka yi a bainar jama'a kuma "mai ɗaci". <ref name="ir" /> Tsohon mijinta ya sha kaye a zaɓensa na sake tsayawa takara a karo na uku a matsayin gwamna a shekarar 1980, inda ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat ga mataimakinsa Ted Schwinden . An zaɓi Schwinden a matsayin Gwamna a zaɓen gwamna na 1980. === Komawa aikin jinya === Carol Judge ta koma fannin aikin jinya da kula da lafiya bayan rabuwarta da Gwamna. Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kula da lafiyar tabin hankali daga Jami'ar Jihar Montana a shekarar 1983. Ta jagoranci ƙirƙirar sabon shirin gwamnati don kula da ma'aikatan jinya daga shan muggan kwayoyi a shekarun 1980. <ref name="ir" /> Judge ta shiga aikin ma'aikatan Asibitin Tsohon Soja na Fort Harrison a shekarar 1985, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 22 masu zuwa. A shekarun 2000, Judge ya yi aiki tare da wasu tsoffin matan shugabanni na Montana da kuma wani mai kafa doka don yin kira ga allurar rigakafin yara kafin su cika shekaru 2. A shekara ta 2006, Carol Judge ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Arizona]] don kula da tsohon mijinta, Thomas Lee Judge, yayin da lafiyarsa ta tabarbare. <ref name="ir" /> Thomas Judge ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar huhu a Chandler, Arizona, a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2006. == Manazarta == {{S-start}} {{S-hon}} {{Succession box|title=[[First Lady]] of [[Montana]]|before=Margaret Anderson|after=[[Jean Schwinden]]|years=1973 — 1980}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0q3upfanhxgcqbqyw37z8bjarcc6r4m 964183 964179 2026-10-07T06:42:19Z Baffa ali 47435 964183 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carol Ann Judge''' ( <nowiki><i id="mwCg">née</i></nowiki> '''Anderson''' ; 7 ga Yuni, 1941 - 7 ga Disamba, 2014) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare lafiya ta Amurka kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ta Montana daga 1973 har zuwa lokacin da ta sake ta daga mijinta, Gwamna Thomas Lee Judge a lokacin hunturu na 1980. <ref name="ir" /> Zuwa yanzu, ita ce ƙaramar matar shugaban ƙasa a tarihin Montana. Alkali ya daɗe yana fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙi da dama, ciki har da makarantar yara ta yara, gyaran tsarin kula da lafiya, da kuma amincewa da shirin gyaran daidaiton haƙƙin ɗan adam . <ref name=ir/>Ta yi aiki a fannin aikin jinya da sauran fannoni masu alaƙa a cikin masana'antar kiwon lafiya sama da shekaru 32. A lokacin da take a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, ta yi nasarar yin kira ga sabuwar doka da ta buƙaci [[Yin allurar rigakafi|allurar riga-kafi]] ta tilas ga yaran makaranta a Montana, wadda aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1979. Ta yi fafutukar neman inganta yanayin marasa lafiya a [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|asibitocin tabin hankali]] na jihar Montana, ciki har da Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs da Makarantar Boulder River da Asibitin (wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Ci Gaban Montana). <ref name="ir" /> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === An haifi Judge '''Carol Ann Anderson''' a Los Angeles, California, a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1941. Mahaifiyarta Hazel Anderson, mai gyaran gida ce kuma mai kula da abinci, kuma mahaifinta, Kermit Anderson, shi ne ke da kamfanin Anderson Advertising Agency da ke Los Angeles. <ref name="dilake" /> Iyalinta, waɗanda asalinsu daga Montana ne, sun koma Helena, Montana, lokacin tana da shekaru 10. <ref name="dilake" /> Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Bryant kuma ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Helena a shekarar 1958. <ref name="dilake" /> Ta sami digiri a fannin aikin jinya tare da girmamawa a shekarar 1962 daga Jami'ar Jihar Montana . <ref name="dilake" /> An tura Anderson zuwa Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs, wani [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|asibitin tabin hankali]] mallakar gwamnati, a matsayin ɗalibi mai aikin jinya a farkon shekarun 1960. Ta firgita da mummunan yanayi da rashin ma'aikata a Warm Springs. <ref name="ir" /> Daga baya ta kai saurayinta kuma mijinta na gaba, Tom Judge, zuwa wani abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "wani rangadin bayan fage, mai buɗe ido" na Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs don nuna wa ɗan majalisar yanayin rashin inganci a asibitocin tabin hankali na Montana. <ref name="ir" /> Carol Anderson ta auri Thomas L. Judge a shekarar 1966. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Thomas Warren Judge da Patrick Lane Judge. A shekarar 1966, Carol Judge ta kafa Hukumar Lafiyar Gida a Asibitin St. Peter, shirin kula da lafiya da ziyara na farko a Helena, Montana. === Uwargidan Shugaban Montana === An zaɓi Thomas L. Judge, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat, a matsayin Laftanar Gwamnan Montana, a shekarar 1968, inda ya kayar da shi a shekarar 1968. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Gwamnan Montana a shekarar 1972, inda ya kayar da Ed Smith, ɗan majalisar dokoki kuma manomi na jam'iyyar Republican. <ref name="mstandard" /> Alkali ya hau mulki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1973. Carol Judge, wacce take da shekaru 31 a lokacin, ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Montana, wani tarihi da har yanzu take riƙe da shi. Lawrence K. Pettit, manajan kamfen na Alkali a shekarar 1972 kuma tsohon surukin Carol Judge, daga baya ya rubuta game da Judges, "Tom da Carol sun kasance kamar [[John F. Kennedy|Jack]] da [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jackie]] na Montana, suna da kyau, suna da kyau kuma koyaushe suna da kyau, tare da ɗanɗanon ƙwarewa da kuma yanayin birni," a cikin littafinsa, ''If You Live by the Sword: Politics and in the Making and Unmaking of a University President'' . Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa Carol Judge ta ba da fifiko ga tsarin gwamnati na asibitoci da asibitocin tabin hankali a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Ta fara fuskantar mummunan yanayi mara kyau a Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs a lokacin da take ɗalibar aikin jinya a farkon shekarun 1960. Ta ziyarci asibitoci goma sha biyu na jihar a kokarinta na jawo hankali ga mummunan yanayin rayuwa ga marasa lafiya. <ref name="ir" /> Ta rubuta kuma ta buga wata ƙasida mai shafuka huɗu, mai launin rawaya mai suna "Have a Heart: The Human Side of Boulder River School and Hospital and Warm Springs State Hospital," wadda ta rarraba wa 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar da sauran mutane masu tasiri a duk faɗin Montana. <ref name="ir" /> A cikin ƙasidar, Carol Judge ta rubuta musamman game da Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs, "A nan, kamar yadda yake a Boulder, mun ga ƙarancin ma'aikata, rashin albashi mai kyau da kuma rashin isasshen gidaje. Marasa lafiya suna cike da mutane a cikin gine-gine masu lalacewa, waɗanda ba za a iya tsaftace su ba, kuma wannan yana ƙarfafa yaɗuwar cututtuka. Mummunan yanayi da baƙin ciki ba su da abubuwan da za su iya ƙarfafa ilmantarwa, magani da nishaɗi." <ref name="ir" /> Ta haɗa hotunan asibitoci a cikin littafin. <ref name="ir" /> Gwamna Thomas Judge, a martanin da ya mayar ga kamfen ɗin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, ya gabatar da gagarumin gyare-gyare ga asibitocin mahaukata na jihar, waɗanda suka sami goyon baya mai ƙarfi daga 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar da sauran ƙungiyoyi. <ref name="ir" /> 'Yan majalisar dokokin Montana sun ƙara kuɗaɗen tallafi don inganta yanayin rayuwa da aiki a Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs da Makarantar Boulder River da Asibitin. <ref name="ir" /> Gwamnatin Montana ta kuma fara kawar da wasu marasa lafiya daga cibiyoyin kula da marasa lafiya, ta hanyar fitar da su daga asibitocin tabin hankali zuwa cibiyoyin zama na gida. Sau da yawa ana yawan nuna adawa ga gidajen da ake da su a cikin al'ummomin yankin. A martanin da suka mayar, masu kula da gidajen rukunin za su gayyaci Carol Judge, wacce ta shahara a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa, zuwa wuraren budewa da tarurrukan su don yin magana da maƙwabta da shugabannin al'umma. <ref name="ir" /> A farkon shekarun 1970, Carol Judge ta haɗu da sauran matan shugabannin jihar Amurka don jawo hankali ga ƙarancin [[Yin allurar rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]] a tsakanin yaran makaranta. An san wannan kamfen da suna "Kowane Yaro a '76." <ref name="dilake" /> A shekarar 1979, Alkalin Gwamna ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ta bukaci dukkan yaran makaranta a Montana su sami allurar rigakafi ta tilas ga wasu cututtuka. Carol Judge ta yi maganin [[Shaye-shaye|shan barasa]] a lokacin da take matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa. Daga nan ta jagoranci kamfen ɗin da aka sanya shaye-shaye a matsayin cuta bisa doka bayan da Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka ta sake duba matsayinta. <ref name="ir" /> Montana ta canza dokar jiharta don sake rarraba giya a matsayin cuta a shekarar 1975. <ref name="ir" /> A shekarar 1977, an naɗa Carol Judge a cikin Kwamitin Hulɗa kan Matsalolin da Suka Shafi Barasa na Hukumar Lafiyar Hankali ta Shugaban Ƙasa. Ta gana da [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka]] [[Rosalynn Carter]] a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] domin tattauna batun shan barasa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref name="dilake" /> A shekarun 1980, bayan barin mukamin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, Carol Judge ta kafa wani shirin kula da marasa lafiya na jiha don kula da masu jinya da shirye-shiryen shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. <ref name="ir" /> Gwamna Thomas L. Judge da Carol Judge sun rabu a lokacin kaka na 1979 kuma suka sake a lokacin hunturu na 1980, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen wa'adin Judge a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa a Montana. An bayyana saki a matsayin wanda aka yi a bainar jama'a kuma "mai ɗaci". <ref name="ir" /> Tsohon mijinta ya sha kaye a zaɓensa na sake tsayawa takara a karo na uku a matsayin gwamna a shekarar 1980, inda ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat ga mataimakinsa Ted Schwinden . An zaɓi Schwinden a matsayin Gwamna a zaɓen gwamna na 1980. === Komawa aikin jinya === Carol Judge ta koma fannin aikin jinya da kula da lafiya bayan rabuwarta da Gwamna. Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kula da lafiyar tabin hankali daga Jami'ar Jihar Montana a shekarar 1983. Ta jagoranci ƙirƙirar sabon shirin gwamnati don kula da ma'aikatan jinya daga shan muggan kwayoyi a shekarun 1980. <ref name="ir" /> Judge ta shiga aikin ma'aikatan Asibitin Tsohon Soja na Fort Harrison a shekarar 1985, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 22 masu zuwa. A shekarun 2000, Judge ya yi aiki tare da wasu tsoffin matan shugabanni na Montana da kuma wani mai kafa doka don yin kira ga allurar rigakafin yara kafin su cika shekaru 2. A shekara ta 2006, Carol Judge ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Arizona]] don kula da tsohon mijinta, Thomas Lee Judge, yayin da lafiyarsa ta tabarbare. <ref name="ir" /> Thomas Judge ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar huhu a Chandler, Arizona, a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2006. == Manazarta == {{S-start}} {{S-hon}} {{Succession box|title=[[First Lady]] of [[Montana]]|before=Margaret Anderson|after=[[Jean Schwinden]]|years=1973 — 1980}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4n4l0o67gxm0vgm8txxegj6zbxapxg4 964187 964183 2026-10-07T06:43:53Z Baffa ali 47435 964187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carol Ann Judge''' ( <nowiki><i id="mwCg">née</i></nowiki> '''Anderson''' ; 7 ga Yuni, 1941 - 7 ga Disamba, 2014) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare lafiya ta Amurka kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ta Montana daga 1973 har zuwa lokacin da ta sake ta daga mijinta, Gwamna Thomas Lee Judge a lokacin hunturu na 1980. <ref name="ir" /> Zuwa yanzu, ita ce ƙaramar matar shugaban ƙasa a tarihin Montana. Alkali ya daɗe yana fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙi da dama, ciki har da makarantar yara ta yara, gyaran tsarin kula da lafiya, da kuma amincewa da shirin gyaran daidaiton haƙƙin ɗan adam . <ref name=ir/>Ta yi aiki a fannin aikin jinya da sauran fannoni masu alaƙa a cikin masana'antar kiwon lafiya sama da shekaru 32. A lokacin da take a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, ta yi nasarar yin kira ga sabuwar doka da ta buƙaci [[Yin allurar rigakafi|allurar riga-kafi]] ta tilas ga yaran makaranta a Montana, wadda aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1979. Ta yi fafutukar neman inganta yanayin marasa lafiya a [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|asibitocin tabin hankali]] na jihar Montana, ciki har da Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs da Makarantar Boulder River da Asibitin (wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Ci Gaban Montana). <ref name="ir" /> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === An haifi Judge '''Carol Ann Anderson''' a Los Angeles, California, a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1941. Mahaifiyarta Hazel Anderson, mai gyaran gida ce kuma mai kula da abinci, kuma mahaifinta, Kermit Anderson, shi ne ke da kamfanin Anderson Advertising Agency da ke Los Angeles. <ref name="dilake" /> Iyalinta, waɗanda asalinsu daga Montana ne, sun koma Helena, Montana, lokacin tana da shekaru 10. <ref name="dilake" /> Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Bryant kuma ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Helena a shekarar 1958. <ref name="dilake" /> Ta sami digiri a fannin aikin jinya tare da girmamawa a shekarar 1962 daga Jami'ar Jihar Montana . <ref name="dilake" /> An tura Anderson zuwa Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs, wani [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|asibitin tabin hankali]] mallakar gwamnati, a matsayin ɗalibi mai aikin jinya a farkon shekarun 1960. Ta firgita da mummunan yanayi da rashin ma'aikata a Warm Springs. <ref name="ir" /> Daga baya ta kai saurayinta kuma mijinta na gaba, Tom Judge, zuwa wani abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "wani rangadin bayan fage, mai buɗe ido" na Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs don nuna wa ɗan majalisar yanayin rashin inganci a asibitocin tabin hankali na Montana. <ref name="ir" /> Carol Anderson ta auri Thomas L. Judge a shekarar 1966. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Thomas Warren Judge da Patrick Lane Judge. A shekarar 1966, Carol Judge ta kafa Hukumar Lafiyar Gida a Asibitin St. Peter, shirin kula da lafiya da ziyara na farko a Helena, Montana. === Uwargidan Shugaban Montana === An zaɓi Thomas L. Judge, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat, a matsayin Laftanar Gwamnan Montana, a shekarar 1968, inda ya kayar da shi a shekarar 1968. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Gwamnan Montana a shekarar 1972, inda ya kayar da Ed Smith, ɗan majalisar dokoki kuma manomi na jam'iyyar Republican. <ref name="mstandard" /> Alkali ya hau mulki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1973. Carol Judge, wacce take da shekaru 31 a lokacin, ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Montana, wani tarihi da har yanzu take riƙe da shi. Lawrence K. Pettit, manajan kamfen na Alkali a shekarar 1972 kuma tsohon surukin Carol Judge, daga baya ya rubuta game da Judges, "Tom da Carol sun kasance kamar [[John F. Kennedy|Jack]] da [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jackie]] na Montana, suna da kyau, suna da kyau kuma koyaushe suna da kyau, tare da ɗanɗanon ƙwarewa da kuma yanayin birni," a cikin littafinsa, ''If You Live by the Sword: Politics and in the Making and Unmaking of a University President'' . Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa Carol Judge ta ba da fifiko ga tsarin gwamnati na asibitoci da asibitocin tabin hankali a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Ta fara fuskantar mummunan yanayi mara kyau a Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs a lokacin da take ɗalibar aikin jinya a farkon shekarun 1960. Ta ziyarci asibitoci goma sha biyu na jihar a kokarinta na jawo hankali ga mummunan yanayin rayuwa ga marasa lafiya. <ref name="ir" /> Ta rubuta kuma ta buga wata ƙasida mai shafuka huɗu, mai launin rawaya mai suna "Have a Heart: The Human Side of Boulder River School and Hospital and Warm Springs State Hospital," wadda ta rarraba wa 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar da sauran mutane masu tasiri a duk faɗin Montana. <ref name="ir" /> A cikin ƙasidar, Carol Judge ta rubuta musamman game da Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs, "A nan, kamar yadda yake a Boulder, mun ga ƙarancin ma'aikata, rashin albashi mai kyau da kuma rashin isasshen gidaje. Marasa lafiya suna cike da mutane a cikin gine-gine masu lalacewa, waɗanda ba za a iya tsaftace su ba, kuma wannan yana ƙarfafa yaɗuwar cututtuka. Mummunan yanayi da baƙin ciki ba su da abubuwan da za su iya ƙarfafa ilmantarwa, magani da nishaɗi." <ref name="ir" /> Ta haɗa hotunan asibitoci a cikin littafin. <ref name="ir" /> Gwamna Thomas Judge, a martanin da ya mayar ga kamfen ɗin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, ya gabatar da gagarumin gyare-gyare ga asibitocin mahaukata na jihar, waɗanda suka sami goyon baya mai ƙarfi daga 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar da sauran ƙungiyoyi. <ref name="ir" /> 'Yan majalisar dokokin Montana sun ƙara kuɗaɗen tallafi don inganta yanayin rayuwa da aiki a Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs da Makarantar Boulder River da Asibitin. <ref name="ir" /> Gwamnatin Montana ta kuma fara kawar da wasu marasa lafiya daga cibiyoyin kula da marasa lafiya, ta hanyar fitar da su daga asibitocin tabin hankali zuwa cibiyoyin zama na gida. Sau da yawa ana yawan nuna adawa ga gidajen da ake da su a cikin al'ummomin yankin. A martanin da suka mayar, masu kula da gidajen rukunin za su gayyaci Carol Judge, wacce ta shahara a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa, zuwa wuraren budewa da tarurrukan su don yin magana da maƙwabta da shugabannin al'umma. <ref name="ir" /> A farkon shekarun 1970, Carol Judge ta haɗu da sauran matan shugabannin jihar Amurka don jawo hankali ga ƙarancin [[Yin allurar rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]] a tsakanin yaran makaranta. An san wannan kamfen da suna "Kowane Yaro a '76." <ref name="dilake" /> A shekarar 1979, Alkalin Gwamna ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ta bukaci dukkan yaran makaranta a Montana su sami allurar rigakafi ta tilas ga wasu cututtuka. Carol Judge ta yi maganin [[Shaye-shaye|shan barasa]] a lokacin da take matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa. Daga nan ta jagoranci kamfen ɗin da aka sanya shaye-shaye a matsayin cuta bisa doka bayan da Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka ta sake duba matsayinta. <ref name="ir" /> Montana ta canza dokar jiharta don sake rarraba giya a matsayin cuta a shekarar 1975. <ref name="ir" /> A shekarar 1977, an naɗa Carol Judge a cikin Kwamitin Hulɗa kan Matsalolin da Suka Shafi Barasa na Hukumar Lafiyar Hankali ta Shugaban Ƙasa. Ta gana da [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka]] [[Rosalynn Carter]] a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] domin tattauna batun shan barasa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref name="dilake" /> A shekarun 1980, bayan barin mukamin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, Carol Judge ta kafa wani shirin kula da marasa lafiya na jiha don kula da masu jinya da shirye-shiryen shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. <ref name="ir" /> Gwamna Thomas L. Judge da Carol Judge sun rabu a lokacin kaka na 1979 kuma suka sake a lokacin hunturu na 1980, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen wa'adin Judge a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa a Montana. An bayyana saki a matsayin wanda aka yi a bainar jama'a kuma "mai ɗaci". <ref name="ir" /> Tsohon mijinta ya sha kaye a zaɓensa na sake tsayawa takara a karo na uku a matsayin gwamna a shekarar 1980, inda ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat ga mataimakinsa Ted Schwinden . An zaɓi Schwinden a matsayin Gwamna a zaɓen gwamna na 1980. === Komawa aikin jinya === Carol Judge ta koma fannin aikin jinya da kula da lafiya bayan rabuwarta da Gwamna. Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kula da lafiyar tabin hankali daga Jami'ar Jihar Montana a shekarar 1983. Ta jagoranci ƙirƙirar sabon shirin gwamnati don kula da ma'aikatan jinya daga shan muggan kwayoyi a shekarun 1980. <ref name="ir" /> Judge ta shiga aikin ma'aikatan Asibitin Tsohon Soja na Fort Harrison a shekarar 1985, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 22 masu zuwa. A shekarun 2000, Judge ya yi aiki tare da wasu tsoffin matan shugabanni na Montana da kuma wani mai kafa doka don yin kira ga allurar rigakafin yara kafin su cika shekaru 2. A shekara ta 2006, Carol Judge ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Arizona]] don kula da tsohon mijinta, Thomas Lee Judge, yayin da lafiyarsa ta tabarbare. <ref name="ir" /> Thomas Judge ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar huhu a Chandler, Arizona, a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2006. == Manazarta == {{S-start}} {{S-hon}} {{Succession box|title=[[First Lady]] of [[Montana]]|before=Margaret Anderson|after=[[Jean Schwinden]]|years=1973 — 1980}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9k2o5dxz3hnnwi3c43wv45mrwfd4s8v 964188 964187 2026-10-07T06:45:15Z Baffa ali 47435 964188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carol Ann Judge''' ( <nowiki><i id="mwCg">née</i></nowiki> '''Anderson''' ; 7 ga Yuni, 1941 - 7 ga Disamba, 2014) ta kasance mai fafutukar kare lafiya ta Amurka kuma ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa ta Montana daga 1973 har zuwa lokacin da ta sake ta daga mijinta, Gwamna Thomas Lee Judge a lokacin hunturu na 1980. <ref name="ir" /> Zuwa yanzu, ita ce ƙaramar matar shugaban ƙasa a tarihin Montana. Alkali ya daɗe yana fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙi da dama, ciki har da makarantar yara ta yara, gyaran tsarin kula da lafiya, da kuma amincewa da shirin gyaran daidaiton haƙƙin ɗan adam . <ref name=ir/>Ta yi aiki a fannin aikin jinya da sauran fannoni masu alaƙa a cikin masana'antar kiwon lafiya sama da shekaru 32. <ref name=ir/> A lokacin da take a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, ta yi nasarar yin kira ga sabuwar doka da ta buƙaci [[Yin allurar rigakafi|allurar riga-kafi]] ta tilas ga yaran makaranta a Montana, wadda aka sanya wa hannu a shekarar 1979. Ta yi fafutukar neman inganta yanayin marasa lafiya a [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|asibitocin tabin hankali]] na jihar Montana, ciki har da Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs da Makarantar Boulder River da Asibitin (wanda yanzu ake kira Cibiyar Ci Gaban Montana). <ref name="ir" /> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === An haifi Judge '''Carol Ann Anderson''' a Los Angeles, California, a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1941. Mahaifiyarta Hazel Anderson, mai gyaran gida ce kuma mai kula da abinci, kuma mahaifinta, Kermit Anderson, shi ne ke da kamfanin Anderson Advertising Agency da ke Los Angeles. <ref name="dilake" /> Iyalinta, waɗanda asalinsu daga Montana ne, sun koma Helena, Montana, lokacin tana da shekaru 10. <ref name="dilake" /> Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Bryant kuma ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Sakandare ta Helena a shekarar 1958. <ref name="dilake" /> Ta sami digiri a fannin aikin jinya tare da girmamawa a shekarar 1962 daga Jami'ar Jihar Montana . <ref name="dilake" /> An tura Anderson zuwa Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs, wani [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|asibitin tabin hankali]] mallakar gwamnati, a matsayin ɗalibi mai aikin jinya a farkon shekarun 1960. Ta firgita da mummunan yanayi da rashin ma'aikata a Warm Springs. <ref name="ir" /> Daga baya ta kai saurayinta kuma mijinta na gaba, Tom Judge, zuwa wani abin da aka bayyana a matsayin "wani rangadin bayan fage, mai buɗe ido" na Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs don nuna wa ɗan majalisar yanayin rashin inganci a asibitocin tabin hankali na Montana. <ref name="ir" /> Carol Anderson ta auri Thomas L. Judge a shekarar 1966. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Thomas Warren Judge da Patrick Lane Judge. A shekarar 1966, Carol Judge ta kafa Hukumar Lafiyar Gida a Asibitin St. Peter, shirin kula da lafiya da ziyara na farko a Helena, Montana. === Uwargidan Shugaban Montana === An zaɓi Thomas L. Judge, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat, a matsayin Laftanar Gwamnan Montana, a shekarar 1968, inda ya kayar da shi a shekarar 1968. An zaɓe shi a matsayin Gwamnan Montana a shekarar 1972, inda ya kayar da Ed Smith, ɗan majalisar dokoki kuma manomi na jam'iyyar Republican. <ref name="mstandard" /> Alkali ya hau mulki a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1973. Carol Judge, wacce take da shekaru 31 a lokacin, ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin Montana, wani tarihi da har yanzu take riƙe da shi. Lawrence K. Pettit, manajan kamfen na Alkali a shekarar 1972 kuma tsohon surukin Carol Judge, daga baya ya rubuta game da Judges, "Tom da Carol sun kasance kamar [[John F. Kennedy|Jack]] da [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jackie]] na Montana, suna da kyau, suna da kyau kuma koyaushe suna da kyau, tare da ɗanɗanon ƙwarewa da kuma yanayin birni," a cikin littafinsa, ''If You Live by the Sword: Politics and in the Making and Unmaking of a University President'' . Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa Carol Judge ta ba da fifiko ga tsarin gwamnati na asibitoci da asibitocin tabin hankali a tsakiyar shekarun 1970. Ta fara fuskantar mummunan yanayi mara kyau a Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs a lokacin da take ɗalibar aikin jinya a farkon shekarun 1960. Ta ziyarci asibitoci goma sha biyu na jihar a kokarinta na jawo hankali ga mummunan yanayin rayuwa ga marasa lafiya. <ref name="ir" /> Ta rubuta kuma ta buga wata ƙasida mai shafuka huɗu, mai launin rawaya mai suna "Have a Heart: The Human Side of Boulder River School and Hospital and Warm Springs State Hospital," wadda ta rarraba wa 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar da sauran mutane masu tasiri a duk faɗin Montana. <ref name="ir" /> A cikin ƙasidar, Carol Judge ta rubuta musamman game da Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs, "A nan, kamar yadda yake a Boulder, mun ga ƙarancin ma'aikata, rashin albashi mai kyau da kuma rashin isasshen gidaje. Marasa lafiya suna cike da mutane a cikin gine-gine masu lalacewa, waɗanda ba za a iya tsaftace su ba, kuma wannan yana ƙarfafa yaɗuwar cututtuka. Mummunan yanayi da baƙin ciki ba su da abubuwan da za su iya ƙarfafa ilmantarwa, magani da nishaɗi." <ref name="ir" /> Ta haɗa hotunan asibitoci a cikin littafin. <ref name="ir" /> Gwamna Thomas Judge, a martanin da ya mayar ga kamfen ɗin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, ya gabatar da gagarumin gyare-gyare ga asibitocin mahaukata na jihar, waɗanda suka sami goyon baya mai ƙarfi daga 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar da sauran ƙungiyoyi. <ref name="ir" /> 'Yan majalisar dokokin Montana sun ƙara kuɗaɗen tallafi don inganta yanayin rayuwa da aiki a Asibitin Jihar Warm Springs da Makarantar Boulder River da Asibitin. <ref name="ir" /> Gwamnatin Montana ta kuma fara kawar da wasu marasa lafiya daga cibiyoyin kula da marasa lafiya, ta hanyar fitar da su daga asibitocin tabin hankali zuwa cibiyoyin zama na gida. Sau da yawa ana yawan nuna adawa ga gidajen da ake da su a cikin al'ummomin yankin. A martanin da suka mayar, masu kula da gidajen rukunin za su gayyaci Carol Judge, wacce ta shahara a matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa, zuwa wuraren budewa da tarurrukan su don yin magana da maƙwabta da shugabannin al'umma. <ref name="ir" /> A farkon shekarun 1970, Carol Judge ta haɗu da sauran matan shugabannin jihar Amurka don jawo hankali ga ƙarancin [[Yin allurar rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]] a tsakanin yaran makaranta. An san wannan kamfen da suna "Kowane Yaro a '76." <ref name="dilake" /> A shekarar 1979, Alkalin Gwamna ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ta bukaci dukkan yaran makaranta a Montana su sami allurar rigakafi ta tilas ga wasu cututtuka. Carol Judge ta yi maganin [[Shaye-shaye|shan barasa]] a lokacin da take matsayin Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa. Daga nan ta jagoranci kamfen ɗin da aka sanya shaye-shaye a matsayin cuta bisa doka bayan da Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka ta sake duba matsayinta. <ref name="ir" /> Montana ta canza dokar jiharta don sake rarraba giya a matsayin cuta a shekarar 1975. <ref name="ir" /> A shekarar 1977, an naɗa Carol Judge a cikin Kwamitin Hulɗa kan Matsalolin da Suka Shafi Barasa na Hukumar Lafiyar Hankali ta Shugaban Ƙasa. Ta gana da [[Uwargidan Shugaban Amurka]] [[Rosalynn Carter]] a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] domin tattauna batun shan barasa da matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa. <ref name="dilake" /> A shekarun 1980, bayan barin mukamin Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa, Carol Judge ta kafa wani shirin kula da marasa lafiya na jiha don kula da masu jinya da shirye-shiryen shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. <ref name="ir" /> Gwamna Thomas L. Judge da Carol Judge sun rabu a lokacin kaka na 1979 kuma suka sake a lokacin hunturu na 1980, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen wa'adin Judge a matsayin matar shugaban ƙasa a Montana. An bayyana saki a matsayin wanda aka yi a bainar jama'a kuma "mai ɗaci". <ref name="ir" /> Tsohon mijinta ya sha kaye a zaɓensa na sake tsayawa takara a karo na uku a matsayin gwamna a shekarar 1980, inda ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na jam'iyyar Democrat ga mataimakinsa Ted Schwinden . An zaɓi Schwinden a matsayin Gwamna a zaɓen gwamna na 1980. === Komawa aikin jinya === Carol Judge ta koma fannin aikin jinya da kula da lafiya bayan rabuwarta da Gwamna. Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kula da lafiyar tabin hankali daga Jami'ar Jihar Montana a shekarar 1983. Ta jagoranci ƙirƙirar sabon shirin gwamnati don kula da ma'aikatan jinya daga shan muggan kwayoyi a shekarun 1980. <ref name="ir" /> Judge ta shiga aikin ma'aikatan Asibitin Tsohon Soja na Fort Harrison a shekarar 1985, inda ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru 22 masu zuwa. A shekarun 2000, Judge ya yi aiki tare da wasu tsoffin matan shugabanni na Montana da kuma wani mai kafa doka don yin kira ga allurar rigakafin yara kafin su cika shekaru 2. A shekara ta 2006, Carol Judge ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Arizona]] don kula da tsohon mijinta, Thomas Lee Judge, yayin da lafiyarsa ta tabarbare. <ref name="ir" /> Thomas Judge ya mutu sakamakon kamuwa da cutar huhu a Chandler, Arizona, a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2006. == Manazarta == {{S-start}} {{S-hon}} {{Succession box|title=[[First Lady]] of [[Montana]]|before=Margaret Anderson|after=[[Jean Schwinden]]|years=1973 — 1980}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jfj3epnzsskma7wwmhkd7awiubd3bzo 0 178450 964190 2026-10-07T06:52:34Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366201661|1891 in sports]]" 964190 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shekarar 1891 a fannin wasanni''' ta bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar a wasannin duniya. == Wasanni == * Gasar Wasannin Wasa da Filayen Waje ta Amurka == Kwallon kafa ta Amurka == '''Zakaran kwaleji''' * Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta kwaleji - Yale Bulldogs '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * Kansas ta doke Missouri a wasan farko na Yaƙin Border War da ci 22-10, wanda ya fara ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. == Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa == '''Argentina''' * An kafa ƙungiyar Primera ta Argentina '''Belgium''' * An kafa Club Brugge KV <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2019 |title=Club facts: Club Brugge |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0e7556a61230-2252aad12079-1000--club-facts-club-brugge/ |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[UEFA]] |language=en}}</ref> '''Ingila''' * Gasar Kwallon Kafa – [[Everton FC|Everton]] ta samu maki 29, Preston North End 27, Notts County 26, Wolves 26, Bolton Wanderers 25, Blackburn Rovers 24 * Wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA - Blackburn Rovers 3-1 Notts County a gasar Oval * Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta faɗaɗa daga ƙungiyoyi goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha huɗu a kakar wasa ta 1891–92: An dawo da Stoke FC, bayan an kore ta a 1890; an zaɓi Darwen . '''Scotland''' * An kammala kakar farko ta gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Scotland da cin kofi tare da raba kofi * Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Scotland - Dumbarton da [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] : ''an raba kofi'' * Wasan ƙarshe na Kofin Scotland – Zuciyar Midlothian 1-0 Dumbarton a Hampden Park <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish Cup Past Winners {{!}} Scottish Cup {{!}} Scottish FA |url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup/archive/scottish-cup-history/scottish-cup-winners/ |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=www.scottishfa.co.uk}}</ref> '''Uruguay''' * 28 ga Satumba — an kafa ƙungiyar Cricket ta Central Uruguay Railway Club (CURCC) ta ma'aikatan layin dogo na Burtaniya a [[Montevideo]] ; daga baya ta zama CA Peñarol == Dokokin Kwallon Kafa na Australiya == * Manyan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victorian - Essendon * Manyan 'yan wasan SANFL - Norwood * WAFL ta farko - Rovers == Wasan ƙwallon baseball == '''Gasar ƙasa''' * Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Amurka - ba a gudanar da jerin wasannin ba * Wadanda suka lashe gasar National League su ne Boston Beaneaters wadanda suka ki yin wasa da wadanda suka lashe gasar American Association, wato Boston Reds. '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * Ƙungiyar Amurka ta wargaje bayan kammala kakar wasa == Kwando == '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * James Naismith na Springfield, Massachusetts ya ƙirƙiro ƙwallon kwando == dambe == '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * 14 ga Janairu — Bob Fitzsimmons ya doke Jack Nonpareil Dempsey a zagaye na 13 a New Orleans don lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta matsakaicin nauyi . Wannan shine karo na farko cikin kambun duniya guda uku da Fitzsimmons zai riƙe a lokacin aikinsa. '''Zakarun duniya masu layi''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyber Boxing Zone |url=http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/pastchp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614133802/http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/pastchp.htm |archive-date=2009-06-14 |access-date=2009-06-20}}</ref> * Gasar Nauyin Kaya ta Duniya – John L. Sullivan * Gasar Tsakiyar Nauyin Nauyi ta Duniya – Jack Nonpareil Dempsey → Bob Fitzsimmons * Gasar Welterweight ta Duniya - babu kambun da ya rage * Gasar Cin Kofin Nauyin Kaya ta Duniya – Jack McAuliffe * Gasar Zakarun Nauyin Featherweight ta Duniya - Young Griffo == Kwallon Kafa ta Kanada == * An kafa ƙungiyar Rugby ta Kanada (CRU) a matsayin sabuwar hukumar gudanarwa ta wasan. Ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa CFL a shekarar 1958. * McGill ya doke [[Makarantar Kwalejin Bishop|Bishop's College]] da ci 38-8 a wani wasan baje koli da aka yi a Montreal. * Zakarun ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Quebec Rugby - Montreal . * Zakarun ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ontario Rugby - Osgoode Hall. * Gasar Arewa maso Yamma - Moosomin. * Gasar Dominion - Osgoode Hall ta doke Montreal da ci 21-10. == Kurket == '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * Gasar buɗe gasar tsakanin ƙasashen da ke mulkin mallaka za ta gudana a yankin West Indies da ya haɗa da Barbados, British Guiana da Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago . '''Ingila''' * Gasar Gundumar - Surrey * Mafi yawan gudu – William Gunn 1336 @ 41.75 (HS 169) * Mafi yawan wickets – George Lohmann 177 @ 11.66 (BB 7–20) * Wisden Five Great Bowlers – William Attewell, JT Hearne, Frederick Martin, Arthur Mold, John Sharpe '''Ostiraliya''' * Mafi yawan gudu – George Giffen ya yi gudu 275 a 91.66 (HS 237) * Mafi yawan wickets - Jim Phillips wickets 25 @ 10.00 (BB 7–20) '''Afirka ta Kudu''' * Kofin Currie - Kimberley '''Yammacin Indiya''' * Gasar Tsakanin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka - Barbados == Golf == '''Manyan gasa''' * Harshen Burtaniya - Hugh Kirkaldy '''Sauran gasa''' * Ɗan Birtaniya – Johnny Laidlay == Tseren dawaki == '''Ingila''' * Babban Kasa – Ku Tafi <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2011 |title=Bobby Beasley: Quixotic jockey and trainer |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/bobby-beasley-quixotic-jockey-and-trainer-770436.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/bobby-beasley-quixotic-jockey-and-trainer-770436.html |archive-date=2022-05-01 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> * 1,000 Ginis Stakes – Mimi * 2,000 na Guineas - [[Common (doki)|Na gama gari]] * Wasan Derby - Common <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epsom Derby {{!}} History, Winners, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/Derby-horse-race |access-date=29 December 2021 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> * Oaks - Mimi * St. Leger Stakes - Common '''Ostiraliya''' * Kofin Melbourne - Malvolio '''Kanada''' * Farantin Sarauniya – Nasara '''Ireland''' * Babban Ƙasar Ireland - Tsohon Tom * Tashe-tashen hankula na Irish Derby - Narraghmore '''Amurka''' * Derby na Kentucky - Kingman * Preakness Stakes - ''ba a gudanar da shi ba'' * Belmont Stakes - Foxford == Wasan hockey na kankara == '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * A ranar 5 ga Maris — Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Montreal ta doke [[Montreal Crescents]] da ci 8-2 a wani ƙalubale na riƙe kambun kakar AHAC ta 1891 . * 7 ga Maris — Kungiyar Hockey ta Ottawa ta doke Toronto St. George da ci 5-0, inda ta lashe gasar farko ta kungiyar Hockey Association ta Ontario . '''Sweden''' * Djurgårdens IF Hockey an kafa shi a [[Stockholm]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm history filled with stars, passionate fans |url=https://www.nhl.com/news/stockholm-history-filled-with-stars-passionate-fans/c-384313 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306035622/https://www.nhl.com/news/stockholm-history-filled-with-stars-passionate-fans/c-384313 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=NHL.com}}</ref> == Yin kwale-kwale == '''Tseren Jirgin Ruwa''' * 21 Maris — Oxford ta lashe tseren kwale-kwale na Oxford da Cambridge karo na 48 == Kwallon kafa ta Rugby == '''Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Gida''' * Scotland ce ta lashe gasar ta 9, inda ta yi nasara 100% a kan Ingila, Ireland da Wales. '''Sauran abubuwan da suka faru''' • Rangadin British Lions a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1891 shi ne rangadin farko na Tsibiran Birtaniya a Afirka ta Kudu kuma karo na biyu ne kawai rangadin ƙasashen waje da ƙungiyar Birtaniya ta haɗa kai ta gudanar. Tsakanin 9 ga Yuli zuwa 7 ga Satumba, ƙungiyar za ta buga wasanni 20, ciki har da gwaje-gwaje uku da ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu . Tsibirin Burtaniya sun lashe dukkan wasanni 20 ciki har da Gwaje-gwaje uku. Duk da cewa ba a ambaci sunanta a lokacin ba, an amince da yawon shakatawa a matsayin yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya Lions . == Wasan Tennis == '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * Gasar cin kofin kwallon tennis ta Faransa da aka fara gudanarwa a yau ita ce gasar cin kofin ''duniya ta gasar cin kofin kwallon tennis ta duniya ta Championat de France'' . Da farko, ana fafatawa ne kawai da 'yan wasan maza marasa aure; za a fara gasar mata marasa aure a shekarar 1897. Har zuwa shekarar 1924, gasar ta buɗe ga 'yan wasan tennis ne kawai waɗanda ke da lasisi a Faransa, amma abin mamaki, wani ɗan Ingila, H Briggs, ne ya lashe gasar farko, wanda ya kayar da ɗan wasan Faransa P Baigneres a wasan ƙarshe. Briggs mazaunin Birtaniya ne da ke zaune a birnin Paris. '''Ingila''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Maza ta Wimbledon - Wilfred Baddeley (GB) ya doke Joshua Pim (Ireland) da ci 6–4 1–6 7–5 6–0 * Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Wimbledon - Lottie Dod (GB) ta doke Blanche Bingley Hillyard (GB) da ci 6-2 6-1 '''Faransa''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Maza ta Faransa - H. Briggs (GB) ya doke P. Baigneres (Faransa) da ci 6-3 6-2 '''Amurka''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Maza ta Amurka - Oliver Campbell (Amurka) ya doke Clarence Hobart (Amurka) da ci 2–6 7–5 7–9 6–1 6–2 * Gasar Cin Kofin Matan Amurka na Singles – Mabel Cahill (GB) ta doke Ellen Roosevelt (Amurka) da ci 6–4 6–1 4–6 6–3 == Manazarta == 68r6kwvn2vjh93qy9gj7681azjorsa8 964191 964190 2026-10-07T06:53:25Z Baffa ali 47435 964191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shekarar 1891 a fannin wasanni''' ta bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar a wasannin duniya. == Wasanni == * Gasar Wasannin Wasa da Filayen Waje ta Amurka == Kwallon kafa ta Amurka == '''Zakaran kwaleji''' * Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta kwaleji - Yale Bulldogs '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * Kansas ta doke Missouri a wasan farko na Yaƙin Border War da ci 22-10, wanda ya fara ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin gasannin ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji. == Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa == '''Argentina''' * An kafa ƙungiyar Primera ta Argentina '''Belgium''' * An kafa Club Brugge KV <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2019 |title=Club facts: Club Brugge |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0253-0e7556a61230-2252aad12079-1000--club-facts-club-brugge/ |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[UEFA]] |language=en}}</ref> '''Ingila''' * Gasar Kwallon Kafa – [[Everton FC|Everton]] ta samu maki 29, Preston North End 27, Notts County 26, Wolves 26, Bolton Wanderers 25, Blackburn Rovers 24 * Wasan ƙarshe na Kofin FA - Blackburn Rovers 3-1 Notts County a gasar Oval * Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta faɗaɗa daga ƙungiyoyi goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha huɗu a kakar wasa ta 1891–92: An dawo da Stoke FC, bayan an kore ta a 1890; an zaɓi Darwen . '''Scotland''' * An kammala kakar farko ta gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Scotland da cin kofi tare da raba kofi * Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Scotland - Dumbarton da [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] : ''an raba kofi'' * Wasan ƙarshe na Kofin Scotland – Zuciyar Midlothian 1-0 Dumbarton a Hampden Park <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scottish Cup Past Winners {{!}} Scottish Cup {{!}} Scottish FA |url=https://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish-cup/archive/scottish-cup-history/scottish-cup-winners/ |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=www.scottishfa.co.uk}}</ref> '''Uruguay''' * 28 ga Satumba — an kafa ƙungiyar Cricket ta Central Uruguay Railway Club (CURCC) ta ma'aikatan layin dogo na Burtaniya a [[Montevideo]] ; daga baya ta zama CA Peñarol == Dokokin Kwallon Kafa na Australiya == * Manyan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Victorian - Essendon * Manyan 'yan wasan SANFL - Norwood * WAFL ta farko - Rovers == Wasan ƙwallon baseball == '''Gasar ƙasa''' * Ƙungiyar Ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Amurka - ba a gudanar da jerin wasannin ba * Wadanda suka lashe gasar National League su ne Boston Beaneaters wadanda suka ki yin wasa da wadanda suka lashe gasar American Association, wato Boston Reds. '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * Ƙungiyar Amurka ta wargaje bayan kammala kakar wasa == Kwando == '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * James Naismith na Springfield, Massachusetts ya ƙirƙiro ƙwallon kwando == dambe == '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * 14 ga Janairu — Bob Fitzsimmons ya doke Jack Nonpareil Dempsey a zagaye na 13 a New Orleans don lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta matsakaicin nauyi . Wannan shine karo na farko cikin kambun duniya guda uku da Fitzsimmons zai riƙe a lokacin aikinsa. '''Zakarun duniya masu layi''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyber Boxing Zone |url=http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/pastchp.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614133802/http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/pastchp.htm |archive-date=2009-06-14 |access-date=2009-06-20}}</ref> * Gasar Nauyin Kaya ta Duniya – John L. Sullivan * Gasar Tsakiyar Nauyin Nauyi ta Duniya – Jack Nonpareil Dempsey → Bob Fitzsimmons * Gasar Welterweight ta Duniya - babu kambun da ya rage * Gasar Cin Kofin Nauyin Kaya ta Duniya – Jack McAuliffe * Gasar Zakarun Nauyin Featherweight ta Duniya - Young Griffo == Kwallon Kafa ta Kanada == * An kafa ƙungiyar Rugby ta Kanada (CRU) a matsayin sabuwar hukumar gudanarwa ta wasan. Ya ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa CFL a shekarar 1958. * McGill ya doke [[Makarantar Kwalejin Bishop|Bishop's College]] da ci 38-8 a wani wasan baje koli da aka yi a Montreal. * Zakarun ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Quebec Rugby - Montreal . * Zakarun ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ontario Rugby - Osgoode Hall. * Gasar Arewa maso Yamma - Moosomin. * Gasar Dominion - Osgoode Hall ta doke Montreal da ci 21-10. == Kurket == '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * Gasar buɗe gasar tsakanin ƙasashen da ke mulkin mallaka za ta gudana a yankin West Indies da ya haɗa da Barbados, British Guiana da Trinidad &amp;amp; Tobago . '''Ingila''' * Gasar Gundumar - Surrey * Mafi yawan gudu – William Gunn 1336 @ 41.75 (HS 169) * Mafi yawan wickets – George Lohmann 177 @ 11.66 (BB 7–20) * Wisden Five Great Bowlers – William Attewell, JT Hearne, Frederick Martin, Arthur Mold, John Sharpe '''Ostiraliya''' * Mafi yawan gudu – George Giffen ya yi gudu 275 a 91.66 (HS 237) * Mafi yawan wickets - Jim Phillips wickets 25 @ 10.00 (BB 7–20) '''Afirka ta Kudu''' * Kofin Currie - Kimberley '''Yammacin Indiya''' * Gasar Tsakanin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka - Barbados == Golf == '''Manyan gasa''' * Harshen Burtaniya - Hugh Kirkaldy '''Sauran gasa''' * Ɗan Birtaniya – Johnny Laidlay == Tseren dawaki == '''Ingila''' * Babban Kasa – Ku Tafi <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2011 |title=Bobby Beasley: Quixotic jockey and trainer |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/bobby-beasley-quixotic-jockey-and-trainer-770436.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/bobby-beasley-quixotic-jockey-and-trainer-770436.html |archive-date=2022-05-01 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> * 1,000 Ginis Stakes – Mimi * 2,000 na Guineas - [[Common (doki)|Na gama gari]] * Wasan Derby - Common <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epsom Derby {{!}} History, Winners, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/Derby-horse-race |access-date=29 December 2021 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> * Oaks - Mimi * St. Leger Stakes - Common '''Ostiraliya''' * Kofin Melbourne - Malvolio '''Kanada''' * Farantin Sarauniya – Nasara '''Ireland''' * Babban Ƙasar Ireland - Tsohon Tom * Tashe-tashen hankula na Irish Derby - Narraghmore '''Amurka''' * Derby na Kentucky - Kingman * Preakness Stakes - ''ba a gudanar da shi ba'' * Belmont Stakes - Foxford == Wasan hockey na kankara == '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * A ranar 5 ga Maris — Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Montreal ta doke [[Montreal Crescents]] da ci 8-2 a wani ƙalubale na riƙe kambun kakar AHAC ta 1891 . * 7 ga Maris — Kungiyar Hockey ta Ottawa ta doke Toronto St. George da ci 5-0, inda ta lashe gasar farko ta kungiyar Hockey Association ta Ontario . '''Sweden''' * Djurgårdens IF Hockey an kafa shi a [[Stockholm]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Stockholm history filled with stars, passionate fans |url=https://www.nhl.com/news/stockholm-history-filled-with-stars-passionate-fans/c-384313 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306035622/https://www.nhl.com/news/stockholm-history-filled-with-stars-passionate-fans/c-384313 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=NHL.com}}</ref> == Yin kwale-kwale == '''Tseren Jirgin Ruwa''' * 21 Maris — Oxford ta lashe tseren kwale-kwale na Oxford da Cambridge karo na 48 == Kwallon kafa ta Rugby == '''Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Gida''' * Scotland ce ta lashe gasar ta 9, inda ta yi nasara 100% a kan Ingila, Ireland da Wales. '''Sauran abubuwan da suka faru''' • Rangadin British Lions a Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 1891 shi ne rangadin farko na Tsibiran Birtaniya a Afirka ta Kudu kuma karo na biyu ne kawai rangadin ƙasashen waje da ƙungiyar Birtaniya ta haɗa kai ta gudanar. Tsakanin 9 ga Yuli zuwa 7 ga Satumba, ƙungiyar za ta buga wasanni 20, ciki har da gwaje-gwaje uku da ƙungiyar ƙwallon rugby ta ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu . Tsibirin Burtaniya sun lashe dukkan wasanni 20 ciki har da Gwaje-gwaje uku. Duk da cewa ba a ambaci sunanta a lokacin ba, an amince da yawon shakatawa a matsayin yawon shakatawa na Burtaniya Lions . == Wasan Tennis == '''Abubuwan da suka faru''' * Gasar cin kofin kwallon tennis ta Faransa da aka fara gudanarwa a yau ita ce gasar cin kofin ''duniya ta gasar cin kofin kwallon tennis ta duniya ta Championat de France'' . Da farko, ana fafatawa ne kawai da 'yan wasan maza marasa aure; za a fara gasar mata marasa aure a shekarar 1897. Har zuwa shekarar 1924, gasar ta buɗe ga 'yan wasan tennis ne kawai waɗanda ke da lasisi a Faransa, amma abin mamaki, wani ɗan Ingila, H Briggs, ne ya lashe gasar farko, wanda ya kayar da ɗan wasan Faransa P Baigneres a wasan ƙarshe. Briggs mazaunin Birtaniya ne da ke zaune a birnin Paris. '''Ingila''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Maza ta Wimbledon - Wilfred Baddeley (GB) ya doke Joshua Pim (Ireland) da ci 6–4 1–6 7–5 6–0 * Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Wimbledon - Lottie Dod (GB) ta doke Blanche Bingley Hillyard (GB) da ci 6-2 6-1 '''Faransa''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Maza ta Faransa - H. Briggs (GB) ya doke P. Baigneres (Faransa) da ci 6-3 6-2 '''Amurka''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Maza ta Amurka - Oliver Campbell (Amurka) ya doke Clarence Hobart (Amurka) da ci 2–6 7–5 7–9 6–1 6–2 * Gasar Cin Kofin Matan Amurka na Singles – Mabel Cahill (GB) ta doke Ellen Roosevelt (Amurka) da ci 6–4 6–1 4–6 6–3 == Manazarta == 00iis3piiky2foq2pxvhu9w7fw0s38q 0 178451 964193 2026-10-07T07:11:26Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362851530|Lowan Conservation Park]]" 964193 wikitext text/x-wiki Wurin Kare Lowan (wanda a da ake kira Lowan National Park) yanki ne mai kariya wanda ke cikin jihar Kudancin Ostiraliya ta Ostiraliya a yankin Bowhill mai nisan 99 kilometres (62 mi) gabas da babban birnin jihar Adelaide da kuma kimanin 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) yammacin garin Perponda . Wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa ya ƙunshi ƙasar ƙasa a sassa na 71 da 73 a cikin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Bowhill . Gwamnatin Kudancin Ostiraliya ce ta sayi Sashe na 71 bisa shawarar "Majalisar Hukumar Filaye da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa" daga mai shi "wanda ke da sha'awar ganin an ci gaba da sharewa a kan ginin". Ta sami matsayin yanki mai kariya a matsayin Lowan National Park a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1971 ta hanyar sanarwar da aka bayar a ƙarƙashin ''Dokar Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta 1966'' . A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1972, aka sake gina shi a matsayin Wurin Kiyaye na Lowan bayan da aka ayyana ''Dokar Wuraren Shakatawa da Namun Daji ta Kasa ta 1972'' . A ranar 2 ga Agusta 1973, an ƙara fili a sashe na 73 na Ɗari na Bowhill a wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa. <ref name="BSMM">{{Cite book|edition=J. S}}</ref> <ref name="NPWact">{{Cite journal |date=27 April 1972 |title=No. 56 of 1972 (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1972) |url=http://www9.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/sa/num_act/npawa56o1972293/npawa56o1972293.html |journal=The South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=Government of South Australia |pages=660 & 702 |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref> <ref name="SAGG-1973">{{Cite web |last=Bray |first=J.J. |date=2 August 1973 |title=NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT, 1972- HUNDRED OF BOWHILL—LOWAN CONSERVATION PARK: ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES |url=http://www7.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1973/36/723.pdf |access-date=29 March 2018 |website=South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=South Australian Government |page=723}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, ta mamaye fadin {{Convert|6.75|km2}} . A shekarar 1980, an bayyana shi kamar haka: <blockquote>Wani yanki na ciyawar mallee da ke tallafawa yawan kiwo na tsuntsayen mallee da gaggafa masu wutsiya . Wani yanki mai laushi a cikin mallee, wanda aka yi wa ado da furannin mallee, manyan nau'ikan sune ''Eucalyptus socialis'', ''E. gracilis'' da ''E. Dumosa,'' tare da rufin ƙasan nau'in [[Bagaruwa|acacia]] . Zomo yana da yawa a wurin shakatawa kuma yawan kiwo yana hana sake farfaɗowar wasu nau'ikan. An gina ƙasar da ke kewaye da ita don noman alkama da tumaki.</blockquote>An rarraba wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa a matsayin [[IUCN yankuna masu kariya|yanki mai kariya na IUCN Category III]] . A shekarar 1980, an saka shi a cikin Rijistar Gidaje ta Ƙasa wadda yanzu ta daina aiki. == Duba kuma == * Yankunan da aka kare na Kudancin Ostiraliya == Manazarta == *  This article incorporates text by Commonwealth of Australia available under the CC BY 3.0 AU licence. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.protectedplanet.net/lowan-conservation-park Shafin yanar gizo na Lowan Conservation Park akan gidan yanar gizon Protected Planet] * [https://birdssa.asn.au/location/lowan-conservation-park/ Shafin yanar gizo na Lowan Conservation Park a gidan yanar gizon BirdsSA] 857e7ke60bwv7bo4f6vodg2zhezplx4 964194 964193 2026-10-07T07:14:24Z Baffa ali 47435 964194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wurin Kare Lowan '''(wanda a da ake kira Lowan National Park) yanki ne mai kariya wanda ke cikin jihar Kudancin Ostiraliya ta Ostiraliya a yankin Bowhill mai nisan 99 kilometres (62 mi) gabas da babban birnin jihar Adelaide da kuma kimanin 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) yammacin garin Perponda . <ref name=LMV/><ref name="NRE">{{cite AHD|7949|Lowan Conservation Park – listing on the now defunct Register of the National Estate |date=21 October 1980|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> Wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa ya ƙunshi ƙasar ƙasa a sassa na 71 da 73 a cikin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Bowhill . Gwamnatin Kudancin Ostiraliya ce ta sayi Sashe na 71 bisa shawarar "Majalisar Hukumar Filaye da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa" daga mai shi "wanda ke da sha'awar ganin an ci gaba da sharewa a kan ginin". Ta sami matsayin yanki mai kariya a matsayin Lowan National Park a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1971 ta hanyar sanarwar da aka bayar a ƙarƙashin ''Dokar Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta 1966'' . A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1972, aka sake gina shi a matsayin Wurin Kiyaye na Lowan bayan da aka ayyana ''Dokar Wuraren Shakatawa da Namun Daji ta Kasa ta 1972'' . A ranar 2 ga Agusta 1973, an ƙara fili a sashe na 73 na Ɗari na Bowhill a wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa. <ref name="BSMM">{{Cite book|edition=J. S}}</ref> <ref name="NPWact">{{Cite journal |date=27 April 1972 |title=No. 56 of 1972 (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1972) |url=http://www9.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/sa/num_act/npawa56o1972293/npawa56o1972293.html |journal=The South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=Government of South Australia |pages=660 & 702 |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref> <ref name="SAGG-1973">{{Cite web |last=Bray |first=J.J. |date=2 August 1973 |title=NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT, 1972- HUNDRED OF BOWHILL—LOWAN CONSERVATION PARK: ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES |url=http://www7.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1973/36/723.pdf |access-date=29 March 2018 |website=South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=South Australian Government |page=723}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, ta mamaye fadin {{Convert|6.75|km2}} . A shekarar 1980, an bayyana shi kamar haka: <blockquote>Wani yanki na ciyawar mallee da ke tallafawa yawan kiwo na tsuntsayen mallee da gaggafa masu wutsiya . Wani yanki mai laushi a cikin mallee, wanda aka yi wa ado da furannin mallee, manyan nau'ikan sune ''Eucalyptus socialis'', ''E. gracilis'' da ''E. Dumosa,'' tare da rufin ƙasan nau'in [[Bagaruwa|acacia]] . Zomo yana da yawa a wurin shakatawa kuma yawan kiwo yana hana sake farfaɗowar wasu nau'ikan. An gina ƙasar da ke kewaye da ita don noman alkama da tumaki.</blockquote>An rarraba wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa a matsayin [[IUCN yankuna masu kariya|yanki mai kariya na IUCN Category III]] . A shekarar 1980, an saka shi a cikin Rijistar Gidaje ta Ƙasa wadda yanzu ta daina aiki. == Duba kuma == * Yankunan da aka kare na Kudancin Ostiraliya == Manazarta == *  This article incorporates text by Commonwealth of Australia available under the CC BY 3.0 AU licence. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.protectedplanet.net/lowan-conservation-park Shafin yanar gizo na Lowan Conservation Park akan gidan yanar gizon Protected Planet] * [https://birdssa.asn.au/location/lowan-conservation-park/ Shafin yanar gizo na Lowan Conservation Park a gidan yanar gizon BirdsSA] nai2gvbo89vgrqv5pccl4wmoztkekds 964195 964194 2026-10-07T07:15:01Z Baffa ali 47435 964195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wurin Kare Lowan '''(wanda a da ake kira Lowan National Park) yanki ne mai kariya wanda ke cikin jihar Kudancin Ostiraliya ta Ostiraliya a yankin Bowhill mai nisan 99 kilometres (62 mi) gabas da babban birnin jihar Adelaide da kuma kimanin 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) yammacin garin Perponda . <ref name=LMV/><ref name="NRE">{{cite AHD|7949|Lowan Conservation Park – listing on the now defunct Register of the National Estate |date=21 October 1980|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> Wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa ya ƙunshi ƙasar ƙasa a sassa na 71 da 73 a cikin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Bowhill . Gwamnatin Kudancin Ostiraliya ce ta sayi Sashe na 71 bisa shawarar "Majalisar Hukumar Filaye da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa" daga mai shi "wanda ke da sha'awar ganin an ci gaba da sharewa a kan ginin". Ta sami matsayin yanki mai kariya a matsayin Lowan National Park a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1971 ta hanyar sanarwar da aka bayar a ƙarƙashin ''Dokar Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta 1966'' . A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1972, aka sake gina shi a matsayin Wurin Kiyaye na Lowan bayan da aka ayyana ''Dokar Wuraren Shakatawa da Namun Daji ta Kasa ta 1972'' . A ranar 2 ga Agusta 1973, an ƙara fili a sashe na 73 na Ɗari na Bowhill a wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa. <ref name="BSMM">{{Cite book|edition=J. S}}</ref> <ref name="NPWact">{{Cite journal |date=27 April 1972 |title=No. 56 of 1972 (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1972) |url=http://www9.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/sa/num_act/npawa56o1972293/npawa56o1972293.html |journal=The South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=Government of South Australia |pages=660 & 702 |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref> <ref name="SAGG-1973">{{Cite web |last=Bray |first=J.J. |date=2 August 1973 |title=NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT, 1972- HUNDRED OF BOWHILL—LOWAN CONSERVATION PARK: ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES |url=http://www7.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1973/36/723.pdf |access-date=29 March 2018 |website=South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=South Australian Government |page=723}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, ta mamaye fadin {{Convert|6.75|km2}} . A shekarar 1980, an bayyana shi kamar haka: <blockquote>Wani yanki na ciyawar mallee da ke tallafawa yawan kiwo na tsuntsayen mallee da gaggafa masu wutsiya . Wani yanki mai laushi a cikin mallee, wanda aka yi wa ado da furannin mallee, manyan nau'ikan sune ''Eucalyptus socialis'', ''E. gracilis'' da ''E. Dumosa,'' tare da rufin ƙasan nau'in [[Bagaruwa|acacia]] . Zomo yana da yawa a wurin shakatawa kuma yawan kiwo yana hana sake farfaɗowar wasu nau'ikan. An gina ƙasar da ke kewaye da ita don noman alkama da tumaki.</blockquote>An rarraba wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa a matsayin [[IUCN yankuna masu kariya|yanki mai kariya na IUCN Category III]] . A shekarar 1980, an saka shi a cikin Rijistar Gidaje ta Ƙasa wadda yanzu ta daina aiki. == Duba kuma == * Yankunan da aka kare na Kudancin Ostiraliya *  This article incorporates text by Commonwealth of Australia available under the CC BY 3.0 AU licence. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.protectedplanet.net/lowan-conservation-park Shafin yanar gizo na Lowan Conservation Park akan gidan yanar gizon Protected Planet] * [https://birdssa.asn.au/location/lowan-conservation-park/ Shafin yanar gizo na Lowan Conservation Park a gidan yanar gizon BirdsSA] == Manazarta == 0wvamn9s4q2utpp9x3nywz8ji198yb5 964271 964195 2026-10-07T11:20:23Z Hamza DK 12444 964271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lowan Conservtion Park '''(wanda a da ake kira Lowan National Park) yanki ne mai kariya wanda ke cikin jihar Kudancin Ostiraliya ta Ostiraliya a yankin Bowhill mai nisan 99 kilometres (62 mi) gabas da babban birnin jihar Adelaide da kuma kimanin 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) yammacin garin Perponda . <ref name=LMV/><ref name="NRE">{{cite AHD|7949|Lowan Conservation Park – listing on the now defunct Register of the National Estate |date=21 October 1980|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> Wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa ya ƙunshi ƙasar ƙasa a sassa na 71 da 73 a cikin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Bowhill . Gwamnatin Kudancin Ostiraliya ce ta sayi Sashe na 71 bisa shawarar "Majalisar Hukumar Filaye da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa" daga mai shi "wanda ke da sha'awar ganin an ci gaba da sharewa a kan ginin". Ta sami matsayin yanki mai kariya a matsayin Lowan National Park a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1971 ta hanyar sanarwar da aka bayar a ƙarƙashin ''Dokar Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta 1966'' . A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1972, aka sake gina shi a matsayin Wurin Kiyaye na Lowan bayan da aka ayyana ''Dokar Wuraren Shakatawa da Namun Daji ta Kasa ta 1972'' . A ranar 2 ga Agusta 1973, an ƙara fili a sashe na 73 na Ɗari na Bowhill a wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa. <ref name="BSMM">{{Cite book|edition=J. S}}</ref> <ref name="NPWact">{{Cite journal |date=27 April 1972 |title=No. 56 of 1972 (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1972) |url=http://www9.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/sa/num_act/npawa56o1972293/npawa56o1972293.html |journal=The South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=Government of South Australia |pages=660 & 702 |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref> <ref name="SAGG-1973">{{Cite web |last=Bray |first=J.J. |date=2 August 1973 |title=NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT, 1972- HUNDRED OF BOWHILL—LOWAN CONSERVATION PARK: ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES |url=http://www7.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1973/36/723.pdf |access-date=29 March 2018 |website=South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=South Australian Government |page=723}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, ta mamaye fadin {{Convert|6.75|km2}} . A shekarar 1980, an bayyana shi kamar haka: <blockquote>Wani yanki na ciyawar mallee da ke tallafawa yawan kiwo na tsuntsayen mallee da gaggafa masu wutsiya . Wani yanki mai laushi a cikin mallee, wanda aka yi wa ado da furannin mallee, manyan nau'ikan sune ''Eucalyptus socialis'', ''E. gracilis'' da ''E. Dumosa,'' tare da rufin ƙasan nau'in [[Bagaruwa|acacia]] . Zomo yana da yawa a wurin shakatawa kuma yawan kiwo yana hana sake farfaɗowar wasu nau'ikan. An gina ƙasar da ke kewaye da ita don noman alkama da tumaki.</blockquote>An rarraba wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa a matsayin [[IUCN yankuna masu kariya|yanki mai kariya na IUCN Category III]] . A shekarar 1980, an saka shi a cikin Rijistar Gidaje ta Ƙasa wadda yanzu ta daina aiki. == Duba kuma == * Yankunan da aka kare na Kudancin Ostiraliya *  This article incorporates text by Commonwealth of Australia available under the CC BY 3.0 AU licence. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.protectedplanet.net/lowan-conservation-park Shafin yanar gizo na Lowan Conservation Park akan gidan yanar gizon Protected Planet] * [https://birdssa.asn.au/location/lowan-conservation-park/ Shafin yanar gizo na Lowan Conservation Park a gidan yanar gizon BirdsSA] == Manazarta == glnspkm1x4w2lm3h9vcqhw6s6ffz5jb 964272 964271 2026-10-07T11:21:18Z Hamza DK 12444 964272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lowan Conservation Park '''(wanda a da ake kira Lowan National Park) yanki ne mai kariya wanda ke cikin jihar Kudancin Ostiraliya ta Ostiraliya a yankin Bowhill mai nisan 99 kilometres (62 mi) gabas da babban birnin jihar Adelaide da kuma kimanin 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) yammacin garin Perponda . <ref name=LMV/><ref name="NRE">{{cite AHD|7949|Lowan Conservation Park – listing on the now defunct Register of the National Estate |date=21 October 1980|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> Wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa ya ƙunshi ƙasar ƙasa a sassa na 71 da 73 a cikin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Bowhill . Gwamnatin Kudancin Ostiraliya ce ta sayi Sashe na 71 bisa shawarar "Majalisar Hukumar Filaye da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa" daga mai shi "wanda ke da sha'awar ganin an ci gaba da sharewa a kan ginin". Ta sami matsayin yanki mai kariya a matsayin Lowan National Park a ranar 9 ga Satumba, 1971 ta hanyar sanarwar da aka bayar a ƙarƙashin ''Dokar Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa ta 1966'' . A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 1972, aka sake gina shi a matsayin Wurin Kiyaye na Lowan bayan da aka ayyana ''Dokar Wuraren Shakatawa da Namun Daji ta Kasa ta 1972'' . A ranar 2 ga Agusta 1973, an ƙara fili a sashe na 73 na Ɗari na Bowhill a wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa. <ref name="BSMM">{{Cite book|edition=J. S}}</ref> <ref name="NPWact">{{Cite journal |date=27 April 1972 |title=No. 56 of 1972 (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1972) |url=http://www9.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/legis/sa/num_act/npawa56o1972293/npawa56o1972293.html |journal=The South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=Government of South Australia |pages=660 & 702 |access-date=27 February 2018}}</ref> <ref name="SAGG-1973">{{Cite web |last=Bray |first=J.J. |date=2 August 1973 |title=NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE ACT, 1972- HUNDRED OF BOWHILL—LOWAN CONSERVATION PARK: ALTERATION OF BOUNDARIES |url=http://www7.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1973/36/723.pdf |access-date=29 March 2018 |website=South Australian Government Gazette |publisher=South Australian Government |page=723}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, ta mamaye fadin {{Convert|6.75|km2}} . A shekarar 1980, an bayyana shi kamar haka: <blockquote>Wani yanki na ciyawar mallee da ke tallafawa yawan kiwo na tsuntsayen mallee da gaggafa masu wutsiya . Wani yanki mai laushi a cikin mallee, wanda aka yi wa ado da furannin mallee, manyan nau'ikan sune ''Eucalyptus socialis'', ''E. gracilis'' da ''E. Dumosa,'' tare da rufin ƙasan nau'in [[Bagaruwa|acacia]] . Zomo yana da yawa a wurin shakatawa kuma yawan kiwo yana hana sake farfaɗowar wasu nau'ikan. An gina ƙasar da ke kewaye da ita don noman alkama da tumaki.</blockquote>An rarraba wurin shakatawa na kiyayewa a matsayin [[IUCN yankuna masu kariya|yanki mai kariya na IUCN Category III]] . A shekarar 1980, an saka shi a cikin Rijistar Gidaje ta Ƙasa wadda yanzu ta daina aiki. == Duba kuma == * Yankunan da aka kare na Kudancin Ostiraliya *  This article incorporates text by Commonwealth of Australia available under the CC BY 3.0 AU licence. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.protectedplanet.net/lowan-conservation-park Shafin yanar gizo na Lowan Conservation Park akan gidan yanar gizon Protected Planet] * [https://birdssa.asn.au/location/lowan-conservation-park/ Shafin yanar gizo na Lowan Conservation Park a gidan yanar gizon BirdsSA] == Manazarta == kbuuiuw0dwwjz3ur2y92bbphhjtt2x4 0 178452 964196 2026-10-07T07:27:19Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378319084|Epithelial sodium channel]]" 964196 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tashar sodium ta epithelial''' ( '''ENaC''' ), wacce aka fi sani da '''tashar sodium mai saurin amsawa ga amiloride''', tashar ion ce mai ɗaure da membrane wanda za a iya ratsawa zuwa ions na sodium (  ). An haɗa shi a matsayin heterotrimer wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyi guda uku masu kama da juna α ko δ, β, da γ, <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu A |date=April 2016 |title=Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family: Phylogeny, structure-function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases |journal=Gene |volume=579 |issue=2 |pages=95–132 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.061 |pmc=4756657 |pmid=26772908}}</ref> Waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi an haɗa su ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta guda huɗu: ''SCNN1A'', ''SCNN1B'', ''SCNN1G'', da ''SCNN1D'' . ENaC yana da hannu musamman wajen sake sha sinadarin sodium a hanyoyin tattara nephrons na koda . Baya ga kasancewarsa a cikin cututtuka inda daidaiton ruwa a cikin membranes na epithelial ke da matsala, gami da kumburin huhu, cystic fibrosis, COPD da COVID-19, nau'ikan ENaC masu kariya suna aiki azaman mai karɓar ɗanɗanon gishirin ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shekdar K, Langer J, Venkatachalan S, Schmid L, Anobile J, Shah P, Lancaster A, Babich O, Dedova O, Sawchuk D |date=March 2021 |title=Cell engineering method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes and flow cytometry |journal=Biotechnology Letters |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=949–958 |doi=10.1007/s10529-021-03101-5 |pmc=7937778 |pmid=33683511}}</ref> Famfon da ke cikin epithelia masu tauri suna ɗauke da tashoshin sodium waɗanda galibi suna da alaƙa da babban ƙarfinsu ga amiloride mai hana diuretic . <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu" /> <ref name="PUB00001528">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garty H |date=May 1994 |title=Molecular properties of epithelial, amiloride-blockable Na+ channels |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=522–8 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.8.8.8181670 |pmid=8181670 |s2cid=173677 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="PUB00003784">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Le T, Saier MH |year=1996 |title=Phylogenetic characterization of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) family |journal=Molecular Membrane Biology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=149–57 |doi=10.3109/09687689609160591 |pmid=8905643}}</ref> <ref name="PUB00002932">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waldmann R, Champigny G, Bassilana F, Voilley N, Lazdunski M |date=November 1995 |title=Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=270 |issue=46 |pages=27411–4 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.46.27411 |pmid=7499195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan hanyoyin suna shiga tsakani na matakin farko na sake shan sinadarin sodium mai aiki wanda ke da mahimmanci don kiyaye yanayin gishirin jiki da ruwa. <ref name="PUB00001528" /> A cikin ƙasusuwan da ke da ƙashin baya, hanyoyin suna sarrafa sake shan sodium a cikin glandar koda, hanji, huhu da gumi; suna kuma taka rawa a fahimtar ɗanɗano. Tashoshin sodium na epithelial suna da alaƙa da tsarin halitta kuma wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga masu karɓar zafi na P2X, waɗanda ke aiki lokacin da suka gano ATP. == aiki == ENaC yana cikin membrane na ƙwayoyin epithelial masu rarrafe musamman a cikin koda (musamman a cikin tubule mai tarin), [[huhu]], fata, <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A |date=June 2017 |title=Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages |url=https://zenodo.org/record/890756 |journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology |volume=147 |issue=6 |pages=733–748 |doi=10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3 |pmid=28130590 |s2cid=8504408}}</ref> hanyoyin haihuwa na maza da mata da kuma hanji . <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu" /> <ref name="2012-Enuka">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Enuka Y, Hanukoglu I, Edelheit O, Vaknine H, Hanukoglu A |date=March 2012 |title=Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are uniformly distributed on motile cilia in the oviduct and the respiratory airways |journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=339–53 |doi=10.1007/s00418-011-0904-1 |pmid=22207244 |s2cid=15178940}}</ref> <ref name="Sharma-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma S, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I |date=April 2018 |title=Localization of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the germinal epithelium of the testis, Sertoli cells, and spermatozoa |journal=Journal of Molecular Histology |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=195–208 |doi=10.1007/s10735-018-9759-2 |pmid=29453757 |s2cid=3761720}}</ref> === Tsarin daidaita ma'aunin sodium === ==== Koda da hanji ==== Tashoshin sodium na epithelial suna sauƙaƙa sake shaƙar Na⁺ a cikin membranes na epithelia a cikin nephron na distal, hanyoyin numfashi da haihuwa da glandar exocrine . Tunda yawan Na⁺ ion babban abin da ke tantance osmolarity na ruwan da ke cikin sel, canje-canje a yawan Na⁺ yana shafar motsin ruwa da kuma girman ruwa da hawan jini. Aldosterone ya ƙara shigar da ENaCs cikin membranes na apical a cikin koda {{Rp|page=358}}haka kuma hanjin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Negussie |first=Abel B. |last2=Dell |first2=Annika C. |last3=Davis |first3=Bruce A. |last4=Geibel |first4=John P. |date=2022-05-22 |title=Colonic Fluid and Electrolyte Transport 2022: An Update |journal=Cells |volume=11 |issue=10 |page=1712 |doi=10.3390/cells11101712 |issn=2073-4409 |pmc=9139964 |pmid=35626748 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin koda, ana hana shi ta hanyar peptide na atrial natriuretic, wanda ke haifar da natriuresis da diuresis. Ana iya toshe shi ta hanyar amfani da ko dai triamterene ko amiloride, waɗanda ake amfani da su a fannin likitanci don yin aiki azaman diuretics . ==== Kwakwalwa ==== Tashoshin Na+ na Epithelial (ENaCs) a cikin kwakwalwa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita hawan jini. <ref name="Sharma_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma K, Haque M, Guidry R, Ueta Y, Teruyama R |date=September 2017 |title=Effect of dietary salt intake on epithelial Na⁺ channels (ENaC) in vasopressin magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the rat supraoptic nucleus |journal=The Journal of Physiology |volume=595 |issue=17 |pages=5857–5874 |doi=10.1113/JP274856 |pmc=5577521 |pmid=28714095}}</ref> Kwayoyin halittar Vasopressin (VP) suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita martanin neuroendocrine da autonomic don kula da homeostasis na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Yawan shan gishiri a abinci yana haifar da ƙaruwa a cikin bayyanar da ayyukan ENaC wanda ke haifar da raguwar yanayin aiki na ƙwayoyin VP. <ref name="Sharma_2017" /> Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin yadda cin abinci mai gishiri ke shafar ayyukan ƙwayoyin VP ta hanyar aikin ENaC. Tashoshin ENaC a cikin kwakwalwa suna da hannu a cikin amsawar hawan jini ga sodium na abinci. === Ciliary epithelium === Nazarin immunofluorescence mai inganci ya nuna cewa a cikin hanyar numfashi da kuma hanyar haihuwa ta mace, ENaC tana nan a kan dukkan tsawon cilia wanda ke rufe saman ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawan ciliated. <ref name="2012-Enuka" /> Saboda haka, a cikin waɗannan epithelia tare da motile cilia, ENaC yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da osmolarity na ruwan periciliary, kuma aikinsa yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye yawan ruwa a zurfin da ake buƙata don motsi na cilia. A cikin hanyar numfashi, wannan motsi yana da mahimmanci don share saman mucosa, kuma a cikin hanyar haihuwa ta mace, motsi na cilia yana da mahimmanci don motsi na oocytes. <ref name="2012-Enuka" /> Sabanin ENaC, ba a samun CFTR wanda ke daidaita jigilar ion chloride akan cilia ba. Waɗannan binciken sun saba wa hasashen da aka yi a baya cewa ENaC yana raguwa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da CFTR. A cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cystic fibrosis (CF), CFTR ba zai iya rage ENaC ba, wanda ke haifar da yawan shan iska a cikin huhu da kuma sake kamuwa da cututtukan huhu. An yi hasashen cewa yana iya zama tashar ion mai gate ligand . <ref name="pmid14988660">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horisberger JD, Chraïbi A |year=2004 |title=Epithelial sodium channel: a ligand-gated channel? |journal=Nephron Physiology |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=37–41 |doi=10.1159/000076406 |pmid=14988660 |s2cid=24608792}}</ref> === Fata === A cikin yadudduka na fata na epidermal, ENaC yana bayyana a cikin keratinocytes, sebaceous gland, da ƙwayoyin tsoka masu santsi. <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2" /> A cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta, ENaC galibi yana cikin cytoplasm. <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2" /> A cikin glandar gumi ta eccrine, ENaC tana da yawa a cikin membrane mai fuska wanda ke fuskantar lumen na bututun gumi. <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2" /> Babban aikin ENaC a cikin waɗannan bututun shine sake ɗaukar ions na Na⁺ waɗanda ke fitowa daga gumi. A cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da maye gurbi na ENaC wanda ke haifar da nau'in pseudohypoaldosteronism na tsarin I, marasa lafiya na iya rasa adadi mai yawa na ions na Na⁺, musamman a yanayin zafi. === Taɓawa === Homologues na tashoshin ion masu fahimtar acid (ASIC) na dangin ENaC suna haifar da jin taɓawa a cikin marasa ƙashi (gami da samfurin halittar <nowiki><i id="mwoA">C. elegans</i></nowiki> ), kuma an yi imanin cewa sune ke haifar da kwararar membrane da ke aiki a cikin dabbobi masu girma. ASIC yana bayyana a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi na ganglia na dabbobi masu girma, kuma taɓawa da jin zafi suna canzawa amma ba a kawar da su ba a cikin dabbobin da ba su da ASIC, yana nuna cewa tashoshi suna daidaita motsin ji yayin da ba sa ƙarƙashin kunna mai karɓar sigina a cikin dabbobi masu girma (yanzu ana tsammanin PIEZO2 ne ke aiwatar da wannan). === Ɗanɗano === ENaC yana nan a cikin membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta na masu karɓar ɗanɗano inda wataƙila yana shiga cikin fahimtar [[Dandano|gishiri]] da tsami . {{Rp|page=677}}A cikin beraye, kusan dukkan ɗanɗanon gishirin yana shiga cikin ENaC, yayin da da alama ba shi da wani tasiri sosai ga mutane: Kimanin kashi 20 cikin ɗari na iya samun amincewa da tashar sodium ta epithelial.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}} Nau'ikan ENaC masu tsari suma suna aiki azaman masu karɓar ɗanɗanon gishirin ɗan adam. An fara tabbatar da wannan rawar ta amfani da nazarin motsin rai na ɗan adam don tantance tasirin 4-propylphenyl 2-furoate akan fahimtar ɗanɗanon gishirin gishirin gishirin tebur, sodium chloride (NaCl). 4-propylphenyl 2-furoate wani sinadari ne da aka gano yana kunna ENaC mai kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shekdar K, Langer J, Venkatachalan S, Schmid L, Anobile J, Shah P, Lancaster A, Babich O, Dedova O, Sawchuk D |date=March 2021 |title=Cell engineering method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes and flow cytometry |journal=Biotechnology Letters |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=949–958 |doi=10.1007/s10529-021-03101-5 |pmc=7937778 |pmid=33683511}}</ref> == Biochemistry == === Zaɓin ion === Bincike ya nuna cewa tashar ENaC tana iya shiga cikin ruwa  da&amp;nbsp; ions, amma ba shi da ikon shiga cikin&amp;nbsp; ,&amp;nbsp; ko&amp;nbsp; ions. <ref name="Kellenberger">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Happle R |date=October 1990 |title=Ptychotropism as a cutaneous feature of the CHILD syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=23 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=763–6 |doi=10.1016/0190-9622(90)70285-p |pmid=2229513}}</ref> <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu-b">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I |date=February 2017 |title=ASIC and ENaC type sodium channels: conformational states and the structures of the ion selectivity filters |url=https://zenodo.org/record/890906 |journal=The FEBS Journal |volume=284 |issue=4 |pages=525–545 |doi=10.1111/febs.13840 |pmid=27580245 |s2cid=24402104}}</ref> === Tsarin gini === [[File:ENaC_membrane_side_eng.svg|left|thumb|250x250px| Zane da ke nuna tsarin ƙananan sassa]] [[File:Humanenacbetatransmembranecolored.png|thumb| Jerin β-subunit na ENaC na ɗan adam tare da yankuna biyu masu canza launi (ja: acidic, blue: basic, yellow: uncharged polar, kore: hydrophobic nonpolar)]] ENaC ya ƙunshi ƙananan sassa guda uku daban-daban: α,&nbsp;β,&nbsp;γ. <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu" /> <ref name="pmid16192417">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Loffing J, Schild L |date=November 2005 |title=Functional domains of the epithelial sodium channel |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=3175–81 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005050456 |pmid=16192417 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk ƙananan sassa uku suna da mahimmanci don jigilar su zuwa ga tarin hanyoyin aiki na membrane. <ref name="pmid21209000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edelheit O, Hanukoglu I, Dascal N, Hanukoglu A |date=April 2011 |title=Identification of the roles of conserved charged residues in the extracellular domain of an epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunit by alanine mutagenesis |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology |volume=300 |issue=4 |pages=F887-97 |doi=10.1152/ajprenal.00648.2010 |pmid=21209000 |s2cid=869654}}</ref> Tashar C-terminus na kowane ƙaramin ENaC tana ɗauke da tsarin PPXY wanda idan aka canza ko aka goge a cikin ƙaramin β- ko γ-ENaC yana haifar da ciwon Liddle, wani nau'in [[hawan jini]] na mutum wanda ke mamaye jiki. Tsarin cryoEM na ENaC yana nuna cewa tashar furotin ce mai heterotrimeric kamar tashar ion mai fahimtar acid 1 (ASIC1), wacce take cikin iyali ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noreng S, Bharadwaj A, Posert R, Yoshioka C, Baconguis I |date=September 2018 |title=Structure of the human epithelial sodium channel by cryo-electron microscopy |journal=eLife |volume=7 |doi=10.7554/eLife.39340 |pmc=6197857 |pmid=30251954 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid17882215">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jasti J, Furukawa H, Gonzales EB, Gouaux E |date=September 2007 |title=Structure of acid-sensing ion channel 1 at 1.9 A resolution and low pH |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7160 |pages=316–23 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..316J |doi=10.1038/nature06163 |pmid=17882215}}</ref> Kowanne daga cikin ƙananan sassan ya ƙunshi helice guda biyu na transmembrane da kuma madauki ɗaya na extracellular. Amino- da carboxy-termini na dukkan polypeptides guda uku suna cikin cytosol . Tsarin lu'ulu'u na ASIC1 da nazarin mutagenesis da wurin ya jagoranta sun nuna cewa ENaC yana da tashar ion ta tsakiya wacce take tare da tsakiyar ma'aunin daidaito a tsakanin ƙananan raka'a uku. <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu-b" /> <ref name="Edelheit-2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edelheit O, Ben-Shahar R, Dascal N, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I |date=April 2014 |title=Conserved charged residues at the surface and interface of epithelial sodium channel subunits--roles in cell surface expression and the sodium self-inhibition response |journal=The FEBS Journal |volume=281 |issue=8 |pages=2097–111 |doi=10.1111/febs.12765 |pmid=24571549 |s2cid=5807500 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da tsari, sunadaran da ke cikin wannan iyali sun ƙunshi kusan ragowar amino acid 510 zuwa 920. An yi su ne da yankin N-terminus na cikin ƙwayoyin halitta sannan sai yankin transmembrane, babban madauri na extracellular, ɓangaren transmembrane na biyu, da kuma wutsiyar C-terminal intracellular. <ref name="PUB00002871">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Snyder PM, McDonald FJ, Stokes JB, Welsh MJ |date=September 1994 |title=Membrane topology of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=269 |issue=39 |pages=24379–83 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(19)51094-8 |pmid=7929098 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== δ-subunit ==== Bugu da ƙari, akwai na huɗu, wanda ake kira δ-subunit, wanda ke da kamanceceniya sosai tsakanin jerin α-subunit kuma yana iya samar da tashar ion mai aiki tare da β- da γ-subunits. Irin wannan δ-,&nbsp;β-,&nbsp;γ-ENaC yana bayyana a cikin pancreas, testes, huhu, da kuma ovaries . Har yanzu ba a san aikinsu ba. === Iyalai === Sodium na epithelial ( Iyalin tashar ) (ENaC) na cikin dangin ENaC/P2X. <ref name="url_TCDB">{{Cite web |title=ATP-gated P2X Receptor Cation Channel (P2X Receptor) Family |url=http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=1.A.7 |website=Functional and Phylogenetic Classification of Membrane Transport Proteins |publisher=Saier Lab. Group, UCSD and SDSC}}</ref> Masu karɓar ENaC da P2X suna da irin wannan tsarin 3-d kuma suna da kamanceceniya. <ref name="pmid22286036">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Chen JS, Reddy V, Chen JH, Shlykov MA, Zheng WH, Cho J, Yen MR, Saier MH |year=2011 |title=Phylogenetic characterization of transport protein superfamilies: superiority of SuperfamilyTree programs over those based on multiple alignments |journal=Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=21 |issue=3–4 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.1159/000334611 |pmc=3290041 |pmid=22286036}}</ref> Membobin epithelial Iyalan channel (ENaC) sun kasu kashi huɗu, waɗanda ake kira alpha, beta, gamma da delta. <ref name="PUB00003784" /> Sunadaran suna nuna yanayin da aka bayyana a fili, kowannensu yana da sassan transmembrane (TM) guda biyu (TMS), waɗanda aka raba ta da babban madauri na extracellular. A cikin yawancin sunadaran ENaC da aka yi nazari a kansu zuwa yanzu, yankunan da ke cikin ƙwayoyin halitta suna da matuƙar kiyayewa kuma suna ɗauke da ragowar cysteine da yawa, tare da yankunan amphipathic TM na C-terminal da ke gefe, waɗanda aka yi hasashen za su ba da gudummawa ga samuwar pores na hydrophilic na hadaddun sunadaran tashar oligomeric. Ana tsammanin cewa yankunan da aka kiyaye su sosai a waje suna aiki a matsayin masu karɓa don sarrafa ayyukan tashoshin. Sunadaran ENaC na ƙashi daga ƙwayoyin epithelial suna taruwa sosai a kan bishiyar phylogenetic; kuma ana samun homologues na ENaC marasa ƙarfin lantarki a cikin kwakwalwa. Sunadaran C. elegans da yawa da aka jera, gami da tsutsotsi masu degenerin, suna da alaƙa mai nisa da sunadaran ƙashi da kuma juna. Sunadaran ENaC na Vertebrate suna kama da degenerins na ''elegans na Caenorhabditis'' : <ref name="PUB00002871" /> deg-1, del-1, mec-4, mec-10 da unc-8. Ana iya canza waɗannan sunadaran don haifar da lalacewar jijiyoyi, kuma ana tsammanin suna samar da tashoshin sodium. == Halittar Halitta == Tsarin exon-intron na kwayoyin halitta guda uku da ke ɗauke da ƙananan raka'o'i uku na ENaC ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci duk da bambancin jerin su. <ref name="pmid9813171">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Saxena A, Hanukoglu I, Strautnieks SS, Thompson RJ, Gardiner RM, Hanukoglu A |date=November 1998 |title=Gene structure of the human amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel beta subunit |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |volume=252 |issue=1 |pages=208–13 |doi=10.1006/bbrc.1998.9625 |pmid=9813171}}</ref> * SCNN1A, SCNN1B, SCNN1G, SCNN1D Akwai tashoshi guda huɗu masu alaƙa da sinadarin amiloride masu alaƙa: * ACCN1, ACCN2, ACCN3, ACCN4 == Muhimmancin asibiti == [[File:Amilorid_-_Amiloride.svg|thumb|200x200px| Tsarin amiloride, wani abin toshe hanyar sadarwa]] Hulɗar ENaC da CFTR yana da mahimmanci ga cututtukan cystic fibrosis . CFTR wata hanyar transmembrane ce da ke da alhakin jigilar chloride da lahani a cikin wannan furotin da ke haifar da cystic fibrosis, wani ɓangare ta hanyar haɓaka tashar ENaC idan babu CFTR mai aiki. A cikin hanyoyin iska, CFTR yana ba da damar ''fitar'' da sinadarin chloride, kuma sodium ions da ruwa suna biyo baya ba tare da wata matsala ba. Duk da haka, idan babu CFTR mai aiki, tashar ENaC za ta ƙaru, kuma za ta ƙara rage fitar da gishiri da ruwa ta hanyar sake shan ions na sodium. Saboda haka, matsalolin numfashi a cikin cystic fibrosis ba wai kawai suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin sinadarin chloride ba, amma maimakon haka, ƙaruwar sinadarin sodium da sake sha ruwa. Wannan yana haifar da ajiyar majina mai kauri da bushewa, wanda ke taruwa a cikin hanyoyin numfashi, yana hana musayar iskar gas kuma yana ba da damar tattara ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="pmid15077107">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mall M, Grubb BR, Harkema JR, O'Neal WK, Boucher RC |date=May 2004 |title=Increased airway epithelial Na+ absorption produces cystic fibrosis-like lung disease in mice |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=487–93 |doi=10.1038/nm1028 |pmid=15077107 |s2cid=45366866}}</ref> Duk da haka, ƙaruwar CFTR ba ya gyara tasirin ENaC mai yawan aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grubb BR, O'Neal WK, Ostrowski LE, Kreda SM, Button B, Boucher RC |date=January 2012 |title=Transgenic hCFTR expression fails to correct β-ENaC mouse lung disease |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology |volume=302 |issue=2 |pages=L238-47 |doi=10.1152/ajplung.00083.2011 |pmc=3349361 |pmid=22003093}}</ref> Wataƙila wasu sunadaran da ke hulɗa da juna suna da mahimmanci don kiyaye aikin ion a cikin kyallen epithelial na huhu, kamar tashoshin potassium, aquaporins ko Na/K-ATPase. <ref name="pmid21975871">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Toczyłowska-Mamińska R, Dołowy K |date=February 2012 |title=Ion transporting proteins of human bronchial epithelium |journal=Journal of Cellular Biochemistry |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=426–32 |doi=10.1002/jcb.23393 |pmid=21975871 |s2cid=31970069 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin glandar gumi, CFTR shine ke da alhakin sake shan chloride a cikin bututun gumi. Ion sodium suna bin su ta hanyar ENaC ba tare da wata matsala ba sakamakon canjin lantarki da kwararar chloride ke haifarwa. Wannan yana rage asarar gishiri da ruwa. Idan babu kwararar chloride a cikin cystic fibrosis, ions na sodium ba sa gudana ta hanyar ENaC, wanda ke haifar da asarar gishiri da ruwa mai yawa. (Wannan gaskiya ne duk da ƙaruwar tasirin tashar ENaC, domin kwararar da ke cikin hanyoyin gumi tana da iyaka ta hanyar saurin lantarki da aka kafa ta hanyar kwararar chloride ta hanyar CFTR.) Saboda haka, fatar marasa lafiya tana da ɗanɗanon gishiri, kuma ana amfani da wannan don taimakawa wajen gano cutar, a baya da kuma a yau ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen lantarki na zamani. Samun sauye-sauyen aiki ga ƙananan sassan β da γ yana da alaƙa da cutar Liddle . Amiloride da triamterene magunguna ne masu rage sinadarin potassium waɗanda ke aiki azaman masu toshe hanyar sodium ta epithelial . == Fasahar kere-kere ta halittu == Bayyanar ENaC a cikin al'adun ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa yana da guba ta hanyar cytotoxic, wanda ke haifar da shan sodium, kumburin ƙwayoyin halitta da mutuwar ƙwayoyin halitta, yana rikitar da samar da layukan ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi don nazarin ENaC. Fasahar Chromovert ta ba da damar samar da layin ƙwayoyin ENaC mai ɗorewa ta amfani da na'urorin bincike na fluorogenic da kuma cytometry na kwarara don duba ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa don ware ƙwayoyin cuta masu wuya waɗanda ke da ikon bayyana ENaC aiki, kwanciyar hankali da kuma aiki. == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Epithelial+sodium+channel at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) {{InterPro content|IPR001873}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2a4vbvw6vj32stalhjsbcidqi87s0rp 964197 964196 2026-10-07T07:28:17Z Baffa ali 47435 964197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar sodium ta epithelial''' ( '''ENaC''' ), wacce aka fi sani da '''tashar sodium mai saurin amsawa ga amiloride''', tashar ion ce mai ɗaure da membrane wanda za a iya ratsawa zuwa ions na sodium (  ). An haɗa shi a matsayin heterotrimer wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyi guda uku masu kama da juna α ko δ, β, da γ, <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu A |date=April 2016 |title=Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family: Phylogeny, structure-function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases |journal=Gene |volume=579 |issue=2 |pages=95–132 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.061 |pmc=4756657 |pmid=26772908}}</ref> Waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi an haɗa su ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta guda huɗu: ''SCNN1A'', ''SCNN1B'', ''SCNN1G'', da ''SCNN1D'' . ENaC yana da hannu musamman wajen sake sha sinadarin sodium a hanyoyin tattara nephrons na koda . Baya ga kasancewarsa a cikin cututtuka inda daidaiton ruwa a cikin membranes na epithelial ke da matsala, gami da kumburin huhu, cystic fibrosis, COPD da COVID-19, nau'ikan ENaC masu kariya suna aiki azaman mai karɓar ɗanɗanon gishirin ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shekdar K, Langer J, Venkatachalan S, Schmid L, Anobile J, Shah P, Lancaster A, Babich O, Dedova O, Sawchuk D |date=March 2021 |title=Cell engineering method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes and flow cytometry |journal=Biotechnology Letters |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=949–958 |doi=10.1007/s10529-021-03101-5 |pmc=7937778 |pmid=33683511}}</ref> Famfon da ke cikin epithelia masu tauri suna ɗauke da tashoshin sodium waɗanda galibi suna da alaƙa da babban ƙarfinsu ga amiloride mai hana diuretic . <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu" /> <ref name="PUB00001528">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garty H |date=May 1994 |title=Molecular properties of epithelial, amiloride-blockable Na+ channels |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=522–8 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.8.8.8181670 |pmid=8181670 |s2cid=173677 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="PUB00003784">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Le T, Saier MH |year=1996 |title=Phylogenetic characterization of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) family |journal=Molecular Membrane Biology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=149–57 |doi=10.3109/09687689609160591 |pmid=8905643}}</ref> <ref name="PUB00002932">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waldmann R, Champigny G, Bassilana F, Voilley N, Lazdunski M |date=November 1995 |title=Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=270 |issue=46 |pages=27411–4 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.46.27411 |pmid=7499195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan hanyoyin suna shiga tsakani na matakin farko na sake shan sinadarin sodium mai aiki wanda ke da mahimmanci don kiyaye yanayin gishirin jiki da ruwa. <ref name="PUB00001528" /> A cikin ƙasusuwan da ke da ƙashin baya, hanyoyin suna sarrafa sake shan sodium a cikin glandar koda, hanji, huhu da gumi; suna kuma taka rawa a fahimtar ɗanɗano. Tashoshin sodium na epithelial suna da alaƙa da tsarin halitta kuma wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga masu karɓar zafi na P2X, waɗanda ke aiki lokacin da suka gano ATP. == aiki == ENaC yana cikin membrane na ƙwayoyin epithelial masu rarrafe musamman a cikin koda (musamman a cikin tubule mai tarin), [[huhu]], fata, <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A |date=June 2017 |title=Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages |url=https://zenodo.org/record/890756 |journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology |volume=147 |issue=6 |pages=733–748 |doi=10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3 |pmid=28130590 |s2cid=8504408}}</ref> hanyoyin haihuwa na maza da mata da kuma hanji . <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu" /> <ref name="2012-Enuka">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Enuka Y, Hanukoglu I, Edelheit O, Vaknine H, Hanukoglu A |date=March 2012 |title=Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are uniformly distributed on motile cilia in the oviduct and the respiratory airways |journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=339–53 |doi=10.1007/s00418-011-0904-1 |pmid=22207244 |s2cid=15178940}}</ref> <ref name="Sharma-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma S, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I |date=April 2018 |title=Localization of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the germinal epithelium of the testis, Sertoli cells, and spermatozoa |journal=Journal of Molecular Histology |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=195–208 |doi=10.1007/s10735-018-9759-2 |pmid=29453757 |s2cid=3761720}}</ref> === Tsarin daidaita ma'aunin sodium === ==== Koda da hanji ==== Tashoshin sodium na epithelial suna sauƙaƙa sake shaƙar Na⁺ a cikin membranes na epithelia a cikin nephron na distal, hanyoyin numfashi da haihuwa da glandar exocrine . Tunda yawan Na⁺ ion babban abin da ke tantance osmolarity na ruwan da ke cikin sel, canje-canje a yawan Na⁺ yana shafar motsin ruwa da kuma girman ruwa da hawan jini. Aldosterone ya ƙara shigar da ENaCs cikin membranes na apical a cikin koda {{Rp|page=358}}haka kuma hanjin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Negussie |first=Abel B. |last2=Dell |first2=Annika C. |last3=Davis |first3=Bruce A. |last4=Geibel |first4=John P. |date=2022-05-22 |title=Colonic Fluid and Electrolyte Transport 2022: An Update |journal=Cells |volume=11 |issue=10 |page=1712 |doi=10.3390/cells11101712 |issn=2073-4409 |pmc=9139964 |pmid=35626748 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin koda, ana hana shi ta hanyar peptide na atrial natriuretic, wanda ke haifar da natriuresis da diuresis. Ana iya toshe shi ta hanyar amfani da ko dai triamterene ko amiloride, waɗanda ake amfani da su a fannin likitanci don yin aiki azaman diuretics . ==== Kwakwalwa ==== Tashoshin Na+ na Epithelial (ENaCs) a cikin kwakwalwa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita hawan jini. <ref name="Sharma_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma K, Haque M, Guidry R, Ueta Y, Teruyama R |date=September 2017 |title=Effect of dietary salt intake on epithelial Na⁺ channels (ENaC) in vasopressin magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the rat supraoptic nucleus |journal=The Journal of Physiology |volume=595 |issue=17 |pages=5857–5874 |doi=10.1113/JP274856 |pmc=5577521 |pmid=28714095}}</ref> Kwayoyin halittar Vasopressin (VP) suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita martanin neuroendocrine da autonomic don kula da homeostasis na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Yawan shan gishiri a abinci yana haifar da ƙaruwa a cikin bayyanar da ayyukan ENaC wanda ke haifar da raguwar yanayin aiki na ƙwayoyin VP. <ref name="Sharma_2017" /> Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin yadda cin abinci mai gishiri ke shafar ayyukan ƙwayoyin VP ta hanyar aikin ENaC. Tashoshin ENaC a cikin kwakwalwa suna da hannu a cikin amsawar hawan jini ga sodium na abinci. === Ciliary epithelium === Nazarin immunofluorescence mai inganci ya nuna cewa a cikin hanyar numfashi da kuma hanyar haihuwa ta mace, ENaC tana nan a kan dukkan tsawon cilia wanda ke rufe saman ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawan ciliated. <ref name="2012-Enuka" /> Saboda haka, a cikin waɗannan epithelia tare da motile cilia, ENaC yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da osmolarity na ruwan periciliary, kuma aikinsa yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye yawan ruwa a zurfin da ake buƙata don motsi na cilia. A cikin hanyar numfashi, wannan motsi yana da mahimmanci don share saman mucosa, kuma a cikin hanyar haihuwa ta mace, motsi na cilia yana da mahimmanci don motsi na oocytes. <ref name="2012-Enuka" /> Sabanin ENaC, ba a samun CFTR wanda ke daidaita jigilar ion chloride akan cilia ba. Waɗannan binciken sun saba wa hasashen da aka yi a baya cewa ENaC yana raguwa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da CFTR. A cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cystic fibrosis (CF), CFTR ba zai iya rage ENaC ba, wanda ke haifar da yawan shan iska a cikin huhu da kuma sake kamuwa da cututtukan huhu. An yi hasashen cewa yana iya zama tashar ion mai gate ligand . <ref name="pmid14988660">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horisberger JD, Chraïbi A |year=2004 |title=Epithelial sodium channel: a ligand-gated channel? |journal=Nephron Physiology |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=37–41 |doi=10.1159/000076406 |pmid=14988660 |s2cid=24608792}}</ref> === Fata === A cikin yadudduka na fata na epidermal, ENaC yana bayyana a cikin keratinocytes, sebaceous gland, da ƙwayoyin tsoka masu santsi. <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2" /> A cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta, ENaC galibi yana cikin cytoplasm. <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2" /> A cikin glandar gumi ta eccrine, ENaC tana da yawa a cikin membrane mai fuska wanda ke fuskantar lumen na bututun gumi. <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2" /> Babban aikin ENaC a cikin waɗannan bututun shine sake ɗaukar ions na Na⁺ waɗanda ke fitowa daga gumi. A cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da maye gurbi na ENaC wanda ke haifar da nau'in pseudohypoaldosteronism na tsarin I, marasa lafiya na iya rasa adadi mai yawa na ions na Na⁺, musamman a yanayin zafi. === Taɓawa === Homologues na tashoshin ion masu fahimtar acid (ASIC) na dangin ENaC suna haifar da jin taɓawa a cikin marasa ƙashi (gami da samfurin halittar <nowiki><i id="mwoA">C. elegans</i></nowiki> ), kuma an yi imanin cewa sune ke haifar da kwararar membrane da ke aiki a cikin dabbobi masu girma. ASIC yana bayyana a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi na ganglia na dabbobi masu girma, kuma taɓawa da jin zafi suna canzawa amma ba a kawar da su ba a cikin dabbobin da ba su da ASIC, yana nuna cewa tashoshi suna daidaita motsin ji yayin da ba sa ƙarƙashin kunna mai karɓar sigina a cikin dabbobi masu girma (yanzu ana tsammanin PIEZO2 ne ke aiwatar da wannan). === Ɗanɗano === ENaC yana nan a cikin membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta na masu karɓar ɗanɗano inda wataƙila yana shiga cikin fahimtar [[Dandano|gishiri]] da tsami . {{Rp|page=677}}A cikin beraye, kusan dukkan ɗanɗanon gishirin yana shiga cikin ENaC, yayin da da alama ba shi da wani tasiri sosai ga mutane: Kimanin kashi 20 cikin ɗari na iya samun amincewa da tashar sodium ta epithelial.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}} Nau'ikan ENaC masu tsari suma suna aiki azaman masu karɓar ɗanɗanon gishirin ɗan adam. An fara tabbatar da wannan rawar ta amfani da nazarin motsin rai na ɗan adam don tantance tasirin 4-propylphenyl 2-furoate akan fahimtar ɗanɗanon gishirin gishirin gishirin tebur, sodium chloride (NaCl). 4-propylphenyl 2-furoate wani sinadari ne da aka gano yana kunna ENaC mai kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shekdar K, Langer J, Venkatachalan S, Schmid L, Anobile J, Shah P, Lancaster A, Babich O, Dedova O, Sawchuk D |date=March 2021 |title=Cell engineering method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes and flow cytometry |journal=Biotechnology Letters |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=949–958 |doi=10.1007/s10529-021-03101-5 |pmc=7937778 |pmid=33683511}}</ref> == Biochemistry == === Zaɓin ion === Bincike ya nuna cewa tashar ENaC tana iya shiga cikin ruwa  da&amp;nbsp; ions, amma ba shi da ikon shiga cikin&amp;nbsp; ,&amp;nbsp; ko&amp;nbsp; ions. <ref name="Kellenberger">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Happle R |date=October 1990 |title=Ptychotropism as a cutaneous feature of the CHILD syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=23 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=763–6 |doi=10.1016/0190-9622(90)70285-p |pmid=2229513}}</ref> <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu-b">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I |date=February 2017 |title=ASIC and ENaC type sodium channels: conformational states and the structures of the ion selectivity filters |url=https://zenodo.org/record/890906 |journal=The FEBS Journal |volume=284 |issue=4 |pages=525–545 |doi=10.1111/febs.13840 |pmid=27580245 |s2cid=24402104}}</ref> === Tsarin gini === [[File:ENaC_membrane_side_eng.svg|left|thumb|250x250px| Zane da ke nuna tsarin ƙananan sassa]] [[File:Humanenacbetatransmembranecolored.png|thumb| Jerin β-subunit na ENaC na ɗan adam tare da yankuna biyu masu canza launi (ja: acidic, blue: basic, yellow: uncharged polar, kore: hydrophobic nonpolar)]] ENaC ya ƙunshi ƙananan sassa guda uku daban-daban: α,&nbsp;β,&nbsp;γ. <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu" /> <ref name="pmid16192417">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Loffing J, Schild L |date=November 2005 |title=Functional domains of the epithelial sodium channel |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=3175–81 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005050456 |pmid=16192417 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk ƙananan sassa uku suna da mahimmanci don jigilar su zuwa ga tarin hanyoyin aiki na membrane. <ref name="pmid21209000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edelheit O, Hanukoglu I, Dascal N, Hanukoglu A |date=April 2011 |title=Identification of the roles of conserved charged residues in the extracellular domain of an epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunit by alanine mutagenesis |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology |volume=300 |issue=4 |pages=F887-97 |doi=10.1152/ajprenal.00648.2010 |pmid=21209000 |s2cid=869654}}</ref> Tashar C-terminus na kowane ƙaramin ENaC tana ɗauke da tsarin PPXY wanda idan aka canza ko aka goge a cikin ƙaramin β- ko γ-ENaC yana haifar da ciwon Liddle, wani nau'in [[hawan jini]] na mutum wanda ke mamaye jiki. Tsarin cryoEM na ENaC yana nuna cewa tashar furotin ce mai heterotrimeric kamar tashar ion mai fahimtar acid 1 (ASIC1), wacce take cikin iyali ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noreng S, Bharadwaj A, Posert R, Yoshioka C, Baconguis I |date=September 2018 |title=Structure of the human epithelial sodium channel by cryo-electron microscopy |journal=eLife |volume=7 |doi=10.7554/eLife.39340 |pmc=6197857 |pmid=30251954 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid17882215">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jasti J, Furukawa H, Gonzales EB, Gouaux E |date=September 2007 |title=Structure of acid-sensing ion channel 1 at 1.9 A resolution and low pH |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7160 |pages=316–23 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..316J |doi=10.1038/nature06163 |pmid=17882215}}</ref> Kowanne daga cikin ƙananan sassan ya ƙunshi helice guda biyu na transmembrane da kuma madauki ɗaya na extracellular. Amino- da carboxy-termini na dukkan polypeptides guda uku suna cikin cytosol . Tsarin lu'ulu'u na ASIC1 da nazarin mutagenesis da wurin ya jagoranta sun nuna cewa ENaC yana da tashar ion ta tsakiya wacce take tare da tsakiyar ma'aunin daidaito a tsakanin ƙananan raka'a uku. <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu-b" /> <ref name="Edelheit-2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edelheit O, Ben-Shahar R, Dascal N, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I |date=April 2014 |title=Conserved charged residues at the surface and interface of epithelial sodium channel subunits--roles in cell surface expression and the sodium self-inhibition response |journal=The FEBS Journal |volume=281 |issue=8 |pages=2097–111 |doi=10.1111/febs.12765 |pmid=24571549 |s2cid=5807500 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da tsari, sunadaran da ke cikin wannan iyali sun ƙunshi kusan ragowar amino acid 510 zuwa 920. An yi su ne da yankin N-terminus na cikin ƙwayoyin halitta sannan sai yankin transmembrane, babban madauri na extracellular, ɓangaren transmembrane na biyu, da kuma wutsiyar C-terminal intracellular. <ref name="PUB00002871">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Snyder PM, McDonald FJ, Stokes JB, Welsh MJ |date=September 1994 |title=Membrane topology of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=269 |issue=39 |pages=24379–83 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(19)51094-8 |pmid=7929098 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== δ-subunit ==== Bugu da ƙari, akwai na huɗu, wanda ake kira δ-subunit, wanda ke da kamanceceniya sosai tsakanin jerin α-subunit kuma yana iya samar da tashar ion mai aiki tare da β- da γ-subunits. Irin wannan δ-,&nbsp;β-,&nbsp;γ-ENaC yana bayyana a cikin pancreas, testes, huhu, da kuma ovaries . Har yanzu ba a san aikinsu ba. === Iyalai === Sodium na epithelial ( Iyalin tashar ) (ENaC) na cikin dangin ENaC/P2X. <ref name="url_TCDB">{{Cite web |title=ATP-gated P2X Receptor Cation Channel (P2X Receptor) Family |url=http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=1.A.7 |website=Functional and Phylogenetic Classification of Membrane Transport Proteins |publisher=Saier Lab. Group, UCSD and SDSC}}</ref> Masu karɓar ENaC da P2X suna da irin wannan tsarin 3-d kuma suna da kamanceceniya. <ref name="pmid22286036">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Chen JS, Reddy V, Chen JH, Shlykov MA, Zheng WH, Cho J, Yen MR, Saier MH |year=2011 |title=Phylogenetic characterization of transport protein superfamilies: superiority of SuperfamilyTree programs over those based on multiple alignments |journal=Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=21 |issue=3–4 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.1159/000334611 |pmc=3290041 |pmid=22286036}}</ref> Membobin epithelial Iyalan channel (ENaC) sun kasu kashi huɗu, waɗanda ake kira alpha, beta, gamma da delta. <ref name="PUB00003784" /> Sunadaran suna nuna yanayin da aka bayyana a fili, kowannensu yana da sassan transmembrane (TM) guda biyu (TMS), waɗanda aka raba ta da babban madauri na extracellular. A cikin yawancin sunadaran ENaC da aka yi nazari a kansu zuwa yanzu, yankunan da ke cikin ƙwayoyin halitta suna da matuƙar kiyayewa kuma suna ɗauke da ragowar cysteine da yawa, tare da yankunan amphipathic TM na C-terminal da ke gefe, waɗanda aka yi hasashen za su ba da gudummawa ga samuwar pores na hydrophilic na hadaddun sunadaran tashar oligomeric. Ana tsammanin cewa yankunan da aka kiyaye su sosai a waje suna aiki a matsayin masu karɓa don sarrafa ayyukan tashoshin. Sunadaran ENaC na ƙashi daga ƙwayoyin epithelial suna taruwa sosai a kan bishiyar phylogenetic; kuma ana samun homologues na ENaC marasa ƙarfin lantarki a cikin kwakwalwa. Sunadaran C. elegans da yawa da aka jera, gami da tsutsotsi masu degenerin, suna da alaƙa mai nisa da sunadaran ƙashi da kuma juna. Sunadaran ENaC na Vertebrate suna kama da degenerins na ''elegans na Caenorhabditis'' : <ref name="PUB00002871" /> deg-1, del-1, mec-4, mec-10 da unc-8. Ana iya canza waɗannan sunadaran don haifar da lalacewar jijiyoyi, kuma ana tsammanin suna samar da tashoshin sodium. == Halittar Halitta == Tsarin exon-intron na kwayoyin halitta guda uku da ke ɗauke da ƙananan raka'o'i uku na ENaC ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci duk da bambancin jerin su. <ref name="pmid9813171">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Saxena A, Hanukoglu I, Strautnieks SS, Thompson RJ, Gardiner RM, Hanukoglu A |date=November 1998 |title=Gene structure of the human amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel beta subunit |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |volume=252 |issue=1 |pages=208–13 |doi=10.1006/bbrc.1998.9625 |pmid=9813171}}</ref> * SCNN1A, SCNN1B, SCNN1G, SCNN1D Akwai tashoshi guda huɗu masu alaƙa da sinadarin amiloride masu alaƙa: * ACCN1, ACCN2, ACCN3, ACCN4 == Muhimmancin asibiti == [[File:Amilorid_-_Amiloride.svg|thumb|200x200px| Tsarin amiloride, wani abin toshe hanyar sadarwa]] Hulɗar ENaC da CFTR yana da mahimmanci ga cututtukan cystic fibrosis . CFTR wata hanyar transmembrane ce da ke da alhakin jigilar chloride da lahani a cikin wannan furotin da ke haifar da cystic fibrosis, wani ɓangare ta hanyar haɓaka tashar ENaC idan babu CFTR mai aiki. A cikin hanyoyin iska, CFTR yana ba da damar ''fitar'' da sinadarin chloride, kuma sodium ions da ruwa suna biyo baya ba tare da wata matsala ba. Duk da haka, idan babu CFTR mai aiki, tashar ENaC za ta ƙaru, kuma za ta ƙara rage fitar da gishiri da ruwa ta hanyar sake shan ions na sodium. Saboda haka, matsalolin numfashi a cikin cystic fibrosis ba wai kawai suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin sinadarin chloride ba, amma maimakon haka, ƙaruwar sinadarin sodium da sake sha ruwa. Wannan yana haifar da ajiyar majina mai kauri da bushewa, wanda ke taruwa a cikin hanyoyin numfashi, yana hana musayar iskar gas kuma yana ba da damar tattara ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="pmid15077107">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mall M, Grubb BR, Harkema JR, O'Neal WK, Boucher RC |date=May 2004 |title=Increased airway epithelial Na+ absorption produces cystic fibrosis-like lung disease in mice |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=487–93 |doi=10.1038/nm1028 |pmid=15077107 |s2cid=45366866}}</ref> Duk da haka, ƙaruwar CFTR ba ya gyara tasirin ENaC mai yawan aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grubb BR, O'Neal WK, Ostrowski LE, Kreda SM, Button B, Boucher RC |date=January 2012 |title=Transgenic hCFTR expression fails to correct β-ENaC mouse lung disease |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology |volume=302 |issue=2 |pages=L238-47 |doi=10.1152/ajplung.00083.2011 |pmc=3349361 |pmid=22003093}}</ref> Wataƙila wasu sunadaran da ke hulɗa da juna suna da mahimmanci don kiyaye aikin ion a cikin kyallen epithelial na huhu, kamar tashoshin potassium, aquaporins ko Na/K-ATPase. <ref name="pmid21975871">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Toczyłowska-Mamińska R, Dołowy K |date=February 2012 |title=Ion transporting proteins of human bronchial epithelium |journal=Journal of Cellular Biochemistry |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=426–32 |doi=10.1002/jcb.23393 |pmid=21975871 |s2cid=31970069 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin glandar gumi, CFTR shine ke da alhakin sake shan chloride a cikin bututun gumi. Ion sodium suna bin su ta hanyar ENaC ba tare da wata matsala ba sakamakon canjin lantarki da kwararar chloride ke haifarwa. Wannan yana rage asarar gishiri da ruwa. Idan babu kwararar chloride a cikin cystic fibrosis, ions na sodium ba sa gudana ta hanyar ENaC, wanda ke haifar da asarar gishiri da ruwa mai yawa. (Wannan gaskiya ne duk da ƙaruwar tasirin tashar ENaC, domin kwararar da ke cikin hanyoyin gumi tana da iyaka ta hanyar saurin lantarki da aka kafa ta hanyar kwararar chloride ta hanyar CFTR.) Saboda haka, fatar marasa lafiya tana da ɗanɗanon gishiri, kuma ana amfani da wannan don taimakawa wajen gano cutar, a baya da kuma a yau ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen lantarki na zamani. Samun sauye-sauyen aiki ga ƙananan sassan β da γ yana da alaƙa da cutar Liddle . Amiloride da triamterene magunguna ne masu rage sinadarin potassium waɗanda ke aiki azaman masu toshe hanyar sodium ta epithelial . == Fasahar kere-kere ta halittu == Bayyanar ENaC a cikin al'adun ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa yana da guba ta hanyar cytotoxic, wanda ke haifar da shan sodium, kumburin ƙwayoyin halitta da mutuwar ƙwayoyin halitta, yana rikitar da samar da layukan ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi don nazarin ENaC. Fasahar Chromovert ta ba da damar samar da layin ƙwayoyin ENaC mai ɗorewa ta amfani da na'urorin bincike na fluorogenic da kuma cytometry na kwarara don duba ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa don ware ƙwayoyin cuta masu wuya waɗanda ke da ikon bayyana ENaC aiki, kwanciyar hankali da kuma aiki. == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Epithelial+sodium+channel at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) {{InterPro content|IPR001873}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gyvhdt56s396u8g2c0fr1spc98ft6q2 964200 964197 2026-10-07T07:30:15Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Fasahar kere-kere ta halittu */ 964200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar sodium ta epithelial''' ( '''ENaC''' ), wacce aka fi sani da '''tashar sodium mai saurin amsawa ga amiloride''', tashar ion ce mai ɗaure da membrane wanda za a iya ratsawa zuwa ions na sodium (  ). An haɗa shi a matsayin heterotrimer wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyi guda uku masu kama da juna α ko δ, β, da γ, <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu A |date=April 2016 |title=Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family: Phylogeny, structure-function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases |journal=Gene |volume=579 |issue=2 |pages=95–132 |doi=10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.061 |pmc=4756657 |pmid=26772908}}</ref> Waɗannan ƙananan ƙungiyoyi an haɗa su ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta guda huɗu: ''SCNN1A'', ''SCNN1B'', ''SCNN1G'', da ''SCNN1D'' . ENaC yana da hannu musamman wajen sake sha sinadarin sodium a hanyoyin tattara nephrons na koda . Baya ga kasancewarsa a cikin cututtuka inda daidaiton ruwa a cikin membranes na epithelial ke da matsala, gami da kumburin huhu, cystic fibrosis, COPD da COVID-19, nau'ikan ENaC masu kariya suna aiki azaman mai karɓar ɗanɗanon gishirin ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shekdar K, Langer J, Venkatachalan S, Schmid L, Anobile J, Shah P, Lancaster A, Babich O, Dedova O, Sawchuk D |date=March 2021 |title=Cell engineering method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes and flow cytometry |journal=Biotechnology Letters |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=949–958 |doi=10.1007/s10529-021-03101-5 |pmc=7937778 |pmid=33683511}}</ref> Famfon da ke cikin epithelia masu tauri suna ɗauke da tashoshin sodium waɗanda galibi suna da alaƙa da babban ƙarfinsu ga amiloride mai hana diuretic . <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu" /> <ref name="PUB00001528">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Garty H |date=May 1994 |title=Molecular properties of epithelial, amiloride-blockable Na+ channels |journal=FASEB Journal |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=522–8 |doi=10.1096/fasebj.8.8.8181670 |pmid=8181670 |s2cid=173677 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="PUB00003784">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Le T, Saier MH |year=1996 |title=Phylogenetic characterization of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) family |journal=Molecular Membrane Biology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=149–57 |doi=10.3109/09687689609160591 |pmid=8905643}}</ref> <ref name="PUB00002932">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waldmann R, Champigny G, Bassilana F, Voilley N, Lazdunski M |date=November 1995 |title=Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=270 |issue=46 |pages=27411–4 |doi=10.1074/jbc.270.46.27411 |pmid=7499195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan hanyoyin suna shiga tsakani na matakin farko na sake shan sinadarin sodium mai aiki wanda ke da mahimmanci don kiyaye yanayin gishirin jiki da ruwa. <ref name="PUB00001528" /> A cikin ƙasusuwan da ke da ƙashin baya, hanyoyin suna sarrafa sake shan sodium a cikin glandar koda, hanji, huhu da gumi; suna kuma taka rawa a fahimtar ɗanɗano. Tashoshin sodium na epithelial suna da alaƙa da tsarin halitta kuma wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga masu karɓar zafi na P2X, waɗanda ke aiki lokacin da suka gano ATP. == aiki == ENaC yana cikin membrane na ƙwayoyin epithelial masu rarrafe musamman a cikin koda (musamman a cikin tubule mai tarin), [[huhu]], fata, <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I, Boggula VR, Vaknine H, Sharma S, Kleyman T, Hanukoglu A |date=June 2017 |title=Expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the human epidermis and epidermal appendages |url=https://zenodo.org/record/890756 |journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology |volume=147 |issue=6 |pages=733–748 |doi=10.1007/s00418-016-1535-3 |pmid=28130590 |s2cid=8504408}}</ref> hanyoyin haihuwa na maza da mata da kuma hanji . <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu" /> <ref name="2012-Enuka">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Enuka Y, Hanukoglu I, Edelheit O, Vaknine H, Hanukoglu A |date=March 2012 |title=Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are uniformly distributed on motile cilia in the oviduct and the respiratory airways |journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology |volume=137 |issue=3 |pages=339–53 |doi=10.1007/s00418-011-0904-1 |pmid=22207244 |s2cid=15178940}}</ref> <ref name="Sharma-2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma S, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I |date=April 2018 |title=Localization of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and CFTR in the germinal epithelium of the testis, Sertoli cells, and spermatozoa |journal=Journal of Molecular Histology |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=195–208 |doi=10.1007/s10735-018-9759-2 |pmid=29453757 |s2cid=3761720}}</ref> === Tsarin daidaita ma'aunin sodium === ==== Koda da hanji ==== Tashoshin sodium na epithelial suna sauƙaƙa sake shaƙar Na⁺ a cikin membranes na epithelia a cikin nephron na distal, hanyoyin numfashi da haihuwa da glandar exocrine . Tunda yawan Na⁺ ion babban abin da ke tantance osmolarity na ruwan da ke cikin sel, canje-canje a yawan Na⁺ yana shafar motsin ruwa da kuma girman ruwa da hawan jini. Aldosterone ya ƙara shigar da ENaCs cikin membranes na apical a cikin koda {{Rp|page=358}}haka kuma hanjin ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Negussie |first=Abel B. |last2=Dell |first2=Annika C. |last3=Davis |first3=Bruce A. |last4=Geibel |first4=John P. |date=2022-05-22 |title=Colonic Fluid and Electrolyte Transport 2022: An Update |journal=Cells |volume=11 |issue=10 |page=1712 |doi=10.3390/cells11101712 |issn=2073-4409 |pmc=9139964 |pmid=35626748 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin koda, ana hana shi ta hanyar peptide na atrial natriuretic, wanda ke haifar da natriuresis da diuresis. Ana iya toshe shi ta hanyar amfani da ko dai triamterene ko amiloride, waɗanda ake amfani da su a fannin likitanci don yin aiki azaman diuretics . ==== Kwakwalwa ==== Tashoshin Na+ na Epithelial (ENaCs) a cikin kwakwalwa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita hawan jini. <ref name="Sharma_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma K, Haque M, Guidry R, Ueta Y, Teruyama R |date=September 2017 |title=Effect of dietary salt intake on epithelial Na⁺ channels (ENaC) in vasopressin magnocellular neurosecretory neurons in the rat supraoptic nucleus |journal=The Journal of Physiology |volume=595 |issue=17 |pages=5857–5874 |doi=10.1113/JP274856 |pmc=5577521 |pmid=28714095}}</ref> Kwayoyin halittar Vasopressin (VP) suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita martanin neuroendocrine da autonomic don kula da homeostasis na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Yawan shan gishiri a abinci yana haifar da ƙaruwa a cikin bayyanar da ayyukan ENaC wanda ke haifar da raguwar yanayin aiki na ƙwayoyin VP. <ref name="Sharma_2017" /> Wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin yadda cin abinci mai gishiri ke shafar ayyukan ƙwayoyin VP ta hanyar aikin ENaC. Tashoshin ENaC a cikin kwakwalwa suna da hannu a cikin amsawar hawan jini ga sodium na abinci. === Ciliary epithelium === Nazarin immunofluorescence mai inganci ya nuna cewa a cikin hanyar numfashi da kuma hanyar haihuwa ta mace, ENaC tana nan a kan dukkan tsawon cilia wanda ke rufe saman ƙwayoyin halitta masu yawan ciliated. <ref name="2012-Enuka" /> Saboda haka, a cikin waɗannan epithelia tare da motile cilia, ENaC yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da osmolarity na ruwan periciliary, kuma aikinsa yana da mahimmanci don kiyaye yawan ruwa a zurfin da ake buƙata don motsi na cilia. A cikin hanyar numfashi, wannan motsi yana da mahimmanci don share saman mucosa, kuma a cikin hanyar haihuwa ta mace, motsi na cilia yana da mahimmanci don motsi na oocytes. <ref name="2012-Enuka" /> Sabanin ENaC, ba a samun CFTR wanda ke daidaita jigilar ion chloride akan cilia ba. Waɗannan binciken sun saba wa hasashen da aka yi a baya cewa ENaC yana raguwa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da CFTR. A cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da cystic fibrosis (CF), CFTR ba zai iya rage ENaC ba, wanda ke haifar da yawan shan iska a cikin huhu da kuma sake kamuwa da cututtukan huhu. An yi hasashen cewa yana iya zama tashar ion mai gate ligand . <ref name="pmid14988660">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Horisberger JD, Chraïbi A |year=2004 |title=Epithelial sodium channel: a ligand-gated channel? |journal=Nephron Physiology |volume=96 |issue=2 |pages=37–41 |doi=10.1159/000076406 |pmid=14988660 |s2cid=24608792}}</ref> === Fata === A cikin yadudduka na fata na epidermal, ENaC yana bayyana a cikin keratinocytes, sebaceous gland, da ƙwayoyin tsoka masu santsi. <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2" /> A cikin waɗannan ƙwayoyin halitta, ENaC galibi yana cikin cytoplasm. <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2" /> A cikin glandar gumi ta eccrine, ENaC tana da yawa a cikin membrane mai fuska wanda ke fuskantar lumen na bututun gumi. <ref name="2017-Hanukoglu-2" /> Babban aikin ENaC a cikin waɗannan bututun shine sake ɗaukar ions na Na⁺ waɗanda ke fitowa daga gumi. A cikin marasa lafiya da ke fama da maye gurbi na ENaC wanda ke haifar da nau'in pseudohypoaldosteronism na tsarin I, marasa lafiya na iya rasa adadi mai yawa na ions na Na⁺, musamman a yanayin zafi. === Taɓawa === Homologues na tashoshin ion masu fahimtar acid (ASIC) na dangin ENaC suna haifar da jin taɓawa a cikin marasa ƙashi (gami da samfurin halittar <nowiki><i id="mwoA">C. elegans</i></nowiki> ), kuma an yi imanin cewa sune ke haifar da kwararar membrane da ke aiki a cikin dabbobi masu girma. ASIC yana bayyana a cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi na ganglia na dabbobi masu girma, kuma taɓawa da jin zafi suna canzawa amma ba a kawar da su ba a cikin dabbobin da ba su da ASIC, yana nuna cewa tashoshi suna daidaita motsin ji yayin da ba sa ƙarƙashin kunna mai karɓar sigina a cikin dabbobi masu girma (yanzu ana tsammanin PIEZO2 ne ke aiwatar da wannan). === Ɗanɗano === ENaC yana nan a cikin membranes na ƙwayoyin halitta na masu karɓar ɗanɗano inda wataƙila yana shiga cikin fahimtar [[Dandano|gishiri]] da tsami . {{Rp|page=677}}A cikin beraye, kusan dukkan ɗanɗanon gishirin yana shiga cikin ENaC, yayin da da alama ba shi da wani tasiri sosai ga mutane: Kimanin kashi 20 cikin ɗari na iya samun amincewa da tashar sodium ta epithelial.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}} Nau'ikan ENaC masu tsari suma suna aiki azaman masu karɓar ɗanɗanon gishirin ɗan adam. An fara tabbatar da wannan rawar ta amfani da nazarin motsin rai na ɗan adam don tantance tasirin 4-propylphenyl 2-furoate akan fahimtar ɗanɗanon gishirin gishirin gishirin tebur, sodium chloride (NaCl). 4-propylphenyl 2-furoate wani sinadari ne da aka gano yana kunna ENaC mai kariya daga ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shekdar K, Langer J, Venkatachalan S, Schmid L, Anobile J, Shah P, Lancaster A, Babich O, Dedova O, Sawchuk D |date=March 2021 |title=Cell engineering method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes and flow cytometry |journal=Biotechnology Letters |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=949–958 |doi=10.1007/s10529-021-03101-5 |pmc=7937778 |pmid=33683511}}</ref> == Biochemistry == === Zaɓin ion === Bincike ya nuna cewa tashar ENaC tana iya shiga cikin ruwa  da&amp;nbsp; ions, amma ba shi da ikon shiga cikin&amp;nbsp; ,&amp;nbsp; ko&amp;nbsp; ions. <ref name="Kellenberger">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Happle R |date=October 1990 |title=Ptychotropism as a cutaneous feature of the CHILD syndrome |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=23 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=763–6 |doi=10.1016/0190-9622(90)70285-p |pmid=2229513}}</ref> <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu-b">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hanukoglu I |date=February 2017 |title=ASIC and ENaC type sodium channels: conformational states and the structures of the ion selectivity filters |url=https://zenodo.org/record/890906 |journal=The FEBS Journal |volume=284 |issue=4 |pages=525–545 |doi=10.1111/febs.13840 |pmid=27580245 |s2cid=24402104}}</ref> === Tsarin gini === [[File:ENaC_membrane_side_eng.svg|left|thumb|250x250px| Zane da ke nuna tsarin ƙananan sassa]] [[File:Humanenacbetatransmembranecolored.png|thumb| Jerin β-subunit na ENaC na ɗan adam tare da yankuna biyu masu canza launi (ja: acidic, blue: basic, yellow: uncharged polar, kore: hydrophobic nonpolar)]] ENaC ya ƙunshi ƙananan sassa guda uku daban-daban: α,&nbsp;β,&nbsp;γ. <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu" /> <ref name="pmid16192417">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Loffing J, Schild L |date=November 2005 |title=Functional domains of the epithelial sodium channel |journal=Journal of the American Society of Nephrology |volume=16 |issue=11 |pages=3175–81 |doi=10.1681/ASN.2005050456 |pmid=16192417 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk ƙananan sassa uku suna da mahimmanci don jigilar su zuwa ga tarin hanyoyin aiki na membrane. <ref name="pmid21209000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edelheit O, Hanukoglu I, Dascal N, Hanukoglu A |date=April 2011 |title=Identification of the roles of conserved charged residues in the extracellular domain of an epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) subunit by alanine mutagenesis |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology |volume=300 |issue=4 |pages=F887-97 |doi=10.1152/ajprenal.00648.2010 |pmid=21209000 |s2cid=869654}}</ref> Tashar C-terminus na kowane ƙaramin ENaC tana ɗauke da tsarin PPXY wanda idan aka canza ko aka goge a cikin ƙaramin β- ko γ-ENaC yana haifar da ciwon Liddle, wani nau'in [[hawan jini]] na mutum wanda ke mamaye jiki. Tsarin cryoEM na ENaC yana nuna cewa tashar furotin ce mai heterotrimeric kamar tashar ion mai fahimtar acid 1 (ASIC1), wacce take cikin iyali ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noreng S, Bharadwaj A, Posert R, Yoshioka C, Baconguis I |date=September 2018 |title=Structure of the human epithelial sodium channel by cryo-electron microscopy |journal=eLife |volume=7 |doi=10.7554/eLife.39340 |pmc=6197857 |pmid=30251954 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="pmid17882215">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jasti J, Furukawa H, Gonzales EB, Gouaux E |date=September 2007 |title=Structure of acid-sensing ion channel 1 at 1.9 A resolution and low pH |journal=Nature |volume=449 |issue=7160 |pages=316–23 |bibcode=2007Natur.449..316J |doi=10.1038/nature06163 |pmid=17882215}}</ref> Kowanne daga cikin ƙananan sassan ya ƙunshi helice guda biyu na transmembrane da kuma madauki ɗaya na extracellular. Amino- da carboxy-termini na dukkan polypeptides guda uku suna cikin cytosol . Tsarin lu'ulu'u na ASIC1 da nazarin mutagenesis da wurin ya jagoranta sun nuna cewa ENaC yana da tashar ion ta tsakiya wacce take tare da tsakiyar ma'aunin daidaito a tsakanin ƙananan raka'a uku. <ref name="2016-Hanukoglu-b" /> <ref name="Edelheit-2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Edelheit O, Ben-Shahar R, Dascal N, Hanukoglu A, Hanukoglu I |date=April 2014 |title=Conserved charged residues at the surface and interface of epithelial sodium channel subunits--roles in cell surface expression and the sodium self-inhibition response |journal=The FEBS Journal |volume=281 |issue=8 |pages=2097–111 |doi=10.1111/febs.12765 |pmid=24571549 |s2cid=5807500 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da tsari, sunadaran da ke cikin wannan iyali sun ƙunshi kusan ragowar amino acid 510 zuwa 920. An yi su ne da yankin N-terminus na cikin ƙwayoyin halitta sannan sai yankin transmembrane, babban madauri na extracellular, ɓangaren transmembrane na biyu, da kuma wutsiyar C-terminal intracellular. <ref name="PUB00002871">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Snyder PM, McDonald FJ, Stokes JB, Welsh MJ |date=September 1994 |title=Membrane topology of the amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel |journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |volume=269 |issue=39 |pages=24379–83 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(19)51094-8 |pmid=7929098 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== δ-subunit ==== Bugu da ƙari, akwai na huɗu, wanda ake kira δ-subunit, wanda ke da kamanceceniya sosai tsakanin jerin α-subunit kuma yana iya samar da tashar ion mai aiki tare da β- da γ-subunits. Irin wannan δ-,&nbsp;β-,&nbsp;γ-ENaC yana bayyana a cikin pancreas, testes, huhu, da kuma ovaries . Har yanzu ba a san aikinsu ba. === Iyalai === Sodium na epithelial ( Iyalin tashar ) (ENaC) na cikin dangin ENaC/P2X. <ref name="url_TCDB">{{Cite web |title=ATP-gated P2X Receptor Cation Channel (P2X Receptor) Family |url=http://www.tcdb.org/search/result.php?tc=1.A.7 |website=Functional and Phylogenetic Classification of Membrane Transport Proteins |publisher=Saier Lab. Group, UCSD and SDSC}}</ref> Masu karɓar ENaC da P2X suna da irin wannan tsarin 3-d kuma suna da kamanceceniya. <ref name="pmid22286036">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Chen JS, Reddy V, Chen JH, Shlykov MA, Zheng WH, Cho J, Yen MR, Saier MH |year=2011 |title=Phylogenetic characterization of transport protein superfamilies: superiority of SuperfamilyTree programs over those based on multiple alignments |journal=Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=21 |issue=3–4 |pages=83–96 |doi=10.1159/000334611 |pmc=3290041 |pmid=22286036}}</ref> Membobin epithelial Iyalan channel (ENaC) sun kasu kashi huɗu, waɗanda ake kira alpha, beta, gamma da delta. <ref name="PUB00003784" /> Sunadaran suna nuna yanayin da aka bayyana a fili, kowannensu yana da sassan transmembrane (TM) guda biyu (TMS), waɗanda aka raba ta da babban madauri na extracellular. A cikin yawancin sunadaran ENaC da aka yi nazari a kansu zuwa yanzu, yankunan da ke cikin ƙwayoyin halitta suna da matuƙar kiyayewa kuma suna ɗauke da ragowar cysteine da yawa, tare da yankunan amphipathic TM na C-terminal da ke gefe, waɗanda aka yi hasashen za su ba da gudummawa ga samuwar pores na hydrophilic na hadaddun sunadaran tashar oligomeric. Ana tsammanin cewa yankunan da aka kiyaye su sosai a waje suna aiki a matsayin masu karɓa don sarrafa ayyukan tashoshin. Sunadaran ENaC na ƙashi daga ƙwayoyin epithelial suna taruwa sosai a kan bishiyar phylogenetic; kuma ana samun homologues na ENaC marasa ƙarfin lantarki a cikin kwakwalwa. Sunadaran C. elegans da yawa da aka jera, gami da tsutsotsi masu degenerin, suna da alaƙa mai nisa da sunadaran ƙashi da kuma juna. Sunadaran ENaC na Vertebrate suna kama da degenerins na ''elegans na Caenorhabditis'' : <ref name="PUB00002871" /> deg-1, del-1, mec-4, mec-10 da unc-8. Ana iya canza waɗannan sunadaran don haifar da lalacewar jijiyoyi, kuma ana tsammanin suna samar da tashoshin sodium. == Halittar Halitta == Tsarin exon-intron na kwayoyin halitta guda uku da ke ɗauke da ƙananan raka'o'i uku na ENaC ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin aminci duk da bambancin jerin su. <ref name="pmid9813171">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Saxena A, Hanukoglu I, Strautnieks SS, Thompson RJ, Gardiner RM, Hanukoglu A |date=November 1998 |title=Gene structure of the human amiloride-sensitive epithelial sodium channel beta subunit |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |volume=252 |issue=1 |pages=208–13 |doi=10.1006/bbrc.1998.9625 |pmid=9813171}}</ref> * SCNN1A, SCNN1B, SCNN1G, SCNN1D Akwai tashoshi guda huɗu masu alaƙa da sinadarin amiloride masu alaƙa: * ACCN1, ACCN2, ACCN3, ACCN4 == Muhimmancin asibiti == [[File:Amilorid_-_Amiloride.svg|thumb|200x200px| Tsarin amiloride, wani abin toshe hanyar sadarwa]] Hulɗar ENaC da CFTR yana da mahimmanci ga cututtukan cystic fibrosis . CFTR wata hanyar transmembrane ce da ke da alhakin jigilar chloride da lahani a cikin wannan furotin da ke haifar da cystic fibrosis, wani ɓangare ta hanyar haɓaka tashar ENaC idan babu CFTR mai aiki. A cikin hanyoyin iska, CFTR yana ba da damar ''fitar'' da sinadarin chloride, kuma sodium ions da ruwa suna biyo baya ba tare da wata matsala ba. Duk da haka, idan babu CFTR mai aiki, tashar ENaC za ta ƙaru, kuma za ta ƙara rage fitar da gishiri da ruwa ta hanyar sake shan ions na sodium. Saboda haka, matsalolin numfashi a cikin cystic fibrosis ba wai kawai suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin sinadarin chloride ba, amma maimakon haka, ƙaruwar sinadarin sodium da sake sha ruwa. Wannan yana haifar da ajiyar majina mai kauri da bushewa, wanda ke taruwa a cikin hanyoyin numfashi, yana hana musayar iskar gas kuma yana ba da damar tattara ƙwayoyin cuta. <ref name="pmid15077107">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mall M, Grubb BR, Harkema JR, O'Neal WK, Boucher RC |date=May 2004 |title=Increased airway epithelial Na+ absorption produces cystic fibrosis-like lung disease in mice |journal=Nature Medicine |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=487–93 |doi=10.1038/nm1028 |pmid=15077107 |s2cid=45366866}}</ref> Duk da haka, ƙaruwar CFTR ba ya gyara tasirin ENaC mai yawan aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grubb BR, O'Neal WK, Ostrowski LE, Kreda SM, Button B, Boucher RC |date=January 2012 |title=Transgenic hCFTR expression fails to correct β-ENaC mouse lung disease |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology |volume=302 |issue=2 |pages=L238-47 |doi=10.1152/ajplung.00083.2011 |pmc=3349361 |pmid=22003093}}</ref> Wataƙila wasu sunadaran da ke hulɗa da juna suna da mahimmanci don kiyaye aikin ion a cikin kyallen epithelial na huhu, kamar tashoshin potassium, aquaporins ko Na/K-ATPase. <ref name="pmid21975871">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Toczyłowska-Mamińska R, Dołowy K |date=February 2012 |title=Ion transporting proteins of human bronchial epithelium |journal=Journal of Cellular Biochemistry |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=426–32 |doi=10.1002/jcb.23393 |pmid=21975871 |s2cid=31970069 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin glandar gumi, CFTR shine ke da alhakin sake shan chloride a cikin bututun gumi. Ion sodium suna bin su ta hanyar ENaC ba tare da wata matsala ba sakamakon canjin lantarki da kwararar chloride ke haifarwa. Wannan yana rage asarar gishiri da ruwa. Idan babu kwararar chloride a cikin cystic fibrosis, ions na sodium ba sa gudana ta hanyar ENaC, wanda ke haifar da asarar gishiri da ruwa mai yawa. (Wannan gaskiya ne duk da ƙaruwar tasirin tashar ENaC, domin kwararar da ke cikin hanyoyin gumi tana da iyaka ta hanyar saurin lantarki da aka kafa ta hanyar kwararar chloride ta hanyar CFTR.) Saboda haka, fatar marasa lafiya tana da ɗanɗanon gishiri, kuma ana amfani da wannan don taimakawa wajen gano cutar, a baya da kuma a yau ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen lantarki na zamani. Samun sauye-sauyen aiki ga ƙananan sassan β da γ yana da alaƙa da cutar Liddle . Amiloride da triamterene magunguna ne masu rage sinadarin potassium waɗanda ke aiki azaman masu toshe hanyar sodium ta epithelial . == Fasahar kere-kere ta halittu == Bayyanar ENaC a cikin al'adun ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa yana da guba ta hanyar cytotoxic, wanda ke haifar da shan sodium, kumburin ƙwayoyin halitta da mutuwar ƙwayoyin halitta, yana rikitar da samar da layukan ƙwayoyin halitta masu ƙarfi don nazarin ENaC. Fasahar Chromovert ta ba da damar samar da layin ƙwayoyin ENaC mai ɗorewa ta amfani da na'urorin bincike na fluorogenic da kuma cytometry na kwarara don duba ƙwayoyin halitta da yawa don ware ƙwayoyin cuta masu wuya waɗanda ke da ikon bayyana ENaC aiki, kwanciyar hankali da kuma aiki.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shekdar K, Langer J, Venkatachalan S, Schmid L, Anobile J, Shah P, Lancaster A, Babich O, Dedova O, Sawchuk D |date=March 2021 |title=Cell engineering method using fluorogenic oligonucleotide signaling probes and flow cytometry |journal=Biotechnology Letters |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=949–958 |doi=10.1007/s10529-021-03101-5 |pmc=7937778 |pmid=33683511}}</ref> == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Epithelial+sodium+channel at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) {{InterPro content|IPR001873}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 43af9ksams8cgrax70un6qpcanojilz 0 178453 964202 2026-10-07T07:38:47Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375132790|Cerro de los Batallones]]" 964202 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Batallones_10_-_2015_field_works_01.JPG|thumb| Aikin gona na shekarar 2015 a wurin burbushin halittu na Batallones 10.]] [[File:On-the-Socio-Sexual-Behaviour-of-the-Extinct-Ursid-Indarctos-arctoides-An-Approach-Based-on-Its-pone.0073711.s005.ogv|thumb| Baculum na ''Indarctos arctoides'' da aka samu a Ballones-3.]] Cerro de los Batallones ( Tsaunin Battalions ) wani tudu ne a Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain inda aka gano wasu wuraren burbushin halittu daga Upper Miocene ( MN10 ). An gano wurare tara inda aka gano burbushin halittu masu ƙashi, waɗanda ba su da ƙashi, kuma ba a nuna su sosai a cikin tsirrai. An gano ma'ajiyar farko ba da gangan ba a watan Yulin 1991. Nazarin kididdigar halittu na dabbobin Batallones-1 (B-1) ta amfani da dabarun yiwuwar rayuwa yana haifar da shekaru tsakanin Ma 9.8 zuwa Ma 9.1 <ref name="Gómez Cano et al. 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Gómez Cano |first=Ana R. |last2=Hernández Fernández |first2=Manuel |last3=Álvarez-Sierra |first3=María Ángeles |date=2011 |title=Biogeographic provincialism in rodent faunas from the Iberoccitanian Region (southwestern Europe) generates severe diachrony within the Mammalian Neogene (MN) biochronologic scale during the Late Miocene |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=307 |issue=1–4 |pages=193–204 |bibcode=2011PPP...307..193G |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.014}}</ref> <ref name="Domingo et al. 2014">{{Cite journal |last=Domingo |first=M. Soledad |last2=Badgley |first2=Catherine |last3=Azanza |first3=Beatriz |last4=DeMiguel |first4=Daniel |last5=Alberdi |first5=M. Teresa |date=2014 |title=Diversification of mammals from the Miocene of Spain |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=196–2020 |doi=10.1666/13043}}</ref> <ref name="Juidíaz et al. 2026">{{Cite journal |last=Juidíaz |first=Rubén |last2=Blanco |first2=Fernando |last3=Gómez Cano |first3=Ana R. |last4=Oliver |first4=Adriana |last5=Hernández Fernández |first5=Manuel |last6=Domingo |first6=M. Soledad |date=2026 |title=Iberian Neogene–Quaternary biochronology: a refined framework based on maximum likelihood analysis of small mammal assemblages |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=282 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105679}}</ref> . Duk da cewa suna da shekaru iri ɗaya , ana ɗaukar Batallones-10 (B-10) a matsayin wanda ya fi daɗewa wakiltar burbushin halittu. <ref name="Lopez-etal">{{Harvard citation no brackets|López-Antoñanzas|Peláez-Campomanes|Álvarez-Sierra|García-Paredes|2010}}</ref> == Kasusuwan halitta == Kusan dukkan burbushin halittun Batallones-1 na masu cin nama ne. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Peigné|Salesa|Antón|Morales|2008}}</ref> An sami nau'in kyanwar sabre-tooth da aka sani da ''Promegantereon ogygia'' da ''Machairodus aphanistus'' (ƙoƙon kai na farko cikakke) <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Antón|Salesa|Morales|Turner|2004}}</ref> a B-1, <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Salesa|Antón|Turner|Morales|2006}}</ref> kamar yadda ''Simocyon'' wani nau'in panda ja yake. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Peigné|Salesa|Antón|Morales|2005}}</ref> Dangane da kyanwar saber-tooth, Batallones-1 yana wakiltar wuri mai kyau don yin rikodin adadin samfuran da suka sami karyewar karnukan sama. ''Promegantereon'', ''Machairodus'' da ''Paramachaerodus'' misalai ne masu kyau na wannan a Batallones; burbushin halittu sun nuna yawan karyewar karnuka daga inda haƙoran suka bugi ƙasusuwan wanda aka azabtar, wanda ke nuna cewa waɗannan machairodonts na farko za su yi amfani da haƙoransu masu tsayi don cinye abin farauta kamar yadda manyan kuliyoyi na zamani suke yi. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Mauricio Anton}}</ref> An sami sabon nau'in ''[[Hispanomys]]'' ( ''Rodentia'' ) a wurare daban-daban. <ref name="Lopez-etal" /> An sami sabon nau'in barewa na ''Micromeryx'' (barewa) a B-1 da B-10. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sánchez|Domingo|Morales|2009}}</ref> == Fauna == [[File:Vallesian_Cerro_de_los_Batallones_environment_and_fauna.jpg|right|thumb| Yanayin Vallesian da fauna na Cerro de los Ballones na [[Mauricio Antón]]]] A ƙasa akwai jerin fitattun kasusuwan kasusuwa daga Cerro de los Ballones. === Artiodactyla === * † Barewan Boselaphine * † ''Decennatherium rex'' * † ''Micromeryx flourensianus'' * † ''Babban kamfanin Microsoft'' === Masu cin nama === * † ''Amtocyon kainos'' * † ''Babban Amphicyon'' * † ''Eomellivora piveteaui'' * † ''Indarctos arctoides'' * † ''Leptofelis vallesiensis'' * † ''Machairodus aphanistus'' & ''M. alberdiae'' * † ''Magericyon anceps'' & ''M. castellanus'' * † ''Promegantereon ogygia'' * † ''Protictitherium crassum'' * † ''Simocyon batalleri'' === Perissodactyla === * † ''Aceratherium incisivum'' * † ''Hippotherium primigenium'' * † ''Hispanotherium matritense'' === Proboscidea === * † ''Tetralophodon longirostris'' === Rodentia === * † ''[[Hispanomys|Hispanomy]]'' == Duba kuma == * Jerin wuraren burbushin halittu == Bayanan kula == == Manazarta == 5ickl6red3znizz26p93kpj6afhny3o 964203 964202 2026-10-07T07:42:59Z Baffa ali 47435 964203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Batallones_10_-_2015_field_works_01.JPG|thumb| Aikin gona na shekarar 2015 a wurin burbushin halittu na Batallones 10.]] [[File:On-the-Socio-Sexual-Behaviour-of-the-Extinct-Ursid-Indarctos-arctoides-An-Approach-Based-on-Its-pone.0073711.s005.ogv|thumb| Baculum na ''Indarctos arctoides'' da aka samu a Ballones-3.]] '''Cerro de los Batallones '''( Tsaunin Battalions ) wani tudu ne a Torrejón de Velasco, Madrid, Spain inda aka gano wasu wuraren burbushin halittu daga Upper Miocene ( MN10 ). <ref name="Gómez Cano et al. 2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Gómez Cano |first1=Ana R. |last2=Hernández Fernández |first2=Manuel |last3=Álvarez-Sierra |first3=María Ángeles |date=2011|title= Biogeographic provincialism in rodent faunas from the Iberoccitanian Region (southwestern Europe) generates severe diachrony within the Mammalian Neogene (MN) biochronologic scale during the Late Miocene|journal= Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=307|issue=1–4 |pages= 193–204 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.014 |bibcode=2011PPP...307..193G }}</ref> <ref name="Domingo et al. 2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Domingo |first1=M. Soledad |last2=Badgley |first2=Catherine |last3=Azanza |first3=Beatriz |last4=DeMiguel |first4=Daniel |last5=Alberdi |first5=M. Teresa |date=2014|title= Diversification of mammals from the Miocene of Spain|journal= Paleobiology |language=en |volume=40|issue=2 |pages= 196–2020 |doi=10.1666/13043}}</ref> <ref name="Juidíaz et al. 2026">{{Cite journal |last1=Juidíaz |first1=Rubén |last2=Blanco |first2=Fernando |last3=Gómez Cano |first3=Ana R. |last4=Oliver |first4=Adriana |last5=Hernández Fernández |first5=Manuel |last6=Domingo |first6=M. Soledad |date=2026|title= Iberian Neogene–Quaternary biochronology: a refined framework based on maximum likelihood analysis of small mammal assemblages|journal= Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=282|article-number= 105679 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105679}}</ref>. An gano wurare tara inda aka gano burbushin halittu masu ƙashi, waɗanda ba su da ƙashi, kuma ba a nuna su sosai a cikin tsirrai. An gano ma'ajiyar farko ba da gangan ba a watan Yulin 1991. Nazarin kididdigar halittu na dabbobin Batallones-1 (B-1) ta amfani da dabarun yiwuwar rayuwa yana haifar da shekaru tsakanin Ma 9.8 zuwa Ma 9.1 <ref name="Gómez Cano et al. 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Gómez Cano |first=Ana R. |last2=Hernández Fernández |first2=Manuel |last3=Álvarez-Sierra |first3=María Ángeles |date=2011 |title=Biogeographic provincialism in rodent faunas from the Iberoccitanian Region (southwestern Europe) generates severe diachrony within the Mammalian Neogene (MN) biochronologic scale during the Late Miocene |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=307 |issue=1–4 |pages=193–204 |bibcode=2011PPP...307..193G |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.014}}</ref> <ref name="Domingo et al. 2014">{{Cite journal |last=Domingo |first=M. Soledad |last2=Badgley |first2=Catherine |last3=Azanza |first3=Beatriz |last4=DeMiguel |first4=Daniel |last5=Alberdi |first5=M. Teresa |date=2014 |title=Diversification of mammals from the Miocene of Spain |journal=Paleobiology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=196–2020 |doi=10.1666/13043}}</ref> <ref name="Juidíaz et al. 2026">{{Cite journal |last=Juidíaz |first=Rubén |last2=Blanco |first2=Fernando |last3=Gómez Cano |first3=Ana R. |last4=Oliver |first4=Adriana |last5=Hernández Fernández |first5=Manuel |last6=Domingo |first6=M. Soledad |date=2026 |title=Iberian Neogene–Quaternary biochronology: a refined framework based on maximum likelihood analysis of small mammal assemblages |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |language=en |volume=282 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2026.105679}}</ref> . Duk da cewa suna da shekaru iri ɗaya , ana ɗaukar Batallones-10 (B-10) a matsayin wanda ya fi daɗewa wakiltar burbushin halittu. <ref name="Lopez-etal">{{Harvard citation no brackets|López-Antoñanzas|Peláez-Campomanes|Álvarez-Sierra|García-Paredes|2010}}</ref> == Kasusuwan halitta == Kusan dukkan burbushin halittun Batallones-1 na masu cin nama ne. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Peigné|Salesa|Antón|Morales|2008}}</ref> An sami nau'in kyanwar sabre-tooth da aka sani da ''Promegantereon ogygia'' da ''Machairodus aphanistus'' (ƙoƙon kai na farko cikakke) <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Antón|Salesa|Morales|Turner|2004}}</ref> a B-1, <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Salesa|Antón|Turner|Morales|2006}}</ref> kamar yadda ''Simocyon'' wani nau'in panda ja yake. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Peigné|Salesa|Antón|Morales|2005}}</ref> Dangane da kyanwar saber-tooth, Batallones-1 yana wakiltar wuri mai kyau don yin rikodin adadin samfuran da suka sami karyewar karnukan sama. ''Promegantereon'', ''Machairodus'' da ''Paramachaerodus'' misalai ne masu kyau na wannan a Batallones; burbushin halittu sun nuna yawan karyewar karnuka daga inda haƙoran suka bugi ƙasusuwan wanda aka azabtar, wanda ke nuna cewa waɗannan machairodonts na farko za su yi amfani da haƙoransu masu tsayi don cinye abin farauta kamar yadda manyan kuliyoyi na zamani suke yi. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Mauricio Anton}}</ref> An sami sabon nau'in ''[[Hispanomys]]'' ( ''Rodentia'' ) a wurare daban-daban. <ref name="Lopez-etal" /> An sami sabon nau'in barewa na ''Micromeryx'' (barewa) a B-1 da B-10. <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sánchez|Domingo|Morales|2009}}</ref> == Fauna == [[File:Vallesian_Cerro_de_los_Batallones_environment_and_fauna.jpg|right|thumb| Yanayin Vallesian da fauna na Cerro de los Ballones na [[Mauricio Antón]]]] A ƙasa akwai jerin fitattun kasusuwan kasusuwa daga Cerro de los Ballones. === Artiodactyla === * † Barewan Boselaphine * † ''Decennatherium rex'' * † ''Micromeryx flourensianus'' * † ''Babban kamfanin Microsoft'' === Masu cin nama === * † ''Amtocyon kainos'' * † ''Babban Amphicyon'' * † ''Eomellivora piveteaui'' * † ''Indarctos arctoides'' * † ''Leptofelis vallesiensis'' * † ''Machairodus aphanistus'' & ''M. alberdiae'' * † ''Magericyon anceps'' & ''M. castellanus'' * † ''Promegantereon ogygia'' * † ''Protictitherium crassum'' * † ''Simocyon batalleri'' === Perissodactyla === * † ''Aceratherium incisivum'' * † ''Hippotherium primigenium'' * † ''Hispanotherium matritense'' === Proboscidea === * † ''Tetralophodon longirostris'' === Rodentia === * † ''[[Hispanomys|Hispanomy]]'' == Duba kuma == * Jerin wuraren burbushin halittu == Bayanan kula == == Manazarta == 1yxew4uxmsxz13bpy98znt9jdbzp8t5 0 178454 964205 2026-10-07T07:51:51Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378637160|Offa of Mercia]]" 964205 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Offa''' (ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuli 796 AD ) shine Sarkin Mercia, masarautar Anglo-Saxon Ingila, daga shekara ta 757 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 796. Ɗan Thingfrith kuma zuriyar Eowa, Offa ya hau karagar mulki bayan wani lokaci na yaƙin basasa bayan kisan gillar Æthelbald . Offa ya kayar da ɗayan mai ƙara, Beornred . A farkon shekarun mulkin Offa, akwai yiwuwar ya ƙarfafa ikonsa na mulkin mutanen Midland kamar Hwicce da Magonsæte . Ta hanyar amfani da rashin zaman lafiya a masarautar Kent don kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulki, Offa ya kuma mallaki Sussex a shekarar 771, kodayake ikonsa bai ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da wata matsala ba a kowane yanki. A shekarun 780 ya faɗaɗa mulkin Mercian Supremacy a mafi yawan kudancin Ingila, inda ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Beorhtric na Wessex, wanda ya auri 'yar Offa Eadburh, kuma ya sake samun cikakken iko a kudu maso gabas. Ya kuma zama shugaban Gabashin Anglia kuma ya sa aka yanke wa Sarki Æthelberht na Biyu na Gabashin Anglia a shekara ta 794, wataƙila saboda tawaye a kansa. Offa sarki ne na Kirista wanda ya shiga rikici da Cocin, musamman da Jænberht, Babban Bishop na Canterbury . Offa ya shawo kan Paparoma Adrian na ɗaya ya raba babban cocin Canterbury gida biyu, inda ya ƙirƙiri sabon babban cocin Lichfield . Wannan raguwar ikon Canterbury wataƙila ya faru ne saboda sha'awar Offa na samun babban bishop ya keɓe ɗansa Ecgfrith a matsayin sarki, tunda yana yiwuwa Jænberht ya ƙi yin bikin, wanda ya faru a shekara ta 787. Offa ta samu takaddama da Bishop na Worcester, wanda aka warware shi a Majalisar Brentford a shekarar 781. Da yawa daga cikin tsabar kuɗi da suka tsira daga zamanin Offa suna ɗauke da kyawawan hotuna nasa, kuma ingancin fasahar waɗannan hotunan ya wuce na tsabar kuɗin Frankish na zamani. Wasu daga cikin tsabar kuɗinsa suna ɗauke da hotunan matarsa, Cynethryth —sarauniyar Anglo-Saxon kaɗai da aka taɓa zana a kan tsabar kuɗi. Tsabar zinare uku na Offa ne kawai suka rage: ɗaya kwafin dinari na Abbasiyawa ne na 774 kuma yana ɗauke da rubutun Larabci a gefe ɗaya, tare da "Offa Rex" a ɗayan gefen. Ba a amfani da tsabar kuɗin zinariyar a zahiri ba, amma ana iya amfani da su don sadaka ko kuma don kyaututtuka ga Romawa. Masana tarihi da yawa suna ɗaukar Offa a matsayin sarkin Anglo-Saxon mafi ƙarfi kafin Alfred the Great . Mulkinsa bai taɓa kai ga Northumbria ba, duk da cewa ya aurar da 'yarsa Ælfflæd ga sarkin Northumbrian Æthelred I a shekara ta 792. Masana tarihi sun taɓa ganin mulkinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani tsari da ya kai ga haɗin kan Ingila, amma wannan ba shine ra'ayin mafi rinjaye ba: a cikin kalmomin masanin tarihi Simon Keynes, "Offa ya kasance mai sha'awar iko, ba hangen nesa na haɗin kan Ingila ba; kuma abin da ya bari shine suna, ba gado ba." Ɗansa Ecgfrith ya gaje shi bayan mutuwarsa, amma ya yi mulki na ƙasa da watanni biyar kafin Coenwelf na Mercia ya zama sarki. == Bayani da tushe == [[File:British_kingdoms_c_800.svg|right|thumb|354x354px| Masarautun Birtaniya a zamanin mulkin Offa]] [[File:Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_Offa_Myrcna_cyning.jpg|right|thumb| An ambaci Offa, sarkin Mercian, a cikin ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'']] A rabin farko na ƙarni na 8, sarkin Anglo-Saxon mafi rinjaye shine Sarki Æthelbald na Mercia, wanda a shekara ta 731 ya zama shugaban dukkan lardunan kudu da Kogin Humber . Æthelbald yana ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Mercian masu ƙarfi da suka yi mulki daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 7 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 9, kuma sai a zamanin Egbert na Wessex a ƙarni na 9 ne ƙarfin Mercian ya fara raguwa. Ƙarfi da martabar da Offa ya samu sun sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakuna a farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, duk da cewa babu [[Biography|wani tarihin rayuwarsa]] na zamani da ya tsira. Muhimmin tushe a wannan lokacin shine ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', tarin tarihin tarihi a cikin Tsohon Turanci wanda ke ba da labarin tarihin Anglo-Saxons. Duk da haka, ''Chronicle'' wani nau'in kayan tarihi ne na West Saxon, kuma wani lokacin ana tunanin yana nuna son kai ga Wessex; don haka ba zai iya nuna daidai ƙarfin da Offa, wani ɗan Mercian ya samu ba. Ana iya ganin wannan iko a cikin ayyukan hayar da aka yi tun daga zamanin mulkin Offa. Takardu ne da ke ba da filaye ga mabiya ko kuma ga malaman coci kuma sarakunan da ke da ikon ba da ƙasar sun shaida su. Dokar za ta iya rubuta sunayen sarki da kuma shugabansa a cikin jerin shaidun da aka haɗa a cikin tallafin. Ana iya ganin irin wannan jerin shaidu a cikin Diploma na Ismere, misali, inda aka kwatanta Æthelric, ɗan sarki Oshere na Hwicce, a matsayin " ''subregulus'' ", ko kuma ƙarƙashin, na Æthelbald's. Limamin ƙarni na takwas kuma marubucin tarihi mai suna Venerable Bede ya rubuta tarihin cocin Ingila mai suna {{Lang|la|[[Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]}} ; tarihin ya ƙunshi abubuwan da suka faru har zuwa 731 kawai, amma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushen tarihin Anglo-Saxon, yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da tarihin mulkin Offa. Dyke na Offa, wanda wataƙila an gina mafi yawansa a zamanin mulkinsa, shaida ce ga dimbin albarkatun da Offa ke da su a ƙarƙashin ikonsa da kuma iyawarsa ta tsara su. Sauran majiyoyin da suka tsira sun haɗa da wata takarda mai matsala da aka sani da Tribal Hidage, wadda za ta iya bayar da ƙarin shaida game da ikon Offa a matsayin mai mulki, kodayake ana jayayya game da danganta ta da mulkinsa. Wani muhimmin tarin wasiƙu ya samo asali ne daga lokacin, musamman daga Alcuin, wani diakon Ingila kuma malami wanda ya shafe sama da shekaru goma a kotun [[Charlemagne]] a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba shi shawara, kuma ya yi wa sarakuna, manyan mutane da kuma majami'u wasiƙu a duk faɗin Ingila. Waɗannan wasiƙun musamman sun bayyana dangantakar Offa da nahiyar, haka nan kuma tsabar kuɗinsa, wanda ya dogara ne akan misalan Carolingian . == Kakanni da iyali == [[File:Offa_genealogy.svg|left|thumb| Iyalan Offa na kusa]] An bayar da asalin Offa a cikin tarin Anglian, jerin sunayen zuriyar da suka haɗa da zuriyar sarakunan Mercian guda huɗu. Duk layuka huɗu sun fito ne daga Pybba, wanda ya yi mulkin Mercia a farkon ƙarni na 7. Zuriyar Offa ta sauko ta hanyar ɗan Pybba Eowa sannan ta hanyar wasu tsararraki uku: Osmod, Eanwulf da mahaifin Offa, Thingfrith. Æthelbald, wanda ya mulki Mercia tsawon mafi yawan shekaru arba'in kafin Offa, shi ma ya fito ne daga zuriyar Eowa bisa ga tarihin zuri'arsa: Kakan Offa, Eanwulf, ɗan uwan Æthelbald ne na farko. Æthelbald ya ba Eanwulf fili a yankin Hwicce, kuma yana yiwuwa Offa da Æthelbald sun fito daga reshe ɗaya na iyali. A cikin wani daftarin doka, Offa ya ambaci Æthelbald a matsayin danginsa, kuma Headbert, ɗan'uwan Æthelbald, ya ci gaba da shaida takardun izini bayan Offa ya hau mulki. [[File:Cynethryth_penny.jpg|left|thumb| Penny na Cynethryth, matar Sarki Offa (1.29 g)]] Matar Offa ita ce Cynethryth, wacce ba a san asalinta ba. Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa, Ecgfrith, da kuma aƙalla 'ya'ya mata uku: Ælfflæd, Eadburh da Æthelburh. An yi hasashen cewa Æthelburh ita ce abbess ɗin da ke da alaƙa da Sarki Ealdred na Hwicce, amma akwai wasu fitattun mata masu suna Æthelburh a wannan lokacin. == Mulkin farko, yankunan tsakiyar ƙasa da kuma Saxons na Tsakiya da Gabas == An kashe Æthelbald, wanda ya mulki Mercia tun daga shekarar 716, a shekarar 757. A cewar wani ci gaba na littafin Bede mai ''suna Historia Ecclesiastica'' (wanda aka rubuta ba tare da an ambaci sunansa ba bayan mutuwar Bede) an "kashe sarkin da daddare ta hanyar masu tsaronsa", kodayake ba a rubuta dalilin hakan ba. Beornred ne ya gaje Æthelbald, wanda ba a san komai game da shi ba. Ci gaba da Bede ya yi tsokaci cewa Beornred "ya yi mulki na ɗan lokaci, kuma cikin rashin jin daɗi", kuma ya ƙara da cewa "a wannan shekarar, Offa, bayan ta kori Beornred, ta nemi ta mallaki masarautar Mercians ta hanyar zubar da jini." <ref name="CCEL">The "continuation of Bede" is by other hands than Bede's, though the first few entries may be by Bede himself. See {{Cite web |title=Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England: Christian Classic Ethereal Library |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/bede/history.v.v.xxiii.html |access-date=3 June 2007}}</ref> Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa Offa bai sami gadon sarauta ba sai a shekara ta 758, tunda wani kundin tsarin mulki na shekara ta 789 ya bayyana Offa a matsayin wanda ke cikin shekara ta talatin da ɗaya ta mulkinsa. [[File:Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_796_b.jpg|left|thumb| Wani tsabar kudin Offa]] Rikicin da ya taso kan gadon sarauta ya nuna cewa Offa na buƙatar sake kafa iko kan dogaro da Mercia na gargajiya, kamar Hwicce da Magonsæte . Dokokin da suka fara daga shekaru biyu na farko na mulkin Offa sun nuna sarakunan Hwiccan a matsayin ''sarakunan gargajiya'', ko sarakuna, a ƙarƙashin ikonsa; kuma yana yiwuwa ya sami iko da sauri akan Magonsæte, wanda babu wani tarihin wani mai mulki mai zaman kansa bayan 740. Wataƙila Offa ta sami damar iko da masarautar Lindsey tun da wuri, domin da alama daular Lindsey mai zaman kanta ta ɓace a wannan lokacin. <ref name="BEASE_340" /> Ba a san da yawa game da tarihin Saxon na Gabas a ƙarni na 8 ba, amma duk wata shaida da ke akwai ta nuna cewa duka London da Middlesex, waɗanda suka kasance ɓangare na masarautar Essex, an kawo su ƙarƙashin ikon Mercian a lokacin mulkin Æthelbald. Dukansu Æthelbald da Offa sun ba da fili a Middlesex da London kamar yadda suke so; a shekara ta 767 an ba da takardar izinin mallakar filayen Offa a Harrow ba tare da wani mai mulki na gida a matsayin shaida ba. Da alama London da Middlesex sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Offa a farkon mulkinsa. Gidan sarauta na Gabashin Saxon ya tsira daga ƙarni na 8, don haka yana yiwuwa masarautar Essex ta riƙe sarakunan asali, amma ƙarƙashin ƙarfin Mercian, tsawon mafi yawan ko duka ƙarni na 8. Da wuya Offa ya yi tasiri sosai a farkon shekarun mulkinsa a wajen yankin tsakiyar Mercian. Da alama mulkin mallaka na kudancin Ingila wanda Æthelbald ya yi ya durkushe a lokacin rikicin basasa kan gadon sarauta, kuma sai a shekara ta 764, lokacin da shaida ta bayyana game da tasirin Offa a Kent, za a iya ganin ikon Mercian ya sake faɗaɗa. == Kent da Sussex == [[File:Offa_Kent_map.gif|right|thumb| Kudu maso Gabashin Ingila yana nuna wurare da aka haɗa da Offa]] Da alama Offa ya yi amfani da yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali a Kent bayan 762. Kent yana da dogon al'adar haɗin gwiwa ta sarauta, tare da gabashin da yammacin Kent a ƙarƙashin sarakuna daban-daban, kodayake sarki ɗaya yawanci yana da iko. Kafin shekarar 762, Kent ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Æthelberht II da Eadberht I ; ɗan Eadberht Eardwulf shi ma an rubuta shi a matsayin sarki. Æthelberht ya mutu a shekara ta 762, kuma an ambaci Eadberht da Eardwulf a wannan shekarar. Dokokin shekaru biyu masu zuwa sun ambaci wasu sarakunan Kent, ciki har da Sigered, Eanmund da Heahberht . A shekara ta 764, Offa ya ba da fili a Rochester da sunansa, inda Heahberht ke cikin jerin shaidu a matsayin sarkin Kent. Wani sarkin Kent, Ecgberht, ya bayyana a cikin takardar izini a shekarar 765 tare da Heahberht; daga baya Offa ta tabbatar da takardar izinin. Tasirin Offa a Kent a wannan lokacin a bayyane yake, kuma an yi hasashen cewa Offa ne ya naɗa Heahberht a matsayin abokin cinikinsa. <ref name="Kirby_165" /> Masana tarihi ba su da cikakken jituwa kan ko Offa ce ke da iko a kan Kent daga baya. An san cewa ya soke takardar izinin mallakar Ecgberht bisa dalilin cewa "ba daidai ba ne cewa ya kamata a yi zaton cewa ya ba da ƙasar da ubangidansa ya ba shi ga wani ba tare da shaidarsa ba", amma ba a san ranar da aka bayar da tallafin Ecgberht na asali ba, haka nan kuma ba a san ranar da Offa ya soke shi ba. Wataƙila Offa shine babban hafsan Kent daga 764 har zuwa aƙalla 776. Shaidar da aka bayar ta iyakance ga hannun Offa kai tsaye a masarautar tsakanin 765 da 776 ta haɗa da takardun izini guda biyu na 774 wanda ya ba da filaye a Kent; amma akwai shakku game da sahihancinsu, don haka shiga tsakani na Offa a Kent kafin 776 wataƙila ya takaita ne ga shekarun 764-65. Littafin ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' ya rubuta cewa "'Yan Mercians da mazauna Kent sun yi yaƙi a Otford " a shekara ta 776, amma bai bayar da sakamakon yaƙin ba. A al'ada ana fassara shi a matsayin nasarar Mercian, amma babu wata shaida da ke nuna ikon Offa akan Kent har zuwa 785: wani daftarin doka daga 784 ya ambaci wani sarki Kentish mai suna Ealhmund kawai, wanda zai iya nuna cewa an kayar da Mercians a Otford. Ba a san musabbabin rikicin ba: idan Offa yana mulkin Kent kafin shekarar 776, yakin Otford wataƙila tawaye ne ga ikon Mercian. Duk da haka, Ealhmund bai sake bayyana a cikin tarihin ba, kuma jerin takardun da Offa ya rubuta daga shekarun 785–89 sun bayyana ikonsa a sarari. A cikin waɗannan shekarun ya ɗauki Kent a matsayin "lardin talakawa na masarautar Mercian", kuma ana ganin ayyukansa sun wuce dangantakar da ta dace ta mulkin mallaka da kuma faɗaɗawa zuwa ga haɗa Kent da kuma kawar da zuriyar sarauta ta gida. Bayan shekara ta 785, kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi ya faɗa, "Offa ita ce abokin hamayyar sarakunan Kentish, ba shugabansu ba". Mulkin mallaka na Mercian ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 796, shekarar mutuwar Offa, lokacin da Eadberht Præn ya yi nasarar samun 'yancin kai na ɗan lokaci a ƙasar Kentish. Wataƙila Ealhmund shine uban Egbert na Wessex, kuma yana yiwuwa tsoma bakin Offa a Kent a tsakiyar shekarun 780 yana da alaƙa da korar Egbert zuwa Faransa daga baya. ''Jaridar Chronicle'' ta yi iƙirarin cewa lokacin da Egbert ya mamaye Kent a shekara ta 825, mutanen kudu maso gabas sun juya gare shi "saboda a da an tilasta musu barin danginsa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba". Wannan wataƙila yana nufin Ealhmund, kuma yana iya nufin cewa Ealhmund yana da iko na gida na masarautun kudu maso gabas. Idan haka ne, wataƙila shiga tsakani na Offa an yi shi ne don samun iko a kan wannan dangantaka da kuma karɓar ikon masarautun da ke da alaƙa da ita. Shaidar da ke nuna hannun Offa a masarautar Sussex ta fito ne daga takardun mulki, kuma kamar yadda yake a Kent babu wata cikakkiyar yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi kan yadda abubuwan suka faru. Abin da ƙaramin shaida da ya tsira ya nuna cewa sarakunan Sussex sun yi mulki a lokaci guda, kuma wataƙila ba ta taɓa kafa masarauta ɗaya ba. An yi ta jayayya cewa sarakunan yankin yammacin Sussex sun amince da ikon Offa a farkon mulkinsa, amma gabashin Sussex (yankin da ke kewaye da Hastings) ya yi masa biyayya ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Symeon na Durham, wani marubucin tarihi na ƙarni na sha biyu, ya rubuta cewa a shekara ta 771 Offa ta kayar da "mutanen Hastings", wanda zai iya rubuta tsawaita mulkin Offa akan dukkan masarautar. Duk da haka, an bayyana shakku game da sahihancin takardun yarjejeniyar da ke goyon bayan wannan nau'in abubuwan da suka faru, kuma yana yiwuwa shigar Offa kai tsaye a Sussex ta takaita ga ɗan gajeren lokaci kusan 770–71. Bayan shekarar 772, babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa sojojin Mercian sun shiga Sussex har zuwa kusan shekarar 790, kuma wataƙila Offa ya sami iko da Sussex a ƙarshen shekarun 780, kamar yadda ya yi a Kent. == Gabashin Anglia, Wessex da Northumbria == [[File:Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_silver_penny.jpg|thumb| Dinare na azurfa na Offa]] A Gabashin Anglia, Beonna wataƙila ya zama sarki a kusan shekara ta 758. Kudin Beonna na farko ya riga na Offa, kuma yana nufin 'yancin kai daga Mercia. Tarihin Gabashin Anglian da ya biyo baya ba shi da cikakken bayani, amma a shekara ta 779 Æthelberht II ya zama sarki, kuma ya kasance mai zaman kansa na tsawon lokaci har ya fitar da tsabar kuɗi na kansa. A shekara ta 794, a cewar ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', "Sarki Offa ya ba da umarnin a cire kan Sarki Æthelberht". Offa ya yi ƙera tsabar kuɗi a Gabashin Anglia a farkon shekarun 790, don haka akwai yiwuwar Æthelberht ya yi wa Offa tawaye kuma aka yanke masa kai sakamakon haka. An ci gaba da samun labaran abin da ya faru inda aka kashe Aethelberht ta hanyar makircin matar Offa Cynethryth, amma rubuce-rubucen farko da aka samo waɗannan labaran almara sun samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 11 da 12, kuma masana tarihi na baya-bayan nan ba sa ɗaukar su da kwarin gwiwa. Tatsuniya ta kuma yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe Æthelberht a Sutton St. Michael kuma an binne shi {{Convert|4|mi|0}} zuwa kudu a Hereford, inda bautarsa ta bunƙasa, ta zama ta biyu a lokaci guda bayan Canterbury a matsayin wurin zuwa ga masu ibada. A kudancin Mercia, Cynewulf ya hau gadon sarautar Wessex a shekara ta 757 kuma ya kwato yawancin yankin kan iyaka da Æthelbald ya ci daga Yammacin Saxons. Offa ta yi nasara mai mahimmanci a kan Cynewulf a Yaƙin Bensington (a Oxfordshire ) a shekara ta 779, inda ta sake kwace wasu daga cikin ƙasar da ke gefen Thames. Babu wani sahihin daftarin doka da aka tabbatar kafin wannan ranar da ya nuna Cynewulf a cikin tawagar Offa, kuma babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa Offa ya taɓa zama shugaban Cynewulf. <ref name="Stenton_209" /> A shekara ta 786, bayan kisan Cynewulf, Offa ya shiga tsakani don sanya Beorhtric a kan karagar mulkin Yammacin Saxon. Ko da Offa bai taimaka wa da'awar Beorhtric ba, da alama Beorhtric ya amince da Offa a matsayin shugabansa jim kaɗan bayan haka. <ref name="Stenton_209" /> An yi amfani da kuɗin Offa a duk faɗin masarautar Yammacin Saxon, kuma an ƙera nasa tsabar kuɗin Beorhtric ne kawai bayan mutuwar Offa. A shekara ta 789, Beorhtric ta auri Eadburh, 'yar Offa; <ref name="Yorke_141" /> ''Chronicle'' ta rubuta cewa sarakunan biyu sun haɗu suka kori Egbert zuwa Francia na tsawon "shekaru uku", inda ta ƙara da cewa "Beorhtric ya taimaki Offa saboda yana da 'yarsa a matsayin sarauniyarsa". Wasu masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa "shekaru uku" {{'}} ''Chronicle'' kuskure ne, kuma ya kamata a karanta "shekaru goma sha uku", wanda hakan ke nufin cewa gudun hijirar Egbert ta kasance daga 789 zuwa 802, amma wannan karatun ba a yi jayayya a kai ba. Asser, wani malamin addinin Kirista na ƙarni na 9 wanda ya rubuta tarihin rayuwar Alfred the Great, ya ambaci Eadburh: Asser ya ce Eadburh tana da "iko a kusan dukkan masarautar", kuma ta "fara yin hali kamar azzalumi kamar yadda mahaifinta yake". Ko da kuwa duk wani iko da take da shi a Wessex babu shakka yana da alaƙa da shugabancin mahaifinta. Idan Offa bai samu nasara a Wessex ba har sai da ya kayar da Cynewulf a shekarar 779, to yana iya zama cewa nasarorin da ya samu a kudancin kogin sun zama dole kafin ya shiga tsakani a kudu maso gabas. A wannan ra'ayi, mutuwar Egbert na Kent a kusan shekara ta 784 da mutuwar Cynewulf a shekara ta 786 su ne abubuwan da suka ba Offa damar samun iko da Kent kuma ya kawo Beorhtric cikin ikonsa. Wannan nau'in abubuwan da suka faru kuma yana ɗauka cewa Offa ba ta da iko da Kent bayan 764–65, kamar yadda wasu masana tarihi suka yi imani. Alaƙar auren Offa ta kai ga Northumbria lokacin da 'yarsa Ælfflæd ta auri Æthelred I na Northumbria a Catterick a shekara ta 792. Duk da haka, babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa Northumbria ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Mercian a lokacin mulkin Offa. == Dyke na Wales da Offa == {{Bretwalda}}Offa ta sha fama da rikici da masarautun Welsh daban-daban. An yi yaƙi tsakanin 'yan Mercians da Welsh a Hereford a cikin 760, kuma an rubuta Offa a matsayin wanda ya yi yaƙi da Welsh a cikin 778, 784 da 796 a cikin ''Annales Cambriae'' na ƙarni na goma. [[File:Offa's_Dyke.jpg|left|thumb| Ina kallon Offa's Dyke, kusa da Knill, Herefordshire]] Mafi kyawun abin tarihi da ke da alaƙa da zamanin Offa shine Dyke na Offa, wani babban shingen ƙasa wanda ke gudana kusan kan iyakar Ingila da [[Wales]] . An ambaci wannan a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa na Alfred the Great: "wani sarki mai ƙarfi mai suna Offa"&nbsp;... an gina wani babban drake tsakanin Wales da Mercia daga teku zuwa teku". Ba a taɓa yin amfani da hanyoyin tarihi na tarihi wajen gano tarihin dyke ba, amma yawancin masana tarihi ba su ga dalilin da zai sa su yi shakkar asalin Asser ba. Sunayen farko na dyke a cikin Welsh da Ingilishi suma suna goyon bayan danganta Offa da Offa. Duk da cewa Asser ya yi tsokaci cewa dyke ɗin yana gudana "daga teku zuwa teku," yanzu ana tsammanin cewa ainihin ginin ya ƙunshi kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na tsawon iyakar: a arewa yana ƙarewa kusa da Llanfynydd, ƙasa da {{Convert|5|mi|0}} daga bakin teku, yayin da a kudu yake tsayawa a Rushock Hill, kusa da Kington a Herefordshire, ƙasa da {{Convert|50|mi}} daga Tashar Bristol . Jimillar tsawon wannan sashe ya kai kimanin {{Convert|64|mi}} . <ref name="BEASE_341" /> Akwai wasu ayyukan ƙasa a kan iyakar Welsh, wanda Wat's Dyke yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan, amma ba zai yiwu a yi kwanan wata da su dangane da juna ba don haka ba za a iya tantance ko Dyke na Offa kwafin ne ko kuma wahayi ne ga Wat's Dyke ba. Gina ginin yana nuna cewa an gina shi ne don ƙirƙirar shinge mai tasiri da kuma jagorantar ra'ayoyi zuwa Wales. Wannan yana nufin cewa Mercians waɗanda suka gina shi suna da 'yancin zaɓar mafi kyawun wurin da za a yi amfani da dyke ɗin. Akwai matsugunan da ke yammacin dyke waɗanda ke da sunaye da ke nuna cewa su Ingilishi ne a ƙarni na 8, don haka wataƙila wajen zaɓar wurin da shingen zai kasance, 'yan Mercians suna miƙa wasu yankuna ga 'yan asalin Birtaniya da gangan. A madadin haka, wataƙila waɗannan matsugunan sun riga sun sake kwace su daga hannun Welsh, wanda ke nuna rawar da za ta taka wajen kare shingen. Kokari da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen gina ginin sun burge ni, kuma suna nuna cewa sarkin da ya gina shi (ko Offa ko wani) yana da tarin albarkatu a hannunsa. Akwai wasu manyan ayyukan gini masu kama da wannan, duk da haka, kamar Wat's Dyke da Danevirke, a cikin abin da yanzu ake [[Jamus|kira Jamus]] da kuma wurare kamar Stonehenge tun shekaru aru-aru da suka gabata. Ana iya ɗaukar dyke ɗin a matsayin mafi girma kuma mafi kwanan nan na ginin da mazaunan Burtaniya waɗanda ba su da ilimi sosai suka gina. == Coci == Offa ya yi mulki a matsayin sarkin Kirista, amma duk da cewa mai ba [[Charlemagne]] shawara, Alcuin, ya yaba masa saboda ibadarsa da ƙoƙarinsa na "koyar da [mutanensa] dokokin Allah", ya shiga rikici da Jænberht, Babban Bishop na Canterbury . Jænberht ya kasance mai goyon bayan Ecgberht II na Kent, wanda wataƙila ya haifar da rikici a shekarun 760 lokacin da aka san Offa ta shiga tsakani a Kent. Offa ta soke tallafin da Egbert ya bai wa Canterbury, kuma an san cewa Jænberht ya mallaki gidan ibada na Cookham, wanda ke hannun Offa. A shekara ta 786, Paparoma Adrian na ɗaya ya aika da wakilan Paparoma zuwa Ingila don su tantance yanayin cocin tare da samar da dokoki (dokokin coci) don jagorantar sarakunan Ingila, manyan mutane da malaman addini. Wannan ita ce wa'azin Paparoma na farko zuwa Ingila tun lokacin da Paparoma Gregory Mai Girma ya aika Augustine a shekara ta 597 don ya musuluntar da Anglo-Saxons. Limaman cocin sune Bishop George na Ostia, da Theophylact, bishop na Todi . Sun fara ziyartar Canterbury, sannan Offa ya karɓe su a kotunsa. Offa da Cynewulf, sarkin Yammacin Saxon, sun halarci wani taro inda aka tattauna manufofin aikin. Daga nan George ya tafi Northumbria, yayin da Theophylact ya ziyarci Mercia da "sassan Birtaniya". Rahoton da aka bayar game da aikin, wanda wakilai suka aika wa Paparoma Adrian, ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da majalisar da George ya gudanar a Northumbria, da kuma ƙa'idodin da aka bayar a can, amma kaɗan ne bayanai suka rage game da aikin Theophylact. Bayan majalisar arewa, George ya koma kudu kuma aka gudanar da wani majalisa, wanda Offa da Jænberht suka halarta, inda aka fitar da ƙarin dokoki. [[File:Offa_dioceses.gif|right|thumb| Dakunan ibada na Ingila a lokacin mulkin Offa. An nuna iyakar da ke tsakanin manyan dakunan sarauta na Lichfield da Canterbury da rubutu mai kauri.]] A shekarar 787, Offa ta yi nasarar rage ƙarfin Canterbury ta hanyar kafa babban cocin cocin Lichfield . Dole ne a tattauna batun da wakilan Paparoma a shekara ta 786, kodayake ba a ambace shi a cikin labaran da suka tsira ba. Jaridar ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' ta ba da rahoton wani "taro mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce" a shekara ta 787 a Chelsea, wanda ya amince da ƙirƙirar sabon babban bishop. An yi hasashen cewa wannan taron majalisar tarraya iri ɗaya ne da taron majalisar ta biyu da wakilai suka gudanar, amma masana tarihi sun kasu kashi biyu kan wannan batu. Hygeberht, wanda ya riga ya zama Bishop na Lichfield, ya zama babban bishop na farko kuma tilo na sabon babban cocin, kuma a ƙarshen 788 ya karɓi pallium, alamar ikonsa, daga Roma. Sabon babban cocin ya haɗa da wuraren Worcester, Hereford, [[Leicester]], Lindsey, Dommoc da Elmham ; waɗannan su ne yankunan tsakiyar ƙasar Anglian. Canterbury ta riƙe rijiyoyin a kudu da kudu maso gabas. Kaɗan daga cikin labaran da aka bayar game da ƙirƙirar sabon babban limamin cocin sun samo asali ne daga ƙarshen mulkin Offa. Sigogi biyu na abubuwan da suka faru sun bayyana a cikin hanyar musayar wasiƙu tsakanin Coenwelf, wanda ya zama sarkin Mercia jim kaɗan bayan mutuwar Offa, da Paparoma Leo na Uku, a shekara ta 798. Coenwelf ya tabbatar a cikin wasiƙarsa cewa Offa yana son a ƙirƙiri sabon babban cocin cocin ne saboda ƙiyayya ga Jænberht; amma Leo ya amsa cewa dalilin da ya sa Paparoma ya amince da ƙirƙirar shine saboda girman masarautar Mercia. Coenwelf da Leo duka suna da nasu dalilan da suka sa suka wakilci lamarin kamar yadda suka yi: Coenwelf yana roƙon Leo da ya mayar da London babban cocin kudu, yayin da Leo ke damuwa da guje wa bayyanar haɗin gwiwa da dalilan da ba su dace ba da Coenwelf ke ɗauka a Offa. Saboda haka, waɗannan maganganu ne na ɓangaren jam'iyya. Duk da haka, girman yankin Offa da kuma dangantakarsa da Jænberht da Kent tabbas sun kasance abubuwan da suka sa Offa ta buƙaci ƙirƙirar sabon babban cocin cocin. Sigar Coenwelf tana da goyon baya mai zaman kanta, tare da wasiƙa daga Alcuin zuwa ga Archbishop Æthelheard da ke nuna ra'ayinsa cewa an raba babban cocin Canterbury "ba, kamar yadda ake gani ba, ta hanyar la'akari mai ma'ana, amma ta hanyar wani sha'awar iko". Daga baya Æthelheard da kansa ya ce kyautar pallium ga Lichfield ya dogara ne akan "yaudara da shawara mai ɓatarwa". Wani dalili kuma da zai iya sa a ƙirƙiri babban limamin coci a Lichfield ya shafi ɗan Offa, Ecgfrith na Mercia . Bayan Hygeberht ya zama babban bishop, ya keɓe Ecgfrith a matsayin sarki; bikin ya gudana cikin shekara guda bayan ɗaukaka Hygeberht. Yana yiwuwa Jænberht ya ƙi yin bikin, kuma Offa yana buƙatar wani babban bishop don wannan dalili. Bikin da kansa abin lura ne saboda dalilai biyu: shine na farko da aka rubuta na tsarkakewa ga kowane sarkin Ingila, kuma abin mamaki ne domin ya tabbatar da matsayin sarauta na Ecgfrith yayin da mahaifinsa yake raye. Da Offa ya san cewa 'ya'yan [[Charlemagne]], Pippin da Louis, Paparoma Adrian ne ya keɓe su a matsayin sarakuna, kuma wataƙila yana son yin koyi da kyawawan halayen kotun Frank. Akwai wasu misalai da suka gabata: Æthelred na Mercia an ce ya zaɓi ɗansa Coenred a matsayin sarki a lokacin rayuwarsa, kuma Offa wataƙila ya san misalan Byzantine na keɓewa da sarauta. <ref name="Kirby_173" /> Duk da ƙirƙirar sabon babban cocin cocin, Jænberht ya riƙe matsayinsa na babban malamin addini a ƙasar, inda Hygeberht ya amince da fifikonsa. Lokacin da Jænberht ya mutu a shekara ta 792, an maye gurbinsa da Æthelheard, wanda Hygeberht, wanda yanzu yake babba a lokacinsa, ya tsarkake shi. Daga baya, Æthelheard ya bayyana a matsayin shaida a kan yarjejeniyar kuma ya jagoranci taron majalisar dokoki ba tare da Hygeberht ba, don haka da alama Offa ta ci gaba da girmama ikon Canterbury . Wasikar da Paparoma Adrian ya rubuta wa [[Charlemagne]] ta tsira, wadda ta yi nuni da Offa, amma ba a tabbatar da ranar ba; tana iya kasancewa tun daga shekarar 784 ko kuma a ƙarshen shekarar 791. A cikin labarin, Adrian ya ba da labarin wata jita-jita da ta same shi: An ruwaito cewa Offa ya yi wa Charlemagne tayin cewa a tsige Adrian, a maye gurbinsa da wani Paparoma ɗan Faransa. Adrian ya musanta duk wani imani da jita-jitar, amma a bayyane yake cewa abin da ya dame shi ne. Ba a ambaci sunayen maƙiyan Offa da Charlemagne ba, waɗanda Adrian ya bayyana a matsayin tushen jita-jitar. Ba a san ko wannan wasiƙar tana da alaƙa da aikin tarihi na 786 ba; idan ta riga ta kasance, to da a ce aikin wani ɓangare ne na sulhu, amma da a ce an rubuta wasiƙar bayan aikin. Offa mutum ne mai karimci ga cocin, yana kafa majami'u da gidajen ibada da dama, waɗanda galibi ake keɓewa ga St. Peter . Daga cikinsu akwai St Albans Abbey, wanda wataƙila ya kafa a farkon shekarun 790. Ya kuma yi alƙawarin bayar da kyautar mancues 365 ga Roma a kowace shekara; mancus lokaci ne na lissafi daidai da pennies talatin na azurfa, waɗanda aka samo daga tsabar kuɗin zinariya [[Daular Abbasiyyah|na Abbasid]] waɗanda ke yawo a Faransa a lokacin. Ikon gidajen addini hanya ce ɗaya da mai mulki na wancan lokacin zai iya biyan bukatun iyalinsa, kuma don haka Offa ya tabbatar (ta hanyar samun damar zama shugaban coci) cewa da yawa daga cikinsu za su ci gaba da zama mallakar matarsa ko 'ya'yansa bayan mutuwarsa. <ref name="Yorke_116" /> Wannan manufar ɗaukar gidajen addini a matsayin mallakar duniya tana wakiltar sauyi daga farkon ƙarni na 8, lokacin da aka tsara dokoki da yawa waɗanda suka nuna tushen da kuma baiwa ƙananan ministoci, maimakon ba da waɗannan filayen ga mutane marasa addini. A shekarun 770, wata abbess mai suna Æthelburh (wadda wataƙila ita ce mutum ɗaya da 'yar Offa mai wannan sunan) ta yi hayar gidajen addini da yawa a yankin Hwicce ; an bayyana cewa kayan da ta saya sun yi kama da "mai hasashe da ke tara fayil". Mallakar waɗannan ƙasashe na Æthelburh yana nuna ikon Cynethryth na ƙasashen addini, kuma Cwoenthryth, 'yar Sarki Coenwelf, ta ci gaba da wannan tsari a farkon ƙarni na 9. A al'adance ana tsammanin ko dai Offa ko Ine na Wessex ne suka kafa Schola Saxonum a Roma, a cikin yankin da a yau ake kira gundumar Romawa, ko gundumar Borgo . Schola Saxonum ta samo sunanta ne daga mayakan Saxon waɗanda suka yi hidima a Roma, amma daga ƙarshe ta zama wurin masauki ga baƙi 'yan Ingila da ke zuwa birnin. == Haɗin gwiwar Turai == Hulɗar diflomasiyyar Offa da Turai ta kasance a rubuce sosai, amma da alama ta kasance ta shekaru goma sha biyu na ƙarshe na mulkinsa ne kawai. A cikin wasiƙun da aka rubuta tun ƙarshen shekarun 780 ko farkon shekarun 790, Alcuin ya taya Offa murna saboda ƙarfafa ilimi kuma ya gaishe da matar Offa da ɗanta, Cynethryth da Ecgfrith . A kusan shekara ta 789, ko kuma jim kaɗan kafin haka, [[Charlemagne]] ya gabatar da shawarar cewa ɗansa Charles ya auri ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Offa, wataƙila Ælfflæd . Offa ya mayar da martani da buƙatar cewa ɗansa Ecgfrith shi ma ya auri 'yar Charlemagne Bertha: Charlemagne ya fusata da buƙatar, kuma ya katse hulɗa da Birtaniya, inda ya hana jiragen ruwan Ingila sauka a tashoshin jiragen ruwansa. Wasikun Alcuin sun bayyana karara cewa kafin karshen shekarar 790 har yanzu ba a warware takaddamar ba, kuma Alcuin yana fatan a aiko shi don taimakawa wajen samar da zaman lafiya. A ƙarshe an dawo da dangantakar diflomasiyya, aƙalla wani ɓangare ta hannun hukumar Gervold, abban cocin St Wandrille . Charlemagne ya nemi goyon baya daga cocin Ingila a majalisar Frankfurt a shekara ta 794, inda aka yi watsi da dokokin da aka zartar a shekara ta 787 a Majalisar Nicaea ta Biyu, kuma aka la'anci bishop-bishop biyu na Spain, Felix da Elipandus . [1] A shekara ta 796 Charlemagne ya rubuta wa Offa wasiƙa; wasiƙar ta tsira kuma tana nuni ga wasiƙar Offa da ta gabata zuwa ga Charlemagne. Wannan wasiƙa tsakanin sarakunan biyu ta samar da takardu na farko da suka tsira a tarihin diflomasiyyar Ingila. [2] Wasikar ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan matsayin mahajjatan Ingila a nahiyar da kuma kyaututtukan diflomasiyya, amma ta bayyana abubuwa da yawa game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Ingila da Franks . [3] Charlemagne ya kira Offa a matsayin "ɗan'uwansa", kuma ya ambaci cinikin duwatsu baƙi, waɗanda aka aika daga nahiyar zuwa Ingila, da kuma riguna (ko wataƙila mayafai), waɗanda aka yi ciniki da su daga Ingila zuwa ga Franks. [4] Wasikar Charlemagne ta kuma yi magana game da waɗanda aka kora daga Ingila, inda ta ambaci sunan Odberht, wanda kusan mutum ɗaya ne da Eadberht Præn, a cikinsu. Egbert na Wessex wani ɗan gudun hijira ne daga Offa wanda ya nemi mafaka a kotun Frankish. A bayyane yake cewa manufar Charlemagne ta haɗa da goyon bayan waɗanda ke adawa da Offa; baya ga kare Egbert da Eadberht, ya kuma aika da kyaututtuka ga Æthelred I na Northumbria . [5] Abubuwan da suka faru a kudancin Birtaniya zuwa 796 wani lokacin ana nuna su a matsayin gwagwarmaya tsakanin Offa da Charlemagne, amma rashin daidaito a cikin ikonsu ya yi yawa. A shekara ta 796, Charlemagne ya zama shugaban wata daular da ta miƙe daga [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] zuwa Babban Filin Hungary, kuma Offa da Coenwelf a bayyane suke ƙananan mutane idan aka kwatanta su. == Gwamnati == Yanayin sarautar Mercian bai bayyana ba daga iyakantattun majiyoyin da suka tsira. Akwai manyan ka'idoji guda biyu game da asalin sarakunan Mercian na wannan lokacin. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne cewa zuriyar gidan sarauta daban-daban sun fafata a zaɓen sarauta. Misali, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 7, Penda ta sanya dangin sarauta a ƙarƙashin ikon lardunan da aka ci da yaƙi. [1] A madadin haka, wataƙila wasu ƙungiyoyin dangi da ke da tushen iko na gida sun yi takara don maye gurbin. Ƙananan masarautun Hwicce, Tomsæte da Gaini da ba a san ko su waye ba misalai ne na irin waɗannan tushen iko. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin aure ma zai iya taka rawa. Manyan mutane masu fafatawa, waɗanda ake kira a cikin takardun mulki "dux" ko "princeps" (wato, shugabanni), wataƙila sun kawo sarakunan kan mulki. A cikin wannan tsarin, sarakunan Mercian ba su wuce manyan mutane ba. [2] Da alama Offa ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙara kwanciyar hankali na sarautar Mercian, ta hanyar kawar da abokan hamayyar daular ɗansa Ecgfrith, da kuma rage matsayin sarakunan da yake jagoranta, wani lokacin zuwa matsayin ealdorman . [3] Duk da haka, a ƙarshe bai yi nasara ba; Ecgfrith ya rayu a kan mulki na tsawon watanni kaɗan kawai, kuma Mercia ta ƙarni na tara ta ci gaba da jawo sarakunanta daga layukan daular da yawa. [4] Akwai shaida da ke nuna cewa Offa ta gina jerin gine-ginen tsaro, ko garuruwa masu garu; ba a yarda da wuraren ba gabaɗaya amma suna iya haɗawa da Bedford, Hereford, Northampton, Oxford da Stamford . Baya ga amfani da su wajen kare kansu, ana kyautata zaton waɗannan gundumomi cibiyoyin gudanarwa ne, suna aiki a matsayin kasuwannin yanki kuma suna nuna sauyi a tattalin arzikin Mercian daga asalinsa a matsayin ƙungiyar mutanen tsakiyar yankin. Burhs sune farkon hanyar tsaro da Alfred the Great ya aiwatar da ita bayan ƙarni ɗaya don magance mamayar Denmark . [1] [2] Duk da haka, Offa bai fahimci canje-canjen tattalin arziki da suka zo da manyan birane ba, don haka ba shi da haɗari a ɗauka cewa ya yi hasashen duk fa'idodinsu. [3] A shekara ta 749, Æthelbald na Mercia ya fitar da wani daftarin doka wanda ya 'yantar da filayen coci daga dukkan wajibai sai dai buƙatar gina katanga da gadoji - wajibai da suka rataya a kan kowa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na trinoda necessitas . [4] [5] Dokokin Offa na Kentish sun nuna yana ɗora irin waɗannan nauyin ga waɗanda suka karɓi tallafinsa a can, kuma wannan na iya zama alama cewa ana yaɗa wajibai a wajen Mercia. [6] [7] Waɗannan nauyin wani ɓangare ne na martanin Offa ga barazanar "matukin jirgin ruwa na arna". [8] [9] Offa ya fitar da dokoki da sunansa, amma babu wani cikakken bayani game da su da ya tsira. An san su ne kawai daga ambaton Alfred the Great, a cikin gabatarwar dokar Alfred. Alfred ya ce ya haɗa a cikin kundin dokokinsa waɗannan dokokin Offa, Ine na Wessex da Æthelberht na Kent waɗanda ya ga "mafi adalci". Dokokin na iya zama dokokin da ba su da 'yanci, amma kuma yana yiwuwa Alfred yana magana ne game da rahoton aikin da aka yi a shekarar 786, wanda ya fitar da dokoki da Mercians suka ɗauka su bi. == Tsabar kuɗi == [[File:Offa_moneyer_Edelmod_7_8th_century.jpg|thumb| Juyawar tsabar kudin Offa, mai ɗauke da sunan mai kuɗi Ethelnoth. [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]], Landan]] A farkon karni na 8, sceattas sune babban tsabar kuɗi da ke yawo. Waɗannan ƙananan tsabar kuɗi ne na azurfa, waɗanda ba sa ɗauke da sunan mai kuɗi ko sarkin da aka samar da su dominsa. Ga mutanen zamanin nan, waɗannan wataƙila an san su da tsabar kuɗi, kuma su ne tsabar kuɗin da aka ambata a cikin dokokin Ine of Wessex . [1] [2] [3] Wannan tsabar kuɗi mai sauƙi (sabanin tsabar kuɗi masu nauyi da aka ƙera daga baya a zamanin mulkin Offa) wataƙila an ƙirƙire ta ne a ƙarshen shekarun 760 da farkon shekarun 770. Ana iya gano tsabar kuɗi ta biyu mai matsakaicin nauyi kafin farkon shekarun 790. [4] Waɗannan sabbin tsabar kuɗi masu matsakaicin nauyi sun fi nauyin kuɗi, faɗi da siriri fiye da kuɗin da suka maye gurbinsu, [1] kuma gyare-gyaren kuɗin Carolingian na zamani ne ya haifar da su. [5] Sabbin kuɗin dai kusan koyaushe suna ɗauke da sunan Offa da sunan mai kuɗi wanda tsabar kuɗin da aka samo daga injina suka fito. [1] Da alama gyaran da aka yi a cikin tsabar kudin ya wuce na Offa: sarakunan Gabashin Anglia, Kent da Wessex duk sun samar da tsabar kudi masu nauyin sabon nauyi a wannan lokacin. [6] Wasu tsabar kuɗi daga zamanin Offa suna ɗauke da sunayen manyan limaman cocin Canterbury, Jænberht, kuma bayan shekara ta 792, Æthelheard. Duk tsabar kuɗin Jænberht na cikin tsabar kuɗi marasa nauyi, maimakon tsabar kuɗin da aka yi amfani da su a baya. Akwai kuma shaidar cewa Eadberht, wanda shi ne Bishop na London a shekarun 780s da kuma wataƙila a da, ya bayar da tsabar kuɗi. Rikicin Offa da Jænberht wataƙila ya sa ya ba wa Eadberht damar mallakar haƙƙin mallaka, wanda wataƙila an soke shi lokacin da aka ɗaga darajar Lichfield zuwa babban limamin coci. [[File:Offa_and_Cynethryth_pennies.gif|left|thumb|300x300px| Dala biyu na azurfa na zamanin mulkin Offa. Kwalliyar hannun dama ta nuna Cynethryth.]] Tsabar kuɗi masu matsakaicin nauyi galibi suna ɗauke da ƙira masu inganci na fasaha, waɗanda suka wuce na kuɗin Faransa na yanzu. [1] An bayyana hotunan tsabar kuɗi na Offa a matsayin "wanda ke nuna ɗanɗanon kisa wanda ya kebanta a tarihin tsabar kuɗin Anglo-Saxon". [2] Zane-zanen Offa a kan tsabar kuɗin sun haɗa da wani hoto mai ban sha'awa da kyau wanda ke nuna shi da gashinsa mai yawan lanƙwasa, da kuma wani hoton inda yake sanye da gashin da aka yi masa lanƙwasa da matsewa. Wasu tsabar kuɗi sun nuna shi sanye da sarƙa mai abin wuya. Iri-iri na waɗannan zane-zanen yana nuna cewa masu yanke kayan Offa sun sami damar amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na fasaha don wahayi zuwa gare su. [3] Matar Offa Cynethryth ita ce kaɗai sarauniyar Anglo-Saxon da aka taɓa sanya mata suna ko kuma aka nuna ta a kan tsabar kuɗi, a cikin wani jerin tsabar kuɗi mai ban mamaki da Eoba mai kuɗi ya buga. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coupland |first=Simon |date=2023 |title=A coin of Queen Fastrada and Charlemagne |journal=Early Medieval Europe |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=585–597 |doi=10.1111/emed.12640 |s2cid=258491265 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan wataƙila an samo su ne daga tsabar kuɗi na zamani daga zamanin sarkin [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantine]] Constantine na VI, wanda ya ƙera wani jerin hotuna da ke nuna hoton mahaifiyarsa, Sarauniya Irene ta baya, kodayake tsabar kuɗin Byzantine suna nuna ɓawon gaban Irene maimakon bayanin martaba, don haka ba za a iya cewa sun zama samfurin kai tsaye ba. A lokacin mutuwar Jænberht da maye gurbinsa da Æthelheard a shekara ta 792–93, an sake gyara kuɗin azurfa a karo na biyu: a cikin wannan "nauyin tsabar kuɗi mai yawa" an sake ƙara nauyin kuɗin, kuma an gabatar da ƙirar da ba ta da hoto a kowane lokaci. Babu ɗaya daga cikin tsabar kuɗin Jænberht ko Cynethryth da ya faru a cikin wannan tsabar kuɗin, yayin da duk tsabar kuɗin Æthelheard suna da nauyin sabon nauyi. [[File:Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg|thumb| Dinari na zinariya na Offa, kwafin dinaran [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Khalifancin Abbas]] (774)]] Akwai kuma tsabar zinare da suka rage daga zamanin mulkin Offa. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine kwafin dinari na Abbasiyawa da Khalifa Al-Mansur ya buga a shekara ta 774, [1] tare da "Offa Rex" da aka saka a cikin layuka uku na Larabci, waɗanda aka juya. Rubutun shine shahadah, shelar imani ta musulunci, kuma yana karanta " محمد رسول ﷲ " ("Muḥammad rasūl Allāh") wanda ke fassara da "Muhammad, manzon Allah". Wataƙila mai kuɗi bai fahimci Larabci ba domin rubutun Larabci ba shi da kyau. Wataƙila an ƙera kuɗin ne don yin ciniki da ƙasar Musulunci ta Spain ; ko kuma yana iya zama wani ɓangare na biyan mancues 365 na shekara-shekara da Offa ya yi wa Roma alkawari. [2] Akwai wasu kwafin dinar Abbasiyawa na Yamma na lokacin, amma ba a san ko Ingilishi ne ko kuma Faransanci ba. Wasu tsabar kuɗi guda biyu na zinariya na Ingila na wannan lokacin sun tsira, daga masu kuɗi biyu, Pendraed da Ciolheard: ana tsammanin na farko ya fito ne daga zamanin Offa amma na biyun na iya kasancewa na zamanin Offa ko na Coenwelf, wanda ya hau karagar mulki a shekara ta 796. Ba a san wani abu da ya tabbata game da amfani da su ba, amma wataƙila an yi amfani da su azaman sadaka. [3] [4] Duk da cewa da yawa daga cikin tsabar kudin suna ɗauke da sunan mai kuɗi, babu wata alama da ke nuna inda aka buga kowace tsabar kuɗi. Sakamakon haka, adadin da wurin da na'urorin mint da Offa ke amfani da su ba a tabbatar ba. Ra'ayin da ake da shi a yanzu shi ne cewa akwai mints huɗu, a Canterbury, Rochester, East Anglia da London. == Tsayi == Lakabin da Offa ya yi amfani da shi a mafi yawan takardunsa shine "rex Merciorium", ko "sarkin Mercians", kodayake ana faɗaɗa shi lokaci-lokaci zuwa "sarkin Mercians da ƙasashen da ke kewaye". [1] Wasu daga cikin takardunsa suna amfani da taken "Rex Anglorum", ko "Sarkin Ingila", kuma an yi la'akari da wannan a matsayin wata magana mai ƙarfi ta ikonsa. Akwai muhawara kan wannan batu, duk da haka, domin da yawa daga cikin takardun da aka sanya wa Offa suna "Rex Anglorum" ba su da tabbas game da sahihancinsu. Suna iya wakiltar jabun da aka yi a ƙarni na 10 daga baya, lokacin da wannan lakabin ya kasance misali ga sarakunan Ingila. [2] Mafi kyawun shaidar da ke nuna amfani da Offa ta yi da wannan lakabin ya fito ne daga tsabar kuɗi, ba takardar haya ba: akwai wasu tsabar kuɗi da aka rubuta "Of ℞ A", amma ba a ɗauka a matsayin tabbataccen hujja cewa wannan yana nufin "Offa Rex Anglorum" ba. [3] A ''Ingila ta Anglo-Saxon'', Stenton ya yi jayayya cewa Offa wataƙila shine babban sarki a masarautar Ingila, yana mai cewa "babu wani sarki na Anglo-Saxon da ya taɓa ɗaukar duniya a matsayin haka."&nbsp;... ma'anar siyasa mai zurfi". Masana tarihi da yawa suna ɗaukar nasarorin Offa a matsayin na biyu bayan Alfred the Great a tsakanin sarakunan Anglo-Saxon. A wasu lokutan ana ɗaukar mulkin Offa a matsayin wani muhimmin mataki a cikin sauyin zuwa ga haɗin kan Ingila, amma wannan ba shine ra'ayin gabaɗaya tsakanin masana tarihi a wannan fanni ba. A cikin kalaman Simon Keynes, "Offa ya kasance mai sha'awar iko, ba hangen nesa na haɗin kan Ingila ba; kuma abin da ya bari suna ne, ba gado ba." Yanzu ana kyautata zaton cewa Offa ya yi tunanin kansa a matsayin "Sarkin Mercians", kuma nasarorin da ya samu a fannin soja wani ɓangare ne na sauya Mercia daga mulkin mallaka na mutanen tsakiyar ƙasa zuwa masarauta mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi. <ref name="BEASE_340" /> == Mutuwa da kuma gadon sarauta == Offa ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuli 796, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller, Sean |title=July 29, 796: Death of King Offa of Mercia |url=http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=day&id=07290796 |access-date=12 April 2012 |website=Anglo-Saxons |publisher=anglo-saxons.net}}</ref> kuma ana iya binne shi a Bedford, kodayake ba a bayyana cewa "Bedeford" da aka ambata a cikin wannan takardar ba a zahiri Bedford ne na zamani. A shekara ta 1837 an tono wani akwatin gawa na Saxon a makabartar Cocin St Mary, Hemel Hempstead wanda ke ɗauke da rubutu cewa yana ɗauke da "tokar Sarki Offa na Mercians". Ɗansa, Ecgfrith na Mercia, ya gaje shi, amma a cewar ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' Ecgfrith ya mutu bayan ya yi mulki na kwanaki 141 kacal. Wasikar da Alcuin ya rubuta a shekara ta 797 ga wani ɗan ƙasar Mercian mai suna Osbert ta nuna cewa Offa ya yi iya ƙoƙarinsa don tabbatar da cewa ɗansa Ecgfrith ne zai gaje shi. Ra'ayin Alcuin shine cewa Ecgfrith "bai mutu ba saboda zunubansa; amma ramuwar jinin da mahaifinsa ya zubar don tabbatar da mulkin ya kai ga ɗan. Domin ka san sosai irin jinin da mahaifinsa ya zubar don tabbatar da mulkin ga ɗansa." A bayyane yake cewa baya ga tsarkakewar Ecgfrith a shekarar 787, Offa ta kawar da abokan hamayyarta na daular. Wannan da alama ya koma baya, daga mahangar sarakuna, domin babu wani dangin Offa ko Ecgfrith da aka rubuta na kusa, kuma Coenwelf, magajin Ecgfrith, yana da alaƙa ta nesa da zuriyar Offa. == Duba kuma == * ''Offaculus'' * ''Vitae duorum Offarum'' == Manazarta == {{Kings of Mercia}} == Majiyoyi == ; Majiyoyin farko * {{Cite web |title=Medieval Sourcebook: The Annales Cambriae (Annals of Wales) |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/annalescambriae.html |access-date=17 December 2007 |website=Annales Cambriae |publisher=[[College of Staten Island]], [[City University of New York]] |ref=none}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=Bede}} * {{Cite web |title=Offa 7 |url={{PASE|305|bare=1}} |access-date=6 April 2007 |website=Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England |publisher=[[King's College London]] |ref=none}} *   *   *   ; Majiyoyi na biyu * Abels, Richard, "''Trinoda Necessitas''", in   * Blackburn, Mark & Grierson, Philip, ''Medieval European Coinage.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, reprinted with corrections 2006. {{ISBN|0-521-03177-X}} *   *   *   *   * Featherstone, Peter, "The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia", in   *   *   *   *   *   (subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required) * Keynes, Simon, "Cynethryth", in   * idem, "Mercia", in   * idem, "Offa", in   * idem, "Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century", in   *   *   * Lapidge, Michael, "Alcuin of York", in   *   * Nelson, Janet, "Carolingian Contacts", in   * Stafford, Pauline, "Political Women in Mercia, Eighth to Early Tenth Centuries", in   * {{Cite book|last3=Frank Stenton}} * Williams, Gareth, "Mercian Coinage and Authority", in   * idem, "Military Institutions and Royal Power", in   * Wormald, Patrick, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", in   *   *   * Worthington, Margaret, "Offa's Dyke", in   * eadem, "Wat's Dyke", in   == Ƙarin karatu == *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Offa 7 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England {{Kings of East Anglia}}{{Viking Invasion of England}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j920ocvbaiu83qcmbmr1a335fc6uz2e 964206 964205 2026-10-07T07:52:42Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 964206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Offa''' (ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuli 796 AD ) shine Sarkin Mercia, masarautar Anglo-Saxon Ingila, daga shekara ta 757 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 796. Ɗan Thingfrith kuma zuriyar Eowa, Offa ya hau karagar mulki bayan wani lokaci na yaƙin basasa bayan kisan gillar Æthelbald . Offa ya kayar da ɗayan mai ƙara, Beornred . A farkon shekarun mulkin Offa, akwai yiwuwar ya ƙarfafa ikonsa na mulkin mutanen Midland kamar Hwicce da Magonsæte . Ta hanyar amfani da rashin zaman lafiya a masarautar Kent don kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulki, Offa ya kuma mallaki Sussex a shekarar 771, kodayake ikonsa bai ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da wata matsala ba a kowane yanki. A shekarun 780 ya faɗaɗa mulkin Mercian Supremacy a mafi yawan kudancin Ingila, inda ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Beorhtric na Wessex, wanda ya auri 'yar Offa Eadburh, kuma ya sake samun cikakken iko a kudu maso gabas. Ya kuma zama shugaban Gabashin Anglia kuma ya sa aka yanke wa Sarki Æthelberht na Biyu na Gabashin Anglia a shekara ta 794, wataƙila saboda tawaye a kansa. Offa sarki ne na Kirista wanda ya shiga rikici da Cocin, musamman da Jænberht, Babban Bishop na Canterbury . Offa ya shawo kan Paparoma Adrian na ɗaya ya raba babban cocin Canterbury gida biyu, inda ya ƙirƙiri sabon babban cocin Lichfield . Wannan raguwar ikon Canterbury wataƙila ya faru ne saboda sha'awar Offa na samun babban bishop ya keɓe ɗansa Ecgfrith a matsayin sarki, tunda yana yiwuwa Jænberht ya ƙi yin bikin, wanda ya faru a shekara ta 787. Offa ta samu takaddama da Bishop na Worcester, wanda aka warware shi a Majalisar Brentford a shekarar 781. Da yawa daga cikin tsabar kuɗi da suka tsira daga zamanin Offa suna ɗauke da kyawawan hotuna nasa, kuma ingancin fasahar waɗannan hotunan ya wuce na tsabar kuɗin Frankish na zamani. Wasu daga cikin tsabar kuɗinsa suna ɗauke da hotunan matarsa, Cynethryth —sarauniyar Anglo-Saxon kaɗai da aka taɓa zana a kan tsabar kuɗi. Tsabar zinare uku na Offa ne kawai suka rage: ɗaya kwafin dinari na Abbasiyawa ne na 774 kuma yana ɗauke da rubutun Larabci a gefe ɗaya, tare da "Offa Rex" a ɗayan gefen. Ba a amfani da tsabar kuɗin zinariyar a zahiri ba, amma ana iya amfani da su don sadaka ko kuma don kyaututtuka ga Romawa. Masana tarihi da yawa suna ɗaukar Offa a matsayin sarkin Anglo-Saxon mafi ƙarfi kafin Alfred the Great . Mulkinsa bai taɓa kai ga Northumbria ba, duk da cewa ya aurar da 'yarsa Ælfflæd ga sarkin Northumbrian Æthelred I a shekara ta 792. Masana tarihi sun taɓa ganin mulkinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani tsari da ya kai ga haɗin kan Ingila, amma wannan ba shine ra'ayin mafi rinjaye ba: a cikin kalmomin masanin tarihi Simon Keynes, "Offa ya kasance mai sha'awar iko, ba hangen nesa na haɗin kan Ingila ba; kuma abin da ya bari shine suna, ba gado ba." Ɗansa Ecgfrith ya gaje shi bayan mutuwarsa, amma ya yi mulki na ƙasa da watanni biyar kafin Coenwelf na Mercia ya zama sarki. == Bayani da tushe == [[File:British_kingdoms_c_800.svg|right|thumb|354x354px| Masarautun Birtaniya a zamanin mulkin Offa]] [[File:Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle_-_Offa_Myrcna_cyning.jpg|right|thumb| An ambaci Offa, sarkin Mercian, a cikin ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'']] A rabin farko na ƙarni na 8, sarkin Anglo-Saxon mafi rinjaye shine Sarki Æthelbald na Mercia, wanda a shekara ta 731 ya zama shugaban dukkan lardunan kudu da Kogin Humber . Æthelbald yana ɗaya daga cikin sarakunan Mercian masu ƙarfi da suka yi mulki daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 7 zuwa farkon ƙarni na 9, kuma sai a zamanin Egbert na Wessex a ƙarni na 9 ne ƙarfin Mercian ya fara raguwa. Ƙarfi da martabar da Offa ya samu sun sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan sarakuna a farkon zamanin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, duk da cewa babu [[Biography|wani tarihin rayuwarsa]] na zamani da ya tsira. Muhimmin tushe a wannan lokacin shine ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', tarin tarihin tarihi a cikin Tsohon Turanci wanda ke ba da labarin tarihin Anglo-Saxons. Duk da haka, ''Chronicle'' wani nau'in kayan tarihi ne na West Saxon, kuma wani lokacin ana tunanin yana nuna son kai ga Wessex; don haka ba zai iya nuna daidai ƙarfin da Offa, wani ɗan Mercian ya samu ba. Ana iya ganin wannan iko a cikin ayyukan hayar da aka yi tun daga zamanin mulkin Offa. Takardu ne da ke ba da filaye ga mabiya ko kuma ga malaman coci kuma sarakunan da ke da ikon ba da ƙasar sun shaida su. Dokar za ta iya rubuta sunayen sarki da kuma shugabansa a cikin jerin shaidun da aka haɗa a cikin tallafin. Ana iya ganin irin wannan jerin shaidu a cikin Diploma na Ismere, misali, inda aka kwatanta Æthelric, ɗan sarki Oshere na Hwicce, a matsayin " ''subregulus'' ", ko kuma ƙarƙashin, na Æthelbald's. Limamin ƙarni na takwas kuma marubucin tarihi mai suna Venerable Bede ya rubuta tarihin cocin Ingila mai suna {{Lang|la|[[Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum]]}} ; tarihin ya ƙunshi abubuwan da suka faru har zuwa 731 kawai, amma a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan tushen tarihin Anglo-Saxon, yana ba da mahimman bayanai game da tarihin mulkin Offa. Dyke na Offa, wanda wataƙila an gina mafi yawansa a zamanin mulkinsa, shaida ce ga dimbin albarkatun da Offa ke da su a ƙarƙashin ikonsa da kuma iyawarsa ta tsara su. Sauran majiyoyin da suka tsira sun haɗa da wata takarda mai matsala da aka sani da Tribal Hidage, wadda za ta iya bayar da ƙarin shaida game da ikon Offa a matsayin mai mulki, kodayake ana jayayya game da danganta ta da mulkinsa. Wani muhimmin tarin wasiƙu ya samo asali ne daga lokacin, musamman daga Alcuin, wani diakon Ingila kuma malami wanda ya shafe sama da shekaru goma a kotun [[Charlemagne]] a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba shi shawara, kuma ya yi wa sarakuna, manyan mutane da kuma majami'u wasiƙu a duk faɗin Ingila. Waɗannan wasiƙun musamman sun bayyana dangantakar Offa da nahiyar, haka nan kuma tsabar kuɗinsa, wanda ya dogara ne akan misalan Carolingian . == Kakanni da iyali == [[File:Offa_genealogy.svg|left|thumb| Iyalan Offa na kusa]] An bayar da asalin Offa a cikin tarin Anglian, jerin sunayen zuriyar da suka haɗa da zuriyar sarakunan Mercian guda huɗu. Duk layuka huɗu sun fito ne daga Pybba, wanda ya yi mulkin Mercia a farkon ƙarni na 7. Zuriyar Offa ta sauko ta hanyar ɗan Pybba Eowa sannan ta hanyar wasu tsararraki uku: Osmod, Eanwulf da mahaifin Offa, Thingfrith. Æthelbald, wanda ya mulki Mercia tsawon mafi yawan shekaru arba'in kafin Offa, shi ma ya fito ne daga zuriyar Eowa bisa ga tarihin zuri'arsa: Kakan Offa, Eanwulf, ɗan uwan Æthelbald ne na farko. Æthelbald ya ba Eanwulf fili a yankin Hwicce, kuma yana yiwuwa Offa da Æthelbald sun fito daga reshe ɗaya na iyali. A cikin wani daftarin doka, Offa ya ambaci Æthelbald a matsayin danginsa, kuma Headbert, ɗan'uwan Æthelbald, ya ci gaba da shaida takardun izini bayan Offa ya hau mulki. [[File:Cynethryth_penny.jpg|left|thumb| Penny na Cynethryth, matar Sarki Offa (1.29 g)]] Matar Offa ita ce Cynethryth, wacce ba a san asalinta ba. Ma'auratan sun haifi ɗa, Ecgfrith, da kuma aƙalla 'ya'ya mata uku: Ælfflæd, Eadburh da Æthelburh. An yi hasashen cewa Æthelburh ita ce abbess ɗin da ke da alaƙa da Sarki Ealdred na Hwicce, amma akwai wasu fitattun mata masu suna Æthelburh a wannan lokacin. == Mulkin farko, yankunan tsakiyar ƙasa da kuma Saxons na Tsakiya da Gabas == An kashe Æthelbald, wanda ya mulki Mercia tun daga shekarar 716, a shekarar 757. A cewar wani ci gaba na littafin Bede mai ''suna Historia Ecclesiastica'' (wanda aka rubuta ba tare da an ambaci sunansa ba bayan mutuwar Bede) an "kashe sarkin da daddare ta hanyar masu tsaronsa", kodayake ba a rubuta dalilin hakan ba. Beornred ne ya gaje Æthelbald, wanda ba a san komai game da shi ba. Ci gaba da Bede ya yi tsokaci cewa Beornred "ya yi mulki na ɗan lokaci, kuma cikin rashin jin daɗi", kuma ya ƙara da cewa "a wannan shekarar, Offa, bayan ta kori Beornred, ta nemi ta mallaki masarautar Mercians ta hanyar zubar da jini." <ref name="CCEL">The "continuation of Bede" is by other hands than Bede's, though the first few entries may be by Bede himself. See {{Cite web |title=Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England: Christian Classic Ethereal Library |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/bede/history.v.v.xxiii.html |access-date=3 June 2007}}</ref> Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa Offa bai sami gadon sarauta ba sai a shekara ta 758, tunda wani kundin tsarin mulki na shekara ta 789 ya bayyana Offa a matsayin wanda ke cikin shekara ta talatin da ɗaya ta mulkinsa. [[File:Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_796_b.jpg|left|thumb| Wani tsabar kudin Offa]] Rikicin da ya taso kan gadon sarauta ya nuna cewa Offa na buƙatar sake kafa iko kan dogaro da Mercia na gargajiya, kamar Hwicce da Magonsæte . Dokokin da suka fara daga shekaru biyu na farko na mulkin Offa sun nuna sarakunan Hwiccan a matsayin ''sarakunan gargajiya'', ko sarakuna, a ƙarƙashin ikonsa; kuma yana yiwuwa ya sami iko da sauri akan Magonsæte, wanda babu wani tarihin wani mai mulki mai zaman kansa bayan 740. Wataƙila Offa ta sami damar iko da masarautar Lindsey tun da wuri, domin da alama daular Lindsey mai zaman kanta ta ɓace a wannan lokacin. <ref name="BEASE_340" /> Ba a san da yawa game da tarihin Saxon na Gabas a ƙarni na 8 ba, amma duk wata shaida da ke akwai ta nuna cewa duka London da Middlesex, waɗanda suka kasance ɓangare na masarautar Essex, an kawo su ƙarƙashin ikon Mercian a lokacin mulkin Æthelbald. Dukansu Æthelbald da Offa sun ba da fili a Middlesex da London kamar yadda suke so; a shekara ta 767 an ba da takardar izinin mallakar filayen Offa a Harrow ba tare da wani mai mulki na gida a matsayin shaida ba. Da alama London da Middlesex sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Offa a farkon mulkinsa. Gidan sarauta na Gabashin Saxon ya tsira daga ƙarni na 8, don haka yana yiwuwa masarautar Essex ta riƙe sarakunan asali, amma ƙarƙashin ƙarfin Mercian, tsawon mafi yawan ko duka ƙarni na 8. Da wuya Offa ya yi tasiri sosai a farkon shekarun mulkinsa a wajen yankin tsakiyar Mercian. Da alama mulkin mallaka na kudancin Ingila wanda Æthelbald ya yi ya durkushe a lokacin rikicin basasa kan gadon sarauta, kuma sai a shekara ta 764, lokacin da shaida ta bayyana game da tasirin Offa a Kent, za a iya ganin ikon Mercian ya sake faɗaɗa. == Kent da Sussex == [[File:Offa_Kent_map.gif|right|thumb| Kudu maso Gabashin Ingila yana nuna wurare da aka haɗa da Offa]] Da alama Offa ya yi amfani da yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali a Kent bayan 762. Kent yana da dogon al'adar haɗin gwiwa ta sarauta, tare da gabashin da yammacin Kent a ƙarƙashin sarakuna daban-daban, kodayake sarki ɗaya yawanci yana da iko. Kafin shekarar 762, Kent ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Æthelberht II da Eadberht I ; ɗan Eadberht Eardwulf shi ma an rubuta shi a matsayin sarki. Æthelberht ya mutu a shekara ta 762, kuma an ambaci Eadberht da Eardwulf a wannan shekarar. Dokokin shekaru biyu masu zuwa sun ambaci wasu sarakunan Kent, ciki har da Sigered, Eanmund da Heahberht . A shekara ta 764, Offa ya ba da fili a Rochester da sunansa, inda Heahberht ke cikin jerin shaidu a matsayin sarkin Kent. Wani sarkin Kent, Ecgberht, ya bayyana a cikin takardar izini a shekarar 765 tare da Heahberht; daga baya Offa ta tabbatar da takardar izinin. Tasirin Offa a Kent a wannan lokacin a bayyane yake, kuma an yi hasashen cewa Offa ne ya naɗa Heahberht a matsayin abokin cinikinsa. <ref name="Kirby_165" /> Masana tarihi ba su da cikakken jituwa kan ko Offa ce ke da iko a kan Kent daga baya. An san cewa ya soke takardar izinin mallakar Ecgberht bisa dalilin cewa "ba daidai ba ne cewa ya kamata a yi zaton cewa ya ba da ƙasar da ubangidansa ya ba shi ga wani ba tare da shaidarsa ba", amma ba a san ranar da aka bayar da tallafin Ecgberht na asali ba, haka nan kuma ba a san ranar da Offa ya soke shi ba. Wataƙila Offa shine babban hafsan Kent daga 764 har zuwa aƙalla 776. Shaidar da aka bayar ta iyakance ga hannun Offa kai tsaye a masarautar tsakanin 765 da 776 ta haɗa da takardun izini guda biyu na 774 wanda ya ba da filaye a Kent; amma akwai shakku game da sahihancinsu, don haka shiga tsakani na Offa a Kent kafin 776 wataƙila ya takaita ne ga shekarun 764-65. Littafin ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' ya rubuta cewa "'Yan Mercians da mazauna Kent sun yi yaƙi a Otford " a shekara ta 776, amma bai bayar da sakamakon yaƙin ba. A al'ada ana fassara shi a matsayin nasarar Mercian, amma babu wata shaida da ke nuna ikon Offa akan Kent har zuwa 785: wani daftarin doka daga 784 ya ambaci wani sarki Kentish mai suna Ealhmund kawai, wanda zai iya nuna cewa an kayar da Mercians a Otford. Ba a san musabbabin rikicin ba: idan Offa yana mulkin Kent kafin shekarar 776, yakin Otford wataƙila tawaye ne ga ikon Mercian. Duk da haka, Ealhmund bai sake bayyana a cikin tarihin ba, kuma jerin takardun da Offa ya rubuta daga shekarun 785–89 sun bayyana ikonsa a sarari. A cikin waɗannan shekarun ya ɗauki Kent a matsayin "lardin talakawa na masarautar Mercian", kuma ana ganin ayyukansa sun wuce dangantakar da ta dace ta mulkin mallaka da kuma faɗaɗawa zuwa ga haɗa Kent da kuma kawar da zuriyar sarauta ta gida. Bayan shekara ta 785, kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi ya faɗa, "Offa ita ce abokin hamayyar sarakunan Kentish, ba shugabansu ba". Mulkin mallaka na Mercian ya ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 796, shekarar mutuwar Offa, lokacin da Eadberht Præn ya yi nasarar samun 'yancin kai na ɗan lokaci a ƙasar Kentish. Wataƙila Ealhmund shine uban Egbert na Wessex, kuma yana yiwuwa tsoma bakin Offa a Kent a tsakiyar shekarun 780 yana da alaƙa da korar Egbert zuwa Faransa daga baya. ''Jaridar Chronicle'' ta yi iƙirarin cewa lokacin da Egbert ya mamaye Kent a shekara ta 825, mutanen kudu maso gabas sun juya gare shi "saboda a da an tilasta musu barin danginsa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba". Wannan wataƙila yana nufin Ealhmund, kuma yana iya nufin cewa Ealhmund yana da iko na gida na masarautun kudu maso gabas. Idan haka ne, wataƙila shiga tsakani na Offa an yi shi ne don samun iko a kan wannan dangantaka da kuma karɓar ikon masarautun da ke da alaƙa da ita. Shaidar da ke nuna hannun Offa a masarautar Sussex ta fito ne daga takardun mulki, kuma kamar yadda yake a Kent babu wata cikakkiyar yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tarihi kan yadda abubuwan suka faru. Abin da ƙaramin shaida da ya tsira ya nuna cewa sarakunan Sussex sun yi mulki a lokaci guda, kuma wataƙila ba ta taɓa kafa masarauta ɗaya ba. An yi ta jayayya cewa sarakunan yankin yammacin Sussex sun amince da ikon Offa a farkon mulkinsa, amma gabashin Sussex (yankin da ke kewaye da Hastings) ya yi masa biyayya ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba. Symeon na Durham, wani marubucin tarihi na ƙarni na sha biyu, ya rubuta cewa a shekara ta 771 Offa ta kayar da "mutanen Hastings", wanda zai iya rubuta tsawaita mulkin Offa akan dukkan masarautar. Duk da haka, an bayyana shakku game da sahihancin takardun yarjejeniyar da ke goyon bayan wannan nau'in abubuwan da suka faru, kuma yana yiwuwa shigar Offa kai tsaye a Sussex ta takaita ga ɗan gajeren lokaci kusan 770–71. Bayan shekarar 772, babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa sojojin Mercian sun shiga Sussex har zuwa kusan shekarar 790, kuma wataƙila Offa ya sami iko da Sussex a ƙarshen shekarun 780, kamar yadda ya yi a Kent. == Gabashin Anglia, Wessex da Northumbria == [[File:Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_silver_penny.jpg|thumb| Dinare na azurfa na Offa]] A Gabashin Anglia, Beonna wataƙila ya zama sarki a kusan shekara ta 758. Kudin Beonna na farko ya riga na Offa, kuma yana nufin 'yancin kai daga Mercia. Tarihin Gabashin Anglian da ya biyo baya ba shi da cikakken bayani, amma a shekara ta 779 Æthelberht II ya zama sarki, kuma ya kasance mai zaman kansa na tsawon lokaci har ya fitar da tsabar kuɗi na kansa. A shekara ta 794, a cewar ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', "Sarki Offa ya ba da umarnin a cire kan Sarki Æthelberht". Offa ya yi ƙera tsabar kuɗi a Gabashin Anglia a farkon shekarun 790, don haka akwai yiwuwar Æthelberht ya yi wa Offa tawaye kuma aka yanke masa kai sakamakon haka. An ci gaba da samun labaran abin da ya faru inda aka kashe Aethelberht ta hanyar makircin matar Offa Cynethryth, amma rubuce-rubucen farko da aka samo waɗannan labaran almara sun samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 11 da 12, kuma masana tarihi na baya-bayan nan ba sa ɗaukar su da kwarin gwiwa. Tatsuniya ta kuma yi iƙirarin cewa an kashe Æthelberht a Sutton St. Michael kuma an binne shi {{Convert|4|mi|0}} zuwa kudu a Hereford, inda bautarsa ta bunƙasa, ta zama ta biyu a lokaci guda bayan Canterbury a matsayin wurin zuwa ga masu ibada. A kudancin Mercia, Cynewulf ya hau gadon sarautar Wessex a shekara ta 757 kuma ya kwato yawancin yankin kan iyaka da Æthelbald ya ci daga Yammacin Saxons. Offa ta yi nasara mai mahimmanci a kan Cynewulf a Yaƙin Bensington (a Oxfordshire ) a shekara ta 779, inda ta sake kwace wasu daga cikin ƙasar da ke gefen Thames. Babu wani sahihin daftarin doka da aka tabbatar kafin wannan ranar da ya nuna Cynewulf a cikin tawagar Offa, kuma babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa Offa ya taɓa zama shugaban Cynewulf. <ref name="Stenton_209" /> A shekara ta 786, bayan kisan Cynewulf, Offa ya shiga tsakani don sanya Beorhtric a kan karagar mulkin Yammacin Saxon. Ko da Offa bai taimaka wa da'awar Beorhtric ba, da alama Beorhtric ya amince da Offa a matsayin shugabansa jim kaɗan bayan haka. <ref name="Stenton_209" /> An yi amfani da kuɗin Offa a duk faɗin masarautar Yammacin Saxon, kuma an ƙera nasa tsabar kuɗin Beorhtric ne kawai bayan mutuwar Offa. A shekara ta 789, Beorhtric ta auri Eadburh, 'yar Offa; <ref name="Yorke_141" /> ''Chronicle'' ta rubuta cewa sarakunan biyu sun haɗu suka kori Egbert zuwa Francia na tsawon "shekaru uku", inda ta ƙara da cewa "Beorhtric ya taimaki Offa saboda yana da 'yarsa a matsayin sarauniyarsa". Wasu masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa "shekaru uku" {{'}} ''Chronicle'' kuskure ne, kuma ya kamata a karanta "shekaru goma sha uku", wanda hakan ke nufin cewa gudun hijirar Egbert ta kasance daga 789 zuwa 802, amma wannan karatun ba a yi jayayya a kai ba. Asser, wani malamin addinin Kirista na ƙarni na 9 wanda ya rubuta tarihin rayuwar Alfred the Great, ya ambaci Eadburh: Asser ya ce Eadburh tana da "iko a kusan dukkan masarautar", kuma ta "fara yin hali kamar azzalumi kamar yadda mahaifinta yake". Ko da kuwa duk wani iko da take da shi a Wessex babu shakka yana da alaƙa da shugabancin mahaifinta. Idan Offa bai samu nasara a Wessex ba har sai da ya kayar da Cynewulf a shekarar 779, to yana iya zama cewa nasarorin da ya samu a kudancin kogin sun zama dole kafin ya shiga tsakani a kudu maso gabas. A wannan ra'ayi, mutuwar Egbert na Kent a kusan shekara ta 784 da mutuwar Cynewulf a shekara ta 786 su ne abubuwan da suka ba Offa damar samun iko da Kent kuma ya kawo Beorhtric cikin ikonsa. Wannan nau'in abubuwan da suka faru kuma yana ɗauka cewa Offa ba ta da iko da Kent bayan 764–65, kamar yadda wasu masana tarihi suka yi imani. Alaƙar auren Offa ta kai ga Northumbria lokacin da 'yarsa Ælfflæd ta auri Æthelred I na Northumbria a Catterick a shekara ta 792. Duk da haka, babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa Northumbria ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Mercian a lokacin mulkin Offa. == Dyke na Wales da Offa == {{Bretwalda}}Offa ta sha fama da rikici da masarautun Welsh daban-daban. An yi yaƙi tsakanin 'yan Mercians da Welsh a Hereford a cikin 760, kuma an rubuta Offa a matsayin wanda ya yi yaƙi da Welsh a cikin 778, 784 da 796 a cikin ''Annales Cambriae'' na ƙarni na goma. [[File:Offa's_Dyke.jpg|left|thumb| Ina kallon Offa's Dyke, kusa da Knill, Herefordshire]] Mafi kyawun abin tarihi da ke da alaƙa da zamanin Offa shine Dyke na Offa, wani babban shingen ƙasa wanda ke gudana kusan kan iyakar Ingila da [[Wales]] . An ambaci wannan a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa na Alfred the Great: "wani sarki mai ƙarfi mai suna Offa"&nbsp;... an gina wani babban drake tsakanin Wales da Mercia daga teku zuwa teku". Ba a taɓa yin amfani da hanyoyin tarihi na tarihi wajen gano tarihin dyke ba, amma yawancin masana tarihi ba su ga dalilin da zai sa su yi shakkar asalin Asser ba. Sunayen farko na dyke a cikin Welsh da Ingilishi suma suna goyon bayan danganta Offa da Offa. Duk da cewa Asser ya yi tsokaci cewa dyke ɗin yana gudana "daga teku zuwa teku," yanzu ana tsammanin cewa ainihin ginin ya ƙunshi kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na tsawon iyakar: a arewa yana ƙarewa kusa da Llanfynydd, ƙasa da {{Convert|5|mi|0}} daga bakin teku, yayin da a kudu yake tsayawa a Rushock Hill, kusa da Kington a Herefordshire, ƙasa da {{Convert|50|mi}} daga Tashar Bristol . Jimillar tsawon wannan sashe ya kai kimanin {{Convert|64|mi}} . <ref name="BEASE_341" /> Akwai wasu ayyukan ƙasa a kan iyakar Welsh, wanda Wat's Dyke yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan, amma ba zai yiwu a yi kwanan wata da su dangane da juna ba don haka ba za a iya tantance ko Dyke na Offa kwafin ne ko kuma wahayi ne ga Wat's Dyke ba. Gina ginin yana nuna cewa an gina shi ne don ƙirƙirar shinge mai tasiri da kuma jagorantar ra'ayoyi zuwa Wales. Wannan yana nufin cewa Mercians waɗanda suka gina shi suna da 'yancin zaɓar mafi kyawun wurin da za a yi amfani da dyke ɗin. Akwai matsugunan da ke yammacin dyke waɗanda ke da sunaye da ke nuna cewa su Ingilishi ne a ƙarni na 8, don haka wataƙila wajen zaɓar wurin da shingen zai kasance, 'yan Mercians suna miƙa wasu yankuna ga 'yan asalin Birtaniya da gangan. A madadin haka, wataƙila waɗannan matsugunan sun riga sun sake kwace su daga hannun Welsh, wanda ke nuna rawar da za ta taka wajen kare shingen. Kokari da kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen gina ginin sun burge ni, kuma suna nuna cewa sarkin da ya gina shi (ko Offa ko wani) yana da tarin albarkatu a hannunsa. Akwai wasu manyan ayyukan gini masu kama da wannan, duk da haka, kamar Wat's Dyke da Danevirke, a cikin abin da yanzu ake [[Jamus|kira Jamus]] da kuma wurare kamar Stonehenge tun shekaru aru-aru da suka gabata. Ana iya ɗaukar dyke ɗin a matsayin mafi girma kuma mafi kwanan nan na ginin da mazaunan Burtaniya waɗanda ba su da ilimi sosai suka gina. == Coci == Offa ya yi mulki a matsayin sarkin Kirista, amma duk da cewa mai ba [[Charlemagne]] shawara, Alcuin, ya yaba masa saboda ibadarsa da ƙoƙarinsa na "koyar da [mutanensa] dokokin Allah", ya shiga rikici da Jænberht, Babban Bishop na Canterbury . Jænberht ya kasance mai goyon bayan Ecgberht II na Kent, wanda wataƙila ya haifar da rikici a shekarun 760 lokacin da aka san Offa ta shiga tsakani a Kent. Offa ta soke tallafin da Egbert ya bai wa Canterbury, kuma an san cewa Jænberht ya mallaki gidan ibada na Cookham, wanda ke hannun Offa. A shekara ta 786, Paparoma Adrian na ɗaya ya aika da wakilan Paparoma zuwa Ingila don su tantance yanayin cocin tare da samar da dokoki (dokokin coci) don jagorantar sarakunan Ingila, manyan mutane da malaman addini. Wannan ita ce wa'azin Paparoma na farko zuwa Ingila tun lokacin da Paparoma Gregory Mai Girma ya aika Augustine a shekara ta 597 don ya musuluntar da Anglo-Saxons. Limaman cocin sune Bishop George na Ostia, da Theophylact, bishop na Todi . Sun fara ziyartar Canterbury, sannan Offa ya karɓe su a kotunsa. Offa da Cynewulf, sarkin Yammacin Saxon, sun halarci wani taro inda aka tattauna manufofin aikin. Daga nan George ya tafi Northumbria, yayin da Theophylact ya ziyarci Mercia da "sassan Birtaniya". Rahoton da aka bayar game da aikin, wanda wakilai suka aika wa Paparoma Adrian, ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da majalisar da George ya gudanar a Northumbria, da kuma ƙa'idodin da aka bayar a can, amma kaɗan ne bayanai suka rage game da aikin Theophylact. Bayan majalisar arewa, George ya koma kudu kuma aka gudanar da wani majalisa, wanda Offa da Jænberht suka halarta, inda aka fitar da ƙarin dokoki. [[File:Offa_dioceses.gif|right|thumb| Dakunan ibada na Ingila a lokacin mulkin Offa. An nuna iyakar da ke tsakanin manyan dakunan sarauta na Lichfield da Canterbury da rubutu mai kauri.]] A shekarar 787, Offa ta yi nasarar rage ƙarfin Canterbury ta hanyar kafa babban cocin cocin Lichfield . Dole ne a tattauna batun da wakilan Paparoma a shekara ta 786, kodayake ba a ambace shi a cikin labaran da suka tsira ba. Jaridar ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' ta ba da rahoton wani "taro mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce" a shekara ta 787 a Chelsea, wanda ya amince da ƙirƙirar sabon babban bishop. An yi hasashen cewa wannan taron majalisar tarraya iri ɗaya ne da taron majalisar ta biyu da wakilai suka gudanar, amma masana tarihi sun kasu kashi biyu kan wannan batu. Hygeberht, wanda ya riga ya zama Bishop na Lichfield, ya zama babban bishop na farko kuma tilo na sabon babban cocin, kuma a ƙarshen 788 ya karɓi pallium, alamar ikonsa, daga Roma. Sabon babban cocin ya haɗa da wuraren Worcester, Hereford, [[Leicester]], Lindsey, Dommoc da Elmham ; waɗannan su ne yankunan tsakiyar ƙasar Anglian. Canterbury ta riƙe rijiyoyin a kudu da kudu maso gabas. Kaɗan daga cikin labaran da aka bayar game da ƙirƙirar sabon babban limamin cocin sun samo asali ne daga ƙarshen mulkin Offa. Sigogi biyu na abubuwan da suka faru sun bayyana a cikin hanyar musayar wasiƙu tsakanin Coenwelf, wanda ya zama sarkin Mercia jim kaɗan bayan mutuwar Offa, da Paparoma Leo na Uku, a shekara ta 798. Coenwelf ya tabbatar a cikin wasiƙarsa cewa Offa yana son a ƙirƙiri sabon babban cocin cocin ne saboda ƙiyayya ga Jænberht; amma Leo ya amsa cewa dalilin da ya sa Paparoma ya amince da ƙirƙirar shine saboda girman masarautar Mercia. Coenwelf da Leo duka suna da nasu dalilan da suka sa suka wakilci lamarin kamar yadda suka yi: Coenwelf yana roƙon Leo da ya mayar da London babban cocin kudu, yayin da Leo ke damuwa da guje wa bayyanar haɗin gwiwa da dalilan da ba su dace ba da Coenwelf ke ɗauka a Offa. Saboda haka, waɗannan maganganu ne na ɓangaren jam'iyya. Duk da haka, girman yankin Offa da kuma dangantakarsa da Jænberht da Kent tabbas sun kasance abubuwan da suka sa Offa ta buƙaci ƙirƙirar sabon babban cocin cocin. Sigar Coenwelf tana da goyon baya mai zaman kanta, tare da wasiƙa daga Alcuin zuwa ga Archbishop Æthelheard da ke nuna ra'ayinsa cewa an raba babban cocin Canterbury "ba, kamar yadda ake gani ba, ta hanyar la'akari mai ma'ana, amma ta hanyar wani sha'awar iko". Daga baya Æthelheard da kansa ya ce kyautar pallium ga Lichfield ya dogara ne akan "yaudara da shawara mai ɓatarwa". Wani dalili kuma da zai iya sa a ƙirƙiri babban limamin coci a Lichfield ya shafi ɗan Offa, Ecgfrith na Mercia . Bayan Hygeberht ya zama babban bishop, ya keɓe Ecgfrith a matsayin sarki; bikin ya gudana cikin shekara guda bayan ɗaukaka Hygeberht. Yana yiwuwa Jænberht ya ƙi yin bikin, kuma Offa yana buƙatar wani babban bishop don wannan dalili. Bikin da kansa abin lura ne saboda dalilai biyu: shine na farko da aka rubuta na tsarkakewa ga kowane sarkin Ingila, kuma abin mamaki ne domin ya tabbatar da matsayin sarauta na Ecgfrith yayin da mahaifinsa yake raye. Da Offa ya san cewa 'ya'yan [[Charlemagne]], Pippin da Louis, Paparoma Adrian ne ya keɓe su a matsayin sarakuna, kuma wataƙila yana son yin koyi da kyawawan halayen kotun Frank. Akwai wasu misalai da suka gabata: Æthelred na Mercia an ce ya zaɓi ɗansa Coenred a matsayin sarki a lokacin rayuwarsa, kuma Offa wataƙila ya san misalan Byzantine na keɓewa da sarauta. <ref name="Kirby_173" /> Duk da ƙirƙirar sabon babban cocin cocin, Jænberht ya riƙe matsayinsa na babban malamin addini a ƙasar, inda Hygeberht ya amince da fifikonsa. Lokacin da Jænberht ya mutu a shekara ta 792, an maye gurbinsa da Æthelheard, wanda Hygeberht, wanda yanzu yake babba a lokacinsa, ya tsarkake shi. Daga baya, Æthelheard ya bayyana a matsayin shaida a kan yarjejeniyar kuma ya jagoranci taron majalisar dokoki ba tare da Hygeberht ba, don haka da alama Offa ta ci gaba da girmama ikon Canterbury . Wasikar da Paparoma Adrian ya rubuta wa [[Charlemagne]] ta tsira, wadda ta yi nuni da Offa, amma ba a tabbatar da ranar ba; tana iya kasancewa tun daga shekarar 784 ko kuma a ƙarshen shekarar 791. A cikin labarin, Adrian ya ba da labarin wata jita-jita da ta same shi: An ruwaito cewa Offa ya yi wa Charlemagne tayin cewa a tsige Adrian, a maye gurbinsa da wani Paparoma ɗan Faransa. Adrian ya musanta duk wani imani da jita-jitar, amma a bayyane yake cewa abin da ya dame shi ne. Ba a ambaci sunayen maƙiyan Offa da Charlemagne ba, waɗanda Adrian ya bayyana a matsayin tushen jita-jitar. Ba a san ko wannan wasiƙar tana da alaƙa da aikin tarihi na 786 ba; idan ta riga ta kasance, to da a ce aikin wani ɓangare ne na sulhu, amma da a ce an rubuta wasiƙar bayan aikin. Offa mutum ne mai karimci ga cocin, yana kafa majami'u da gidajen ibada da dama, waɗanda galibi ake keɓewa ga St. Peter . Daga cikinsu akwai St Albans Abbey, wanda wataƙila ya kafa a farkon shekarun 790. Ya kuma yi alƙawarin bayar da kyautar mancues 365 ga Roma a kowace shekara; mancus lokaci ne na lissafi daidai da pennies talatin na azurfa, waɗanda aka samo daga tsabar kuɗin zinariya [[Daular Abbasiyyah|na Abbasid]] waɗanda ke yawo a Faransa a lokacin. Ikon gidajen addini hanya ce ɗaya da mai mulki na wancan lokacin zai iya biyan bukatun iyalinsa, kuma don haka Offa ya tabbatar (ta hanyar samun damar zama shugaban coci) cewa da yawa daga cikinsu za su ci gaba da zama mallakar matarsa ko 'ya'yansa bayan mutuwarsa. <ref name="Yorke_116" /> Wannan manufar ɗaukar gidajen addini a matsayin mallakar duniya tana wakiltar sauyi daga farkon ƙarni na 8, lokacin da aka tsara dokoki da yawa waɗanda suka nuna tushen da kuma baiwa ƙananan ministoci, maimakon ba da waɗannan filayen ga mutane marasa addini. A shekarun 770, wata abbess mai suna Æthelburh (wadda wataƙila ita ce mutum ɗaya da 'yar Offa mai wannan sunan) ta yi hayar gidajen addini da yawa a yankin Hwicce ; an bayyana cewa kayan da ta saya sun yi kama da "mai hasashe da ke tara fayil". Mallakar waɗannan ƙasashe na Æthelburh yana nuna ikon Cynethryth na ƙasashen addini, kuma Cwoenthryth, 'yar Sarki Coenwelf, ta ci gaba da wannan tsari a farkon ƙarni na 9. A al'adance ana tsammanin ko dai Offa ko Ine na Wessex ne suka kafa Schola Saxonum a Roma, a cikin yankin da a yau ake kira gundumar Romawa, ko gundumar Borgo . Schola Saxonum ta samo sunanta ne daga mayakan Saxon waɗanda suka yi hidima a Roma, amma daga ƙarshe ta zama wurin masauki ga baƙi 'yan Ingila da ke zuwa birnin. == Haɗin gwiwar Turai == Hulɗar diflomasiyyar Offa da Turai ta kasance a rubuce sosai, amma da alama ta kasance ta shekaru goma sha biyu na ƙarshe na mulkinsa ne kawai. A cikin wasiƙun da aka rubuta tun ƙarshen shekarun 780 ko farkon shekarun 790, Alcuin ya taya Offa murna saboda ƙarfafa ilimi kuma ya gaishe da matar Offa da ɗanta, Cynethryth da Ecgfrith . A kusan shekara ta 789, ko kuma jim kaɗan kafin haka, [[Charlemagne]] ya gabatar da shawarar cewa ɗansa Charles ya auri ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan Offa, wataƙila Ælfflæd . Offa ya mayar da martani da buƙatar cewa ɗansa Ecgfrith shi ma ya auri 'yar Charlemagne Bertha: Charlemagne ya fusata da buƙatar, kuma ya katse hulɗa da Birtaniya, inda ya hana jiragen ruwan Ingila sauka a tashoshin jiragen ruwansa. Wasikun Alcuin sun bayyana karara cewa kafin karshen shekarar 790 har yanzu ba a warware takaddamar ba, kuma Alcuin yana fatan a aiko shi don taimakawa wajen samar da zaman lafiya. A ƙarshe an dawo da dangantakar diflomasiyya, aƙalla wani ɓangare ta hannun hukumar Gervold, abban cocin St Wandrille . Charlemagne ya nemi goyon baya daga cocin Ingila a majalisar Frankfurt a shekara ta 794, inda aka yi watsi da dokokin da aka zartar a shekara ta 787 a Majalisar Nicaea ta Biyu, kuma aka la'anci bishop-bishop biyu na Spain, Felix da Elipandus . [1] A shekara ta 796 Charlemagne ya rubuta wa Offa wasiƙa; wasiƙar ta tsira kuma tana nuni ga wasiƙar Offa da ta gabata zuwa ga Charlemagne. Wannan wasiƙa tsakanin sarakunan biyu ta samar da takardu na farko da suka tsira a tarihin diflomasiyyar Ingila. [2] Wasikar ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan matsayin mahajjatan Ingila a nahiyar da kuma kyaututtukan diflomasiyya, amma ta bayyana abubuwa da yawa game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin Ingila da Franks . [3] Charlemagne ya kira Offa a matsayin "ɗan'uwansa", kuma ya ambaci cinikin duwatsu baƙi, waɗanda aka aika daga nahiyar zuwa Ingila, da kuma riguna (ko wataƙila mayafai), waɗanda aka yi ciniki da su daga Ingila zuwa ga Franks. [4] Wasikar Charlemagne ta kuma yi magana game da waɗanda aka kora daga Ingila, inda ta ambaci sunan Odberht, wanda kusan mutum ɗaya ne da Eadberht Præn, a cikinsu. Egbert na Wessex wani ɗan gudun hijira ne daga Offa wanda ya nemi mafaka a kotun Frankish. A bayyane yake cewa manufar Charlemagne ta haɗa da goyon bayan waɗanda ke adawa da Offa; baya ga kare Egbert da Eadberht, ya kuma aika da kyaututtuka ga Æthelred I na Northumbria . [5] Abubuwan da suka faru a kudancin Birtaniya zuwa 796 wani lokacin ana nuna su a matsayin gwagwarmaya tsakanin Offa da Charlemagne, amma rashin daidaito a cikin ikonsu ya yi yawa. A shekara ta 796, Charlemagne ya zama shugaban wata daular da ta miƙe daga [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] zuwa Babban Filin Hungary, kuma Offa da Coenwelf a bayyane suke ƙananan mutane idan aka kwatanta su. == Gwamnati == Yanayin sarautar Mercian bai bayyana ba daga iyakantattun majiyoyin da suka tsira. Akwai manyan ka'idoji guda biyu game da asalin sarakunan Mercian na wannan lokacin. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shi ne cewa zuriyar gidan sarauta daban-daban sun fafata a zaɓen sarauta. Misali, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 7, Penda ta sanya dangin sarauta a ƙarƙashin ikon lardunan da aka ci da yaƙi. [1] A madadin haka, wataƙila wasu ƙungiyoyin dangi da ke da tushen iko na gida sun yi takara don maye gurbin. Ƙananan masarautun Hwicce, Tomsæte da Gaini da ba a san ko su waye ba misalai ne na irin waɗannan tushen iko. Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin aure ma zai iya taka rawa. Manyan mutane masu fafatawa, waɗanda ake kira a cikin takardun mulki "dux" ko "princeps" (wato, shugabanni), wataƙila sun kawo sarakunan kan mulki. A cikin wannan tsarin, sarakunan Mercian ba su wuce manyan mutane ba. [2] Da alama Offa ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙara kwanciyar hankali na sarautar Mercian, ta hanyar kawar da abokan hamayyar daular ɗansa Ecgfrith, da kuma rage matsayin sarakunan da yake jagoranta, wani lokacin zuwa matsayin ealdorman . [3] Duk da haka, a ƙarshe bai yi nasara ba; Ecgfrith ya rayu a kan mulki na tsawon watanni kaɗan kawai, kuma Mercia ta ƙarni na tara ta ci gaba da jawo sarakunanta daga layukan daular da yawa. [4] Akwai shaida da ke nuna cewa Offa ta gina jerin gine-ginen tsaro, ko garuruwa masu garu; ba a yarda da wuraren ba gabaɗaya amma suna iya haɗawa da Bedford, Hereford, Northampton, Oxford da Stamford . Baya ga amfani da su wajen kare kansu, ana kyautata zaton waɗannan gundumomi cibiyoyin gudanarwa ne, suna aiki a matsayin kasuwannin yanki kuma suna nuna sauyi a tattalin arzikin Mercian daga asalinsa a matsayin ƙungiyar mutanen tsakiyar yankin. Burhs sune farkon hanyar tsaro da Alfred the Great ya aiwatar da ita bayan ƙarni ɗaya don magance mamayar Denmark . [1] [2] Duk da haka, Offa bai fahimci canje-canjen tattalin arziki da suka zo da manyan birane ba, don haka ba shi da haɗari a ɗauka cewa ya yi hasashen duk fa'idodinsu. [3] A shekara ta 749, Æthelbald na Mercia ya fitar da wani daftarin doka wanda ya 'yantar da filayen coci daga dukkan wajibai sai dai buƙatar gina katanga da gadoji - wajibai da suka rataya a kan kowa, a matsayin wani ɓangare na trinoda necessitas . [4] [5] Dokokin Offa na Kentish sun nuna yana ɗora irin waɗannan nauyin ga waɗanda suka karɓi tallafinsa a can, kuma wannan na iya zama alama cewa ana yaɗa wajibai a wajen Mercia. [6] [7] Waɗannan nauyin wani ɓangare ne na martanin Offa ga barazanar "matukin jirgin ruwa na arna". [8] [9] Offa ya fitar da dokoki da sunansa, amma babu wani cikakken bayani game da su da ya tsira. An san su ne kawai daga ambaton Alfred the Great, a cikin gabatarwar dokar Alfred. Alfred ya ce ya haɗa a cikin kundin dokokinsa waɗannan dokokin Offa, Ine na Wessex da Æthelberht na Kent waɗanda ya ga "mafi adalci". Dokokin na iya zama dokokin da ba su da 'yanci, amma kuma yana yiwuwa Alfred yana magana ne game da rahoton aikin da aka yi a shekarar 786, wanda ya fitar da dokoki da Mercians suka ɗauka su bi. == Tsabar kuɗi == [[File:Offa_moneyer_Edelmod_7_8th_century.jpg|thumb| Juyawar tsabar kudin Offa, mai ɗauke da sunan mai kuɗi Ethelnoth. [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]], Landan]] A farkon karni na 8, sceattas sune babban tsabar kuɗi da ke yawo. Waɗannan ƙananan tsabar kuɗi ne na azurfa, waɗanda ba sa ɗauke da sunan mai kuɗi ko sarkin da aka samar da su dominsa. Ga mutanen zamanin nan, waɗannan wataƙila an san su da tsabar kuɗi, kuma su ne tsabar kuɗin da aka ambata a cikin dokokin Ine of Wessex . [1] [2] [3] Wannan tsabar kuɗi mai sauƙi (sabanin tsabar kuɗi masu nauyi da aka ƙera daga baya a zamanin mulkin Offa) wataƙila an ƙirƙire ta ne a ƙarshen shekarun 760 da farkon shekarun 770. Ana iya gano tsabar kuɗi ta biyu mai matsakaicin nauyi kafin farkon shekarun 790. [4] Waɗannan sabbin tsabar kuɗi masu matsakaicin nauyi sun fi nauyin kuɗi, faɗi da siriri fiye da kuɗin da suka maye gurbinsu, [1] kuma gyare-gyaren kuɗin Carolingian na zamani ne ya haifar da su. [5] Sabbin kuɗin dai kusan koyaushe suna ɗauke da sunan Offa da sunan mai kuɗi wanda tsabar kuɗin da aka samo daga injina suka fito. [1] Da alama gyaran da aka yi a cikin tsabar kudin ya wuce na Offa: sarakunan Gabashin Anglia, Kent da Wessex duk sun samar da tsabar kudi masu nauyin sabon nauyi a wannan lokacin. [6] Wasu tsabar kuɗi daga zamanin Offa suna ɗauke da sunayen manyan limaman cocin Canterbury, Jænberht, kuma bayan shekara ta 792, Æthelheard. Duk tsabar kuɗin Jænberht na cikin tsabar kuɗi marasa nauyi, maimakon tsabar kuɗin da aka yi amfani da su a baya. Akwai kuma shaidar cewa Eadberht, wanda shi ne Bishop na London a shekarun 780s da kuma wataƙila a da, ya bayar da tsabar kuɗi. Rikicin Offa da Jænberht wataƙila ya sa ya ba wa Eadberht damar mallakar haƙƙin mallaka, wanda wataƙila an soke shi lokacin da aka ɗaga darajar Lichfield zuwa babban limamin coci. [[File:Offa_and_Cynethryth_pennies.gif|left|thumb|300x300px| Dala biyu na azurfa na zamanin mulkin Offa. Kwalliyar hannun dama ta nuna Cynethryth.]] Tsabar kuɗi masu matsakaicin nauyi galibi suna ɗauke da ƙira masu inganci na fasaha, waɗanda suka wuce na kuɗin Faransa na yanzu. [1] An bayyana hotunan tsabar kuɗi na Offa a matsayin "wanda ke nuna ɗanɗanon kisa wanda ya kebanta a tarihin tsabar kuɗin Anglo-Saxon". [2] Zane-zanen Offa a kan tsabar kuɗin sun haɗa da wani hoto mai ban sha'awa da kyau wanda ke nuna shi da gashinsa mai yawan lanƙwasa, da kuma wani hoton inda yake sanye da gashin da aka yi masa lanƙwasa da matsewa. Wasu tsabar kuɗi sun nuna shi sanye da sarƙa mai abin wuya. Iri-iri na waɗannan zane-zanen yana nuna cewa masu yanke kayan Offa sun sami damar amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na fasaha don wahayi zuwa gare su. [3] Matar Offa Cynethryth ita ce kaɗai sarauniyar Anglo-Saxon da aka taɓa sanya mata suna ko kuma aka nuna ta a kan tsabar kuɗi, a cikin wani jerin tsabar kuɗi mai ban mamaki da Eoba mai kuɗi ya buga. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coupland |first=Simon |date=2023 |title=A coin of Queen Fastrada and Charlemagne |journal=Early Medieval Europe |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=585–597 |doi=10.1111/emed.12640 |s2cid=258491265 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Waɗannan wataƙila an samo su ne daga tsabar kuɗi na zamani daga zamanin sarkin [[Daular Rumawa|Byzantine]] Constantine na VI, wanda ya ƙera wani jerin hotuna da ke nuna hoton mahaifiyarsa, Sarauniya Irene ta baya, kodayake tsabar kuɗin Byzantine suna nuna ɓawon gaban Irene maimakon bayanin martaba, don haka ba za a iya cewa sun zama samfurin kai tsaye ba. A lokacin mutuwar Jænberht da maye gurbinsa da Æthelheard a shekara ta 792–93, an sake gyara kuɗin azurfa a karo na biyu: a cikin wannan "nauyin tsabar kuɗi mai yawa" an sake ƙara nauyin kuɗin, kuma an gabatar da ƙirar da ba ta da hoto a kowane lokaci. Babu ɗaya daga cikin tsabar kuɗin Jænberht ko Cynethryth da ya faru a cikin wannan tsabar kuɗin, yayin da duk tsabar kuɗin Æthelheard suna da nauyin sabon nauyi. [[File:Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg|thumb| Dinari na zinariya na Offa, kwafin dinaran [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Khalifancin Abbas]] (774)]] Akwai kuma tsabar zinare da suka rage daga zamanin mulkin Offa. Ɗaya daga cikinsu shine kwafin dinari na Abbasiyawa da Khalifa Al-Mansur ya buga a shekara ta 774, [1] tare da "Offa Rex" da aka saka a cikin layuka uku na Larabci, waɗanda aka juya. Rubutun shine shahadah, shelar imani ta musulunci, kuma yana karanta " محمد رسول ﷲ " ("Muḥammad rasūl Allāh") wanda ke fassara da "Muhammad, manzon Allah". Wataƙila mai kuɗi bai fahimci Larabci ba domin rubutun Larabci ba shi da kyau. Wataƙila an ƙera kuɗin ne don yin ciniki da ƙasar Musulunci ta Spain ; ko kuma yana iya zama wani ɓangare na biyan mancues 365 na shekara-shekara da Offa ya yi wa Roma alkawari. [2] Akwai wasu kwafin dinar Abbasiyawa na Yamma na lokacin, amma ba a san ko Ingilishi ne ko kuma Faransanci ba. Wasu tsabar kuɗi guda biyu na zinariya na Ingila na wannan lokacin sun tsira, daga masu kuɗi biyu, Pendraed da Ciolheard: ana tsammanin na farko ya fito ne daga zamanin Offa amma na biyun na iya kasancewa na zamanin Offa ko na Coenwelf, wanda ya hau karagar mulki a shekara ta 796. Ba a san wani abu da ya tabbata game da amfani da su ba, amma wataƙila an yi amfani da su azaman sadaka. [3] [4] Duk da cewa da yawa daga cikin tsabar kudin suna ɗauke da sunan mai kuɗi, babu wata alama da ke nuna inda aka buga kowace tsabar kuɗi. Sakamakon haka, adadin da wurin da na'urorin mint da Offa ke amfani da su ba a tabbatar ba. Ra'ayin da ake da shi a yanzu shi ne cewa akwai mints huɗu, a Canterbury, Rochester, East Anglia da London. == Tsayi == Lakabin da Offa ya yi amfani da shi a mafi yawan takardunsa shine "rex Merciorium", ko "sarkin Mercians", kodayake ana faɗaɗa shi lokaci-lokaci zuwa "sarkin Mercians da ƙasashen da ke kewaye". [1] Wasu daga cikin takardunsa suna amfani da taken "Rex Anglorum", ko "Sarkin Ingila", kuma an yi la'akari da wannan a matsayin wata magana mai ƙarfi ta ikonsa. Akwai muhawara kan wannan batu, duk da haka, domin da yawa daga cikin takardun da aka sanya wa Offa suna "Rex Anglorum" ba su da tabbas game da sahihancinsu. Suna iya wakiltar jabun da aka yi a ƙarni na 10 daga baya, lokacin da wannan lakabin ya kasance misali ga sarakunan Ingila. [2] Mafi kyawun shaidar da ke nuna amfani da Offa ta yi da wannan lakabin ya fito ne daga tsabar kuɗi, ba takardar haya ba: akwai wasu tsabar kuɗi da aka rubuta "Of ℞ A", amma ba a ɗauka a matsayin tabbataccen hujja cewa wannan yana nufin "Offa Rex Anglorum" ba. [3] A ''Ingila ta Anglo-Saxon'', Stenton ya yi jayayya cewa Offa wataƙila shine babban sarki a masarautar Ingila, yana mai cewa "babu wani sarki na Anglo-Saxon da ya taɓa ɗaukar duniya a matsayin haka."&nbsp;... ma'anar siyasa mai zurfi". Masana tarihi da yawa suna ɗaukar nasarorin Offa a matsayin na biyu bayan Alfred the Great a tsakanin sarakunan Anglo-Saxon. A wasu lokutan ana ɗaukar mulkin Offa a matsayin wani muhimmin mataki a cikin sauyin zuwa ga haɗin kan Ingila, amma wannan ba shine ra'ayin gabaɗaya tsakanin masana tarihi a wannan fanni ba. A cikin kalaman Simon Keynes, "Offa ya kasance mai sha'awar iko, ba hangen nesa na haɗin kan Ingila ba; kuma abin da ya bari suna ne, ba gado ba." Yanzu ana kyautata zaton cewa Offa ya yi tunanin kansa a matsayin "Sarkin Mercians", kuma nasarorin da ya samu a fannin soja wani ɓangare ne na sauya Mercia daga mulkin mallaka na mutanen tsakiyar ƙasa zuwa masarauta mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi. <ref name="BEASE_340" /> == Mutuwa da kuma gadon sarauta == Offa ya mutu a ranar 29 ga Yuli 796, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller, Sean |title=July 29, 796: Death of King Offa of Mercia |url=http://www.anglo-saxons.net/hwaet/?do=get&type=day&id=07290796 |access-date=12 April 2012 |website=Anglo-Saxons |publisher=anglo-saxons.net}}</ref> kuma ana iya binne shi a Bedford, kodayake ba a bayyana cewa "Bedeford" da aka ambata a cikin wannan takardar ba a zahiri Bedford ne na zamani. A shekara ta 1837 an tono wani akwatin gawa na Saxon a makabartar Cocin St Mary, Hemel Hempstead wanda ke ɗauke da rubutu cewa yana ɗauke da "tokar Sarki Offa na Mercians". Ɗansa, Ecgfrith na Mercia, ya gaje shi, amma a cewar ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' Ecgfrith ya mutu bayan ya yi mulki na kwanaki 141 kacal. Wasikar da Alcuin ya rubuta a shekara ta 797 ga wani ɗan ƙasar Mercian mai suna Osbert ta nuna cewa Offa ya yi iya ƙoƙarinsa don tabbatar da cewa ɗansa Ecgfrith ne zai gaje shi. Ra'ayin Alcuin shine cewa Ecgfrith "bai mutu ba saboda zunubansa; amma ramuwar jinin da mahaifinsa ya zubar don tabbatar da mulkin ya kai ga ɗan. Domin ka san sosai irin jinin da mahaifinsa ya zubar don tabbatar da mulkin ga ɗansa." A bayyane yake cewa baya ga tsarkakewar Ecgfrith a shekarar 787, Offa ta kawar da abokan hamayyarta na daular. Wannan da alama ya koma baya, daga mahangar sarakuna, domin babu wani dangin Offa ko Ecgfrith da aka rubuta na kusa, kuma Coenwelf, magajin Ecgfrith, yana da alaƙa ta nesa da zuriyar Offa. == Duba kuma == * ''Offaculus'' * ''Vitae duorum Offarum'' == Manazarta == {{Kings of Mercia}} == Majiyoyi == ; Majiyoyin farko * {{Cite web |title=Medieval Sourcebook: The Annales Cambriae (Annals of Wales) |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/annalescambriae.html |access-date=17 December 2007 |website=Annales Cambriae |publisher=[[College of Staten Island]], [[City University of New York]] |ref=none}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=Bede}} * {{Cite web |title=Offa 7 |url={{PASE|305|bare=1}} |access-date=6 April 2007 |website=Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England |publisher=[[King's College London]] |ref=none}} *   *   *   ; Majiyoyi na biyu * Abels, Richard, "''Trinoda Necessitas''", in   * Blackburn, Mark & Grierson, Philip, ''Medieval European Coinage.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, reprinted with corrections 2006. {{ISBN|0-521-03177-X}} *   *   *   *   * Featherstone, Peter, "The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia", in   *   *   *   *   *   (subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required) * Keynes, Simon, "Cynethryth", in   * idem, "Mercia", in   * idem, "Offa", in   * idem, "Mercia and Wessex in the Ninth Century", in   *   *   * Lapidge, Michael, "Alcuin of York", in   *   * Nelson, Janet, "Carolingian Contacts", in   * Stafford, Pauline, "Political Women in Mercia, Eighth to Early Tenth Centuries", in   * {{Cite book|last3=Frank Stenton}} * Williams, Gareth, "Mercian Coinage and Authority", in   * idem, "Military Institutions and Royal Power", in   * Wormald, Patrick, "The Age of Offa and Alcuin", in   *   *   * Worthington, Margaret, "Offa's Dyke", in   * eadem, "Wat's Dyke", in   == Ƙarin karatu == *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Offa 7 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England {{Kings of East Anglia}}{{Viking Invasion of England}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qma2e8tfdn0ecxonzkvxvdk59icahh5 0 178455 964207 2026-10-07T07:54:26Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376988274|Iraqi Airways]]" 964207 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iraqi Airways Company''' ( Arabic ), wanda ke aiki a matsayin '''kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways''', shine kamfanin jigilar kaya na ƙasa na [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} hedikwatarsa a filin jirgin saman Baghdad da ke [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] . Ita ce kamfanin jirgin sama na biyu mafi tsufa a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], idan aka haɗa da ainihin kamfanin jirgin saman Iraqi Airways wanda ya fara a shekarar 1945. Kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways yana gudanar da ayyukan cikin gida da na yanki ; babban sansaninsa shine Filin Jirgin Sama na Kasa da Kasa na Baghdad. == Tarihi == [[File:Viscount_735_(Iraqi_AW)_at_EMA.jpg|right|thumb| Vickers Viscount 735 a Filin Jirgin Sama na East Midlands a shekarar 1978]] [[File:HS.121_Trident_1E_YI-AEB_Iraq_Aws_ATH_22.04.73_edited-3.jpg|right|thumb| Jirgin Hawker Siddeley Trident 1E ya sauka a filin jirgin saman Hellenikon na Athens a shekarar 1973]] [[File:Iraqi_Airways_Boeing_747-200C_YI-AGP_LHR_1983-2-18.png|thumb| Boeing 747-200C a shekarar 1983]] [[File:Tozeur_two_Iraqi_Boeing.jpg|thumb| Jirgin Boeing 747s mallakar kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi ne, wanda ke jiran yarjejeniyar sulhu da [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] tun daga shekarar 1990 a Tozeur.]] [[File:Iraqi_Airways_Boeing_737-200Adv_N239US_PRG_2004-10-17.png|thumb| Jirgin Boeing 737-200 ya yi nasarar sauka a filin jirgin saman Prague Ruzyne a shekarar 2004]] [[File:Iraqi_Airways_Boeing_747SP_Gupta.jpg|right|thumb| Jirgin Boeing 747SP na gwamnatin Iraki ya yi aiki a cikin kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi a sansanin sojojin sama na Andrews a shekarar 1989]] === Tarihin farko === An kafa kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways a shekarar 1945 a matsayin sashen layin dogo na jihar Iraqi kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 28 ga Janairun 1946 ta amfani da jiragen sama guda biyar na De Havilland Dragon Rapide wadanda ke ba da hidima ga Syria . Tare da taimakon kamfanin British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), kamfanin ya yi odar jiragen sama guda uku na Vickers Viking . Yayin da take jiran a kawo Vikings, ta yi hayar jiragen Douglas DC-3 guda huɗu daga BOAC a watan Disamba na 1946. A shekarar 1947, kamfanin jirgin ya umarci de Havilland Dove da ta maye gurbin Dragon Rapids; an kawo Doves a watan Oktoban 1947. An kawo sabbin jiragen Vikings a ƙarshen 1947 kuma jiragen DC-3 sun koma BOAC. An sayi motar Viking ta huɗu da aka yi amfani da ita a hannu . A shekarar 1953, an zaɓi Vickers Viscount turboprop mai injina huɗu don maye gurbin Vikings kuma an yi odar uku a watan Yuli. Jirgin Viscounts ya fara aiki a shekarar 1955 kuma yana gudanar da dukkan ayyukan kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways na ƙasashen waje, ciki har da sabuwar hanyar zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Heathrow|London Heathrow]] tare da tsayawa a tsaka-tsaki. A ranar 1 ga Afrilun 1960, kamfanin jirgin ya rabu da kamfanin jirgin ƙasa. A shekarar 1961, ta yi odar jiragen Boeing 720B guda biyu don isar da su a shekarar 1964, amma daga baya aka soke odar. A shekarun 1960, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya sayi jiragen saman Tupolev Tu-124 na Rasha da kuma jiragen Hawker Siddeley Trident . Waɗannan jiragen sun ba kamfanin damar ƙara yawan ayyukansa a faɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka da Turai. A lokacin, an kuma sayi jiragen sama na ɗaukar kaya kamar Ilyushin Il-76 . A shekarun 1970, kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways ya buƙaci babban jirgin sama don sabuwar hanyar zuwa filin jirgin saman John F. Kennedy da ke New York; ya sayi Boeing 707, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka, Boeing 747 . An rage farashin jiragen sama ta hanyar tallafin gwamnati a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Ba'ath ta Iraki. === Tarihin daga baya === An yi ƙoƙarin sake fara ayyukan cikin gida bayan Yaƙin Tekun Fasha a watan Mayun 1991, kuma [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ba da izini don amfani da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu a kan iyakokin ayyukan cikin gida. An haramta zirga-zirgar jiragen sama marasa matuki a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan tsagaita wuta, duk da cewa Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da sake fara zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na cikin gida. An sake fara amfani da jiragen Antonov An-24 a watan Janairun 1992 daga Baghdad zuwa [[Basra]] . An dakatar da ayyukan jim kaɗan bayan haka, bayan hukuncin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Duk da haka, jiragen sama na cikin gida sun zama ba kasafai ake samu ba, saboda dokar hana tashi da jiragen sama da Amurka da Burtaniya suka sanya a sararin samaniyar Iraki. A shekarun 1990, kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways yakan yi jigilar mahajjata zuwa [[Wurare Mafiya Tsarki a Musulunci|biranen addinin]] [[Musulmi|Musulunci]] a wasu lokutan. === Farfaɗowa === Bayan Yaƙin Iraki, a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2003, kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways ya sanar da shirin sake fara ayyukansa na ƙasashen waje. An mayar da haƙƙin mallakar sunan kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways zuwa wani sabon kamfani mai suna '''Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Iraqi''', wanda zai kafa sabon kamfanin jiragen sama tare da kare shi daga matsalolin shari'a da suka shafi gwamnatin [[Saddam Hussein]] . An sake fara aiki a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2004, tare da tashi tsakanin Baghdad da [[Amman]] . A watan Yunin 2005, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya fara gudanar da aikin jigilar kaya na cikin gida bayan faduwar gwamnatin [[Saddam Hussein]], daga Baghdad zuwa [[Basra]], tare da fasinjoji 100 a cikin jirgin Boeing 727-200 . A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2005, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya fara jigilar jiragen sama daga Baghdad zuwa [[Tehran]], Iran, a karon farko cikin shekaru ashirin da biyar. Kamar sauran jiragen, [[Teebah Airlines]] na Jordan ne ya yi aikin jirgin a madadinsa. An ƙara ayyukan hidima ga Erbil da Sulaymaniyah a lokacin bazara na 2005. A watan Yunin 2009, an ruwaito cewa kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya kulla yarjejeniya da hukumomin sufurin jiragen sama na Birtaniya don ci gaba da aiki kai tsaye daga Baghdad zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|Filin Jirgin Sama na Gatwick na London]] ; an tsara cewa jiragen za su fara aiki a ranar 8 ga Agusta 2009 ta amfani da Boeing 737-400 da aka yi hayar daga Tor Air, kuma daga ƙarshe Airbus A320-200 zai yi aiki da hanyar. Duk da haka, wannan bai faru kamar yadda aka tsara ba. Kamfanin jirgin ya ce a lokacin suna da niyyar faɗaɗawa cikin Burtaniya da Turai. A watan Nuwamba na 2009, kamfanin jirgin saman Jamus mai suna Blue Wings ya fara jigilar jiragen sama zuwa [[Düsseldorf]] da [[Frankfurt]], Jamus a madadin kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2010, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya fara jigilar jiragen sama zuwa filin jirgin saman Gatwick ta [[Malmö]], Sweden. Lokacin da jirgin farko ya sauka a Landan, wani lauya dan kasar Kuwait ya sa aka kwace takardun Darakta Janar Kifah Hassan da fasfo dinsa, da kuma jirgin da kansa. Duk da haka, babu wani mataki da aka ɗauka, domin kamfanin Tor Air na ƙasar Sweden ne ya mallaki jirgin. Jirgin ya koma [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] . Duk da haka, ba a bar Kifah Hassan ya bar [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ba, kuma an gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu a ranar 30 ga Afrilu. Jami'an Kuwait sun nemi fam 780{{Spaces}}miliyan don jiragen da Saddam Hussein ya sace a mamayar 1990. A ranar 26 ga Mayu 2010, Amer Abdul-Jabbar, ministan sufuri na Iraki, ya ce za a rushe kamfanin nan da shekaru uku masu zuwa domin kauce wa ikirarin kadarorin da Kuwait ke yi. A watan Fabrairun 2012, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya sanar da cewa zai sake fara jigilar jiragensa zuwa Indiya, tare da jigilar jiragen zuwa [[Delhi]] ko [[Mumbai]] daga Baghdad. A watan Afrilun 2012, an sanar da cewa kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways ya yi odar sabbin jiragen Boeing guda 40, odar ta kunshi jiragen Boeing 737-800 guda 30 da kuma jiragen Boeing 787 Dreamliner guda 10. Za a kawo jirgin farko a watan Disamba na 2012. A farkon watan Disamba, Airbus ya kawo jirginsa na farko kirar A330-200 zuwa Iraki, yayin da Boeing ya kawo jirgin Boeing 777 a lokaci guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-16 |title=Iraqi Airways takes delivery of Boeing 777 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/iraqi-airways-takes-delivery-boeing-777 |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraqi Airways takes delivery of its first Airbus A330 &#124; Airbus Press release |url=http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/iraqi-airways-takes-delivery-of-its-first-airbus-a330/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623194308/http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/iraqi-airways-takes-delivery-of-its-first-airbus-a330/ |archive-date=23 June 2016 |access-date=2016-02-07}}. Airbus.com</ref> A ranar 14 ga Agusta 2013, kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways ya karɓi jirginsu na farko kirar Boeing 737-800 kai tsaye daga kamfanin Boeing. A watan Yunin 2014, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa Mosul saboda kwace birnin da [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|ISIL]] ta yi. A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2015, kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways ya sami rancen dala biliyan 2 daga wani bankin Citibank don samar da kudaden sayen jiragen sama 40 na zamani irin su Boeing 777 da Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Kamfanin jirgin ya buɗe takardar neman shawarwari (RFP) ga kamfanonin jiragen sama na Turai tare da takardar shaidar AOC mai inganci a ƙarshen shekarar 2019. Manufar ita ce a sami yarjejeniyoyi don hayar jiragen sama masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda za su iya yin hidima tsakanin Iraki da Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraqi Airways issues ACMI RFP to European carriers |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/82549-iraqi-airways-issues-acmi-rfp-to-european-carriers |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=ch-aviation |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaminski-Morrow2019-10-17T14:52:48+01:00 |first=David |title=Iraqi Airways seeks operators to serve EU routes |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/networks/iraqi-airways-seeks-operators-to-serve-eu-routes/134868.article |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya sake fara jigilar jiragen sama zuwa Syria, tsakanin [[Damascus]] da Baghdad. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Diyaruna |title=Iraqi Airways to resume flights to Syria |url=https://diyaruna.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_di/newsbriefs/2019/05/17/newsbrief-02 |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=Diyaruna |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways yana ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin jiragen sama kaɗan da ba sa bayar da giya a jiragensu. === Kayan wasan kwaikwayo === A shekarar 2008, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya sami jirgin Bombardier CRJ guda ɗaya a cikin sigar da aka saba amfani da ita ta Bombardier mai launin shuɗi da fari tare da taken Iraki da tambarinsa. Sauran jiragen CRJ an kawo su ne a cikin sigar tsohon kayan kore kuma an yi wa YI-AQA fenti cikin sauri don dacewa. A shekarar 2012 kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya fara amfani da sabuwar na'urar kore wacce aka yi amfani da ita a duk fadin jiragen.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} == Wurare == A watan Maris na 2009, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya fara jigilar jiragensa na farko zuwa [[Sweden]] cikin kusan shekaru 19. A watan Satumba na 2009, kamfanin jirgin ya sake fara jigilar jiragensa zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] da [[Doha]], Qatar. A watan Oktoban 2009, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya sake fara jigilar jiragensa zuwa [[Karachi]], Pakistan. Kamfanin jirgin ya kuma fara jigilar kaya zuwa [[Jeddah]] a lokacin aikin Hajji. Bayan bayyana a watan da ya gabata cewa ta nemi izinin tashi zuwa [[Malmö]], Sweden, <ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.iq-airways.com/&ei=cj7rSuXyNsiMjAe9t72VDQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCIQ7gEwAg&prev=/search%3Fq%3DIraqi%2BAirways%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Iraqi Airways applies for flights to Malmö, Sweden]{{Dead link|date=November 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}. Translate.google.co.uk.</ref> Kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya fara jigilar jiragen zuwa birnin a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2009. == Rundunar Soja == === Jiragen ruwa na yanzu === [[File:Iraqi_Airways,_YI-AGS,_Airbus_A321-231_(30728990257).jpg|thumb| Jirgin sama kirar Airbus A321 a shekarar 2018]] [[File:Iraqi_Airways,_YI-AQY,_Airbus_A330-202_(31817502202).jpg|thumb| Jirgin saman Airbus A330-200 a shekarar 2016]] [[File:Iraqi_Airways,_YI-ASR,_Boeing_737-81Z_(47585393392).jpg|thumb| Boeing 737-800 a shekarar 2019]] [[File:Boeing_777-29M-LR,_Iraqi_Airways_AN2268784.jpg|thumb| Jirgin Boeing 777-200LR guda ɗaya a shekarar 2013.]] {{As of|2026|7}} , Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Iraqi Airways yana aiki da waɗannan jiragen: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Jirgin saman Iraqi ! rowspan="2" |Jirgin sama ! rowspan="2" |A cikin hidima ! rowspan="2" |Dokoki ! colspan="3" |Fasinjoji ! rowspan="2" |Bayani |- !<abbr title="Business class">C</abbr> !<abbr title="Economy class">Y</abbr> !Jimillar |- |Airbus A220-300 |5 |&#x2D; |12 |130 |142 | |- |Airbus A320-200 |3 |&#x2D; |&#x2D; |180 |180 | |- |Airbus A321-200 |2 |&#x2D; |&#x2D; |220 |220 | |- |Airbus A330-200 |1 |&#x2D; |24 |264 |288 | |- |Boeing 737-700 |1 |&#x2D; | | | | |- |Boeing 737-800 |13 |&#x2D; |12 |150 |162 | |- |Boeing 737 MAX 8 |6 |&#x2D; |12 |150 |162 | |- |Boeing 737 MAX 10 |&#x2D; |10 | colspan="3" |<abbr title="To Be Announced">TBA</abbr> |Asalin an yi niyyar fara isar da shi daga 2024. <ref name="Plan23">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=Iraqi Airways takes delivery of first B737 MAX 8 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/124935-iraqi-airways-takes-delivery-of-first-b737-max-8 |website=ch-aviation.com}}</ref> |- |Boeing 777-200LR |1 |&#x2D; |14 |350 |364 | |- |Boeing 787-8 |2 |7<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2024 |title=Boeing Commercial Orders & Deliveries |url=https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/salesoperations/viz/BoeingCommercialOrdersDeliveries_16788064876590/OrdersandDeliveries |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=The Boeing Company}}</ref> |24 |242 |266 | |- |Boeing 787-9 |&#x2D; |1<ref name=":0" /> | colspan="3" |<abbr title="To Be Announced">TBA</abbr> | |- |Jirgin Bombardier CRJ-900LR |6 |&#x2D; |&#x2D; |90 |90 | |- !Jimillar !40 !18 ! colspan="4" | |} === Ci gaban jiragen ruwa === [[File:YI-ATC_of_Iraqi_Airways_at_CAN_20260514.jpg|thumb|Boeing 787-8 a cikin 2026]] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, gwamnatin Iraqi ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar dala biliyan 2.2 tare da Boeing don Boeing 737-800s 30 tare da zaɓi don ƙarin 10. Har ila yau, yana aiki a kan yarjejeniyar da ta shafi umarnin jirgin saman Boeing 787 Dreamliners guda goma don sabis na nesa. An sanya hannu kan wani kwangila mai darajar dala miliyan 398 don jirgin sama goma na Bombardier CRJ-900ER tare da zaɓuɓɓuka goma. An kawo CRJ-900ER na farko a watan Oktoba 2008. Wannan ya haifar da karar da aka shigar a kan Bombardier ta Kuwait Airways. Kuwait ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta lashe dala biliyan 1.2 a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka yi wa Iraqi Airways sakamakon Yakin Gulf . Alkalin Kanada ya yanke hukuncin cewa ba shi da iko saboda shari'ar ta shafi gwamnatin kasashen waje, saboda mai sayen jirgin shine gwamnatin Iraki, ba Iraqi Airways ba. An warware karar da Kuwait Airways ta yi a shekara ta 2009, tare da Iraki ta amince da biyan dala miliyan 300.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24963127-5005961,00.html Lawsuit is settled with Iraqi paying $300 million]{{Dead link|date=November 2012}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2010, Iraqi Airways ta ba da sanarwar manyan shirye-shiryen jiragen ruwa, gami da canza 10 daga cikin umarni 30 na Boeing 737-800 zuwa ƙarin jiki mai faɗi tare da kawo ranar isar da gaba zuwa Satumba 2011, da canza umarnin Boeing 787 Dreamliner 10 zuwa jirgin Boeing 777. <ref>[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=comm&id=news/awx/2010/02/18/awx_02_18_2010_p0-205520.xml&headline=Iraqi%20Airways%20Eyes%20Fleet%20Adjustments Iraqi Airways major fleet plans]{{Dead link|date=August 2018|fix-attempted=yes}}. Aviationweek.com (18 February 2010).</ref> == Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru == Iraqi Airways ta fuskanci mummunan abubuwan da suka faru tare da na karshe da ya faru a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1986. A zamanin yau, ya ga gagarumin ci gaba a cikin rundunoninsa da ayyukansa. Kamfanin jirgin sama ya sami abubuwan da suka faru, haɗari, da satar mutane tun lokacin da ya fara aiki a 1945: * A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1955, de Havilland Dove YI-ABJ ya fadi bayan gobarar injiniya a Al-Mansuriya, Iraki. * A ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1955, Vickers 644 Viking 1B ya mamaye titin jirgin sama a Bagadaza kuma ya fadi cikin rami, inda ya kama wuta. Duk fasinjoji goma sha tara da ma'aikata sun tsira, amma an rubuta jirgin. * A ranar 19 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1965, wani jirgin Vickers 773 Viscount ya fadi a cikin jerin fitilu a Alkahira bayan jirgin daga Baghdad. Duk fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin sun tsira, amma an rubuta jirgin. * A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1973, Vickers 735 Viscount ya yi saukowar ciki ciki a Filin jirgin saman Mosul bayan ya ƙare man fetur. Duk fasinjoji 33 da ma'aikata sun tsira, amma an rubuta jirgin. * A ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1975, 'yan fashi uku sun sace Boeing 737-200 da ke tashi daga Mosul zuwa Baghdad. Akwai mutuwar mutum daya a cikin jirgin, mai satar mutane. * A ranar 23 ga Satumba 1980, kwana daya bayan farawar Yaƙin Iran-Irak, jirgin sama na Ilyushin Il-76 da ke tashi daga Paris zuwa Bagadaza ya fadi yayin da yake kusantar Filin jirgin saman Bagadaza. An yi imanin cewa jiragen yaki na Iran ne suka harbe jirgin. * A ranar 24 ga Satumba 1980, an ruwaito cewa an lalata Antonov An-24TV a ƙasa a Filin jirgin saman Kirkuk yayin gwagwarmaya mai tsanani. * A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1982, wani Antonov An-24B ya fadi yayin da yake kusantar filin jirgin saman Iraqi. Yankin hagu ya buga ƙasa, ya sa jirgin ya fadi. * A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982, jirgin Antonov An-24TV ya rushe a lokacin tashi daga Filin jirgin saman Nasiriyah. Kowane mutum a cikin jirgin ya tsira, amma an rubuta jirgin. * A ranar 16 ga Satumba 1984, Jirgin Sama na Iraqi Airways Flight 123, Boeing 737-200C da ke tashi daga [[Larnaca]] zuwa Baghdad, 'yan fashi uku sun sace shi. Duk fasinjoji da ma'aikatan sun tsira. * A ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1986, Jirgin Sama na Iraqi Airways Flight 163, Boeing 737-200C da ke tashi daga Baghdad zuwa Amman ya sami yunkurin satar kaya yayin da yake tashi sama da Saudi Arabia. Masu satar mutane hudu sun yi ƙoƙari su shiga cikin jirgin yayin da jirgin ke tashi a FL260. Fashewa biyu sun tashi, wanda ya haifar da hadari a kusa da Arar, Saudi Arabia inda ya kashe 63 daga cikin 106 da ke cikin jirgin. * A lokacin Yakin Tekun Farisa, bama-bamai na Amurka sun lalata jiragen sama biyu na Iraqi Airways Tupolev Tu-124Vs da aka ajiye a ƙasa. * A ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2019, wani jirgin Iraqi Airways Airbus A320-200, rajista YI-ARA, yana yin jirgin IA-239 daga Sulaimaniyah zuwa London Gatwick tare da tsayawa a Sofia, dauke da fasinjoji 78 da ma'aikata 9. Lokacin da jirgin ya sauka zuwa Sofia, ma'aikatan sun ba da rahoton fashewar gilashin hagu na hannun dama kuma sun nemi saukowa da sauri, duk da haka, ba a nemi gaggawa ko fifiko ba. Jirgin ya sauka a kan titin Sofia 09 kimanin minti 10 bayan haka. * A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 2023, wani jirgin sama na Iraqi Airways Boeing 737-800, rajista YI-ASW, yana yin jirgin IA-3202 daga Madina zuwa Sulaymaniyah, yana gabatowa zuwa Sulaymanyah lokacin da tsuntsu ya shafi hanci na jirgin. Jirgin ya ci gaba da sauka lafiya a kan titin Sulaymaniyah 31. Jirgin ya kasance a ƙasa a Sulaymaniyah na kimanin awanni 18.5 kafin ya koma aiki. * A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2023, wata motar ƙasa ta buge kuma ta lalata reshen hagu na sabon jirgin saman Iraqi Airways Boeing 737 Max 8 (resistancin YI-ASY, wanda aka kawo a watan Yulin 2023) a Filin jirgin saman Baghdad, wanda ya haifar da kwararar man fetur. Jirgin ya tsaya har zuwa 1 ga Disamba. Jirgin ya sami gyare-gyare na wucin gadi ta ma'aikatan kula da jirgin sama, kafin a canja shi zuwa Filin jirgin saman Kudancin California, inda aka gudanar da gyare- gyare-gine na karshe na fuka-fukan hagu. Ya zuwa 1 ga Janairun 2024 an mayar da YI-ASY zuwa aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-01 |title=(Iraqi Airways returns a MAX aircraft to service)الخطوط الجوية العراقية تعيد طائرة من طراز MAX إلى الخدمة - Observer Iraq |url=https://observeriraq.net/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b7/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |language=ar}}</ref><ref name="Flightradar24 z039">{{Cite web |title=Airplane: YI-ASY |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/aircraft/yi-asy |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Flightradar24}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1c1yawe0y6hn390g0fko32dyo6bh6jc 964208 964207 2026-10-07T07:55:29Z Baffa ali 47435 964208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iraqi Airways Company''' ( Arabic ), wanda ke aiki a matsayin '''kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways''', shine kamfanin jigilar kaya na ƙasa na [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} hedikwatarsa a filin jirgin saman Baghdad da ke [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] . Ita ce kamfanin jirgin sama na biyu mafi tsufa a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], idan aka haɗa da ainihin kamfanin jirgin saman Iraqi Airways wanda ya fara a shekarar 1945. Kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways yana gudanar da ayyukan cikin gida da na yanki ; babban sansaninsa shine Filin Jirgin Sama na Kasa da Kasa na Baghdad. == Tarihi == [[File:Viscount_735_(Iraqi_AW)_at_EMA.jpg|right|thumb| Vickers Viscount 735 a Filin Jirgin Sama na East Midlands a shekarar 1978]] [[File:HS.121_Trident_1E_YI-AEB_Iraq_Aws_ATH_22.04.73_edited-3.jpg|right|thumb| Jirgin Hawker Siddeley Trident 1E ya sauka a filin jirgin saman Hellenikon na Athens a shekarar 1973]] [[File:Iraqi_Airways_Boeing_747-200C_YI-AGP_LHR_1983-2-18.png|thumb| Boeing 747-200C a shekarar 1983]] [[File:Tozeur_two_Iraqi_Boeing.jpg|thumb| Jirgin Boeing 747s mallakar kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi ne, wanda ke jiran yarjejeniyar sulhu da [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] tun daga shekarar 1990 a Tozeur.]] [[File:Iraqi_Airways_Boeing_737-200Adv_N239US_PRG_2004-10-17.png|thumb| Jirgin Boeing 737-200 ya yi nasarar sauka a filin jirgin saman Prague Ruzyne a shekarar 2004]] [[File:Iraqi_Airways_Boeing_747SP_Gupta.jpg|right|thumb| Jirgin Boeing 747SP na gwamnatin Iraki ya yi aiki a cikin kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi a sansanin sojojin sama na Andrews a shekarar 1989]] === Tarihin farko === An kafa kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways a shekarar 1945 a matsayin sashen layin dogo na jihar Iraqi kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 28 ga Janairun 1946 ta amfani da jiragen sama guda biyar na De Havilland Dragon Rapide wadanda ke ba da hidima ga Syria . Tare da taimakon kamfanin British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), kamfanin ya yi odar jiragen sama guda uku na Vickers Viking . Yayin da take jiran a kawo Vikings, ta yi hayar jiragen Douglas DC-3 guda huɗu daga BOAC a watan Disamba na 1946. A shekarar 1947, kamfanin jirgin ya umarci de Havilland Dove da ta maye gurbin Dragon Rapids; an kawo Doves a watan Oktoban 1947. An kawo sabbin jiragen Vikings a ƙarshen 1947 kuma jiragen DC-3 sun koma BOAC. An sayi motar Viking ta huɗu da aka yi amfani da ita a hannu . A shekarar 1953, an zaɓi Vickers Viscount turboprop mai injina huɗu don maye gurbin Vikings kuma an yi odar uku a watan Yuli. Jirgin Viscounts ya fara aiki a shekarar 1955 kuma yana gudanar da dukkan ayyukan kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways na ƙasashen waje, ciki har da sabuwar hanyar zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Heathrow|London Heathrow]] tare da tsayawa a tsaka-tsaki. A ranar 1 ga Afrilun 1960, kamfanin jirgin ya rabu da kamfanin jirgin ƙasa. A shekarar 1961, ta yi odar jiragen Boeing 720B guda biyu don isar da su a shekarar 1964, amma daga baya aka soke odar. A shekarun 1960, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya sayi jiragen saman Tupolev Tu-124 na Rasha da kuma jiragen Hawker Siddeley Trident . Waɗannan jiragen sun ba kamfanin damar ƙara yawan ayyukansa a faɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka da Turai. A lokacin, an kuma sayi jiragen sama na ɗaukar kaya kamar Ilyushin Il-76 . A shekarun 1970, kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways ya buƙaci babban jirgin sama don sabuwar hanyar zuwa filin jirgin saman John F. Kennedy da ke New York; ya sayi Boeing 707, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka, Boeing 747 . An rage farashin jiragen sama ta hanyar tallafin gwamnati a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Ba'ath ta Iraki. === Tarihin daga baya === An yi ƙoƙarin sake fara ayyukan cikin gida bayan Yaƙin Tekun Fasha a watan Mayun 1991, kuma [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ba da izini don amfani da jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu a kan iyakokin ayyukan cikin gida. An haramta zirga-zirgar jiragen sama marasa matuki a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan tsagaita wuta, duk da cewa Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya amince da sake fara zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na cikin gida. An sake fara amfani da jiragen Antonov An-24 a watan Janairun 1992 daga Baghdad zuwa [[Basra]] . An dakatar da ayyukan jim kaɗan bayan haka, bayan hukuncin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Duk da haka, jiragen sama na cikin gida sun zama ba kasafai ake samu ba, saboda dokar hana tashi da jiragen sama da Amurka da Burtaniya suka sanya a sararin samaniyar Iraki. A shekarun 1990, kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways yakan yi jigilar mahajjata zuwa [[Wurare Mafiya Tsarki a Musulunci|biranen addinin]] [[Musulmi|Musulunci]] a wasu lokutan. === Farfaɗowa === Bayan Yaƙin Iraki, a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2003, kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways ya sanar da shirin sake fara ayyukansa na ƙasashen waje. An mayar da haƙƙin mallakar sunan kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways zuwa wani sabon kamfani mai suna '''Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Iraqi''', wanda zai kafa sabon kamfanin jiragen sama tare da kare shi daga matsalolin shari'a da suka shafi gwamnatin [[Saddam Hussein]] . An sake fara aiki a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2004, tare da tashi tsakanin Baghdad da [[Amman]] . A watan Yunin 2005, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya fara gudanar da aikin jigilar kaya na cikin gida bayan faduwar gwamnatin [[Saddam Hussein]], daga Baghdad zuwa [[Basra]], tare da fasinjoji 100 a cikin jirgin Boeing 727-200 . A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2005, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya fara jigilar jiragen sama daga Baghdad zuwa [[Tehran]], Iran, a karon farko cikin shekaru ashirin da biyar. Kamar sauran jiragen, [[Teebah Airlines]] na Jordan ne ya yi aikin jirgin a madadinsa. An ƙara ayyukan hidima ga Erbil da Sulaymaniyah a lokacin bazara na 2005. A watan Yunin 2009, an ruwaito cewa kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya kulla yarjejeniya da hukumomin sufurin jiragen sama na Birtaniya don ci gaba da aiki kai tsaye daga Baghdad zuwa [[Filin jirgin saman Landan-Gatwick|Filin Jirgin Sama na Gatwick na London]] ; an tsara cewa jiragen za su fara aiki a ranar 8 ga Agusta 2009 ta amfani da Boeing 737-400 da aka yi hayar daga Tor Air, kuma daga ƙarshe Airbus A320-200 zai yi aiki da hanyar. Duk da haka, wannan bai faru kamar yadda aka tsara ba. Kamfanin jirgin ya ce a lokacin suna da niyyar faɗaɗawa cikin Burtaniya da Turai. A watan Nuwamba na 2009, kamfanin jirgin saman Jamus mai suna Blue Wings ya fara jigilar jiragen sama zuwa [[Düsseldorf]] da [[Frankfurt]], Jamus a madadin kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2010, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya fara jigilar jiragen sama zuwa filin jirgin saman Gatwick ta [[Malmö]], Sweden. Lokacin da jirgin farko ya sauka a Landan, wani lauya dan kasar Kuwait ya sa aka kwace takardun Darakta Janar Kifah Hassan da fasfo dinsa, da kuma jirgin da kansa. Duk da haka, babu wani mataki da aka ɗauka, domin kamfanin Tor Air na ƙasar Sweden ne ya mallaki jirgin. Jirgin ya koma [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] . Duk da haka, ba a bar Kifah Hassan ya bar [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ba, kuma an gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu a ranar 30 ga Afrilu. Jami'an Kuwait sun nemi fam 780{{Spaces}}miliyan don jiragen da Saddam Hussein ya sace a mamayar 1990. A ranar 26 ga Mayu 2010, Amer Abdul-Jabbar, ministan sufuri na Iraki, ya ce za a rushe kamfanin nan da shekaru uku masu zuwa domin kauce wa ikirarin kadarorin da Kuwait ke yi. A watan Fabrairun 2012, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya sanar da cewa zai sake fara jigilar jiragensa zuwa Indiya, tare da jigilar jiragen zuwa [[Delhi]] ko [[Mumbai]] daga Baghdad. A watan Afrilun 2012, an sanar da cewa kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways ya yi odar sabbin jiragen Boeing guda 40, odar ta kunshi jiragen Boeing 737-800 guda 30 da kuma jiragen Boeing 787 Dreamliner guda 10. Za a kawo jirgin farko a watan Disamba na 2012. A farkon watan Disamba, Airbus ya kawo jirginsa na farko kirar A330-200 zuwa Iraki, yayin da Boeing ya kawo jirgin Boeing 777 a lokaci guda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-12-16 |title=Iraqi Airways takes delivery of Boeing 777 |url=https://www.arabnews.com/iraqi-airways-takes-delivery-boeing-777 |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraqi Airways takes delivery of its first Airbus A330 &#124; Airbus Press release |url=http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/iraqi-airways-takes-delivery-of-its-first-airbus-a330/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623194308/http://www.airbus.com/newsevents/news-events-single/detail/iraqi-airways-takes-delivery-of-its-first-airbus-a330/ |archive-date=23 June 2016 |access-date=2016-02-07}}. Airbus.com</ref> A ranar 14 ga Agusta 2013, kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways ya karɓi jirginsu na farko kirar Boeing 737-800 kai tsaye daga kamfanin Boeing. A watan Yunin 2014, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama zuwa Mosul saboda kwace birnin da [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|ISIL]] ta yi. A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2015, kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways ya sami rancen dala biliyan 2 daga wani bankin Citibank don samar da kudaden sayen jiragen sama 40 na zamani irin su Boeing 777 da Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Kamfanin jirgin ya buɗe takardar neman shawarwari (RFP) ga kamfanonin jiragen sama na Turai tare da takardar shaidar AOC mai inganci a ƙarshen shekarar 2019. Manufar ita ce a sami yarjejeniyoyi don hayar jiragen sama masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda za su iya yin hidima tsakanin Iraki da Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraqi Airways issues ACMI RFP to European carriers |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/82549-iraqi-airways-issues-acmi-rfp-to-european-carriers |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=ch-aviation |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaminski-Morrow2019-10-17T14:52:48+01:00 |first=David |title=Iraqi Airways seeks operators to serve EU routes |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/networks/iraqi-airways-seeks-operators-to-serve-eu-routes/134868.article |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya sake fara jigilar jiragen sama zuwa Syria, tsakanin [[Damascus]] da Baghdad. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Diyaruna |title=Iraqi Airways to resume flights to Syria |url=https://diyaruna.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_di/newsbriefs/2019/05/17/newsbrief-02 |access-date=2020-03-31 |website=Diyaruna |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kamfanin jiragen sama na Iraqi Airways yana ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin jiragen sama kaɗan da ba sa bayar da giya a jiragensu. === Kayan wasan kwaikwayo === A shekarar 2008, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya sami jirgin Bombardier CRJ guda ɗaya a cikin sigar da aka saba amfani da ita ta Bombardier mai launin shuɗi da fari tare da taken Iraki da tambarinsa. Sauran jiragen CRJ an kawo su ne a cikin sigar tsohon kayan kore kuma an yi wa YI-AQA fenti cikin sauri don dacewa. A shekarar 2012 kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya fara amfani da sabuwar na'urar kore wacce aka yi amfani da ita a duk fadin jiragen.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} == Wurare == A watan Maris na 2009, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya fara jigilar jiragensa na farko zuwa [[Sweden]] cikin kusan shekaru 19. A watan Satumba na 2009, kamfanin jirgin ya sake fara jigilar jiragensa zuwa [[Baharen|Bahrain]] da [[Doha]], Qatar. A watan Oktoban 2009, kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya sake fara jigilar jiragensa zuwa [[Karachi]], Pakistan. Kamfanin jirgin ya kuma fara jigilar kaya zuwa [[Jeddah]] a lokacin aikin Hajji. Bayan bayyana a watan da ya gabata cewa ta nemi izinin tashi zuwa [[Malmö]], Sweden, <ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.iq-airways.com/&ei=cj7rSuXyNsiMjAe9t72VDQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCIQ7gEwAg&prev=/search%3Fq%3DIraqi%2BAirways%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG Iraqi Airways applies for flights to Malmö, Sweden]{{Dead link|date=November 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}. Translate.google.co.uk.</ref> Kamfanin jiragen saman Iraqi Airways ya fara jigilar jiragen zuwa birnin a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2009. == Rundunar Soja == === Jiragen ruwa na yanzu === [[File:Iraqi_Airways,_YI-AGS,_Airbus_A321-231_(30728990257).jpg|thumb| Jirgin sama kirar Airbus A321 a shekarar 2018]] [[File:Iraqi_Airways,_YI-AQY,_Airbus_A330-202_(31817502202).jpg|thumb| Jirgin saman Airbus A330-200 a shekarar 2016]] [[File:Iraqi_Airways,_YI-ASR,_Boeing_737-81Z_(47585393392).jpg|thumb| Boeing 737-800 a shekarar 2019]] [[File:Boeing_777-29M-LR,_Iraqi_Airways_AN2268784.jpg|thumb| Jirgin Boeing 777-200LR guda ɗaya a shekarar 2013.]] {{As of|2026|7}} , Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Iraqi Airways yana aiki da waɗannan jiragen: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Jirgin saman Iraqi ! rowspan="2" |Jirgin sama ! rowspan="2" |A cikin hidima ! rowspan="2" |Dokoki ! colspan="3" |Fasinjoji ! rowspan="2" |Bayani |- !<abbr title="Business class">C</abbr> !<abbr title="Economy class">Y</abbr> !Jimillar |- |Airbus A220-300 |5 |&#x2D; |12 |130 |142 | |- |Airbus A320-200 |3 |&#x2D; |&#x2D; |180 |180 | |- |Airbus A321-200 |2 |&#x2D; |&#x2D; |220 |220 | |- |Airbus A330-200 |1 |&#x2D; |24 |264 |288 | |- |Boeing 737-700 |1 |&#x2D; | | | | |- |Boeing 737-800 |13 |&#x2D; |12 |150 |162 | |- |Boeing 737 MAX 8 |6 |&#x2D; |12 |150 |162 | |- |Boeing 737 MAX 10 |&#x2D; |10 | colspan="3" |<abbr title="To Be Announced">TBA</abbr> |Asalin an yi niyyar fara isar da shi daga 2024. <ref name="Plan23">{{Cite web |date=28 February 2023 |title=Iraqi Airways takes delivery of first B737 MAX 8 |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/124935-iraqi-airways-takes-delivery-of-first-b737-max-8 |website=ch-aviation.com}}</ref> |- |Boeing 777-200LR |1 |&#x2D; |14 |350 |364 | |- |Boeing 787-8 |2 |7<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2024 |title=Boeing Commercial Orders & Deliveries |url=https://public.tableau.com/app/profile/salesoperations/viz/BoeingCommercialOrdersDeliveries_16788064876590/OrdersandDeliveries |access-date=17 August 2024 |website=The Boeing Company}}</ref> |24 |242 |266 | |- |Boeing 787-9 |&#x2D; |1<ref name=":0" /> | colspan="3" |<abbr title="To Be Announced">TBA</abbr> | |- |Jirgin Bombardier CRJ-900LR |6 |&#x2D; |&#x2D; |90 |90 | |- !Jimillar !40 !18 ! colspan="4" | |} === Ci gaban jiragen ruwa === [[File:YI-ATC_of_Iraqi_Airways_at_CAN_20260514.jpg|thumb|Boeing 787-8 a cikin 2026]] A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, gwamnatin Iraqi ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar dala biliyan 2.2 tare da Boeing don Boeing 737-800s 30 tare da zaɓi don ƙarin 10. Har ila yau, yana aiki a kan yarjejeniyar da ta shafi umarnin jirgin saman Boeing 787 Dreamliners guda goma don sabis na nesa. An sanya hannu kan wani kwangila mai darajar dala miliyan 398 don jirgin sama goma na Bombardier CRJ-900ER tare da zaɓuɓɓuka goma. An kawo CRJ-900ER na farko a watan Oktoba 2008. Wannan ya haifar da karar da aka shigar a kan Bombardier ta Kuwait Airways. Kuwait ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta lashe dala biliyan 1.2 a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka yi wa Iraqi Airways sakamakon Yakin Gulf . Alkalin Kanada ya yanke hukuncin cewa ba shi da iko saboda shari'ar ta shafi gwamnatin kasashen waje, saboda mai sayen jirgin shine gwamnatin Iraki, ba Iraqi Airways ba. An warware karar da Kuwait Airways ta yi a shekara ta 2009, tare da Iraki ta amince da biyan dala miliyan 300.<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,24963127-5005961,00.html Lawsuit is settled with Iraqi paying $300 million]{{Dead link|date=November 2012}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2010, Iraqi Airways ta ba da sanarwar manyan shirye-shiryen jiragen ruwa, gami da canza 10 daga cikin umarni 30 na Boeing 737-800 zuwa ƙarin jiki mai faɗi tare da kawo ranar isar da gaba zuwa Satumba 2011, da canza umarnin Boeing 787 Dreamliner 10 zuwa jirgin Boeing 777. <ref>[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=comm&id=news/awx/2010/02/18/awx_02_18_2010_p0-205520.xml&headline=Iraqi%20Airways%20Eyes%20Fleet%20Adjustments Iraqi Airways major fleet plans]{{Dead link|date=August 2018|fix-attempted=yes}}. Aviationweek.com (18 February 2010).</ref> == Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru == Iraqi Airways ta fuskanci mummunan abubuwan da suka faru tare da na karshe da ya faru a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1986. A zamanin yau, ya ga gagarumin ci gaba a cikin rundunoninsa da ayyukansa. Kamfanin jirgin sama ya sami abubuwan da suka faru, haɗari, da satar mutane tun lokacin da ya fara aiki a 1945: * A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1955, de Havilland Dove YI-ABJ ya fadi bayan gobarar injiniya a Al-Mansuriya, Iraki. * A ranar 10 ga Oktoba 1955, Vickers 644 Viking 1B ya mamaye titin jirgin sama a Bagadaza kuma ya fadi cikin rami, inda ya kama wuta. Duk fasinjoji goma sha tara da ma'aikata sun tsira, amma an rubuta jirgin. * A ranar 19 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1965, wani jirgin Vickers 773 Viscount ya fadi a cikin jerin fitilu a Alkahira bayan jirgin daga Baghdad. Duk fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin sun tsira, amma an rubuta jirgin. * A ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1973, Vickers 735 Viscount ya yi saukowar ciki ciki a Filin jirgin saman Mosul bayan ya ƙare man fetur. Duk fasinjoji 33 da ma'aikata sun tsira, amma an rubuta jirgin. * A ranar 1 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1975, 'yan fashi uku sun sace Boeing 737-200 da ke tashi daga Mosul zuwa Baghdad. Akwai mutuwar mutum daya a cikin jirgin, mai satar mutane. * A ranar 23 ga Satumba 1980, kwana daya bayan farawar Yaƙin Iran-Irak, jirgin sama na Ilyushin Il-76 da ke tashi daga Paris zuwa Bagadaza ya fadi yayin da yake kusantar Filin jirgin saman Bagadaza. An yi imanin cewa jiragen yaki na Iran ne suka harbe jirgin. * A ranar 24 ga Satumba 1980, an ruwaito cewa an lalata Antonov An-24TV a ƙasa a Filin jirgin saman Kirkuk yayin gwagwarmaya mai tsanani. * A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1982, wani Antonov An-24B ya fadi yayin da yake kusantar filin jirgin saman Iraqi. Yankin hagu ya buga ƙasa, ya sa jirgin ya fadi. * A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1982, jirgin Antonov An-24TV ya rushe a lokacin tashi daga Filin jirgin saman Nasiriyah. Kowane mutum a cikin jirgin ya tsira, amma an rubuta jirgin. * A ranar 16 ga Satumba 1984, Jirgin Sama na Iraqi Airways Flight 123, Boeing 737-200C da ke tashi daga [[Larnaca]] zuwa Baghdad, 'yan fashi uku sun sace shi. Duk fasinjoji da ma'aikatan sun tsira. * A ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1986, Jirgin Sama na Iraqi Airways Flight 163, Boeing 737-200C da ke tashi daga Baghdad zuwa Amman ya sami yunkurin satar kaya yayin da yake tashi sama da Saudi Arabia. Masu satar mutane hudu sun yi ƙoƙari su shiga cikin jirgin yayin da jirgin ke tashi a FL260. Fashewa biyu sun tashi, wanda ya haifar da hadari a kusa da Arar, Saudi Arabia inda ya kashe 63 daga cikin 106 da ke cikin jirgin. * A lokacin Yakin Tekun Farisa, bama-bamai na Amurka sun lalata jiragen sama biyu na Iraqi Airways Tupolev Tu-124Vs da aka ajiye a ƙasa. * A ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2019, wani jirgin Iraqi Airways Airbus A320-200, rajista YI-ARA, yana yin jirgin IA-239 daga Sulaimaniyah zuwa London Gatwick tare da tsayawa a Sofia, dauke da fasinjoji 78 da ma'aikata 9. Lokacin da jirgin ya sauka zuwa Sofia, ma'aikatan sun ba da rahoton fashewar gilashin hagu na hannun dama kuma sun nemi saukowa da sauri, duk da haka, ba a nemi gaggawa ko fifiko ba. Jirgin ya sauka a kan titin Sofia 09 kimanin minti 10 bayan haka. * A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 2023, wani jirgin sama na Iraqi Airways Boeing 737-800, rajista YI-ASW, yana yin jirgin IA-3202 daga Madina zuwa Sulaymaniyah, yana gabatowa zuwa Sulaymanyah lokacin da tsuntsu ya shafi hanci na jirgin. Jirgin ya ci gaba da sauka lafiya a kan titin Sulaymaniyah 31. Jirgin ya kasance a ƙasa a Sulaymaniyah na kimanin awanni 18.5 kafin ya koma aiki. * A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2023, wata motar ƙasa ta buge kuma ta lalata reshen hagu na sabon jirgin saman Iraqi Airways Boeing 737 Max 8 (resistancin YI-ASY, wanda aka kawo a watan Yulin 2023) a Filin jirgin saman Baghdad, wanda ya haifar da kwararar man fetur. Jirgin ya tsaya har zuwa 1 ga Disamba. Jirgin ya sami gyare-gyare na wucin gadi ta ma'aikatan kula da jirgin sama, kafin a canja shi zuwa Filin jirgin saman Kudancin California, inda aka gudanar da gyare- gyare-gine na karshe na fuka-fukan hagu. Ya zuwa 1 ga Janairun 2024 an mayar da YI-ASY zuwa aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-01 |title=(Iraqi Airways returns a MAX aircraft to service)الخطوط الجوية العراقية تعيد طائرة من طراز MAX إلى الخدمة - Observer Iraq |url=https://observeriraq.net/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%b7%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b7/ |access-date=2024-01-30 |language=ar}}</ref><ref name="Flightradar24 z039">{{Cite web |title=Airplane: YI-ASY |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/aircraft/yi-asy |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Flightradar24}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iieo9wvbubwzc9rh949hasmr88v3ryo 0 178456 964209 2026-10-07T07:56:38Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348137925|List of monarchs of Mercia]]" 964209 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />Masarautar Mercia jiha ce a yankin Midlands na Ingila daga ƙarni na 6 zuwa ƙarni na 10. Tsawon kimanin shekaru ɗari biyu daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 7 zuwa gaba, ita ce mafi rinjaye a cikin Heptarchy kuma saboda haka ita ce mafi ƙarfi a cikin masarautun Anglo-Saxon . A wannan lokacin sarakunanta sun zama sarakunan Ingila na farko da suka ɗauki manyan mukamai kamar ''Sarkin Burtaniya'' da ''Sarkin Ingila'' . Haruffan sun bambanta sosai a wannan lokacin, har ma a cikin takarda guda ɗaya, kuma akwai nau'ikan bambance-bambancen da yawa don sunayen da aka bayar a ƙasa. Misali, sautin ''th'' yawanci ana wakilta shi da tsoffin haruffan Turanci ð ko þ . Ga magabatan ƙasashen Mercians na nahiyar Turai a Angeln, duba Jerin sarakunan kusurwoyi . Domin magajinsu duba Jerin Sarakunan Ingila . == Sarakunan Mercians == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  An san sarakunan gargajiya na Mercia da Iclingas, zuriyar sarakunan Angles . Lokacin da Iclingas ta mutu a cikin zuriyar maza, wasu iyalai da dama, waɗanda masana tarihi suka yi wa lakabi da B, C da W, sun fafata don neman gadon sarauta. <ref>Zaluckyj, Sarah & Feryok, Marge. ''Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England'' (2001) {{ISBN|1-873827-62-8}}</ref><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />Duk waɗannan [[Sarki|sarakuna]] ne, sai dai idan an ƙayyade su. Waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin ''rubutun tatsuniya'' wataƙila tatsuniya ce, ko kuma sahihancinsu ba su da tabbas, ko kuma ba su yi nasara ba. {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:160px;" |Ruler ! style="width:140px;" |Reign ! style="width:370px;" |Biographical notes ! style="width:130px;" |Died |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |''Icel'' |''c.'' 515-''c''.535 |Son of Eomer, last King of the Angles in Angeln. Led his people across the North Sea to Britain. |''c.''535 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |''Cnebba'' |''c.'' 535-''c.''554 |Son of Icel of Mercia |''c.''554 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |''Cynewald'' |''c.'' 554-''c.''584 |Son of Cnebba. |''c.''584 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Creoda''' |''c.'' 584&#x2013;''c.'' 593 |Son of Cynewald. Probable founder of the Mercian royal fortress at Tamworth. |''c.'' 593 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Pybba''' |''c.'' 593&#x2013;''c.'' 606 |Son of Creoda. Extended Mercian control into the western Midlands. |''c.'' 606 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" |'''Cearl''' |''c.'' 606&#x2013;''c.'' 626 |Named as king by Bede, not included in later regnal lists. |''c.'' 626 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Penda''' |''c.'' 626&#x2013;655 |Son of Pybba. Raised Mercia to dominant status amongst the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Last pagan ruler of Mercia. Killed in battle by Oswiu of Northumbria. |15 Nov 655 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Eowa''' |''c.'' 635&#x2013;642 |Son of Pybba. Co-ruler. Killed in battle. |5 Aug 642 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Peada''' |''c.'' 653&#x2013;656 |Son of Penda. Co-ruler in the south-east Midlands. Murdered. |17 Apr 656 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:thistle;" |'''Oswiu of Northumbria''' |655&#x2013;658 |Briefly took direct control of Mercia after the death of Penda. Also King of Northumbria (655&#x2013;670). |15 Feb 670 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Wulfhere''' |658&#x2013;675 |Son of Penda. Restored Mercian dominance in England. First Christian king of all Mercia. |675 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Æthelred I''' |675&#x2013;704 |Son of Penda. Abdicated and retired to a monastery at Bardney. |716 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Cœnred''' |704&#x2013;709 |Son of Wulfhere. Abdicated and retired to [[Rum|Rome]]. |? |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Ceolred''' |709&#x2013;716 |Son of Æthelred I. Probably poisoned. |716 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |''Ceolwald'' |716 |Presumed son of Æthelred I (may not have existed). |716 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Æthelbald''' |716&#x2013;757 |Grandson of Eowa. Proclaimed himself ''King of Britain'' in 736. Murdered by his bodyguards. |757 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#def;" |'''Beornred''' |757 |No known relation to his predecessors. Deposed by Offa. |? |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Offa''' |757&#x2013;796 |Great-great-grandson of Eowa. The greatest and most powerful of all Mercian kings, he proclaimed himself ''King of the English'' in 774, built Offa's Dyke, and introduced the silver penny. |29 Jul 796 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Ecgfrith''' |787&#x2013;796 |Son of Offa. Co-ruler, died suddenly a few months after his father. |17 Dec 796 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:wheat;" |'''Cœnwulf''' |796&#x2013;821 |Seventh generation descendant of Pybba, probably through a sister of Penda. Assumed the title of 'emperor'. |821 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:wheat;" |''Cynehelm'' |''c.'' 798&#x2013;812 |Son of Cœnwulf. Although he existed, his status as co-ruler and his murder are legendary. Canonised (St Kenelm). |812 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:wheat;" |'''Ceolwulf I''' |821&#x2013;823 |Brother of Cœnwulf. Deposed by Beornwulf. |? |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#def;" |'''Beornwulf''' |823&#x2013;826 |Conjectured kinsman of Beornred. Killed in battle against the East Anglians. |826 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" |'''Ludeca''' |826&#x2013;827 |No known relation to his predecessors. Killed in battle against the East Anglians. |827 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#cfc;" |'''Wiglaf''' <small>(1st reign)</small> |827&#x2013;829 |No known relation to his predecessors. Deposed by Ecgberht of Wessex. |839 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:thistle;" |'''Ecgberht of Wessex''' |829&#x2013;830 |Briefly took direct control of Mercia after the deposition of Wiglaf. Also King of Wessex (802&#x2013;839). |4 Feb 839 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#cfc;" |'''Wiglaf''' <small>(2nd reign)</small> |830&#x2013;839 |Restored. Although Mercia regained its independence, its dominance in England was lost. |839 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#cfc;" |'''Wigmund''' |''c.'' 839&#x2013;''c.'' 840 |Son of Wiglaf and son-in-law of Ceolwulf I. Probably co-ruler. |''c.'' 840 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#cfc;" |'''Wigstan''' |840 |Son of Wigmund. Declined the kingship and was later murdered by Beorhtwulf. Canonised (St Wystan). |849 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:wheat;" |'''Ælfflæd''' <small>(Queen)</small> |840 |Daughter of Ceolwulf I, wife of Wigmund and mother of Wigstan. Appointed regent by Wigstan. |? |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#def;" |'''Beorhtwulf''' |840&#x2013;852 |Claimed to be a cousin of Wigstan. Usurped the kingship and forced Ælfflæd to marry his son, Beorhtfrith. |852 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#def;" |'''Burgred''' |852&#x2013;874 |Conjectured kinsman of Beorhtwulf. Fled to Rome in the face of a Danish invasion. |? |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" |'''Ceolwulf II''' |874&#x2013;879 or ''c''. 883 |Possibly a descendant of the C-dynasty, of which Ceolwulf I was a member, perhaps via intermarriage with W-dynasty. Lost eastern Mercia to the Danes in 877. |879 or ''c''. 883 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffe8e8;" |'''Æthelred II''' <small>(Lord)</small> |''c.'' 883&#x2013;911 |Recognised Alfred of Wessex as his overlord. Regarded as an 'ealdorman' by West Saxon sources. |911 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffe8e8;" |'''[[Æthelflæd]]''' <small>(Lady)</small> |911&#x2013;918 |Wife of Æthelred II and daughter of Alfred of Wessex. Possibly descended from earlier Mercian kings via her mother. With her brother, Edward the Elder, reconquered eastern Mercia. |12 Jun 918 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffe8e8;" |'''Ælfwynn''' <small>(Lady)</small> |918 |Daughter of Æthelred II and Æthelflæd. Deposed by her uncle, Edward the Elder, Dec 918, who annexed Mercia to Wessex. |? |} === Sarakuna masu daraja bayan haɗin Mercia === {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:160px;" |Mai mulki ! style="width:140px;" | Sarki ! style="width:370px;" | Bayanan tarihin rayuwa ! style="width:130px;" | Mutu |- style="vertical-align:top; background:thistle;" | '''Æthelstan''' | 924 | Ɗan Edward Babban kuma ɗan'uwan Æthelflæd. Ya zama Sarkin Mercia bayan mutuwar Edward (Yuli 924), kuma ya zama Sarkin Wessex kimanin kwanaki 16 bayan haka. | 27 Oktoba 939 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:thistle;" | '''Eadgar''' | 957 &#x2013; 959 | Ɗan uwan Æthelstan. Ya kwace iko da Mercia da Northumbria a watan Mayu na 957, kafin ya gaji gadon sarautar Ingila da aka sake hadewa a watan Oktoba na 959. | 8 ga Yuli 975 |} == Ealdormen da Earls na Mercians == Babban hamshakin Mercia a matsayin lardin Ingila ya riƙe muƙamin ealdorman har zuwa 1023/32, sannan kuma Earl ya biyo baya. Duk ofisoshin biyu na sarauta ne, amma na biyun ya zama na gado.<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:160px;" |Mai mulki ! style="width:140px;" | Sarki ! style="width:370px;" | Bayanan tarihin rayuwa ! style="width:130px;" | Mutu |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" | '''A nan''' | 957 &#x2013; 983 | An naɗa shi Eadgar a matsayin Ealdorman na Mercia a shekara ta 957, lokacin da aka raba masarautar Ingila. | 983 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" | '''Ælfric Cild''' | 983 &#x2013; 985 | Surukin Ælfhere. An tsige shi daga mulki ta hannun Æthelred the Unready a shekarar 985. | ? |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" | '''Wurin Wulfric''' | ? &#x2013; 1004 | Wataƙila ealdorman na Mercia bayan ajiye Ælfric Cild. | 22 Oktoba 1004 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" | '''Eadric Streona''' | 1007 &#x2013; 1017 | An naɗa shi ta hanyar Æthelred. Shahararren jarumin soja, Cnut ya kashe shi daga baya saboda cin amanar sa. | 25 Disamba 1017 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" | '''Leofwine''' | 1017 &#x2013; 1023/32 | Wataƙila Cnut ya naɗa shi a matsayin ealdorman na Mercia, shi ma ealdorman na Hwicce ne. | 1023/32 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffe8e8;" | '''Leofric''' | 1023/32 &#x2013; 1057 | Ɗan Leofwine, wanda Cnut ya naɗa a matsayin Earl. Ana tunawa da shi musamman saboda shahararriyar matarsa, Godgifu ( Lady Godiva ). | 31 ga Agusta<br /><br /><br /><br /> ko kuma 30 Satumba 1057 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffe8e8;" | '''Ælfgar''' | 1057 &#x2013; 1062 | Ɗan Leofric. A da shi ne Earl na Gabashin Anglia har sai da ya gaji mahaifinsa Mercia. | 1062 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffe8e8;" | '''Eadwine''' | 1062 &#x2013; 1071 | Ɗan Ælfgar. Ya miƙa wuya ga William Mai Nasara a shekara ta 1066, amma daga baya ya yi tawaye, kuma mutanensa suka ci amanarsa. Daga nan aka raba Mercia zuwa ƙananan ƙananan bishiyoyi. | 1071 |} === Earls na Maris === An ƙirƙiri taken Earl of March (wanda yayi kama da 'Earl of Mercia') a yammacin Midlands don Roger Mortimer a shekara ta 1328. Ya ɓace, kuma an sake ƙirƙira shi, sau uku tun daga lokacin, kuma yana wanzuwa a yau a matsayin taken Duke na Richmond da Lennox . == Itacen dangin Sarakunan Mercia == {{Chart top|Kings of Mercia family tree}} {{Tree chart/start}} {{Tree chart|||||||||Ic1||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||Cn1||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||Cy1||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||Cr1||Ce1||AE1||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||!||||!||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||Py2||Cw2|~|Ed2||Ac2|y|AE2||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.||||||`|-|.|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|Ce3|y|NA||Eo3||||||Pe3|y|Cy3||OSR||||||Ce2||||}} {{Tree chart||,|-|'||||||!||||,|-|-|-|-|-|b|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.||||!|||||}} {{Tree chart|Unk|||,|-|-|-|(||||!||||,|-|+|-|.||||!||||!||||)|-|-|-|.|}} {{Tree chart|Cd4||Om4||Al4||Af4|~|Pe4|!|At4|y|Os4||Ald|~|Cu4||In4}} {{Tree chart||!||||!||||!||||||||||!||||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||||||||!|}} {{Tree chart||!||||!||||!||||,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.||||!|||Unk|||||||!|}} {{Tree chart|Cw4||Ea4||Ab4||Wu4||Ah4|~|Ky4||Ce5||Cl5||||||Ep5}} {{Tree chart||!||||!||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||!|}} {{Tree chart||!||||!||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||!|}} {{Tree chart|Cr5||Th5||||||Co5||||||||||||||||||||||Ef5}} {{Tree chart||!||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||!|}} {{Tree chart|Bs6||Of6|y|Cy6||||||||||Bn6||||||||||||||Ea5}} {{Tree chart||!||||,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||||!|}} {{Tree chart|Ct6||Ec6||Eb6|~|Bo6||Af6|~|At6||||||||||||||Eg6}} {{Tree chart||)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||||||||!|}} {{Tree chart|Co7|y|Ay7||Be7||Ce7||Wg7||||||Am7|y|Er7||||||At7}} {{Tree chart||,|-|^|-|.||||!||||!||||!||||||||,|-|'||,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(|}} {{Tree chart|Cw7||Cy7||Bf7|~|Al7|y|Wi7||||||Eah|y|Alf||Bu8|~|Asw}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||Q||`|-|.||||||||,|-|^|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart|Be8||Lu8||||||Unk||Wi8||Ar8|y|Af8||Edw||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||Q||||||||,|-|'||||||)|-|-|-|.|||||}} {{Tree chart|Eh8||||||||||Ce8||||||Aw9||||||At9||Ei6||||}} {{Tree chart||)|-|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||}} {{Tree chart|Ah9||NA|~|Ac9||Le9||||||||||||||||||Ed4||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||Lo9|y|Go9||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||,|-|'|||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|Wu10||Ea10||||||Al10||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||Bu11||Ed11||Mo11||Ha11|~|Eg11|~|Gr11||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Family trees}}{{Royal houses of Britain and Ireland}}{{Heptarchy}}{{Mercian Monarchs}} boxskgkqsqfspk50wuxlfxtr1h2oatg 964210 964209 2026-10-07T07:57:03Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 964210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />Masarautar Mercia jiha ce a yankin Midlands na Ingila daga ƙarni na 6 zuwa ƙarni na 10. Tsawon kimanin shekaru ɗari biyu daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 7 zuwa gaba, ita ce mafi rinjaye a cikin Heptarchy kuma saboda haka ita ce mafi ƙarfi a cikin masarautun Anglo-Saxon . A wannan lokacin sarakunanta sun zama sarakunan Ingila na farko da suka ɗauki manyan mukamai kamar ''Sarkin Burtaniya'' da ''Sarkin Ingila'' . Haruffan sun bambanta sosai a wannan lokacin, har ma a cikin takarda guda ɗaya, kuma akwai nau'ikan bambance-bambancen da yawa don sunayen da aka bayar a ƙasa. Misali, sautin ''th'' yawanci ana wakilta shi da tsoffin haruffan Turanci ð ko þ . Ga magabatan ƙasashen Mercians na nahiyar Turai a Angeln, duba Jerin sarakunan kusurwoyi . Domin magajinsu duba Jerin Sarakunan Ingila . == Sarakunan Mercians == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  An san sarakunan gargajiya na Mercia da Iclingas, zuriyar sarakunan Angles . Lokacin da Iclingas ta mutu a cikin zuriyar maza, wasu iyalai da dama, waɗanda masana tarihi suka yi wa lakabi da B, C da W, sun fafata don neman gadon sarauta. <ref>Zaluckyj, Sarah & Feryok, Marge. ''Mercia: The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Central England'' (2001) {{ISBN|1-873827-62-8}}</ref><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />Duk waɗannan [[Sarki|sarakuna]] ne, sai dai idan an ƙayyade su. Waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin ''rubutun tatsuniya'' wataƙila tatsuniya ce, ko kuma sahihancinsu ba su da tabbas, ko kuma ba su yi nasara ba. {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:160px;" |Ruler ! style="width:140px;" |Reign ! style="width:370px;" |Biographical notes ! style="width:130px;" |Died |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |''Icel'' |''c.'' 515-''c''.535 |Son of Eomer, last King of the Angles in Angeln. Led his people across the North Sea to Britain. |''c.''535 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |''Cnebba'' |''c.'' 535-''c.''554 |Son of Icel of Mercia |''c.''554 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |''Cynewald'' |''c.'' 554-''c.''584 |Son of Cnebba. |''c.''584 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Creoda''' |''c.'' 584&#x2013;''c.'' 593 |Son of Cynewald. Probable founder of the Mercian royal fortress at Tamworth. |''c.'' 593 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Pybba''' |''c.'' 593&#x2013;''c.'' 606 |Son of Creoda. Extended Mercian control into the western Midlands. |''c.'' 606 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" |'''Cearl''' |''c.'' 606&#x2013;''c.'' 626 |Named as king by Bede, not included in later regnal lists. |''c.'' 626 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Penda''' |''c.'' 626&#x2013;655 |Son of Pybba. Raised Mercia to dominant status amongst the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Last pagan ruler of Mercia. Killed in battle by Oswiu of Northumbria. |15 Nov 655 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Eowa''' |''c.'' 635&#x2013;642 |Son of Pybba. Co-ruler. Killed in battle. |5 Aug 642 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Peada''' |''c.'' 653&#x2013;656 |Son of Penda. Co-ruler in the south-east Midlands. Murdered. |17 Apr 656 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:thistle;" |'''Oswiu of Northumbria''' |655&#x2013;658 |Briefly took direct control of Mercia after the death of Penda. Also King of Northumbria (655&#x2013;670). |15 Feb 670 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Wulfhere''' |658&#x2013;675 |Son of Penda. Restored Mercian dominance in England. First Christian king of all Mercia. |675 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Æthelred I''' |675&#x2013;704 |Son of Penda. Abdicated and retired to a monastery at Bardney. |716 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Cœnred''' |704&#x2013;709 |Son of Wulfhere. Abdicated and retired to [[Rum|Rome]]. |? |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Ceolred''' |709&#x2013;716 |Son of Æthelred I. Probably poisoned. |716 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |''Ceolwald'' |716 |Presumed son of Æthelred I (may not have existed). |716 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Æthelbald''' |716&#x2013;757 |Grandson of Eowa. Proclaimed himself ''King of Britain'' in 736. Murdered by his bodyguards. |757 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#def;" |'''Beornred''' |757 |No known relation to his predecessors. Deposed by Offa. |? |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Offa''' |757&#x2013;796 |Great-great-grandson of Eowa. The greatest and most powerful of all Mercian kings, he proclaimed himself ''King of the English'' in 774, built Offa's Dyke, and introduced the silver penny. |29 Jul 796 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffc;" |'''Ecgfrith''' |787&#x2013;796 |Son of Offa. Co-ruler, died suddenly a few months after his father. |17 Dec 796 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:wheat;" |'''Cœnwulf''' |796&#x2013;821 |Seventh generation descendant of Pybba, probably through a sister of Penda. Assumed the title of 'emperor'. |821 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:wheat;" |''Cynehelm'' |''c.'' 798&#x2013;812 |Son of Cœnwulf. Although he existed, his status as co-ruler and his murder are legendary. Canonised (St Kenelm). |812 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:wheat;" |'''Ceolwulf I''' |821&#x2013;823 |Brother of Cœnwulf. Deposed by Beornwulf. |? |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#def;" |'''Beornwulf''' |823&#x2013;826 |Conjectured kinsman of Beornred. Killed in battle against the East Anglians. |826 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" |'''Ludeca''' |826&#x2013;827 |No known relation to his predecessors. Killed in battle against the East Anglians. |827 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#cfc;" |'''Wiglaf''' <small>(1st reign)</small> |827&#x2013;829 |No known relation to his predecessors. Deposed by Ecgberht of Wessex. |839 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:thistle;" |'''Ecgberht of Wessex''' |829&#x2013;830 |Briefly took direct control of Mercia after the deposition of Wiglaf. Also King of Wessex (802&#x2013;839). |4 Feb 839 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#cfc;" |'''Wiglaf''' <small>(2nd reign)</small> |830&#x2013;839 |Restored. Although Mercia regained its independence, its dominance in England was lost. |839 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#cfc;" |'''Wigmund''' |''c.'' 839&#x2013;''c.'' 840 |Son of Wiglaf and son-in-law of Ceolwulf I. Probably co-ruler. |''c.'' 840 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#cfc;" |'''Wigstan''' |840 |Son of Wigmund. Declined the kingship and was later murdered by Beorhtwulf. Canonised (St Wystan). |849 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:wheat;" |'''Ælfflæd''' <small>(Queen)</small> |840 |Daughter of Ceolwulf I, wife of Wigmund and mother of Wigstan. Appointed regent by Wigstan. |? |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#def;" |'''Beorhtwulf''' |840&#x2013;852 |Claimed to be a cousin of Wigstan. Usurped the kingship and forced Ælfflæd to marry his son, Beorhtfrith. |852 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#def;" |'''Burgred''' |852&#x2013;874 |Conjectured kinsman of Beorhtwulf. Fled to Rome in the face of a Danish invasion. |? |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" |'''Ceolwulf II''' |874&#x2013;879 or ''c''. 883 |Possibly a descendant of the C-dynasty, of which Ceolwulf I was a member, perhaps via intermarriage with W-dynasty. Lost eastern Mercia to the Danes in 877. |879 or ''c''. 883 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffe8e8;" |'''Æthelred II''' <small>(Lord)</small> |''c.'' 883&#x2013;911 |Recognised Alfred of Wessex as his overlord. Regarded as an 'ealdorman' by West Saxon sources. |911 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffe8e8;" |'''[[Æthelflæd]]''' <small>(Lady)</small> |911&#x2013;918 |Wife of Æthelred II and daughter of Alfred of Wessex. Possibly descended from earlier Mercian kings via her mother. With her brother, Edward the Elder, reconquered eastern Mercia. |12 Jun 918 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffe8e8;" |'''Ælfwynn''' <small>(Lady)</small> |918 |Daughter of Æthelred II and Æthelflæd. Deposed by her uncle, Edward the Elder, Dec 918, who annexed Mercia to Wessex. |? |} === Sarakuna masu daraja bayan haɗin Mercia === {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:160px;" |Mai mulki ! style="width:140px;" | Sarki ! style="width:370px;" | Bayanan tarihin rayuwa ! style="width:130px;" | Mutu |- style="vertical-align:top; background:thistle;" | '''Æthelstan''' | 924 | Ɗan Edward Babban kuma ɗan'uwan Æthelflæd. Ya zama Sarkin Mercia bayan mutuwar Edward (Yuli 924), kuma ya zama Sarkin Wessex kimanin kwanaki 16 bayan haka. | 27 Oktoba 939 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:thistle;" | '''Eadgar''' | 957 &#x2013; 959 | Ɗan uwan Æthelstan. Ya kwace iko da Mercia da Northumbria a watan Mayu na 957, kafin ya gaji gadon sarautar Ingila da aka sake hadewa a watan Oktoba na 959. | 8 ga Yuli 975 |} == Ealdormen da Earls na Mercians == Babban hamshakin Mercia a matsayin lardin Ingila ya riƙe muƙamin ealdorman har zuwa 1023/32, sannan kuma Earl ya biyo baya. Duk ofisoshin biyu na sarauta ne, amma na biyun ya zama na gado.<templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" /> {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:160px;" |Mai mulki ! style="width:140px;" | Sarki ! style="width:370px;" | Bayanan tarihin rayuwa ! style="width:130px;" | Mutu |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" | '''A nan''' | 957 &#x2013; 983 | An naɗa shi Eadgar a matsayin Ealdorman na Mercia a shekara ta 957, lokacin da aka raba masarautar Ingila. | 983 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" | '''Ælfric Cild''' | 983 &#x2013; 985 | Surukin Ælfhere. An tsige shi daga mulki ta hannun Æthelred the Unready a shekarar 985. | ? |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" | '''Wurin Wulfric''' | ? &#x2013; 1004 | Wataƙila ealdorman na Mercia bayan ajiye Ælfric Cild. | 22 Oktoba 1004 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" | '''Eadric Streona''' | 1007 &#x2013; 1017 | An naɗa shi ta hanyar Æthelred. Shahararren jarumin soja, Cnut ya kashe shi daga baya saboda cin amanar sa. | 25 Disamba 1017 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#fff;" | '''Leofwine''' | 1017 &#x2013; 1023/32 | Wataƙila Cnut ya naɗa shi a matsayin ealdorman na Mercia, shi ma ealdorman na Hwicce ne. | 1023/32 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffe8e8;" | '''Leofric''' | 1023/32 &#x2013; 1057 | Ɗan Leofwine, wanda Cnut ya naɗa a matsayin Earl. Ana tunawa da shi musamman saboda shahararriyar matarsa, Godgifu ( Lady Godiva ). | 31 ga Agusta<br /><br /><br /><br /> ko kuma 30 Satumba 1057 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffe8e8;" | '''Ælfgar''' | 1057 &#x2013; 1062 | Ɗan Leofric. A da shi ne Earl na Gabashin Anglia har sai da ya gaji mahaifinsa Mercia. | 1062 |- style="vertical-align:top; background:#ffe8e8;" | '''Eadwine''' | 1062 &#x2013; 1071 | Ɗan Ælfgar. Ya miƙa wuya ga William Mai Nasara a shekara ta 1066, amma daga baya ya yi tawaye, kuma mutanensa suka ci amanarsa. Daga nan aka raba Mercia zuwa ƙananan ƙananan bishiyoyi. | 1071 |} === Earls na Maris === An ƙirƙiri taken Earl of March (wanda yayi kama da 'Earl of Mercia') a yammacin Midlands don Roger Mortimer a shekara ta 1328. Ya ɓace, kuma an sake ƙirƙira shi, sau uku tun daga lokacin, kuma yana wanzuwa a yau a matsayin taken Duke na Richmond da Lennox . == Itacen dangin Sarakunan Mercia == {{Chart top|Kings of Mercia family tree}} {{Tree chart/start}} {{Tree chart|||||||||Ic1||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||Cn1||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||Cy1||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||Cr1||Ce1||AE1||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||!||||!||||)|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||Py2||Cw2|~|Ed2||Ac2|y|AE2||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.||||||`|-|.|||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|Ce3|y|NA||Eo3||||||Pe3|y|Cy3||OSR||||||Ce2||||}} {{Tree chart||,|-|'||||||!||||,|-|-|-|-|-|b|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.||||!|||||}} {{Tree chart|Unk|||,|-|-|-|(||||!||||,|-|+|-|.||||!||||!||||)|-|-|-|.|}} {{Tree chart|Cd4||Om4||Al4||Af4|~|Pe4|!|At4|y|Os4||Ald|~|Cu4||In4}} {{Tree chart||!||||!||||!||||||||||!||||`|-|v|-|-|-|.||||||||!|}} {{Tree chart||!||||!||||!||||,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|.||||!|||Unk|||||||!|}} {{Tree chart|Cw4||Ea4||Ab4||Wu4||Ah4|~|Ky4||Ce5||Cl5||||||Ep5}} {{Tree chart||!||||!||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||!|}} {{Tree chart||!||||!||||||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||!|}} {{Tree chart|Cr5||Th5||||||Co5||||||||||||||||||||||Ef5}} {{Tree chart||!||||!||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||!|}} {{Tree chart|Bs6||Of6|y|Cy6||||||||||Bn6||||||||||||||Ea5}} {{Tree chart||!||||,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||||!|}} {{Tree chart|Ct6||Ec6||Eb6|~|Bo6||Af6|~|At6||||||||||||||Eg6}} {{Tree chart||)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||||||||!|}} {{Tree chart|Co7|y|Ay7||Be7||Ce7||Wg7||||||Am7|y|Er7||||||At7}} {{Tree chart||,|-|^|-|.||||!||||!||||!||||||||,|-|'||,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(|}} {{Tree chart|Cw7||Cy7||Bf7|~|Al7|y|Wi7||||||Eah|y|Alf||Bu8|~|Asw}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||Q||`|-|.||||||||,|-|^|-|.|||||||||}} {{Tree chart|Be8||Lu8||||||Unk||Wi8||Ar8|y|Af8||Edw||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||Q||||||||,|-|'||||||)|-|-|-|.|||||}} {{Tree chart|Eh8||||||||||Ce8||||||Aw9||||||At9||Ei6||||}} {{Tree chart||)|-|-|-|.||||||||||||||||||||||||||||!|||||}} {{Tree chart|Ah9||NA|~|Ac9||Le9||||||||||||||||||Ed4||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||!|||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||||||||||Lo9|y|Go9||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||||||||||,|-|'|||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|Wu10||Ea10||||||Al10||||||||||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart||||||,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.|||||||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart|||||Bu11||Ed11||Mo11||Ha11|~|Eg11|~|Gr11||||||||||||}} {{Tree chart/end}} {{Chart bottom}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Family trees}}{{Royal houses of Britain and Ireland}}{{Heptarchy}}{{Mercian Monarchs}} squ9v444we0kw3gzs7mnimnzs1z2nv0 0 178457 964213 2026-10-07T08:15:10Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367007198|Vlad Munteanu]]" 964213 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vlad Ioan Munteanu''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1981) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na ƙasar Romania wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/ |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=worldfootball.net}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === FCM Bacău === An haifi Munteanu a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1981 a Bacău, Romania. <ref name="GSP">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu s-a întors în România să o transforme pe Dinamo într-o campioană: "Am plecat băiat, m-am întors bărbat" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu returned in Romania to transform Dinamo into a champion: "I left as a boy, I came back as a man" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/vlad-munteanu-s-a-intors-in-romania-sa-o-transforme-pe-dinamo-intr-o-campioana-am-plecat-baiat-m-am-intors-barbat-226903.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar FCM Bacău ta gida inda ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Divizia A a ranar 6 ga Maris 1999 a ƙarƙashin koci Florin Halagian a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a kan Astra Ploiești . <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="ziare">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu - despre Torje si Mansour |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu - about Torje and Mansour |url=https://ziare.com/dinamo/stiri-dinamo/vlad-munteanu-despre-torje-si-mansour-216907 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2019 |title=Vlad Munteanu, poveste incredibilă de la Bacău: "S-a pus în genunchi, și-a făcut cruce și mi-a spus că nu voi ajunge niciodată fotbalist" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, incredible story from Bacău: "He got on his knees, made the sign of the cross and told me that I would never become a footballer" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/gsp-live-video-vlad-munteanu-poveste-incredibila-de-la-bacau-s-a-pus-in-genunchi-si-a-facut-cruce-si-mi-a-spus-ca-nu-voi-ajunge-niciodata-fotbalist-579108.html |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=FCM Bacau vs Astra Giurgiu 2-0 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/romania/1998-1999/divizia-a/18/fcm-bacau-15-vs-astra-ploiesti-237-14718/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kimanin mako guda bayan haka a wasan da suka doke Universitatea Craiova da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu goals 1999/2000 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/s/?cdx=21755a1&pp=190&l=1&s=65&c=15&ppgm=1 |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=FCU Craiova vs FCM Bacau 0-1 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/romania/1998-1999/divizia-a/19/universitatea-craiova-167-vs-fcm-bacau-15-14895/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}</ref> === Dinamo București === After two seasons with FCM, he spent six seasons at Dinamo București.<ref name="GSP" /> There, he won the only trophies of his career and made his only appearances in European competitions, playing a total of 10 UEFA Cup matches and scoring two goals.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /> His first performance was winning the 2000–01 Cupa României, even though coach Cornel Dinu did not use him in the final.<ref name="GSP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2000–2001 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2000_2001.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the following season, Munteanu helped Dinamo win the title under coaches Dinu and Marin Ion who gave him 19 appearances in which he scored five goals.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="RSC">{{Cite web |title=Romania National Champions |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/menu_items/champions.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> During the same season he played a few games in the second league at Poiana Câmpina, then a satellite team of Dinamo.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="ziare" /><ref name="EVZ">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu a revenit la Dinamo |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu returned to Dinamo |url=https://evz.ro/vlad-munteanu-a-revenit-la-dinamo-918864.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Pagini memorabile din istoria fotbalului prahovean (XXXIII)/La Câmpina au jucat Dănciulescu, Zicu, Marica, Mitea… |trans-title=Memorable pages from the history of Prahova football (XXXIII)/Dănciulescu, Zicu, Marica, Mitea played at Câmpina... |url=https://ziarulprahova.ro/2023/04/pagini-memorabile-din-istoria-fotbalului-prahovean-xxxiii-la-campina-au-jucat-danciulescu-zicu-marica-mitea/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Ziarulprahova.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> His next trophy won with ''The Red Dogs'' was the 2002–03 Cupa României, as coach Ioan Andone sent him in the 90+2 minute to replace Florentin Petre in the 1–0 victory against Național București in the final.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2002–2003 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2002_2003.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the 2003–04 season, Munteanu helped the club win The Double, appearing in 18 league games under Andone and scoring one goal.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="RSC" /> He was again a substitute in the Cupa României final, entering in the 55th minute to replace Ionuț Badea, and then opening the scoring approximately 10 minutes later in their 2–0 victory against Oțelul Galați.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2003–2004 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2003_2004.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> He also provided two perfect assists for goals by Claudiu Niculescu and Ianis Zicu in the 2–0 home victory against Shakhtar Donetsk, which helped them eliminate the Ukrainians in the UEFA Cup.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=Dinamo s-a îmbogăţit de pe urma ucrainenilor! A cîştigat milioane de euro şi l-a pus pe Lucescu antrenor la Şahtior |trans-title=Dinamo got rich from the Ukrainians! They won millions of euros and made Lucescu coach at Şahtior |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/europa-league/dinamo-s-a-imbogatit-de-pe-urma-ucrainenilor-a-cistigat-milioane-de-euro-si-l-a-pus-pe-lucescu-antrenor-la-sahtior-253240.html |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> After playing only a few games in the first half of the 2004–05 season, Andone informed Munteanu that he would not be part of his plans for the rest of the season, leading to a loan to Național București.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="ziare" /><ref name="EVZ" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2005 |title=FC National - Steaua si Dinamo ii intaresc pe "bancari" |trans-title=FC National - Steaua and Dinamo strengthen the "bankers" |url=https://jurnalul.ro/sport/fc-national-steaua-si-dinamo-ii-intaresc-pe-bancari-51837.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Jurnalul.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> He returned to Dinamo for the 2005–06 season.<ref name="RS" /> Andone used him as a starter until the 69th minute, when he replaced him with Ianis Zicu in the 3–2 victory against rivals Steaua București that earned them their first Supercupa României.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2005 |title=Dinamo invinge Steaua si castiga Supercupa Romaniei |trans-title=Dinamo defeats Steaua and wins the Romanian Supercup |url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-arhiva-1217612-dinamo-invinge-steaua-castiga-supercupa-romaniei.htm |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Hotnews.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Romanian Super Cup – Season 2005 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/super_cup/2005.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the 2005–06 UEFA Cup campaign, the team eliminated Omonia Nicosia against whom Munteanu scored a goal, and [[Everton FC|Everton]] with a historical 5–2 on aggregate, reaching the group stage.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=VIDEO 15 ani de la istoricul Dinamo - Everton 5-1. 3 dintre oamenii-cheie au rememorat meciul pentru GSP: "Sincer să fiu, am fost cel mai bun!" |trans-title=VIDEO 15 years since the historic Dinamo - Everton 5-1. 3 of the key people recalled the match for GSP:" To be honest, I was the best! " |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/15-ani-de-la-istoricul-dinamo-everton-5-1-3-dintre-oamenii-cheie-au-rememorat-meciul-pentru-gsp-610142.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=13 August 2005 |title=Dinamo si-a complicat situatia |trans-title=Dinamo complicated their situation |url=https://www.gds.ro/Sport/2005-08-13/Dinamo-si-a-complicat-situatia/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gds.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> There, the campaign ended but he scored the only goal of a 1–0 victory against title holders CSKA Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2005 |title=Bucharest shuts down CSKA Moscow |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2005/12/03/2003282865 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Taipeitimes.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> During these years, he scored two league goals in the derby against Steaua which helped his side earn two draws, also netting two times in two victories in the Cupa României.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinamo – FCSB, în Cupa României! Bilanțul all-time, cele mai clare victorii, cei mai buni marcatori și meciul cu cele mai multe goluri |url=https://www.prosport.ro/cupa-romaniei/dinamo-fcsb-in-cupa-romaniei-bilantul-all-time-cele-mai-clare-victorii-cei-mai-buni-marcatori-si-meciul-cu-cele-mai-multe-goluri-20019474 |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Prosport.ro}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Dinamo Bucuresti in 2001–02 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/stiri/68418/dinamo-bucuresti-in-2001-02.htm |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Dinamo Bucuresti in 2002–03 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/stiri/68419/dinamo-bucuresti-in-2002-03.htm |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> === Makamashin Cottbus === A shekara ta 2006, Munteanu ya sanya hannu da Energie Cottbus na gasar Bundesliga ta Jamus. <ref name="GSP" /> Ya fara buga gasar a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2006 lokacin da kocin Petrik Sander ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai fara wasa a wasan da Borussia Mönchengladbach ta sha kashi a waje da ci 2-0. <ref name="WF">{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Bundesliga 2006/2007 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co12/germany-bundesliga/se580/2006-2007/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Borussia Mönchengladbach - Energie Cottbus 2:0 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma48591/lineup/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> A zagaye na gaba, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Hamburg . <ref name="WF" /> Munteanu ya samu tarihin kwallaye 11 a karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07, ciki har da kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Borussia Dortmund da ci 3-2 a waje. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="WF" /> Ya ƙulla haɗin gwiwa a harin da ƙungiyar ta kai tare da abokin wasansa na Romania Sergiu Radu kuma 'yan jaridar Jamus sun yi musu laƙabi da "Tagwayen Goal". <ref name="GSP2">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=La pachet |trans-title=Package deal |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/la-pachet-113.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="gemenii">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title="Gemenii golului", la Wolfsburg pentru 4,5 milioane de euro! |trans-title="The twins of the goal", in Wolfsburg for 4.5 million euros! |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/gemenii-golului-la-wolfsburg-pentru-45-1323385.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu si Sergiu Radu - La Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu and Sergiu Radu - At Wolfsburg |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-si-sergiu-radu-la-wolfsburg.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title="Gemenii golului" s-au transferat la Wolfsburg |trans-title=The "twins of the goal" transferred to Wolfsburg |url=https://www.crisana.ro/stiri/sport-7/gemenii-golului-s-au-transferat-la-wolfsburg-142107.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Crisana.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="gemenii2">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu: "Piturca poate sa nu ma cheme la nationala, nu ma mai intereseaza" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu: "Piturca may not call me to the national team, I'm not interested anymore" |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-piturca-poate-sa-nu-ma-cheme-la-nationala-nu-ma-mai-intereseaza.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 August 2007 |title=Piturca si-a calcat pe inima si l-a convocat pe "Schija" |trans-title=Piturca stepped on his heart and summoned "Schija" |url=https://evz.ro/piturca-si-a-calcat-pe-inima-si-l-a-convocat-pe-schija-457282.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=Sergiu Radu: "Am marcat cat Mutu. Vreau la nationala!" |trans-title=Sergiu Radu: "I scored as much as Mutu. I want to be at the national team!" |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/sergiu-radu-am-marcat-cat-mutu-vreau-la-nationala.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="EVZ2">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title=Sergiu Radu si Vlad Munteanu, la VfL Wolfsburg |trans-title=Sergiu Radu and Vlad Munteanu, at VfL Wolfsburg |url=https://evz.ro/sergiu-radu-si-vlad-munteanu-la-vfl-wolfsburg-444414.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Da kwallaye 11 da Munteanu ya zura da kuma yadda Radu ya zura kwallaye sau 14, tare suka zura kwallaye sama da rabin jimillar kwallaye 38 da kungiyar ta zura wanda ya taimaka mata ta kauce wa faduwa daga gasar. <ref name="gemenii" /> <ref name="gemenii2" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] l7bnxsb2ipfo95fvmqqt3amvlnq1lvx 964214 964213 2026-10-07T08:15:47Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367007198|Vlad Munteanu]]" 964214 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vlad Ioan Munteanu''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1981) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na ƙasar Romania wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/ |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=worldfootball.net}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === FCM Bacău === An haifi Munteanu a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1981 a Bacău, Romania. <ref name="GSP">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu s-a întors în România să o transforme pe Dinamo într-o campioană: "Am plecat băiat, m-am întors bărbat" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu returned in Romania to transform Dinamo into a champion: "I left as a boy, I came back as a man" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/vlad-munteanu-s-a-intors-in-romania-sa-o-transforme-pe-dinamo-intr-o-campioana-am-plecat-baiat-m-am-intors-barbat-226903.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar FCM Bacău ta gida inda ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Divizia A a ranar 6 ga Maris 1999 a ƙarƙashin koci Florin Halagian a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a kan Astra Ploiești . <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="ziare">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu - despre Torje si Mansour |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu - about Torje and Mansour |url=https://ziare.com/dinamo/stiri-dinamo/vlad-munteanu-despre-torje-si-mansour-216907 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2019 |title=Vlad Munteanu, poveste incredibilă de la Bacău: "S-a pus în genunchi, și-a făcut cruce și mi-a spus că nu voi ajunge niciodată fotbalist" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, incredible story from Bacău: "He got on his knees, made the sign of the cross and told me that I would never become a footballer" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/gsp-live-video-vlad-munteanu-poveste-incredibila-de-la-bacau-s-a-pus-in-genunchi-si-a-facut-cruce-si-mi-a-spus-ca-nu-voi-ajunge-niciodata-fotbalist-579108.html |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=FCM Bacau vs Astra Giurgiu 2-0 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/romania/1998-1999/divizia-a/18/fcm-bacau-15-vs-astra-ploiesti-237-14718/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kimanin mako guda bayan haka a wasan da suka doke Universitatea Craiova da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu goals 1999/2000 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/s/?cdx=21755a1&pp=190&l=1&s=65&c=15&ppgm=1 |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=FCU Craiova vs FCM Bacau 0-1 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/romania/1998-1999/divizia-a/19/universitatea-craiova-167-vs-fcm-bacau-15-14895/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}</ref> === Dinamo București === After two seasons with FCM, he spent six seasons at Dinamo București.<ref name="GSP" /> There, he won the only trophies of his career and made his only appearances in European competitions, playing a total of 10 UEFA Cup matches and scoring two goals.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /> His first performance was winning the 2000–01 Cupa României, even though coach Cornel Dinu did not use him in the final.<ref name="GSP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2000–2001 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2000_2001.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the following season, Munteanu helped Dinamo win the title under coaches Dinu and Marin Ion who gave him 19 appearances in which he scored five goals.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="RSC">{{Cite web |title=Romania National Champions |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/menu_items/champions.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> During the same season he played a few games in the second league at Poiana Câmpina, then a satellite team of Dinamo.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="ziare" /><ref name="EVZ">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu a revenit la Dinamo |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu returned to Dinamo |url=https://evz.ro/vlad-munteanu-a-revenit-la-dinamo-918864.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Pagini memorabile din istoria fotbalului prahovean (XXXIII)/La Câmpina au jucat Dănciulescu, Zicu, Marica, Mitea… |trans-title=Memorable pages from the history of Prahova football (XXXIII)/Dănciulescu, Zicu, Marica, Mitea played at Câmpina... |url=https://ziarulprahova.ro/2023/04/pagini-memorabile-din-istoria-fotbalului-prahovean-xxxiii-la-campina-au-jucat-danciulescu-zicu-marica-mitea/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Ziarulprahova.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> His next trophy won with ''The Red Dogs'' was the 2002–03 Cupa României, as coach Ioan Andone sent him in the 90+2 minute to replace Florentin Petre in the 1–0 victory against Național București in the final.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2002–2003 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2002_2003.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the 2003–04 season, Munteanu helped the club win The Double, appearing in 18 league games under Andone and scoring one goal.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="RSC" /> He was again a substitute in the Cupa României final, entering in the 55th minute to replace Ionuț Badea, and then opening the scoring approximately 10 minutes later in their 2–0 victory against Oțelul Galați.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2003–2004 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2003_2004.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> He also provided two perfect assists for goals by Claudiu Niculescu and Ianis Zicu in the 2–0 home victory against Shakhtar Donetsk, which helped them eliminate the Ukrainians in the UEFA Cup.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=Dinamo s-a îmbogăţit de pe urma ucrainenilor! A cîştigat milioane de euro şi l-a pus pe Lucescu antrenor la Şahtior |trans-title=Dinamo got rich from the Ukrainians! They won millions of euros and made Lucescu coach at Şahtior |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/europa-league/dinamo-s-a-imbogatit-de-pe-urma-ucrainenilor-a-cistigat-milioane-de-euro-si-l-a-pus-pe-lucescu-antrenor-la-sahtior-253240.html |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> After playing only a few games in the first half of the 2004–05 season, Andone informed Munteanu that he would not be part of his plans for the rest of the season, leading to a loan to Național București.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="ziare" /><ref name="EVZ" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2005 |title=FC National - Steaua si Dinamo ii intaresc pe "bancari" |trans-title=FC National - Steaua and Dinamo strengthen the "bankers" |url=https://jurnalul.ro/sport/fc-national-steaua-si-dinamo-ii-intaresc-pe-bancari-51837.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Jurnalul.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> He returned to Dinamo for the 2005–06 season.<ref name="RS" /> Andone used him as a starter until the 69th minute, when he replaced him with Ianis Zicu in the 3–2 victory against rivals Steaua București that earned them their first Supercupa României.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2005 |title=Dinamo invinge Steaua si castiga Supercupa Romaniei |trans-title=Dinamo defeats Steaua and wins the Romanian Supercup |url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-arhiva-1217612-dinamo-invinge-steaua-castiga-supercupa-romaniei.htm |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Hotnews.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Romanian Super Cup – Season 2005 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/super_cup/2005.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the 2005–06 UEFA Cup campaign, the team eliminated Omonia Nicosia against whom Munteanu scored a goal, and [[Everton FC|Everton]] with a historical 5–2 on aggregate, reaching the group stage.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=VIDEO 15 ani de la istoricul Dinamo - Everton 5-1. 3 dintre oamenii-cheie au rememorat meciul pentru GSP: "Sincer să fiu, am fost cel mai bun!" |trans-title=VIDEO 15 years since the historic Dinamo - Everton 5-1. 3 of the key people recalled the match for GSP:" To be honest, I was the best! " |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/15-ani-de-la-istoricul-dinamo-everton-5-1-3-dintre-oamenii-cheie-au-rememorat-meciul-pentru-gsp-610142.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=13 August 2005 |title=Dinamo si-a complicat situatia |trans-title=Dinamo complicated their situation |url=https://www.gds.ro/Sport/2005-08-13/Dinamo-si-a-complicat-situatia/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gds.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> There, the campaign ended but he scored the only goal of a 1–0 victory against title holders CSKA Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2005 |title=Bucharest shuts down CSKA Moscow |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2005/12/03/2003282865 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Taipeitimes.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> During these years, he scored two league goals in the derby against Steaua which helped his side earn two draws, also netting two times in two victories in the Cupa României.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinamo – FCSB, în Cupa României! Bilanțul all-time, cele mai clare victorii, cei mai buni marcatori și meciul cu cele mai multe goluri |url=https://www.prosport.ro/cupa-romaniei/dinamo-fcsb-in-cupa-romaniei-bilantul-all-time-cele-mai-clare-victorii-cei-mai-buni-marcatori-si-meciul-cu-cele-mai-multe-goluri-20019474 |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Prosport.ro}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Dinamo Bucuresti in 2001–02 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/stiri/68418/dinamo-bucuresti-in-2001-02.htm |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Dinamo Bucuresti in 2002–03 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/stiri/68419/dinamo-bucuresti-in-2002-03.htm |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> === Makamashin Cottbus === A shekara ta 2006, Munteanu ya sanya hannu da Energie Cottbus na gasar Bundesliga ta Jamus. <ref name="GSP" /> Ya fara buga gasar a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2006 lokacin da kocin Petrik Sander ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai fara wasa a wasan da Borussia Mönchengladbach ta sha kashi a waje da ci 2-0. <ref name="WF">{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Bundesliga 2006/2007 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co12/germany-bundesliga/se580/2006-2007/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Borussia Mönchengladbach - Energie Cottbus 2:0 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma48591/lineup/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> A zagaye na gaba, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Hamburg . <ref name="WF" /> Munteanu ya samu tarihin kwallaye 11 a karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07, ciki har da kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Borussia Dortmund da ci 3-2 a waje. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="WF" /> Ya ƙulla haɗin gwiwa a harin da ƙungiyar ta kai tare da abokin wasansa na Romania Sergiu Radu kuma 'yan jaridar Jamus sun yi musu laƙabi da "Tagwayen Goal". <ref name="GSP2">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=La pachet |trans-title=Package deal |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/la-pachet-113.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="gemenii">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title="Gemenii golului", la Wolfsburg pentru 4,5 milioane de euro! |trans-title="The twins of the goal", in Wolfsburg for 4.5 million euros! |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/gemenii-golului-la-wolfsburg-pentru-45-1323385.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu si Sergiu Radu - La Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu and Sergiu Radu - At Wolfsburg |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-si-sergiu-radu-la-wolfsburg.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title="Gemenii golului" s-au transferat la Wolfsburg |trans-title=The "twins of the goal" transferred to Wolfsburg |url=https://www.crisana.ro/stiri/sport-7/gemenii-golului-s-au-transferat-la-wolfsburg-142107.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Crisana.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="gemenii2">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu: "Piturca poate sa nu ma cheme la nationala, nu ma mai intereseaza" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu: "Piturca may not call me to the national team, I'm not interested anymore" |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-piturca-poate-sa-nu-ma-cheme-la-nationala-nu-ma-mai-intereseaza.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 August 2007 |title=Piturca si-a calcat pe inima si l-a convocat pe "Schija" |trans-title=Piturca stepped on his heart and summoned "Schija" |url=https://evz.ro/piturca-si-a-calcat-pe-inima-si-l-a-convocat-pe-schija-457282.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=Sergiu Radu: "Am marcat cat Mutu. Vreau la nationala!" |trans-title=Sergiu Radu: "I scored as much as Mutu. I want to be at the national team!" |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/sergiu-radu-am-marcat-cat-mutu-vreau-la-nationala.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="EVZ2">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title=Sergiu Radu si Vlad Munteanu, la VfL Wolfsburg |trans-title=Sergiu Radu and Vlad Munteanu, at VfL Wolfsburg |url=https://evz.ro/sergiu-radu-si-vlad-munteanu-la-vfl-wolfsburg-444414.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Da kwallaye 11 da Munteanu ya zura da kuma yadda Radu ya zura kwallaye sau 14, tare suka zura kwallaye sama da rabin jimillar kwallaye 38 da kungiyar ta zura wanda ya taimaka mata ta kauce wa faduwa daga gasar. <ref name="gemenii" /> <ref name="gemenii2" /> === VfL Wolfsburg da lamuni === A lokacin bazara na 2007, VfL Wolfsburg ta canja wurin shi da Radu, inda ta biya € 4.5 miliyan a gare su, wanda daga ciki € 1.5 miliyan ne na Munteanu. <ref name="GSP2" /> <ref name="gemenii" /> <ref name="EVZ2" /> Bayan da koci Felix Magath ya yi amfani da shi a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2007-08 a wasanni 10 na gasar, an tura Munteanu aro a rabin na biyu zuwa kungiyar Auxerre ta Faransa a karkashin koci Jean Fernandez don ya buga wasa tare da 'yan kasarsa Daniel Niculae da Gabriel Tamaș . <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu nu se sperie de "Sadam" Magath! |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu is not afraid of "Sadam" Magath! |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-nu-se-sperie-de-sadam-magath.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=29 January 2008 |title=Exclusiv Prosport, Vlad Munteanu merge la Auxerre |trans-title=Exclusive Prosport, Vlad Munteanu goes to Auxerre |url=https://www.sport.ro/franta/exclusiv-prosport-vlad-munteanu-merge-la-auxerre.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=30 January 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu la Auxerre |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu at Auxerre |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-la-auxerre-50669.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya fara buga gasar [[Ligue 1]] a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2008 lokacin da koci Fernandez ya tura shi a minti na 90 don maye gurbin Kévin Lejeune a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Rennes da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Ligue 1 2007/2008 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co71/france-ligue-1/se5116/2007-2008/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Stade Rennais - AJ Auxerre 1:2 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma2105777/lineup/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=11 February 2008 |title=Românii lui Auxerre, învingători in extremis |trans-title=The Romanians of Auxerre, victorious in extremis |url=https://www.gds.ro/Sport/2008-02-11/Romanii-lui-Auxerre-invingatori-in-extremis/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gds.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Bayan wasanni 12 kacal a dukkan gasa, Munteanu ya koma Wolfsburg, yana mai ikirarin cewa yana da matsala wajen daidaitawa da dogaro da ƙarfin jiki na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu, intre Auxerre si Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, between Auxerre and Wolfsburg |url=https://ziaruldebacau.ro/vlad-munteanu-intre-auxerre-si-wolfsburg/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziaruldebacau.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=Auxerre renunță la Vlad Munteanu |trans-title=Auxerre waives Vlad Munteanu |url=https://jurnalul.ro/fun/auxerre-renunta-la-vlad-munteanu-123933.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Jurnalul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title="După o lună, le-am zis că nu vreau să rămân!". EXCLUSIV Românul care a ajuns în Ligue 1 și s-a speriat după un singur meci:"Pulpa unui adversar era cât ambele ale mele!" |trans-title="After a month, I told them I don't want to stay!". EXCLUSIVE The Romanian who reached Ligue 1 and got scared after a single match: "An opponent's pulp was as big as both of mine!" |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/dupa-o-luna-le-am-zis-ca-nu-vreau-sa-raman-exclusiv-romanul-care-a-ajuns-in-ligue-1-si-s-a-speriat-dupa-un-singur-meci-pulpa-unui-adversar-era-cat-ambele-ale-mele-17584339 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu nu mai este dorit la Auxerre |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu is no longer wanted at Auxerre |url=https://ziare.com/vfl-wolfsburg/stiri-vfl-wolfsburg/vlad-munteanu-nu-mai-este-dorit-la-auxerre-304272 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> Bayan an cire shi daga shirin Magath na ''ƙungiyar Wolves'' a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, yana wasa ne kawai a ƙungiyar tauraron ɗan wasa ta ƙungiyar a rukuni na huɗu, an ba shi aro na rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa ga Arminia Bielefeld . <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu: "Vreau să plec de la Wolfsburg" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu: "I want to leave Wolfsburg" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-vreau-sa-plec-de-la-wolfsburg-88642.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=29 August 2008 |title="Rapid este mai experimentată, dar Wolfsburg e mai valoroasă" |trans-title="Rapid is more experienced, but Wolfsburg is more valuable" |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/cupa-uefa/rapid-este-mai-experimentata-dar-wolfsburg-e-mai-valoroasa-3050806 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 August 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu părăseşte pe Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu leaves Wolfsburg |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/vlad-munteanu-paraseste-pe-wolfsburg-1306601.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 December 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu a fost imprumutat la Arminia Bielefeld! |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu was loaned to Arminia Bielefeld! |url=https://www.sport.ro/germania/vlad-munteanu-a-fost-imprumutat-la-arminia-bielefeld.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 December 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu, împrumutat şase luni la Arminia Bielefeld |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, on loan for six months at Arminia Bielefeld |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-imprumutat-sase-luni-la-arminia-bielefeld-115545.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=EXCLUSIV Vlad Munteanu s-a transferat la Arminia Bielefeld ! |trans-title=EXCLUSIVE Vlad Munteanu has transferred to Arminia Bielefeld! |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/exclusiv-vlad-munteanu-s-a-transferat-la-arminia-bielefeld-3669999 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> A can, a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2009 ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe a gasar Bundesliga a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Hannover 96, jimillar wasanni 58 tare da kwallaye 13 a gasar. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Bundesliga 2008/2009 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co12/germany-bundesliga/se12/2008-2009/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Munteanu ya fara da buga wa ƙungiyar Wolfsburg ta tauraron ɗan wasa a rabin farko na wasan, kafin a ba shi aro ga 2. Kungiyar Bundesliga FSV Frankfurt a zagaye na biyu. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="EVZ" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Vlad Munteanu, la FSV Frankfurt |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, at FSV Frankfurt |url=https://ziare.com/vfl-wolfsburg/bundesliga/vlad-munteanu-la-fsv-frankfurt-990850 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Vlad Munteanu la FSV Frankfurt |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu at FSV Frankfurt |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-la-fsv-frankfurt-173689.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> === Aikin da ya makara === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] np24ot7tqt1dr7u5zmfv07n1udrvo5k 964215 964214 2026-10-07T08:16:38Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367007198|Vlad Munteanu]]" 964215 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vlad Ioan Munteanu''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1981) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na ƙasar Romania wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/ |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=worldfootball.net}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === FCM Bacău === An haifi Munteanu a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1981 a Bacău, Romania. <ref name="GSP">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu s-a întors în România să o transforme pe Dinamo într-o campioană: "Am plecat băiat, m-am întors bărbat" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu returned in Romania to transform Dinamo into a champion: "I left as a boy, I came back as a man" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/vlad-munteanu-s-a-intors-in-romania-sa-o-transforme-pe-dinamo-intr-o-campioana-am-plecat-baiat-m-am-intors-barbat-226903.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar FCM Bacău ta gida inda ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Divizia A a ranar 6 ga Maris 1999 a ƙarƙashin koci Florin Halagian a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a kan Astra Ploiești . <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="ziare">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu - despre Torje si Mansour |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu - about Torje and Mansour |url=https://ziare.com/dinamo/stiri-dinamo/vlad-munteanu-despre-torje-si-mansour-216907 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2019 |title=Vlad Munteanu, poveste incredibilă de la Bacău: "S-a pus în genunchi, și-a făcut cruce și mi-a spus că nu voi ajunge niciodată fotbalist" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, incredible story from Bacău: "He got on his knees, made the sign of the cross and told me that I would never become a footballer" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/gsp-live-video-vlad-munteanu-poveste-incredibila-de-la-bacau-s-a-pus-in-genunchi-si-a-facut-cruce-si-mi-a-spus-ca-nu-voi-ajunge-niciodata-fotbalist-579108.html |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=FCM Bacau vs Astra Giurgiu 2-0 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/romania/1998-1999/divizia-a/18/fcm-bacau-15-vs-astra-ploiesti-237-14718/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kimanin mako guda bayan haka a wasan da suka doke Universitatea Craiova da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu goals 1999/2000 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/s/?cdx=21755a1&pp=190&l=1&s=65&c=15&ppgm=1 |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=FCU Craiova vs FCM Bacau 0-1 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/romania/1998-1999/divizia-a/19/universitatea-craiova-167-vs-fcm-bacau-15-14895/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}</ref> === Dinamo București === After two seasons with FCM, he spent six seasons at Dinamo București.<ref name="GSP" /> There, he won the only trophies of his career and made his only appearances in European competitions, playing a total of 10 UEFA Cup matches and scoring two goals.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /> His first performance was winning the 2000–01 Cupa României, even though coach Cornel Dinu did not use him in the final.<ref name="GSP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2000–2001 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2000_2001.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the following season, Munteanu helped Dinamo win the title under coaches Dinu and Marin Ion who gave him 19 appearances in which he scored five goals.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="RSC">{{Cite web |title=Romania National Champions |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/menu_items/champions.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> During the same season he played a few games in the second league at Poiana Câmpina, then a satellite team of Dinamo.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="ziare" /><ref name="EVZ">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu a revenit la Dinamo |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu returned to Dinamo |url=https://evz.ro/vlad-munteanu-a-revenit-la-dinamo-918864.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Pagini memorabile din istoria fotbalului prahovean (XXXIII)/La Câmpina au jucat Dănciulescu, Zicu, Marica, Mitea… |trans-title=Memorable pages from the history of Prahova football (XXXIII)/Dănciulescu, Zicu, Marica, Mitea played at Câmpina... |url=https://ziarulprahova.ro/2023/04/pagini-memorabile-din-istoria-fotbalului-prahovean-xxxiii-la-campina-au-jucat-danciulescu-zicu-marica-mitea/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Ziarulprahova.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> His next trophy won with ''The Red Dogs'' was the 2002–03 Cupa României, as coach Ioan Andone sent him in the 90+2 minute to replace Florentin Petre in the 1–0 victory against Național București in the final.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2002–2003 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2002_2003.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the 2003–04 season, Munteanu helped the club win The Double, appearing in 18 league games under Andone and scoring one goal.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="RSC" /> He was again a substitute in the Cupa României final, entering in the 55th minute to replace Ionuț Badea, and then opening the scoring approximately 10 minutes later in their 2–0 victory against Oțelul Galați.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2003–2004 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2003_2004.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> He also provided two perfect assists for goals by Claudiu Niculescu and Ianis Zicu in the 2–0 home victory against Shakhtar Donetsk, which helped them eliminate the Ukrainians in the UEFA Cup.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=Dinamo s-a îmbogăţit de pe urma ucrainenilor! A cîştigat milioane de euro şi l-a pus pe Lucescu antrenor la Şahtior |trans-title=Dinamo got rich from the Ukrainians! They won millions of euros and made Lucescu coach at Şahtior |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/europa-league/dinamo-s-a-imbogatit-de-pe-urma-ucrainenilor-a-cistigat-milioane-de-euro-si-l-a-pus-pe-lucescu-antrenor-la-sahtior-253240.html |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> After playing only a few games in the first half of the 2004–05 season, Andone informed Munteanu that he would not be part of his plans for the rest of the season, leading to a loan to Național București.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="ziare" /><ref name="EVZ" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2005 |title=FC National - Steaua si Dinamo ii intaresc pe "bancari" |trans-title=FC National - Steaua and Dinamo strengthen the "bankers" |url=https://jurnalul.ro/sport/fc-national-steaua-si-dinamo-ii-intaresc-pe-bancari-51837.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Jurnalul.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> He returned to Dinamo for the 2005–06 season.<ref name="RS" /> Andone used him as a starter until the 69th minute, when he replaced him with Ianis Zicu in the 3–2 victory against rivals Steaua București that earned them their first Supercupa României.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2005 |title=Dinamo invinge Steaua si castiga Supercupa Romaniei |trans-title=Dinamo defeats Steaua and wins the Romanian Supercup |url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-arhiva-1217612-dinamo-invinge-steaua-castiga-supercupa-romaniei.htm |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Hotnews.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Romanian Super Cup – Season 2005 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/super_cup/2005.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the 2005–06 UEFA Cup campaign, the team eliminated Omonia Nicosia against whom Munteanu scored a goal, and [[Everton FC|Everton]] with a historical 5–2 on aggregate, reaching the group stage.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=VIDEO 15 ani de la istoricul Dinamo - Everton 5-1. 3 dintre oamenii-cheie au rememorat meciul pentru GSP: "Sincer să fiu, am fost cel mai bun!" |trans-title=VIDEO 15 years since the historic Dinamo - Everton 5-1. 3 of the key people recalled the match for GSP:" To be honest, I was the best! " |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/15-ani-de-la-istoricul-dinamo-everton-5-1-3-dintre-oamenii-cheie-au-rememorat-meciul-pentru-gsp-610142.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=13 August 2005 |title=Dinamo si-a complicat situatia |trans-title=Dinamo complicated their situation |url=https://www.gds.ro/Sport/2005-08-13/Dinamo-si-a-complicat-situatia/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gds.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> There, the campaign ended but he scored the only goal of a 1–0 victory against title holders CSKA Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2005 |title=Bucharest shuts down CSKA Moscow |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2005/12/03/2003282865 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Taipeitimes.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> During these years, he scored two league goals in the derby against Steaua which helped his side earn two draws, also netting two times in two victories in the Cupa României.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinamo – FCSB, în Cupa României! Bilanțul all-time, cele mai clare victorii, cei mai buni marcatori și meciul cu cele mai multe goluri |url=https://www.prosport.ro/cupa-romaniei/dinamo-fcsb-in-cupa-romaniei-bilantul-all-time-cele-mai-clare-victorii-cei-mai-buni-marcatori-si-meciul-cu-cele-mai-multe-goluri-20019474 |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Prosport.ro}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Dinamo Bucuresti in 2001–02 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/stiri/68418/dinamo-bucuresti-in-2001-02.htm |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Dinamo Bucuresti in 2002–03 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/stiri/68419/dinamo-bucuresti-in-2002-03.htm |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> === Makamashin Cottbus === A shekara ta 2006, Munteanu ya sanya hannu da Energie Cottbus na gasar Bundesliga ta Jamus. <ref name="GSP" /> Ya fara buga gasar a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2006 lokacin da kocin Petrik Sander ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai fara wasa a wasan da Borussia Mönchengladbach ta sha kashi a waje da ci 2-0. <ref name="WF">{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Bundesliga 2006/2007 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co12/germany-bundesliga/se580/2006-2007/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Borussia Mönchengladbach - Energie Cottbus 2:0 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma48591/lineup/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> A zagaye na gaba, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Hamburg . <ref name="WF" /> Munteanu ya samu tarihin kwallaye 11 a karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07, ciki har da kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Borussia Dortmund da ci 3-2 a waje. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="WF" /> Ya ƙulla haɗin gwiwa a harin da ƙungiyar ta kai tare da abokin wasansa na Romania Sergiu Radu kuma 'yan jaridar Jamus sun yi musu laƙabi da "Tagwayen Goal". <ref name="GSP2">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=La pachet |trans-title=Package deal |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/la-pachet-113.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="gemenii">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title="Gemenii golului", la Wolfsburg pentru 4,5 milioane de euro! |trans-title="The twins of the goal", in Wolfsburg for 4.5 million euros! |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/gemenii-golului-la-wolfsburg-pentru-45-1323385.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu si Sergiu Radu - La Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu and Sergiu Radu - At Wolfsburg |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-si-sergiu-radu-la-wolfsburg.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title="Gemenii golului" s-au transferat la Wolfsburg |trans-title=The "twins of the goal" transferred to Wolfsburg |url=https://www.crisana.ro/stiri/sport-7/gemenii-golului-s-au-transferat-la-wolfsburg-142107.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Crisana.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="gemenii2">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu: "Piturca poate sa nu ma cheme la nationala, nu ma mai intereseaza" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu: "Piturca may not call me to the national team, I'm not interested anymore" |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-piturca-poate-sa-nu-ma-cheme-la-nationala-nu-ma-mai-intereseaza.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 August 2007 |title=Piturca si-a calcat pe inima si l-a convocat pe "Schija" |trans-title=Piturca stepped on his heart and summoned "Schija" |url=https://evz.ro/piturca-si-a-calcat-pe-inima-si-l-a-convocat-pe-schija-457282.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=Sergiu Radu: "Am marcat cat Mutu. Vreau la nationala!" |trans-title=Sergiu Radu: "I scored as much as Mutu. I want to be at the national team!" |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/sergiu-radu-am-marcat-cat-mutu-vreau-la-nationala.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="EVZ2">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title=Sergiu Radu si Vlad Munteanu, la VfL Wolfsburg |trans-title=Sergiu Radu and Vlad Munteanu, at VfL Wolfsburg |url=https://evz.ro/sergiu-radu-si-vlad-munteanu-la-vfl-wolfsburg-444414.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Da kwallaye 11 da Munteanu ya zura da kuma yadda Radu ya zura kwallaye sau 14, tare suka zura kwallaye sama da rabin jimillar kwallaye 38 da kungiyar ta zura wanda ya taimaka mata ta kauce wa faduwa daga gasar. <ref name="gemenii" /> <ref name="gemenii2" /> === VfL Wolfsburg da lamuni === A lokacin bazara na 2007, VfL Wolfsburg ta canja wurin shi da Radu, inda ta biya € 4.5 miliyan a gare su, wanda daga ciki € 1.5 miliyan ne na Munteanu. <ref name="GSP2" /> <ref name="gemenii" /> <ref name="EVZ2" /> Bayan da koci Felix Magath ya yi amfani da shi a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2007-08 a wasanni 10 na gasar, an tura Munteanu aro a rabin na biyu zuwa kungiyar Auxerre ta Faransa a karkashin koci Jean Fernandez don ya buga wasa tare da 'yan kasarsa Daniel Niculae da Gabriel Tamaș . <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu nu se sperie de "Sadam" Magath! |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu is not afraid of "Sadam" Magath! |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-nu-se-sperie-de-sadam-magath.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=29 January 2008 |title=Exclusiv Prosport, Vlad Munteanu merge la Auxerre |trans-title=Exclusive Prosport, Vlad Munteanu goes to Auxerre |url=https://www.sport.ro/franta/exclusiv-prosport-vlad-munteanu-merge-la-auxerre.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=30 January 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu la Auxerre |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu at Auxerre |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-la-auxerre-50669.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya fara buga gasar [[Ligue 1]] a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2008 lokacin da koci Fernandez ya tura shi a minti na 90 don maye gurbin Kévin Lejeune a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Rennes da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Ligue 1 2007/2008 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co71/france-ligue-1/se5116/2007-2008/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Stade Rennais - AJ Auxerre 1:2 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma2105777/lineup/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=11 February 2008 |title=Românii lui Auxerre, învingători in extremis |trans-title=The Romanians of Auxerre, victorious in extremis |url=https://www.gds.ro/Sport/2008-02-11/Romanii-lui-Auxerre-invingatori-in-extremis/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gds.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Bayan wasanni 12 kacal a dukkan gasa, Munteanu ya koma Wolfsburg, yana mai ikirarin cewa yana da matsala wajen daidaitawa da dogaro da ƙarfin jiki na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu, intre Auxerre si Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, between Auxerre and Wolfsburg |url=https://ziaruldebacau.ro/vlad-munteanu-intre-auxerre-si-wolfsburg/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziaruldebacau.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=Auxerre renunță la Vlad Munteanu |trans-title=Auxerre waives Vlad Munteanu |url=https://jurnalul.ro/fun/auxerre-renunta-la-vlad-munteanu-123933.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Jurnalul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title="După o lună, le-am zis că nu vreau să rămân!". EXCLUSIV Românul care a ajuns în Ligue 1 și s-a speriat după un singur meci:"Pulpa unui adversar era cât ambele ale mele!" |trans-title="After a month, I told them I don't want to stay!". EXCLUSIVE The Romanian who reached Ligue 1 and got scared after a single match: "An opponent's pulp was as big as both of mine!" |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/dupa-o-luna-le-am-zis-ca-nu-vreau-sa-raman-exclusiv-romanul-care-a-ajuns-in-ligue-1-si-s-a-speriat-dupa-un-singur-meci-pulpa-unui-adversar-era-cat-ambele-ale-mele-17584339 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu nu mai este dorit la Auxerre |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu is no longer wanted at Auxerre |url=https://ziare.com/vfl-wolfsburg/stiri-vfl-wolfsburg/vlad-munteanu-nu-mai-este-dorit-la-auxerre-304272 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> Bayan an cire shi daga shirin Magath na ''ƙungiyar Wolves'' a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, yana wasa ne kawai a ƙungiyar tauraron ɗan wasa ta ƙungiyar a rukuni na huɗu, an ba shi aro na rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa ga Arminia Bielefeld . <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu: "Vreau să plec de la Wolfsburg" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu: "I want to leave Wolfsburg" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-vreau-sa-plec-de-la-wolfsburg-88642.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=29 August 2008 |title="Rapid este mai experimentată, dar Wolfsburg e mai valoroasă" |trans-title="Rapid is more experienced, but Wolfsburg is more valuable" |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/cupa-uefa/rapid-este-mai-experimentata-dar-wolfsburg-e-mai-valoroasa-3050806 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 August 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu părăseşte pe Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu leaves Wolfsburg |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/vlad-munteanu-paraseste-pe-wolfsburg-1306601.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 December 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu a fost imprumutat la Arminia Bielefeld! |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu was loaned to Arminia Bielefeld! |url=https://www.sport.ro/germania/vlad-munteanu-a-fost-imprumutat-la-arminia-bielefeld.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 December 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu, împrumutat şase luni la Arminia Bielefeld |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, on loan for six months at Arminia Bielefeld |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-imprumutat-sase-luni-la-arminia-bielefeld-115545.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=EXCLUSIV Vlad Munteanu s-a transferat la Arminia Bielefeld ! |trans-title=EXCLUSIVE Vlad Munteanu has transferred to Arminia Bielefeld! |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/exclusiv-vlad-munteanu-s-a-transferat-la-arminia-bielefeld-3669999 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> A can, a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2009 ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe a gasar Bundesliga a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Hannover 96, jimillar wasanni 58 tare da kwallaye 13 a gasar. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Bundesliga 2008/2009 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co12/germany-bundesliga/se12/2008-2009/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Munteanu ya fara da buga wa ƙungiyar Wolfsburg ta tauraron ɗan wasa a rabin farko na wasan, kafin a ba shi aro ga 2. Kungiyar Bundesliga FSV Frankfurt a zagaye na biyu. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="EVZ" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Vlad Munteanu, la FSV Frankfurt |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, at FSV Frankfurt |url=https://ziare.com/vfl-wolfsburg/bundesliga/vlad-munteanu-la-fsv-frankfurt-990850 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Vlad Munteanu la FSV Frankfurt |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu at FSV Frankfurt |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-la-fsv-frankfurt-173689.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> === Aikin da ya makara === A watan Janairun 2011, ya kawo karshen kwangilarsa da Wolfsburg kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa, Dinamo, na tsawon watanni shida. <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="EVZ" /> Bayan haka ya buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2011–12 a Concordia Chiajna inda ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe a gasar La Liga ta 1 a ranar 9 ga Mayu 2012 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1 a kan Pandurii Târgu Jiu, jimilla wasanni 172 tare da kwallaye 19 a gasar. <ref name="RS" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu continuă în Liga 1. Va juca pentru Concordia Chiajna |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu continues in Liga 1. He will play for Concordia Chiajna |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/exclusiv-vlad-munteanu-continua-in-liga-1-va-juca-pentru-concordia-chiajna-257441.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, bayan kakar wasa daya da ta yi a matsayi na biyu. A lokacin da yake buga wasa shida a Bundesliga, Munteanu ya yi ritaya yana da shekaru 32. <ref name="RS" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2011 |title=Pa, Chiajna! Vlad Munteanu va evolua în liga secundă germană |trans-title=Bye, Chiajna! Vlad Munteanu will perform in the German second league |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/pa-chiajna-vlad-munteanu-va-evolua-in-liga-secunda-germana-337463.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 November 2013 |title=Vlad Munteanu, din "iarbă", direct în fotoliul de conducător |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, from the "grass", directly into the leader's chair |url=https://www.zcj.ro/sport/--119623.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Zcj.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Munteanu ya buga wasa ɗaya a Romania a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2002 lokacin da koci Anghel Iordănescu ya tura shi a minti na 79 don maye gurbin Paul Codrea a wasan sada zumunci da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Girka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu profile |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=14617 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=European Football}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Romania 0-1 Greece |url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=25779 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=European Football}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, a lokacin kakar wasansa mai kayatarwa a Energie Cottbus tare da Sergiu Radu, 'yan jaridar Romania sun dage cewa ya kamata a kira su don buga wa tawagar ƙasa amma kocinsu Victor Pițurcă bai yarda ba, yana mai cewa game da gasar Bundesliga : "Ba kamar yadda take a da ba! Ƙungiyoyin suna cikin ƙarancin matsayi kuma 'yan wasan suna da matsakaicin ƙima." <ref name="gemenii2" /> <ref name="EVZ2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=Piturca: "Bundesliga este un campionat slab, cu jucatori mediocri" |trans-title=Piturca: "Bundesliga is a weak championship, with mediocre players" |url=https://www.sport.ro/liga-1/piturca-bundesliga-este-un-campionat-slab-cu-jucatori-mediocri.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=3 February 2007 |title=Piţurcă: "Privesc fiecare etapă din Bundesliga" |trans-title=Pițurcă: "I watch every round of the Bundesliga" |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/piturca-privesc-fiecare-etapa-din-bundesliga-1267733.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] ktzmnqqlkevz7rx33krg4qjpa95j5c9 964216 964215 2026-10-07T08:18:27Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367007198|Vlad Munteanu]]" 964216 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vlad Ioan Munteanu''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1981) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na ƙasar Romania wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/ |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=worldfootball.net}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === FCM Bacău === An haifi Munteanu a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1981 a Bacău, Romania. <ref name="GSP">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu s-a întors în România să o transforme pe Dinamo într-o campioană: "Am plecat băiat, m-am întors bărbat" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu returned in Romania to transform Dinamo into a champion: "I left as a boy, I came back as a man" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/vlad-munteanu-s-a-intors-in-romania-sa-o-transforme-pe-dinamo-intr-o-campioana-am-plecat-baiat-m-am-intors-barbat-226903.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar FCM Bacău ta gida inda ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Divizia A a ranar 6 ga Maris 1999 a ƙarƙashin koci Florin Halagian a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a kan Astra Ploiești . <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="ziare">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu - despre Torje si Mansour |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu - about Torje and Mansour |url=https://ziare.com/dinamo/stiri-dinamo/vlad-munteanu-despre-torje-si-mansour-216907 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2019 |title=Vlad Munteanu, poveste incredibilă de la Bacău: "S-a pus în genunchi, și-a făcut cruce și mi-a spus că nu voi ajunge niciodată fotbalist" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, incredible story from Bacău: "He got on his knees, made the sign of the cross and told me that I would never become a footballer" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/gsp-live-video-vlad-munteanu-poveste-incredibila-de-la-bacau-s-a-pus-in-genunchi-si-a-facut-cruce-si-mi-a-spus-ca-nu-voi-ajunge-niciodata-fotbalist-579108.html |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=FCM Bacau vs Astra Giurgiu 2-0 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/romania/1998-1999/divizia-a/18/fcm-bacau-15-vs-astra-ploiesti-237-14718/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kimanin mako guda bayan haka a wasan da suka doke Universitatea Craiova da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu goals 1999/2000 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/s/?cdx=21755a1&pp=190&l=1&s=65&c=15&ppgm=1 |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=FCU Craiova vs FCM Bacau 0-1 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/romania/1998-1999/divizia-a/19/universitatea-craiova-167-vs-fcm-bacau-15-14895/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}</ref> === Dinamo București === After two seasons with FCM, he spent six seasons at Dinamo București.<ref name="GSP" /> There, he won the only trophies of his career and made his only appearances in European competitions, playing a total of 10 UEFA Cup matches and scoring two goals.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /> His first performance was winning the 2000–01 Cupa României, even though coach Cornel Dinu did not use him in the final.<ref name="GSP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2000–2001 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2000_2001.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the following season, Munteanu helped Dinamo win the title under coaches Dinu and Marin Ion who gave him 19 appearances in which he scored five goals.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="RSC">{{Cite web |title=Romania National Champions |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/menu_items/champions.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> During the same season he played a few games in the second league at Poiana Câmpina, then a satellite team of Dinamo.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="ziare" /><ref name="EVZ">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu a revenit la Dinamo |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu returned to Dinamo |url=https://evz.ro/vlad-munteanu-a-revenit-la-dinamo-918864.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Pagini memorabile din istoria fotbalului prahovean (XXXIII)/La Câmpina au jucat Dănciulescu, Zicu, Marica, Mitea… |trans-title=Memorable pages from the history of Prahova football (XXXIII)/Dănciulescu, Zicu, Marica, Mitea played at Câmpina... |url=https://ziarulprahova.ro/2023/04/pagini-memorabile-din-istoria-fotbalului-prahovean-xxxiii-la-campina-au-jucat-danciulescu-zicu-marica-mitea/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Ziarulprahova.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> His next trophy won with ''The Red Dogs'' was the 2002–03 Cupa României, as coach Ioan Andone sent him in the 90+2 minute to replace Florentin Petre in the 1–0 victory against Național București in the final.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2002–2003 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2002_2003.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the 2003–04 season, Munteanu helped the club win The Double, appearing in 18 league games under Andone and scoring one goal.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="RSC" /> He was again a substitute in the Cupa României final, entering in the 55th minute to replace Ionuț Badea, and then opening the scoring approximately 10 minutes later in their 2–0 victory against Oțelul Galați.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2003–2004 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2003_2004.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> He also provided two perfect assists for goals by Claudiu Niculescu and Ianis Zicu in the 2–0 home victory against Shakhtar Donetsk, which helped them eliminate the Ukrainians in the UEFA Cup.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=Dinamo s-a îmbogăţit de pe urma ucrainenilor! A cîştigat milioane de euro şi l-a pus pe Lucescu antrenor la Şahtior |trans-title=Dinamo got rich from the Ukrainians! They won millions of euros and made Lucescu coach at Şahtior |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/europa-league/dinamo-s-a-imbogatit-de-pe-urma-ucrainenilor-a-cistigat-milioane-de-euro-si-l-a-pus-pe-lucescu-antrenor-la-sahtior-253240.html |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> After playing only a few games in the first half of the 2004–05 season, Andone informed Munteanu that he would not be part of his plans for the rest of the season, leading to a loan to Național București.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="ziare" /><ref name="EVZ" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2005 |title=FC National - Steaua si Dinamo ii intaresc pe "bancari" |trans-title=FC National - Steaua and Dinamo strengthen the "bankers" |url=https://jurnalul.ro/sport/fc-national-steaua-si-dinamo-ii-intaresc-pe-bancari-51837.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Jurnalul.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> He returned to Dinamo for the 2005–06 season.<ref name="RS" /> Andone used him as a starter until the 69th minute, when he replaced him with Ianis Zicu in the 3–2 victory against rivals Steaua București that earned them their first Supercupa României.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2005 |title=Dinamo invinge Steaua si castiga Supercupa Romaniei |trans-title=Dinamo defeats Steaua and wins the Romanian Supercup |url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-arhiva-1217612-dinamo-invinge-steaua-castiga-supercupa-romaniei.htm |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Hotnews.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Romanian Super Cup – Season 2005 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/super_cup/2005.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the 2005–06 UEFA Cup campaign, the team eliminated Omonia Nicosia against whom Munteanu scored a goal, and [[Everton FC|Everton]] with a historical 5–2 on aggregate, reaching the group stage.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=VIDEO 15 ani de la istoricul Dinamo - Everton 5-1. 3 dintre oamenii-cheie au rememorat meciul pentru GSP: "Sincer să fiu, am fost cel mai bun!" |trans-title=VIDEO 15 years since the historic Dinamo - Everton 5-1. 3 of the key people recalled the match for GSP:" To be honest, I was the best! " |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/15-ani-de-la-istoricul-dinamo-everton-5-1-3-dintre-oamenii-cheie-au-rememorat-meciul-pentru-gsp-610142.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=13 August 2005 |title=Dinamo si-a complicat situatia |trans-title=Dinamo complicated their situation |url=https://www.gds.ro/Sport/2005-08-13/Dinamo-si-a-complicat-situatia/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gds.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> There, the campaign ended but he scored the only goal of a 1–0 victory against title holders CSKA Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2005 |title=Bucharest shuts down CSKA Moscow |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2005/12/03/2003282865 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Taipeitimes.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> During these years, he scored two league goals in the derby against Steaua which helped his side earn two draws, also netting two times in two victories in the Cupa României.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinamo – FCSB, în Cupa României! Bilanțul all-time, cele mai clare victorii, cei mai buni marcatori și meciul cu cele mai multe goluri |url=https://www.prosport.ro/cupa-romaniei/dinamo-fcsb-in-cupa-romaniei-bilantul-all-time-cele-mai-clare-victorii-cei-mai-buni-marcatori-si-meciul-cu-cele-mai-multe-goluri-20019474 |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Prosport.ro}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Dinamo Bucuresti in 2001–02 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/stiri/68418/dinamo-bucuresti-in-2001-02.htm |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Dinamo Bucuresti in 2002–03 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/stiri/68419/dinamo-bucuresti-in-2002-03.htm |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> === Makamashin Cottbus === A shekara ta 2006, Munteanu ya sanya hannu da Energie Cottbus na gasar Bundesliga ta Jamus. <ref name="GSP" /> Ya fara buga gasar a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2006 lokacin da kocin Petrik Sander ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai fara wasa a wasan da Borussia Mönchengladbach ta sha kashi a waje da ci 2-0. <ref name="WF">{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Bundesliga 2006/2007 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co12/germany-bundesliga/se580/2006-2007/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Borussia Mönchengladbach - Energie Cottbus 2:0 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma48591/lineup/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> A zagaye na gaba, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Hamburg . <ref name="WF" /> Munteanu ya samu tarihin kwallaye 11 a karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07, ciki har da kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Borussia Dortmund da ci 3-2 a waje. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="WF" /> Ya ƙulla haɗin gwiwa a harin da ƙungiyar ta kai tare da abokin wasansa na Romania Sergiu Radu kuma 'yan jaridar Jamus sun yi musu laƙabi da "Tagwayen Goal". <ref name="GSP2">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=La pachet |trans-title=Package deal |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/la-pachet-113.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="gemenii">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title="Gemenii golului", la Wolfsburg pentru 4,5 milioane de euro! |trans-title="The twins of the goal", in Wolfsburg for 4.5 million euros! |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/gemenii-golului-la-wolfsburg-pentru-45-1323385.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu si Sergiu Radu - La Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu and Sergiu Radu - At Wolfsburg |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-si-sergiu-radu-la-wolfsburg.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title="Gemenii golului" s-au transferat la Wolfsburg |trans-title=The "twins of the goal" transferred to Wolfsburg |url=https://www.crisana.ro/stiri/sport-7/gemenii-golului-s-au-transferat-la-wolfsburg-142107.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Crisana.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="gemenii2">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu: "Piturca poate sa nu ma cheme la nationala, nu ma mai intereseaza" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu: "Piturca may not call me to the national team, I'm not interested anymore" |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-piturca-poate-sa-nu-ma-cheme-la-nationala-nu-ma-mai-intereseaza.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 August 2007 |title=Piturca si-a calcat pe inima si l-a convocat pe "Schija" |trans-title=Piturca stepped on his heart and summoned "Schija" |url=https://evz.ro/piturca-si-a-calcat-pe-inima-si-l-a-convocat-pe-schija-457282.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=Sergiu Radu: "Am marcat cat Mutu. Vreau la nationala!" |trans-title=Sergiu Radu: "I scored as much as Mutu. I want to be at the national team!" |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/sergiu-radu-am-marcat-cat-mutu-vreau-la-nationala.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="EVZ2">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title=Sergiu Radu si Vlad Munteanu, la VfL Wolfsburg |trans-title=Sergiu Radu and Vlad Munteanu, at VfL Wolfsburg |url=https://evz.ro/sergiu-radu-si-vlad-munteanu-la-vfl-wolfsburg-444414.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Da kwallaye 11 da Munteanu ya zura da kuma yadda Radu ya zura kwallaye sau 14, tare suka zura kwallaye sama da rabin jimillar kwallaye 38 da kungiyar ta zura wanda ya taimaka mata ta kauce wa faduwa daga gasar. <ref name="gemenii" /> <ref name="gemenii2" /> === VfL Wolfsburg da lamuni === A lokacin bazara na 2007, VfL Wolfsburg ta canja wurin shi da Radu, inda ta biya € 4.5 miliyan a gare su, wanda daga ciki € 1.5 miliyan ne na Munteanu. <ref name="GSP2" /> <ref name="gemenii" /> <ref name="EVZ2" /> Bayan da koci Felix Magath ya yi amfani da shi a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2007-08 a wasanni 10 na gasar, an tura Munteanu aro a rabin na biyu zuwa kungiyar Auxerre ta Faransa a karkashin koci Jean Fernandez don ya buga wasa tare da 'yan kasarsa Daniel Niculae da Gabriel Tamaș . <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu nu se sperie de "Sadam" Magath! |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu is not afraid of "Sadam" Magath! |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-nu-se-sperie-de-sadam-magath.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=29 January 2008 |title=Exclusiv Prosport, Vlad Munteanu merge la Auxerre |trans-title=Exclusive Prosport, Vlad Munteanu goes to Auxerre |url=https://www.sport.ro/franta/exclusiv-prosport-vlad-munteanu-merge-la-auxerre.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=30 January 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu la Auxerre |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu at Auxerre |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-la-auxerre-50669.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya fara buga gasar [[Ligue 1]] a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2008 lokacin da koci Fernandez ya tura shi a minti na 90 don maye gurbin Kévin Lejeune a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Rennes da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Ligue 1 2007/2008 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co71/france-ligue-1/se5116/2007-2008/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Stade Rennais - AJ Auxerre 1:2 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma2105777/lineup/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=11 February 2008 |title=Românii lui Auxerre, învingători in extremis |trans-title=The Romanians of Auxerre, victorious in extremis |url=https://www.gds.ro/Sport/2008-02-11/Romanii-lui-Auxerre-invingatori-in-extremis/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gds.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Bayan wasanni 12 kacal a dukkan gasa, Munteanu ya koma Wolfsburg, yana mai ikirarin cewa yana da matsala wajen daidaitawa da dogaro da ƙarfin jiki na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu, intre Auxerre si Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, between Auxerre and Wolfsburg |url=https://ziaruldebacau.ro/vlad-munteanu-intre-auxerre-si-wolfsburg/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziaruldebacau.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=Auxerre renunță la Vlad Munteanu |trans-title=Auxerre waives Vlad Munteanu |url=https://jurnalul.ro/fun/auxerre-renunta-la-vlad-munteanu-123933.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Jurnalul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title="După o lună, le-am zis că nu vreau să rămân!". EXCLUSIV Românul care a ajuns în Ligue 1 și s-a speriat după un singur meci:"Pulpa unui adversar era cât ambele ale mele!" |trans-title="After a month, I told them I don't want to stay!". EXCLUSIVE The Romanian who reached Ligue 1 and got scared after a single match: "An opponent's pulp was as big as both of mine!" |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/dupa-o-luna-le-am-zis-ca-nu-vreau-sa-raman-exclusiv-romanul-care-a-ajuns-in-ligue-1-si-s-a-speriat-dupa-un-singur-meci-pulpa-unui-adversar-era-cat-ambele-ale-mele-17584339 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu nu mai este dorit la Auxerre |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu is no longer wanted at Auxerre |url=https://ziare.com/vfl-wolfsburg/stiri-vfl-wolfsburg/vlad-munteanu-nu-mai-este-dorit-la-auxerre-304272 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> Bayan an cire shi daga shirin Magath na ''ƙungiyar Wolves'' a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, yana wasa ne kawai a ƙungiyar tauraron ɗan wasa ta ƙungiyar a rukuni na huɗu, an ba shi aro na rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa ga Arminia Bielefeld . <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu: "Vreau să plec de la Wolfsburg" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu: "I want to leave Wolfsburg" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-vreau-sa-plec-de-la-wolfsburg-88642.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=29 August 2008 |title="Rapid este mai experimentată, dar Wolfsburg e mai valoroasă" |trans-title="Rapid is more experienced, but Wolfsburg is more valuable" |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/cupa-uefa/rapid-este-mai-experimentata-dar-wolfsburg-e-mai-valoroasa-3050806 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 August 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu părăseşte pe Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu leaves Wolfsburg |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/vlad-munteanu-paraseste-pe-wolfsburg-1306601.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 December 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu a fost imprumutat la Arminia Bielefeld! |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu was loaned to Arminia Bielefeld! |url=https://www.sport.ro/germania/vlad-munteanu-a-fost-imprumutat-la-arminia-bielefeld.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 December 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu, împrumutat şase luni la Arminia Bielefeld |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, on loan for six months at Arminia Bielefeld |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-imprumutat-sase-luni-la-arminia-bielefeld-115545.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=EXCLUSIV Vlad Munteanu s-a transferat la Arminia Bielefeld ! |trans-title=EXCLUSIVE Vlad Munteanu has transferred to Arminia Bielefeld! |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/exclusiv-vlad-munteanu-s-a-transferat-la-arminia-bielefeld-3669999 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> A can, a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2009 ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe a gasar Bundesliga a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Hannover 96, jimillar wasanni 58 tare da kwallaye 13 a gasar. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Bundesliga 2008/2009 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co12/germany-bundesliga/se12/2008-2009/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Munteanu ya fara da buga wa ƙungiyar Wolfsburg ta tauraron ɗan wasa a rabin farko na wasan, kafin a ba shi aro ga 2. Kungiyar Bundesliga FSV Frankfurt a zagaye na biyu. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="EVZ" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Vlad Munteanu, la FSV Frankfurt |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, at FSV Frankfurt |url=https://ziare.com/vfl-wolfsburg/bundesliga/vlad-munteanu-la-fsv-frankfurt-990850 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Vlad Munteanu la FSV Frankfurt |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu at FSV Frankfurt |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-la-fsv-frankfurt-173689.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> === Aikin da ya makara === A watan Janairun 2011, ya kawo karshen kwangilarsa da Wolfsburg kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa, Dinamo, na tsawon watanni shida. <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="EVZ" /> Bayan haka ya buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2011–12 a Concordia Chiajna inda ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe a gasar La Liga ta 1 a ranar 9 ga Mayu 2012 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1 a kan Pandurii Târgu Jiu, jimilla wasanni 172 tare da kwallaye 19 a gasar. <ref name="RS" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu continuă în Liga 1. Va juca pentru Concordia Chiajna |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu continues in Liga 1. He will play for Concordia Chiajna |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/exclusiv-vlad-munteanu-continua-in-liga-1-va-juca-pentru-concordia-chiajna-257441.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, bayan kakar wasa daya da ta yi a matsayi na biyu. A lokacin da yake buga wasa shida a Bundesliga, Munteanu ya yi ritaya yana da shekaru 32. <ref name="RS" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2011 |title=Pa, Chiajna! Vlad Munteanu va evolua în liga secundă germană |trans-title=Bye, Chiajna! Vlad Munteanu will perform in the German second league |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/pa-chiajna-vlad-munteanu-va-evolua-in-liga-secunda-germana-337463.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 November 2013 |title=Vlad Munteanu, din "iarbă", direct în fotoliul de conducător |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, from the "grass", directly into the leader's chair |url=https://www.zcj.ro/sport/--119623.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Zcj.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Munteanu ya buga wasa ɗaya a Romania a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2002 lokacin da koci Anghel Iordănescu ya tura shi a minti na 79 don maye gurbin Paul Codrea a wasan sada zumunci da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Girka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu profile |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=14617 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=European Football}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Romania 0-1 Greece |url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=25779 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=European Football}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, a lokacin kakar wasansa mai kayatarwa a Energie Cottbus tare da Sergiu Radu, 'yan jaridar Romania sun dage cewa ya kamata a kira su don buga wa tawagar ƙasa amma kocinsu Victor Pițurcă bai yarda ba, yana mai cewa game da gasar Bundesliga : "Ba kamar yadda take a da ba! Ƙungiyoyin suna cikin ƙarancin matsayi kuma 'yan wasan suna da matsakaicin ƙima." <ref name="gemenii2" /> <ref name="EVZ2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=Piturca: "Bundesliga este un campionat slab, cu jucatori mediocri" |trans-title=Piturca: "Bundesliga is a weak championship, with mediocre players" |url=https://www.sport.ro/liga-1/piturca-bundesliga-este-un-campionat-slab-cu-jucatori-mediocri.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=3 February 2007 |title=Piţurcă: "Privesc fiecare etapă din Bundesliga" |trans-title=Pițurcă: "I watch every round of the Bundesliga" |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/piturca-privesc-fiecare-etapa-din-bundesliga-1267733.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Munteanu's father, Ion, was also a footballer who played for FCM Bacău and Universitatea Cluj and had over 250 Divizia A appearances in which he scored 60 goals.<ref>{{Cite web |title='U' Cluj: Vlad Munteanu are pedigree 'studenţesc' |trans-title="U" Cluj: Vlad Munteanu has a student "pedigree" |url=https://transilvaniareporter.ro/sport/u-cluj-vlad-munteanu-are-pedigree-studentesc/ |access-date=29 October 2017 |publisher=transilvaniareporter.ro |language=ro}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Istoria scrisa in familie! Tatal lui Vlad Munteanu a adus ultima victorie a lui U Cluj in fata CFR-ului, in urma cu 42 de ani! |trans-title=History written in the family! Vlad Munteanu's father brought Cluj's last victory in front of CFR, 42 years ago! |url=https://www.sport.ro/liga-1/istoria-scrisa-in-familie-tatal-lui-vlad-munteanu-a-adus-ultima-victorie-a-lui-u-cluj-in-fata-cfr-ului.html |access-date=29 October 2017 |publisher=sport.ro |language=ro}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Aşchia nu sare departe de trunchi! TOP 10 perechi tată-fiu care au scris istorie pentru fotbalul românesc |trans-title=The splinter does not fall far from the tree! TOP 10 father-son pairs who have written history for Romanian football |url=http://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/aschia-nu-sare-departe-de-trunchi-top-10-perechi-tata-fiu-care-au-scris-istorie-pentru-fotbalul-romanesc-6443565 |access-date=29 October 2017 |publisher=prosport.ro |language=ro}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Dinamo București''' * Divizia A : 2001-02, 2003-04 <ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|vlad-munteanu/1613|Vlad Munteanu}}</ref> * Cupa Romaniei : 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04 <ref name="SW" /> * Supercupa Romaniei : 2005 <ref name="SW" /> * Bundesliga : 2008–09 == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Vlad Ioan MUNTEANU at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian) * Vlad Ioan MUNTEANU – French league stats at Ligue 1 – also available in French (archived) * Vlad Munteanu at L'Équipe Football (in French) * {{NFT player|5415/Vlad_Munteanu|Vlad Munteanu}} * {{Soccerway|vlad-munteanu/1613|Vlad Munteanu}} * [https://www.labtof.ro/profil/vlad-munteanu-190/ Vlad Munteanu] at Labtof.ro [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] b0dkf7q71wgcr5pcs443mlaekku6wir 964217 964216 2026-10-07T08:19:36Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 964217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vlad Ioan Munteanu''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1981) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na ƙasar Romania wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/ |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=worldfootball.net}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === FCM Bacău === An haifi Munteanu a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1981 a Bacău, Romania. <ref name="GSP">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu s-a întors în România să o transforme pe Dinamo într-o campioană: "Am plecat băiat, m-am întors bărbat" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu returned in Romania to transform Dinamo into a champion: "I left as a boy, I came back as a man" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/vlad-munteanu-s-a-intors-in-romania-sa-o-transforme-pe-dinamo-intr-o-campioana-am-plecat-baiat-m-am-intors-barbat-226903.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar FCM Bacău ta gida inda ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Divizia A a ranar 6 ga Maris 1999 a ƙarƙashin koci Florin Halagian a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a kan Astra Ploiești . <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="ziare">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu - despre Torje si Mansour |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu - about Torje and Mansour |url=https://ziare.com/dinamo/stiri-dinamo/vlad-munteanu-despre-torje-si-mansour-216907 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2019 |title=Vlad Munteanu, poveste incredibilă de la Bacău: "S-a pus în genunchi, și-a făcut cruce și mi-a spus că nu voi ajunge niciodată fotbalist" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, incredible story from Bacău: "He got on his knees, made the sign of the cross and told me that I would never become a footballer" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/gsp-live-video-vlad-munteanu-poveste-incredibila-de-la-bacau-s-a-pus-in-genunchi-si-a-facut-cruce-si-mi-a-spus-ca-nu-voi-ajunge-niciodata-fotbalist-579108.html |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=FCM Bacau vs Astra Giurgiu 2-0 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/romania/1998-1999/divizia-a/18/fcm-bacau-15-vs-astra-ploiesti-237-14718/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kimanin mako guda bayan haka a wasan da suka doke Universitatea Craiova da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu goals 1999/2000 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/s/?cdx=21755a1&pp=190&l=1&s=65&c=15&ppgm=1 |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=FCU Craiova vs FCM Bacau 0-1 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/romania/1998-1999/divizia-a/19/universitatea-craiova-167-vs-fcm-bacau-15-14895/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}</ref> === Dinamo București === After two seasons with FCM, he spent six seasons at Dinamo București.<ref name="GSP" /> There, he won the only trophies of his career and made his only appearances in European competitions, playing a total of 10 UEFA Cup matches and scoring two goals.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /> His first performance was winning the 2000–01 Cupa României, even though coach Cornel Dinu did not use him in the final.<ref name="GSP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2000–2001 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2000_2001.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the following season, Munteanu helped Dinamo win the title under coaches Dinu and Marin Ion who gave him 19 appearances in which he scored five goals.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="RSC">{{Cite web |title=Romania National Champions |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/menu_items/champions.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> During the same season he played a few games in the second league at Poiana Câmpina, then a satellite team of Dinamo.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="ziare" /><ref name="EVZ">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu a revenit la Dinamo |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu returned to Dinamo |url=https://evz.ro/vlad-munteanu-a-revenit-la-dinamo-918864.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Pagini memorabile din istoria fotbalului prahovean (XXXIII)/La Câmpina au jucat Dănciulescu, Zicu, Marica, Mitea… |trans-title=Memorable pages from the history of Prahova football (XXXIII)/Dănciulescu, Zicu, Marica, Mitea played at Câmpina... |url=https://ziarulprahova.ro/2023/04/pagini-memorabile-din-istoria-fotbalului-prahovean-xxxiii-la-campina-au-jucat-danciulescu-zicu-marica-mitea/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Ziarulprahova.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> His next trophy won with ''The Red Dogs'' was the 2002–03 Cupa României, as coach Ioan Andone sent him in the 90+2 minute to replace Florentin Petre in the 1–0 victory against Național București in the final.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2002–2003 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2002_2003.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the 2003–04 season, Munteanu helped the club win The Double, appearing in 18 league games under Andone and scoring one goal.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="RSC" /> He was again a substitute in the Cupa României final, entering in the 55th minute to replace Ionuț Badea, and then opening the scoring approximately 10 minutes later in their 2–0 victory against Oțelul Galați.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2003–2004 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2003_2004.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> He also provided two perfect assists for goals by Claudiu Niculescu and Ianis Zicu in the 2–0 home victory against Shakhtar Donetsk, which helped them eliminate the Ukrainians in the UEFA Cup.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=Dinamo s-a îmbogăţit de pe urma ucrainenilor! A cîştigat milioane de euro şi l-a pus pe Lucescu antrenor la Şahtior |trans-title=Dinamo got rich from the Ukrainians! They won millions of euros and made Lucescu coach at Şahtior |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/europa-league/dinamo-s-a-imbogatit-de-pe-urma-ucrainenilor-a-cistigat-milioane-de-euro-si-l-a-pus-pe-lucescu-antrenor-la-sahtior-253240.html |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> After playing only a few games in the first half of the 2004–05 season, Andone informed Munteanu that he would not be part of his plans for the rest of the season, leading to a loan to Național București.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="ziare" /><ref name="EVZ" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2005 |title=FC National - Steaua si Dinamo ii intaresc pe "bancari" |trans-title=FC National - Steaua and Dinamo strengthen the "bankers" |url=https://jurnalul.ro/sport/fc-national-steaua-si-dinamo-ii-intaresc-pe-bancari-51837.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Jurnalul.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> He returned to Dinamo for the 2005–06 season.<ref name="RS" /> Andone used him as a starter until the 69th minute, when he replaced him with Ianis Zicu in the 3–2 victory against rivals Steaua București that earned them their first Supercupa României.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2005 |title=Dinamo invinge Steaua si castiga Supercupa Romaniei |trans-title=Dinamo defeats Steaua and wins the Romanian Supercup |url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-arhiva-1217612-dinamo-invinge-steaua-castiga-supercupa-romaniei.htm |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Hotnews.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Romanian Super Cup – Season 2005 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/super_cup/2005.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the 2005–06 UEFA Cup campaign, the team eliminated Omonia Nicosia against whom Munteanu scored a goal, and [[Everton FC|Everton]] with a historical 5–2 on aggregate, reaching the group stage.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=VIDEO 15 ani de la istoricul Dinamo - Everton 5-1. 3 dintre oamenii-cheie au rememorat meciul pentru GSP: "Sincer să fiu, am fost cel mai bun!" |trans-title=VIDEO 15 years since the historic Dinamo - Everton 5-1. 3 of the key people recalled the match for GSP:" To be honest, I was the best! " |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/15-ani-de-la-istoricul-dinamo-everton-5-1-3-dintre-oamenii-cheie-au-rememorat-meciul-pentru-gsp-610142.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=13 August 2005 |title=Dinamo si-a complicat situatia |trans-title=Dinamo complicated their situation |url=https://www.gds.ro/Sport/2005-08-13/Dinamo-si-a-complicat-situatia/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gds.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> There, the campaign ended but he scored the only goal of a 1–0 victory against title holders CSKA Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2005 |title=Bucharest shuts down CSKA Moscow |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2005/12/03/2003282865 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Taipeitimes.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> During these years, he scored two league goals in the derby against Steaua which helped his side earn two draws, also netting two times in two victories in the Cupa României.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinamo – FCSB, în Cupa României! Bilanțul all-time, cele mai clare victorii, cei mai buni marcatori și meciul cu cele mai multe goluri |url=https://www.prosport.ro/cupa-romaniei/dinamo-fcsb-in-cupa-romaniei-bilantul-all-time-cele-mai-clare-victorii-cei-mai-buni-marcatori-si-meciul-cu-cele-mai-multe-goluri-20019474 |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Prosport.ro}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Dinamo Bucuresti in 2001–02 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/stiri/68418/dinamo-bucuresti-in-2001-02.htm |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Dinamo Bucuresti in 2002–03 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/stiri/68419/dinamo-bucuresti-in-2002-03.htm |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> === Makamashin Cottbus === A shekara ta 2006, Munteanu ya sanya hannu da Energie Cottbus na gasar Bundesliga ta Jamus. <ref name="GSP" /> Ya fara buga gasar a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2006 lokacin da kocin Petrik Sander ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai fara wasa a wasan da Borussia Mönchengladbach ta sha kashi a waje da ci 2-0. <ref name="WF">{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Bundesliga 2006/2007 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co12/germany-bundesliga/se580/2006-2007/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Borussia Mönchengladbach - Energie Cottbus 2:0 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma48591/lineup/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> A zagaye na gaba, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Hamburg . <ref name="WF" /> Munteanu ya samu tarihin kwallaye 11 a karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07, ciki har da kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Borussia Dortmund da ci 3-2 a waje. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="WF" /> Ya ƙulla haɗin gwiwa a harin da ƙungiyar ta kai tare da abokin wasansa na Romania Sergiu Radu kuma 'yan jaridar Jamus sun yi musu laƙabi da "Tagwayen Goal". <ref name="GSP2">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=La pachet |trans-title=Package deal |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/la-pachet-113.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="gemenii">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title="Gemenii golului", la Wolfsburg pentru 4,5 milioane de euro! |trans-title="The twins of the goal", in Wolfsburg for 4.5 million euros! |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/gemenii-golului-la-wolfsburg-pentru-45-1323385.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu si Sergiu Radu - La Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu and Sergiu Radu - At Wolfsburg |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-si-sergiu-radu-la-wolfsburg.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title="Gemenii golului" s-au transferat la Wolfsburg |trans-title=The "twins of the goal" transferred to Wolfsburg |url=https://www.crisana.ro/stiri/sport-7/gemenii-golului-s-au-transferat-la-wolfsburg-142107.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Crisana.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="gemenii2">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu: "Piturca poate sa nu ma cheme la nationala, nu ma mai intereseaza" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu: "Piturca may not call me to the national team, I'm not interested anymore" |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-piturca-poate-sa-nu-ma-cheme-la-nationala-nu-ma-mai-intereseaza.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 August 2007 |title=Piturca si-a calcat pe inima si l-a convocat pe "Schija" |trans-title=Piturca stepped on his heart and summoned "Schija" |url=https://evz.ro/piturca-si-a-calcat-pe-inima-si-l-a-convocat-pe-schija-457282.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=Sergiu Radu: "Am marcat cat Mutu. Vreau la nationala!" |trans-title=Sergiu Radu: "I scored as much as Mutu. I want to be at the national team!" |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/sergiu-radu-am-marcat-cat-mutu-vreau-la-nationala.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="EVZ2">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title=Sergiu Radu si Vlad Munteanu, la VfL Wolfsburg |trans-title=Sergiu Radu and Vlad Munteanu, at VfL Wolfsburg |url=https://evz.ro/sergiu-radu-si-vlad-munteanu-la-vfl-wolfsburg-444414.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Da kwallaye 11 da Munteanu ya zura da kuma yadda Radu ya zura kwallaye sau 14, tare suka zura kwallaye sama da rabin jimillar kwallaye 38 da kungiyar ta zura wanda ya taimaka mata ta kauce wa faduwa daga gasar. <ref name="gemenii" /> <ref name="gemenii2" /> === VfL Wolfsburg da lamuni === A lokacin bazara na 2007, VfL Wolfsburg ta canja wurin shi da Radu, inda ta biya € 4.5 miliyan a gare su, wanda daga ciki € 1.5 miliyan ne na Munteanu. <ref name="GSP2" /> <ref name="gemenii" /> <ref name="EVZ2" /> Bayan da koci Felix Magath ya yi amfani da shi a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2007-08 a wasanni 10 na gasar, an tura Munteanu aro a rabin na biyu zuwa kungiyar Auxerre ta Faransa a karkashin koci Jean Fernandez don ya buga wasa tare da 'yan kasarsa Daniel Niculae da Gabriel Tamaș . <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu nu se sperie de "Sadam" Magath! |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu is not afraid of "Sadam" Magath! |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-nu-se-sperie-de-sadam-magath.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=29 January 2008 |title=Exclusiv Prosport, Vlad Munteanu merge la Auxerre |trans-title=Exclusive Prosport, Vlad Munteanu goes to Auxerre |url=https://www.sport.ro/franta/exclusiv-prosport-vlad-munteanu-merge-la-auxerre.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=30 January 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu la Auxerre |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu at Auxerre |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-la-auxerre-50669.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya fara buga gasar [[Ligue 1]] a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2008 lokacin da koci Fernandez ya tura shi a minti na 90 don maye gurbin Kévin Lejeune a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Rennes da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Ligue 1 2007/2008 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co71/france-ligue-1/se5116/2007-2008/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Stade Rennais - AJ Auxerre 1:2 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma2105777/lineup/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=11 February 2008 |title=Românii lui Auxerre, învingători in extremis |trans-title=The Romanians of Auxerre, victorious in extremis |url=https://www.gds.ro/Sport/2008-02-11/Romanii-lui-Auxerre-invingatori-in-extremis/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gds.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Bayan wasanni 12 kacal a dukkan gasa, Munteanu ya koma Wolfsburg, yana mai ikirarin cewa yana da matsala wajen daidaitawa da dogaro da ƙarfin jiki na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu, intre Auxerre si Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, between Auxerre and Wolfsburg |url=https://ziaruldebacau.ro/vlad-munteanu-intre-auxerre-si-wolfsburg/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziaruldebacau.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=Auxerre renunță la Vlad Munteanu |trans-title=Auxerre waives Vlad Munteanu |url=https://jurnalul.ro/fun/auxerre-renunta-la-vlad-munteanu-123933.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Jurnalul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title="După o lună, le-am zis că nu vreau să rămân!". EXCLUSIV Românul care a ajuns în Ligue 1 și s-a speriat după un singur meci:"Pulpa unui adversar era cât ambele ale mele!" |trans-title="After a month, I told them I don't want to stay!". EXCLUSIVE The Romanian who reached Ligue 1 and got scared after a single match: "An opponent's pulp was as big as both of mine!" |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/dupa-o-luna-le-am-zis-ca-nu-vreau-sa-raman-exclusiv-romanul-care-a-ajuns-in-ligue-1-si-s-a-speriat-dupa-un-singur-meci-pulpa-unui-adversar-era-cat-ambele-ale-mele-17584339 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu nu mai este dorit la Auxerre |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu is no longer wanted at Auxerre |url=https://ziare.com/vfl-wolfsburg/stiri-vfl-wolfsburg/vlad-munteanu-nu-mai-este-dorit-la-auxerre-304272 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> Bayan an cire shi daga shirin Magath na ''ƙungiyar Wolves'' a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, yana wasa ne kawai a ƙungiyar tauraron ɗan wasa ta ƙungiyar a rukuni na huɗu, an ba shi aro na rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa ga Arminia Bielefeld . <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu: "Vreau să plec de la Wolfsburg" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu: "I want to leave Wolfsburg" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-vreau-sa-plec-de-la-wolfsburg-88642.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=29 August 2008 |title="Rapid este mai experimentată, dar Wolfsburg e mai valoroasă" |trans-title="Rapid is more experienced, but Wolfsburg is more valuable" |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/cupa-uefa/rapid-este-mai-experimentata-dar-wolfsburg-e-mai-valoroasa-3050806 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 August 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu părăseşte pe Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu leaves Wolfsburg |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/vlad-munteanu-paraseste-pe-wolfsburg-1306601.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 December 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu a fost imprumutat la Arminia Bielefeld! |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu was loaned to Arminia Bielefeld! |url=https://www.sport.ro/germania/vlad-munteanu-a-fost-imprumutat-la-arminia-bielefeld.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 December 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu, împrumutat şase luni la Arminia Bielefeld |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, on loan for six months at Arminia Bielefeld |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-imprumutat-sase-luni-la-arminia-bielefeld-115545.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=EXCLUSIV Vlad Munteanu s-a transferat la Arminia Bielefeld ! |trans-title=EXCLUSIVE Vlad Munteanu has transferred to Arminia Bielefeld! |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/exclusiv-vlad-munteanu-s-a-transferat-la-arminia-bielefeld-3669999 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> A can, a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2009 ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe a gasar Bundesliga a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Hannover 96, jimillar wasanni 58 tare da kwallaye 13 a gasar. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Bundesliga 2008/2009 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co12/germany-bundesliga/se12/2008-2009/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Munteanu ya fara da buga wa ƙungiyar Wolfsburg ta tauraron ɗan wasa a rabin farko na wasan, kafin a ba shi aro ga 2. Kungiyar Bundesliga FSV Frankfurt a zagaye na biyu. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="EVZ" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Vlad Munteanu, la FSV Frankfurt |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, at FSV Frankfurt |url=https://ziare.com/vfl-wolfsburg/bundesliga/vlad-munteanu-la-fsv-frankfurt-990850 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Vlad Munteanu la FSV Frankfurt |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu at FSV Frankfurt |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-la-fsv-frankfurt-173689.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> === Aikin da ya makara === A watan Janairun 2011, ya kawo karshen kwangilarsa da Wolfsburg kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa, Dinamo, na tsawon watanni shida. <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="EVZ" /> Bayan haka ya buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2011–12 a Concordia Chiajna inda ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe a gasar La Liga ta 1 a ranar 9 ga Mayu 2012 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1 a kan Pandurii Târgu Jiu, jimilla wasanni 172 tare da kwallaye 19 a gasar. <ref name="RS" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu continuă în Liga 1. Va juca pentru Concordia Chiajna |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu continues in Liga 1. He will play for Concordia Chiajna |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/exclusiv-vlad-munteanu-continua-in-liga-1-va-juca-pentru-concordia-chiajna-257441.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, bayan kakar wasa daya da ta yi a matsayi na biyu. A lokacin da yake buga wasa shida a Bundesliga, Munteanu ya yi ritaya yana da shekaru 32. <ref name="RS" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2011 |title=Pa, Chiajna! Vlad Munteanu va evolua în liga secundă germană |trans-title=Bye, Chiajna! Vlad Munteanu will perform in the German second league |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/pa-chiajna-vlad-munteanu-va-evolua-in-liga-secunda-germana-337463.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 November 2013 |title=Vlad Munteanu, din "iarbă", direct în fotoliul de conducător |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, from the "grass", directly into the leader's chair |url=https://www.zcj.ro/sport/--119623.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Zcj.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Munteanu ya buga wasa ɗaya a Romania a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2002 lokacin da koci Anghel Iordănescu ya tura shi a minti na 79 don maye gurbin Paul Codrea a wasan sada zumunci da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Girka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu profile |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=14617 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=European Football}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Romania 0-1 Greece |url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=25779 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=European Football}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, a lokacin kakar wasansa mai kayatarwa a Energie Cottbus tare da Sergiu Radu, 'yan jaridar Romania sun dage cewa ya kamata a kira su don buga wa tawagar ƙasa amma kocinsu Victor Pițurcă bai yarda ba, yana mai cewa game da gasar Bundesliga : "Ba kamar yadda take a da ba! Ƙungiyoyin suna cikin ƙarancin matsayi kuma 'yan wasan suna da matsakaicin ƙima." <ref name="gemenii2" /> <ref name="EVZ2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=Piturca: "Bundesliga este un campionat slab, cu jucatori mediocri" |trans-title=Piturca: "Bundesliga is a weak championship, with mediocre players" |url=https://www.sport.ro/liga-1/piturca-bundesliga-este-un-campionat-slab-cu-jucatori-mediocri.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=3 February 2007 |title=Piţurcă: "Privesc fiecare etapă din Bundesliga" |trans-title=Pițurcă: "I watch every round of the Bundesliga" |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/piturca-privesc-fiecare-etapa-din-bundesliga-1267733.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Munteanu's father, Ion, was also a footballer who played for FCM Bacău and Universitatea Cluj and had over 250 Divizia A appearances in which he scored 60 goals.<ref>{{Cite web |title='U' Cluj: Vlad Munteanu are pedigree 'studenţesc' |trans-title="U" Cluj: Vlad Munteanu has a student "pedigree" |url=https://transilvaniareporter.ro/sport/u-cluj-vlad-munteanu-are-pedigree-studentesc/ |access-date=29 October 2017 |publisher=transilvaniareporter.ro |language=ro}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Istoria scrisa in familie! Tatal lui Vlad Munteanu a adus ultima victorie a lui U Cluj in fata CFR-ului, in urma cu 42 de ani! |trans-title=History written in the family! Vlad Munteanu's father brought Cluj's last victory in front of CFR, 42 years ago! |url=https://www.sport.ro/liga-1/istoria-scrisa-in-familie-tatal-lui-vlad-munteanu-a-adus-ultima-victorie-a-lui-u-cluj-in-fata-cfr-ului.html |access-date=29 October 2017 |publisher=sport.ro |language=ro}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Aşchia nu sare departe de trunchi! TOP 10 perechi tată-fiu care au scris istorie pentru fotbalul românesc |trans-title=The splinter does not fall far from the tree! TOP 10 father-son pairs who have written history for Romanian football |url=http://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/aschia-nu-sare-departe-de-trunchi-top-10-perechi-tata-fiu-care-au-scris-istorie-pentru-fotbalul-romanesc-6443565 |access-date=29 October 2017 |publisher=prosport.ro |language=ro}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Dinamo București''' * Divizia A : 2001-02, 2003-04 <ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|vlad-munteanu/1613|Vlad Munteanu}}</ref> * Cupa Romaniei : 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04 <ref name="SW" /> * Supercupa Romaniei : 2005 <ref name="SW" /> * Bundesliga : 2008–09 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Vlad Ioan MUNTEANU at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian) * Vlad Ioan MUNTEANU – French league stats at Ligue 1 – also available in French (archived) * Vlad Munteanu at L'Équipe Football (in French) * {{NFT player|5415/Vlad_Munteanu|Vlad Munteanu}} * {{Soccerway|vlad-munteanu/1613|Vlad Munteanu}} * [https://www.labtof.ro/profil/vlad-munteanu-190/ Vlad Munteanu] at Labtof.ro [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} dldul8gkcbbkuvl27k7l8s0q64jy7d7 0 178458 964219 2026-10-07T08:25:50Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378421923|Stealth aircraft]]" 964219 wikitext text/x-wiki   An tsara '''Jirgin sama mai ɓoye''' don kauce wa ganowa ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri waɗanda ke rage haskakawa / fitarwa na [[Radar]], infrared, haske mai ganuwa, mita rediyo (RF), da sauti, gaba ɗaya da aka sani da fasahar ɓoye. F-117 Nighthawk shine jirgin sama na farko da aka tsara a bayyane game da fasahar ɓoye. Sauran misalai na jirgin sama mai ɓoye sun haɗa da B-2 Spirit, F-22 Raptor, F-35 Lightning II, Chengdu J-20, <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=F-22 Raptor |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104506/f-22-raptor/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=U.S. Air Force (af.mil)}}</ref> Shenyang J-35, da Sukhoi Su-57.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=F-35A Lightning II |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/478441/f-35a-lightning-ii/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=U.S. Air Force (af.mil)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=F-35B Lightning II |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/aircraft/lightning-f35b/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Royal Air Force}}</ref> Duk da yake babu jirgin sama da ba a ganuwa ga radar ba, jirgin sama mai ɓoyewa yana sa ya fi wuya ga radar na al'ada da Makamai masu jagorantar radar don ganowa ko bin diddigin jirgin yadda ya kamata. Stealth haɗuwa ce ta siffofi masu '''ƙarancin lura''' (LO) da masu aiki. Abubuwan LO sun haɗa da siffar ƙirar ƙirar jirgin sama, sau da yawa ta amfani da fuka-fuki na lambda ko fuka-fuka na trapezoidal, da kayan da ke shawo kan radiation. Masu ba da izini masu aiki sun ƙunshi ƙananan yiwuwar radar, rediyo da masu tsara laser. Wadannan galibi ana haɗa su tare da matakan aiki don rage ɓangaren radar na jirgin sama (RCS), tunda motsa jiki na yau da kullun ko buɗe ƙofofin tashar bam na iya fiye da ninki biyu na dawowar radar na jirgin ƙasa. Jirgin sama mai ɓoyewa wani lokacin ana haɗa shi da rage zafi, sauti, da sauran hayaki. Matakan da za a iya amfani da su don ɓoyewa sun haɗa da bincike na infrared da tsarin bin diddigin don gano ko da rage hayakin zafi, radars masu tsawo, waɗanda ke magance siffar ɓoyewa da kayan da aka mayar da hankali ga gajeren radar, ko saitin radar tare da masu fitarwa da yawa don magance siffar shinge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogoway |first=Tyler |date=26 March 2015 |title=Infrared Search And Track Systems And The Future Of The US Fighter Force |url=https://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/infrared-search-and-track-systems-and-the-future-of-the-1691441747 |access-date=7 March 2019 |website=Foxtrot Alpha |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Axe |first=David |date=12 July 2016 |title=Did Russia's New Radar Just Make America's Lethal Stealth Fighters Obsolete? |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/did-russias-new-radar-just-make-americas-lethal-stealth-16936 |access-date=7 March 2019 |website=The National Interest}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yue |first=Tao |date=30 November 2001 |title=Scouting For Surveillance: Detection of the B-2 Stealth Bomber And a Brief History on 'Stealth' |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N63/Stealth.63f.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610041304/http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N63/Stealth.63f.html |archive-date=10 June 2009 |access-date=7 March 2019 |website=The Tech}}</ref> Amurka (a cikin 1977), Rasha (a cikin 2000) da China (a cikin 2011) sun tashi da masu zanga-zangar yaki na cikakken girman. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2025, jirgin sama mai ɓoyewa kawai da ke aiki shine Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit (1997), Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor (2005), Lockheed Martin C-35 Lightning II (2015), <ref name="LM5">{{Cite web |title=5th Generation Fighters |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/capabilities/air_power/5th-gen/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109091019/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/capabilities/air_power/5th-gen/ |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=15 April 2009 |publisher=Lockheed Martin}}</ref> Chengdu J-20 (2017), Sukhoi Su-57 (2020), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Первый серийный истребитель Су-57 поступил в авиаполк Южного военного округа |url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/10352497}}</ref> da Shenyang J-35 (2025) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2025-07-19 |title=China’s J-35 Naval Stealth Fighter Looks Set For Service |url=https://www.twz.com/air/chinas-j-35-naval-stealth-fighter-looks-set-for-service |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref> wasu ƙasashe da ke haɓaka nasu ƙirar. Jirgin sama na ci gaba ya haɗa da mayakan kamar Amurka F-47 da China J-36, da kuma bama-bamai masu mahimmanci, China's H-20 da Rasha's PAK DA. Har ila yau, akwai jiragen sama daban-daban tare da rage ganewa, ko dai ba da gangan ba ko kuma a matsayin fasalin na biyu. Jirgin sama na Stealth ya fara ganin yaƙi lokacin da aka yi amfani da F-117 a mamayewar Amurka ta 1989 a Panama. Tun daga wannan lokacin Amurka, Burtaniya, da jirgin sama na Isra'ila sun ga yaƙi, da farko a Gabas ta Tsakiya, yayin da Rasha Su-57 ta ga yaƙi a mamayar Rasha a Ukraine. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, a lokacin yakin Iran na shekara ta 2036, wani mayaƙan ɓoye ya fara harbe wani mayaƙanin da ke cikin yaƙi, lokacin da wani F-35I na Isra'ila "Adir" ya saukar da jirgin yaki na Iran Yak-130 a kan Tehran.Ya zuwa shekara ta 2026, an tabbatar da harbi daya na jirgin sama mai ɓoye, a lokacin fashewar bam na NATO na Yugoslavia a 1999, na jirgin saman USAF F-117 da wani brigade mai linzami na Isayev S-125 'Neva-M' na Serbia wanda Colonel Zoltán Dani ya umarce shi, yayin da wani lamari na biyu ya lalata F-117. Rasha da ake zargin kasar Sin sun yi nazarin lalacewar da ba ta lalace ba. == Ka'idodin ƙira == [[File:Rah-66_c._2000.jpg|thumb|Motoci kamar wannan RAH-66 sun kasance da ƙalubale don tsara damar ɓoyewa don jirage masu saukar ungulu.]] Baya ga duk bukatun da aka saba buƙata na jirgin sama, ƙirar jirgin sama mai ɓoyewa ko ƙaramin lura yana da niyyar rage radar da infrared (thermal) ganowa, gami da: * Rage fitarwa mai zafi daga injin da kuma fitar da shi * Rage hasken radar zuwa mai karɓar abokin gaba ta hanyar tsara jirgin sama * Rage hasken radar daga jirgin sama ta hanyar amfani da kayan radar-absorbent (RAM) ko kayan radar-transparent kamar filastik. * Rage ganowar radar daga wuraren da aka fallasa na ciki kamar ɗakin jirgi, tashar makamai da bututun shigar injiniya. Tsakanin da za'a iya gano manufa don tsarin radar da aka ba ya bambanta da tushen na huɗu na ɓangaren radar (RCS). Sabili da haka, don yanke nisan ganowa zuwa kashi ɗaya cikin goma, ya kamata a rage RCS da kashi 10,000. Girma, siffar, abun da ke cikin kayan, mitar radar, polarization, da kuma jagorancin lura duk suna da alaƙa da adadin makamashi da aka nuna ta hanyar manufa lokacin da radar ya haskaka shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacted |first=Office of Scientific and Weapons Research |date=February 1984 |title=Soviet Work on Radar Cross Section Reduction Applicable to a Future Stealth Program |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000498135.pdf |website=CIA Reading Room}}</ref> Rotorcraft ya gabatar da wani ƙalubale na ƙira, saboda ba kawai fuka-fukan fuka-fuka da haɗin gwiwa ba, har ma da dangantakar da ke canzawa koyaushe na waɗannan zuwa manyan saman jirgin sama. Boeing-Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche na ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko a cikin jirgi mai saukar ungulu. == Ƙuntatawa == [[File:Northrop_B-2A_Spirit_(cropped).jpg|thumb|B-2 Ruhun Bashi na [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]]]] === Rashin daidaituwa na zane === An tsara jirgin sama na farko tare da mai da hankali kan ƙananan RCS maimakon aikin iska. Jirgin sama mai ɓoye kamar F-117 Nighthawk ba su da ƙarfi a cikin dukkan matakai uku kuma suna buƙatar gyare-gyaren jirgin sama na yau da kullun daga tsarin jirgin sama mai tashi-da-wire (FBW) don kula da jirgin sarrafawa. Amma ga B-2 Spirit, wanda ya dogara ne akan ci gaban jirgin sama mai tashi ta Jack Northrop a cikin 1940, wannan ƙirar ta ba da damar jirgin sama mai ɗorewa tare da isasshen ikon yaw, koda ba tare da saman tsaye ba kamar rudders. === Ƙuntatawa na iska === Jiragen sama na baya (kamar F-117 da B-2) ba su da na'urorin kashe gobara, saboda hayakin zafi zai ƙara sawun infrared ɗinsu, kuma tashi da sauri fiye da saurin sauti zai haifar da ƙarar sauti, da kuma dumama saman fatar jirgin, wanda kuma zai ƙara sawun infrared . Sakamakon haka, ƙwarewarsu a fagen yaƙin sama da ake buƙata a yaƙin kare ba zai taɓa yin daidai da na jirgin yaƙi na musamman ba. Wannan ba shi da mahimmanci a yanayin waɗannan jiragen biyu domin an tsara su ne don su zama masu jefa bama-bamai. Sabbin dabarun ƙira suna ba da damar yin ƙira masu ɓoye kamar F-22 ba tare da yin illa ga aikin iska ba. Sabbin jiragen sama masu ɓoye, kamar F-22, F-35 da Su-57, suna da halaye na aiki waɗanda suka dace ko suka wuce na jiragen yaƙi na gaba saboda ci gaba a wasu fasahohi kamar tsarin sarrafa jiragen sama, injuna, ginin firam ɗin jirgin sama da kayan aiki. <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":5" /> === Fitar da wutar lantarki === Ana da'awar cewa yawan na'urorin kwamfuta da kuma yawan kayan lantarki da ake samu a cikin jiragen sama masu ɓoye suna sa su zama masu sauƙin gano su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Wannan abu ne mai matuƙar wuya kuma tabbas tsarin kamar Tamara da Kolchuga, waɗanda galibi ake siffanta su da na'urorin radar da ke hana ɓoye sirri, ba a tsara su don gano filayen lantarki masu ɓata irin wannan ba. An tsara irin waɗannan tsarin ne don gano hayakin da aka yi niyya da shi, kamar na'urar radar da siginar sadarwa. Ana amfani da jiragen sama na ɓoye da gangan don gujewa ko rage irin wannan hayaki. Masu karɓar gargaɗin Radar suna neman ƙarfin lantarki na yau da kullun daga na'urorin radar da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar injiniya yayin da jiragen sama na ƙarni na biyar ke amfani da Ƙananan Yiwuwar Radars na Katsewa ba tare da tsarin maimaitawa akai-akai ba. === Yanayin tashi mai rauni === Jiragen sama masu ɓoye har yanzu suna cikin haɗarin gano su yayin da kuma bayan sun yi amfani da makamansu. Tunda ba a samun kayan aiki na ɓoye (rage bama-bamai na RCS da makamai masu linzami na cruise ) gabaɗaya ba, kuma wuraren da ake ɗora makamai suna haifar da babban dawowar radar, jiragen sama marasa matuƙi galibi suna ɗauke da duk makamai a ciki. Idan aka buɗe ƙofofin jirgin, ana iya ƙara yawan RCS na jirgin, wanda hakan zai rage halayen ɓoyewa da kuma sanya shi cikin haɗari ga gano shi. Duk da cewa jirgin zai sake samun damar ɓoyewa da zarar an rufe ƙofofin jirgin, tsarin kariya mai sauri yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci don yaƙar jirgin. Ana magance wannan rauni ta hanyar aiki ta hanyar da za ta rage haɗari da sakamakon samun ɗan lokaci. Rashin iya gani na B-2 yana sa tsarin kariya ya yi wa tsarin ganowa, bin diddiginsa, da kuma shiga cikin lamarin wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Cool Secrets of the B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber |url=https://spyscape.com/article/secrets-of-the-b-2-spy-plane-from-covert-ops-to-hollywood-celebrity |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=spyscape.com |language=en}}</ref> Wasu makamai  yana buƙatar tsarin jagorancin makamin ya sami abin da ake so yayin da makamin har yanzu yana haɗe da jirgin. Wannan yana tilasta ayyukan da suka daɗe tare da buɗe ƙofofin shiga. Jiragen sama kamar F-22 Raptor da F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter suma suna iya ɗaukar ƙarin makamai da mai a wuraren da ke ƙarƙashin fikafikansu. Lokacin da jiragen ke aiki a wannan yanayin ba za su yi kama da na ɓoye ba, kamar yadda wuraren taurin kai da makaman da aka ɗora a kan waɗannan wuraren taurin za su bayyana a tsarin radar. Saboda haka, wannan zaɓin yana wakiltar ciniki tsakanin ɓoye ko kewayon da kuma nauyin da ake biya. Shagunan waje suna ba wa waɗannan jiragen sama damar kai hari kan wasu wurare masu nisa, amma ba za su ba da damar ɓoyewa a lokacin wannan aikin ba idan aka kwatanta da wani aiki mai sauri da ke tashi a kan mai na ciki kawai kuma yana amfani da ƙaramin sarari na wuraren makami na ciki don makamai. === Rage nauyin aiki === [[File:B-2_spirit_bombing.jpg|thumb| A wani atisayen harbi kai tsaye na shekarar 1994 kusa da Point Mugu, California, wani jirgin saman Amurka mai suna B-2 Spirit ya jefa {{Cvt|500|lb}} a cikin wani atisaye mai tsawon sa'o'i arba'in da bakwai. bama-bamai na aji Mark 82, wanda ke wakiltar kusan rabin jimillar nauyin makamai na B-2 a cikin tsarin Block 30.]] Jiragen sama marasa matuki suna ɗauke da dukkan mai da makamai a cikin jirgin, wanda hakan ke iyakance nauyin da ake ɗauka. Idan aka kwatanta, jirgin F-117 yana ɗauke da bama-bamai guda biyu kacal da ke amfani da laser ko GPS, yayin da jirgin sama mara ɓoyewa zai iya ɗaukar fiye da sau da yawa. Wannan yana buƙatar tura ƙarin jiragen sama don kai hari ga wuraren da galibi za su buƙaci jiragen sama guda ɗaya waɗanda ba sa ɓoye sirri. Duk da haka, wannan rashin dacewar da ake gani, an rage ta ne ta hanyar raguwar ƙarancin jiragen sama masu tallafi waɗanda ake buƙata don samar da murfin iska, hana iska da matakan kariya ta lantarki, wanda hakan ya sa jiragen sama masu ɓoye " masu ninka ƙarfi ". === Fata mai laushi === Jiragen sama na ɓoye galibi suna da fatar da aka yi da kayan da ke shaƙar radiation (RAM). Wasu daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin baƙaƙen carbon, yayin da wasu kuma suna ɗauke da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙarfe . Akwai kayan aiki da yawa da ake amfani da su a cikin RAM, amma gabaɗaya an rarraba takamaiman abubuwan da suka shafi abun da ke cikin kayan. === Kudin ayyuka === Jiragen sama marasa matuki galibi suna da tsada wajen kerawa da ƙera su. Misali, B-2 Spirit ya fi tsada fiye da jiragen sama na yau da kullun wajen kera da kuma tallafawa. Shirin B-2 ya kashe kusan dala biliyan 45 ga rundunar sojin saman Amurka. == Matakan hana kai hari == === Raƙuman ruwa masu nuni === Radar mai wucewa (multistatic), radar mai wucewa da kuma musamman tsarin radar mai wucewa (multistatic ) suna gano wasu jiragen sama masu ɓoye fiye da radar mai wucewa ta al'ada, tunda fasahar ɓoye ta ƙarni na farko (kamar F-117) tana nuna kuzari daga layin gani na mai watsawa, wanda hakan ke ƙara RCS ta wasu hanyoyi, wanda radar mai wucewa ke sa ido a kai. Irin wannan tsarin yawanci yana amfani da ko dai siginar rediyo mai ƙarancin mita da rediyon FM (wanda mitar sarrafa sa hannun jirgin ke da wahala). Masu bincike a Jami'ar Illinois da ke Urbana-Champaign tare da goyon bayan DARPA, sun nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a gina hoton radar mai amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta hanyar amfani da radar mai aiki da yawa, mai yiwuwa cikakken bayani don ba da damar gane manufa ta atomatik . <ref>[http://www.ifp.uiuc.edu/%7Esmherman/darpa/] {{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2007, masu binciken SAAB sun bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin da ake kira Associative Aperture Synthesis Radar (ASR) wanda zai yi amfani da tarin na'urori masu watsawa da masu karɓa masu araha da yawa waɗanda za su iya gano abubuwan da ake hari lokacin da suka ratsa kai tsaye tsakanin masu karɓar/masu watsawa kuma suka haifar da inuwa. An tsara tsarin ne da farko don gano makamai masu linzami masu ɓoye kuma yakamata ya yi tasiri ga jiragen sama masu ɓoyewa masu tashi ƙasa. Cewa jerin kayan aikin na iya ƙunsar adadi mai yawa na kayan aiki masu araha na iya bayar da wasu "kariya" daga hare-haren makamai masu linzami masu tsada na hana radiation (ARMs). === Infrared (zafi) === Wasu masu sharhi sun yi iƙirarin cewa ana iya amfani da tsarin bincike da bin diddigin Infra-red (IRSTs) akan jiragen sama masu ɓoye, saboda duk wani saman jirgin sama yana zafi saboda gogayya ta iska kuma tare da IRST mai tashoshi biyu, CO ne (4.3) &nbsp;(μm absorption maxima) yana yiwuwa a gano shi, ta hanyar bambanci tsakanin ƙaramin tashar da babban tashar. Waɗannan masu sharhi suna nuni ga sake farfaɗowar irin waɗannan tsarin a cikin ƙirar Rasha a shekarun 1980, kamar waɗanda aka sanya wa MiG-29 da Su-27 . Sabuwar sigar MiG-29, MiG-35, an sanye ta da sabon Tsarin Nemo Na gani wanda ya haɗa da ƙarin fasahar IRST mai ci gaba. Sojojin Faransa Rafale, jiragen saman yaƙi na Burtaniya/Jamus/Italiya/Spanish da kuma Gripen na Sweden suma suna amfani da IRST sosai. A cikin yaƙin iska, kayan aikin optronic yana ba da damar: * Gano abubuwan da ba sa ƙonewa bayan an ƙone su a {{Convert|45|km}} kewayon da ƙari; * Gano waɗannan abubuwan da aka nufa a tsakanin {{Convert|8|to|10|km}} kewayon; da kuma * Kiyasin nisan da jiragen sama ke kaiwa hari zuwa {{Convert|15|km}} . Don manufofin ƙasa, ɗakin yana ba da damar: * Tankin ganowa mai inganci yana kaiwa {{Convert|15|km}}, da kuma gano jirgin sama mai ɗaukar kaya a {{Convert|60|to|80|km}} ; * Gano nau'in tankin da ke kan {{Convert|8|to|10|km}}, da kuma na jirgin sama mai nisan {{Convert|40|to|60|km}} ; kuma * Kiyasin nisan da za a kai ga cimma burin ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|20|km}} . === Radar mai tsayi mai tsayi === Tsarin radar VHF yana da tsawon tsayi daidai da girman fasalin jirgin sama kuma yakamata ya nuna warwatsewa a yankin resonance maimakon yankin gani, wanda hakan ke ba da damar gano yawancin jiragen sama marasa matuƙa. Wannan ya sa Cibiyar Bincike ta Injiniyan Rediyo ta Nizhny Novgorod (NNIIRT) ta ƙirƙiro na'urorin VHF AESA kamar NEBO SVU, waɗanda ke da ikon yin amfani da batura masu linzami daga sama zuwa sama don cimma burinsu . Duk da fa'idodin da radar VHF ke bayarwa, tsawon tsayin raƙumansu yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙuduri idan aka kwatanta da radar radar mai girman X. Sakamakon haka, dole ne waɗannan tsarin su kasance manya sosai kafin su sami ƙudurin radar haɗin gwiwa . Misalin radar VHF mai tushen ƙasa tare da ikon hana ɓoye sirri shine radar P-18 . Kamfanin ƙasar Holland Thales Nederland, wanda a da aka fi sani da Holland Signaal, ya ƙirƙiro wani radar mai tsari-mataki mai suna SMART-L, wanda ake sarrafawa a L Band kuma yana da ɓoye sirri. Duk jiragen ruwan rundunar sojojin ruwan Royal Dutch na De Zeven Provinciën suna ɗauke da na'urar radar ta SMART-L, da sauransu. === Radar OTH (radar sama da sararin samaniya) === Radar mai wucewa a sararin sama ra'ayi ne da ke ƙara tasirin radar akan radar ta al'ada. Cibiyar Radar ta JORN ta Australiya Jindalee za ta iya shawo kan wasu halaye na ɓoye. Ana da'awar cewa mitar HF da aka yi amfani da ita da kuma hanyar tsalle radar daga ionosphere ta shawo kan halayen ɓoye na F-117A. A wata ma'anar, jiragen sama marasa matuƙi an inganta su don kayar da radar mai yawan mita daga gaba maimakon radar mai ƙarancin mita daga sama. == Tarihi == === Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da Yaƙin Duniya na biyu === [[File:Linke-Hofmann_R.I_cellon_fuselage.jpg|right|thumb| Samfurin Linke-Hofmann RI, wani gwajin makami mai linzami na Jamus wanda aka rufe da kayan rufewa masu haske (1917-1918)]] A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], Jamusawa sun gwada amfani da ''Cellon'' ( cellulose acetate ), wani abu mai rufewa mai haske, a yunƙurin rage ganin jiragen sama na soja . An ''rufe'' misalai guda ɗaya na jirgin saman Fokker E.III ''Eindecker'' mai ɗaukar kaya, jirgin Albatros CI mai kujeru biyu, da kuma jirgin Linke-Hofmann RI mai ɗaukar kaya mai nauyi . Duk da haka, ya zama ba shi da amfani, har ma ya yi illa, domin hasken rana da ke haskakawa daga rufin jirgin ya ƙara bayyana a fili. An kuma gano cewa kayan sun lalace cikin sauri sakamakon canjin yanayin zafi a cikin jirgin sama da kuma canjin yanayin zafi a cikin jirgin, don haka ba a ci gaba da ƙoƙarin yin jirgin sama mai haske ba. A shekarar 1916, Turawan Birtaniya sun gyara wani ƙaramin jirgin ruwan <nowiki><i id="mwAZE">SS</i></nowiki> a matsayin jirgin sama don leƙen asiri na jiragen sama na dare a kan layin Jamus a Yammacin Yamma . An sanya masa injin da aka rufe da bakar jakar iskar gas, jirgin ba a iya gani kuma ba a jinsa daga ƙasa, amma jiragen sama da dama da aka yi da daddare a kan yankin da Jamus ke iko da shi sun haifar da ƙarancin basira mai amfani, kuma aka yi watsi da wannan ra'ayi. Kusan shekaru talatin bayan haka, an ƙera jirgin Horten Ho 229 mai tashi da fikafikai a Jamus a lokacin shekarun ƙarshe na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . A shekarar 1983, mai tsara shi Reimar Horten ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana shirin ƙara gawayi a cikin mannewar fatar plywood na samfurin samarwa don ya sa radar ba ta iya ganinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Is It Stealthy? {{!}} National Air and Space Museum |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/research/projects/conserving-horten-ho-229-v3/stealthy |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=airandspace.si.edu}}</ref> An binciki wannan ikirarin, domin rashin saman tsaye na Ho 229, wani siffa ta dukkan jiragen sama masu tashi da iska, shi ma muhimmin siffa ce ta dukkan jiragen sama masu ɓoye. An yi gwaje-gwaje a shekarar 2008 ta kamfanin Northrop Grumman Corporation domin gano ko siffar jirgin za ta kauce wa gano ta hanyar amfani da na'urar HF mai ƙarfi, 20–30.&nbsp;Siginonin MHz na farko na radar gargaɗin farko na Chain Home na Burtaniya, idan jirgin yana tafiya da sauri mai yawa (kimanin {{Cvt|550|mph}} ) a ƙasa mai matuƙar tsayi— {{Convert|50|-|100|ft}} . Gwajin bai sami wata shaida da ke nuna cewa an yi amfani da gawayi ba, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa da ba shi da kyau idan aka yi amfani da shi, inda aka kammala da cewa Ho 229 ba shi da halayen ɓoyewa kuma ba a taɓa yin niyyar zama jirgin sama mai ɓoyewa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Study of the Bat Wing Ship (The Horten Ho 229 V3) {{!}} ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281441264 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> === Asalin zamani === [[File:F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg|thumb| Jirgin F-117 Nighthawk, jirgin farko da aka ƙera musamman bisa fasahar ɓoye. Ya yi amfani da fuskoki don karkatar da radar.]] Jiragen sama na zamani masu ɓoye sun fara samuwa ne lokacin da Denys Overholser, wani masanin lissafi da ke aiki da Lockheed Aircraft a shekarun 1970, ya ɗauki samfurin lissafi wanda Petr Ufimtsev, wani masanin kimiyyar Soviet, ya ƙirƙira don ƙirƙirar wani shirin kwamfuta mai suna Echo 1. Echo ya ba da damar yin hasashen sa hannun radar na jirgin sama da aka yi da faifan lebur, wanda ake kira facets. A shekarar 1975, injiniyoyi a Lockheed Skunk Works sun gano cewa jirgin sama da aka yi da saman da aka yi da fuskoki masu fuska zai iya samun ƙarancin alamar radar saboda saman zai haskaka kusan dukkan kuzarin radar daga mai karɓar. A ƙarƙashin kwangilar DARPA a shekarar 1977, Lockheed ya gina jirgin sama mai nuna alamun jirgin sama, Lockheed Have Blue, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da "Lu'u-lu'u marasa bege", wanda ke nuni ga sanannen Lu'u-lu'u na Hope da siffar ƙirar kuma ya annabta rashin kwanciyar hankali. Domin kuwa kwamfutoci na zamani suna nan don sarrafa tafiyar jirgin sama wanda aka ƙera don ɓoye amma ba shi da ƙarfi kamar Have Blue, a karon farko masu ƙira sun fahimci cewa yana yiwuwa a yi jirgin sama wanda kusan ba a iya ganinsa ga radar. Ba da daɗewa ba Lockheed ya ƙirƙiro Have Blue zuwa F-117. Rage girman sashin radar yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa biyar da masu zanen suka mayar da hankali a kai don ƙirƙirar ƙira mai ɓoye kamar F-22. An kuma tsara jirgin F-22 don ɓoye hayakin da ke cikinsa na infrared don ya sa a yi wahalar gano shi ta hanyar amfani da makami mai linzami daga sama zuwa sama ko daga sama zuwa sama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Isaac |date=2025-08-28 |title=What Makes the F-22 Raptor So Hard to Detect? |url=https://nationalsecurityjournal.org/what-makes-the-f-22-raptor-so-hard-to-detect/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=National Security Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Jirgin F-22 ya mayar da hankali kan fifikon iska, tare da supercruise, babban rabon turawa-zuwa-nauyi, haɗaɗɗen jiragen sama da ƙwarewar ɓoyewa. <ref name=":4" /> === Ayyukan zamani === An fara amfani da jiragen sama marasa ma'ana wajen yaƙi a watan Janairun 1968, wato Operation "Prize Crew". Makamai masu linzami guda biyu na Lockheed da Kamfanin Sararin Samaniya QT-2 (Quiet Thrusters) sun yi aiki a kusa da shiru a kan Kudancin Vietnam a ƙananan tsaunuka da daddare ba tare da kunna fitilu ba. Ta amfani da na'urorin hangen nesa na dare, za su iya gano, lura, gano abokan gaba, da kuma bayar da rahoto ko kiran makaman hari don halaka abokan gaba. An biyo bayan QT-2PC sannan kuma an yi amfani da "Star mai shiru" na rundunar sojojin Lockheed YO-3A . An tura jiragen sama tara daga cikin jiragen sama goma sha ɗaya zuwa Vietnam a watan Yunin 1970. Suna aiki a hankali da daddare, ba tare da fitilun da ke aiki ba, kuma an sanye su da na'urar hangen nesa ta zamani ta Night Vision Aerial Periscope, na'urar tsara manufa ta Laser, da kuma na'urar haskaka infrared ta Tracking. A cikin watanni 14 na aiki a tsayin ƙafa 800–1,500, babu wani YO-3A da ya taɓa yin zagaye. Sun yi nasarar dakatar da motsin VC a daren Delta. YO-3As sun shiga cikin ganowa da kuma kiran makaman yaƙi don lalata babbar jirgin ruwan jigilar kaya na Rasha  shiga ruwan Kudancin Vietnam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Army-Lockheed YO-3A |url=https://www.yo-3a.com/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=My Site 1}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Disamba 1989, a lokacin Operation Just Cause a [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], [[United States Air Force|jiragen saman Amurka]] guda biyu kirar F-117 sun kai hari kan wani sansanin sojojin tsaron Panama da ke Rio Hato, Panama. A shekarar 1991, an bai wa jiragen F-117 aikin kai hari kan wuraren da suka fi ƙarfi a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] a farkon matakin Operation Desert Storm kuma su ne jiragen yaƙi na haɗin gwiwa da aka ba su izinin aiki a cikin iyakokin birnin Baghdad da kuma sararin samaniyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nighthawks over Iraq: A Chronology of the F-117A Operations Desert Storm and Desert Shield |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB443/docs/area51_17.PDF |access-date=7 August 2024 |publisher=George Washington University}}</ref> Jirgin F-117 duk da cewa yana da isasshen ɓoyewa, yana da ƙarancin alamar gani. Duk da haka, idan aka yi amfani da F-117 a gani, kamar dukkan jiragen sama, za a iya kama shi ta hanyar amfani da iska daga sama. An shawo kan wannan cikin sauƙi ta hanyar tashi da daddare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulf War Air Power Survey- Volume IV |url=https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329817/-1/-1/0/AFD-100927-066.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820100750/https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329817/-1/-1/0/AFD-100927-066.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |pages=244–245, 247}}</ref> [[File:Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg|thumb| Jirgin F-22 Raptor, wani jirgin saman Amurka ne na ƙarni na biyar wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen yaƙi da sararin samaniya mai ɓoye.]] Amurka, Birtaniya, Isra'ila, da Rasha su ne kawai ƙasashen da suka yi amfani da jiragen sama marasa matuƙa a yaƙi. Waɗannan tura sojoji sun haɗa da mamayar Amurka a Panama, Yaƙin Tekun Fasha na farko, rikicin Kosovo, yaƙin Afghanistan, yaƙin Iraki da kuma tsoma hannun soja a Libya a shekarar 2011 . Amfani da jiragen sama marasa matuki na farko shine harin da Amurka ta kai wa Panama, inda aka yi amfani da jiragen F-117 Nighthawk masu kai hari na ɓoye don jefa bama-bamai a filayen jiragen sama na abokan gaba da wurare yayin da ake guje wa radar abokan gaba. An yi amfani da jirgin F-117 Nighthawk a yakin Gulf a shekarar 1990, inda jiragen F-117 guda 42 suka yi amfani da jiragen sama masu sarrafa kansu guda 1,299 kuma suka yi amfani da bama-bamai masu sarrafa kansu da laser wajen harba su sau 1,664, yayin da ba su ji rauni a fagen daga ba, yayin da suka kai hari kan wurare 1,600 masu daraja a Iraki. Jiragen F-117 sun kai hare-hare kimanin 168 kan wuraren da Scud ke hari <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Gulf War - Air Power Survey, Volume IV - Weapons, Tactics, and Training |url=https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329817/-1/-1/0/AFD-100927-066.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820100750/https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329817/-1/-1/0/AFD-100927-066.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=U.S. Department of Defense (.gov) |pages=39–41, 361}}</ref> yayin da suka tara awanni 6,905 na tashi. Kashi 2.5% ne kawai na jiragen saman Amurka da ke Iraki jiragen F-117 ne, duk da haka sun kai hari kashi 40% na manyan makaman da aka harba, inda suka jefa tan 2,000 na manyan bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu sannan suka kai hari kan wuraren da suka kai hari da kashi 80% na nasarar da aka samu. Duk da haka, F-117 har yanzu tana da kurakurai; dole ne ta sake cika mai kuma ba ta da kariya a harin abokan gaba. Dole ne a sake cika dukkan jiragen F-117. <ref name=":2" /> A harin bam ɗin NATO a Yugoslavia na shekarar 1999, Amurka ta yi amfani da jiragen sama guda biyu masu ɓoye: tsohon jirgin F-117 Nighthawk, da kuma sabon jirgin B-2 Spirit mai ɓoye. Jirgin F-117 ya yi rawar da ya saba takawa wajen kai hari ga wurare masu inganci kuma ya yi aiki mai kyau, duk da cewa wani makami mai linzami na 'Neva-M' na ƙasar Serbia Isayev S-125 wanda Kanar Zoltán Dani ke jagoranta ya harbo wani jirgin F-117. An ruwaito cewa an kai hari kan wani jirgin F-117 na biyu kuma wataƙila an kai shi a lokacin rundunar Operation Alliance Force, inda aka yi zargin cewa lamarin ya faru a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1999. <ref name="thedrive20202">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=Yes, Serbian Air Defenses Did Hit Another F-117 During Operation Allied Force In 1999 |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/37894/yes-serbian-air-defenses-did-hit-another-f-117-during-operation-allied-force-in-1999 |website=The Drive}}</ref> An ce jirgin ya dawo cikin mawuyacin hali zuwa sansanin sojin sama na Spangdahlem, <ref name="thedrive20202" /> amma rahotanni sun ce bai sake tashi ba. Duk da wannan lamari, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta ci gaba da amfani da jiragen F-117 a tsawon lokacin yakin. Daga baya wani matukin jirgin F-117A ya tabbatar da lamarin a shekarar 2020; duk da haka, lamarin ya kasance cikin sirri, kuma an bayyana wasu bayanai kaɗan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRAGANOVA MIRNA RUKA DOKRAJČILA I DRUGOG "NEVIDLjIVOG": Pripadnici Trećeg diviziona 250. brigade PVO o podvigu tokom NATO bombardovanja |url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/drustvo/942347/draganova-mirna-ruka-dokrajcila-drugog-nevidljivog-pripadnici-treceg-diviziona-250-brigade-pvo-podvigu-tokom-nato-bombardovanja |access-date=2020-12-06 |website=NOVOSTI |language=sr}}</ref> Jami'an Rasha sun tabbatar da cewa sun duba tarkacen jirgin, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban jirgin yakin Sukhoi Su-57 da kuma wanda ke ci gaba da harba bam na Tupolev PAK DA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Case Of The Missing F-117 Parts (2001) {{!}} Aviation Week Network |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/case-missing-f-117-parts-2001 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=aviationweek.com}}</ref> An yi zargin cewa China ta sayi sassan tarkace, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga jirgin saman Chengdu J-20 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Birney |first=Alice |date=2011-01-23 |title=China's New Stealth Fighter May Use U.S. Technology |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2011/01/chinas-new-stealth-fighter-may-use-u-s-technology/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=China Digital Times (CDT) |language=en-US}}</ref> Sabuwar B-2 Spirit da aka yi a wancan lokacin ta yi nasara sosai, inda ta lalata kashi 33% na dukkan wuraren da aka kai hare-haren bam na Serbia a cikin makonni takwas na farko na shiga cikin yakin. A lokacin wannan yaƙin, jiragen yaƙin B-2 sun tashi ba tare da tsayawa ba zuwa Kosovo daga sansaninsu da ke Missouri suka dawo. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=B-2 Spirit |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104482/b-2-spirit/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=U.S. Air Force (af.mil)}}</ref> A mamayar da aka yi wa Iraki a shekarar 2003, an yi amfani da jiragen F-117 Nighthawks da B-2 Spirits, kuma wannan ne karo na ƙarshe da F-117 za ta fuskanci yaƙi. Jiragen F-117 sun jefa makaman yaƙi da tauraron ɗan adam ke jagoranta a kan wasu wurare da aka zaɓa, tare da samun nasara sosai. B-2 Spirits sun gudanar da jerin gwano guda 49 a cikin mamayar, inda suka saki sama da 1.5&nbsp;fam miliyan na harsasai. <ref name=":3" /> A lokacin aikin kashe Osama bin Laden a watan Mayun 2011, daya daga cikin jiragen helikwafta da aka yi amfani da su wajen shigar da sojojin Amurka cikin Pakistan a boye ya fadi a gidan Bin Laden. Daga cikin tarkacen jirgin an bayyana cewa wannan jirgin helikwafta yana da sifofin ɓoyewa, wanda hakan ya sa aka fara amfani da shi a bainar jama'a ta amfani da helikwafta mai ɓoyewa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=ROSS |first=BRIAN |title=Top Secret Stealth Helicopter Program Revealed in Osama Bin Laden Raid: Experts |url=https://abcnews.com/Blotter/top-secret-stealth-helicopter-program-revealed-osama-bin/story?id=13530693 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da jiragen sama marasa matuƙa a lokacin da aka shiga tsakani a Libya a shekarar 2011, inda jiragen B-2 Spirits suka jefa bama-bamai 40 a filin jirgin saman Libya tare da kariyar sama mai ƙarfi don tallafawa yankin hana tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Jiragen sama na Stealth za su ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a yaƙin sama da Amurka ta amfani da jiragen F-22 Raptor, B-2 Spirit, da F-35 Lightning II don gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban. Jirgin F-22 ya fara fafatawa da Siriya a watan Satumba na 2014 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta don kayar da ISIS . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=23 September 2014 |title=After Years of Trouble, F-22 Raptor's 1st Combat Mission is a 'Success' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/years-trouble-22-raptors-combat-mission-success/story?id=25709236 |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=ABC News}}</ref> Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2018, jiragen saman Su-57 sun yi tashin farko na kasa da kasa yayin da aka gansu suna sauka a sansanin sojin saman Khmeimim na Rasha da ke Siriya. An tura waɗannan jiragen Su-57 tare da jiragen Sukhoi Su-35 guda huɗu, jiragen Sukhoi Su-25 guda huɗu, da kuma jiragen Beriev A-50 AEW&C guda ɗaya. Ana kyautata zaton cewa an tura akalla jiragen Su-57 guda 4 zuwa Siriya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Report: Russia Has Developed Prototype of Air-to-Ground Hypersonic Missile for Su-57 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/report-russia-has-developed-prototype-of-air-to-ground-hypersonic-missile-for-su-57/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Thediplomat.com}}</ref> kuma wataƙila an yi musu makamai masu linzami na cruise a yaƙi. A shekarar 2018, wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa jiragen saman yakin Isra'ila kirar F-35I sun gudanar da ayyuka da dama a Siriya, har ma sun kutsa kai cikin sararin samaniyar Iran ba tare da an gano su ba. A watan Mayun 2018, Manjo Janar Amikam Norkin na IAF ya ba da rahoton cewa jiragen saman yakin sama na rundunar sojin saman Isra'ila F-35I sun kai hari na farko a kan Siriya. [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China]] ta fara gwajin jirgin samanta na Chengdu J-20 mai aiki da yawa a shekarar 2011 kuma ta fara bayyana a bainar jama'a a Airshow China 2016. Jirgin ya fara aiki da rundunar sojin sama ta 'yantar da jama'a (PLAAF) a watan Maris na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2016 |title=编号78272：第二架五位数编号歼-20曝光 部署沧州 |url=http://news.ifeng.com/a/20161212/50401780_0.shtml#p=1 |publisher=news.ifeng.com}}</ref> Wani jirgin yaƙi na ƙarni na biyar mai suna Shenyang FC-31 daga China shi ma yana ƙarƙashin gwajin tashi. [[File:MQ-28_Ghost_Bat_prepares_to_conduct_a_taxi_test_during_Exercise_Valiant_Shield_2026_at_Rota.jpg|thumb| Ɗaya daga cikin jiragen yaƙi 17 marasa matuki na Ostiraliya MQ-28 Ghost Bats yayin gwajin yaƙi.]] [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] tana da rundunar jiragen sama 72 na F-35A masu kai hari ta ɓoye, kuma tana haɓakawa da ƙera jirgin sama mara matuki, MQ-28 Ghost Bat, tare da masana'antar Ostiraliya, Boeing Australia da BAE Australia. Jirgin MQ-28 jirgin yaƙi ne mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Loyal Wingman <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=MQ-28 |url=https://www.boeing.com/defense/airpower-teaming-system/index.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005132310/https://www.boeing.com/defense/MQ-28/index.page |archive-date=5 October 2023 |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=Boeing}}</ref>, tare da tashin jirgin na farko a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2021. <ref name="Waldron">{{Cite web |last=Waldron |first=Greg |date=2 March 2021 |title=Australian 'loyal wingman' to form basis of Boeing Skyborg bid |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/australian-loyal-wingman-to-form-basis-of-boeing-skyborg-bid/142689.article |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302113816/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/australian-loyal-wingman-to-form-basis-of-boeing-skyborg-effort/142689.article |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=2 March 2021 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref> <ref name="deGit">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=Boeing Loyal Wingman Uncrewed Aircraft Completes First Flight |url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/news-releases-statements?item=130834 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123123324/https://boeing.mediaroom.com/news-releases-statements?item=130834 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=Boeing}}</ref> An kawo jiragen sama takwas ( ''Toshe na 1'' ) nan da shekarar 2024; ana samar da ƙarin jiragen sama ( ''Toshe na 2'' ) tare da wasu da aka kawo. A ranar 4 ga Maris, 2026, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Iran na 2026|yakin Iran na 2026]], Rundunar Tsaron Isra'ila ta sanar da cewa wani jirgin F-35I "Adir" ya harbo wani jirgin yakin Iran mai suna Yak-130 da Rasha ta kera a sararin samaniyar Tehran, wanda hakan ya zama kisan farko na F-35 daga sama zuwa sama, kuma kisan farko da aka yi daga sama zuwa sama da wani mayakin sirri ya yi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel’s F-35 shoots down Iranian Yak-130 jet over Tehran |url=https://news.az/news/israels-f-35-shoots-down-iranian-yak-130-jet-over-tehran |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=News.az |language=en}}</ref> == Jerin jiragen sama masu ɓoye == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Type !Country !Class !Role !Date !Status !No. !Notes |- |Airbus Wingman |European Union |UCAV |Fighter |2024 |Project |0 |Germany, Spain<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Unmanned escort for manned fighter jets: Airbus presents new Wingman concept at ILA Berlin {{!}} Airbus |url=https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2024-06-unmanned-escort-for-manned-fighter-jets-airbus-presents-new-wingman |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=airbus.com}}</ref> |- |Airbus LOUT |Germany |UAV |Experimental |2019 |Project |0 |Low Observable UAV Testbed<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwarz |first=Karl |date=2019-11-05 |title=Nationale Deutsche Entwicklung: Airbus zeigt Stealth-Testmodell LOUT |url=https://www.flugrevue.de/militaer/nationale-deutsche-entwicklung-airbus-zeigt-stealth-testmodell-lout/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=flugrevue.de |language=de}}</ref> |- |Airbus Sagitta |Germany |UAV |Experimental |2017 |Prototype |1 | |- |BAE Systems Corax |United Kingdom |UAV |Experimental |2004 |Prototype | | |- |BAE Systems Replica |United Kingdom | | |1999 |Project | | |- |BAE Systems Taranis |United Kingdom |UCAV |Attack |2013 |Prototype | | |- |BAE Systems Tempest |United Kingdom |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | |UK contribution to the Global Combat Air Programme (qv) |- |Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma |Turkey |UCAV |Autonomous stealth multirole fighter with [[Kirkirar Basira|AI]] and loyal wingman<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayraktar KIZILELMA |url=http://baykartech.com/en/uav/bayraktar-kizilelma/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Baykartech.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2025 |title=Turkiye’s Kizilelma Jets Achieve World First in Autonomous Formation Flight |url=https://thedefensewatch.com/aerospace-aviation/kizilelma-unmanned-jets-complete-first-autonomous-formation-flight/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Thedefensewatch.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayraktar KIZILELMA, F-16 ile tarihi teste imza attı |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/savunma-sanayisi/bayraktar-kizilelma-f-16-ile-tarihi-teste-imza-atti/3748781 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2026 |title=KAAN Block-10 Fighters to be Introduced Between 2027-2029 &#124; TURDEF |url=https://turdef.com/article/kaan-block-10-fighters-to-be-introduced-between-2027-2029 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Turdef.com}}</ref> |2022 |Production |2 |D(Naval) variant STOBAR<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=7 June 2026 |title=Turkish Navy Confirms 2032 Delivery Date for MUGEM Aircraft Carrier |url=https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/cne-2026/2026/06/turkish-navy-confirms-2032-delivery-date-for-mugem-aircraft-carrier/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Navalnews.com}}</ref> |- |Bell 360 Invictus |United States |Rotorcraft |Experimental |2019 |Prototype | | |- |Boeing Bird of Prey |United States |Subsonic |Experimental |1996 |Prototype | | |- |Boeing F-47 | {| |United States |} |Supersonic jet |Fighter | |Prototype | | |- |Boeing Model 853-21 Quiet Bird |United States |Subsonic |Reconnaissance | |Project | |Developed from Model 853 |- |Boeing MQ-25 Stingray |United States |UAV |Experimental |2019 |Prototype | | |- |Boeing Australia MQ-28 Ghost Bat |Australia |UCAV |Autonomous fighter [[Kirkirar Basira|AI]] and loyal wingman<ref name="auto" /> |2019 |Pre-production DT&OE |17 | |- |Boeing X-32 |United States |Supersonic jet |Fighter |2000 |Prototype |2 | |- |Boeing X-45 |United States |UCAV |Experimental |2002 |Prototype | | |- |Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche |United States |Rotorcraft |Attack |1996 |Prototype |2 | |- |Chengdu J-20 |China |Supersonic jet |Fighter |2011 |Production |300+ | |- |Chengdu J-36 |China |Supersonic jet |Fighter |2024 |Prototype |3+ | |- |Chengdu WZ-10 |China |UAV | |2014 |Production | | |- |Dassault nEUROn |European Union |UCAV |Attack |2012 |Prototype | |France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland |- |DRDO Ghatak |India |UCAV | | |Project | | |- |DRDO SWiFT |India |UCAV |Experimental |2022 |Prototype |2 | |- |EADS Mako/HEAT |International |Supersonic |Attack | |Project | | |- |Eurocopter EC-665 Tiger |European Union |Rotorcraft |Attack |2003 |Production |180 |France, Germany, Spain |- |FCAS (New Generation Fighter) |European Union |Supersonic jet |Fighter | |Project | |Officially cancelled. |- |Flygsystem 2020 |Sweden |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | | |- |Global Combat Air Programme |International |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | |Merger of UK (BAE Systems Tempest), Japan (Mitsubishi F-X) and Italy |- |HAL AMCA |India |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | | |- |HAL Prachand |India |Rotorcraft |Attack |2022 |Production |19 | |- |Hongdu GJ-11 |China |UCAV | | | | | |- |KAI KF-21 Boramae |South Korea |Supersonic |Fighter |2022 |Production |6 |South Korea |- |Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie |United States |UCAV |Experimental | | | | |- |Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk |United States |Subsonic |Attack |1981 |Production |64 | |- |Lockheed Have Blue |United States |Subsonic |Experimental |1977 |Prototype |2 |Developed into F-117 |- |Lockheed SR-71 |United States |Supersonic |Reconnaissance |1964 |Production |32 | |- |Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor |United States |Supersonic |Fighter |1996 |Production |195 | |- |Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II |United States |Supersonic |Fighter |2006 |Production |1,000+ |A-variant CTOL, B-variant V/STOL, C-variant CATOBAR |- |Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel |United States |UAV | | |Production |20–30 | |- |Lockheed Martin X-35 |United States |Supersonic |Fighter |2000 |Prototype |2 | |- |Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA |United States |Jet |Fighter |2000 |Project | | |- |MBB Lampyridae MRMF |Germany |Jet |Fighter |1987 |Project | | |- |McDonnell Douglas X-36 |United States |Subsonic |Experimental |1997 |Prototype |1 |No vertical tail |- |McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II |United States |Subsonic |Bomber | |Project | | |- |MH-X Stealthhawk |United States |Rotorcraft |Utility | |Top-secret | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cenciotti |first=David |date=2021-05-02 |title=The Day We Learned About The Stealth Black Hawk Used In OBL Raid. |url=https://theaviationist.com/2021/05/02/stealth-black-hawk-rendering-new/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Mikoyan Skat |Russia |UCAV |Attack | |Project | | |- |Mikoyan Project 1.44 |Russia |Supersonic |Fighter |2000 |Prototype |1 |Initially developed for the MFI project |- |Mikoyan LMFS |Russia |Supersonic |Fighter | |Cancelled | | |- |Mikoyan PAK DP |Russia |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | | |- |Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin |Japan |Supersonic |Experimental |2016 |Prototype |1 | |- |Boeing F/A-XX |United States |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | |Navy's NGAD programme. To replace Navy's F/A-18E/F Super Hornets. |- |NGAD (Penetrating Counter-Air (PCA)) |United States |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | |To replace [[United States Air Force|USAF]]'s F-22 Raptors |- |Northrop Tacit Blue |United States |Subsonic |Experimental |1982 |Prototype |1 | |- |Northrop YF-23 |United States |Supersonic |Fighter |1990 |Prototype |2 | |- |Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit |United States |Subsonic |Bomber |1989 |Production |21 | |- |Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider |United States |Subsonic |Bomber |2023 |Production |3+ | |- |Northrop Grumman RQ-180 |United States |UAV | | |Production | | |- |Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus |United States |UCAV |Experimental |2003 |Prototype | | |- |Northrop Grumman X-47B |United States |UCAV |Experimental |2003 |Prototype |2 | |- |Ryan AQM-91 Firefly |United States |UAV |Experimental | | | | |- | rowspan="2" |Saab KFS | rowspan="2" |Sweden |Supersonic |Fighter | rowspan="2" |2023 | rowspan="2" |Prototype | | rowspan="2" |Konceptet Framtidens Stridsflyg<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoyle |first=Craig |date=2024-05-24 |title=Saab teases early progress with future fighter concept studies |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/saab-teases-early-progress-with-future-fighter-concept-studies/158448.article |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Flight Global}}</ref> |- |UAV |Fighter | |- |Shenyang J-35 |China |Supersonic |Fighter |2012 | |10+ | |- |Shenyang J-50 |China |Supersonic |Fighter |2024 | | | |- |Sukhoi Okhotnik |Russia |UCAV |Experimental | |Prototype |2 |The first S-70 prototype had a non-stealthy circular exhaust.<ref name="S-70" /> |- |Sukhoi Su-57 |Russia |Supersonic |Fighter |2010 |Production |21+ | |- |Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate |Russia |Supersonic |Stealth Multirole Fighter |2024 |Project | | |- |TAI Anka-3 |Turkey |UCAV |Autonomous stealth multirole fighter with [[Kirkirar Basira|AI]] and loyal wingman<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANKA III UCAV, Turkey |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/anka-iii-ucav-turkey/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Airforce-technology.com}}</ref><<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAI finalizes Anka-3 design; Turkish Air Force to order over 50 aircraft in 2026 |url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/nation/tai-finalizes-anka-3-design-turkish-air-force-to-order-over-50-aircraft-in-2026-3213467 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Turkiyetoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=28 December 2023 |title=Turkey’s ANKA-3 Flying Wing Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle Flies |url=https://www.twz.com/turkeys-anka-3-flying-wing-unmanned-combat-air-vehicle-flies |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Twz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ANKA-III - TUSAS |url=https://www.tusas.com/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Tusas.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Secretive Turkish Drone Makes Debut Flight With Ukrainian Engine |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-29/turkey-s-stealth-drone-anka-3-makes-debut-flight-with-ukraine-engine |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> |2023 |Prototype |2 |D(Naval) variant STOBAR<ref name="auto1" /> |- |TAI Kaan |Turkey |Supersonic |Stealth, twin-engine, all-weather air superiority multirole fighter<ref>{{Cite web |title=KAAN - TUSAS |url=https://www.tusas.com/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Tusas.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ODIN - OE Data Integration Network |url=https://odin.t2com.army.mil/WEG/Asset/f9102f5ffd5cd65d9b736df530d78638 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Odin.t2com.army.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2026 |title=National Combat Aircraft KAAN Makes Its First Flight &#124; TÜBİTAK &#124; Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu |url=https://tubitak.gov.tr/en/news/national-combat-aircraft-kaan-makes-its-first-flight |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Tubitak.gov.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2025 |title=Indo Defence 2025: Indonesia signs agreement to acquire Kaan fighter aircraft |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-intelligence-insights/defence-news/air/indo-defence-2025-indonesia-signs-agreement-to-acquire-kaan-fighter-aircraft |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Janes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia signs contract with Turkey to buy 48 KAAN fighter jets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesia-signs-contract-with-turkey-buy-48-kaan-fighter-jets-2025-07-29/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey pressing for Western fighter jets to claw back regional edge |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/turkey-pressing-western-fighter-jets-claw-back-regional-edge-2025-10-22/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> |2024 |Prototype |3 | |- |TAI Gölge |Turkey |UAV |Stealth, Propeller-driven, ISR&EW UAV<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valpolini |first=Paolo |date=8 May 2026 |title=Saha Expo 2026 – Turkish Aerospace Industries unveils Gölge, a piston-engine “baby-Anka III” |url=https://www.edrmagazine.eu/saha-expo-2026-turkish-aerospace-industries-unveils-golge-a-piston-engine-baby-anka-iii |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Edrmagazine.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2026 |title=TUSAŞ Debuts “GÖLGE” Stealth UAV at SAHA 2026 |url=https://defenceturkey.com/news/tusas-debuts-golge-stealth-uav-at-saha-2026 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Defence Turkey}}</ref> |2026 |Prototype |1 | |- |Tupolev PAK DA |Russia |Subsonic |Bomber | |Project | | |- |Windecker YE-5 |United States |Tractor |Experimental |1973 |Prototype |1 |Stealth research, not fully stealthy |- |Xian H-20 |China |Subsonic |Bomber | |Project | | |- |Yakovlev Yak-201 |Russia |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | |VTOL |} == Duba kuma == * Na'urar rufewa * Kayan aiki na ƙarfe * Taimakon shiga cikin ruwa * QTOL * Kit ɗin Hush == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 93e2tzhd0qa34o0cbeiu8jgnv4ztw6y 964220 964219 2026-10-07T08:26:29Z Baffa ali 47435 964220 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} An tsara '''Jirgin sama mai ɓoye''' don kauce wa ganowa ta amfani da fasahohi iri-iri waɗanda ke rage haskakawa / fitarwa na [[Radar]], infrared, haske mai ganuwa, mita rediyo (RF), da sauti, gaba ɗaya da aka sani da fasahar ɓoye. F-117 Nighthawk shine jirgin sama na farko da aka tsara a bayyane game da fasahar ɓoye. Sauran misalai na jirgin sama mai ɓoye sun haɗa da B-2 Spirit, F-22 Raptor, F-35 Lightning II, Chengdu J-20, <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=F-22 Raptor |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104506/f-22-raptor/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=U.S. Air Force (af.mil)}}</ref> Shenyang J-35, da Sukhoi Su-57.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=F-35A Lightning II |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/478441/f-35a-lightning-ii/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=U.S. Air Force (af.mil)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=F-35B Lightning II |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/aircraft/lightning-f35b/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Royal Air Force}}</ref> Duk da yake babu jirgin sama da ba a ganuwa ga radar ba, jirgin sama mai ɓoyewa yana sa ya fi wuya ga radar na al'ada da Makamai masu jagorantar radar don ganowa ko bin diddigin jirgin yadda ya kamata. Stealth haɗuwa ce ta siffofi masu '''ƙarancin lura''' (LO) da masu aiki. Abubuwan LO sun haɗa da siffar ƙirar ƙirar jirgin sama, sau da yawa ta amfani da fuka-fuki na lambda ko fuka-fuka na trapezoidal, da kayan da ke shawo kan radiation. Masu ba da izini masu aiki sun ƙunshi ƙananan yiwuwar radar, rediyo da masu tsara laser. Wadannan galibi ana haɗa su tare da matakan aiki don rage ɓangaren radar na jirgin sama (RCS), tunda motsa jiki na yau da kullun ko buɗe ƙofofin tashar bam na iya fiye da ninki biyu na dawowar radar na jirgin ƙasa. Jirgin sama mai ɓoyewa wani lokacin ana haɗa shi da rage zafi, sauti, da sauran hayaki. Matakan da za a iya amfani da su don ɓoyewa sun haɗa da bincike na infrared da tsarin bin diddigin don gano ko da rage hayakin zafi, radars masu tsawo, waɗanda ke magance siffar ɓoyewa da kayan da aka mayar da hankali ga gajeren radar, ko saitin radar tare da masu fitarwa da yawa don magance siffar shinge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rogoway |first=Tyler |date=26 March 2015 |title=Infrared Search And Track Systems And The Future Of The US Fighter Force |url=https://foxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com/infrared-search-and-track-systems-and-the-future-of-the-1691441747 |access-date=7 March 2019 |website=Foxtrot Alpha |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Axe |first=David |date=12 July 2016 |title=Did Russia's New Radar Just Make America's Lethal Stealth Fighters Obsolete? |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/did-russias-new-radar-just-make-americas-lethal-stealth-16936 |access-date=7 March 2019 |website=The National Interest}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yue |first=Tao |date=30 November 2001 |title=Scouting For Surveillance: Detection of the B-2 Stealth Bomber And a Brief History on 'Stealth' |url=http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N63/Stealth.63f.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610041304/http://tech.mit.edu/V121/N63/Stealth.63f.html |archive-date=10 June 2009 |access-date=7 March 2019 |website=The Tech}}</ref> Amurka (a cikin 1977), Rasha (a cikin 2000) da China (a cikin 2011) sun tashi da masu zanga-zangar yaki na cikakken girman. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2025, jirgin sama mai ɓoyewa kawai da ke aiki shine Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit (1997), Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor (2005), Lockheed Martin C-35 Lightning II (2015), <ref name="LM5">{{Cite web |title=5th Generation Fighters |url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/capabilities/air_power/5th-gen/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109091019/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/capabilities/air_power/5th-gen/ |archive-date=9 January 2010 |access-date=15 April 2009 |publisher=Lockheed Martin}}</ref> Chengdu J-20 (2017), Sukhoi Su-57 (2020), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Первый серийный истребитель Су-57 поступил в авиаполк Южного военного округа |url=https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/10352497}}</ref> da Shenyang J-35 (2025) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=2025-07-19 |title=China’s J-35 Naval Stealth Fighter Looks Set For Service |url=https://www.twz.com/air/chinas-j-35-naval-stealth-fighter-looks-set-for-service |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=The War Zone |language=en-US}}</ref> wasu ƙasashe da ke haɓaka nasu ƙirar. Jirgin sama na ci gaba ya haɗa da mayakan kamar Amurka F-47 da China J-36, da kuma bama-bamai masu mahimmanci, China's H-20 da Rasha's PAK DA. Har ila yau, akwai jiragen sama daban-daban tare da rage ganewa, ko dai ba da gangan ba ko kuma a matsayin fasalin na biyu. Jirgin sama na Stealth ya fara ganin yaƙi lokacin da aka yi amfani da F-117 a mamayewar Amurka ta 1989 a Panama. Tun daga wannan lokacin Amurka, Burtaniya, da jirgin sama na Isra'ila sun ga yaƙi, da farko a Gabas ta Tsakiya, yayin da Rasha Su-57 ta ga yaƙi a mamayar Rasha a Ukraine. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, a lokacin yakin Iran na shekara ta 2036, wani mayaƙan ɓoye ya fara harbe wani mayaƙanin da ke cikin yaƙi, lokacin da wani F-35I na Isra'ila "Adir" ya saukar da jirgin yaki na Iran Yak-130 a kan Tehran.Ya zuwa shekara ta 2026, an tabbatar da harbi daya na jirgin sama mai ɓoye, a lokacin fashewar bam na NATO na Yugoslavia a 1999, na jirgin saman USAF F-117 da wani brigade mai linzami na Isayev S-125 'Neva-M' na Serbia wanda Colonel Zoltán Dani ya umarce shi, yayin da wani lamari na biyu ya lalata F-117. Rasha da ake zargin kasar Sin sun yi nazarin lalacewar da ba ta lalace ba. == Ka'idodin ƙira == [[File:Rah-66_c._2000.jpg|thumb|Motoci kamar wannan RAH-66 sun kasance da ƙalubale don tsara damar ɓoyewa don jirage masu saukar ungulu.]] Baya ga duk bukatun da aka saba buƙata na jirgin sama, ƙirar jirgin sama mai ɓoyewa ko ƙaramin lura yana da niyyar rage radar da infrared (thermal) ganowa, gami da: * Rage fitarwa mai zafi daga injin da kuma fitar da shi * Rage hasken radar zuwa mai karɓar abokin gaba ta hanyar tsara jirgin sama * Rage hasken radar daga jirgin sama ta hanyar amfani da kayan radar-absorbent (RAM) ko kayan radar-transparent kamar filastik. * Rage ganowar radar daga wuraren da aka fallasa na ciki kamar ɗakin jirgi, tashar makamai da bututun shigar injiniya. Tsakanin da za'a iya gano manufa don tsarin radar da aka ba ya bambanta da tushen na huɗu na ɓangaren radar (RCS). Sabili da haka, don yanke nisan ganowa zuwa kashi ɗaya cikin goma, ya kamata a rage RCS da kashi 10,000. Girma, siffar, abun da ke cikin kayan, mitar radar, polarization, da kuma jagorancin lura duk suna da alaƙa da adadin makamashi da aka nuna ta hanyar manufa lokacin da radar ya haskaka shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redacted |first=Office of Scientific and Weapons Research |date=February 1984 |title=Soviet Work on Radar Cross Section Reduction Applicable to a Future Stealth Program |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0000498135.pdf |website=CIA Reading Room}}</ref> Rotorcraft ya gabatar da wani ƙalubale na ƙira, saboda ba kawai fuka-fukan fuka-fuka da haɗin gwiwa ba, har ma da dangantakar da ke canzawa koyaushe na waɗannan zuwa manyan saman jirgin sama. Boeing-Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche na ɗaya daga cikin yunkurin farko a cikin jirgi mai saukar ungulu. == Ƙuntatawa == [[File:Northrop_B-2A_Spirit_(cropped).jpg|thumb|B-2 Ruhun Bashi na [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]]]] === Rashin daidaituwa na zane === An tsara jirgin sama na farko tare da mai da hankali kan ƙananan RCS maimakon aikin iska. Jirgin sama mai ɓoye kamar F-117 Nighthawk ba su da ƙarfi a cikin dukkan matakai uku kuma suna buƙatar gyare-gyaren jirgin sama na yau da kullun daga tsarin jirgin sama mai tashi-da-wire (FBW) don kula da jirgin sarrafawa. Amma ga B-2 Spirit, wanda ya dogara ne akan ci gaban jirgin sama mai tashi ta Jack Northrop a cikin 1940, wannan ƙirar ta ba da damar jirgin sama mai ɗorewa tare da isasshen ikon yaw, koda ba tare da saman tsaye ba kamar rudders. === Ƙuntatawa na iska === Jiragen sama na baya (kamar F-117 da B-2) ba su da na'urorin kashe gobara, saboda hayakin zafi zai ƙara sawun infrared ɗinsu, kuma tashi da sauri fiye da saurin sauti zai haifar da ƙarar sauti, da kuma dumama saman fatar jirgin, wanda kuma zai ƙara sawun infrared . Sakamakon haka, ƙwarewarsu a fagen yaƙin sama da ake buƙata a yaƙin kare ba zai taɓa yin daidai da na jirgin yaƙi na musamman ba. Wannan ba shi da mahimmanci a yanayin waɗannan jiragen biyu domin an tsara su ne don su zama masu jefa bama-bamai. Sabbin dabarun ƙira suna ba da damar yin ƙira masu ɓoye kamar F-22 ba tare da yin illa ga aikin iska ba. Sabbin jiragen sama masu ɓoye, kamar F-22, F-35 da Su-57, suna da halaye na aiki waɗanda suka dace ko suka wuce na jiragen yaƙi na gaba saboda ci gaba a wasu fasahohi kamar tsarin sarrafa jiragen sama, injuna, ginin firam ɗin jirgin sama da kayan aiki. <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":5" /> === Fitar da wutar lantarki === Ana da'awar cewa yawan na'urorin kwamfuta da kuma yawan kayan lantarki da ake samu a cikin jiragen sama masu ɓoye suna sa su zama masu sauƙin gano su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Wannan abu ne mai matuƙar wuya kuma tabbas tsarin kamar Tamara da Kolchuga, waɗanda galibi ake siffanta su da na'urorin radar da ke hana ɓoye sirri, ba a tsara su don gano filayen lantarki masu ɓata irin wannan ba. An tsara irin waɗannan tsarin ne don gano hayakin da aka yi niyya da shi, kamar na'urar radar da siginar sadarwa. Ana amfani da jiragen sama na ɓoye da gangan don gujewa ko rage irin wannan hayaki. Masu karɓar gargaɗin Radar suna neman ƙarfin lantarki na yau da kullun daga na'urorin radar da aka yi amfani da su ta hanyar injiniya yayin da jiragen sama na ƙarni na biyar ke amfani da Ƙananan Yiwuwar Radars na Katsewa ba tare da tsarin maimaitawa akai-akai ba. === Yanayin tashi mai rauni === Jiragen sama masu ɓoye har yanzu suna cikin haɗarin gano su yayin da kuma bayan sun yi amfani da makamansu. Tunda ba a samun kayan aiki na ɓoye (rage bama-bamai na RCS da makamai masu linzami na cruise ) gabaɗaya ba, kuma wuraren da ake ɗora makamai suna haifar da babban dawowar radar, jiragen sama marasa matuƙi galibi suna ɗauke da duk makamai a ciki. Idan aka buɗe ƙofofin jirgin, ana iya ƙara yawan RCS na jirgin, wanda hakan zai rage halayen ɓoyewa da kuma sanya shi cikin haɗari ga gano shi. Duk da cewa jirgin zai sake samun damar ɓoyewa da zarar an rufe ƙofofin jirgin, tsarin kariya mai sauri yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci don yaƙar jirgin. Ana magance wannan rauni ta hanyar aiki ta hanyar da za ta rage haɗari da sakamakon samun ɗan lokaci. Rashin iya gani na B-2 yana sa tsarin kariya ya yi wa tsarin ganowa, bin diddiginsa, da kuma shiga cikin lamarin wahala. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Cool Secrets of the B-2 Spirit Stealth Bomber |url=https://spyscape.com/article/secrets-of-the-b-2-spy-plane-from-covert-ops-to-hollywood-celebrity |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=spyscape.com |language=en}}</ref> Wasu makamai  yana buƙatar tsarin jagorancin makamin ya sami abin da ake so yayin da makamin har yanzu yana haɗe da jirgin. Wannan yana tilasta ayyukan da suka daɗe tare da buɗe ƙofofin shiga. Jiragen sama kamar F-22 Raptor da F-35 Lightning II Joint Strike Fighter suma suna iya ɗaukar ƙarin makamai da mai a wuraren da ke ƙarƙashin fikafikansu. Lokacin da jiragen ke aiki a wannan yanayin ba za su yi kama da na ɓoye ba, kamar yadda wuraren taurin kai da makaman da aka ɗora a kan waɗannan wuraren taurin za su bayyana a tsarin radar. Saboda haka, wannan zaɓin yana wakiltar ciniki tsakanin ɓoye ko kewayon da kuma nauyin da ake biya. Shagunan waje suna ba wa waɗannan jiragen sama damar kai hari kan wasu wurare masu nisa, amma ba za su ba da damar ɓoyewa a lokacin wannan aikin ba idan aka kwatanta da wani aiki mai sauri da ke tashi a kan mai na ciki kawai kuma yana amfani da ƙaramin sarari na wuraren makami na ciki don makamai. === Rage nauyin aiki === [[File:B-2_spirit_bombing.jpg|thumb| A wani atisayen harbi kai tsaye na shekarar 1994 kusa da Point Mugu, California, wani jirgin saman Amurka mai suna B-2 Spirit ya jefa {{Cvt|500|lb}} a cikin wani atisaye mai tsawon sa'o'i arba'in da bakwai. bama-bamai na aji Mark 82, wanda ke wakiltar kusan rabin jimillar nauyin makamai na B-2 a cikin tsarin Block 30.]] Jiragen sama marasa matuki suna ɗauke da dukkan mai da makamai a cikin jirgin, wanda hakan ke iyakance nauyin da ake ɗauka. Idan aka kwatanta, jirgin F-117 yana ɗauke da bama-bamai guda biyu kacal da ke amfani da laser ko GPS, yayin da jirgin sama mara ɓoyewa zai iya ɗaukar fiye da sau da yawa. Wannan yana buƙatar tura ƙarin jiragen sama don kai hari ga wuraren da galibi za su buƙaci jiragen sama guda ɗaya waɗanda ba sa ɓoye sirri. Duk da haka, wannan rashin dacewar da ake gani, an rage ta ne ta hanyar raguwar ƙarancin jiragen sama masu tallafi waɗanda ake buƙata don samar da murfin iska, hana iska da matakan kariya ta lantarki, wanda hakan ya sa jiragen sama masu ɓoye " masu ninka ƙarfi ". === Fata mai laushi === Jiragen sama na ɓoye galibi suna da fatar da aka yi da kayan da ke shaƙar radiation (RAM). Wasu daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin baƙaƙen carbon, yayin da wasu kuma suna ɗauke da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙarfe . Akwai kayan aiki da yawa da ake amfani da su a cikin RAM, amma gabaɗaya an rarraba takamaiman abubuwan da suka shafi abun da ke cikin kayan. === Kudin ayyuka === Jiragen sama marasa matuki galibi suna da tsada wajen kerawa da ƙera su. Misali, B-2 Spirit ya fi tsada fiye da jiragen sama na yau da kullun wajen kera da kuma tallafawa. Shirin B-2 ya kashe kusan dala biliyan 45 ga rundunar sojin saman Amurka. == Matakan hana kai hari == === Raƙuman ruwa masu nuni === Radar mai wucewa (multistatic), radar mai wucewa da kuma musamman tsarin radar mai wucewa (multistatic ) suna gano wasu jiragen sama masu ɓoye fiye da radar mai wucewa ta al'ada, tunda fasahar ɓoye ta ƙarni na farko (kamar F-117) tana nuna kuzari daga layin gani na mai watsawa, wanda hakan ke ƙara RCS ta wasu hanyoyi, wanda radar mai wucewa ke sa ido a kai. Irin wannan tsarin yawanci yana amfani da ko dai siginar rediyo mai ƙarancin mita da rediyon FM (wanda mitar sarrafa sa hannun jirgin ke da wahala). Masu bincike a Jami'ar Illinois da ke Urbana-Champaign tare da goyon bayan DARPA, sun nuna cewa yana yiwuwa a gina hoton radar mai amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta hanyar amfani da radar mai aiki da yawa, mai yiwuwa cikakken bayani don ba da damar gane manufa ta atomatik . <ref>[http://www.ifp.uiuc.edu/%7Esmherman/darpa/] {{Dead link|date=June 2026}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2007, masu binciken SAAB sun bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin da ake kira Associative Aperture Synthesis Radar (ASR) wanda zai yi amfani da tarin na'urori masu watsawa da masu karɓa masu araha da yawa waɗanda za su iya gano abubuwan da ake hari lokacin da suka ratsa kai tsaye tsakanin masu karɓar/masu watsawa kuma suka haifar da inuwa. An tsara tsarin ne da farko don gano makamai masu linzami masu ɓoye kuma yakamata ya yi tasiri ga jiragen sama masu ɓoyewa masu tashi ƙasa. Cewa jerin kayan aikin na iya ƙunsar adadi mai yawa na kayan aiki masu araha na iya bayar da wasu "kariya" daga hare-haren makamai masu linzami masu tsada na hana radiation (ARMs). === Infrared (zafi) === Wasu masu sharhi sun yi iƙirarin cewa ana iya amfani da tsarin bincike da bin diddigin Infra-red (IRSTs) akan jiragen sama masu ɓoye, saboda duk wani saman jirgin sama yana zafi saboda gogayya ta iska kuma tare da IRST mai tashoshi biyu, CO ne (4.3) &nbsp;(μm absorption maxima) yana yiwuwa a gano shi, ta hanyar bambanci tsakanin ƙaramin tashar da babban tashar. Waɗannan masu sharhi suna nuni ga sake farfaɗowar irin waɗannan tsarin a cikin ƙirar Rasha a shekarun 1980, kamar waɗanda aka sanya wa MiG-29 da Su-27 . Sabuwar sigar MiG-29, MiG-35, an sanye ta da sabon Tsarin Nemo Na gani wanda ya haɗa da ƙarin fasahar IRST mai ci gaba. Sojojin Faransa Rafale, jiragen saman yaƙi na Burtaniya/Jamus/Italiya/Spanish da kuma Gripen na Sweden suma suna amfani da IRST sosai. A cikin yaƙin iska, kayan aikin optronic yana ba da damar: * Gano abubuwan da ba sa ƙonewa bayan an ƙone su a {{Convert|45|km}} kewayon da ƙari; * Gano waɗannan abubuwan da aka nufa a tsakanin {{Convert|8|to|10|km}} kewayon; da kuma * Kiyasin nisan da jiragen sama ke kaiwa hari zuwa {{Convert|15|km}} . Don manufofin ƙasa, ɗakin yana ba da damar: * Tankin ganowa mai inganci yana kaiwa {{Convert|15|km}}, da kuma gano jirgin sama mai ɗaukar kaya a {{Convert|60|to|80|km}} ; * Gano nau'in tankin da ke kan {{Convert|8|to|10|km}}, da kuma na jirgin sama mai nisan {{Convert|40|to|60|km}} ; kuma * Kiyasin nisan da za a kai ga cimma burin ƙasa har zuwa {{Convert|20|km}} . === Radar mai tsayi mai tsayi === Tsarin radar VHF yana da tsawon tsayi daidai da girman fasalin jirgin sama kuma yakamata ya nuna warwatsewa a yankin resonance maimakon yankin gani, wanda hakan ke ba da damar gano yawancin jiragen sama marasa matuƙa. Wannan ya sa Cibiyar Bincike ta Injiniyan Rediyo ta Nizhny Novgorod (NNIIRT) ta ƙirƙiro na'urorin VHF AESA kamar NEBO SVU, waɗanda ke da ikon yin amfani da batura masu linzami daga sama zuwa sama don cimma burinsu . Duk da fa'idodin da radar VHF ke bayarwa, tsawon tsayin raƙumansu yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙuduri idan aka kwatanta da radar radar mai girman X. Sakamakon haka, dole ne waɗannan tsarin su kasance manya sosai kafin su sami ƙudurin radar haɗin gwiwa . Misalin radar VHF mai tushen ƙasa tare da ikon hana ɓoye sirri shine radar P-18 . Kamfanin ƙasar Holland Thales Nederland, wanda a da aka fi sani da Holland Signaal, ya ƙirƙiro wani radar mai tsari-mataki mai suna SMART-L, wanda ake sarrafawa a L Band kuma yana da ɓoye sirri. Duk jiragen ruwan rundunar sojojin ruwan Royal Dutch na De Zeven Provinciën suna ɗauke da na'urar radar ta SMART-L, da sauransu. === Radar OTH (radar sama da sararin samaniya) === Radar mai wucewa a sararin sama ra'ayi ne da ke ƙara tasirin radar akan radar ta al'ada. Cibiyar Radar ta JORN ta Australiya Jindalee za ta iya shawo kan wasu halaye na ɓoye. Ana da'awar cewa mitar HF da aka yi amfani da ita da kuma hanyar tsalle radar daga ionosphere ta shawo kan halayen ɓoye na F-117A. A wata ma'anar, jiragen sama marasa matuƙi an inganta su don kayar da radar mai yawan mita daga gaba maimakon radar mai ƙarancin mita daga sama. == Tarihi == === Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya da Yaƙin Duniya na biyu === [[File:Linke-Hofmann_R.I_cellon_fuselage.jpg|right|thumb| Samfurin Linke-Hofmann RI, wani gwajin makami mai linzami na Jamus wanda aka rufe da kayan rufewa masu haske (1917-1918)]] A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], Jamusawa sun gwada amfani da ''Cellon'' ( cellulose acetate ), wani abu mai rufewa mai haske, a yunƙurin rage ganin jiragen sama na soja . An ''rufe'' misalai guda ɗaya na jirgin saman Fokker E.III ''Eindecker'' mai ɗaukar kaya, jirgin Albatros CI mai kujeru biyu, da kuma jirgin Linke-Hofmann RI mai ɗaukar kaya mai nauyi . Duk da haka, ya zama ba shi da amfani, har ma ya yi illa, domin hasken rana da ke haskakawa daga rufin jirgin ya ƙara bayyana a fili. An kuma gano cewa kayan sun lalace cikin sauri sakamakon canjin yanayin zafi a cikin jirgin sama da kuma canjin yanayin zafi a cikin jirgin, don haka ba a ci gaba da ƙoƙarin yin jirgin sama mai haske ba. A shekarar 1916, Turawan Birtaniya sun gyara wani ƙaramin jirgin ruwan <nowiki><i id="mwAZE">SS</i></nowiki> a matsayin jirgin sama don leƙen asiri na jiragen sama na dare a kan layin Jamus a Yammacin Yamma . An sanya masa injin da aka rufe da bakar jakar iskar gas, jirgin ba a iya gani kuma ba a jinsa daga ƙasa, amma jiragen sama da dama da aka yi da daddare a kan yankin da Jamus ke iko da shi sun haifar da ƙarancin basira mai amfani, kuma aka yi watsi da wannan ra'ayi. Kusan shekaru talatin bayan haka, an ƙera jirgin Horten Ho 229 mai tashi da fikafikai a Jamus a lokacin shekarun ƙarshe na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . A shekarar 1983, mai tsara shi Reimar Horten ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana shirin ƙara gawayi a cikin mannewar fatar plywood na samfurin samarwa don ya sa radar ba ta iya ganinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Is It Stealthy? {{!}} National Air and Space Museum |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/research/projects/conserving-horten-ho-229-v3/stealthy |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=airandspace.si.edu}}</ref> An binciki wannan ikirarin, domin rashin saman tsaye na Ho 229, wani siffa ta dukkan jiragen sama masu tashi da iska, shi ma muhimmin siffa ce ta dukkan jiragen sama masu ɓoye. An yi gwaje-gwaje a shekarar 2008 ta kamfanin Northrop Grumman Corporation domin gano ko siffar jirgin za ta kauce wa gano ta hanyar amfani da na'urar HF mai ƙarfi, 20–30.&nbsp;Siginonin MHz na farko na radar gargaɗin farko na Chain Home na Burtaniya, idan jirgin yana tafiya da sauri mai yawa (kimanin {{Cvt|550|mph}} ) a ƙasa mai matuƙar tsayi— {{Convert|50|-|100|ft}} . Gwajin bai sami wata shaida da ke nuna cewa an yi amfani da gawayi ba, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa da ba shi da kyau idan aka yi amfani da shi, inda aka kammala da cewa Ho 229 ba shi da halayen ɓoyewa kuma ba a taɓa yin niyyar zama jirgin sama mai ɓoyewa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Technical Study of the Bat Wing Ship (The Horten Ho 229 V3) {{!}} ResearchGate |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281441264 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=researchgate.net}}</ref> === Asalin zamani === [[File:F-117_Nighthawk_Front.jpg|thumb| Jirgin F-117 Nighthawk, jirgin farko da aka ƙera musamman bisa fasahar ɓoye. Ya yi amfani da fuskoki don karkatar da radar.]] Jiragen sama na zamani masu ɓoye sun fara samuwa ne lokacin da Denys Overholser, wani masanin lissafi da ke aiki da Lockheed Aircraft a shekarun 1970, ya ɗauki samfurin lissafi wanda Petr Ufimtsev, wani masanin kimiyyar Soviet, ya ƙirƙira don ƙirƙirar wani shirin kwamfuta mai suna Echo 1. Echo ya ba da damar yin hasashen sa hannun radar na jirgin sama da aka yi da faifan lebur, wanda ake kira facets. A shekarar 1975, injiniyoyi a Lockheed Skunk Works sun gano cewa jirgin sama da aka yi da saman da aka yi da fuskoki masu fuska zai iya samun ƙarancin alamar radar saboda saman zai haskaka kusan dukkan kuzarin radar daga mai karɓar. A ƙarƙashin kwangilar DARPA a shekarar 1977, Lockheed ya gina jirgin sama mai nuna alamun jirgin sama, Lockheed Have Blue, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da "Lu'u-lu'u marasa bege", wanda ke nuni ga sanannen Lu'u-lu'u na Hope da siffar ƙirar kuma ya annabta rashin kwanciyar hankali. Domin kuwa kwamfutoci na zamani suna nan don sarrafa tafiyar jirgin sama wanda aka ƙera don ɓoye amma ba shi da ƙarfi kamar Have Blue, a karon farko masu ƙira sun fahimci cewa yana yiwuwa a yi jirgin sama wanda kusan ba a iya ganinsa ga radar. Ba da daɗewa ba Lockheed ya ƙirƙiro Have Blue zuwa F-117. Rage girman sashin radar yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwa biyar da masu zanen suka mayar da hankali a kai don ƙirƙirar ƙira mai ɓoye kamar F-22. An kuma tsara jirgin F-22 don ɓoye hayakin da ke cikinsa na infrared don ya sa a yi wahalar gano shi ta hanyar amfani da makami mai linzami daga sama zuwa sama ko daga sama zuwa sama. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Isaac |date=2025-08-28 |title=What Makes the F-22 Raptor So Hard to Detect? |url=https://nationalsecurityjournal.org/what-makes-the-f-22-raptor-so-hard-to-detect/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=National Security Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Jirgin F-22 ya mayar da hankali kan fifikon iska, tare da supercruise, babban rabon turawa-zuwa-nauyi, haɗaɗɗen jiragen sama da ƙwarewar ɓoyewa. <ref name=":4" /> === Ayyukan zamani === An fara amfani da jiragen sama marasa ma'ana wajen yaƙi a watan Janairun 1968, wato Operation "Prize Crew". Makamai masu linzami guda biyu na Lockheed da Kamfanin Sararin Samaniya QT-2 (Quiet Thrusters) sun yi aiki a kusa da shiru a kan Kudancin Vietnam a ƙananan tsaunuka da daddare ba tare da kunna fitilu ba. Ta amfani da na'urorin hangen nesa na dare, za su iya gano, lura, gano abokan gaba, da kuma bayar da rahoto ko kiran makaman hari don halaka abokan gaba. An biyo bayan QT-2PC sannan kuma an yi amfani da "Star mai shiru" na rundunar sojojin Lockheed YO-3A . An tura jiragen sama tara daga cikin jiragen sama goma sha ɗaya zuwa Vietnam a watan Yunin 1970. Suna aiki a hankali da daddare, ba tare da fitilun da ke aiki ba, kuma an sanye su da na'urar hangen nesa ta zamani ta Night Vision Aerial Periscope, na'urar tsara manufa ta Laser, da kuma na'urar haskaka infrared ta Tracking. A cikin watanni 14 na aiki a tsayin ƙafa 800–1,500, babu wani YO-3A da ya taɓa yin zagaye. Sun yi nasarar dakatar da motsin VC a daren Delta. YO-3As sun shiga cikin ganowa da kuma kiran makaman yaƙi don lalata babbar jirgin ruwan jigilar kaya na Rasha  shiga ruwan Kudancin Vietnam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Army-Lockheed YO-3A |url=https://www.yo-3a.com/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=My Site 1}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Disamba 1989, a lokacin Operation Just Cause a [[Panama (ƙasa)|Panama]], [[United States Air Force|jiragen saman Amurka]] guda biyu kirar F-117 sun kai hari kan wani sansanin sojojin tsaron Panama da ke Rio Hato, Panama. A shekarar 1991, an bai wa jiragen F-117 aikin kai hari kan wuraren da suka fi ƙarfi a [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] a farkon matakin Operation Desert Storm kuma su ne jiragen yaƙi na haɗin gwiwa da aka ba su izinin aiki a cikin iyakokin birnin Baghdad da kuma sararin samaniyarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nighthawks over Iraq: A Chronology of the F-117A Operations Desert Storm and Desert Shield |url=https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB443/docs/area51_17.PDF |access-date=7 August 2024 |publisher=George Washington University}}</ref> Jirgin F-117 duk da cewa yana da isasshen ɓoyewa, yana da ƙarancin alamar gani. Duk da haka, idan aka yi amfani da F-117 a gani, kamar dukkan jiragen sama, za a iya kama shi ta hanyar amfani da iska daga sama. An shawo kan wannan cikin sauƙi ta hanyar tashi da daddare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gulf War Air Power Survey- Volume IV |url=https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329817/-1/-1/0/AFD-100927-066.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820100750/https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329817/-1/-1/0/AFD-100927-066.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |pages=244–245, 247}}</ref> [[File:Lockheed_Martin_F-22A_Raptor_JSOH.jpg|thumb| Jirgin F-22 Raptor, wani jirgin saman Amurka ne na ƙarni na biyar wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen yaƙi da sararin samaniya mai ɓoye.]] Amurka, Birtaniya, Isra'ila, da Rasha su ne kawai ƙasashen da suka yi amfani da jiragen sama marasa matuƙa a yaƙi. Waɗannan tura sojoji sun haɗa da mamayar Amurka a Panama, Yaƙin Tekun Fasha na farko, rikicin Kosovo, yaƙin Afghanistan, yaƙin Iraki da kuma tsoma hannun soja a Libya a shekarar 2011 . Amfani da jiragen sama marasa matuki na farko shine harin da Amurka ta kai wa Panama, inda aka yi amfani da jiragen F-117 Nighthawk masu kai hari na ɓoye don jefa bama-bamai a filayen jiragen sama na abokan gaba da wurare yayin da ake guje wa radar abokan gaba. An yi amfani da jirgin F-117 Nighthawk a yakin Gulf a shekarar 1990, inda jiragen F-117 guda 42 suka yi amfani da jiragen sama masu sarrafa kansu guda 1,299 kuma suka yi amfani da bama-bamai masu sarrafa kansu da laser wajen harba su sau 1,664, yayin da ba su ji rauni a fagen daga ba, yayin da suka kai hari kan wurare 1,600 masu daraja a Iraki. Jiragen F-117 sun kai hare-hare kimanin 168 kan wuraren da Scud ke hari <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Gulf War - Air Power Survey, Volume IV - Weapons, Tactics, and Training |url=https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329817/-1/-1/0/AFD-100927-066.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820100750/https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/27/2001329817/-1/-1/0/AFD-100927-066.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=U.S. Department of Defense (.gov) |pages=39–41, 361}}</ref> yayin da suka tara awanni 6,905 na tashi. Kashi 2.5% ne kawai na jiragen saman Amurka da ke Iraki jiragen F-117 ne, duk da haka sun kai hari kashi 40% na manyan makaman da aka harba, inda suka jefa tan 2,000 na manyan bindigogi masu sarrafa kansu sannan suka kai hari kan wuraren da suka kai hari da kashi 80% na nasarar da aka samu. Duk da haka, F-117 har yanzu tana da kurakurai; dole ne ta sake cika mai kuma ba ta da kariya a harin abokan gaba. Dole ne a sake cika dukkan jiragen F-117. <ref name=":2" /> A harin bam ɗin NATO a Yugoslavia na shekarar 1999, Amurka ta yi amfani da jiragen sama guda biyu masu ɓoye: tsohon jirgin F-117 Nighthawk, da kuma sabon jirgin B-2 Spirit mai ɓoye. Jirgin F-117 ya yi rawar da ya saba takawa wajen kai hari ga wurare masu inganci kuma ya yi aiki mai kyau, duk da cewa wani makami mai linzami na 'Neva-M' na ƙasar Serbia Isayev S-125 wanda Kanar Zoltán Dani ke jagoranta ya harbo wani jirgin F-117. An ruwaito cewa an kai hari kan wani jirgin F-117 na biyu kuma wataƙila an kai shi a lokacin rundunar Operation Alliance Force, inda aka yi zargin cewa lamarin ya faru a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 1999. <ref name="thedrive20202">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=Yes, Serbian Air Defenses Did Hit Another F-117 During Operation Allied Force In 1999 |url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/37894/yes-serbian-air-defenses-did-hit-another-f-117-during-operation-allied-force-in-1999 |website=The Drive}}</ref> An ce jirgin ya dawo cikin mawuyacin hali zuwa sansanin sojin sama na Spangdahlem, <ref name="thedrive20202" /> amma rahotanni sun ce bai sake tashi ba. Duk da wannan lamari, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta ci gaba da amfani da jiragen F-117 a tsawon lokacin yakin. Daga baya wani matukin jirgin F-117A ya tabbatar da lamarin a shekarar 2020; duk da haka, lamarin ya kasance cikin sirri, kuma an bayyana wasu bayanai kaɗan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DRAGANOVA MIRNA RUKA DOKRAJČILA I DRUGOG "NEVIDLjIVOG": Pripadnici Trećeg diviziona 250. brigade PVO o podvigu tokom NATO bombardovanja |url=https://www.novosti.rs/vesti/drustvo/942347/draganova-mirna-ruka-dokrajcila-drugog-nevidljivog-pripadnici-treceg-diviziona-250-brigade-pvo-podvigu-tokom-nato-bombardovanja |access-date=2020-12-06 |website=NOVOSTI |language=sr}}</ref> Jami'an Rasha sun tabbatar da cewa sun duba tarkacen jirgin, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban jirgin yakin Sukhoi Su-57 da kuma wanda ke ci gaba da harba bam na Tupolev PAK DA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Case Of The Missing F-117 Parts (2001) {{!}} Aviation Week Network |url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/case-missing-f-117-parts-2001 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=aviationweek.com}}</ref> An yi zargin cewa China ta sayi sassan tarkace, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga jirgin saman Chengdu J-20 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Birney |first=Alice |date=2011-01-23 |title=China's New Stealth Fighter May Use U.S. Technology |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2011/01/chinas-new-stealth-fighter-may-use-u-s-technology/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=China Digital Times (CDT) |language=en-US}}</ref> Sabuwar B-2 Spirit da aka yi a wancan lokacin ta yi nasara sosai, inda ta lalata kashi 33% na dukkan wuraren da aka kai hare-haren bam na Serbia a cikin makonni takwas na farko na shiga cikin yakin. A lokacin wannan yaƙin, jiragen yaƙin B-2 sun tashi ba tare da tsayawa ba zuwa Kosovo daga sansaninsu da ke Missouri suka dawo. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=B-2 Spirit |url=https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/104482/b-2-spirit/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=U.S. Air Force (af.mil)}}</ref> A mamayar da aka yi wa Iraki a shekarar 2003, an yi amfani da jiragen F-117 Nighthawks da B-2 Spirits, kuma wannan ne karo na ƙarshe da F-117 za ta fuskanci yaƙi. Jiragen F-117 sun jefa makaman yaƙi da tauraron ɗan adam ke jagoranta a kan wasu wurare da aka zaɓa, tare da samun nasara sosai. B-2 Spirits sun gudanar da jerin gwano guda 49 a cikin mamayar, inda suka saki sama da 1.5&nbsp;fam miliyan na harsasai. <ref name=":3" /> A lokacin aikin kashe Osama bin Laden a watan Mayun 2011, daya daga cikin jiragen helikwafta da aka yi amfani da su wajen shigar da sojojin Amurka cikin Pakistan a boye ya fadi a gidan Bin Laden. Daga cikin tarkacen jirgin an bayyana cewa wannan jirgin helikwafta yana da sifofin ɓoyewa, wanda hakan ya sa aka fara amfani da shi a bainar jama'a ta amfani da helikwafta mai ɓoyewa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=ROSS |first=BRIAN |title=Top Secret Stealth Helicopter Program Revealed in Osama Bin Laden Raid: Experts |url=https://abcnews.com/Blotter/top-secret-stealth-helicopter-program-revealed-osama-bin/story?id=13530693 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da jiragen sama marasa matuƙa a lokacin da aka shiga tsakani a Libya a shekarar 2011, inda jiragen B-2 Spirits suka jefa bama-bamai 40 a filin jirgin saman Libya tare da kariyar sama mai ƙarfi don tallafawa yankin hana tashi da saukar jiragen sama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Jiragen sama na Stealth za su ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a yaƙin sama da Amurka ta amfani da jiragen F-22 Raptor, B-2 Spirit, da F-35 Lightning II don gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban. Jirgin F-22 ya fara fafatawa da Siriya a watan Satumba na 2014 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kawancen da Amurka ke jagoranta don kayar da ISIS . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=23 September 2014 |title=After Years of Trouble, F-22 Raptor's 1st Combat Mission is a 'Success' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/years-trouble-22-raptors-combat-mission-success/story?id=25709236 |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=ABC News}}</ref> Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2018, jiragen saman Su-57 sun yi tashin farko na kasa da kasa yayin da aka gansu suna sauka a sansanin sojin saman Khmeimim na Rasha da ke Siriya. An tura waɗannan jiragen Su-57 tare da jiragen Sukhoi Su-35 guda huɗu, jiragen Sukhoi Su-25 guda huɗu, da kuma jiragen Beriev A-50 AEW&C guda ɗaya. Ana kyautata zaton cewa an tura akalla jiragen Su-57 guda 4 zuwa Siriya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gady |first=Franz-Stefan |title=Report: Russia Has Developed Prototype of Air-to-Ground Hypersonic Missile for Su-57 |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/report-russia-has-developed-prototype-of-air-to-ground-hypersonic-missile-for-su-57/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Thediplomat.com}}</ref> kuma wataƙila an yi musu makamai masu linzami na cruise a yaƙi. A shekarar 2018, wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa jiragen saman yakin Isra'ila kirar F-35I sun gudanar da ayyuka da dama a Siriya, har ma sun kutsa kai cikin sararin samaniyar Iran ba tare da an gano su ba. A watan Mayun 2018, Manjo Janar Amikam Norkin na IAF ya ba da rahoton cewa jiragen saman yakin sama na rundunar sojin saman Isra'ila F-35I sun kai hari na farko a kan Siriya. [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar China]] ta fara gwajin jirgin samanta na Chengdu J-20 mai aiki da yawa a shekarar 2011 kuma ta fara bayyana a bainar jama'a a Airshow China 2016. Jirgin ya fara aiki da rundunar sojin sama ta 'yantar da jama'a (PLAAF) a watan Maris na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2016 |title=编号78272：第二架五位数编号歼-20曝光 部署沧州 |url=http://news.ifeng.com/a/20161212/50401780_0.shtml#p=1 |publisher=news.ifeng.com}}</ref> Wani jirgin yaƙi na ƙarni na biyar mai suna Shenyang FC-31 daga China shi ma yana ƙarƙashin gwajin tashi. [[File:MQ-28_Ghost_Bat_prepares_to_conduct_a_taxi_test_during_Exercise_Valiant_Shield_2026_at_Rota.jpg|thumb| Ɗaya daga cikin jiragen yaƙi 17 marasa matuki na Ostiraliya MQ-28 Ghost Bats yayin gwajin yaƙi.]] [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] tana da rundunar jiragen sama 72 na F-35A masu kai hari ta ɓoye, kuma tana haɓakawa da ƙera jirgin sama mara matuki, MQ-28 Ghost Bat, tare da masana'antar Ostiraliya, Boeing Australia da BAE Australia. Jirgin MQ-28 jirgin yaƙi ne mai haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Loyal Wingman <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=MQ-28 |url=https://www.boeing.com/defense/airpower-teaming-system/index.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005132310/https://www.boeing.com/defense/MQ-28/index.page |archive-date=5 October 2023 |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=Boeing}}</ref>, tare da tashin jirgin na farko a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 2021. <ref name="Waldron">{{Cite web |last=Waldron |first=Greg |date=2 March 2021 |title=Australian 'loyal wingman' to form basis of Boeing Skyborg bid |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/australian-loyal-wingman-to-form-basis-of-boeing-skyborg-bid/142689.article |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302113816/https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/australian-loyal-wingman-to-form-basis-of-boeing-skyborg-effort/142689.article |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=2 March 2021 |website=FlightGlobal}}</ref> <ref name="deGit">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2021 |title=Boeing Loyal Wingman Uncrewed Aircraft Completes First Flight |url=https://boeing.mediaroom.com/news-releases-statements?item=130834 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123123324/https://boeing.mediaroom.com/news-releases-statements?item=130834 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=Boeing}}</ref> An kawo jiragen sama takwas ( ''Toshe na 1'' ) nan da shekarar 2024; ana samar da ƙarin jiragen sama ( ''Toshe na 2'' ) tare da wasu da aka kawo. A ranar 4 ga Maris, 2026, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Iran na 2026|yakin Iran na 2026]], Rundunar Tsaron Isra'ila ta sanar da cewa wani jirgin F-35I "Adir" ya harbo wani jirgin yakin Iran mai suna Yak-130 da Rasha ta kera a sararin samaniyar Tehran, wanda hakan ya zama kisan farko na F-35 daga sama zuwa sama, kuma kisan farko da aka yi daga sama zuwa sama da wani mayakin sirri ya yi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel’s F-35 shoots down Iranian Yak-130 jet over Tehran |url=https://news.az/news/israels-f-35-shoots-down-iranian-yak-130-jet-over-tehran |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=News.az |language=en}}</ref> == Jerin jiragen sama masu ɓoye == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Type !Country !Class !Role !Date !Status !No. !Notes |- |Airbus Wingman |European Union |UCAV |Fighter |2024 |Project |0 |Germany, Spain<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Unmanned escort for manned fighter jets: Airbus presents new Wingman concept at ILA Berlin {{!}} Airbus |url=https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2024-06-unmanned-escort-for-manned-fighter-jets-airbus-presents-new-wingman |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=airbus.com}}</ref> |- |Airbus LOUT |Germany |UAV |Experimental |2019 |Project |0 |Low Observable UAV Testbed<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwarz |first=Karl |date=2019-11-05 |title=Nationale Deutsche Entwicklung: Airbus zeigt Stealth-Testmodell LOUT |url=https://www.flugrevue.de/militaer/nationale-deutsche-entwicklung-airbus-zeigt-stealth-testmodell-lout/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=flugrevue.de |language=de}}</ref> |- |Airbus Sagitta |Germany |UAV |Experimental |2017 |Prototype |1 | |- |BAE Systems Corax |United Kingdom |UAV |Experimental |2004 |Prototype | | |- |BAE Systems Replica |United Kingdom | | |1999 |Project | | |- |BAE Systems Taranis |United Kingdom |UCAV |Attack |2013 |Prototype | | |- |BAE Systems Tempest |United Kingdom |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | |UK contribution to the Global Combat Air Programme (qv) |- |Baykar Bayraktar Kızılelma |Turkey |UCAV |Autonomous stealth multirole fighter with [[Kirkirar Basira|AI]] and loyal wingman<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayraktar KIZILELMA |url=http://baykartech.com/en/uav/bayraktar-kizilelma/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Baykartech.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2025 |title=Turkiye’s Kizilelma Jets Achieve World First in Autonomous Formation Flight |url=https://thedefensewatch.com/aerospace-aviation/kizilelma-unmanned-jets-complete-first-autonomous-formation-flight/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Thedefensewatch.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bayraktar KIZILELMA, F-16 ile tarihi teste imza attı |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/savunma-sanayisi/bayraktar-kizilelma-f-16-ile-tarihi-teste-imza-atti/3748781 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Aa.com.tr}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=3 April 2026 |title=KAAN Block-10 Fighters to be Introduced Between 2027-2029 &#124; TURDEF |url=https://turdef.com/article/kaan-block-10-fighters-to-be-introduced-between-2027-2029 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Turdef.com}}</ref> |2022 |Production |2 |D(Naval) variant STOBAR<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=7 June 2026 |title=Turkish Navy Confirms 2032 Delivery Date for MUGEM Aircraft Carrier |url=https://www.navalnews.com/event-news/cne-2026/2026/06/turkish-navy-confirms-2032-delivery-date-for-mugem-aircraft-carrier/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Navalnews.com}}</ref> |- |Bell 360 Invictus |United States |Rotorcraft |Experimental |2019 |Prototype | | |- |Boeing Bird of Prey |United States |Subsonic |Experimental |1996 |Prototype | | |- |Boeing F-47 | {| |United States |} |Supersonic jet |Fighter | |Prototype | | |- |Boeing Model 853-21 Quiet Bird |United States |Subsonic |Reconnaissance | |Project | |Developed from Model 853 |- |Boeing MQ-25 Stingray |United States |UAV |Experimental |2019 |Prototype | | |- |Boeing Australia MQ-28 Ghost Bat |Australia |UCAV |Autonomous fighter [[Kirkirar Basira|AI]] and loyal wingman<ref name="auto" /> |2019 |Pre-production DT&OE |17 | |- |Boeing X-32 |United States |Supersonic jet |Fighter |2000 |Prototype |2 | |- |Boeing X-45 |United States |UCAV |Experimental |2002 |Prototype | | |- |Boeing–Sikorsky RAH-66 Comanche |United States |Rotorcraft |Attack |1996 |Prototype |2 | |- |Chengdu J-20 |China |Supersonic jet |Fighter |2011 |Production |300+ | |- |Chengdu J-36 |China |Supersonic jet |Fighter |2024 |Prototype |3+ | |- |Chengdu WZ-10 |China |UAV | |2014 |Production | | |- |Dassault nEUROn |European Union |UCAV |Attack |2012 |Prototype | |France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland |- |DRDO Ghatak |India |UCAV | | |Project | | |- |DRDO SWiFT |India |UCAV |Experimental |2022 |Prototype |2 | |- |EADS Mako/HEAT |International |Supersonic |Attack | |Project | | |- |Eurocopter EC-665 Tiger |European Union |Rotorcraft |Attack |2003 |Production |180 |France, Germany, Spain |- |FCAS (New Generation Fighter) |European Union |Supersonic jet |Fighter | |Project | |Officially cancelled. |- |Flygsystem 2020 |Sweden |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | | |- |Global Combat Air Programme |International |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | |Merger of UK (BAE Systems Tempest), Japan (Mitsubishi F-X) and Italy |- |HAL AMCA |India |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | | |- |HAL Prachand |India |Rotorcraft |Attack |2022 |Production |19 | |- |Hongdu GJ-11 |China |UCAV | | | | | |- |KAI KF-21 Boramae |South Korea |Supersonic |Fighter |2022 |Production |6 |South Korea |- |Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie |United States |UCAV |Experimental | | | | |- |Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk |United States |Subsonic |Attack |1981 |Production |64 | |- |Lockheed Have Blue |United States |Subsonic |Experimental |1977 |Prototype |2 |Developed into F-117 |- |Lockheed SR-71 |United States |Supersonic |Reconnaissance |1964 |Production |32 | |- |Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor |United States |Supersonic |Fighter |1996 |Production |195 | |- |Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II |United States |Supersonic |Fighter |2006 |Production |1,000+ |A-variant CTOL, B-variant V/STOL, C-variant CATOBAR |- |Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel |United States |UAV | | |Production |20–30 | |- |Lockheed Martin X-35 |United States |Supersonic |Fighter |2000 |Prototype |2 | |- |Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA |United States |Jet |Fighter |2000 |Project | | |- |MBB Lampyridae MRMF |Germany |Jet |Fighter |1987 |Project | | |- |McDonnell Douglas X-36 |United States |Subsonic |Experimental |1997 |Prototype |1 |No vertical tail |- |McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II |United States |Subsonic |Bomber | |Project | | |- |MH-X Stealthhawk |United States |Rotorcraft |Utility | |Top-secret | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cenciotti |first=David |date=2021-05-02 |title=The Day We Learned About The Stealth Black Hawk Used In OBL Raid. |url=https://theaviationist.com/2021/05/02/stealth-black-hawk-rendering-new/ |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=The Aviationist |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Mikoyan Skat |Russia |UCAV |Attack | |Project | | |- |Mikoyan Project 1.44 |Russia |Supersonic |Fighter |2000 |Prototype |1 |Initially developed for the MFI project |- |Mikoyan LMFS |Russia |Supersonic |Fighter | |Cancelled | | |- |Mikoyan PAK DP |Russia |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | | |- |Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin |Japan |Supersonic |Experimental |2016 |Prototype |1 | |- |Boeing F/A-XX |United States |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | |Navy's NGAD programme. To replace Navy's F/A-18E/F Super Hornets. |- |NGAD (Penetrating Counter-Air (PCA)) |United States |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | |To replace [[United States Air Force|USAF]]'s F-22 Raptors |- |Northrop Tacit Blue |United States |Subsonic |Experimental |1982 |Prototype |1 | |- |Northrop YF-23 |United States |Supersonic |Fighter |1990 |Prototype |2 | |- |Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit |United States |Subsonic |Bomber |1989 |Production |21 | |- |Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider |United States |Subsonic |Bomber |2023 |Production |3+ | |- |Northrop Grumman RQ-180 |United States |UAV | | |Production | | |- |Northrop Grumman X-47A Pegasus |United States |UCAV |Experimental |2003 |Prototype | | |- |Northrop Grumman X-47B |United States |UCAV |Experimental |2003 |Prototype |2 | |- |Ryan AQM-91 Firefly |United States |UAV |Experimental | | | | |- | rowspan="2" |Saab KFS | rowspan="2" |Sweden |Supersonic |Fighter | rowspan="2" |2023 | rowspan="2" |Prototype | | rowspan="2" |Konceptet Framtidens Stridsflyg<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoyle |first=Craig |date=2024-05-24 |title=Saab teases early progress with future fighter concept studies |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/saab-teases-early-progress-with-future-fighter-concept-studies/158448.article |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=Flight Global}}</ref> |- |UAV |Fighter | |- |Shenyang J-35 |China |Supersonic |Fighter |2012 | |10+ | |- |Shenyang J-50 |China |Supersonic |Fighter |2024 | | | |- |Sukhoi Okhotnik |Russia |UCAV |Experimental | |Prototype |2 |The first S-70 prototype had a non-stealthy circular exhaust.<ref name="S-70" /> |- |Sukhoi Su-57 |Russia |Supersonic |Fighter |2010 |Production |21+ | |- |Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate |Russia |Supersonic |Stealth Multirole Fighter |2024 |Project | | |- |TAI Anka-3 |Turkey |UCAV |Autonomous stealth multirole fighter with [[Kirkirar Basira|AI]] and loyal wingman<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANKA III UCAV, Turkey |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/anka-iii-ucav-turkey/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Airforce-technology.com}}</ref><<ref>{{Cite web |title=TAI finalizes Anka-3 design; Turkish Air Force to order over 50 aircraft in 2026 |url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/nation/tai-finalizes-anka-3-design-turkish-air-force-to-order-over-50-aircraft-in-2026-3213467 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Turkiyetoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newdick |first=Thomas |date=28 December 2023 |title=Turkey’s ANKA-3 Flying Wing Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle Flies |url=https://www.twz.com/turkeys-anka-3-flying-wing-unmanned-combat-air-vehicle-flies |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Twz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ANKA-III - TUSAS |url=https://www.tusas.com/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Tusas.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Secretive Turkish Drone Makes Debut Flight With Ukrainian Engine |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-29/turkey-s-stealth-drone-anka-3-makes-debut-flight-with-ukraine-engine |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> |2023 |Prototype |2 |D(Naval) variant STOBAR<ref name="auto1" /> |- |TAI Kaan |Turkey |Supersonic |Stealth, twin-engine, all-weather air superiority multirole fighter<ref>{{Cite web |title=KAAN - TUSAS |url=https://www.tusas.com/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Tusas.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ODIN - OE Data Integration Network |url=https://odin.t2com.army.mil/WEG/Asset/f9102f5ffd5cd65d9b736df530d78638 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Odin.t2com.army.mil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2026 |title=National Combat Aircraft KAAN Makes Its First Flight &#124; TÜBİTAK &#124; Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu |url=https://tubitak.gov.tr/en/news/national-combat-aircraft-kaan-makes-its-first-flight |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Tubitak.gov.tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2025 |title=Indo Defence 2025: Indonesia signs agreement to acquire Kaan fighter aircraft |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-intelligence-insights/defence-news/air/indo-defence-2025-indonesia-signs-agreement-to-acquire-kaan-fighter-aircraft |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Janes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia signs contract with Turkey to buy 48 KAAN fighter jets |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesia-signs-contract-with-turkey-buy-48-kaan-fighter-jets-2025-07-29/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Turkey pressing for Western fighter jets to claw back regional edge |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/turkey-pressing-western-fighter-jets-claw-back-regional-edge-2025-10-22/ |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Reuters.com}}</ref> |2024 |Prototype |3 | |- |TAI Gölge |Turkey |UAV |Stealth, Propeller-driven, ISR&EW UAV<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valpolini |first=Paolo |date=8 May 2026 |title=Saha Expo 2026 – Turkish Aerospace Industries unveils Gölge, a piston-engine “baby-Anka III” |url=https://www.edrmagazine.eu/saha-expo-2026-turkish-aerospace-industries-unveils-golge-a-piston-engine-baby-anka-iii |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Edrmagazine.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2026 |title=TUSAŞ Debuts “GÖLGE” Stealth UAV at SAHA 2026 |url=https://defenceturkey.com/news/tusas-debuts-golge-stealth-uav-at-saha-2026 |access-date=20 June 2026 |website=Defence Turkey}}</ref> |2026 |Prototype |1 | |- |Tupolev PAK DA |Russia |Subsonic |Bomber | |Project | | |- |Windecker YE-5 |United States |Tractor |Experimental |1973 |Prototype |1 |Stealth research, not fully stealthy |- |Xian H-20 |China |Subsonic |Bomber | |Project | | |- |Yakovlev Yak-201 |Russia |Supersonic |Fighter | |Project | |VTOL |} == Duba kuma == * Na'urar rufewa * Kayan aiki na ƙarfe * Taimakon shiga cikin ruwa * QTOL * Kit ɗin Hush == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5ldx27ygod3d7kkxq4t8nvn3wat28s4 0 178459 964223 2026-10-07T08:42:25Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366205326|Michael Nakazawa]]" 964223 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Masatsugu Nakazawa , <ref>{{Cite web |title=DDT ProWrestling |url=https://www.ddtpro.com/wrestlers/209 |website=DDT ProWrestling}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da [[Ring name|sunan zobe]] Michael Nakazawa , wani [[Professional wrestler|ƙwararren ɗan wasan]] Japan ne da ya sanya hannu a kan [[All Elite Wrestling|wasan kokawa]] [[Judoka|kuma]] A julite. <ref name="tpww.net">{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2019 |title=AEW Announces Signing of Michael Nakazawa |url=https://www.tpww.net/2019/03/aew-announces-signing-of-michael-nakazawa/}}</ref> Kasar hausa da nunu da Hausawa da sauransu da yadda kowa yake a arewavda arewacin najeriya baki daya in FY 2022-23 and its ready for committee review and the opportunity == Rayuwar farko == Nakazawa ya halarci Jami'ar Tokai kafin ya yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a Amurka inda ya sami digiri na MSc Sports Science a Makarantar Digiri ta [[Jami'ar Wasanni ta Amurka|Kwalejin Wasanni ta Amurka]] (USSA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=中澤マイケルのページへようこそ |trans-title=Welcome to Michael Nakazawa's page |url=http://mnakazawa.client.jp/ |website=mnakazawa.client.jp}}</ref> Mahaifin Nakazawa, Kazunari Nakazawa, farfesa ne a Jami'ar Tokai kuma darektan ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka]] . == Aikin kokawa na ƙwararru == === Tallace-tallacen Japan (2005–2019) === An fi sanin Nakazawa saboda aikinsa tare da DDT Pro-Wrestling inda ya kasance tsohon zakaran KO-D Tag Team (tare da Kenny Omega ), Jiyūgaoka 6-Person Tag Team Champion da kuma DDT Extreme Champion . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Titles « Michael Nakazawa « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=5475&page=11 |website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref> A tsawon aikinsa, ya yi kokawa a gasar New Japan Pro-Wrestling, <ref>{{Cite web |title=NEW Japan Pro Wrestling |url=https://ceogaming.org/ceo2018/njpw/}}</ref> Michinoku Pro, Big Japan Pro Wrestling da All Japan Pro-Wrestling . Nakazawa ya yi karatu a Amurka kuma yana iya magana da [[Turanci]] sosai. Sau da yawa yana aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga 'yan kokawa na ƙasashen waje masu jin Turanci a Japan kuma ta wannan dangantakar ya haɗu da Kenny Omega, mataimakin shugaban zartarwa a AEW, wanda ya yi wasa sau 35 tare da shi, duka a matsayin abokin hamayya da kuma a matsayin abokin hulɗar ƙungiyar tag. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AEW Announces Signing Of Michael Nakazawa - Fightful Wrestling |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/aew-announces-signing-michael-nakazawa |website=www.fightful.com}}</ref> === Kokawa ta Elite (2019-yanzu) === An sanar da Nakazawa a matsayin sabon mai shiga gasar All Elite Wrestling (AEW) a farkon shekarar 2019. <ref name="tpww.net" /> Ya fara fitowa a gasar Double Or Nothing, wadda aka fara gabatarwa a gasar, inda ya shiga gasar Casino Battle Royale mai mutum 21. Shi ne mutum na farko da Sunny Daze ya kashe. <ref name="DoubleorNothing">{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Jason |date=25 May 2019 |title=AEW Double Or Nothing results: Powell's live review of Kenny Omega vs. Chris Jericho, The Young Bucks vs. Pentagon Jr. and Fenix for the AAA Tag Titles, Cody vs. Dustin Rhodes, Britt Baker vs. Nyla Rose vs. Kylie Rae |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/05/25/aew-double-or-nothing-results-powells-live-review-of-kenny-omega-vs-chris-jericho-the-young-bucks-vs-pentagon-jr-and-fenix-for-the-aaa-tag-titles-cody-vs-dustin-rhodes-britt-baker-vs-nyla-r/ |access-date=May 25, 2019 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> A wata mai zuwa a Fyter Fest, Nakazawa ya doke Alex Jebailey a wasan da ya yi tsauri . <ref name="Fyter Fest">{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Jason |date=29 June 2019 |title=6/29 AEW Fyter Fest results: Powell's live review of Kenny Omega and The Young Bucks vs. Pentagon Jr., Fenix, and Laredo Kid, Jon Moxley vs. Joey Janela in an unsanctioned match, Cody vs. Darby Allin, Cima vs. Christopher Daniels |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/06/29/6-29-aew-fyter-fest-results-powells-live-review-of-kenny-omega-and-the-young-bucks-vs-pentagon-jr-fenix-and-laredo-kid-jon-moxley-vs-joey-janela-in-an-unsanctioned-match-cody-vs-darby-allin/ |access-date=June 29, 2019 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> A shirin <nowiki><i id="mwYA">Dynamite</i></nowiki> na ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, Nakazawa ya fara fitowa a karon farko inda ya sha kashi da sauri a hannun Jon Moxley . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tees |first=David |title=11/13/2019 AEW Dynamite Results: Tag Title Match, Wardlow Debuts & Hangman Page vs. Pac III |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/11132019-aew-dynamite-results-live-coverage-discussion-tonight-8pm-est |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=Fightful}}</ref> Bayan haka, Nakazawa zai fi fafatawa a wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na AEW ''mai suna Dark'', inda zai fuskanci irin su Shawn Spears, Trent Beretta, Matt Sydal da Mike Sydal a lokacin da suka sha kashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Jeremy |title=AEW Dark Spoilers From Charleston, WV (10/30) |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-dark-spoilers-charleston-wv-1030 |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=Fightful}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tees |first=David |title=AEW Dark 10/6/20 Results: Dark Order, Lucha Bros, Brandi Rhodes, Big Swole & More In Action! |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-dark-10620-results-live-coverage-discussion-7pm-est |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=Fightful}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tees |first=David |title=AEW Dark 11/24/20 Results: Dark Order, Sammy Guevara, Jurassic Express, Penelope Ford & More Compete |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-dark-112420-results-live-coverage-and-discussion-7pm-est |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=Fightful}}</ref> A shirin ''Dynamite'' na ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2021, an ga Nakazawa a gidan Kenny Omega yana maraba da The Young Bucks, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da alaƙarsa da Omega a AEW. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkins |first=Rob |title=AEW Dynamite 01/20/21 Results: Inner Circle 3-Way Tag Match, appearance from Sting, Omega, and more |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-dynamite-012021-results-inner-circle-3-way-tag-match-appearance-sting-omega-and-more |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=Fightful}}</ref> Ya shiga ƙungiyar Elite a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu. A shirin <nowiki><i id="mwgA">Dark: Elevation</i></nowiki> na ranar 10 ga Maris, Omega ya shirya wasa tsakanin Nakazawa da Matt Sydal inda idan Sydal ya yi nasara, zai sami wasan AEW World Title Eliminator da Omega. A lokacin wasan, Nakazawa ya nuna dabarun mugunta kamar shaƙe Sydal da layarsa amma daga ƙarshe ya sha kashi a wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Joseph |date=15 March 2021 |title=AEW DARK ELEVATION RESULTS: RIHO VS. ITOH, MAX CASTER VS. DANTE MARTIN |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/aew-results/aew-dark-elevation-results-riho-vs-itoh-max-caster-vs-dante-martin-335956 |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=F4W Online}}</ref> == Gasar cin kofin zakarun da nasarorin da aka samu == * '''DDT Pro-Wrestling''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dramatic Dream Team (Japan) |url=http://www.wrestling-titles.com/japan/ddt/ |website=Wrestling-Titles.com}}</ref> ** Gasar DDT Extreme Championship ( sau 1 ) <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:DDT "King of DDT" 6/28 後楽園ホール大会その２ |url=http://extremeparty.heteml.net/2009/d090628-2.htm |access-date=February 9, 2022 |website=www.extremeparty.heteml.net |language=ja}}</ref> ** Gasar Nauyin Kaya ta Ironman Heavyweight ( sau 14 ) ** Jiyūgaoka 6-Mutum Tag Team Championship ( sau 1 ) — tare da Hikaru Sato da Tomomitsu Matsunaga ** Gasar Zakarun Kungiyoyi ta KO-D ( sau 2 ) — tare da Tomomitsu Matsunaga (1) da Kenny Omega (1) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wrestling Titles |date=June 26, 2021 |title=KO-D (King Of DDT) Tag Team Title |url=https://www.wrestling-titles.com/japan/ddt/kod-t.html |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=wrestling-titles.com}}</ref> ** Gasar Cin Kofin Tag na Mutum 6 a Tekun Japan ( sau 1 ) — tare da Hikaru Sato da Tomomitsu Matsunaga ** UWA World Trios Championship ( 1 time ) - with Hikaru Sato and Tomomitsu Matsunaga == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}} * Michael Nakazawa's profile at Cagematch, Wrestlingdata, Internet Wrestling Database {{Navboxes||list1={{All Elite Wrestling personnel}} {{DDT Pro-Wrestling}} {{Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship}} {{DDT Extreme Championship}} {{KO-D Tag Team Championship}} {{UWA World Trios Championship}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] ibcv8hm39xoo2ng1xrrb3d3x9dzxd6d 964224 964223 2026-10-07T08:43:24Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 964224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Masatsugu Nakazawa , <ref>{{Cite web |title=DDT ProWrestling |url=https://www.ddtpro.com/wrestlers/209 |website=DDT ProWrestling}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da [[Ring name|sunan zobe]] Michael Nakazawa , wani [[Professional wrestler|ƙwararren ɗan wasan]] Japan ne da ya sanya hannu a kan [[All Elite Wrestling|wasan kokawa]] [[Judoka|kuma]] A julite. <ref name="tpww.net">{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2019 |title=AEW Announces Signing of Michael Nakazawa |url=https://www.tpww.net/2019/03/aew-announces-signing-of-michael-nakazawa/}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Nakazawa ya halarci Jami'ar Tokai kafin ya yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a Amurka inda ya sami digiri na MSc Sports Science a Makarantar Digiri ta [[Jami'ar Wasanni ta Amurka|Kwalejin Wasanni ta Amurka]] (USSA). <ref>{{Cite web |title=中澤マイケルのページへようこそ |trans-title=Welcome to Michael Nakazawa's page |url=http://mnakazawa.client.jp/ |website=mnakazawa.client.jp}}</ref> Mahaifin Nakazawa, Kazunari Nakazawa, farfesa ne a Jami'ar Tokai kuma darektan ƙungiyar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka]] . == Aikin kokawa na ƙwararru == === Tallace-tallacen Japan (2005–2019) === An fi sanin Nakazawa saboda aikinsa tare da DDT Pro-Wrestling inda ya kasance tsohon zakaran KO-D Tag Team (tare da Kenny Omega ), Jiyūgaoka 6-Person Tag Team Champion da kuma DDT Extreme Champion . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Titles « Michael Nakazawa « Wrestlers Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=5475&page=11 |website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref> A tsawon aikinsa, ya yi kokawa a gasar New Japan Pro-Wrestling, <ref>{{Cite web |title=NEW Japan Pro Wrestling |url=https://ceogaming.org/ceo2018/njpw/}}</ref> Michinoku Pro, Big Japan Pro Wrestling da All Japan Pro-Wrestling . Nakazawa ya yi karatu a Amurka kuma yana iya magana da [[Turanci]] sosai. Sau da yawa yana aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga 'yan kokawa na ƙasashen waje masu jin Turanci a Japan kuma ta wannan dangantakar ya haɗu da Kenny Omega, mataimakin shugaban zartarwa a AEW, wanda ya yi wasa sau 35 tare da shi, duka a matsayin abokin hamayya da kuma a matsayin abokin hulɗar ƙungiyar tag. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AEW Announces Signing Of Michael Nakazawa - Fightful Wrestling |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/aew-announces-signing-michael-nakazawa |website=www.fightful.com}}</ref> === Kokawa ta Elite (2019-yanzu) === An sanar da Nakazawa a matsayin sabon mai shiga gasar All Elite Wrestling (AEW) a farkon shekarar 2019. <ref name="tpww.net" /> Ya fara fitowa a gasar Double Or Nothing, wadda aka fara gabatarwa a gasar, inda ya shiga gasar Casino Battle Royale mai mutum 21. Shi ne mutum na farko da Sunny Daze ya kashe. <ref name="DoubleorNothing">{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Jason |date=25 May 2019 |title=AEW Double Or Nothing results: Powell's live review of Kenny Omega vs. Chris Jericho, The Young Bucks vs. Pentagon Jr. and Fenix for the AAA Tag Titles, Cody vs. Dustin Rhodes, Britt Baker vs. Nyla Rose vs. Kylie Rae |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/05/25/aew-double-or-nothing-results-powells-live-review-of-kenny-omega-vs-chris-jericho-the-young-bucks-vs-pentagon-jr-and-fenix-for-the-aaa-tag-titles-cody-vs-dustin-rhodes-britt-baker-vs-nyla-r/ |access-date=May 25, 2019 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> A wata mai zuwa a Fyter Fest, Nakazawa ya doke Alex Jebailey a wasan da ya yi tsauri . <ref name="Fyter Fest">{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Jason |date=29 June 2019 |title=6/29 AEW Fyter Fest results: Powell's live review of Kenny Omega and The Young Bucks vs. Pentagon Jr., Fenix, and Laredo Kid, Jon Moxley vs. Joey Janela in an unsanctioned match, Cody vs. Darby Allin, Cima vs. Christopher Daniels |url=https://prowrestling.net/site/2019/06/29/6-29-aew-fyter-fest-results-powells-live-review-of-kenny-omega-and-the-young-bucks-vs-pentagon-jr-fenix-and-laredo-kid-jon-moxley-vs-joey-janela-in-an-unsanctioned-match-cody-vs-darby-allin/ |access-date=June 29, 2019 |website=Pro Wrestling Dot Net}}</ref> A shirin <nowiki><i id="mwYA">Dynamite</i></nowiki> na ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, Nakazawa ya fara fitowa a karon farko inda ya sha kashi da sauri a hannun Jon Moxley . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tees |first=David |title=11/13/2019 AEW Dynamite Results: Tag Title Match, Wardlow Debuts & Hangman Page vs. Pac III |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/11132019-aew-dynamite-results-live-coverage-discussion-tonight-8pm-est |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=Fightful}}</ref> Bayan haka, Nakazawa zai fi fafatawa a wasan kwaikwayo na biyu na AEW ''mai suna Dark'', inda zai fuskanci irin su Shawn Spears, Trent Beretta, Matt Sydal da Mike Sydal a lokacin da suka sha kashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lambert |first=Jeremy |title=AEW Dark Spoilers From Charleston, WV (10/30) |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-dark-spoilers-charleston-wv-1030 |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=Fightful}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tees |first=David |title=AEW Dark 10/6/20 Results: Dark Order, Lucha Bros, Brandi Rhodes, Big Swole & More In Action! |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-dark-10620-results-live-coverage-discussion-7pm-est |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=Fightful}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tees |first=David |title=AEW Dark 11/24/20 Results: Dark Order, Sammy Guevara, Jurassic Express, Penelope Ford & More Compete |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-dark-112420-results-live-coverage-and-discussion-7pm-est |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=Fightful}}</ref> A shirin ''Dynamite'' na ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2021, an ga Nakazawa a gidan Kenny Omega yana maraba da The Young Bucks, wanda hakan ya tabbatar da alaƙarsa da Omega a AEW. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkins |first=Rob |title=AEW Dynamite 01/20/21 Results: Inner Circle 3-Way Tag Match, appearance from Sting, Omega, and more |url=https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/results/aew-dynamite-012021-results-inner-circle-3-way-tag-match-appearance-sting-omega-and-more |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=Fightful}}</ref> Ya shiga ƙungiyar Elite a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu. A shirin <nowiki><i id="mwgA">Dark: Elevation</i></nowiki> na ranar 10 ga Maris, Omega ya shirya wasa tsakanin Nakazawa da Matt Sydal inda idan Sydal ya yi nasara, zai sami wasan AEW World Title Eliminator da Omega. A lokacin wasan, Nakazawa ya nuna dabarun mugunta kamar shaƙe Sydal da layarsa amma daga ƙarshe ya sha kashi a wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Joseph |date=15 March 2021 |title=AEW DARK ELEVATION RESULTS: RIHO VS. ITOH, MAX CASTER VS. DANTE MARTIN |url=https://www.f4wonline.com/aew-results/aew-dark-elevation-results-riho-vs-itoh-max-caster-vs-dante-martin-335956 |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=F4W Online}}</ref> == Gasar cin kofin zakarun da nasarorin da aka samu == * '''DDT Pro-Wrestling''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dramatic Dream Team (Japan) |url=http://www.wrestling-titles.com/japan/ddt/ |website=Wrestling-Titles.com}}</ref> ** Gasar DDT Extreme Championship ( sau 1 ) <ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:DDT "King of DDT" 6/28 後楽園ホール大会その２ |url=http://extremeparty.heteml.net/2009/d090628-2.htm |access-date=February 9, 2022 |website=www.extremeparty.heteml.net |language=ja}}</ref> ** Gasar Nauyin Kaya ta Ironman Heavyweight ( sau 14 ) ** Jiyūgaoka 6-Mutum Tag Team Championship ( sau 1 ) — tare da Hikaru Sato da Tomomitsu Matsunaga ** Gasar Zakarun Kungiyoyi ta KO-D ( sau 2 ) — tare da Tomomitsu Matsunaga (1) da Kenny Omega (1) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wrestling Titles |date=June 26, 2021 |title=KO-D (King Of DDT) Tag Team Title |url=https://www.wrestling-titles.com/japan/ddt/kod-t.html |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=wrestling-titles.com}}</ref> ** Gasar Cin Kofin Tag na Mutum 6 a Tekun Japan ( sau 1 ) — tare da Hikaru Sato da Tomomitsu Matsunaga ** UWA World Trios Championship ( 1 time ) - with Hikaru Sato and Tomomitsu Matsunaga == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}} * Michael Nakazawa's profile at Cagematch, Wrestlingdata, Internet Wrestling Database {{Navboxes||list1={{All Elite Wrestling personnel}} {{DDT Pro-Wrestling}} {{Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship}} {{DDT Extreme Championship}} {{KO-D Tag Team Championship}} {{UWA World Trios Championship}}}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] 9oi4sby3k62j5od3nbiei7kgacnhii5 0 178460 964226 2026-10-07T09:18:20Z Musty1997 37188 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372590341|Diana E. H. Russell]]" 964226 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Diana E. H. Russell''' (6 ga Nuwamba 1938 - 28 ga Yulin 2020) marubuciya ce kuma mai fafutuka. <ref name="biopage">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=http://www.dianarussell.com/bio.html |access-date=13 April 2012 |website=DianaRussell.com}}</ref> An haife ta kuma ta girma a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, ta koma Ingila a shekara ta 1957, zuwa Amurka a shekara ta 1961.<ref name="biopage" /> A cikin shekaru 45 da suka gabata ta shiga cikin bincike kan cin zarafin jima'i ga mata da 'yan mata. Ta rubuta littattafai da labarai da yawa game da fyade, gami da fyade a aure, Kisan mata, jima'i, kisan gillar mata, da batsa. Don The Secret Trauma, ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta C. Wright Mills ta 1986. Ta kuma kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta 2001 Humanist Heroine daga Ƙungiyar Humanist ta Amurka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Humanist Heroines: Recipients |url=http://www.americanhumanist.org/What_We_Do/Feminist_Caucus/Humanist_Heroines/Recipients |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513211248/http://www.americanhumanist.org/What_We_Do/Feminist_Caucus/Humanist_Heroines/Recipients |archive-date=13 May 2012 |access-date=13 April 2012 |publisher=American Humanist Association}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance mai shirya Kotun Kasa da Kasa ta Farko kan Laifukan da aka yi wa Mata, a Brussels a watan Maris na shekara ta 1976. <ref>Russell, Diana E. H. Dangerous Relationships: Pornography, Misogyny, and Rape, SAGE Publications, 1998, {{ISBN|0-7619-0525-1}}, p 205</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Russell kuma ta girma a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, tagwaye kuma ta huɗu daga cikin 'ya'ya shida na mahaifin Afirka ta Kudu. Ta halarci Makarantar 'yan mata ta Herschel, makarantar kwana ta Anglican ga' yan mata. BA ta BA a fannin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|ilimin halayyar dan adam]] daga [[Jami'ar Cape Town]], Russell mai shekaru 19 ta tafi Ingila.<ref name="biopage" /> A Burtaniya, ta shiga cikin Digiri na Post-Graduate a Kimiyya da Gudanarwa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Siyasa ta London. A shekara ta 1961, ta wuce Diploma tare da Bambanci kuma ta sami kyautar ga ɗalibi mafi kyau a cikin shirin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography of Diana E. H. Russell, Ph.D. |url=http://www.dianarussell.com/bio.html |access-date=14 November 2017 |website=www.dianarussell.com}}</ref> A cikin [[Lokacin kaka|Fall]] of 1963, ta koma Amurka inda aka yarda da ita a cikin shirin PhD na hadin gwiwa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]]. Binciken da ta yi ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin zamantakewa da nazarin juyin juya hali.<ref name="biopage" /> Ayyukan Russell masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun fara ne tare da shiga cikin [[Internal resistance to apartheid|yunkurin adawa da wariyar launin fata]] a Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin 1963, Russell ya shiga Jam'iyyar Liberal ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce [[Alan Paton]], marubucin Cry the Beloved Country ya kafa. Yayinda yake shiga cikin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a Cape Town, an kama Russell tare da wasu mambobin jam'iyyar. Ta zo ga ƙarshe cewa dabarun da ba na tashin hankali ba su da amfani game da mummunan tashin hankali da zalunci na fararen 'yan sanda na [[Al'ummar Afrikaner|Afrikaner]]. Bayan haka, ta shiga kungiyar African Resistance Movement (ARM), wata ƙungiya ta juyin juya hali ta karkashin kasa da ke yaki da wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Babban dabarun ARM shine ya jefa bam da lalata dukiyar gwamnati, kuma kodayake Russell memba ne kawai na ARM, har yanzu tana cikin haɗarin ɗaurin shekaru 10 idan aka kama ta.<ref name="biopage" /> Binciken Russell game da dabarun da dabarun canjin zamantakewa da siyasa an ba da cikakken bayani a cikin littafinta, Rebellion, Revolution, and Armed Force: A Comparative Study of Fifteen Countries with Special emphasis on Cuba and South Africa (1974). == Bincike da rubuce-rubuce game da fyade da cin zarafin jima'i == Fyade da sauran nau’o’in cin zarafin mata ta fuskar jima’i da maza ke aikatawa na daga cikin manyan batutuwan da Russell ta mayar da hankali a kansu a bincikenta da rubuce-rubucenta. A cikin littafinta mai suna ''The Politics of Rape'' (1975), Russell ta bayyana cewa fyade wani nau’in bayyanar da fahimtar al’umma game da mazan-tafiye da halayen namiji ne, maimakon a ɗauke shi a matsayin halin rashin daidaituwa na mutum ko al’umma. Sauran littattafan da ta rubuta a wannan fanni sun haɗa da ''Rape in Marriage'' (1982), da ''Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and Workplace Harassment'' (1984). A shekarar 1986, Russell ta wallafa littafinta mai suna ''The Secret Trauma: Incest in the Lives of Girls and Women'' (1986). Wannan littafi na daga cikin binciken kimiyya na farko da aka wallafa game da cin zarafin yara ta fuskar jima’i tsakanin ’yan uwa. Saboda wannan aiki, ta samu lambar yabo ta '''C. Wright Mills Award''' a shekarar 1986. A shekarar 1993, ta shirya wani tarin rubuce-rubuce (''anthology'') kan hotunan batsa mai suna ''Making Violence Sexy: Feminist Views on Pornography''. Littafinta na shekarar 1994, ''Against Pornography: The Evidence of Harm'', wanda ya ƙunshi hotuna 100 masu batsa, bincike ne da ke ikirarin cewa kallon hotunan batsa na iya ƙarfafa wasu maza su aikata fyade, tare da cewa yana iya haifar da ƙaruwa a yawan aukuwar fyade. Sai dai daga baya, wasu ƙarin binciken kimiyya sun ƙalubalanci wannan ikirarin da Diana ta yi.<ref name="Pornography, public acceptance and sex related crime: A review">{{Cite journal |last=Diamond |first=Milton |date=September–October 2009 |title=Pornography, public acceptance and sex related crime: A review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160252709000715 |journal=[[International Journal of Law and Psychiatry]] |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=304–314 |doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.06.004 |pmid=19665229 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112005705/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160252709000715 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=31 March 2026}}</ref> == Shirya Kotun Kasa da Kasa ta Farko kan Laifukan Mata == Russell ya yi wa wasu 'yan mata kwarin gwiwa na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma daga ƙarshe ya ci nasara wajen shirya Kotun Kasa da Kasa ta farko kan laifukan da aka yi wa mata a Brussels, Belgium, a shekarar 1976. Taron wanda ya dauki kwanaki hudu, inda mata daga kasashe daban-daban suka ba da shaida ga abubuwan da suka faru na nau'o'in tashin hankali da zalunci saboda jinsi, mata 2,000 ne suka halarta daga kasashe 40. A rana ta biyu ya rushe cikin bala'i, yayin da "masu gwagwarmaya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ke mamaye mataki daya bayan daya a cikin wani kyauta-don-faɗuwa". Simone de Beauvoir a cikin jawabinsa na gabatarwa ga Kotun ya ce: "Ina gaishe da Kotun Kasa da Kasa a matsayin farkon kawar da mulkin mallaka na mata. "Daga baya, 'yar jarida da' yar jarida ta Belgium Nicole Van de Ven ta rubuta tare da Diana taron a cikin littafi, Crimes Against Women: The Proceedings of the International Tribunal (1976). == Sake bayyanawa da siyasa "kisan mata" == A shekara ta 1976 Russell ya sake bayyana 'Kisan mata', a matsayin "kisan mata da maza suka yi saboda su mata ne".A Kotun Kasa da Kasa kan Laifukan Mata, ta ba da shaida ga misalai da yawa na nau'ikan tashin hankali na maza akan mata da 'yan mata daga al'adu daban-daban a duniya. Manufar Russell ita ce ta siyasa da kalmar, da kuma jawo hankali ga misogyny da ke haifar da waɗannan laifuka masu kisa ga mata, wanda ta ce kalmomin da ba su da alaƙa da jinsi kamar kisan kai ba sa yi. Russell wanda ya yi mamakin rashin amsawar kungiyoyin mata a Amurka game da amfani da kalmar 'kisan mata' ya ci gaba da ba da shawarar amfani da 'kisan mace' ga kungiyoyin mata da ke Amurka da kuma duniya baki daya. Ta bayyana cewa don magance wadannan manyan laifuka a kan mata, ya zama dole a gane cewa kamar [[Laifin kiyayya|Laifukan ƙiyayya]] na launin fata, "Kisan mata [kuma] laifukan wariyar launin fata ne", kuma cewa mafi yawan kashe mata da maza suka yi "mafi girman bayyanar mamayar maza da jima'i". A shekara ta 1993, Russell ta fara wata kungiya da ake kira Women United Against Incest, wacce ke tallafawa wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin dangi tare da taimakon shari'a a kan masu aikata su. Hakazalika, ta kirkiro shirin talabijin na farko a Afirka ta Kudu inda wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin dangi ke magana da kansu game da abubuwan da suka faru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Political Actions |url=http://www.dianarussell.com/political_actions.html |access-date=7 April 2017 |website=www.dianarussell.com}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin mata a kasashe da yawa a Latin Amurka, kamar a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Chile]], da [[Salvador|El Salvador]] da sauransu, sun karɓi amfani da 'Kisan Mata' na siyasa na Russell kuma sun sami nasarar amfani da shi a cikin zamantakewa, siyasa da doka don magance mummunan tashin hankali ga mata a ƙasashensu. A shekara ta 1992, ta hada kai da wani littafi mai suna, Femicide: The Politics of Woman Killing . == Sauran == A shekara ta 1977, Russell ya zama abokin tarayya na Cibiyar Mata don 'Yancin Labarai (WIFP). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Associates {{!}}&nbsp; The Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press |url=http://www.wifp.org/who-we-are/associates/ |access-date=21 June 2017 |website=www.wifp.org |language=en-US}}</ref> WIFP kungiya ce mai wallafa littattafai ta Amurka. Kungiyar tana aiki don kara sadarwa tsakanin mata da kuma haɗa jama'a da nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai na mata. == Ayyuka == === Littattafai === *   *   * Ayyukan taron.  * {{Cite book|last2=Susan Leigh Star}} *   *   *   *   *   * [http://www.dianarussell.com/f/femicde%28small%29.pdf Rufin gaba.]  *   *   *   *   *   *   == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.dianarussell.com Shafin farko] * [http://www.gendertalk.com/real/251/gt264.shtml Diana Russell] a gidan rediyo na yanar gizo, 26 Yuni 2000 [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b31oh6gm3w8kmdqjxgo867f9ey8zw0n 0 178461 964228 2026-10-07T09:26:31Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378615615|Shadhili]]" 964228 wikitext text/x-wiki Shadhali ko Shazali ( Arabic ) tsarin tariqah ne ko Sufi . An kafa tsarin Shadhili ne [1] ta hannun Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili a ƙarni na 13 [2] kuma miliyoyin mutane a faɗin duniya suna bin sa. Ana kiran mabiya da yawa ( murids na Larabci, "masu neman") na Daular Shadhili da Shadhilis, kuma ana kiran wani mai bi ɗaya da Shadhili. Tarihi ya nuna muhimmancinsa da kuma tasirinsa a Maghreb da [[Misra|Masar,]] tare da gudummawar da ya bayar ga adabin Musulunci . Daga cikin mutanen da aka fi sani da gudummawar adabi da ilimi akwai ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari, marubucin ''Hikam'', da Ahmad Zarruq, marubucin sharhi da ayyuka da dama, da kuma Ahmad ibn Ajiba wanda shi ma ya rubuta sharhi da ayyuka da dama. A cikin waƙoƙin da ke nuna ƙaunar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], an sami gudummawar da Muhammad al-Jazuli, marubucin ''[[Dala'il al-Khayrat]]'', da [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]], marubucin waƙar nan mai suna ''[[Al-Burda]]'' ko "Hasken Sama a Yabon Mafi Kyawun Halitta". Yawancin manyan malamai na [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar|Jami'ar al-Azhar]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]] suma mabiya wannan tariqa ne. Daga cikin rassa daban-daban na Shadhili akwai Fassiyatush na Imam Fassi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2018 |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya Tariqa &#124; Madurai -Tamil Nadu-India |url=http://www.shazuli.com/}}</ref> da aka samu galibi a [[Indiya]], [[Sri Lanka]], da [[Pakistan]] . Darqawiyya ta Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi galibi ana samunta ne a Maroko, kuma Alawi-Darqawiyya ta [[Ahmad al-Alawi]], wacce ta samo asali daga [[Aljeriya]], yanzu ana samunta a ko'ina cikin duniya, musamman a Siriya, Jordan, Faransa, da kuma tsakanin al'ummomin da ke magana da Turanci da yawa. Wani masanin Birtaniya mai suna Martin Lings ya rubuta wani dogon tarihin rayuwar Ahmad al-Alawi mai suna ''Waliyin Musulmi na ƙarni na Ashirin'' . Ana gudanar da bikin tunawa da al-Shadhili a ranar 12 ga watan Shawwal (wata na goma na kalandar wata) a Humaithara da ke Masar. == Reshe == Shadiliyya tana da rassa da yawa a fadin duniya. An lissafa wasu fitattun rassan a ƙasa. === Fasiyya === Imam Fassi, ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda aka haifa a [[Makkah|Makka]], ne ya kafa Fassiyatush. <ref name="fassiyatush_shadhiliyya_website">{{Cite web |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya &#124; tariqathush Shazuliya &#124; Tariqa Shazuliya &#124; Sufi Path &#124; Sufism &#124; Zikrs &#124; Avradhs &#124; Daily Wirdh &#124; Thareeqush shukr &#124;Kaleefa's of the tariqa &#124; Sheikh Fassy &#124; Ya Fassy &#124; Sijl &#124; Humaisara &#124; Muridheens &#124; Prostitute Entering Paradise |url=http://www.shazuli.com |access-date=2015-02-26 |publisher=shazuli.com}}</ref> Fassiyatush Shadhiliyya ana yinsa sosai a Indiya, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, [[Moris|Mauritius]] da Indonesia. Zuriyar al-Fassi, waɗanda su ne shehunan Fassiyatush kuma suna zaune a Makka da [[Jeddah]], suna ziyartar waɗannan ƙasashe akai-akai. An zaɓi shugaban ƙasa da ƙasa na Fassiyatash daga cikin magada al-Fassi, kuma Shaykh Mahdhi ibn Abdallah al-Fassi shine shugaban yanzu. === Darqawiyya === [[File:Humaithara_on_urus.jpg|right|thumb|152x152px| Dargah mai tsarki na Imam Shadhili, Humaithara, Masar]] Darqawiyya, reshen Moroko na tsarin Shadhili, Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi ne ya kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 18. Shadhili Titus Burckhardt ne ya fassara zaɓɓuka daga haruffan al-Darqawi, kuma kwanan nan ta wata ƙwararriya [[Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Fons Vitae books - Letters of a Sufi Master - Shaykh ad-Darqawi (trans. Titus Burckhardt) ( Darqawi, darqawa, al arabi al darqawi, addarqawi) |url=http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426043450/http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |archive-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2006 |title=Darqawi. |url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060126142612/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |archive-date=January 26, 2006}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin tariqas na farko da aka kafa a Yamma shine reshen Alawiyya na Darqawiyya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2006 |title=Tasawuf.ws :: Shaikh Ahmed Al-Alawi - The Spiritual Path in Islam - |url=http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617055106/http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |archive-date=June 17, 2006}}</ref> wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Ahmad al-Alawi, wanda aka fi sani da "Shaykh al-Alawi". === Attasiyah === Umurnin Attasiyah reshe ne na Daular Alawi, wanda Umar bin Abdur Rahman bin Aqil al-Attas ya kafa. Tana da cibiya a [[Yemen]] amma kuma tana da cibiyoyi a Pakistan, Indiya, da [[Myanmar]] . Kwanan nan masanin ilimin ɗan adam David Buchman ya yi nazari kan tsarin 'Alawiya' a Yemen. A cikin kasidarsa mai suna "Abokan Allah na Karkashin Kasa da Maƙiyansu: Nazarin Shari'a da Binciken Sufanci a Yemen ta Zamani", Farfesa Buchman ya taƙaita sakamakon aikin da ya yi na watanni shida a Yemen. An fara buga labarin a cikin mujallar ''Yemen Update'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2006 |title=sufi.html |url=http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104101211/http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |archive-date=January 4, 2006}}</ref> === Darqawi Hashimiya === Reshen Darqawi-Alawi na Shadili Tariqa ya kafa kansa a Damascus da Levant ta hannun Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani, dan wani kadi dan kasar Aljeriya, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Damascus tare da jagoransa Ibn Yallis. Bayan rasuwar Ibn Yallis, Sheikh Ahmad al-'Alawi ya ba Hashimi izinin zama mataimakinsa a farkon shekarun 1920, kuma aka naɗa shi mataimakinsa a Damascus. Shahararren jagoran ruhaniya mai rai na wannan reshe na tariqa na Shadhili shine Sheikh [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]], wani malami ɗan Amurka, marubuci, kuma mai fassara, wanda ke zaune a [[Amman]], Jordan, da Sheikh Abd al-Aziz al-Khateeb daga Damascus. Dukansu Sheikh Abd al Rahman Al Shaghouri ne ya ba su izinin yin karatun, wanda shi kansa ɗalibi ne na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani. Sheikh Muhammad Said al-Jamal ar-Rifa'i, wani ɗalibi na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani wanda ya rasu a shekarar 2015, ya yi aiki a Haram al-Sharif a Kudus kuma mufti ne na Hanbali Madhab. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa kan Sufanci, [[Tafsiri]], da warkarwa, kuma ɗalibansa sun kafa Jami'ar Warkarwa ta Ruhaniya da Sufanci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome · University of Spiritual Healing and Sufism |url=https://sufiuniversity.org/ |website=sufiuniversity.org}}</ref>  wanda yanzu aka sani da Jami'ar Sufism. === Badawiyya === Badawiyya wani reshe ne na Shadhilia, wanda ke da ƙungiyoyi a Masar, Indonesia, Turkiyya, da Amurka, wanda Ibrahim al-Badawi ya kafa, farfesa a al-Azhar na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ya kasance wani babban malami na Sheikh Abdu-l-Halim Mahmud, Shaikh al-Azhar, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai wajen farfaɗo da Sufanci a Masar. Dalibin Sheikh Ibrahim, Nooruddeen Durkee, ya kafa tsarin Badawiyya a Amurka. Nooruddeen Durkee ya fassara kuma ya fassara Alƙur'ani kuma ya tattara littattafai guda biyu masu inganci kan Shadhali, ciki har da ''Makarantar Shadhdhuliyyah, Juzu'i na Ɗaya: Orisons'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2009 |title=Bismillahi-r-Rahmani-r-Rahim : Green Mountain School : Tasawwuf |url=http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194826/http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> === Maryamiyya === An kafa odar Maryamiyya daga masanin metaphysician Swiss-Jamus Frithjof Schuon, marubucin ''The Transcendent Unity of Religions'', a tsakanin sauran litattafai masu tasiri, a matsayin fitowar tsarin [[Ahmad al-Alawi|Alawiyya]] . A shekarar 1936, Schuon da almajiransa sun fahimci cewa an saka shi a matsayin shehi mai zaman kansa. A shekarar 1965, ya fara ganin Maryamu (kamar yadda aka san Budurwa Maryamu a Musulunci), wacce aka sanya wa Order suna bayanta. An kafa ƙungiyar Maryamiyya ne galibi a kan falsafar Perennial da Neoplatonism, kuma makarantar Advaita Vedanta da Guénon ta yi tasiri sosai. == Tasiri == === Akan Kiristanci === Miguel Asín Palacios ya ba da shawarar cewa tsarin Shadhili ya haɗa cikakkun bayanai tsakanin koyarwar ibn Abbad al-Rundi da John of the Cross, kamar yadda yake a cikin labarin Duhu Night of the Soul .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2012}} A gefe guda kuma, José Nieto ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan koyaswar sihiri gabaɗaya ne, kuma yayin da kamanceceniya ke tsakanin ayyukan John, ibn Abbad da sauran Shadhilis, waɗannan suna nuna ci gaba mai zaman kansa, ba tasiri ba. == Sarkar Ruhaniya == Dole ne kowace tariqa ta kasance tana da tsarin watsawa da izini kafin a amince da ita a matsayin ingantacciya. Yawancin sarƙoƙi sun fara ne daga [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] kuma suna zuwa a matsayin reshe biyu ɗaya ta hanyar ɗansa [[Alhasan ɗan Ali|Hasan ibn Ali]] da ɗayan kuma ta hanyar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husain ibn Ali]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=Spiritual Genealogy |url=http://www.shazuli.com/spiritual-genealogy/ |access-date=2019-11-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.untotheone.com ''Shadhili Tariqa''], Bayani kan tariqan Sh. Nuhu Keller. * [http://www.shazuli.com/ reshen Fassiya] * [http://www.sufimaster.org Muhammad al-Jamal] * Reshen [http://www.tasawuf.info/en/ Shadhili Darqawi 'Alawi] * [http://www.greenmountainschool.org/ Makarantar Shadhdhhuli don natsuwar zama da hasken zukata] reshen Green Mountain, wanda ke Charlottesville, Virginia * [http://bewley.virtualave.net/habib.html Tarihin Muhammad ibn al Habib] Archived na reshen Darqawi * [http://burhaniya.info/ Tariqa Burhaniya as Shadhiliya] Archived * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060815083316/http://www.fonsvitae.com/shadhili.html Wadanda Suka Kafa Daular Shadhili] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080104062839/http://www.taybah.fr/ Ƙungiyar Nasheed da ke Avignon, Faransa.] * [http://www.baalawi.com Ba`alawi.com] Ba'alawi.com | Tabbatacciyar Hanya Ga Musulunci Da Zuriyar Alawiyya. * [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Sashen Shahdili na gidan yanar gizon Dr. Godlas' Sufanci.] [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Yana tattauna rassan Shadhili daban-daban.] * [https://sirajuddin.com.au/the-relevance-and-the-beauty-of-the-teaching-of-shaykh-ibn-ata-allah/ ''Muhimmanci da Kyawun Koyarwar Shaikh Ibnu 'Ata' Allah''] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9zb279ibneqb47co5ojck0sru6s1nud 964229 964228 2026-10-07T09:26:59Z Gwanki 3834 964229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Shadhali ko Shazali ( Arabic ) tsarin tariqah ne ko Sufi . An kafa tsarin Shadhili ne [1] ta hannun Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili a ƙarni na 13 [2] kuma miliyoyin mutane a faɗin duniya suna bin sa. Ana kiran mabiya da yawa ( murids na Larabci, "masu neman") na Daular Shadhili da Shadhilis, kuma ana kiran wani mai bi ɗaya da Shadhili. Tarihi ya nuna muhimmancinsa da kuma tasirinsa a Maghreb da [[Misra|Masar,]] tare da gudummawar da ya bayar ga adabin Musulunci . Daga cikin mutanen da aka fi sani da gudummawar adabi da ilimi akwai ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari, marubucin ''Hikam'', da Ahmad Zarruq, marubucin sharhi da ayyuka da dama, da kuma Ahmad ibn Ajiba wanda shi ma ya rubuta sharhi da ayyuka da dama. A cikin waƙoƙin da ke nuna ƙaunar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], an sami gudummawar da Muhammad al-Jazuli, marubucin ''[[Dala'il al-Khayrat]]'', da [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]], marubucin waƙar nan mai suna ''[[Al-Burda]]'' ko "Hasken Sama a Yabon Mafi Kyawun Halitta". Yawancin manyan malamai na [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar|Jami'ar al-Azhar]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]] suma mabiya wannan tariqa ne. Daga cikin rassa daban-daban na Shadhili akwai Fassiyatush na Imam Fassi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2018 |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya Tariqa &#124; Madurai -Tamil Nadu-India |url=http://www.shazuli.com/}}</ref> da aka samu galibi a [[Indiya]], [[Sri Lanka]], da [[Pakistan]] . Darqawiyya ta Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi galibi ana samunta ne a Maroko, kuma Alawi-Darqawiyya ta [[Ahmad al-Alawi]], wacce ta samo asali daga [[Aljeriya]], yanzu ana samunta a ko'ina cikin duniya, musamman a Siriya, Jordan, Faransa, da kuma tsakanin al'ummomin da ke magana da Turanci da yawa. Wani masanin Birtaniya mai suna Martin Lings ya rubuta wani dogon tarihin rayuwar Ahmad al-Alawi mai suna ''Waliyin Musulmi na ƙarni na Ashirin'' . Ana gudanar da bikin tunawa da al-Shadhili a ranar 12 ga watan Shawwal (wata na goma na kalandar wata) a Humaithara da ke Masar. == Reshe == Shadiliyya tana da rassa da yawa a fadin duniya. An lissafa wasu fitattun rassan a ƙasa. === Fasiyya === Imam Fassi, ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda aka haifa a [[Makkah|Makka]], ne ya kafa Fassiyatush. <ref name="fassiyatush_shadhiliyya_website">{{Cite web |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya &#124; tariqathush Shazuliya &#124; Tariqa Shazuliya &#124; Sufi Path &#124; Sufism &#124; Zikrs &#124; Avradhs &#124; Daily Wirdh &#124; Thareeqush shukr &#124;Kaleefa's of the tariqa &#124; Sheikh Fassy &#124; Ya Fassy &#124; Sijl &#124; Humaisara &#124; Muridheens &#124; Prostitute Entering Paradise |url=http://www.shazuli.com |access-date=2015-02-26 |publisher=shazuli.com}}</ref> Fassiyatush Shadhiliyya ana yinsa sosai a Indiya, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, [[Moris|Mauritius]] da Indonesia. Zuriyar al-Fassi, waɗanda su ne shehunan Fassiyatush kuma suna zaune a Makka da [[Jeddah]], suna ziyartar waɗannan ƙasashe akai-akai. An zaɓi shugaban ƙasa da ƙasa na Fassiyatash daga cikin magada al-Fassi, kuma Shaykh Mahdhi ibn Abdallah al-Fassi shine shugaban yanzu. === Darqawiyya === [[File:Humaithara_on_urus.jpg|right|thumb|152x152px| Dargah mai tsarki na Imam Shadhili, Humaithara, Masar]] Darqawiyya, reshen Moroko na tsarin Shadhili, Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi ne ya kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 18. Shadhili Titus Burckhardt ne ya fassara zaɓɓuka daga haruffan al-Darqawi, kuma kwanan nan ta wata ƙwararriya [[Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Fons Vitae books - Letters of a Sufi Master - Shaykh ad-Darqawi (trans. Titus Burckhardt) ( Darqawi, darqawa, al arabi al darqawi, addarqawi) |url=http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426043450/http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |archive-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2006 |title=Darqawi. |url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060126142612/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |archive-date=January 26, 2006}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin tariqas na farko da aka kafa a Yamma shine reshen Alawiyya na Darqawiyya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2006 |title=Tasawuf.ws :: Shaikh Ahmed Al-Alawi - The Spiritual Path in Islam - |url=http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617055106/http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |archive-date=June 17, 2006}}</ref> wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Ahmad al-Alawi, wanda aka fi sani da "Shaykh al-Alawi". === Attasiyah === Umurnin Attasiyah reshe ne na Daular Alawi, wanda Umar bin Abdur Rahman bin Aqil al-Attas ya kafa. Tana da cibiya a [[Yemen]] amma kuma tana da cibiyoyi a Pakistan, Indiya, da [[Myanmar]] . Kwanan nan masanin ilimin ɗan adam David Buchman ya yi nazari kan tsarin 'Alawiya' a Yemen. A cikin kasidarsa mai suna "Abokan Allah na Karkashin Kasa da Maƙiyansu: Nazarin Shari'a da Binciken Sufanci a Yemen ta Zamani", Farfesa Buchman ya taƙaita sakamakon aikin da ya yi na watanni shida a Yemen. An fara buga labarin a cikin mujallar ''Yemen Update'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2006 |title=sufi.html |url=http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104101211/http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |archive-date=January 4, 2006}}</ref> === Darqawi Hashimiya === Reshen Darqawi-Alawi na Shadili Tariqa ya kafa kansa a Damascus da Levant ta hannun Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani, dan wani kadi dan kasar Aljeriya, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Damascus tare da jagoransa Ibn Yallis. Bayan rasuwar Ibn Yallis, Sheikh Ahmad al-'Alawi ya ba Hashimi izinin zama mataimakinsa a farkon shekarun 1920, kuma aka naɗa shi mataimakinsa a Damascus. Shahararren jagoran ruhaniya mai rai na wannan reshe na tariqa na Shadhili shine Sheikh [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]], wani malami ɗan Amurka, marubuci, kuma mai fassara, wanda ke zaune a [[Amman]], Jordan, da Sheikh Abd al-Aziz al-Khateeb daga Damascus. Dukansu Sheikh Abd al Rahman Al Shaghouri ne ya ba su izinin yin karatun, wanda shi kansa ɗalibi ne na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani. Sheikh Muhammad Said al-Jamal ar-Rifa'i, wani ɗalibi na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani wanda ya rasu a shekarar 2015, ya yi aiki a Haram al-Sharif a Kudus kuma mufti ne na Hanbali Madhab. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa kan Sufanci, [[Tafsiri]], da warkarwa, kuma ɗalibansa sun kafa Jami'ar Warkarwa ta Ruhaniya da Sufanci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome · University of Spiritual Healing and Sufism |url=https://sufiuniversity.org/ |website=sufiuniversity.org}}</ref>  wanda yanzu aka sani da Jami'ar Sufism. === Badawiyya === Badawiyya wani reshe ne na Shadhilia, wanda ke da ƙungiyoyi a Masar, Indonesia, Turkiyya, da Amurka, wanda Ibrahim al-Badawi ya kafa, farfesa a al-Azhar na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ya kasance wani babban malami na Sheikh Abdu-l-Halim Mahmud, Shaikh al-Azhar, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai wajen farfaɗo da Sufanci a Masar. Dalibin Sheikh Ibrahim, Nooruddeen Durkee, ya kafa tsarin Badawiyya a Amurka. Nooruddeen Durkee ya fassara kuma ya fassara Alƙur'ani kuma ya tattara littattafai guda biyu masu inganci kan Shadhali, ciki har da ''Makarantar Shadhdhuliyyah, Juzu'i na Ɗaya: Orisons'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2009 |title=Bismillahi-r-Rahmani-r-Rahim : Green Mountain School : Tasawwuf |url=http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194826/http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> === Maryamiyya === An kafa odar Maryamiyya daga masanin metaphysician Swiss-Jamus Frithjof Schuon, marubucin ''The Transcendent Unity of Religions'', a tsakanin sauran litattafai masu tasiri, a matsayin fitowar tsarin [[Ahmad al-Alawi|Alawiyya]] . A shekarar 1936, Schuon da almajiransa sun fahimci cewa an saka shi a matsayin shehi mai zaman kansa. A shekarar 1965, ya fara ganin Maryamu (kamar yadda aka san Budurwa Maryamu a Musulunci), wacce aka sanya wa Order suna bayanta. An kafa ƙungiyar Maryamiyya ne galibi a kan falsafar Perennial da Neoplatonism, kuma makarantar Advaita Vedanta da Guénon ta yi tasiri sosai. == Tasiri == === Akan Kiristanci === Miguel Asín Palacios ya ba da shawarar cewa tsarin Shadhili ya haɗa cikakkun bayanai tsakanin koyarwar ibn Abbad al-Rundi da John of the Cross, kamar yadda yake a cikin labarin Duhu Night of the Soul .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2012}} A gefe guda kuma, José Nieto ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan koyaswar sihiri gabaɗaya ne, kuma yayin da kamanceceniya ke tsakanin ayyukan John, ibn Abbad da sauran Shadhilis, waɗannan suna nuna ci gaba mai zaman kansa, ba tasiri ba. == Sarkar Ruhaniya == Dole ne kowace tariqa ta kasance tana da tsarin watsawa da izini kafin a amince da ita a matsayin ingantacciya. Yawancin sarƙoƙi sun fara ne daga [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] kuma suna zuwa a matsayin reshe biyu ɗaya ta hanyar ɗansa [[Alhasan ɗan Ali|Hasan ibn Ali]] da ɗayan kuma ta hanyar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husain ibn Ali]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=Spiritual Genealogy |url=http://www.shazuli.com/spiritual-genealogy/ |access-date=2019-11-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.untotheone.com ''Shadhili Tariqa''], Bayani kan tariqan Sh. Nuhu Keller. * [http://www.shazuli.com/ reshen Fassiya] * [http://www.sufimaster.org Muhammad al-Jamal] * Reshen [http://www.tasawuf.info/en/ Shadhili Darqawi 'Alawi] * [http://www.greenmountainschool.org/ Makarantar Shadhdhhuli don natsuwar zama da hasken zukata] reshen Green Mountain, wanda ke Charlottesville, Virginia * [http://bewley.virtualave.net/habib.html Tarihin Muhammad ibn al Habib] Archived na reshen Darqawi * [http://burhaniya.info/ Tariqa Burhaniya as Shadhiliya] Archived * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060815083316/http://www.fonsvitae.com/shadhili.html Wadanda Suka Kafa Daular Shadhili] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080104062839/http://www.taybah.fr/ Ƙungiyar Nasheed da ke Avignon, Faransa.] * [http://www.baalawi.com Ba`alawi.com] Ba'alawi.com | Tabbatacciyar Hanya Ga Musulunci Da Zuriyar Alawiyya. * [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Sashen Shahdili na gidan yanar gizon Dr. Godlas' Sufanci.] [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Yana tattauna rassan Shadhili daban-daban.] * [https://sirajuddin.com.au/the-relevance-and-the-beauty-of-the-teaching-of-shaykh-ibn-ata-allah/ ''Muhimmanci da Kyawun Koyarwar Shaikh Ibnu 'Ata' Allah''] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8hjfy1v8lc1qojwntv2h2k3s19tbnnj 964230 964229 2026-10-07T09:28:20Z Gwanki 3834 964230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shadhali''' ko '''Shazali''' ko '''Shazaliyya''' (Larabci;:) tsarin tariqah ne ko Sufi . An kafa tsarin Shadhili ne ta hannun Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili a ƙarni na 13 kuma miliyoyin mutane a faɗin duniya suna bin sa. Ana kiran mabiya da yawa ( murids na Larabci, "masu neman") na Daular Shadhili da Shadhilis, kuma ana kiran wani mai bi ɗaya da Shadhili. Tarihi ya nuna muhimmancinsa da kuma tasirinsa a Maghreb da [[Misra|Masar,]] tare da gudummawar da ya bayar ga adabin Musulunci . Daga cikin mutanen da aka fi sani da gudummawar adabi da ilimi akwai ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari, marubucin ''Hikam'', da Ahmad Zarruq, marubucin sharhi da ayyuka da dama, da kuma Ahmad ibn Ajiba wanda shi ma ya rubuta sharhi da ayyuka da dama. A cikin waƙoƙin da ke nuna ƙaunar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], an sami gudummawar da Muhammad al-Jazuli, marubucin ''[[Dala'il al-Khayrat]]'', da [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]], marubucin waƙar nan mai suna ''[[Al-Burda]]'' ko "Hasken Sama a Yabon Mafi Kyawun Halitta". Yawancin manyan malamai na [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar|Jami'ar al-Azhar]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]] suma mabiya wannan tariqa ne. Daga cikin rassa daban-daban na Shadhili akwai Fassiyatush na Imam Fassi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2018 |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya Tariqa &#124; Madurai -Tamil Nadu-India |url=http://www.shazuli.com/}}</ref> da aka samu galibi a [[Indiya]], [[Sri Lanka]], da [[Pakistan]] . Darqawiyya ta Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi galibi ana samunta ne a Maroko, kuma Alawi-Darqawiyya ta [[Ahmad al-Alawi]], wacce ta samo asali daga [[Aljeriya]], yanzu ana samunta a ko'ina cikin duniya, musamman a Siriya, Jordan, Faransa, da kuma tsakanin al'ummomin da ke magana da Turanci da yawa. Wani masanin Birtaniya mai suna Martin Lings ya rubuta wani dogon tarihin rayuwar Ahmad al-Alawi mai suna ''Waliyin Musulmi na ƙarni na Ashirin'' . Ana gudanar da bikin tunawa da al-Shadhili a ranar 12 ga watan Shawwal (wata na goma na kalandar wata) a Humaithara da ke Masar. == Reshe == Shadiliyya tana da rassa da yawa a fadin duniya. An lissafa wasu fitattun rassan a ƙasa. === Fasiyya === Imam Fassi, ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda aka haifa a [[Makkah|Makka]], ne ya kafa Fassiyatush. <ref name="fassiyatush_shadhiliyya_website">{{Cite web |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya &#124; tariqathush Shazuliya &#124; Tariqa Shazuliya &#124; Sufi Path &#124; Sufism &#124; Zikrs &#124; Avradhs &#124; Daily Wirdh &#124; Thareeqush shukr &#124;Kaleefa's of the tariqa &#124; Sheikh Fassy &#124; Ya Fassy &#124; Sijl &#124; Humaisara &#124; Muridheens &#124; Prostitute Entering Paradise |url=http://www.shazuli.com |access-date=2015-02-26 |publisher=shazuli.com}}</ref> Fassiyatush Shadhiliyya ana yinsa sosai a Indiya, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, [[Moris|Mauritius]] da Indonesia. Zuriyar al-Fassi, waɗanda su ne shehunan Fassiyatush kuma suna zaune a Makka da [[Jeddah]], suna ziyartar waɗannan ƙasashe akai-akai. An zaɓi shugaban ƙasa da ƙasa na Fassiyatash daga cikin magada al-Fassi, kuma Shaykh Mahdhi ibn Abdallah al-Fassi shine shugaban yanzu. === Darqawiyya === [[File:Humaithara_on_urus.jpg|right|thumb|152x152px| Dargah mai tsarki na Imam Shadhili, Humaithara, Masar]] Darqawiyya, reshen Moroko na tsarin Shadhili, Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi ne ya kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 18. Shadhili Titus Burckhardt ne ya fassara zaɓɓuka daga haruffan al-Darqawi, kuma kwanan nan ta wata ƙwararriya [[Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Fons Vitae books - Letters of a Sufi Master - Shaykh ad-Darqawi (trans. Titus Burckhardt) ( Darqawi, darqawa, al arabi al darqawi, addarqawi) |url=http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426043450/http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |archive-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2006 |title=Darqawi. |url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060126142612/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |archive-date=January 26, 2006}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin tariqas na farko da aka kafa a Yamma shine reshen Alawiyya na Darqawiyya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2006 |title=Tasawuf.ws :: Shaikh Ahmed Al-Alawi - The Spiritual Path in Islam - |url=http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617055106/http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |archive-date=June 17, 2006}}</ref> wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Ahmad al-Alawi, wanda aka fi sani da "Shaykh al-Alawi". === Attasiyah === Umurnin Attasiyah reshe ne na Daular Alawi, wanda Umar bin Abdur Rahman bin Aqil al-Attas ya kafa. Tana da cibiya a [[Yemen]] amma kuma tana da cibiyoyi a Pakistan, Indiya, da [[Myanmar]] . Kwanan nan masanin ilimin ɗan adam David Buchman ya yi nazari kan tsarin 'Alawiya' a Yemen. A cikin kasidarsa mai suna "Abokan Allah na Karkashin Kasa da Maƙiyansu: Nazarin Shari'a da Binciken Sufanci a Yemen ta Zamani", Farfesa Buchman ya taƙaita sakamakon aikin da ya yi na watanni shida a Yemen. An fara buga labarin a cikin mujallar ''Yemen Update'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2006 |title=sufi.html |url=http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104101211/http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |archive-date=January 4, 2006}}</ref> === Darqawi Hashimiya === Reshen Darqawi-Alawi na Shadili Tariqa ya kafa kansa a Damascus da Levant ta hannun Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani, dan wani kadi dan kasar Aljeriya, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Damascus tare da jagoransa Ibn Yallis. Bayan rasuwar Ibn Yallis, Sheikh Ahmad al-'Alawi ya ba Hashimi izinin zama mataimakinsa a farkon shekarun 1920, kuma aka naɗa shi mataimakinsa a Damascus. Shahararren jagoran ruhaniya mai rai na wannan reshe na tariqa na Shadhili shine Sheikh [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]], wani malami ɗan Amurka, marubuci, kuma mai fassara, wanda ke zaune a [[Amman]], Jordan, da Sheikh Abd al-Aziz al-Khateeb daga Damascus. Dukansu Sheikh Abd al Rahman Al Shaghouri ne ya ba su izinin yin karatun, wanda shi kansa ɗalibi ne na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani. Sheikh Muhammad Said al-Jamal ar-Rifa'i, wani ɗalibi na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani wanda ya rasu a shekarar 2015, ya yi aiki a Haram al-Sharif a Kudus kuma mufti ne na Hanbali Madhab. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa kan Sufanci, [[Tafsiri]], da warkarwa, kuma ɗalibansa sun kafa Jami'ar Warkarwa ta Ruhaniya da Sufanci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome · University of Spiritual Healing and Sufism |url=https://sufiuniversity.org/ |website=sufiuniversity.org}}</ref>  wanda yanzu aka sani da Jami'ar Sufism. === Badawiyya === Badawiyya wani reshe ne na Shadhilia, wanda ke da ƙungiyoyi a Masar, Indonesia, Turkiyya, da Amurka, wanda Ibrahim al-Badawi ya kafa, farfesa a al-Azhar na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ya kasance wani babban malami na Sheikh Abdu-l-Halim Mahmud, Shaikh al-Azhar, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai wajen farfaɗo da Sufanci a Masar. Dalibin Sheikh Ibrahim, Nooruddeen Durkee, ya kafa tsarin Badawiyya a Amurka. Nooruddeen Durkee ya fassara kuma ya fassara Alƙur'ani kuma ya tattara littattafai guda biyu masu inganci kan Shadhali, ciki har da ''Makarantar Shadhdhuliyyah, Juzu'i na Ɗaya: Orisons'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2009 |title=Bismillahi-r-Rahmani-r-Rahim : Green Mountain School : Tasawwuf |url=http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194826/http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> === Maryamiyya === An kafa odar Maryamiyya daga masanin metaphysician Swiss-Jamus Frithjof Schuon, marubucin ''The Transcendent Unity of Religions'', a tsakanin sauran litattafai masu tasiri, a matsayin fitowar tsarin [[Ahmad al-Alawi|Alawiyya]] . A shekarar 1936, Schuon da almajiransa sun fahimci cewa an saka shi a matsayin shehi mai zaman kansa. A shekarar 1965, ya fara ganin Maryamu (kamar yadda aka san Budurwa Maryamu a Musulunci), wacce aka sanya wa Order suna bayanta. An kafa ƙungiyar Maryamiyya ne galibi a kan falsafar Perennial da Neoplatonism, kuma makarantar Advaita Vedanta da Guénon ta yi tasiri sosai. == Tasiri == === Akan Kiristanci === Miguel Asín Palacios ya ba da shawarar cewa tsarin Shadhili ya haɗa cikakkun bayanai tsakanin koyarwar ibn Abbad al-Rundi da John of the Cross, kamar yadda yake a cikin labarin Duhu Night of the Soul .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2012}} A gefe guda kuma, José Nieto ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan koyaswar sihiri gabaɗaya ne, kuma yayin da kamanceceniya ke tsakanin ayyukan John, ibn Abbad da sauran Shadhilis, waɗannan suna nuna ci gaba mai zaman kansa, ba tasiri ba. == Sarkar Ruhaniya == Dole ne kowace tariqa ta kasance tana da tsarin watsawa da izini kafin a amince da ita a matsayin ingantacciya. Yawancin sarƙoƙi sun fara ne daga [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] kuma suna zuwa a matsayin reshe biyu ɗaya ta hanyar ɗansa [[Alhasan ɗan Ali|Hasan ibn Ali]] da ɗayan kuma ta hanyar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husain ibn Ali]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=Spiritual Genealogy |url=http://www.shazuli.com/spiritual-genealogy/ |access-date=2019-11-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.untotheone.com ''Shadhili Tariqa''], Bayani kan tariqan Sh. Nuhu Keller. * [http://www.shazuli.com/ reshen Fassiya] * [http://www.sufimaster.org Muhammad al-Jamal] * Reshen [http://www.tasawuf.info/en/ Shadhili Darqawi 'Alawi] * [http://www.greenmountainschool.org/ Makarantar Shadhdhhuli don natsuwar zama da hasken zukata] reshen Green Mountain, wanda ke Charlottesville, Virginia * [http://bewley.virtualave.net/habib.html Tarihin Muhammad ibn al Habib] Archived na reshen Darqawi * [http://burhaniya.info/ Tariqa Burhaniya as Shadhiliya] Archived * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060815083316/http://www.fonsvitae.com/shadhili.html Wadanda Suka Kafa Daular Shadhili] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080104062839/http://www.taybah.fr/ Ƙungiyar Nasheed da ke Avignon, Faransa.] * [http://www.baalawi.com Ba`alawi.com] Ba'alawi.com | Tabbatacciyar Hanya Ga Musulunci Da Zuriyar Alawiyya. * [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Sashen Shahdili na gidan yanar gizon Dr. Godlas' Sufanci.] [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Yana tattauna rassan Shadhili daban-daban.] * [https://sirajuddin.com.au/the-relevance-and-the-beauty-of-the-teaching-of-shaykh-ibn-ata-allah/ ''Muhimmanci da Kyawun Koyarwar Shaikh Ibnu 'Ata' Allah''] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] raev5014qhe2v393vw0cutli21t6yic 964231 964230 2026-10-07T09:29:40Z Gwanki 3834 964231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shadhali''' ko '''Shazali''' ko '''Shazaliyya''' (Larabci:الطريقة الشاذلية) tsarin tariqah ne ko Sufi . An kafa tsarin Shadhili ne ta hannun Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili a ƙarni na 13 kuma miliyoyin mutane a faɗin duniya suna bin sa. Ana kiran mabiya da yawa ( murids na Larabci, "masu neman") na Daular Shadhili da Shadhilis, kuma ana kiran wani mai bi ɗaya da Shadhili. Tarihi ya nuna muhimmancinsa da kuma tasirinsa a Maghreb da [[Misra|Masar,]] tare da gudummawar da ya bayar ga adabin Musulunci . Daga cikin mutanen da aka fi sani da gudummawar adabi da ilimi akwai ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari, marubucin ''Hikam'', da Ahmad Zarruq, marubucin sharhi da ayyuka da dama, da kuma Ahmad ibn Ajiba wanda shi ma ya rubuta sharhi da ayyuka da dama. A cikin waƙoƙin da ke nuna ƙaunar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], an sami gudummawar da Muhammad al-Jazuli, marubucin ''[[Dala'il al-Khayrat]]'', da [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]], marubucin waƙar nan mai suna ''[[Al-Burda]]'' ko "Hasken Sama a Yabon Mafi Kyawun Halitta". Yawancin manyan malamai na [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar|Jami'ar al-Azhar]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]] suma mabiya wannan tariqa ne. Daga cikin rassa daban-daban na Shadhili akwai Fassiyatush na Imam Fassi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2018 |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya Tariqa &#124; Madurai -Tamil Nadu-India |url=http://www.shazuli.com/}}</ref> da aka samu galibi a [[Indiya]], [[Sri Lanka]], da [[Pakistan]] . Darqawiyya ta Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi galibi ana samunta ne a Maroko, kuma Alawi-Darqawiyya ta [[Ahmad al-Alawi]], wacce ta samo asali daga [[Aljeriya]], yanzu ana samunta a ko'ina cikin duniya, musamman a Siriya, Jordan, Faransa, da kuma tsakanin al'ummomin da ke magana da Turanci da yawa. Wani masanin Birtaniya mai suna Martin Lings ya rubuta wani dogon tarihin rayuwar Ahmad al-Alawi mai suna ''Waliyin Musulmi na ƙarni na Ashirin'' . Ana gudanar da bikin tunawa da al-Shadhili a ranar 12 ga watan Shawwal (wata na goma na kalandar wata) a Humaithara da ke Masar. == Reshe == Shadiliyya tana da rassa da yawa a fadin duniya. An lissafa wasu fitattun rassan a ƙasa. === Fasiyya === Imam Fassi, ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda aka haifa a [[Makkah|Makka]], ne ya kafa Fassiyatush. <ref name="fassiyatush_shadhiliyya_website">{{Cite web |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya &#124; tariqathush Shazuliya &#124; Tariqa Shazuliya &#124; Sufi Path &#124; Sufism &#124; Zikrs &#124; Avradhs &#124; Daily Wirdh &#124; Thareeqush shukr &#124;Kaleefa's of the tariqa &#124; Sheikh Fassy &#124; Ya Fassy &#124; Sijl &#124; Humaisara &#124; Muridheens &#124; Prostitute Entering Paradise |url=http://www.shazuli.com |access-date=2015-02-26 |publisher=shazuli.com}}</ref> Fassiyatush Shadhiliyya ana yinsa sosai a Indiya, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, [[Moris|Mauritius]] da Indonesia. Zuriyar al-Fassi, waɗanda su ne shehunan Fassiyatush kuma suna zaune a Makka da [[Jeddah]], suna ziyartar waɗannan ƙasashe akai-akai. An zaɓi shugaban ƙasa da ƙasa na Fassiyatash daga cikin magada al-Fassi, kuma Shaykh Mahdhi ibn Abdallah al-Fassi shine shugaban yanzu. === Darqawiyya === [[File:Humaithara_on_urus.jpg|right|thumb|152x152px| Dargah mai tsarki na Imam Shadhili, Humaithara, Masar]] Darqawiyya, reshen Moroko na tsarin Shadhili, Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi ne ya kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 18. Shadhili Titus Burckhardt ne ya fassara zaɓɓuka daga haruffan al-Darqawi, kuma kwanan nan ta wata ƙwararriya [[Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Fons Vitae books - Letters of a Sufi Master - Shaykh ad-Darqawi (trans. Titus Burckhardt) ( Darqawi, darqawa, al arabi al darqawi, addarqawi) |url=http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426043450/http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |archive-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2006 |title=Darqawi. |url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060126142612/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |archive-date=January 26, 2006}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin tariqas na farko da aka kafa a Yamma shine reshen Alawiyya na Darqawiyya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2006 |title=Tasawuf.ws :: Shaikh Ahmed Al-Alawi - The Spiritual Path in Islam - |url=http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617055106/http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |archive-date=June 17, 2006}}</ref> wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Ahmad al-Alawi, wanda aka fi sani da "Shaykh al-Alawi". === Attasiyah === Umurnin Attasiyah reshe ne na Daular Alawi, wanda Umar bin Abdur Rahman bin Aqil al-Attas ya kafa. Tana da cibiya a [[Yemen]] amma kuma tana da cibiyoyi a Pakistan, Indiya, da [[Myanmar]] . Kwanan nan masanin ilimin ɗan adam David Buchman ya yi nazari kan tsarin 'Alawiya' a Yemen. A cikin kasidarsa mai suna "Abokan Allah na Karkashin Kasa da Maƙiyansu: Nazarin Shari'a da Binciken Sufanci a Yemen ta Zamani", Farfesa Buchman ya taƙaita sakamakon aikin da ya yi na watanni shida a Yemen. An fara buga labarin a cikin mujallar ''Yemen Update'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2006 |title=sufi.html |url=http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104101211/http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |archive-date=January 4, 2006}}</ref> === Darqawi Hashimiya === Reshen Darqawi-Alawi na Shadili Tariqa ya kafa kansa a Damascus da Levant ta hannun Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani, dan wani kadi dan kasar Aljeriya, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Damascus tare da jagoransa Ibn Yallis. Bayan rasuwar Ibn Yallis, Sheikh Ahmad al-'Alawi ya ba Hashimi izinin zama mataimakinsa a farkon shekarun 1920, kuma aka naɗa shi mataimakinsa a Damascus. Shahararren jagoran ruhaniya mai rai na wannan reshe na tariqa na Shadhili shine Sheikh [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]], wani malami ɗan Amurka, marubuci, kuma mai fassara, wanda ke zaune a [[Amman]], Jordan, da Sheikh Abd al-Aziz al-Khateeb daga Damascus. Dukansu Sheikh Abd al Rahman Al Shaghouri ne ya ba su izinin yin karatun, wanda shi kansa ɗalibi ne na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani. Sheikh Muhammad Said al-Jamal ar-Rifa'i, wani ɗalibi na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani wanda ya rasu a shekarar 2015, ya yi aiki a Haram al-Sharif a Kudus kuma mufti ne na Hanbali Madhab. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa kan Sufanci, [[Tafsiri]], da warkarwa, kuma ɗalibansa sun kafa Jami'ar Warkarwa ta Ruhaniya da Sufanci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome · University of Spiritual Healing and Sufism |url=https://sufiuniversity.org/ |website=sufiuniversity.org}}</ref>  wanda yanzu aka sani da Jami'ar Sufism. === Badawiyya === Badawiyya wani reshe ne na Shadhilia, wanda ke da ƙungiyoyi a Masar, Indonesia, Turkiyya, da Amurka, wanda Ibrahim al-Badawi ya kafa, farfesa a al-Azhar na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ya kasance wani babban malami na Sheikh Abdu-l-Halim Mahmud, Shaikh al-Azhar, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai wajen farfaɗo da Sufanci a Masar. Dalibin Sheikh Ibrahim, Nooruddeen Durkee, ya kafa tsarin Badawiyya a Amurka. Nooruddeen Durkee ya fassara kuma ya fassara Alƙur'ani kuma ya tattara littattafai guda biyu masu inganci kan Shadhali, ciki har da ''Makarantar Shadhdhuliyyah, Juzu'i na Ɗaya: Orisons'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2009 |title=Bismillahi-r-Rahmani-r-Rahim : Green Mountain School : Tasawwuf |url=http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194826/http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> === Maryamiyya === An kafa odar Maryamiyya daga masanin metaphysician Swiss-Jamus Frithjof Schuon, marubucin ''The Transcendent Unity of Religions'', a tsakanin sauran litattafai masu tasiri, a matsayin fitowar tsarin [[Ahmad al-Alawi|Alawiyya]] . A shekarar 1936, Schuon da almajiransa sun fahimci cewa an saka shi a matsayin shehi mai zaman kansa. A shekarar 1965, ya fara ganin Maryamu (kamar yadda aka san Budurwa Maryamu a Musulunci), wacce aka sanya wa Order suna bayanta. An kafa ƙungiyar Maryamiyya ne galibi a kan falsafar Perennial da Neoplatonism, kuma makarantar Advaita Vedanta da Guénon ta yi tasiri sosai. == Tasiri == === Akan Kiristanci === Miguel Asín Palacios ya ba da shawarar cewa tsarin Shadhili ya haɗa cikakkun bayanai tsakanin koyarwar ibn Abbad al-Rundi da John of the Cross, kamar yadda yake a cikin labarin Duhu Night of the Soul .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2012}} A gefe guda kuma, José Nieto ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan koyaswar sihiri gabaɗaya ne, kuma yayin da kamanceceniya ke tsakanin ayyukan John, ibn Abbad da sauran Shadhilis, waɗannan suna nuna ci gaba mai zaman kansa, ba tasiri ba. == Sarkar Ruhaniya == Dole ne kowace tariqa ta kasance tana da tsarin watsawa da izini kafin a amince da ita a matsayin ingantacciya. Yawancin sarƙoƙi sun fara ne daga [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] kuma suna zuwa a matsayin reshe biyu ɗaya ta hanyar ɗansa [[Alhasan ɗan Ali|Hasan ibn Ali]] da ɗayan kuma ta hanyar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husain ibn Ali]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=Spiritual Genealogy |url=http://www.shazuli.com/spiritual-genealogy/ |access-date=2019-11-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.untotheone.com ''Shadhili Tariqa''], Bayani kan tariqan Sh. Nuhu Keller. * [http://www.shazuli.com/ reshen Fassiya] * [http://www.sufimaster.org Muhammad al-Jamal] * Reshen [http://www.tasawuf.info/en/ Shadhili Darqawi 'Alawi] * [http://www.greenmountainschool.org/ Makarantar Shadhdhhuli don natsuwar zama da hasken zukata] reshen Green Mountain, wanda ke Charlottesville, Virginia * [http://bewley.virtualave.net/habib.html Tarihin Muhammad ibn al Habib] Archived na reshen Darqawi * [http://burhaniya.info/ Tariqa Burhaniya as Shadhiliya] Archived * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060815083316/http://www.fonsvitae.com/shadhili.html Wadanda Suka Kafa Daular Shadhili] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080104062839/http://www.taybah.fr/ Ƙungiyar Nasheed da ke Avignon, Faransa.] * [http://www.baalawi.com Ba`alawi.com] Ba'alawi.com | Tabbatacciyar Hanya Ga Musulunci Da Zuriyar Alawiyya. * [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Sashen Shahdili na gidan yanar gizon Dr. Godlas' Sufanci.] [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Yana tattauna rassan Shadhili daban-daban.] * [https://sirajuddin.com.au/the-relevance-and-the-beauty-of-the-teaching-of-shaykh-ibn-ata-allah/ ''Muhimmanci da Kyawun Koyarwar Shaikh Ibnu 'Ata' Allah''] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nl9mshqejbihj1fye81zbz7ke6bta9p 964232 964231 2026-10-07T09:30:00Z Gwanki 3834 964232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shadhali''' ko '''Shazali''' ko '''Shazaliyya''' (Larabci:'''الطريقة الشاذلية''') tsarin tariqah ne ko Sufi . An kafa tsarin Shadhili ne ta hannun Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili a ƙarni na 13 kuma miliyoyin mutane a faɗin duniya suna bin sa. Ana kiran mabiya da yawa ( murids na Larabci, "masu neman") na Daular Shadhili da Shadhilis, kuma ana kiran wani mai bi ɗaya da Shadhili. Tarihi ya nuna muhimmancinsa da kuma tasirinsa a Maghreb da [[Misra|Masar,]] tare da gudummawar da ya bayar ga adabin Musulunci . Daga cikin mutanen da aka fi sani da gudummawar adabi da ilimi akwai ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari, marubucin ''Hikam'', da Ahmad Zarruq, marubucin sharhi da ayyuka da dama, da kuma Ahmad ibn Ajiba wanda shi ma ya rubuta sharhi da ayyuka da dama. A cikin waƙoƙin da ke nuna ƙaunar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], an sami gudummawar da Muhammad al-Jazuli, marubucin ''[[Dala'il al-Khayrat]]'', da [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]], marubucin waƙar nan mai suna ''[[Al-Burda]]'' ko "Hasken Sama a Yabon Mafi Kyawun Halitta". Yawancin manyan malamai na [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar|Jami'ar al-Azhar]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]] suma mabiya wannan tariqa ne. Daga cikin rassa daban-daban na Shadhili akwai Fassiyatush na Imam Fassi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2018 |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya Tariqa &#124; Madurai -Tamil Nadu-India |url=http://www.shazuli.com/}}</ref> da aka samu galibi a [[Indiya]], [[Sri Lanka]], da [[Pakistan]] . Darqawiyya ta Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi galibi ana samunta ne a Maroko, kuma Alawi-Darqawiyya ta [[Ahmad al-Alawi]], wacce ta samo asali daga [[Aljeriya]], yanzu ana samunta a ko'ina cikin duniya, musamman a Siriya, Jordan, Faransa, da kuma tsakanin al'ummomin da ke magana da Turanci da yawa. Wani masanin Birtaniya mai suna Martin Lings ya rubuta wani dogon tarihin rayuwar Ahmad al-Alawi mai suna ''Waliyin Musulmi na ƙarni na Ashirin'' . Ana gudanar da bikin tunawa da al-Shadhili a ranar 12 ga watan Shawwal (wata na goma na kalandar wata) a Humaithara da ke Masar. == Reshe == Shadiliyya tana da rassa da yawa a fadin duniya. An lissafa wasu fitattun rassan a ƙasa. === Fasiyya === Imam Fassi, ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda aka haifa a [[Makkah|Makka]], ne ya kafa Fassiyatush. <ref name="fassiyatush_shadhiliyya_website">{{Cite web |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya &#124; tariqathush Shazuliya &#124; Tariqa Shazuliya &#124; Sufi Path &#124; Sufism &#124; Zikrs &#124; Avradhs &#124; Daily Wirdh &#124; Thareeqush shukr &#124;Kaleefa's of the tariqa &#124; Sheikh Fassy &#124; Ya Fassy &#124; Sijl &#124; Humaisara &#124; Muridheens &#124; Prostitute Entering Paradise |url=http://www.shazuli.com |access-date=2015-02-26 |publisher=shazuli.com}}</ref> Fassiyatush Shadhiliyya ana yinsa sosai a Indiya, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, [[Moris|Mauritius]] da Indonesia. Zuriyar al-Fassi, waɗanda su ne shehunan Fassiyatush kuma suna zaune a Makka da [[Jeddah]], suna ziyartar waɗannan ƙasashe akai-akai. An zaɓi shugaban ƙasa da ƙasa na Fassiyatash daga cikin magada al-Fassi, kuma Shaykh Mahdhi ibn Abdallah al-Fassi shine shugaban yanzu. === Darqawiyya === [[File:Humaithara_on_urus.jpg|right|thumb|152x152px| Dargah mai tsarki na Imam Shadhili, Humaithara, Masar]] Darqawiyya, reshen Moroko na tsarin Shadhili, Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi ne ya kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 18. Shadhili Titus Burckhardt ne ya fassara zaɓɓuka daga haruffan al-Darqawi, kuma kwanan nan ta wata ƙwararriya [[Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Fons Vitae books - Letters of a Sufi Master - Shaykh ad-Darqawi (trans. Titus Burckhardt) ( Darqawi, darqawa, al arabi al darqawi, addarqawi) |url=http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426043450/http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |archive-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2006 |title=Darqawi. |url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060126142612/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |archive-date=January 26, 2006}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin tariqas na farko da aka kafa a Yamma shine reshen Alawiyya na Darqawiyya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2006 |title=Tasawuf.ws :: Shaikh Ahmed Al-Alawi - The Spiritual Path in Islam - |url=http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617055106/http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |archive-date=June 17, 2006}}</ref> wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Ahmad al-Alawi, wanda aka fi sani da "Shaykh al-Alawi". === Attasiyah === Umurnin Attasiyah reshe ne na Daular Alawi, wanda Umar bin Abdur Rahman bin Aqil al-Attas ya kafa. Tana da cibiya a [[Yemen]] amma kuma tana da cibiyoyi a Pakistan, Indiya, da [[Myanmar]] . Kwanan nan masanin ilimin ɗan adam David Buchman ya yi nazari kan tsarin 'Alawiya' a Yemen. A cikin kasidarsa mai suna "Abokan Allah na Karkashin Kasa da Maƙiyansu: Nazarin Shari'a da Binciken Sufanci a Yemen ta Zamani", Farfesa Buchman ya taƙaita sakamakon aikin da ya yi na watanni shida a Yemen. An fara buga labarin a cikin mujallar ''Yemen Update'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2006 |title=sufi.html |url=http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104101211/http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |archive-date=January 4, 2006}}</ref> === Darqawi Hashimiya === Reshen Darqawi-Alawi na Shadili Tariqa ya kafa kansa a Damascus da Levant ta hannun Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani, dan wani kadi dan kasar Aljeriya, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Damascus tare da jagoransa Ibn Yallis. Bayan rasuwar Ibn Yallis, Sheikh Ahmad al-'Alawi ya ba Hashimi izinin zama mataimakinsa a farkon shekarun 1920, kuma aka naɗa shi mataimakinsa a Damascus. Shahararren jagoran ruhaniya mai rai na wannan reshe na tariqa na Shadhili shine Sheikh [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]], wani malami ɗan Amurka, marubuci, kuma mai fassara, wanda ke zaune a [[Amman]], Jordan, da Sheikh Abd al-Aziz al-Khateeb daga Damascus. Dukansu Sheikh Abd al Rahman Al Shaghouri ne ya ba su izinin yin karatun, wanda shi kansa ɗalibi ne na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani. Sheikh Muhammad Said al-Jamal ar-Rifa'i, wani ɗalibi na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani wanda ya rasu a shekarar 2015, ya yi aiki a Haram al-Sharif a Kudus kuma mufti ne na Hanbali Madhab. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa kan Sufanci, [[Tafsiri]], da warkarwa, kuma ɗalibansa sun kafa Jami'ar Warkarwa ta Ruhaniya da Sufanci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome · University of Spiritual Healing and Sufism |url=https://sufiuniversity.org/ |website=sufiuniversity.org}}</ref>  wanda yanzu aka sani da Jami'ar Sufism. === Badawiyya === Badawiyya wani reshe ne na Shadhilia, wanda ke da ƙungiyoyi a Masar, Indonesia, Turkiyya, da Amurka, wanda Ibrahim al-Badawi ya kafa, farfesa a al-Azhar na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ya kasance wani babban malami na Sheikh Abdu-l-Halim Mahmud, Shaikh al-Azhar, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai wajen farfaɗo da Sufanci a Masar. Dalibin Sheikh Ibrahim, Nooruddeen Durkee, ya kafa tsarin Badawiyya a Amurka. Nooruddeen Durkee ya fassara kuma ya fassara Alƙur'ani kuma ya tattara littattafai guda biyu masu inganci kan Shadhali, ciki har da ''Makarantar Shadhdhuliyyah, Juzu'i na Ɗaya: Orisons'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2009 |title=Bismillahi-r-Rahmani-r-Rahim : Green Mountain School : Tasawwuf |url=http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194826/http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> === Maryamiyya === An kafa odar Maryamiyya daga masanin metaphysician Swiss-Jamus Frithjof Schuon, marubucin ''The Transcendent Unity of Religions'', a tsakanin sauran litattafai masu tasiri, a matsayin fitowar tsarin [[Ahmad al-Alawi|Alawiyya]] . A shekarar 1936, Schuon da almajiransa sun fahimci cewa an saka shi a matsayin shehi mai zaman kansa. A shekarar 1965, ya fara ganin Maryamu (kamar yadda aka san Budurwa Maryamu a Musulunci), wacce aka sanya wa Order suna bayanta. An kafa ƙungiyar Maryamiyya ne galibi a kan falsafar Perennial da Neoplatonism, kuma makarantar Advaita Vedanta da Guénon ta yi tasiri sosai. == Tasiri == === Akan Kiristanci === Miguel Asín Palacios ya ba da shawarar cewa tsarin Shadhili ya haɗa cikakkun bayanai tsakanin koyarwar ibn Abbad al-Rundi da John of the Cross, kamar yadda yake a cikin labarin Duhu Night of the Soul .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2012}} A gefe guda kuma, José Nieto ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan koyaswar sihiri gabaɗaya ne, kuma yayin da kamanceceniya ke tsakanin ayyukan John, ibn Abbad da sauran Shadhilis, waɗannan suna nuna ci gaba mai zaman kansa, ba tasiri ba. == Sarkar Ruhaniya == Dole ne kowace tariqa ta kasance tana da tsarin watsawa da izini kafin a amince da ita a matsayin ingantacciya. Yawancin sarƙoƙi sun fara ne daga [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] kuma suna zuwa a matsayin reshe biyu ɗaya ta hanyar ɗansa [[Alhasan ɗan Ali|Hasan ibn Ali]] da ɗayan kuma ta hanyar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husain ibn Ali]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=Spiritual Genealogy |url=http://www.shazuli.com/spiritual-genealogy/ |access-date=2019-11-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.untotheone.com ''Shadhili Tariqa''], Bayani kan tariqan Sh. Nuhu Keller. * [http://www.shazuli.com/ reshen Fassiya] * [http://www.sufimaster.org Muhammad al-Jamal] * Reshen [http://www.tasawuf.info/en/ Shadhili Darqawi 'Alawi] * [http://www.greenmountainschool.org/ Makarantar Shadhdhhuli don natsuwar zama da hasken zukata] reshen Green Mountain, wanda ke Charlottesville, Virginia * [http://bewley.virtualave.net/habib.html Tarihin Muhammad ibn al Habib] Archived na reshen Darqawi * [http://burhaniya.info/ Tariqa Burhaniya as Shadhiliya] Archived * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060815083316/http://www.fonsvitae.com/shadhili.html Wadanda Suka Kafa Daular Shadhili] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080104062839/http://www.taybah.fr/ Ƙungiyar Nasheed da ke Avignon, Faransa.] * [http://www.baalawi.com Ba`alawi.com] Ba'alawi.com | Tabbatacciyar Hanya Ga Musulunci Da Zuriyar Alawiyya. * [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Sashen Shahdili na gidan yanar gizon Dr. Godlas' Sufanci.] [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Yana tattauna rassan Shadhili daban-daban.] * [https://sirajuddin.com.au/the-relevance-and-the-beauty-of-the-teaching-of-shaykh-ibn-ata-allah/ ''Muhimmanci da Kyawun Koyarwar Shaikh Ibnu 'Ata' Allah''] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4hujul0z7svpw13viuorc32equbams5 964233 964232 2026-10-07T09:30:17Z Gwanki 3834 /* Nassoshi */ 964233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shadhali''' ko '''Shazali''' ko '''Shazaliyya''' (Larabci:'''الطريقة الشاذلية''') tsarin tariqah ne ko Sufi . An kafa tsarin Shadhili ne ta hannun Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili a ƙarni na 13 kuma miliyoyin mutane a faɗin duniya suna bin sa. Ana kiran mabiya da yawa ( murids na Larabci, "masu neman") na Daular Shadhili da Shadhilis, kuma ana kiran wani mai bi ɗaya da Shadhili. Tarihi ya nuna muhimmancinsa da kuma tasirinsa a Maghreb da [[Misra|Masar,]] tare da gudummawar da ya bayar ga adabin Musulunci . Daga cikin mutanen da aka fi sani da gudummawar adabi da ilimi akwai ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari, marubucin ''Hikam'', da Ahmad Zarruq, marubucin sharhi da ayyuka da dama, da kuma Ahmad ibn Ajiba wanda shi ma ya rubuta sharhi da ayyuka da dama. A cikin waƙoƙin da ke nuna ƙaunar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]], an sami gudummawar da Muhammad al-Jazuli, marubucin ''[[Dala'il al-Khayrat]]'', da [[Al Busiri|al-Busiri]], marubucin waƙar nan mai suna ''[[Al-Burda]]'' ko "Hasken Sama a Yabon Mafi Kyawun Halitta". Yawancin manyan malamai na [[Jami'ar Al-Azhar|Jami'ar al-Azhar]] da ke [[Kairo|Alkahira]] suma mabiya wannan tariqa ne. Daga cikin rassa daban-daban na Shadhili akwai Fassiyatush na Imam Fassi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2018 |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya Tariqa &#124; Madurai -Tamil Nadu-India |url=http://www.shazuli.com/}}</ref> da aka samu galibi a [[Indiya]], [[Sri Lanka]], da [[Pakistan]] . Darqawiyya ta Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi galibi ana samunta ne a Maroko, kuma Alawi-Darqawiyya ta [[Ahmad al-Alawi]], wacce ta samo asali daga [[Aljeriya]], yanzu ana samunta a ko'ina cikin duniya, musamman a Siriya, Jordan, Faransa, da kuma tsakanin al'ummomin da ke magana da Turanci da yawa. Wani masanin Birtaniya mai suna Martin Lings ya rubuta wani dogon tarihin rayuwar Ahmad al-Alawi mai suna ''Waliyin Musulmi na ƙarni na Ashirin'' . Ana gudanar da bikin tunawa da al-Shadhili a ranar 12 ga watan Shawwal (wata na goma na kalandar wata) a Humaithara da ke Masar. == Reshe == Shadiliyya tana da rassa da yawa a fadin duniya. An lissafa wasu fitattun rassan a ƙasa. === Fasiyya === Imam Fassi, ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda aka haifa a [[Makkah|Makka]], ne ya kafa Fassiyatush. <ref name="fassiyatush_shadhiliyya_website">{{Cite web |title=Fassiyathush Shazuliya &#124; tariqathush Shazuliya &#124; Tariqa Shazuliya &#124; Sufi Path &#124; Sufism &#124; Zikrs &#124; Avradhs &#124; Daily Wirdh &#124; Thareeqush shukr &#124;Kaleefa's of the tariqa &#124; Sheikh Fassy &#124; Ya Fassy &#124; Sijl &#124; Humaisara &#124; Muridheens &#124; Prostitute Entering Paradise |url=http://www.shazuli.com |access-date=2015-02-26 |publisher=shazuli.com}}</ref> Fassiyatush Shadhiliyya ana yinsa sosai a Indiya, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, [[Moris|Mauritius]] da Indonesia. Zuriyar al-Fassi, waɗanda su ne shehunan Fassiyatush kuma suna zaune a Makka da [[Jeddah]], suna ziyartar waɗannan ƙasashe akai-akai. An zaɓi shugaban ƙasa da ƙasa na Fassiyatash daga cikin magada al-Fassi, kuma Shaykh Mahdhi ibn Abdallah al-Fassi shine shugaban yanzu. === Darqawiyya === [[File:Humaithara_on_urus.jpg|right|thumb|152x152px| Dargah mai tsarki na Imam Shadhili, Humaithara, Masar]] Darqawiyya, reshen Moroko na tsarin Shadhili, Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi ne ya kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 18. Shadhili Titus Burckhardt ne ya fassara zaɓɓuka daga haruffan al-Darqawi, kuma kwanan nan ta wata ƙwararriya [[Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 26, 2009 |title=Fons Vitae books - Letters of a Sufi Master - Shaykh ad-Darqawi (trans. Titus Burckhardt) ( Darqawi, darqawa, al arabi al darqawi, addarqawi) |url=http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426043450/http://www.fonsvitae.com/LETTERS.HTML |archive-date=April 26, 2009}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2006 |title=Darqawi. |url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060126142612/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Abewley/Darqawi.html |archive-date=January 26, 2006}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin tariqas na farko da aka kafa a Yamma shine reshen Alawiyya na Darqawiyya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 17, 2006 |title=Tasawuf.ws :: Shaikh Ahmed Al-Alawi - The Spiritual Path in Islam - |url=http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617055106/http://tasawuf.ws/en/ |archive-date=June 17, 2006}}</ref> wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Ahmad al-Alawi, wanda aka fi sani da "Shaykh al-Alawi". === Attasiyah === Umurnin Attasiyah reshe ne na Daular Alawi, wanda Umar bin Abdur Rahman bin Aqil al-Attas ya kafa. Tana da cibiya a [[Yemen]] amma kuma tana da cibiyoyi a Pakistan, Indiya, da [[Myanmar]] . Kwanan nan masanin ilimin ɗan adam David Buchman ya yi nazari kan tsarin 'Alawiya' a Yemen. A cikin kasidarsa mai suna "Abokan Allah na Karkashin Kasa da Maƙiyansu: Nazarin Shari'a da Binciken Sufanci a Yemen ta Zamani", Farfesa Buchman ya taƙaita sakamakon aikin da ya yi na watanni shida a Yemen. An fara buga labarin a cikin mujallar ''Yemen Update'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2006 |title=sufi.html |url=http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104101211/http://www.aiys.org/webdate/sufi.html |archive-date=January 4, 2006}}</ref> === Darqawi Hashimiya === Reshen Darqawi-Alawi na Shadili Tariqa ya kafa kansa a Damascus da Levant ta hannun Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani, dan wani kadi dan kasar Aljeriya, wanda ya yi hijira zuwa Damascus tare da jagoransa Ibn Yallis. Bayan rasuwar Ibn Yallis, Sheikh Ahmad al-'Alawi ya ba Hashimi izinin zama mataimakinsa a farkon shekarun 1920, kuma aka naɗa shi mataimakinsa a Damascus. Shahararren jagoran ruhaniya mai rai na wannan reshe na tariqa na Shadhili shine Sheikh [[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]], wani malami ɗan Amurka, marubuci, kuma mai fassara, wanda ke zaune a [[Amman]], Jordan, da Sheikh Abd al-Aziz al-Khateeb daga Damascus. Dukansu Sheikh Abd al Rahman Al Shaghouri ne ya ba su izinin yin karatun, wanda shi kansa ɗalibi ne na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani. Sheikh Muhammad Said al-Jamal ar-Rifa'i, wani ɗalibi na Sheikh Muhammad al-Hashimi al-Tilmisani wanda ya rasu a shekarar 2015, ya yi aiki a Haram al-Sharif a Kudus kuma mufti ne na Hanbali Madhab. Ya rubuta littattafai da yawa kan Sufanci, [[Tafsiri]], da warkarwa, kuma ɗalibansa sun kafa Jami'ar Warkarwa ta Ruhaniya da Sufanci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome · University of Spiritual Healing and Sufism |url=https://sufiuniversity.org/ |website=sufiuniversity.org}}</ref>  wanda yanzu aka sani da Jami'ar Sufism. === Badawiyya === Badawiyya wani reshe ne na Shadhilia, wanda ke da ƙungiyoyi a Masar, Indonesia, Turkiyya, da Amurka, wanda Ibrahim al-Badawi ya kafa, farfesa a al-Azhar na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Ya kasance wani babban malami na Sheikh Abdu-l-Halim Mahmud, Shaikh al-Azhar, wanda ya yi tasiri sosai wajen farfaɗo da Sufanci a Masar. Dalibin Sheikh Ibrahim, Nooruddeen Durkee, ya kafa tsarin Badawiyya a Amurka. Nooruddeen Durkee ya fassara kuma ya fassara Alƙur'ani kuma ya tattara littattafai guda biyu masu inganci kan Shadhali, ciki har da ''Makarantar Shadhdhuliyyah, Juzu'i na Ɗaya: Orisons'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2009 |title=Bismillahi-r-Rahmani-r-Rahim : Green Mountain School : Tasawwuf |url=http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228194826/http://greenmountainschool.org/tasawwuf.htm |archive-date=February 28, 2009}}</ref> === Maryamiyya === An kafa odar Maryamiyya daga masanin metaphysician Swiss-Jamus Frithjof Schuon, marubucin ''The Transcendent Unity of Religions'', a tsakanin sauran litattafai masu tasiri, a matsayin fitowar tsarin [[Ahmad al-Alawi|Alawiyya]] . A shekarar 1936, Schuon da almajiransa sun fahimci cewa an saka shi a matsayin shehi mai zaman kansa. A shekarar 1965, ya fara ganin Maryamu (kamar yadda aka san Budurwa Maryamu a Musulunci), wacce aka sanya wa Order suna bayanta. An kafa ƙungiyar Maryamiyya ne galibi a kan falsafar Perennial da Neoplatonism, kuma makarantar Advaita Vedanta da Guénon ta yi tasiri sosai. == Tasiri == === Akan Kiristanci === Miguel Asín Palacios ya ba da shawarar cewa tsarin Shadhili ya haɗa cikakkun bayanai tsakanin koyarwar ibn Abbad al-Rundi da John of the Cross, kamar yadda yake a cikin labarin Duhu Night of the Soul .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2012}} A gefe guda kuma, José Nieto ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan koyaswar sihiri gabaɗaya ne, kuma yayin da kamanceceniya ke tsakanin ayyukan John, ibn Abbad da sauran Shadhilis, waɗannan suna nuna ci gaba mai zaman kansa, ba tasiri ba. == Sarkar Ruhaniya == Dole ne kowace tariqa ta kasance tana da tsarin watsawa da izini kafin a amince da ita a matsayin ingantacciya. Yawancin sarƙoƙi sun fara ne daga [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali ibn Abi Talib]] kuma suna zuwa a matsayin reshe biyu ɗaya ta hanyar ɗansa [[Alhasan ɗan Ali|Hasan ibn Ali]] da ɗayan kuma ta hanyar [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husain ibn Ali]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2018 |title=Spiritual Genealogy |url=http://www.shazuli.com/spiritual-genealogy/ |access-date=2019-11-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} * [http://www.untotheone.com ''Shadhili Tariqa''], Bayani kan tariqan Sh. Nuhu Keller. * [http://www.shazuli.com/ reshen Fassiya] * [http://www.sufimaster.org Muhammad al-Jamal] * Reshen [http://www.tasawuf.info/en/ Shadhili Darqawi 'Alawi] * [http://www.greenmountainschool.org/ Makarantar Shadhdhhuli don natsuwar zama da hasken zukata] reshen Green Mountain, wanda ke Charlottesville, Virginia * [http://bewley.virtualave.net/habib.html Tarihin Muhammad ibn al Habib] Archived na reshen Darqawi * [http://burhaniya.info/ Tariqa Burhaniya as Shadhiliya] Archived * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060815083316/http://www.fonsvitae.com/shadhili.html Wadanda Suka Kafa Daular Shadhili] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080104062839/http://www.taybah.fr/ Ƙungiyar Nasheed da ke Avignon, Faransa.] * [http://www.baalawi.com Ba`alawi.com] Ba'alawi.com | Tabbatacciyar Hanya Ga Musulunci Da Zuriyar Alawiyya. * [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Sashen Shahdili na gidan yanar gizon Dr. Godlas' Sufanci.] [http://www.uga.edu/islam/sufismorders.html#Shadhili Yana tattauna rassan Shadhili daban-daban.] * [https://sirajuddin.com.au/the-relevance-and-the-beauty-of-the-teaching-of-shaykh-ibn-ata-allah/ ''Muhimmanci da Kyawun Koyarwar Shaikh Ibnu 'Ata' Allah''] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k2ui3an2mejz0hpr4wtjv22syx4sidd 0 178462 964234 2026-10-07T09:33:57Z Musty1997 37188 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372317536|Jaha Dukureh]]" 964234 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Jaha Dukureh''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1989 ko 1990) <ref name="guardian1" /> ’yar ƙasar Gambiya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata, tare da yin kamfen na yaƙi da yanke ko toshe al’aurar mata (FGM).[1] An yi wa Dukureh wannan aikin na yanke al’aura a Gambiya lokacin da take da ɗan fiye da mako guda da haihuwa.<ref name="cnn" /> Ita ce ta kafa kuma babban darakta na Safe Hands for Girls, wata kungiya da ke aiki don kawo karshen FGM, kuma ita ce jagorar mai fafutuka a cikin Kamfen ɗin Guardian na Ƙarshen FGM Guardian Global Media . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.safehandsforgirls.org/ |website=safehandsforgirls.org}}</ref><ref name="2guardian">{{Cite web |last=Daly |first=Claire |date=21 April 2016 |title=Time 100: FGM campaigner Jaha Dukureh makes prestigious list |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/21/time-100-fgm-campaigner-jaha-dukureh-makes-prestigious-list |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, an sanya mata suna a cikin jerin lokutan 100 na shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=McConnell |first1=Fred |last2=Ochagavia |first2=Ekaterina |last3=Baqué |first3=Irene |last4=Carson |first4=Mary |last5=theguardian.com |date=22 April 2016 |title=Jaha Dukureh: From FGM survivor to Time's 'most influential' list – video |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/video/2016/apr/22/jaha-dukureh-from-fgm-survivor-to-times-most-influential-list-video |access-date=26 April 2017 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Daly |first=Claire |date=21 April 2016 |title=Time 100: FGM campaigner Jaha Dukureh makes prestigious list |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/21/time-100-fgm-campaigner-jaha-dukureh-makes-prestigious-list |access-date=26 April 2017 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> An zabi Dukureh don Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya a watan Fabrairun 2018, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Eleanor Roosevelt Val-Kill, kuma ita ce Jakadan Mata na Ƙasar Duniya a Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Regional UN Women Ambassador Jaha Dukureh |url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/partnerships/goodwill-ambassadors/jaha-dukureh |access-date=9 March 2019 |website=[[UN Women]]}}</ref><ref name="Eleanor Roosevelt Val-Kill Medal">{{Cite web |title=Eleanor Roosevelt Val-Kill Medal |url=https://ervk.org/eleanor-roosevelt-val-kill-medal/ |access-date=27 March 2019 |website=Eleanor Roosevelt Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2018 |title=Press release: UN Women announces first Regional Goodwill Ambassador for Africa |url=http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2018/2/press-release-un-women-announces-jaha-dukureh-as-regional-goodwill-ambassador}}</ref> An fitar da fim game da rayuwar Jaha ta hanyar Accidental Pictures da ''[[The Guardian]]''. Littafin tarihinta, I Will Scream to the World an buga shi ne ta Kensington Books a cikin 2024. == Rayuwa == An haifi Dukureh a Gambiya. An yi mata yanke al’aurar mata (FGM) nau’in III lokacin da take da mako guda da haihuwa. Bayan rasuwar mahaifiyarta, ta koma birnin New York City tana da shekara 15 domin yin wani aure da aka shirya mata, wanda aka fara tsara shi tun shekaru da dama da suka gabata. Bayan ta fuskanci matsaloli wajen fara rayuwar aure ta yadda ya kamata, sai aka yi mata tiyata domin buɗe abin da aka rufe sakamakon FGM. Ta kwatanta wannan aikin da cewa kamar tana sake fuskantar FGM tun daga farko. Daga baya, aurenta ya rushe, sannan ta koma zama tare da wasu ’yan uwanta. Ta yi nasarar samun gurbin shiga makarantar sakandare a New York City bayan wasu makarantu 10 sun ƙi karɓarta saboda ba ta da izinin mai kula da ita na doka. Lokacin da take da shekara 17, ta koma Atlanta, Georgia, inda ta sake yin aure.<ref name="guardian1" /> <ref name="cnn" /><ref name="guardian1" /> Dukureh ta sami Digiri na farko a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci a Jami'ar Jihar Georgia ta Kudu maso Yamma a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonds Staples |first=Gracies |date=21 April 2016 |title=Time magazine honors Atlanta woman's fight to end genital mutilation |url=http://www.myajc.com/news/news/local/atlanta-woman-praised-around-world-for-work-to-end/nq8NF/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810170202/http://www.myajc.com/news/news/local/atlanta-woman-praised-around-world-for-work-to-end/nq8NF/ |archive-date=10 August 2016 |access-date=13 June 2016 |website=Atlanta Journal-Constitution}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, ta kafa Safe Hands for Girls, wata kungiya mai adawa da kaciya.<ref name="tv5">{{Cite web |last=Mourgere |first=Isabelle |date=19 May 2016 |title=La militante anti-excision, Jaha Dukureh, au top 100 du Time magazine |trans-title=Anti-FGM activist Jaha Dukureh in the Time top 100 |url=http://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/la-militante-anti-excision-jaha-dukureh-au-top-100-du-time-108050 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=[[TV5Monde]] |language=French}}</ref><ref name="cnn" /> Dukureh ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a ƙarshen 2015.<ref name="cnn" /> Dukureh kuma tana da digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Rashin Amfani daga Jami'ar Tsakiyar Florida a cikin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2018 |title=Nobel Peace Prize Nominee Jaha Dukureh to Graduate from UCF |url=https://today.ucf.edu/nobel-peace-prize-nominee-graduate-ucf/}}</ref> Ayyukan Dukureh sun haifar da haramtacciyar yankan mata a Gambiya.<ref name="3guardian">{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Kate |date=24 November 2015 |title=The Gambia bans female genital mutilation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/nov/24/the-gambia-bans-female-genital-mutilation |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="tv5" /> Dukureh a halin yanzu yana zaune a Atlanta . <ref name="guardian1" /> ''The Guardian'' ta haɓaka fim din Jaha's Promise, wanda aka fara a shekarar 2017.<ref name="2guardian" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Kane |first=Maggie |date=17 March 2017 |title=Jaha's Promise: FGM film premieres at Copenhagen film festival |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2017/mar/17/jahas-promise-fgm-film-premieres-at-copenhagen-film-festival |access-date=9 March 2019 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> == Yaƙin neman zaɓe na shugaban kasa na 2021 == A ranar 13 ga Oktoba 2021, Dukureh ta sanar da yunkurin da ta yi na tsayawa a matsayin dan takara a Zaben shugaban kasa na Gambiya na 2021 na Kungiyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a don Independence da Socialism, bayan ta shiga jam'iyyar a watan Maris na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Topping |first=Alexandra |date=4 November 2021 |title='It is what girls need': the FGM activist hoping to be the Gambia's president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/nov/04/jaha-dukureh-fgm-activist-hoping-to-be-the-gambia-president |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Dukureh bai yi nasara ba, tare da zabar [[Halifa Sallah]] don tsayawa a matsayin dan takarar PDOIS a watan Nuwamba 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Egbejule |first=Eromo |date=10 November 2021 |title=Who are the men vying for the Gambian presidency? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/10/the-gambia-elections-meet-the-men-running-for-president |access-date=13 November 2021 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hm9eye0uxpizta9w8qw4vu2djgpy2j0 0 178463 964242 2026-10-07T10:21:38Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Sabuwar mukala 964242 wikitext text/x-wiki Richard Ratsimandrava Richard Ratsimandrava (1931–1975) jami’in soja ne kuma ɗan siyasar Madagascar, wanda ya zama shugaban ƙasar Madagascar daga 5 zuwa 11 ga Fabrairu 1975. Ya yi shugabanci na tsawon kwanaki shida kafin a kashe shi a Antananarivo. ==Rayuwa da aikin soja== Ratsimandrava ya kasance jami’in sojan Madagascar. A lokacin mulkin Janar Gabriel Ramanantsoa, ya riƙe muƙamin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida. A wannan lokaci Madagascar na fuskantar rikice-rikicen siyasa da na soja. ==Shugabancin ƙasa== A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1975, Gabriel Ramanantsoa ya sauka daga shugabancin Madagascar, sannan Ratsimandrava ya karɓi mulkin ƙasar. A lokacin da ya zama shugaban ƙasa, Madagascar na fuskantar matsalolin siyasa da rashin jituwa a tsakanin wasu sassan sojoji. Ratsimandrava ya yi ƙoƙarin aiwatar da manufofin da suka shafi tsarin mulkin ƙasar da kuma ƙarfafa ikon al'ummomin yankuna. ==Kisan Richard Ratsimandrava== A yammacin ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1975, Ratsimandrava yana cikin motarsa a birnin Antananarivo, babban birnin Madagascar, lokacin da wasu mahara suka buɗe mata wuta. Harin ya yi sanadin mutuwarsa. Rahotannin lokacin sun danganta harin da wasu jami’an Groupe Mobile de Police (GMP), wata rundunar ’yan sanda ta musamman. Sai dai an samu bayanai da ra’ayoyi daban-daban game da wadanda suka shirya kisan da kuma dalilan da suka haddasa shi. ==Bayan mutuwarsa== Bayan kisan Ratsimandrava, sojoji suka kafa wani kwamitin mulki ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Gilles Andriamahazo. An ayyana dokar ta-baci tare da ɗaukar wasu matakan tsaro a ƙasar. Daga baya, a shekarar 1975, Didier Ratsiraka ya zama shugaban Madagascar. ==Tsawon mulkinsa== Ratsimandrava ya kasance shugaban Madagascar daga 5 zuwa 11 ga Fabrairu 1975, wato tsawon kwanaki shida. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tarihin siyasar Madagascar a shekarun 1970. ==Duba kuma== Gabriel Ramanantsoa Gilles Andriamahazo Didier Ratsiraka Tarihin Madagascar Siyasar Madagascar ==Manazarta== Le Monde, rahotannin Fabrairu 1975 kan kisan Richard Ratsimandrava da abubuwan da suka biyo baya. Encyclopaedia Britannica, tarihin siyasar Madagascar. World Statesmen, Madagascar – shugabannin ƙasar da tarihin mulki. 8fefr04pnei4lmyaam7pdtdoslcryu9 964244 964242 2026-10-07T10:27:27Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Daura hoto 964244 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Richard Ratsimandrava==[[File:Richard Ratsimandrava – Shugaban Madagascar (1975).jpg|thumb|Hoton Richard Ratsimandrava, jami’in soja kuma shugaban Madagascar na tsawon kwanaki shida daga 5 zuwa 11 ga Fabrairu 1975, kafin a kashe shi a Antananarivo.]] Richard Ratsimandrava (1931–1975) jami’in soja ne kuma ɗan siyasar Madagascar, wanda ya zama shugaban ƙasar Madagascar daga 5 zuwa 11 ga Fabrairu 1975. Ya yi shugabanci na tsawon kwanaki shida kafin a kashe shi a Antananarivo. ==Rayuwa da aikin soja== Ratsimandrava ya kasance jami’in sojan Madagascar. A lokacin mulkin Janar Gabriel Ramanantsoa, ya riƙe muƙamin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida. A wannan lokaci Madagascar na fuskantar rikice-rikicen siyasa da na soja. ==Shugabancin ƙasa== A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1975, Gabriel Ramanantsoa ya sauka daga shugabancin Madagascar, sannan Ratsimandrava ya karɓi mulkin ƙasar. A lokacin da ya zama shugaban ƙasa, Madagascar na fuskantar matsalolin siyasa da rashin jituwa a tsakanin wasu sassan sojoji. Ratsimandrava ya yi ƙoƙarin aiwatar da manufofin da suka shafi tsarin mulkin ƙasar da kuma ƙarfafa ikon al'ummomin yankuna. ==Kisan Richard Ratsimandrava== A yammacin ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1975, Ratsimandrava yana cikin motarsa a birnin Antananarivo, babban birnin Madagascar, lokacin da wasu mahara suka buɗe mata wuta. Harin ya yi sanadin mutuwarsa. Rahotannin lokacin sun danganta harin da wasu jami’an Groupe Mobile de Police (GMP), wata rundunar ’yan sanda ta musamman. Sai dai an samu bayanai da ra’ayoyi daban-daban game da wadanda suka shirya kisan da kuma dalilan da suka haddasa shi. ==Bayan mutuwarsa== Bayan kisan Ratsimandrava, sojoji suka kafa wani kwamitin mulki ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Gilles Andriamahazo. An ayyana dokar ta-baci tare da ɗaukar wasu matakan tsaro a ƙasar. Daga baya, a shekarar 1975, Didier Ratsiraka ya zama shugaban Madagascar. ==Tsawon mulkinsa== Ratsimandrava ya kasance shugaban Madagascar daga 5 zuwa 11 ga Fabrairu 1975, wato tsawon kwanaki shida. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tarihin siyasar Madagascar a shekarun 1970. ==Duba kuma== Gabriel Ramanantsoa Gilles Andriamahazo Didier Ratsiraka Tarihin Madagascar Siyasar Madagascar ==Manazarta== Le Monde, rahotannin Fabrairu 1975 kan kisan Richard Ratsimandrava da abubuwan da suka biyo baya. Encyclopaedia Britannica, tarihin siyasar Madagascar. World Statesmen, Madagascar – shugabannin ƙasar da tarihin mulki. f1votp7s17vknr6mjobq037uctpo3da 964304 964244 2026-10-07T11:42:51Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 964304 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Richard Ratsimandrava – Shugaban Madagascar (1975).jpg|thumb|Hoton Richard Ratsimandrava, jami’in soja kuma shugaban Madagascar na tsawon kwanaki shida daga 5 zuwa 11 ga Fabrairu 1975, kafin a kashe shi a Antananarivo.]] Richard Ratsimandrava (1931–1975) jami’in soja ne kuma ɗan siyasar Madagascar, wanda ya zama shugaban ƙasar Madagascar daga 5 zuwa 11 ga Fabrairu 1975. Ya yi shugabanci na tsawon kwanaki shida kafin a kashe shi a Antananarivo. ==Rayuwa da aikin soja== Ratsimandrava ya kasance jami’in sojan Madagascar. A lokacin mulkin Janar Gabriel Ramanantsoa, ya riƙe muƙamin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida. A wannan lokaci Madagascar na fuskantar rikice-rikicen siyasa da na soja. ==Shugabancin ƙasa== A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1975, Gabriel Ramanantsoa ya sauka daga shugabancin Madagascar, sannan Ratsimandrava ya karɓi mulkin ƙasar. A lokacin da ya zama shugaban ƙasa, Madagascar na fuskantar matsalolin siyasa da rashin jituwa a tsakanin wasu sassan sojoji. Ratsimandrava ya yi ƙoƙarin aiwatar da manufofin da suka shafi tsarin mulkin ƙasar da kuma ƙarfafa ikon al'ummomin yankuna. ==Kisan Richard Ratsimandrava== A yammacin ranar 11 ga Fabrairu 1975, Ratsimandrava yana cikin motarsa a birnin Antananarivo, babban birnin Madagascar, lokacin da wasu mahara suka buɗe mata wuta. Harin ya yi sanadin mutuwarsa. Rahotannin lokacin sun danganta harin da wasu jami’an Groupe Mobile de Police (GMP), wata rundunar ’yan sanda ta musamman. Sai dai an samu bayanai da ra’ayoyi daban-daban game da wadanda suka shirya kisan da kuma dalilan da suka haddasa shi. ==Bayan mutuwarsa== Bayan kisan Ratsimandrava, sojoji suka kafa wani kwamitin mulki ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Gilles Andriamahazo. An ayyana dokar ta-baci tare da ɗaukar wasu matakan tsaro a ƙasar. Daga baya, a shekarar 1975, Didier Ratsiraka ya zama shugaban Madagascar. ==Tsawon mulkinsa== Ratsimandrava ya kasance shugaban Madagascar daga 5 zuwa 11 ga Fabrairu 1975, wato tsawon kwanaki shida. Mutuwarsa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi tarihin siyasar Madagascar a shekarun 1970. ==Duba kuma== Gabriel Ramanantsoa Gilles Andriamahazo Didier Ratsiraka Tarihin Madagascar Siyasar Madagascar ==Manazarta== Le Monde, rahotannin Fabrairu 1975 kan kisan Richard Ratsimandrava da abubuwan da suka biyo baya. Encyclopaedia Britannica, tarihin siyasar Madagascar. World Statesmen, Madagascar – shugabannin ƙasar da tarihin mulki. tfn19b2tt56v8848rkugpy34ilmb5kz 0 178464 964263 2026-10-07T11:05:13Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Tarihin Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State | native_name_lang = ha | settlement_type = State | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = | established_title = Created | established_date = 1 October 1996 | named_for = Gombe | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = Geopolit... 964263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tarihin Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State | native_name_lang = ha | settlement_type = State | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = | established_title = Created | established_date = 1 October 1996 | named_for = Gombe | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = Geopolitical zone | subdivision_name1 = North East | capital = Gombe | government_type = State government | leader_title = Governor | area_total_km2 = 20265 | population_estimate = | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = | time_zone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 | website = }} '''Tarihin Jihar Gombe''' ya samo asali ne daga tarihin al'ummomin da suka zauna a yankin tun kafin kafuwar jihar a matsayin yanki na siyasa. Yankin da a yau ake kira Jihar Gombe ya ƙunshi al'ummomi da masarautu daban-daban, ciki har da Fulani, Tangale, Waja, Tera, Tula, Bolewa da sauran al'ummomi. Kafin ƙarni na 19, waɗannan al'ummomi sun kasance suna da tsarin mulki, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa na kansu. A wannan lokaci yankin bai kasance wata jiha guda ɗaya ba kamar yadda yake a yau. <ref>{{cite web |title=The state of Hausa children's folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0041-476X2023000300010&script=sci_arttext |website=Scielo |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafuwar Masarautar Gombe == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka sauya tarihin yankin shi ne kafuwar Masarautar Gombe a farkon ƙarni na 19. Modibbo Buba Yero, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mabiyan Shehu Usman ɗan Fodio, ya kafa cibiyar mulkinsa a Gombe Abba bayan yaƙe-yaƙen jihadin Fulani. Gombe Abba ta zama hedikwatar farko ta Masarautar Gombe kuma daga nan ne aka fara faɗaɗa ikon masarautar zuwa wasu sassan yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs’ town ruined by the British |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/gombe-abba-historic-emirs-town-ruined-by-the-british |website=Trust Radio/Daily Trust |date=12 June 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Gombe Abba ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar siyasa da addini a lokacin farkon Masarautar Gombe. A cewar rahoton ''Daily Trust'', an kafa garin ne a matsayin hedikwatar farko ta masarautar, kuma Buba Yero ya yi amfani da shi wajen gudanar da mulkinsa da faɗaɗa ikon masarautar. Wannan ya sa tarihin Gombe Abba ya zama wani muhimmin sashe na tarihin Jihar Gombe ta yau. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs’ town ruined by the British |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/gombe-abba-historic-emirs-town-ruined-by-the-british |website=Trust Radio/Daily Trust |date=12 June 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Bayan Buba Yero, sarakunan Masarautar Gombe suka ci gaba da faɗaɗa da ƙarfafa tsarin mulkin masarautar. Daga cikin fitattun sarakunan farko akwai Muhammadu Kwairanga, wanda ya yi mulki na tsawon lokaci kuma ya taka rawa wajen bunƙasa ikon masarautar. A wannan lokaci Masarautar Gombe ta kasance cikin tsarin siyasa da ya samo asali daga Jihadin Shehu Usman ɗan Fodio da kuma Daular Sakkwato. <ref>{{cite web |title=The state of Hausa children's folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0041-476X2023000300010&script=sci_arttext |website=Scielo |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Gombe Abba da sauyin hedikwata == Gombe Abba ta kasance cibiyar Masarautar Gombe na wani lokaci mai tsawo kafin mulkin mallaka ya sauya tsarin gudanar da yankin. Bayan zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka, an ga cewa Gombe Abba tana da nisa daga wasu sassan masarautar, lamarin da ya sa Turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara sauya wurin da ake gudanar da harkokin mulki. A shekarar 1913, an mayar da hedikwatar mulkin zuwa Nafada. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs’ town ruined by the British |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/gombe-abba-historic-emirs-town-ruined-by-the-british |website=Trust Radio/Daily Trust |date=12 June 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Bayan wasu shekaru a Nafada, a shekarar 1919 aka sake mayar da hedikwatar zuwa garin Gombe na yanzu. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙara muhimmancin garin Gombe a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa da kasuwanci. Garin ya kasance wuri mafi dacewa ga Turawan mulkin mallaka wajen gudanar da harkokinsu a sassan arewa da kudancin yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs’ town ruined by the British |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/gombe-abba-historic-emirs-town-ruined-by-the-british |website=Trust Radio/Daily Trust |date=12 June 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Zamanin mulkin mallaka == A farkon ƙarni na 20, yankin Gombe ya shiga ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya. Wannan sauyi ya kawo sabon tsarin gudanar da mulki, inda aka haɗa tsarin sarautun gargajiya da tsarin gudanarwar mulkin mallaka. Sarakunan gargajiya sun ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsarin mulki, amma ikon gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ya ƙara ƙarfi a kan harkokin gudanarwa, haraji da shari'a. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs’ town ruined by the British |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/gombe-abba-historic-emirs-town-ruined-by-the-british |website=Trust Radio/Daily Trust |date=12 June 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A lokacin mulkin mallaka, garin Gombe ya ƙara zama muhimmiyar cibiyar gudanarwa. Matsayinsa a tsakiyar yankin ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa harkokin kasuwanci da zirga-zirga. Wannan ci gaban ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka taimaka wajen mayar da Gombe daga tsohuwar cibiyar gudanarwa zuwa babban birni na yankin da daga baya ya zama babban birnin Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Snail Pace Industrialization Versus Breath-Taking Urbanization: The Dilemma of a Neo-Colonial City, Gombe, 1996–2011 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378848934_SNAIL_PACE_INDUSTRIALIZATION_VERSUS_BREATH-TAKING_URBANIZATION_THE_DILEMMA_OF_A_NEO-COLONIAL_CITY_GOMBE_1996-2011 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Bayan samun 'yancin kai == Bayan Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai a shekarar 1960, yankin da daga baya ya zama Jihar Gombe ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin sauye-sauyen tsarin jihohi da yankunan gudanarwa na Najeriya. A shekarar 1967, lokacin da aka sake fasalta tsarin jihohin Najeriya, yankin ya kasance cikin Jihar North-Eastern State. Daga baya, a shekarar 1976, aka kafa Jihar Bauchi daga wani ɓangare na tsohuwar North-Eastern State, kuma yankin Gombe ya shiga cikin Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Seven states at 50 |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/seven-states-at-50/ |website=The Nation |date=8 February 2026 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan kafuwar Jihar Bauchi, bukatar a samar da sabuwar jiha daga wasu sassan Bauchi ta ƙaru. Masu fafutukar kafa Jihar Gombe sun gudanar da kamfen da tarurruka daban-daban domin ganin an samu jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka taka rawa a fafutukar sun haɗa da shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa da wasu fitattun 'yan asalin yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 – Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafuwar Jihar Gombe == An kafa Jihar Gombe a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Sani Abacha. An ƙirƙiri jihar ne daga wani ɓangare na tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da garin Gombe a matsayin babban birnin jihar. Kafuwar jihar ta kasance cikar dogon buri na al'ummomin yankin na samun tsarin mulki da zai fi kusanci da bukatunsu na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Rahoton ''Daily Trust'' da aka wallafa bayan kafuwar jihar ya bayyana cewa Gombe na daga cikin sabbin jihohin da aka ƙirƙira a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. A lokacin kafuwarta, jihar ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11: Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/8a84d67f-e28a-45cb-906c-67b8e6795fe2/download |website=Nigerian National Library Repository / Daily Trust |date=16 April 2001 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Kafuwar jihar ta kuma ba garin Gombe sabon matsayi na siyasa da gudanarwa. Daga wannan lokaci, Gombe ta zama babban birnin jiha mai cikakken tsarin gwamnati, ma'aikatun jiha, majalisar dokoki da sauran hukumomin gwamnati. Wannan ya taimaka wajen sa garin ya ƙara bunƙasa a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da gudanarwa a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Snail Pace Industrialization Versus Breath-Taking Urbanization: The Dilemma of a Neo-Colonial City, Gombe, 1996–2011 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378848934_SNAIL_PACE_INDUSTRIALIZATION_VERSUS_BREATH-TAKING_URBANIZATION_THE_DILEMMA_OF_A_NEO-COLONIAL_CITY_GOMBE_1996-2011 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Gwamnatin farar hula da shugabannin jihar == Bayan dawowar Najeriya zuwa mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999, Gombe ta shiga sabon tsarin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya. Abubakar Habu Hashidu ya zama gwamnan jihar na farko a zamanin farar hula, bayan zamanin farko na masu gudanar da jihar na soja. Daga baya Mohammed Danjuma Goje, Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo da Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya suka jagoranci jihar a lokuta daban-daban. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of governors of Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Gombe_State |website=Wikipedia |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Muhimmiyar rawa wajen fafutukar kafa jihar ta kasance ta wasu shugabannin gargajiya da 'yan siyasa na yankin. A wata hira da ''Punch'', Ambasada Garba ya bayyana cewa kamfen ɗin neman Jihar Gombe ya gudana cikin matakai daban-daban, musamman a shekarun 1991 da 1996, kuma ya ambaci marigayi Sarkin Gombe Shehu Abubakar da wasu shugabannin yankin a matsayin waɗanda suka taka rawa a fafutukar kafa jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 – Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Al'adu da al'ummomin Jihar Gombe == Tarihin Jihar Gombe ba ya ta'allaka ne kawai ga Masarautar Gombe ba. Jihar tana da al'ummomi masu yawan gaske waɗanda suke da nasu harsuna, al'adu da tsarin sarauta. Daga cikinsu akwai Tangale, Waja, Tera, Tula, Fulani, Hausa, Bolewa, Dadiya da wasu ƙananan al'ummomi. Wannan bambancin al'adu ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin jihar tun kafin kafuwarta a matsayin jiha. <ref>{{cite web |title=The state of Hausa children's folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0041-476X2023000300010&script=sci_arttext |website=Scielo |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A kudancin jihar, al'ummomin Tangale, Waja da sauran ƙabilu sun daɗe suna da tsarin sarautunsu da al'adunsu. Wannan ya sa tarihin Gombe ya kasance haɗin tarihin masarautar da ta samo asali daga jihadin Fulani da kuma tarihin tsoffin al'ummomin da suka zauna a yankin tun kafin zuwan wannan tsarin mulki. <ref>{{cite web |title=Disinformation on the selection of Mai Tangale |url=https://www.thecable.ng/disinformation-on-the-selection-of-mai-tangale/ |website=TheCable |date=28 February 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Gombe a ƙarni na 21 == Tun bayan kafuwarta a shekarar 1996, Jihar Gombe ta ci gaba da bunƙasa a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa, kasuwanci da tattalin arziki a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Gwamnatin jihar ta bayyana cewa jihar ta samu ci gaba daga matsayin sabuwar jiha zuwa muhimmiyar cibiyar tattalin arziki da gudanarwa a yankin, musamman saboda saka hannun jari a ababen more rayuwa da shirye-shiryen ci gaban tattalin arziki. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Governor Pledges Faster Growth, Wider Economic Opportunities |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-governor-pledges-faster-growth-wider-economic-opportunities/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=1 October 2026 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2026, Jihar Gombe ta cika shekaru 30 da kafuwa. A yayin bikin cikar shekaru 30, gwamnatin jihar ta bayyana cewa tun daga kafuwarta a 1996 jihar ta sauya daga sabuwar jiha zuwa muhimmiyar cibiyar tattalin arziki da gudanarwa a Arewa maso Gabas. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Governor Pledges Faster Growth, Wider Economic Opportunities |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-governor-pledges-faster-growth-wider-economic-opportunities/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=1 October 2026 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Muhimman matakai a tarihin Gombe == * '''1804''' – Kafuwar Masarautar Gombe ƙarƙashin jagorancin Buba Yero a lokacin jihadin Fulani. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe-Abba: Historic emirs’ town ruined by the British |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/gombe-abba-historic-emirs-town-ruined-by-the-british |website=Trust Radio/Daily Trust |date=12 June 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''ƙarni na 19''' – Gombe Abba ta kasance cibiyar Masarautar Gombe. <ref>{{ cnhjf7z9lzngkxrr5kai02crabbvi3h 0 178465 964268 2026-10-07T11:13:15Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State | native_name_lang = ha | settlement_type = State of Nigeria | established_title = Created | established_date = 1 October 1996 | established_by = Sani Abacha military administration | predecessor = Bauchi State | country = Nigeria | geopolitical_zone = North East | capital = Gombe | government_type = State government }} '''Ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' na nufin kafa Jihar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga c... 964268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State | native_name_lang = ha | settlement_type = State of Nigeria | established_title = Created | established_date = 1 October 1996 | established_by = Sani Abacha military administration | predecessor = Bauchi State | country = Nigeria | geopolitical_zone = North East | capital = Gombe | government_type = State government }} '''Ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' na nufin kafa Jihar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jihohin Najeriya a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Sani Abacha. An ƙirƙiri jihar ne daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, bayan dogon lokaci da al'ummomin yankin suka shafe suna neman a samar musu da jiha mai cin gashin kanta. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihin neman a kafa Jihar Gombe == Kafin kafa Jihar Gombe, yankin da ya zama jihar yana ƙarƙashin Jihar Bauchi. Bukatar ƙirƙirar sabuwar jiha daga Bauchi ta samo asali ne daga ra'ayin cewa yankin Gombe yana da yawan jama'a, ma'aikatan gwamnati, kasuwanni da albarkatun ƙasa da za su iya ba shi damar gudanar da harkokin kansa. Masu fafutukar kafa jihar sun yi imanin cewa samun jiha daban zai kawo gwamnati kusa da jama'a tare da ƙara damar samun ci gaba. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 – Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa a fafutukar kafa jihar, ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da kamfen ɗin neman Jihar Gombe cikin matakai daban-daban, ciki har da kamfen na shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Ya kuma bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandam ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar a shekarar 1996. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 – Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga cikin mutanen da suka taka rawa wajen wannan fafutuka akwai marigayi Sarkin Gombe, Alhaji Shehu Abubakar; Abubakar Habu Hashidu; Sanata Yerima Abdullahi; Umaru Kukani; Idi Apollos; Y.B. Tadi; A.J. Filiya; Usman Farouk; Saleh Amos da wasu shugabanni da 'yan asalin yankin. An gudanar da wasu daga cikin tarurrukan masu fafutukar a fadar Sarkin Gombe da kuma majalisar ƙaramar hukumar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 – Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar == Masu fafutukar kafa Jihar Gombe sun gabatar da dalilai da dama ga gwamnatin tarayya. Daga cikin muhimman dalilan akwai yawan ma'aikatan gwamnati daga yankin Gombe da ke aiki a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, yawan jama'ar yankin, ƙarfin kasuwancinsa da kuma albarkatun ƙasa da ake ganin za su iya samar da kuɗaɗen shiga ga sabuwar jiha. A cewar Haruna Garba, masu fafutukar sun bayyana cewa jama'ar yankin Gombe sun kasance kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 na ma'aikatan gwamnatin Bauchi a lokacin, yayin da yawan jama'ar yankin ya kai kusan miliyan 1.6. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 – Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu neman jihar sun kuma yi nuni da albarkatun ƙasa da ake samu a yankin, ciki har da kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar albarkatun mai a Pindiga. Sun yi amfani da irin waɗannan bayanai wajen nuna cewa sabuwar jihar za ta iya samun damar samar da kuɗaɗen shiga da kuma dogaro da kanta. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 – Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wani muhimmin dalili da masu fafutukar suka bayyana shi ne rashin isassun ayyukan more rayuwa a yankin, musamman batun samar da ruwan sha. Sun kuma nuna damuwa game da makomar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan yankin da kuma buƙatar ƙara yawan kasuwanni da cibiyoyin tattalin arziki a Gombe. A ra'ayinsu, ƙirƙirar jiha za ta ba da damar mayar da hankali kan waɗannan matsaloli. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 – Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya == A lokacin fafutukar, masu neman jihar sun shirya memorandam ɗin da ya ƙunshi bayanai da hujjoji da suke ganin za su tabbatar da cancantar yankin Gombe na zama jiha. Kwamitin da ke jagorantar fafutukar ya ƙunshi wasu fitattun 'yan siyasa da shugabannin yankin, tare da Sanata Yerima Abdullahi a matsayin shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar da Abubakar Habu Hashidu a matsayin sakatare. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 – Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma nemi goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya ta lokacin, wadda Janar Sani Abacha ke jagoranta. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon Abacha wajen tabbatar da ƙirƙirar jihar. Ya ce ba a gudanar da ganawar kai tsaye tsakaninsa da Abacha ba, amma tawagar ta kai masa buƙatar al'ummar yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 – Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafuwar Jihar Gombe == A ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', gwamnatin soja ƙarƙashin Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Wannan ya cika burin da al'ummomin yankin suka shafe shekaru suna nema. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar da jihar ta zama jiha mai cin gashin kanta. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar Jihar Gombe ta fara rayuwarta da ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Waɗannan su ne Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Wannan tsarin ya kasance tushen tsarin gudanarwar jihar a farkon shekarun kafuwarta. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Development Plan 2021–2030 |url=https://media.premiumtimesng.com/wp-content/files/2021/12/MAIN-INNER-compressed.pdf |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Gombe ta zama ɗaya daga cikin jihohin Najeriya da aka ƙirƙira a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996. A wannan ranar an kuma ƙirƙiri wasu jihohi kamar Bayelsa, Ebonyi, Ekiti, Nasarawa da Zamfara. Ƙirƙirar waɗannan jihohi ta kasance wani ɓangare na sake fasalin tsarin jihohin Najeriya a ƙarshen zamanin mulkin soja. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of Nigerian states by date of statehood |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_states_by_date_of_statehood |website=Wikipedia |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Farkon gwamnatin Jihar Gombe == Bayan ƙirƙirar jihar, Group Captain J.I. Orji ya zama gwamnan soja na farko ko shugaban mulkin soja na Jihar Gombe. Ya fara aikin kafa tsarin gudanarwa na sabuwar jihar, ciki har da shirya ma'aikatun gwamnati, samar da wuraren aiki da gidaje ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da kuma fara ayyukan raya ababen more rayuwa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Yahaya lauds ex-govs Goje, Dankwambo as Gombe marks 25th anniversary |url=https://punchng.com/yahaya-lauds-ex-govs-goje-dankwambo-as-gombe-marks-25th-anniversary/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=2 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Bayan Group Captain J.I. Orji, Lieutenant Colonel Inuwa Bawa ya jagoranci jihar. A lokacin mulkinsa an ci gaba da saka hannun jari a ababen more rayuwa kamar hanyoyi, gadoji, makarantu da asibitoci, tare da wasu matakai na inganta harkokin ilimi na farko. <ref>{{cite web |title=Yahaya lauds ex-govs Goje, Dankwambo as Gombe marks 25th anniversary |url=https://punchng.com/yahaya-lauds-ex-govs-goje-dankwambo-as-gombe-marks-25th-anniversary/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=2 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Komawar mulkin farar hula == Bayan komawar Najeriya zuwa mulkin dimokuraɗiyya a shekarar 1999, Abubakar Habu Hashidu ya zama gwamnan farar hula na farko na Jihar Gombe. Gwamnatinsa ta mai da hankali kan noma, samar da ruwan sha, raya karkara, kiwon lafiya, ilimin firamare da rigakafin rikice-rikice. Haka kuma an gudanar da ayyukan gidaje da hanyoyi a birane da karkara. <ref>{{cite web |title=Yahaya lauds ex-govs Goje, Dankwambo as Gombe marks 25th anniversary |url=https://punchng.com/yahaya-lauds-ex-govs-goje-dankwambo-as-gombe-marks-25th-anniversary/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=2 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin da aka kafa jihar, gwamnatoci daban-daban sun ci gaba da gina tsarin da aka fara a shekarun farko. A cikin shekaru 25 na farko, jihar ta samu ƙarin ababen more rayuwa da cibiyoyin ilimi da kiwon lafiya, tare da ci gaba da bunƙasa garin Gombe a matsayin babban birnin jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe @25: Momentous Journey, Governor says |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-25-momentous-journey-governor-says/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=1 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tasirin ƙirƙirar jihar == Ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta sauya tsarin siyasa da gudanar da yankin, saboda an samu gwamnati mai cikakken iko a cikin jihar maimakon yankin ya ci gaba da kasancewa wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi. Wannan ya ƙara kusantar da hukumomin gwamnati ga jama'ar yankin tare da samar da sabbin mukamai da cibiyoyin gwamnati a Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe @25: Momentous Journey, Governor says |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-25-momentous-journey-governor-says/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=1 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A fannin tattalin arziki, ƙirƙirar jihar ta samar da sabon tsarin tsara kasafin kuɗi da saka hannun jari a cikin ababen more rayuwa. A cikin shekaru bayan kafuwarta, an gina ko inganta hanyoyi, kasuwanni, makarantu, asibitoci da sauran cibiyoyi. Haka kuma garin Gombe ya ƙara girma a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da gudanarwa a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Yahaya lauds ex-govs Goje, Dankwambo as Gombe marks 25th anniversary |url=https://punchng.com/yahaya-lauds-ex-govs-goje-dankwambo-as-gombe-marks-25th-anniversary/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=2 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2021, jihar ta cika shekaru 25 da kafuwa. A wajen bikin, Gwamna Muhammadu Inuwa Yahaya ya bayyana ƙirƙirar jihar a matsayin wani sabon mataki ga al'ummar Gombe, tare da yabawa waɗanda suka yi fafutukar ganin an kafa jihar da kuma gwamnatocin da suka jagoranci jihar tun daga 1996. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe @25: Momentous Journey, Governor says |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-25-momentous-journey-governor-says/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=1 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2026, Jihar Gombe ta cika shekaru 30 da kafuwa. A yayin bikin, an bayyana cewa tun daga shekarar 1996 jihar ta samu sauyi daga sabuwar jiha zuwa wata muhimmiyar cibiyar tattalin arziki da gudanarwa a Arewa maso Gabas. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Governor Pledges Faster Growth, Wider Economic Opportunities |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-governor-pledges-faster-growth-wider-economic-opportunities/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=1 October 2026 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Muhimman ranaku == * '''1991''' – An gudanar da wani sabon mataki na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 – Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – An sake ƙarfafa fafutukar neman kafa jihar tare da gabatar da memorandam ga gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 – Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' – Janar Sani Abacha ya ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – Group Captain J.I. Orji ya zama shugaban gwamnatin soja na farko na jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Yahaya lauds ex-govs Goje, Dankwambo as Gombe marks 25th anniversary |url=https://punchng.com/yahaya-lauds-ex-govs-goje-dankwambo-as-gombe-marks-25th-anniversary/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=2 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1999''' – Abubakar Habu Hashidu ya zama gwamnan farar hula na farko bayan komawar Najeriya zuwa mulkin dimokuraɗiyya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe @25: Momentous Journey, Governor says |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-25-momentous-journey-governor-says/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=1 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''2021''' – Jihar Gombe ta cika shekaru 25 da kafuwa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe @25: Momentous Journey, Governor says |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-25-momentous-journey-governor-says/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=1 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''2026''' – Jihar Gombe ta cika shekaru 30 da kafuwa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Governor Pledges Faster Growth, Wider Economic Opportunities |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-governor-pledges-faster-growth-wider-economic-opportunities/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=1 October 2026 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 65trptyjldog8utwea8i7k3c6sq3gdt 0 178466 964270 2026-10-07T11:19:52Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar... 964270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Shugabannin fafutukar == A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1991 == Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996 == A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Nasarar fafutukar == A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe == Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsawon lokacin fafutukar == * '''1976''' – An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' – An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' – An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' – An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' – An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mrf3nwh2r072ch653zwgmzxadrtlpmy 964274 964270 2026-10-07T11:28:11Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 964274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Shugabannin fafutukar == A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1991 == Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996 == A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Nasarar fafutukar == A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe == Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsawon lokacin fafutukar == * '''1976''' – An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' – An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' – An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' – An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' – An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} cs5kyxmbo6e9vbsw30flpsjv2z6ap6t 964276 964274 2026-10-07T11:29:32Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ Inganta shafi 964276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026|last= Azubuike |first = Chima}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Shugabannin fafutukar == A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1991 == Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996 == A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Nasarar fafutukar == A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe == Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsawon lokacin fafutukar == * '''1976''' – An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' – An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' – An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' – An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' – An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 0z394d8cvebokztj480d5u2mrm09x5f 964277 964276 2026-10-07T11:30:37Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Asalin fafutukar */ 964277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026|last= Azubuike |first = Chima}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Shugabannin fafutukar == A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1991 == Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996 == A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Nasarar fafutukar == A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe == Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsawon lokacin fafutukar == * '''1976''' – An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' – An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' – An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' – An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' – An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4upkr1wyhmz8kh5tdjwob7tk3k5p0ye 964278 964277 2026-10-07T11:31:10Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar */ 964278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026|last= Azubuike |first = Chima}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Shugabannin fafutukar == A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1991 == Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996 == A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Nasarar fafutukar == A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe == Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsawon lokacin fafutukar == * '''1976''' – An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' – An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' – An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' – An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' – An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 59vfli1g2uysg2zgb2257emiwhzsk82 964280 964278 2026-10-07T11:32:08Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar */ 964280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026|last= Azubuike |first = Chima}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar== Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Shugabannin fafutukar == A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1991 == Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996 == A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Nasarar fafutukar == A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe == Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsawon lokacin fafutukar == * '''1976''' – An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' – An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' – An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' – An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' – An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} j3osbyqztvnzxw8ibeeamjus0npr3d7 964284 964280 2026-10-07T11:33:48Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Shugabannin Ƙungiyar */ 964284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026|last= Azubuike |first = Chima}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar== Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Shugabannin Ƙungiyar== A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1991 == Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996 == A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Nasarar fafutukar == A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe == Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsawon lokacin fafutukar == * '''1976''' – An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' – An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' – An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' – An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' – An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} eonojst0gxpzaugeonjj8c2qhggugoo 964287 964284 2026-10-07T11:34:48Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Fafutukar shekarar 1991 */ 964287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026|last= Azubuike |first = Chima}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar== Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Shugabannin Ƙungiyar== A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Fafutukar shekarar 1991== Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996 == A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Nasarar fafutukar == A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe == Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsawon lokacin fafutukar == * '''1976''' – An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' – An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' – An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' – An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' – An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pbjy5o1g9oy4zkooqxqol7dun97ot7m 964289 964287 2026-10-07T11:35:46Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Fafutukar shekarar 1996 */ 964289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026|last= Azubuike |first = Chima}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar== Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Shugabannin Ƙungiyar== A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Fafutukar shekarar 1991== Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996== A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Nasarar fafutukar == A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe == Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsawon lokacin fafutukar == * '''1976''' – An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' – An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' – An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' – An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' – An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5ivx2uca5fny1abbzw3wrvyglzw3fnr 964293 964289 2026-10-07T11:36:31Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Nasarar fafutukar */ 964293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026|last= Azubuike |first = Chima}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar== Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Shugabannin Ƙungiyar== A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Fafutukar shekarar 1991== Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996== A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Nasarar fafutukar== A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe == Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsawon lokacin fafutukar == * '''1976''' – An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' – An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' – An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' – An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' – An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1xthm4501czmjkdpk0tnp416rn242rx 964295 964293 2026-10-07T11:37:09Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe */ 964295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026|last= Azubuike |first = Chima}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar== Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Shugabannin Ƙungiyar== A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Fafutukar shekarar 1991== Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996== A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Nasarar fafutukar== A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe== Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsawon lokacin fafutukar == * '''1976''' – An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' – An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' – An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' – An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' – An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya. <ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' – An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. <ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 557rlzv57i096y3stia9mtaq3wqg0gb 964297 964295 2026-10-07T11:38:58Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Tsawon lokacin fafutukar */ 964297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026|last= Azubuike |first = Chima}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar== Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Shugabannin Ƙungiyar== A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Fafutukar shekarar 1991== Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996== A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Nasarar fafutukar== A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe== Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Tsawon lokacin fafutukar== * '''1976''' An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} b120vwxbypt1kmh2fzoe2m2ogje41p4 964299 964297 2026-10-07T11:39:20Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 964299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026|last= Azubuike |first = Chima}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar== Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Shugabannin Ƙungiyar== A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Fafutukar shekarar 1991== Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996== A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Nasarar fafutukar== A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe== Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Tsawon lokacin fafutukar== * '''1976''' An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} avqdyuhaub5z13oxkx2t8wv7rp6z538 964300 964299 2026-10-07T11:39:58Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 964300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization | name = Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | native_name = Gombe State Creation Movement | native_name_lang = en | formation = 22 September 1980 | dissolution = 1 October 1996 | purpose = Neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe | headquarters = Gombe, Nigeria | region_served = Gombe area, Bauchi State | parent_organization = Gombe Progressive Association }} '''Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe''' wata fafutuka ce da 'yan asalin yankin Gombe suka gudanar domin neman a raba yankin Gombe da tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi tare da samar da sabuwar jiha mai cin gashin kanta. Fafutukar ta gudana tsawon shekaru kafin a samu nasara a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga wani ɓangare na Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026|last= Azubuike |first = Chima}}</ref> == Asalin fafutukar == Fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe tana da tushe tun kafin shekarar 1996. Bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976, yankin Gombe ya kasance wani ɓangare na wannan jiha. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, wasu shugabannin gargajiya da masu ilimi daga yankin suka fara neman a samar da wata jiha da za ta ƙunshi yankunan Gombe da kewaye.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin fitattun shugabannin da suka taka rawa a farkon wannan fafutuka shi ne Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Abubakar Umar, wanda ya yi sarauta daga 1935 zuwa 1984. An bayyana cewa a shekarar 1976 aka sake farfaɗo da kiran neman Jihar Gombe, kuma Sarkin Gombe ya jagoranci wannan yunƙuri tare da taimakon wasu fitattun 'yan yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an samu wani muhimmin mataki a wannan fafutuka lokacin da Sarkin Gombe ya gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar a gaban Shugaban Najeriya Shehu Shagari yayin wata ziyara da ya kai fadar sarkin. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin yunƙurin neman goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya domin samar da sabuwar jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Kafa ƙungiyar neman jihar == A cewar wani binciken tarihi daga ɗakin adana bayanai na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta samu tsari a hukumance a ranar '''22 ga Satumba 1980''', lokacin da aka gabatar da wani memorandum tare da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Biyu. Wannan ya nuna cewa fafutukar ta wuce matakin buƙatar mutum ɗaya ko masarauta zuwa tsarin ƙungiya da gabatar da hujjoji ga hukumomin ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma danganta farkon wannan fafutuka da '''Gombe Progressive Association''', wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Wannan sauyi ya ba masu fafutukar damar tsara buƙatunsu da kuma shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ke neman ƙirƙirar sabbin jihohi a Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar Gombe ta shiga cikin yunƙurin ƙasa baki ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin neman ƙirƙirar jihohi, ƙarƙashin '''National Association of State Movement in Nigeria (NASMON)'''. Hakan ya sa fafutukar Gombe ta zama wani ɓangare na babbar fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa da ake yi a Najeriya domin sake fasalin tsarin jihohi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Dalilan neman ƙirƙirar jihar== Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hujjojin da masu fafutukar suka gabatar shi ne yawan jama'ar yankin da kuma muhimmancinsa a tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Haruna Garba, wanda ya taka rawa sosai a fafutukar, ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yankin Gombe yana da kusan mutane miliyan 1.6, yayin da mutanen yankin suka kasance babban kaso na ma'aikatan gwamnatin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun kuma yi nuni da ƙarfin tattalin arzikin yankin. A cikin memorandum ɗin neman jihar an ambaci kasuwar Gombe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan kasuwannin arewacin Najeriya, tare da damar da yankin ke da ita wajen samar da kuɗaɗen shiga na cikin gida. An kuma ambaci albarkatun ƙasa kamar kwal a Mai-Ganga, gypsum a Zambuk da kuma yiwuwar samun mai a Pindiga.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Masu fafutukar sun yi imanin cewa samar da jiha daban zai ba yankin damar samun tsarin gudanarwa da zai fi mai da hankali kan bukatun jama'ar yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, inganta ilimi da kiwon lafiya, da kuma ƙarfafa kasuwanci da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: The Journey so far |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/ |website=Nigerian National Library Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Shugabannin Ƙungiyar== A matakin shekarar 1996, Sanata '''Yerima Abdullahi''' ya kasance shugaban sakatariyar fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe, yayin da '''Abubakar Habu Hashidu''' ya kasance sakatare. Haruna Garba ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shirya bayanan neman jihar kuma ya ce shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin da aka gabatar a shekarar 1996.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran mutanen da Haruna Garba ya ambata a matsayin waɗanda suka yi aiki tare a fafutukar sun haɗa da marigayi Sarkin Gombe Alhaji Shehu Abubakar, Umaru Kukani, Barrister Idi Apollos, Y.B. Tadi, A.J. Filiya, Usman Farouk, Saleh Amos, Sanata U.U. Dukku, Danjuma Kent, Riga Dawaki, Abdulkadir Manu da A.Y. Gombe, tare da wasu mutane da dama.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Farkon tarurrukan ƙungiyar an gudanar da su a fadar Sarkin Gombe, yayin da taron farko na kwamitin zartarwa ya gudana a ɗakin taro na Majalisar Ƙaramar Hukumar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa an gudanar da tarurruka masu yawa a lokacin fafutukar, kuma daga cikin muhimman matakan da aka ɗauka akwai gayyatar tsohon gwamnan North-Western State, Usman Farouk, domin ya zama mai ba ƙungiyar shawara.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Fafutukar shekarar 1991== Shekarar 1991 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai na fafutukar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin kamfen ɗin shekarar 1991 da kuma na shekarar 1996. Wannan ya nuna cewa bayan ƙoƙarin da aka yi a shekarun baya, masu fafutukar sun sake tsara yunƙurinsu domin neman amincewar gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A wannan lokaci, masu fafutukar sun ci gaba da wayar da kan jama'a game da manufar ƙirƙirar jihar. An kuma fuskanci wasu mutane daga yankin da ba su yarda cewa lokacin ƙirƙirar jihar ya dace ba. Kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a ya yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi tare da bayyana dalilan da suke ganin Gombe ta cancanci zama jiha.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Fafutukar shekarar 1996== A shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ta sake ƙarfafa yunƙurinta domin samun nasarar ƙirƙirar jihar. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa shi ne ya tsara memorandum ɗin neman ƙirƙirar jihar, yayin da sakatariyar ƙungiyar ƙarƙashin Sanata Yerima Abdullahi ta tattara bayanai da hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su wajen gabatar da buƙatar.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Wata tawaga daga yankin Gombe ta je Abuja domin neman taimakon gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha. Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja da dare domin neman taimakon Abacha, bisa shawarar wasu daga cikin 'yan asalin Gombe da suka haɗa da Janar Stephen Shelphidi da Dakta Aliyu Modibbo.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Haruna Garba ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa yin ganawar mutum da mutum da Janar Sani Abacha ba a lokacin wannan fafutuka. Sai dai ya kasance cikin tawagar Sarkin Gombe da ta je Abuja domin neman goyon bayan shugaban gwamnatin soja. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa hulɗar masu fafutukar da gwamnatin tarayya ta gudana ne ta hanyar tawagogi da shugabannin yankin.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Nasarar fafutukar== A ƙarshe, fafutukar da aka fara shekaru da dama kafin hakan ta samu nasara a ranar '''1 ga Oktoba 1996''', lokacin da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta sanar da ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da cewa ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996 ita ce ranar kafuwar jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/history.php |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jawabin da Janar Sani Abacha ya gabatar a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1996, an bayyana cewa Gombe za a ƙirƙira ta daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi, tare da Gombe a matsayin hedikwata, kuma sabuwar jihar za ta ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi guda 11. Wannan ya tabbatar da cewa buƙatar ƙungiyar neman jihar ta samu amincewar gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Sabuwar jihar ta fara ne da ƙananan hukumomi 11, wato Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada, Shongom da Yamaltu-Deba. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi ne suka zama tushen tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar Jihar Gombe a lokacin kafuwarta.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Matsayin ƙungiyar a tarihin Gombe== Ƙungiyar neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa shugabannin gargajiya, 'yan siyasa, ma'aikatan gwamnati da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki domin neman sabuwar jiha. Tarihin fafutukar ya nuna cewa ba mutum ɗaya ko wata ƙabila guda ce ta gudanar da ita ba, domin mutane daga sassa daban-daban na yankin sun shiga cikin yunƙurin.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken tarihin fafutukar ya bayyana cewa nasarar neman Jihar Gombe ta kasance sakamakon dogon yunƙuri daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 1996, tare da shiga cikin faɗaɗɗen ƙungiyoyin ƙasa na neman ƙirƙirar jihohi. Daga wannan hangen, ƙirƙirar jihar a 1996 ta kasance ƙarshen wani dogon tsarin fafutukar siyasa da zamantakewa.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> ==Tsawon lokacin fafutukar== * '''1976''' An sake farfaɗo da kiran neman ƙirƙirar Jihar Gombe bayan kafa Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''22 Satumba 1980''' An gabatar da memorandum da takardar rantsuwa ga Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1982''' An gabatar da buƙatar ƙirƙirar jihar ga Shugaba Shehu Shagari yayin ziyararsa fadar Sarkin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN GOMBE STATE |url=https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/d83b5366-9dc0-42e9-902d-981477c44447/content |website=Ahmadu Bello University Repository |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1991''' An sake gudanar da wani muhimmin kamfen na neman ƙirƙirar jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1996''' An ƙarfafa fafutuka tare da gabatar da sabon memorandum ga gwamnatin tarayya.<ref>{{cite web |title=How we convinced Abacha to create Gombe State in 1996 –Amb. Garba |url=https://punchng.com/how-we-convinced-abacha-to-create-gombe-state-in-1996-amb-garba/ |website=Punch Newspapers |date=8 May 2021 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> * '''1 Oktoba 1996''' An ƙirƙiri Jihar Gombe daga tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi.<ref>{{cite web |title=October 1, 1996 Independence Day Speech by Sani Abacha |url=https://archivi.ng/the-archivist/stories/issue-4/independence-day-speeches-nigeria/1996-independence-day-speech |website=Archivi.ng |date=1 October 1996 |access-date=7 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Jihar Gombe]] 7ua7r5xquo0e855fv4ihzkxdrlc00sw 0 178467 964273 2026-10-07T11:27:59Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Sabuwar mukala 964273 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Laurent Gbagbo da rikicin shugabancin Côte d’Ivoire== Laurent Gbagbo tsohon shugaban ƙasar Côte d’Ivoire ne, wanda ya kasance shugaban ƙasar daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2011. Rikicin siyasa da ya biyo bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2010 ya haifar da takaddamar shugabanci tsakanin Gbagbo da Alassane Ouattara, wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa rikicin makamai. ==Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2010== A zagayen farko na zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2010, Gbagbo ya samu kashi 38.3% na ƙuri’un, yayin da Alassane Ouattara ya samu 32.08%, sannan Henri Konan Bédié ya samu 25.24%. Saboda babu ɗan takara da ya samu rinjaye, an gudanar da zagaye na biyu a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2010. A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2010, Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta Côte d’Ivoire ta sanar da cewa Ouattara ya lashe zagayen na biyu da kashi 54.1%, yayin da Gbagbo ya samu 45.9%. Sai dai Majalisar Tsarin Mulkin ƙasar ta soke wasu ƙuri’u daga wasu yankuna, sannan ta ayyana Gbagbo a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen da kashi 51.45%. Saboda haka, Gbagbo da Ouattara dukansu suka ci gaba da da’awar shugabancin ƙasar. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa sun amince da Ouattara a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen. ==Rikicin siyasa da na soja== Rikicin siyasar ya ƙara tsananta, inda Ouattara ya kafa cibiyar gwamnatinsa a Golf Hotel da ke Abidjan, yayin da Gbagbo ya ci gaba da iko da wasu manyan cibiyoyin gwamnati. A farkon shekarar 2011, rikicin ya rikide zuwa faɗan makamai. Dakarun da ke goyon bayan Ouattara, waɗanda daga baya aka fi sani da Forces Républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI), suka kutsa zuwa kudancin ƙasar tare da nufin karɓe iko da Abidjan. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ce rikicin ya haifar da mummunan yanayin jinƙai, tare da asarar rayuka da gudun hijirar fararen hula. A ranar 30 ga Maris 2011, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya amince da ƙuduri mai lamba 1975, wanda ya sake jaddada buƙatar kawo ƙarshen tashin hankalin tare da bai wa UNOCI damar kare fararen hula. ==Kama Laurent Gbagbo== A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2011, bayan kazamin artabu a Abidjan, an kama Laurent Gbagbo. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta tabbatar cewa sojojin da ke biyayya ga Ouattara ne suka kama shi, kuma aka kai shi Golf Hotel, inda aka sanya shi ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnatin Ouattara, yayin da UNOCI ke samar da kariya da tsaro. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kuma bayyana cewa sojojinta da na Faransa Licorne sun gudanar da ayyuka ne bisa umarnin ƙudurin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, musamman dangane da kare fararen hula da hana amfani da manyan makamai. Kama Gbagbo ya kawo ƙarshen takaddamar da ta shafe watanni tana gudana tsakanin gwamnatinsa da gwamnatin Ouattara. Shari’a a Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya Daga baya aka tura Gbagbo zuwa Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC) a Hague, inda aka tuhume shi da laifukan cin zarafin bil’adama da suka haɗa da kisa, fyade da sauran nau’o'in cin zarafi, waɗanda ake zargin an aikata yayin rikicin bayan zaɓen 2010–2011. Shari’ar ta fara a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2016. A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2019, Kotun ICC ta wanke Gbagbo da Charles Blé Goudé daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen laifukan cin zarafin bil’adama da ake tuhumar su da aikatawa. Mai gabatar da ƙara ya ɗaukaka ƙara kan hukuncin. Sai dai a ranar 31 ga Maris 2021, Ƙungiyar Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta ICC ta tabbatar da hukuncin wanke Gbagbo da Blé Goudé. Hukuncin ya zama na ƙarshe. ==Gadon rikicin== Rikicin shugabancin Côte d’Ivoire na shekarar 2010–2011 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan rikice-rikicen siyasa a tarihin ƙasar bayan samun 'yancin kai. Takaddamar sakamakon zaɓe ta haifar da rikicin siyasa, wanda daga baya ya rikide zuwa faɗan makamai da kuma tsoma bakin sojojin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kama Gbagbo a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2011 ya kawo ƙarshen mulkinsa, yayin da shari’ar da aka yi masa a ICC ta ƙare da wanke shi daga tuhume-tuhumen laifukan cin zarafin bil’adama a shekarar 2019, sannan aka tabbatar da wannan hukunci a shekarar 2021. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} International Criminal Court (ICC). The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé – Case Information. ICC. � International Criminal Court United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI). Presidential Elections – Post-election Crisis. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. � United Nations Peacekeeping United Nations. Noon Briefing of 11 April 2011: U.N. Peacekeeping Chief Confirms Former Ivorian President in Custody of Ouattara Forces. 11 Afrilu 2011. � United Nations United Nations Secretary-General. Secretary-General’s Press Encounter Following Arrest of Laurent Gbagbo of Côte d’Ivoire. 11 Afrilu 2011. � United Nations United Nations. Statement Attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on the Situation in Côte d’Ivoire. 11 Afrilu 2011. � United Nations International Criminal Court (ICC). ICC Appeals Chamber Confirms Trial Chamber I’s Decision Acquitting Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé of All Charges of Crimes Against Humanity. 31 Maris 2021. � daneplgmrisup4tfza0lz426fut99gy 964282 964273 2026-10-07T11:32:41Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Daura hoto 964282 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Laurent Gbagbo da rikicin shugabancin Côte d’Ivoire==[[File:Laurent Gbagbo da Rikicin Shugabancin Côte d’Ivoire.jpg|thumb|Laurent Gbagbo, tsohon shugaban ƙasar Côte d’Ivoire, wanda ya kasance a tsakiyar rikicin siyasa da ya biyo bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2010.]] Laurent Gbagbo tsohon shugaban ƙasar Côte d’Ivoire ne, wanda ya kasance shugaban ƙasar daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2011. Rikicin siyasa da ya biyo bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2010 ya haifar da takaddamar shugabanci tsakanin Gbagbo da Alassane Ouattara, wadda daga baya ta rikide zuwa rikicin makamai. ==Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2010== A zagayen farko na zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2010, Gbagbo ya samu kashi 38.3% na ƙuri’un, yayin da Alassane Ouattara ya samu 32.08%, sannan Henri Konan Bédié ya samu 25.24%. Saboda babu ɗan takara da ya samu rinjaye, an gudanar da zagaye na biyu a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2010. A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2010, Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta Côte d’Ivoire ta sanar da cewa Ouattara ya lashe zagayen na biyu da kashi 54.1%, yayin da Gbagbo ya samu 45.9%. Sai dai Majalisar Tsarin Mulkin ƙasar ta soke wasu ƙuri’u daga wasu yankuna, sannan ta ayyana Gbagbo a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen da kashi 51.45%. Saboda haka, Gbagbo da Ouattara dukansu suka ci gaba da da’awar shugabancin ƙasar. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa sun amince da Ouattara a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen. ==Rikicin siyasa da na soja== Rikicin siyasar ya ƙara tsananta, inda Ouattara ya kafa cibiyar gwamnatinsa a Golf Hotel da ke Abidjan, yayin da Gbagbo ya ci gaba da iko da wasu manyan cibiyoyin gwamnati. A farkon shekarar 2011, rikicin ya rikide zuwa faɗan makamai. Dakarun da ke goyon bayan Ouattara, waɗanda daga baya aka fi sani da Forces Républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI), suka kutsa zuwa kudancin ƙasar tare da nufin karɓe iko da Abidjan. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta ce rikicin ya haifar da mummunan yanayin jinƙai, tare da asarar rayuka da gudun hijirar fararen hula. A ranar 30 ga Maris 2011, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya amince da ƙuduri mai lamba 1975, wanda ya sake jaddada buƙatar kawo ƙarshen tashin hankalin tare da bai wa UNOCI damar kare fararen hula. ==Kama Laurent Gbagbo== A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2011, bayan kazamin artabu a Abidjan, an kama Laurent Gbagbo. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta tabbatar cewa sojojin da ke biyayya ga Ouattara ne suka kama shi, kuma aka kai shi Golf Hotel, inda aka sanya shi ƙarƙashin kulawar gwamnatin Ouattara, yayin da UNOCI ke samar da kariya da tsaro. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kuma bayyana cewa sojojinta da na Faransa Licorne sun gudanar da ayyuka ne bisa umarnin ƙudurin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, musamman dangane da kare fararen hula da hana amfani da manyan makamai. Kama Gbagbo ya kawo ƙarshen takaddamar da ta shafe watanni tana gudana tsakanin gwamnatinsa da gwamnatin Ouattara. Shari’a a Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya Daga baya aka tura Gbagbo zuwa Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya (ICC) a Hague, inda aka tuhume shi da laifukan cin zarafin bil’adama da suka haɗa da kisa, fyade da sauran nau’o'in cin zarafi, waɗanda ake zargin an aikata yayin rikicin bayan zaɓen 2010–2011. Shari’ar ta fara a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2016. A ranar 15 ga Janairu 2019, Kotun ICC ta wanke Gbagbo da Charles Blé Goudé daga dukkan tuhume-tuhumen laifukan cin zarafin bil’adama da ake tuhumar su da aikatawa. Mai gabatar da ƙara ya ɗaukaka ƙara kan hukuncin. Sai dai a ranar 31 ga Maris 2021, Ƙungiyar Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta ICC ta tabbatar da hukuncin wanke Gbagbo da Blé Goudé. Hukuncin ya zama na ƙarshe. ==Gadon rikicin== Rikicin shugabancin Côte d’Ivoire na shekarar 2010–2011 ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan rikice-rikicen siyasa a tarihin ƙasar bayan samun 'yancin kai. Takaddamar sakamakon zaɓe ta haifar da rikicin siyasa, wanda daga baya ya rikide zuwa faɗan makamai da kuma tsoma bakin sojojin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kama Gbagbo a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2011 ya kawo ƙarshen mulkinsa, yayin da shari’ar da aka yi masa a ICC ta ƙare da wanke shi daga tuhume-tuhumen laifukan cin zarafin bil’adama a shekarar 2019, sannan aka tabbatar da wannan hukunci a shekarar 2021. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} International Criminal Court (ICC). The Prosecutor v. Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé – Case Information. ICC. � International Criminal Court United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI). Presidential Elections – Post-election Crisis. Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. � United Nations Peacekeeping United Nations. Noon Briefing of 11 April 2011: U.N. Peacekeeping Chief Confirms Former Ivorian President in Custody of Ouattara Forces. 11 Afrilu 2011. � United Nations United Nations Secretary-General. Secretary-General’s Press Encounter Following Arrest of Laurent Gbagbo of Côte d’Ivoire. 11 Afrilu 2011. � United Nations United Nations. Statement Attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on the Situation in Côte d’Ivoire. 11 Afrilu 2011. � United Nations International Criminal Court (ICC). ICC Appeals Chamber Confirms Trial Chamber I’s Decision Acquitting Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé of All Charges of Crimes Against Humanity. 31 Maris 2021. � 9f3mj4v51icnelz0ujhagqsx8nytdhl 0 178468 964279 2026-10-07T11:31:49Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373466677|Frank Lyga]]" 964279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frank Lyga''' (an haife shi a shekara ta ) tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Amurka na Sashen' yan sanda na Los Angeles, wanda ya harbe Kevin Gaines . <ref name="Rampart timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304053924/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=2011-10-01 |website=PBS}}</ref> Binciken da LAPD ya yi game da harbi ya haifar da 'yan sanda su gano Abin kunya na Rampart. == Farkon aiki == A shekara ta 1986, Lyga ta shiga Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles bayan ta yi aiki tare da Sashen sheriff a cikin Kwarin Mohawk na New York . <ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |last=Boyer |first=Peter |title=LAPD Rampart Division |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720172131/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=July 20, 2006 |website=edwardlawson.com}}</ref> == Kevin Gaines harbi == Kevin Gaines was shot and killed on March 18, 1997, by Lyga, who was ultimately determined to have been acting in self-defense.<ref name="Lawson" /> At the time of his death, Gaines was 31 and had been a member of the Los Angeles Police Department for seven years.<ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=2009-01-23 |access-date=2012-08-31}}</ref> Gaines had ties to Death Row Records and the Bloods and was living with Suge Knight's ex-wife.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} Lyga, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin Narcotics Division Clandestine Lab Squad a lokacin, tare da sauran mambobin tawagarsa suna fitar da wani dillalin methamphetamine. Lyga shine mutumin da ya dace, wanda ya buƙaci ya zauna a cikin Buick Regal mara alama a 1991 yana jiran yarjejeniyar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta faru, don ya bi wadanda ake zargi zuwa asalin su kuma ya kama wadanda suka dace.<ref name="Lawson" /> An dakatar da aikin, kuma Lyga ta tuka zuwa Ventura Boulevard. Yayinda aka dakatar da shi a jan haske, motar motsa jiki mai kore da Gaines ke tukawa ta ja kusa da shi; Gaines ya yi barazanar Lyga. A mayar da martani Lyga ta gaya wa Gaines ya tsaya don rikici. Gaines ya tsaya, amma Lyga ya tafi; Gaines ya bi shi, tare da S.U.V. yana tafiya ta hanyar zirga-zirga mai yawa har sai ya kusanci motar Lyga. Wani Lyga mai damuwa ya yi wa abokan aikinsa rediyo neman taimako kuma ya shirya kansa don amfani da bindigarsa. Ya ga Gaines yana da bindiga kuma ya sake yin barazana ga Lyga. Lyga ya harbe Gaines sau biyu; na farko ya ɓace, amma na biyu ya buga direban a ƙarƙashin hannunsa na dama, ya soke zuciyarsa kafin ya tsaya a cikin huhu. Gaines sai ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya tsaya. Lyga ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda kuma ya nemi abokin ciniki da ke fitowa daga ƙaramin kasuwar tashar ya kira lambar gaggawa ta 911. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar California Highway Patrol ta isa, <ref name="Lawson" /> sannan kyaftin din Lyga da sauran a cikin tawagarsa suka biyo baya. Sauran jami'an sun mallaki wurin ta amfani da daidaitattun tsari. Lokacin da Lyga ya koma tashar kuma ya jira umarni game da binciken harbi kwamandansa, Dennis Zuener, ya sanar da shi cewa Kevin Gaines jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Los Angeles. === Sakamakon harbi === Kashegari bayan harbi wani tashin hankali na kafofin watsa labarai ya biyo baya. Wani rukuni na 'yan Afirka na Afirka, karkashin jagorancin tsoffin abokan hulɗa na Gaines Derwin Henderson da Bruce Stallworth, sun tafi wurin da lamarin ya faru kuma sun fara gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan hali ya tsoratar da sanannun shaidu. Kwanaki uku bayan harbi, Johnnie Cochran Jr. ya shiga cikin shari'ar, bayan da dangin Gaines suka hayar da shi don bincika yiwuwar da'awar a kan Lyga da birnin. Cochran daga baya ya gabatar da da'awar dala miliyan ashirin da biyar a kan birnin, yana zargin cewa Lyga "wani jami'in 'yan sanda ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai haɗari" wanda ya kasa kiran taimakon likita nan take ga Gaines, yana ba da gudummawa ga mutuwarsa, kuma ya yi makirci don "ɓoyewa da karkatar da gaskiyar game da lamarin". Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta kuma sanar da cewa za a bincika aikin Lyga. A rana ta biyu ta Lyga ya dawo aikinsa, kwamandan sashen narcotics ya sanya shi a tebur, kuma an gaya masa cewa yana da abubuwan da suka faru na amfani da karfi 40 da aka gabatar, duk da haka an cire shi a cikin shari'o'i hudu na amfani da ƙarfin da ba dole ba, ko kuma an rarraba shari'o-harin a matsayin marasa tushe ko ba a warware su ba. An kuma gwada shi don alamun nuna bambancin launin fata ga kowane abin da ya faru ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar binciken yawan jama'a; ba a sami alamun nuna nuna bambancin jinsi ta Lyga ba. Lauyan Gundumar Gil Garcetti ya bude bincike kan aikata laifuka game da harbi. Shaidu a lokuta daban-daban na taron sun tabbatar da asusun Lyga, kamar yadda kyamarar sa ido ta yi a mini-mart, wanda ya rubuta sautin Lyga yana harba harbe-harbe biyu 1.8 seconds.<ref name="Lawson" /> Binciken Lauyan Gundumar ya yanke hukuncin cewa Lyga ba shi da laifi. Watanni uku bayan lamarin, sashin LAPD da ke binciken harbi ya gano cewa Lyga ya yi aiki bisa ga manufofin sashen, kuma kwamitin harbi na sashen bai ba da shawarar wani mataki na horo ba. Duk da haka, an jinkirta hukuncin har sai an sami sakamakon sake kirkirar dijital guda uku na harbi. A watan Nuwamba, 1997, Lyga ta sake bayyana a gaban kwamitin harbi, wanda ya sake nazarin shaidar da sake kirkirar 3D, kuma a watan Disamba Shugaban LAPD Bernard C. Parks ya ba da rahoton cewa harbi ya kasance a cikin manufofin sashen; ba za a dauki mataki a kan Lyga ba. Kodayake sake kirkirar harbi ya goyi bayan labarin Lyga, birni da Cochran sun amince da taron sulhu a watan Oktoba mai zuwa, <ref name="Rampart timeline" /> wanda Alkalin R. William Schoettler ya yi ritaya ya yi, Cochran ya rage da'awarsa na dala miliyan 25 zuwa $ 800,000 sannan zuwa $ 250,000, wanda birni ya amince da shi. Alkalin Schoettler daga baya ya rubuta wasika ga Parks yana gaya masa cewa ya yi tunanin cewa sulhu "na siyasa" ne; da an yi shari'ar, ya yi imanin, Lyga da birnin za su ci nasara. == Shaidar da aka sace == A cikin watanni da aka wanke shi, Lyga ya sake samun kansa a karkashin bincike. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1998, an gano fam daya (0.45 na shaidar cocaine da aka yi rajista daga daya daga cikin wadanda aka kama Lyga a baya ya ɓace daga dakin mallakar Parker Center.<ref name="Rampart timeline" /> === Rafael Perez === Masu bincike daga ƙarshe sun fahimci cewa Rafael Perez ne ya sace cocaine da ya ɓace, wanda suke zargin, a lokacin, da ya yi niyya da Lyga a matsayin fansa don harbi na Gaines. Kama Perez, tare da mutuwar Gaines zai haifar da bincike wanda zai haifar da Rampart Scandal. == Dakatar da dakatar da shi == A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2014, an sanya Detective Frank Lyga a cikin hutun gudanarwa bayan binciken da ke jira game da zargin da ya yi ya nuna wariyar launin fata yana kiran lauya Carl E. Douglas "Ewok daga fina-finai na Star Wars". An yi sharhi ne bayan lacca na horo da aka ba wasu jami'ai, a lokacin sashin tambaya-amsa tare da jami'ai suna neman bayani game da harbi na 1997 da kuma sakamakonsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Truong |first=Debbie |last2=Rubin |first2=Joel |date= |title=LAPD detective accused of racially charged comments is placed on leave |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627080756/http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> An rubuta Lyga a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2013, bayan wani horo a cikin sabis a Kwalejin 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles. Detective Lyga ya gaya wa ajin cewa ba shi da wata damuwa game da harbi Gaines; a zahiri, yana fatan akwai ƙarin "su" a cikin mota a lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa zai iya kashe motar da ke dauke da "su" kuma bai ji komai ba kuma zai yi farin ciki da yin hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 27, 2014 |title=LAPD Capt. Called "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" by Det. Frank Lyga Sues |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143607/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A cikin rikodin, ya kira wata kyaftin din mace "kyakkyawan yarinya mai suna Hispanic wanda ba zai iya samun ta da hannayenta biyu ba". A shekara ta 1998, matar ta kasance mai bincike da aka ba ta aiki don bincika bacewar fayil ɗin ma'aikatan Lyga. Ya kuma ce game da matar, "Na ji an sauya ta sau da yawa".Ya kuma kira wani hafsan soja "fucking moron" kuma wani jami'in "ya'yan itace".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 17, 2014 |title=LAPD's Frank Lyga Calls Sergeant a "Fruit," Captain a "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143315/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Hukumar Kare Hakkin LAPD ta ba da shawarar cewa a dakatar da Lyga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 16, 2014 |title=LAPD Moves to Fire Frank Lyga Following Racially Charged Remarks |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105035449/https://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |archive-date=January 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya kafin LAPD Cif Charlie Beck ya kore shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 22, 2014 |title=Controversial Detective Frank Lyga Fired by LAPD Chief, His Lawyer Says |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104225605/https://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2016, Birnin Los Angeles ya amince da biyan Lyga $ 50,000 don dakatar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Koyaya, birnin bai yarda da wani laifi ba kuma ba a ba Lyga aikinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sulhu ba. == Hotuna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Frank Lyga Shea Whigham ne ya buga shi a cikin fim din tarihin City of Lies, wanda ke nuna abin da ya faru a shekarar 1997 tare da jami'in LAPD Kevin Gaines . Har ila yau, yana nuna cocaine da ya ɓace wanda jami'in LAPD Rafael Pérez ya sace don tsara Lyga don kisan Jami'in Kevin Gaines. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ayhun9hqrfqajafx44cxkkq3dcad52p 964281 964279 2026-10-07T11:32:16Z Usman saadu 46863 964281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Lyga''' (an haife shi a shekara ta ) tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Amurka na Sashen' yan sanda na Los Angeles, wanda ya harbe Kevin Gaines . <ref name="Rampart timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304053924/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=2011-10-01 |website=PBS}}</ref> Binciken da LAPD ya yi game da harbi ya haifar da 'yan sanda su gano Abin kunya na Rampart. == Farkon aiki == A shekara ta 1986, Lyga ta shiga Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles bayan ta yi aiki tare da Sashen sheriff a cikin Kwarin Mohawk na New York . <ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |last=Boyer |first=Peter |title=LAPD Rampart Division |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720172131/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=July 20, 2006 |website=edwardlawson.com}}</ref> == Kevin Gaines harbi == Kevin Gaines was shot and killed on March 18, 1997, by Lyga, who was ultimately determined to have been acting in self-defense.<ref name="Lawson" /> At the time of his death, Gaines was 31 and had been a member of the Los Angeles Police Department for seven years.<ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=2009-01-23 |access-date=2012-08-31}}</ref> Gaines had ties to Death Row Records and the Bloods and was living with Suge Knight's ex-wife.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} Lyga, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin Narcotics Division Clandestine Lab Squad a lokacin, tare da sauran mambobin tawagarsa suna fitar da wani dillalin methamphetamine. Lyga shine mutumin da ya dace, wanda ya buƙaci ya zauna a cikin Buick Regal mara alama a 1991 yana jiran yarjejeniyar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta faru, don ya bi wadanda ake zargi zuwa asalin su kuma ya kama wadanda suka dace.<ref name="Lawson" /> An dakatar da aikin, kuma Lyga ta tuka zuwa Ventura Boulevard. Yayinda aka dakatar da shi a jan haske, motar motsa jiki mai kore da Gaines ke tukawa ta ja kusa da shi; Gaines ya yi barazanar Lyga. A mayar da martani Lyga ta gaya wa Gaines ya tsaya don rikici. Gaines ya tsaya, amma Lyga ya tafi; Gaines ya bi shi, tare da S.U.V. yana tafiya ta hanyar zirga-zirga mai yawa har sai ya kusanci motar Lyga. Wani Lyga mai damuwa ya yi wa abokan aikinsa rediyo neman taimako kuma ya shirya kansa don amfani da bindigarsa. Ya ga Gaines yana da bindiga kuma ya sake yin barazana ga Lyga. Lyga ya harbe Gaines sau biyu; na farko ya ɓace, amma na biyu ya buga direban a ƙarƙashin hannunsa na dama, ya soke zuciyarsa kafin ya tsaya a cikin huhu. Gaines sai ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya tsaya. Lyga ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda kuma ya nemi abokin ciniki da ke fitowa daga ƙaramin kasuwar tashar ya kira lambar gaggawa ta 911. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar California Highway Patrol ta isa, <ref name="Lawson" /> sannan kyaftin din Lyga da sauran a cikin tawagarsa suka biyo baya. Sauran jami'an sun mallaki wurin ta amfani da daidaitattun tsari. Lokacin da Lyga ya koma tashar kuma ya jira umarni game da binciken harbi kwamandansa, Dennis Zuener, ya sanar da shi cewa Kevin Gaines jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Los Angeles. === Sakamakon harbi === Kashegari bayan harbi wani tashin hankali na kafofin watsa labarai ya biyo baya. Wani rukuni na 'yan Afirka na Afirka, karkashin jagorancin tsoffin abokan hulɗa na Gaines Derwin Henderson da Bruce Stallworth, sun tafi wurin da lamarin ya faru kuma sun fara gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan hali ya tsoratar da sanannun shaidu. Kwanaki uku bayan harbi, Johnnie Cochran Jr. ya shiga cikin shari'ar, bayan da dangin Gaines suka hayar da shi don bincika yiwuwar da'awar a kan Lyga da birnin. Cochran daga baya ya gabatar da da'awar dala miliyan ashirin da biyar a kan birnin, yana zargin cewa Lyga "wani jami'in 'yan sanda ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai haɗari" wanda ya kasa kiran taimakon likita nan take ga Gaines, yana ba da gudummawa ga mutuwarsa, kuma ya yi makirci don "ɓoyewa da karkatar da gaskiyar game da lamarin". Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta kuma sanar da cewa za a bincika aikin Lyga. A rana ta biyu ta Lyga ya dawo aikinsa, kwamandan sashen narcotics ya sanya shi a tebur, kuma an gaya masa cewa yana da abubuwan da suka faru na amfani da karfi 40 da aka gabatar, duk da haka an cire shi a cikin shari'o'i hudu na amfani da ƙarfin da ba dole ba, ko kuma an rarraba shari'o-harin a matsayin marasa tushe ko ba a warware su ba. An kuma gwada shi don alamun nuna bambancin launin fata ga kowane abin da ya faru ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar binciken yawan jama'a; ba a sami alamun nuna nuna bambancin jinsi ta Lyga ba. Lauyan Gundumar Gil Garcetti ya bude bincike kan aikata laifuka game da harbi. Shaidu a lokuta daban-daban na taron sun tabbatar da asusun Lyga, kamar yadda kyamarar sa ido ta yi a mini-mart, wanda ya rubuta sautin Lyga yana harba harbe-harbe biyu 1.8 seconds.<ref name="Lawson" /> Binciken Lauyan Gundumar ya yanke hukuncin cewa Lyga ba shi da laifi. Watanni uku bayan lamarin, sashin LAPD da ke binciken harbi ya gano cewa Lyga ya yi aiki bisa ga manufofin sashen, kuma kwamitin harbi na sashen bai ba da shawarar wani mataki na horo ba. Duk da haka, an jinkirta hukuncin har sai an sami sakamakon sake kirkirar dijital guda uku na harbi. A watan Nuwamba, 1997, Lyga ta sake bayyana a gaban kwamitin harbi, wanda ya sake nazarin shaidar da sake kirkirar 3D, kuma a watan Disamba Shugaban LAPD Bernard C. Parks ya ba da rahoton cewa harbi ya kasance a cikin manufofin sashen; ba za a dauki mataki a kan Lyga ba. Kodayake sake kirkirar harbi ya goyi bayan labarin Lyga, birni da Cochran sun amince da taron sulhu a watan Oktoba mai zuwa, <ref name="Rampart timeline" /> wanda Alkalin R. William Schoettler ya yi ritaya ya yi, Cochran ya rage da'awarsa na dala miliyan 25 zuwa $ 800,000 sannan zuwa $ 250,000, wanda birni ya amince da shi. Alkalin Schoettler daga baya ya rubuta wasika ga Parks yana gaya masa cewa ya yi tunanin cewa sulhu "na siyasa" ne; da an yi shari'ar, ya yi imanin, Lyga da birnin za su ci nasara. == Shaidar da aka sace == A cikin watanni da aka wanke shi, Lyga ya sake samun kansa a karkashin bincike. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1998, an gano fam daya (0.45 na shaidar cocaine da aka yi rajista daga daya daga cikin wadanda aka kama Lyga a baya ya ɓace daga dakin mallakar Parker Center.<ref name="Rampart timeline" /> === Rafael Perez === Masu bincike daga ƙarshe sun fahimci cewa Rafael Perez ne ya sace cocaine da ya ɓace, wanda suke zargin, a lokacin, da ya yi niyya da Lyga a matsayin fansa don harbi na Gaines. Kama Perez, tare da mutuwar Gaines zai haifar da bincike wanda zai haifar da Rampart Scandal. == Dakatar da dakatar da shi == A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2014, an sanya Detective Frank Lyga a cikin hutun gudanarwa bayan binciken da ke jira game da zargin da ya yi ya nuna wariyar launin fata yana kiran lauya Carl E. Douglas "Ewok daga fina-finai na Star Wars". An yi sharhi ne bayan lacca na horo da aka ba wasu jami'ai, a lokacin sashin tambaya-amsa tare da jami'ai suna neman bayani game da harbi na 1997 da kuma sakamakonsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Truong |first=Debbie |last2=Rubin |first2=Joel |date= |title=LAPD detective accused of racially charged comments is placed on leave |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627080756/http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> An rubuta Lyga a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2013, bayan wani horo a cikin sabis a Kwalejin 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles. Detective Lyga ya gaya wa ajin cewa ba shi da wata damuwa game da harbi Gaines; a zahiri, yana fatan akwai ƙarin "su" a cikin mota a lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa zai iya kashe motar da ke dauke da "su" kuma bai ji komai ba kuma zai yi farin ciki da yin hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 27, 2014 |title=LAPD Capt. Called "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" by Det. Frank Lyga Sues |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143607/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A cikin rikodin, ya kira wata kyaftin din mace "kyakkyawan yarinya mai suna Hispanic wanda ba zai iya samun ta da hannayenta biyu ba". A shekara ta 1998, matar ta kasance mai bincike da aka ba ta aiki don bincika bacewar fayil ɗin ma'aikatan Lyga. Ya kuma ce game da matar, "Na ji an sauya ta sau da yawa".Ya kuma kira wani hafsan soja "fucking moron" kuma wani jami'in "ya'yan itace".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 17, 2014 |title=LAPD's Frank Lyga Calls Sergeant a "Fruit," Captain a "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143315/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Hukumar Kare Hakkin LAPD ta ba da shawarar cewa a dakatar da Lyga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 16, 2014 |title=LAPD Moves to Fire Frank Lyga Following Racially Charged Remarks |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105035449/https://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |archive-date=January 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya kafin LAPD Cif Charlie Beck ya kore shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 22, 2014 |title=Controversial Detective Frank Lyga Fired by LAPD Chief, His Lawyer Says |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104225605/https://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2016, Birnin Los Angeles ya amince da biyan Lyga $ 50,000 don dakatar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Koyaya, birnin bai yarda da wani laifi ba kuma ba a ba Lyga aikinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sulhu ba. == Hotuna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Frank Lyga Shea Whigham ne ya buga shi a cikin fim din tarihin City of Lies, wanda ke nuna abin da ya faru a shekarar 1997 tare da jami'in LAPD Kevin Gaines . Har ila yau, yana nuna cocaine da ya ɓace wanda jami'in LAPD Rafael Pérez ya sace don tsara Lyga don kisan Jami'in Kevin Gaines. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d36ulbg14vxphiskss97gqdyrt9jo2q 964283 964281 2026-10-07T11:33:23Z Usman saadu 46863 964283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Lyga''' an haife shi a shekara ta tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Amurka na Sashen' yan sanda na Los Angeles, wanda ya harbe Kevin Gaines . <ref name="Rampart timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304053924/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=2011-10-01 |website=PBS}}</ref> Binciken da LAPD ya yi game da harbi ya haifar da 'yan sanda su gano Abin kunya na Rampart. == Farkon aiki == A shekara ta 1986, Lyga ta shiga Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles bayan ta yi aiki tare da Sashen sheriff a cikin Kwarin Mohawk na New York . <ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |last=Boyer |first=Peter |title=LAPD Rampart Division |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720172131/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=July 20, 2006 |website=edwardlawson.com}}</ref> == Kevin Gaines harbi == Kevin Gaines was shot and killed on March 18, 1997, by Lyga, who was ultimately determined to have been acting in self-defense.<ref name="Lawson" /> At the time of his death, Gaines was 31 and had been a member of the Los Angeles Police Department for seven years.<ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=2009-01-23 |access-date=2012-08-31}}</ref> Gaines had ties to Death Row Records and the Bloods and was living with Suge Knight's ex-wife.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} Lyga, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin Narcotics Division Clandestine Lab Squad a lokacin, tare da sauran mambobin tawagarsa suna fitar da wani dillalin methamphetamine. Lyga shine mutumin da ya dace, wanda ya buƙaci ya zauna a cikin Buick Regal mara alama a 1991 yana jiran yarjejeniyar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta faru, don ya bi wadanda ake zargi zuwa asalin su kuma ya kama wadanda suka dace.<ref name="Lawson" /> An dakatar da aikin, kuma Lyga ta tuka zuwa Ventura Boulevard. Yayinda aka dakatar da shi a jan haske, motar motsa jiki mai kore da Gaines ke tukawa ta ja kusa da shi; Gaines ya yi barazanar Lyga. A mayar da martani Lyga ta gaya wa Gaines ya tsaya don rikici. Gaines ya tsaya, amma Lyga ya tafi; Gaines ya bi shi, tare da S.U.V. yana tafiya ta hanyar zirga-zirga mai yawa har sai ya kusanci motar Lyga. Wani Lyga mai damuwa ya yi wa abokan aikinsa rediyo neman taimako kuma ya shirya kansa don amfani da bindigarsa. Ya ga Gaines yana da bindiga kuma ya sake yin barazana ga Lyga. Lyga ya harbe Gaines sau biyu; na farko ya ɓace, amma na biyu ya buga direban a ƙarƙashin hannunsa na dama, ya soke zuciyarsa kafin ya tsaya a cikin huhu. Gaines sai ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya tsaya. Lyga ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda kuma ya nemi abokin ciniki da ke fitowa daga ƙaramin kasuwar tashar ya kira lambar gaggawa ta 911. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar California Highway Patrol ta isa, <ref name="Lawson" /> sannan kyaftin din Lyga da sauran a cikin tawagarsa suka biyo baya. Sauran jami'an sun mallaki wurin ta amfani da daidaitattun tsari. Lokacin da Lyga ya koma tashar kuma ya jira umarni game da binciken harbi kwamandansa, Dennis Zuener, ya sanar da shi cewa Kevin Gaines jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Los Angeles. === Sakamakon harbi === Kashegari bayan harbi wani tashin hankali na kafofin watsa labarai ya biyo baya. Wani rukuni na 'yan Afirka na Afirka, karkashin jagorancin tsoffin abokan hulɗa na Gaines Derwin Henderson da Bruce Stallworth, sun tafi wurin da lamarin ya faru kuma sun fara gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan hali ya tsoratar da sanannun shaidu. Kwanaki uku bayan harbi, Johnnie Cochran Jr. ya shiga cikin shari'ar, bayan da dangin Gaines suka hayar da shi don bincika yiwuwar da'awar a kan Lyga da birnin. Cochran daga baya ya gabatar da da'awar dala miliyan ashirin da biyar a kan birnin, yana zargin cewa Lyga "wani jami'in 'yan sanda ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai haɗari wanda ya kasa kiran taimakon likita nan take ga Gaines, yana ba da gudummawa ga mutuwarsa, kuma ya yi makirci don ɓoyewa da karkatar da gaskiyar game da lamarin. Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta kuma sanar da cewa za a bincika aikin Lyga. A rana ta biyu ta Lyga ya dawo aikinsa, kwamandan sashen narcotics ya sanya shi a tebur, kuma an gaya masa cewa yana da abubuwan da suka faru na amfani da karfi 40 da aka gabatar, duk da haka an cire shi a cikin shari'o'i hudu na amfani da ƙarfin da ba dole ba, ko kuma an rarraba shari'o-harin a matsayin marasa tushe ko ba a warware su ba. An kuma gwada shi don alamun nuna bambancin launin fata ga kowane abin da ya faru ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar binciken yawan jama'a; ba a sami alamun nuna nuna bambancin jinsi ta Lyga ba. Lauyan Gundumar Gil Garcetti ya bude bincike kan aikata laifuka game da harbi. Shaidu a lokuta daban-daban na taron sun tabbatar da asusun Lyga, kamar yadda kyamarar sa ido ta yi a mini-mart, wanda ya rubuta sautin Lyga yana harba harbe-harbe biyu 1.8 seconds.<ref name="Lawson" /> Binciken Lauyan Gundumar ya yanke hukuncin cewa Lyga ba shi da laifi. Watanni uku bayan lamarin, sashin LAPD da ke binciken harbi ya gano cewa Lyga ya yi aiki bisa ga manufofin sashen, kuma kwamitin harbi na sashen bai ba da shawarar wani mataki na horo ba. Duk da haka, an jinkirta hukuncin har sai an sami sakamakon sake kirkirar dijital guda uku na harbi. A watan Nuwamba, 1997, Lyga ta sake bayyana a gaban kwamitin harbi, wanda ya sake nazarin shaidar da sake kirkirar 3D, kuma a watan Disamba Shugaban LAPD Bernard C. Parks ya ba da rahoton cewa harbi ya kasance a cikin manufofin sashen; ba za a dauki mataki a kan Lyga ba. Kodayake sake kirkirar harbi ya goyi bayan labarin Lyga, birni da Cochran sun amince da taron sulhu a watan Oktoba mai zuwa, <ref name="Rampart timeline" /> wanda Alkalin R. William Schoettler ya yi ritaya ya yi, Cochran ya rage da'awarsa na dala miliyan 25 zuwa $ 800,000 sannan zuwa $ 250,000, wanda birni ya amince da shi. Alkalin Schoettler daga baya ya rubuta wasika ga Parks yana gaya masa cewa ya yi tunanin cewa sulhu "na siyasa" ne; da an yi shari'ar, ya yi imanin, Lyga da birnin za su ci nasara. == Shaidar da aka sace == A cikin watanni da aka wanke shi, Lyga ya sake samun kansa a karkashin bincike. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1998, an gano fam daya (0.45 na shaidar cocaine da aka yi rajista daga daya daga cikin wadanda aka kama Lyga a baya ya ɓace daga dakin mallakar Parker Center.<ref name="Rampart timeline" /> === Rafael Perez === Masu bincike daga ƙarshe sun fahimci cewa Rafael Perez ne ya sace cocaine da ya ɓace, wanda suke zargin, a lokacin, da ya yi niyya da Lyga a matsayin fansa don harbi na Gaines. Kama Perez, tare da mutuwar Gaines zai haifar da bincike wanda zai haifar da Rampart Scandal. == Dakatar da dakatar da shi == A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 2014, an sanya Detective Frank Lyga a cikin hutun gudanarwa bayan binciken da ke jira game da zargin da ya yi ya nuna wariyar launin fata yana kiran lauya Carl E. Douglas "Ewok daga fina-finai na Star Wars". An yi sharhi ne bayan lacca na horo da aka ba wasu jami'ai, a lokacin sashin tambaya-amsa tare da jami'ai suna neman bayani game da harbi na 1997 da kuma sakamakonsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Truong |first=Debbie |last2=Rubin |first2=Joel |date= |title=LAPD detective accused of racially charged comments is placed on leave |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627080756/http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> An rubuta Lyga a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2013, bayan wani horo a cikin sabis a Kwalejin 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles. Detective Lyga ya gaya wa ajin cewa ba shi da wata damuwa game da harbi Gaines; a zahiri, yana fatan akwai ƙarin "su" a cikin mota a lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa zai iya kashe motar da ke dauke da "su" kuma bai ji komai ba kuma zai yi farin ciki da yin hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 27, 2014 |title=LAPD Capt. Called "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" by Det. Frank Lyga Sues |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143607/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A cikin rikodin, ya kira wata kyaftin din mace "kyakkyawan yarinya mai suna Hispanic wanda ba zai iya samun ta da hannayenta biyu ba". A shekara ta 1998, matar ta kasance mai bincike da aka ba ta aiki don bincika bacewar fayil ɗin ma'aikatan Lyga. Ya kuma ce game da matar, "Na ji an sauya ta sau da yawa".Ya kuma kira wani hafsan soja "fucking moron" kuma wani jami'in "ya'yan itace".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 17, 2014 |title=LAPD's Frank Lyga Calls Sergeant a "Fruit," Captain a "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143315/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Hukumar Kare Hakkin LAPD ta ba da shawarar cewa a dakatar da Lyga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 16, 2014 |title=LAPD Moves to Fire Frank Lyga Following Racially Charged Remarks |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105035449/https://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |archive-date=January 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya kafin LAPD Cif Charlie Beck ya kore shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 22, 2014 |title=Controversial Detective Frank Lyga Fired by LAPD Chief, His Lawyer Says |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104225605/https://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2016, Birnin Los Angeles ya amince da biyan Lyga $ 50,000 don dakatar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Koyaya, birnin bai yarda da wani laifi ba kuma ba a ba Lyga aikinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sulhu ba. == Hotuna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Frank Lyga Shea Whigham ne ya buga shi a cikin fim din tarihin City of Lies, wanda ke nuna abin da ya faru a shekarar 1997 tare da jami'in LAPD Kevin Gaines . Har ila yau, yana nuna cocaine da ya ɓace wanda jami'in LAPD Rafael Pérez ya sace don tsara Lyga don kisan Jami'in Kevin Gaines. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4ysnwlqb92j0bj4yle10qxy39mng8ib 964286 964283 2026-10-07T11:34:40Z Usman saadu 46863 964286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Lyga''' an haife shi a shekara ta tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Amurka na Sashen' yan sanda na Los Angeles, wanda ya harbe Kevin Gaines . <ref name="Rampart timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304053924/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=2011-10-01 |website=PBS}}</ref> Binciken da LAPD ya yi game da harbi ya haifar da 'yan sanda su gano Abin kunya na Rampart. == Farkon aiki == A shekara ta 1986, Lyga ta shiga Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles bayan ta yi aiki tare da Sashen sheriff a cikin Kwarin Mohawk na New York . <ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |last=Boyer |first=Peter |title=LAPD Rampart Division |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720172131/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=July 20, 2006 |website=edwardlawson.com}}</ref> == Kevin Gaines harbi == Kevin Gaines was shot and killed on March 18, 1997, by Lyga, who was ultimately determined to have been acting in self-defense.<ref name="Lawson" /> At the time of his death, Gaines was 31 and had been a member of the Los Angeles Police Department for seven years.<ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=2009-01-23 |access-date=2012-08-31}}</ref> Gaines had ties to Death Row Records and the Bloods and was living with Suge Knight's ex-wife.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} Lyga, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin Narcotics Division Clandestine Lab Squad a lokacin, tare da sauran mambobin tawagarsa suna fitar da wani dillalin methamphetamine. Lyga shine mutumin da ya dace, wanda ya buƙaci ya zauna a cikin Buick Regal mara alama a 1991 yana jiran yarjejeniyar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta faru, don ya bi wadanda ake zargi zuwa asalin su kuma ya kama wadanda suka dace.<ref name="Lawson" /> An dakatar da aikin, kuma Lyga ta tuka zuwa Ventura Boulevard. Yayinda aka dakatar da shi a jan haske, motar motsa jiki mai kore da Gaines ke tukawa ta ja kusa da shi; Gaines ya yi barazanar Lyga. A mayar da martani Lyga ta gaya wa Gaines ya tsaya don rikici. Gaines ya tsaya, amma Lyga ya tafi; Gaines ya bi shi, tare da S.U.V. yana tafiya ta hanyar zirga zirga mai yawa har sai ya kusanci motar Lyga. Wani Lyga mai damuwa ya yi wa abokan aikinsa rediyo neman taimako kuma ya shirya kansa don amfani da bindigarsa. Ya ga Gaines yana da bindiga kuma ya sake yin barazana ga Lyga. Lyga ya harbe Gaines sau biyu; na farko ya ɓace, amma na biyu ya buga direban a ƙarƙashin hannunsa na dama, ya soke zuciyarsa kafin ya tsaya a cikin huhu. Gaines sai ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya tsaya. Lyga ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda kuma ya nemi abokin ciniki da ke fitowa daga ƙaramin kasuwar tashar ya kira lambar gaggawa ta 911. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar California Highway Patrol ta isa, <ref name="Lawson" /> sannan kyaftin din Lyga da sauran a cikin tawagarsa suka biyo baya. Sauran jami'an sun mallaki wurin ta amfani da daidaitattun tsari. Lokacin da Lyga ya koma tashar kuma ya jira umarni game da binciken harbi kwamandansa, Dennis Zuener, ya sanar da shi cewa Kevin Gaines jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Los Angeles. === Sakamakon harbi === Kashegari bayan harbi wani tashin hankali na kafofin watsa labarai ya biyo baya. Wani rukuni na 'yan Afirka na Afirka, karkashin jagorancin tsoffin abokan hulɗa na Gaines Derwin Henderson da Bruce Stallworth, sun tafi wurin da lamarin ya faru kuma sun fara gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan hali ya tsoratar da sanannun shaidu. Kwanaki uku bayan harbi, Johnnie Cochran Jr. ya shiga cikin shari'ar, bayan da dangin Gaines suka hayar da shi don bincika yiwuwar da'awar a kan Lyga da birnin. Cochran daga baya ya gabatar da da'awar dala miliyan ashirin da biyar a kan birnin, yana zargin cewa Lyga "wani jami'in 'yan sanda ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai haɗari wanda ya kasa kiran taimakon likita nan take ga Gaines, yana ba da gudummawa ga mutuwarsa, kuma ya yi makirci don ɓoyewa da karkatar da gaskiyar game da lamarin. Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta kuma sanar da cewa za a bincika aikin Lyga. A rana ta biyu ta Lyga ya dawo aikinsa, kwamandan sashen narcotics ya sanya shi a tebur, kuma an gaya masa cewa yana da abubuwan da suka faru na amfani da karfi 40 da aka gabatar, duk da haka an cire shi a cikin shari'o'i hudu na amfani da ƙarfin da ba dole ba, ko kuma an rarraba shari'o-harin a matsayin marasa tushe ko ba a warware su ba. An kuma gwada shi don alamun nuna bambancin launin fata ga kowane abin da ya faru ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar binciken yawan jama'a; ba a sami alamun nuna nuna bambancin jinsi ta Lyga ba. Lauyan Gundumar Gil Garcetti ya bude bincike kan aikata laifuka game da harbi. Shaidu a lokuta daban-daban na taron sun tabbatar da asusun Lyga, kamar yadda kyamarar sa ido ta yi a mini-mart, wanda ya rubuta sautin Lyga yana harba harbe-harbe biyu 1.8 seconds.<ref name="Lawson" /> Binciken Lauyan Gundumar ya yanke hukuncin cewa Lyga ba shi da laifi. Watanni uku bayan lamarin, sashin LAPD da ke binciken harbi ya gano cewa Lyga ya yi aiki bisa ga manufofin sashen, kuma kwamitin harbi na sashen bai ba da shawarar wani mataki na horo ba. Duk da haka, an jinkirta hukuncin har sai an sami sakamakon sake kirkirar dijital guda uku na harbi. A watan Nuwamba, 1997, Lyga ta sake bayyana a gaban kwamitin harbi, wanda ya sake nazarin shaidar da sake kirkirar 3D, kuma a watan Disamba Shugaban LAPD Bernard C. Parks ya ba da rahoton cewa harbi ya kasance a cikin manufofin sashen; ba za a dauki mataki a kan Lyga ba. Kodayake sake kirkirar harbi ya goyi bayan labarin Lyga, birni da Cochran sun amince da taron sulhu a watan Oktoba mai zuwa, <ref name="Rampart timeline" /> wanda Alkalin R. William Schoettler ya yi ritaya ya yi, Cochran ya rage da'awarsa na dala miliyan 25 zuwa $ 800,000 sannan zuwa $ 250,000, wanda birni ya amince da shi. Alkalin Schoettler daga baya ya rubuta wasika ga Parks yana gaya masa cewa ya yi tunanin cewa sulhu "na siyasa" ne; da an yi shari'ar, ya yi imanin, Lyga da birnin za su ci nasara. == Shaidar da aka sace == A cikin watanni da aka wanke shi, Lyga ya sake samun kansa a karkashin bincike. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1998, an gano fam daya (0.45 na shaidar cocaine da aka yi rajista daga daya daga cikin wadanda aka kama Lyga a baya ya ɓace daga dakin mallakar Parker Center.<ref name="Rampart timeline" /> === Rafael Perez === Masu bincike daga ƙarshe sun fahimci cewa Rafael Perez ne ya sace cocaine da ya ɓace, wanda suke zargin, a lokacin, da ya yi niyya da Lyga a matsayin fansa don harbi na Gaines. Kama Perez, tare da mutuwar Gaines zai haifar da bincike wanda zai haifar da Rampart Scandal. == Dakatar da dakatar da shi == A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2014, an sanya Detective Frank Lyga a cikin hutun gudanarwa bayan binciken da ke jira game da zargin da ya yi ya nuna wariyar launin fata yana kiran lauya Carl E. Douglas "Ewok daga fina-finai na Star Wars". An yi sharhi ne bayan lacca na horo da aka ba wasu jami'ai, a lokacin sashin tambaya-amsa tare da jami'ai suna neman bayani game da harbi na 1997 da kuma sakamakonsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Truong |first=Debbie |last2=Rubin |first2=Joel |date= |title=LAPD detective accused of racially charged comments is placed on leave |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627080756/http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> An rubuta Lyga a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2013, bayan wani horo a cikin sabis a Kwalejin 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles. Detective Lyga ya gaya wa ajin cewa ba shi da wata damuwa game da harbi Gaines; a zahiri, yana fatan akwai ƙarin "su" a cikin mota a lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa zai iya kashe motar da ke dauke da su kuma bai ji komai ba kuma zai yi farin ciki da yin hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 27, 2014 |title=LAPD Capt. Called "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" by Det. Frank Lyga Sues |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143607/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A cikin rikodin, ya kira wata kyaftin din mace kyakkyawan yarinya mai suna Hispanic wanda ba zai iya samun ta da hannayenta biyu ba". A shekara ta 1998, matar ta kasance mai bincike da aka ba ta aiki don bincika bacewar fayil ɗin ma'aikatan Lyga. Ya kuma ce game da matar, "Na ji an sauya ta sau da yawa Ya kuma kira wani hafsan soja "fucking moron" kuma wani jami'in "ya'yan itace".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 17, 2014 |title=LAPD's Frank Lyga Calls Sergeant a "Fruit," Captain a "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143315/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Hukumar Kare Hakkin LAPD ta ba da shawarar cewa a dakatar da Lyga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 16, 2014 |title=LAPD Moves to Fire Frank Lyga Following Racially Charged Remarks |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105035449/https://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |archive-date=January 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya kafin LAPD Cif Charlie Beck ya kore shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 22, 2014 |title=Controversial Detective Frank Lyga Fired by LAPD Chief, His Lawyer Says |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104225605/https://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2016, Birnin Los Angeles ya amince da biyan Lyga $ 50,000 don dakatar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Koyaya, birnin bai yarda da wani laifi ba kuma ba a ba Lyga aikinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sulhu ba. == Hotuna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Frank Lyga Shea Whigham ne ya buga shi a cikin fim din tarihin City of Lies, wanda ke nuna abin da ya faru a shekarar 1997 tare da jami'in LAPD Kevin Gaines . Har ila yau, yana nuna cocaine da ya ɓace wanda jami'in LAPD Rafael Pérez ya sace don tsara Lyga don kisan Jami'in Kevin Gaines. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lcsfd7agvaqafud6i7y99jjih359vqw 964288 964286 2026-10-07T11:35:15Z Usman saadu 46863 964288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Lyga''' an haife shi a shekara ta tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Amurka na Sashen' yan sanda na Los Angeles, wanda ya harbe Kevin Gaines . <ref name="Rampart timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304053924/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=2011-10-01 |website=PBS}}</ref> Binciken da LAPD ya yi game da harbi ya haifar da 'yan sanda su gano Abin kunya na Rampart. == Farkon aiki == A shekara ta 1986, Lyga ta shiga Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles bayan ta yi aiki tare da Sashen sheriff a cikin Kwarin Mohawk na New York . <ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |last=Boyer |first=Peter |title=LAPD Rampart Division |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720172131/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=July 20, 2006 |website=edwardlawson.com}}</ref> == Kevin Gaines harbi == Kevin Gaines was shot and killed on March 18, 1997, by Lyga, who was ultimately determined to have been acting in self-defense.<ref name="Lawson" /> At the time of his death, Gaines was 31 and had been a member of the Los Angeles Police Department for seven years.<ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=2009-01-23 |access-date=2012-08-31}}</ref> Gaines had ties to Death Row Records and the Bloods and was living with Suge Knight's ex-wife.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} Lyga, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin Narcotics Division Clandestine Lab Squad a lokacin, tare da sauran mambobin tawagarsa suna fitar da wani dillalin methamphetamine. Lyga shine mutumin da ya dace, wanda ya buƙaci ya zauna a cikin Buick Regal mara alama a 1991 yana jiran yarjejeniyar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta faru, don ya bi wadanda ake zargi zuwa asalin su kuma ya kama wadanda suka dace.<ref name="Lawson" /> An dakatar da aikin, kuma Lyga ta tuka zuwa Ventura Boulevard. Yayinda aka dakatar da shi a jan haske, motar motsa jiki mai kore da Gaines ke tukawa ta ja kusa da shi; Gaines ya yi barazanar Lyga. A mayar da martani Lyga ta gaya wa Gaines ya tsaya don rikici. Gaines ya tsaya, amma Lyga ya tafi; Gaines ya bi shi, tare da S.U.V. yana tafiya ta hanyar zirga zirga mai yawa har sai ya kusanci motar Lyga. Wani Lyga mai damuwa ya yi wa abokan aikinsa rediyo neman taimako kuma ya shirya kansa don amfani da bindigarsa. Ya ga Gaines yana da bindiga kuma ya sake yin barazana ga Lyga. Lyga ya harbe Gaines sau biyu; na farko ya ɓace, amma na biyu ya buga direban a ƙarƙashin hannunsa na dama, ya soke zuciyarsa kafin ya tsaya a cikin huhu. Gaines sai ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya tsaya. Lyga ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda kuma ya nemi abokin ciniki da ke fitowa daga ƙaramin kasuwar tashar ya kira lambar gaggawa ta 911. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar California Highway Patrol ta isa, <ref name="Lawson" /> sannan kyaftin din Lyga da sauran a cikin tawagarsa suka biyo baya. Sauran jami'an sun mallaki wurin ta amfani da daidaitattun tsari. Lokacin da Lyga ya koma tashar kuma ya jira umarni game da binciken harbi kwamandansa, Dennis Zuener, ya sanar da shi cewa Kevin Gaines jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Los Angeles. === Sakamakon harbi === Kashegari bayan harbi wani tashin hankali na kafofin watsa labarai ya biyo baya. Wani rukuni na 'yan Afirka na Afirka, karkashin jagorancin tsoffin abokan hulɗa na Gaines Derwin Henderson da Bruce Stallworth, sun tafi wurin da lamarin ya faru kuma sun fara gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan hali ya tsoratar da sanannun shaidu. Kwanaki uku bayan harbi, Johnnie Cochran Jr. ya shiga cikin shari'ar, bayan da dangin Gaines suka hayar da shi don bincika yiwuwar da'awar a kan Lyga da birnin. Cochran daga baya ya gabatar da da'awar dala miliyan ashirin da biyar a kan birnin, yana zargin cewa Lyga "wani jami'in 'yan sanda ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai haɗari wanda ya kasa kiran taimakon likita nan take ga Gaines, yana ba da gudummawa ga mutuwarsa, kuma ya yi makirci don ɓoyewa da karkatar da gaskiyar game da lamarin. Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta kuma sanar da cewa za a bincika aikin Lyga. A rana ta biyu ta Lyga ya dawo aikinsa, kwamandan sashen narcotics ya sanya shi a tebur, kuma an gaya masa cewa yana da abubuwan da suka faru na amfani da karfi 40 da aka gabatar, duk da haka an cire shi a cikin shari'o'i hudu na amfani da ƙarfin da ba dole ba, ko kuma an rarraba shari'o-harin a matsayin marasa tushe ko ba a warware su ba. An kuma gwada shi don alamun nuna bambancin launin fata ga kowane abin da ya faru ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar binciken yawan jama'a; ba a sami alamun nuna nuna bambancin jinsi ta Lyga ba. Lauyan Gundumar Gil Garcetti ya bude bincike kan aikata laifuka game da harbi. Shaidu a lokuta daban-daban na taron sun tabbatar da asusun Lyga, kamar yadda kyamarar sa ido ta yi a mini-mart, wanda ya rubuta sautin Lyga yana harba harbe-harbe biyu 1.8 seconds.<ref name="Lawson" /> Binciken Lauyan Gundumar ya yanke hukuncin cewa Lyga ba shi da laifi. Watanni uku bayan lamarin, sashin LAPD da ke binciken harbi ya gano cewa Lyga ya yi aiki bisa ga manufofin sashen, kuma kwamitin harbi na sashen bai ba da shawarar wani mataki na horo ba. Duk da haka, an jinkirta hukuncin har sai an sami sakamakon sake kirkirar dijital guda uku na harbi. A watan Nuwamba, Shekarar1997, Lyga ta sake bayyana a gaban kwamitin harbi, wanda ya sake nazarin shaidar da sake kirkirar 3D, kuma a watan Disamba Shugaban LAPD Bernard C. Parks ya ba da rahoton cewa harbi ya kasance a cikin manufofin sashen; ba za a dauki mataki a kan Lyga ba. Kodayake sake kirkirar harbi ya goyi bayan labarin Lyga, birni da Cochran sun amince da taron sulhu a watan Oktoba mai zuwa, <ref name="Rampart timeline" /> wanda Alkalin R. William Schoettler ya yi ritaya ya yi, Cochran ya rage da'awarsa na dala miliyan 25 zuwa $ 800,000 sannan zuwa $ 250,000, wanda birni ya amince da shi. Alkalin Schoettler daga baya ya rubuta wasika ga Parks yana gaya masa cewa ya yi tunanin cewa sulhu "na siyasa" ne; da an yi shari'ar, ya yi imanin, Lyga da birnin za su ci nasara. == Shaidar da aka sace == A cikin watanni da aka wanke shi, Lyga ya sake samun kansa a karkashin bincike. A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1998, an gano fam daya (0.45 na shaidar cocaine da aka yi rajista daga daya daga cikin wadanda aka kama Lyga a baya ya ɓace daga dakin mallakar Parker Center.<ref name="Rampart timeline" /> === Rafael Perez === Masu bincike daga ƙarshe sun fahimci cewa Rafael Perez ne ya sace cocaine da ya ɓace, wanda suke zargin, a lokacin, da ya yi niyya da Lyga a matsayin fansa don harbi na Gaines. Kama Perez, tare da mutuwar Gaines zai haifar da bincike wanda zai haifar da Rampart Scandal. == Dakatar da dakatar da shi == A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2014, an sanya Detective Frank Lyga a cikin hutun gudanarwa bayan binciken da ke jira game da zargin da ya yi ya nuna wariyar launin fata yana kiran lauya Carl E. Douglas "Ewok daga fina-finai na Star Wars". An yi sharhi ne bayan lacca na horo da aka ba wasu jami'ai, a lokacin sashin tambaya-amsa tare da jami'ai suna neman bayani game da harbi na 1997 da kuma sakamakonsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Truong |first=Debbie |last2=Rubin |first2=Joel |date= |title=LAPD detective accused of racially charged comments is placed on leave |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627080756/http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> An rubuta Lyga a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2013, bayan wani horo a cikin sabis a Kwalejin 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles. Detective Lyga ya gaya wa ajin cewa ba shi da wata damuwa game da harbi Gaines; a zahiri, yana fatan akwai ƙarin "su" a cikin mota a lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa zai iya kashe motar da ke dauke da su kuma bai ji komai ba kuma zai yi farin ciki da yin hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 27, 2014 |title=LAPD Capt. Called "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" by Det. Frank Lyga Sues |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143607/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A cikin rikodin, ya kira wata kyaftin din mace kyakkyawan yarinya mai suna Hispanic wanda ba zai iya samun ta da hannayenta biyu ba". A shekara ta 1998, matar ta kasance mai bincike da aka ba ta aiki don bincika bacewar fayil ɗin ma'aikatan Lyga. Ya kuma ce game da matar, "Na ji an sauya ta sau da yawa Ya kuma kira wani hafsan soja "fucking moron" kuma wani jami'in "ya'yan itace".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 17, 2014 |title=LAPD's Frank Lyga Calls Sergeant a "Fruit," Captain a "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143315/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Hukumar Kare Hakkin LAPD ta ba da shawarar cewa a dakatar da Lyga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 16, 2014 |title=LAPD Moves to Fire Frank Lyga Following Racially Charged Remarks |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105035449/https://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |archive-date=January 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya kafin LAPD Cif Charlie Beck ya kore shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 22, 2014 |title=Controversial Detective Frank Lyga Fired by LAPD Chief, His Lawyer Says |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104225605/https://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2016, Birnin Los Angeles ya amince da biyan Lyga $ 50,000 don dakatar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Koyaya, birnin bai yarda da wani laifi ba kuma ba a ba Lyga aikinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sulhu ba. == Hotuna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Frank Lyga Shea Whigham ne ya buga shi a cikin fim din tarihin City of Lies, wanda ke nuna abin da ya faru a shekarar 1997 tare da jami'in LAPD Kevin Gaines . Har ila yau, yana nuna cocaine da ya ɓace wanda jami'in LAPD Rafael Pérez ya sace don tsara Lyga don kisan Jami'in Kevin Gaines. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qtcpmh3j1mjdy5321rsavvk7ogvonk9 964290 964288 2026-10-07T11:35:59Z Usman saadu 46863 964290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Lyga''' an haife shi a shekara ta tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Amurka na Sashen' yan sanda na Los Angeles, wanda ya harbe Kevin Gaines . <ref name="Rampart timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304053924/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=2011-10-01 |website=PBS}}</ref> Binciken da LAPD ya yi game da harbi ya haifar da 'yan sanda su gano Abin kunya na Rampart. == Farkon aiki == A shekara ta 1986, Lyga ta shiga Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles bayan ta yi aiki tare da Sashen sheriff a cikin Kwarin Mohawk na New York . <ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |last=Boyer |first=Peter |title=LAPD Rampart Division |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720172131/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=July 20, 2006 |website=edwardlawson.com}}</ref> == Kevin Gaines harbi == Kevin Gaines was shot and killed on March 18, 1997, by Lyga, who was ultimately determined to have been acting in self-defense.<ref name="Lawson" /> At the time of his death, Gaines was 31 and had been a member of the Los Angeles Police Department for seven years.<ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=2009-01-23 |access-date=2012-08-31}}</ref> Gaines had ties to Death Row Records and the Bloods and was living with Suge Knight's ex-wife.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} Lyga, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin Narcotics Division Clandestine Lab Squad a lokacin, tare da sauran mambobin tawagarsa suna fitar da wani dillalin methamphetamine. Lyga shine mutumin da ya dace, wanda ya buƙaci ya zauna a cikin Buick Regal mara alama a 1991 yana jiran yarjejeniyar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta faru, don ya bi wadanda ake zargi zuwa asalin su kuma ya kama wadanda suka dace.<ref name="Lawson" /> An dakatar da aikin, kuma Lyga ta tuka zuwa Ventura Boulevard. Yayinda aka dakatar da shi a jan haske, motar motsa jiki mai kore da Gaines ke tukawa ta ja kusa da shi; Gaines ya yi barazanar Lyga. A mayar da martani Lyga ta gaya wa Gaines ya tsaya don rikici. Gaines ya tsaya, amma Lyga ya tafi; Gaines ya bi shi, tare da S.U.V. yana tafiya ta hanyar zirga zirga mai yawa har sai ya kusanci motar Lyga. Wani Lyga mai damuwa ya yi wa abokan aikinsa rediyo neman taimako kuma ya shirya kansa don amfani da bindigarsa. Ya ga Gaines yana da bindiga kuma ya sake yin barazana ga Lyga. Lyga ya harbe Gaines sau biyu; na farko ya ɓace, amma na biyu ya buga direban a ƙarƙashin hannunsa na dama, ya soke zuciyarsa kafin ya tsaya a cikin huhu. Gaines sai ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya tsaya. Lyga ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda kuma ya nemi abokin ciniki da ke fitowa daga ƙaramin kasuwar tashar ya kira lambar gaggawa ta 911. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar California Highway Patrol ta isa, <ref name="Lawson" /> sannan kyaftin din Lyga da sauran a cikin tawagarsa suka biyo baya. Sauran jami'an sun mallaki wurin ta amfani da daidaitattun tsari. Lokacin da Lyga ya koma tashar kuma ya jira umarni game da binciken harbi kwamandansa, Dennis Zuener, ya sanar da shi cewa Kevin Gaines jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Los Angeles. === Sakamakon harbi === Kashegari bayan harbi wani tashin hankali na kafofin watsa labarai ya biyo baya. Wani rukuni na 'yan Afirka na Afirka, karkashin jagorancin tsoffin abokan hulɗa na Gaines Derwin Henderson da Bruce Stallworth, sun tafi wurin da lamarin ya faru kuma sun fara gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan hali ya tsoratar da sanannun shaidu. Kwanaki uku bayan harbi, Johnnie Cochran Jr. ya shiga cikin shari'ar, bayan da dangin Gaines suka hayar da shi don bincika yiwuwar da'awar a kan Lyga da birnin. Cochran daga baya ya gabatar da da'awar dala miliyan ashirin da biyar a kan birnin, yana zargin cewa Lyga "wani jami'in 'yan sanda ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai haɗari wanda ya kasa kiran taimakon likita nan take ga Gaines, yana ba da gudummawa ga mutuwarsa, kuma ya yi makirci don ɓoyewa da karkatar da gaskiyar game da lamarin. Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta kuma sanar da cewa za a bincika aikin Lyga. A rana ta biyu ta Lyga ya dawo aikinsa, kwamandan sashen narcotics ya sanya shi a tebur, kuma an gaya masa cewa yana da abubuwan da suka faru na amfani da karfi 40 da aka gabatar, duk da haka an cire shi a cikin shari'o'i hudu na amfani da ƙarfin da ba dole ba, ko kuma an rarraba shari'o-harin a matsayin marasa tushe ko ba a warware su ba. An kuma gwada shi don alamun nuna bambancin launin fata ga kowane abin da ya faru ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar binciken yawan jama'a; ba a sami alamun nuna nuna bambancin jinsi ta Lyga ba. Lauyan Gundumar Gil Garcetti ya bude bincike kan aikata laifuka game da harbi. Shaidu a lokuta daban-daban na taron sun tabbatar da asusun Lyga, kamar yadda kyamarar sa ido ta yi a mini-mart, wanda ya rubuta sautin Lyga yana harba harbe-harbe biyu 1.8 seconds.<ref name="Lawson" /> Binciken Lauyan Gundumar ya yanke hukuncin cewa Lyga ba shi da laifi. Watanni uku bayan lamarin, sashin LAPD da ke binciken harbi ya gano cewa Lyga ya yi aiki bisa ga manufofin sashen, kuma kwamitin harbi na sashen bai ba da shawarar wani mataki na horo ba. Duk da haka, an jinkirta hukuncin har sai an sami sakamakon sake kirkirar dijital guda uku na harbi. A watan Nuwamba, Shekarar 1997, Lyga ta sake bayyana a gaban kwamitin harbi, wanda ya sake nazarin shaidar da sake kirkirar 3D, kuma a watan Disamba Shugaban LAPD Bernard C. Parks ya ba da rahoton cewa harbi ya kasance a cikin manufofin sashen; ba za a dauki mataki a kan Lyga ba. KodayakAn dakatar da aikin, kuma Lyga ta tuka zuwa Ventura Boulevard. Yayinda aka dakatar da shi a jan haske, motar motsa jiki mai kore da Gaines ke tukawa ta ja kusa da shi; Gaines ya yi barazanar Lyga. A mayar da martani Lyga ta gaya wa Gaines ya tsaya don rikici. Gaines ya tsaya, amma Lyga ya tafi; Gaines ya bi shi, tare da S.U.V. yana tafiya ta hanyar zirga-zirga mai yawa har sai ya kusanci motar Lyga. Wani Lyga mai damuwa ya yi wa abokan aikinsa rediyo neman taimako kuma ya shirya kansa don amfani da bindigarsa. Ya ga Gaines yana da bindiga kuma ya sake yin barazana ga Lyga. Lyga ya harbe Gaines sau biyu; na farko ya ɓace, amma na biyu ya buga direban a ƙarƙashin hannunsa na dama, ya soke zuciyarsa kafin ya tsaya a cikin huhu. Gaines sai ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya tsaya. Lyga ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda kuma ya nemi abokin ciniki da ke fitowa daga ƙaramin kasuwar tashar ya kira lambar gaggawa ta 911.e sake kirkirar harbi ya goyi bayan labarin Lyga, birni da Cochran sun amince da taron sulhu a watan Oktoba mai zuwa, <ref name="Rampart timeline" /> wanda Alkalin R. William Schoettler ya yi ritaya ya yi, Cochran ya rage da'awarsa na dala miliyan 25 zuwa $ 800,000 sannan zuwa $ 250,000, wanda birni ya amince da shi. Alkalin Schoettler daga baya ya rubuta wasika ga Parks yana gaya masa cewa ya yi tunanin cewa sulhu "na siyasa" ne; da an yi shari'ar, ya yi imanin, Lyga da birnin za su ci nasara. == Shaidar da aka sace == A cikin watanni da aka wanke shi, Lyga ya sake samun kansa a karkashin bincike. A ranar 27 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1998, an gano fam daya (0.45 na shaidar cocaine da aka yi rajista daga daya daga cikin wadanda aka kama Lyga a baya ya ɓace daga dakin mallakar Parker Center.<ref name="Rampart timeline" /> === Rafael Perez === Masu bincike daga ƙarshe sun fahimci cewa Rafael Perez ne ya sace cocaine da ya ɓace, wanda suke zargin, a lokacin, da ya yi niyya da Lyga a matsayin fansa don harbi na Gaines. Kama Perez, tare da mutuwar Gaines zai haifar da bincike wanda zai haifar da Rampart Scandal. == Dakatar da dakatar da shi == A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2014, an sanya Detective Frank Lyga a cikin hutun gudanarwa bayan binciken da ke jira game da zargin da ya yi ya nuna wariyar launin fata yana kiran lauya Carl E. Douglas "Ewok daga fina-finai na Star Wars". An yi sharhi ne bayan lacca na horo da aka ba wasu jami'ai, a lokacin sashin tambaya-amsa tare da jami'ai suna neman bayani game da harbi na 1997 da kuma sakamakonsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Truong |first=Debbie |last2=Rubin |first2=Joel |date= |title=LAPD detective accused of racially charged comments is placed on leave |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627080756/http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> An rubuta Lyga a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2013, bayan wani horo a cikin sabis a Kwalejin 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles. Detective Lyga ya gaya wa ajin cewa ba shi da wata damuwa game da harbi Gaines; a zahiri, yana fatan akwai ƙarin "su" a cikin mota a lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa zai iya kashe motar da ke dauke da su kuma bai ji komai ba kuma zai yi farin ciki da yin hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 27, 2014 |title=LAPD Capt. Called "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" by Det. Frank Lyga Sues |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143607/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A cikin rikodin, ya kira wata kyaftin din mace kyakkyawan yarinya mai suna Hispanic wanda ba zai iya samun ta da hannayenta biyu ba". A shekara ta 1998, matar ta kasance mai bincike da aka ba ta aiki don bincika bacewar fayil ɗin ma'aikatan Lyga. Ya kuma ce game da matar, "Na ji an sauya ta sau da yawa Ya kuma kira wani hafsan soja "fucking moron" kuma wani jami'in "ya'yan itace".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 17, 2014 |title=LAPD's Frank Lyga Calls Sergeant a "Fruit," Captain a "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143315/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Hukumar Kare Hakkin LAPD ta ba da shawarar cewa a dakatar da Lyga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 16, 2014 |title=LAPD Moves to Fire Frank Lyga Following Racially Charged Remarks |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105035449/https://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |archive-date=January 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya kafin LAPD Cif Charlie Beck ya kore shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 22, 2014 |title=Controversial Detective Frank Lyga Fired by LAPD Chief, His Lawyer Says |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104225605/https://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2016, Birnin Los Angeles ya amince da biyan Lyga $ 50,000 don dakatar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Koyaya, birnin bai yarda da wani laifi ba kuma ba a ba Lyga aikinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sulhu ba. == Hotuna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Frank Lyga Shea Whigham ne ya buga shi a cikin fim din tarihin City of Lies, wanda ke nuna abin da ya faru a shekarar 1997 tare da jami'in LAPD Kevin Gaines . Har ila yau, yana nuna cocaine da ya ɓace wanda jami'in LAPD Rafael Pérez ya sace don tsara Lyga don kisan Jami'in Kevin Gaines. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] he3zmh74oq6zw0y8mh1nbphljge1ncj 964292 964290 2026-10-07T11:36:25Z Usman saadu 46863 964292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Lyga''' an haife shi a shekara ta tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Amurka na Sashen' yan sanda na Los Angeles, wanda ya harbe Kevin Gaines . <ref name="Rampart timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304053924/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=2011-10-01 |website=PBS}}</ref> Binciken da LAPD ya yi game da harbi ya haifar da 'yan sanda su gano Abin kunya na Rampart. == Farkon aiki == A shekara ta 1986, Lyga ta shiga Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles bayan ta yi aiki tare da Sashen sheriff a cikin Kwarin Mohawk na New York . <ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |last=Boyer |first=Peter |title=LAPD Rampart Division |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720172131/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=July 20, 2006 |website=edwardlawson.com}}</ref> == Kevin Gaines harbi == Kevin Gaines was shot and killed on March 18, 1997, by Lyga, who was ultimately determined to have been acting in self-defense.<ref name="Lawson" /> At the time of his death, Gaines was 31 and had been a member of the Los Angeles Police Department for seven years.<ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=2009-01-23 |access-date=2012-08-31}}</ref> Gaines had ties to Death Row Records and the Bloods and was living with Suge Knight's ex-wife.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} Lyga, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin Narcotics Division Clandestine Lab Squad a lokacin, tare da sauran mambobin tawagarsa suna fitar da wani dillalin methamphetamine. Lyga shine mutumin da ya dace, wanda ya buƙaci ya zauna a cikin Buick Regal mara alama a 1991 yana jiran yarjejeniyar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta faru, don ya bi wadanda ake zargi zuwa asalin su kuma ya kama wadanda suka dace.<ref name="Lawson" /> An dakatar da aikin, kuma Lyga ta tuka zuwa Ventura Boulevard. Yayinda aka dakatar da shi a jan haske, motar motsa jiki mai kore da Gaines ke tukawa ta ja kusa da shi; Gaines ya yi barazanar Lyga. A mayar da martani Lyga ta gaya wa Gaines ya tsaya don rikici. Gaines ya tsaya, amma Lyga ya tafi; Gaines ya bi shi, tare da S.U.V. yana tafiya ta hanyar zirga zirga mai yawa har sai ya kusanci motar Lyga. Wani Lyga mai damuwa ya yi wa abokan aikinsa rediyo neman taimako kuma ya shirya kansa don amfani da bindigarsa. Ya ga Gaines yana da bindiga kuma ya sake yin barazana ga Lyga. Lyga ya harbe Gaines sau biyu; na farko ya ɓace, amma na biyu ya buga direban a ƙarƙashin hannunsa na dama, ya soke zuciyarsa kafin ya tsaya a cikin huhu. Gaines sai ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya tsaya. Lyga ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda kuma ya nemi abokin ciniki da ke fitowa daga ƙaramin kasuwar tashar ya kira lambar gaggawa ta 911. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar California Highway Patrol ta isa, <ref name="Lawson" /> sannan kyaftin din Lyga da sauran a cikin tawagarsa suka biyo baya. Sauran jami'an sun mallaki wurin ta amfani da daidaitattun tsari. Lokacin da Lyga ya koma tashar kuma ya jira umarni game da binciken harbi kwamandansa, Dennis Zuener, ya sanar da shi cewa Kevin Gaines jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Los Angeles. === Sakamakon harbi === Kashegari bayan harbi wani tashin hankali na kafofin watsa labarai ya biyo baya. Wani rukuni na 'yan Afirka na Afirka, karkashin jagorancin tsoffin abokan hulɗa na Gaines Derwin Henderson da Bruce Stallworth, sun tafi wurin da lamarin ya faru kuma sun fara gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan hali ya tsoratar da sanannun shaidu. Kwanaki uku bayan harbi, Johnnie Cochran Jr. ya shiga cikin shari'ar, bayan da dangin Gaines suka hayar da shi don bincika yiwuwar da'awar a kan Lyga da birnin. Cochran daga baya ya gabatar da da'awar dala miliyan ashirin da biyar a kan birnin, yana zargin cewa Lyga "wani jami'in 'yan sanda ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai haɗari wanda ya kasa kiran taimakon likita nan take ga Gaines, yana ba da gudummawa ga mutuwarsa, kuma ya yi makirci don ɓoyewa da karkatar da gaskiyar game da lamarin. Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta kuma sanar da cewa za a bincika aikin Lyga. A rana ta biyu ta Lyga ya dawo aikinsa, kwamandan sashen narcotics ya sanya shi a tebur, kuma an gaya masa cewa yana da abubuwan da suka faru na amfani da karfi 40 da aka gabatar, duk da haka an cire shi a cikin shari'o'i hudu na amfani da ƙarfin da ba dole ba, ko kuma an rarraba shari'o-harin a matsayin marasa tushe ko ba a warware su ba. An kuma gwada shi don alamun nuna bambancin launin fata ga kowane abin da ya faru ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar binciken yawan jama'a; ba a sami alamun nuna nuna bambancin jinsi ta Lyga ba. Lauyan Gundumar Gil Garcetti ya bude bincike kan aikata laifuka game da harbi. Shaidu a lokuta daban-daban na taron sun tabbatar da asusun Lyga, kamar yadda kyamarar sa ido ta yi a mini-mart, wanda ya rubuta sautin Lyga yana harba harbe-harbe biyu 1.8 seconds.<ref name="Lawson" /> Binciken Lauyan Gundumar ya yanke hukuncin cewa Lyga ba shi da laifi. Watanni uku bayan lamarin, sashin LAPD da ke binciken harbi ya gano cewa Lyga ya yi aiki bisa ga manufofin sashen, kuma kwamitin harbi na sashen bai ba da shawarar wani mataki na horo ba. Duk da haka, an jinkirta hukuncin har sai an sami sakamakon sake kirkirar dijital guda uku na harbi. A watan Nuwamba, Shekarar 1997, Lyga ta sake bayyana a gaban kwamitin harbi, wanda ya sake nazarin shaidar da sake kirkirar 3D, kuma a watan Disamba Shugaban LAPD Bernard C. Parks ya ba da rahoton cewa harbi ya kasance a cikin manufofin sashen; ba za a dauki mataki a kan Lyga ba. KodayakAn dakatar da aikin, kuma Lyga ta tuka zuwa Ventura Boulevard. Yayinda aka dakatar da shi a jan haske, motar motsa jiki mai kore da Gaines ke tukawa ta ja kusa da shi; Gaines ya yi barazanar Lyga. A mayar da martani Lyga ta gaya wa Gaines ya tsaya don rikici. Gaines ya tsaya, amma Lyga ya tafi; Gaines ya bi shi, tare da S.U.V. yana tafiya ta hanyar zirga-zirga mai yawa har sai ya kusanci motar Lyga. Wani Lyga mai damuwa ya yi wa abokan aikinsa rediyo neman taimako kuma ya shirya kansa don amfani da bindigarsa. Ya ga Gaines yana da bindiga kuma ya sake yin barazana ga Lyga. Lyga ya harbe Gaines sau biyu; na farko ya ɓace, amma na biyu ya buga direban a ƙarƙashin hannunsa na dama, ya soke zuciyarsa kafin ya tsaya a cikin huhu. Gaines sai ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya tsaya. Lyga ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda kuma ya nemi abokin ciniki da ke fitowa daga ƙaramin kasuwar tashar ya kira lambar gaggawa ta 911.e sake kirkirar harbi ya goyi bayan labarin Lyga, birni da Cochran sun amince da taron sulhu a watan Oktoba mai zuwa, <ref name="Rampart timeline" /> wanda Alkalin R. William Schoettler ya yi ritaya ya yi, Cochran ya rage da'awarsa na dala miliyan 25 zuwa $ 800,000 sannan zuwa $ 250,000, wanda birni ya amince da shi. Alkalin Schoettler daga baya ya rubuta wasika ga Parks yana gaya masa cewa ya yi tunanin cewa sulhu "na siyasa" ne; da an yi shari'ar, ya yi imanin, Lyga da birnin za su ci nasara. == Shaidar da aka sace == A cikin watanni da aka wanke shi, Lyga ya sake samun kansa a karkashin bincike. A ranar 27 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1998, an gano fam daya (0.45 na shaidar cocaine da aka yi rajista daga daya daga cikin wadanda aka kama Lyga a baya ya ɓace daga dakin mallakar Parker Center.<ref name="Rampart timeline" /> === Rafael Perez === Masu bincike daga ƙarshe sun fahimci cewa Rafael Perez ne ya sace cocaine da ya ɓace, wanda suke zargin, a lokacin, da ya yi niyya da Lyga a matsayin fansa don harbi na Gaines. Kama Perez, tare da mutuwar Gaines zai haifar da bincike wanda zai haifar da Rampart Scandal. == Dakatar da dakatar da shi == A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2014, an sanya Detective Frank Lyga a cikin hutun gudanarwa bayan binciken da ke jira game da zargin da ya yi ya nuna wariyar launin fata yana kiran lauya Carl E. Douglas "Ewok daga fina-finai na Star Wars". An yi sharhi ne bayan lacca na horo da aka ba wasu jami'ai, a lokacin sashin tambaya-amsa tare da jami'ai suna neman bayani game da harbi na 1997 da kuma sakamakonsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Truong |first=Debbie |last2=Rubin |first2=Joel |date= |title=LAPD detective accused of racially charged comments is placed on leave |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627080756/http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> An rubuta Lyga a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar 2013, bayan wani horo a cikin sabis a Kwalejin 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles. Detective Lyga ya gaya wa ajin cewa ba shi da wata damuwa game da harbi Gaines; a zahiri, yana fatan akwai ƙarin "su" a cikin mota a lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa zai iya kashe motar da ke dauke da su kuma bai ji komai ba kuma zai yi farin ciki da yin hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 27, 2014 |title=LAPD Capt. Called "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" by Det. Frank Lyga Sues |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143607/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A cikin rikodin, ya kira wata kyaftin din mace kyakkyawan yarinya mai suna Hispanic wanda ba zai iya samun ta da hannayenta biyu ba". A shekara ta 1998, matar ta kasance mai bincike da aka ba ta aiki don bincika bacewar fayil ɗin ma'aikatan Lyga. Ya kuma ce game da matar, "Na ji an sauya ta sau da yawa Ya kuma kira wani hafsan soja "fucking moron" kuma wani jami'in "ya'yan itace".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 17, 2014 |title=LAPD's Frank Lyga Calls Sergeant a "Fruit," Captain a "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143315/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Hukumar Kare Hakkin LAPD ta ba da shawarar cewa a dakatar da Lyga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 16, 2014 |title=LAPD Moves to Fire Frank Lyga Following Racially Charged Remarks |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105035449/https://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |archive-date=January 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya kafin LAPD Cif Charlie Beck ya kore shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 22, 2014 |title=Controversial Detective Frank Lyga Fired by LAPD Chief, His Lawyer Says |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104225605/https://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2016, Birnin Los Angeles ya amince da biyan Lyga $ 50,000 don dakatar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Koyaya, birnin bai yarda da wani laifi ba kuma ba a ba Lyga aikinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sulhu ba. == Hotuna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Frank Lyga Shea Whigham ne ya buga shi a cikin fim din tarihin City of Lies, wanda ke nuna abin da ya faru a shekarar 1997 tare da jami'in LAPD Kevin Gaines . Har ila yau, yana nuna cocaine da ya ɓace wanda jami'in LAPD Rafael Pérez ya sace don tsara Lyga don kisan Jami'in Kevin Gaines. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ps1ckqby6vyz75smlzmeq9yyb1rvucg 964296 964292 2026-10-07T11:37:33Z Usman saadu 46863 964296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frank Lyga''' an haife shi a shekara ta tsohon jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Amurka na Sashen' yan sanda na Los Angeles, wanda ya harbe Kevin Gaines . <ref name="Rampart timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304053924/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html#rage |archive-date=2012-03-04 |access-date=2011-10-01 |website=PBS}}</ref> Binciken da LAPD ya yi game da harbi ya haifar da 'yan sanda su gano Abin kunya na Rampart. == Farkon aiki == A shekara ta 1986, Lyga ta shiga Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles bayan ta yi aiki tare da Sashen sheriff a cikin Kwarin Mohawk na New York . <ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |last=Boyer |first=Peter |title=LAPD Rampart Division |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060720172131/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=July 20, 2006 |website=edwardlawson.com}}</ref> == Kevin Gaines harbi == Kevin Gaines was shot and killed on March 18, 1997, by Lyga, who was ultimately determined to have been acting in self-defense.<ref name="Lawson" /> At the time of his death, Gaines was 31 and had been a member of the Los Angeles Police Department for seven years.<ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=2009-01-23 |access-date=2012-08-31}}</ref> Gaines had ties to Death Row Records and the Bloods and was living with Suge Knight's ex-wife.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} Lyga, wanda aka sanya shi a cikin Narcotics Division Clandestine Lab Squad a lokacin, tare da sauran mambobin tawagarsa suna fitar da wani dillalin methamphetamine. Lyga shine mutumin da ya dace, wanda ya buƙaci ya zauna a cikin Buick Regal mara alama a 1991 yana jiran yarjejeniyar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta faru, don ya bi wadanda ake zargi zuwa asalin su kuma ya kama wadanda suka dace.<ref name="Lawson" /> An dakatar da aikin, kuma Lyga ta tuka zuwa Ventura Boulevard. Yayinda aka dakatar da shi a jan haske, motar motsa jiki mai kore da Gaines ke tukawa ta ja kusa da shi; Gaines ya yi barazanar Lyga. A mayar da martani Lyga ta gaya wa Gaines ya tsaya don rikici. Gaines ya tsaya, amma Lyga ya tafi; Gaines ya bi shi, tare da S.U.V. yana tafiya ta hanyar zirga zirga mai yawa har sai ya kusanci motar Lyga. Wani Lyga mai damuwa ya yi wa abokan aikinsa rediyo neman taimako kuma ya shirya kansa don amfani da bindigarsa. Ya ga Gaines yana da bindiga kuma ya sake yin barazana ga Lyga. Lyga ya harbe Gaines sau biyu; na farko ya ɓace, amma na biyu ya buga direban a ƙarƙashin hannunsa na dama, ya soke zuciyarsa kafin ya tsaya a cikin huhu. Gaines sai ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya tsaya. Lyga ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda kuma ya nemi abokin ciniki da ke fitowa daga ƙaramin kasuwar tashar ya kira lambar gaggawa ta 911. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar California Highway Patrol ta isa, <ref name="Lawson" /> sannan kyaftin din Lyga da sauran a cikin tawagarsa suka biyo baya. Sauran jami'an sun mallaki wurin ta amfani da daidaitattun tsari. Lokacin da Lyga ya koma tashar kuma ya jira umarni game da binciken harbi kwamandansa, Dennis Zuener, ya sanar da shi cewa Kevin Gaines jami'in 'yan sanda ne na Los Angeles. === Sakamakon harbi === Kashegari bayan harbi wani tashin hankali na kafofin watsa labarai ya biyo baya. Wani rukuni na 'yan Afirka na Afirka, karkashin jagorancin tsoffin abokan hulɗa na Gaines Derwin Henderson da Bruce Stallworth, sun tafi wurin da lamarin ya faru kuma sun fara gudanar da bincike ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan hali ya tsoratar da sanannun shaidu. Kwanaki uku bayan harbi, Johnnie Cochran Jr. ya shiga cikin shari'ar, bayan da dangin Gaines suka hayar da shi don bincika yiwuwar da'awar a kan Lyga da birnin. Cochran daga baya ya gabatar da da'awar dala miliyan ashirin da biyar a kan birnin, yana zargin cewa Lyga "wani jami'in 'yan sanda ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai haɗari wanda ya kasa kiran taimakon likita nan take ga Gaines, yana ba da gudummawa ga mutuwarsa, kuma ya yi makirci don ɓoyewa da karkatar da gaskiyar game da lamarin. Ma'aikatar 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles ta kuma sanar da cewa za a bincika aikin Lyga. A rana ta biyu ta Lyga ya dawo aikinsa, kwamandan sashen narcotics ya sanya shi a tebur, kuma an gaya masa cewa yana da abubuwan da suka faru na amfani da karfi 40 da aka gabatar, duk da haka an cire shi a cikin shari'o'i hudu na amfani da ƙarfin da ba dole ba, ko kuma an rarraba shari'o-harin a matsayin marasa tushe ko ba a warware su ba. An kuma gwada shi don alamun nuna bambancin launin fata ga kowane abin da ya faru ta hanyar amfani da karfi ta hanyar binciken yawan jama'a; ba a sami alamun nuna nuna bambancin jinsi ta Lyga ba. Lauyan Gundumar Gil Garcetti ya bude bincike kan aikata laifuka game da harbi. Shaidu a lokuta daban-daban na taron sun tabbatar da asusun Lyga, kamar yadda kyamarar sa ido ta yi a mini-mart, wanda ya rubuta sautin Lyga yana harba harbe-harbe biyu 1.8 seconds.<ref name="Lawson" /> Binciken Lauyan Gundumar ya yanke hukuncin cewa Lyga ba shi da laifi. Watanni uku bayan lamarin, sashin LAPD da ke binciken harbi ya gano cewa Lyga ya yi aiki bisa ga manufofin sashen, kuma kwamitin harbi na sashen bai ba da shawarar wani mataki na horo ba. Duk da haka, an jinkirta hukuncin har sai an sami sakamakon sake kirkirar dijital guda uku na harbi. A watan Nuwamba, Shekarar 1997, Lyga ta sake bayyana a gaban kwamitin harbi, wanda ya sake nazarin shaidar da sake kirkirar 3D, kuma a watan Disamba Shugaban LAPD Bernard C. Parks ya ba da rahoton cewa harbi ya kasance a cikin manufofin sashen; ba za a dauki mataki a kan Lyga ba. KodayakAn dakatar da aikin, kuma Lyga ta tuka zuwa Ventura Boulevard. Yayinda aka dakatar da shi a jan haske, motar motsa jiki mai kore da Gaines ke tukawa ta ja kusa da shi; Gaines ya yi barazanar Lyga. A mayar da martani Lyga ta gaya wa Gaines ya tsaya don rikici. Gaines ya tsaya, amma Lyga ya tafi; Gaines ya bi shi, tare da S.U.V. yana tafiya ta hanyar zirga-zirga mai yawa har sai ya kusanci motar Lyga. Wani Lyga mai damuwa ya yi wa abokan aikinsa rediyo neman taimako kuma ya shirya kansa don amfani da bindigarsa. Ya ga Gaines yana da bindiga kuma ya sake yin barazana ga Lyga. Lyga ya harbe Gaines sau biyu; na farko ya ɓace, amma na biyu ya buga direban a ƙarƙashin hannunsa na dama, ya soke zuciyarsa kafin ya tsaya a cikin huhu. Gaines sai ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya tsaya. Lyga ya shiga tashar gas kuma ya bayyana kansa a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda kuma ya nemi abokin ciniki da ke fitowa daga ƙaramin kasuwar tashar ya kira lambar gaggawa ta 911.e sake kirkirar harbi ya goyi bayan labarin Lyga, birni da Cochran sun amince da taron sulhu a watan Oktoba mai zuwa, <ref name="Rampart timeline" /> wanda Alkalin R. William Schoettler ya yi ritaya ya yi, Cochran ya rage da'awarsa na dala miliyan 25 zuwa $ 800,000 sannan zuwa $ 250,000, wanda birni ya amince da shi. Alkalin Schoettler daga baya ya rubuta wasika ga Parks yana gaya masa cewa ya yi tunanin cewa sulhu "na siyasa" ne; da an yi shari'ar, ya yi imanin, Lyga da birnin za su ci nasara. == Shaidar da aka sace == A cikin watanni da aka wanke shi, Lyga ya sake samun kansa a karkashin bincike. A ranar 27 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1998, an gano fam daya (0.45 na shaidar cocaine da aka yi rajista daga daya daga cikin wadanda aka kama Lyga a baya ya ɓace daga dakin mallakar Parker Center.<ref name="Rampart timeline" /> === Rafael Perez === Masu bincike daga ƙarshe sun fahimci cewa Rafael Perez ne ya sace cocaine da ya ɓace, wanda suke zargin, a lokacin, da ya yi niyya da Lyga a matsayin fansa don harbi na Gaines. Kama Perez, tare da mutuwar Gaines zai haifar da bincike wanda zai haifar da Rampart Scandal. == Dakatar da dakatar da shi == A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2014, an sanya Detective Frank Lyga a cikin hutun gudanarwa bayan binciken da ke jira game da zargin da ya yi ya nuna wariyar launin fata yana kiran lauya Carl E. Douglas "Ewok daga fina-finai na Star Wars". An yi sharhi ne bayan lacca na horo da aka ba wasu jami'ai, a lokacin sashin tambaya-amsa tare da jami'ai suna neman bayani game da harbi na 1997 da kuma sakamakonsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Truong |first=Debbie |last2=Rubin |first2=Joel |date= |title=LAPD detective accused of racially charged comments is placed on leave |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627080756/http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-lapd-lyga-20140627-story.html |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |access-date=June 26, 2014 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> An rubuta Lyga a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar 2013, bayan wani horo a cikin sabis a Kwalejin 'yan sanda ta Los Angeles. Detective Lyga ya gaya wa ajin cewa ba shi da wata damuwa game da harbi Gaines; a zahiri, yana fatan akwai ƙarin su a cikin mota a lokacin. Ya bayyana cewa zai iya kashe motar da ke dauke da su kuma bai ji komai ba kuma zai yi farin ciki da yin hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 27, 2014 |title=LAPD Capt. Called "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" by Det. Frank Lyga Sues |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143607/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-capt-called-cute-little-hispanic-lady-by-det-frank-lyga-sues-4816430 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A cikin rikodin, ya kira wata kyaftin din mace kyakkyawan yarinya mai suna Hispanic wanda ba zai iya samun ta da hannayenta biyu ba". A shekara ta 1998, matar ta kasance mai bincike da aka ba ta aiki don bincika bacewar fayil ɗin ma'aikatan Lyga. Ya kuma ce game da matar, Na ji an sauya ta sau da yawa Ya kuma kira wani hafsan soja "fucking moron" kuma wani jami'in ya'yan itace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=June 17, 2014 |title=LAPD's Frank Lyga Calls Sergeant a "Fruit," Captain a "Cute Little Hispanic Lady" |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143315/http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapds-frank-lyga-calls-sergeant-a-fruit-captain-a-cute-little-hispanic-lady-4793081 |archive-date=March 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Hukumar Kare Hakkin LAPD ta ba da shawarar cewa a dakatar da Lyga.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 16, 2014 |title=LAPD Moves to Fire Frank Lyga Following Racially Charged Remarks |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105035449/https://www.laweekly.com/news/lapd-moves-to-fire-frank-lyga-following-racially-charged-remarks-5153362 |archive-date=January 5, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> Ya yi ritaya kafin LAPD Cif Charlie Beck ya kore shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=October 22, 2014 |title=Controversial Detective Frank Lyga Fired by LAPD Chief, His Lawyer Says |url=http://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104225605/https://www.laweekly.com/news/controversial-detective-frank-lyga-fired-by-lapd-chief-his-lawyer-says-5164926 |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |website=LA Weekly}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, Birnin Los Angeles ya amince da biyan Lyga $ 50,000 don dakatar da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba. Koyaya, birnin bai yarda da wani laifi ba kuma ba a ba Lyga aikinsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na sulhu ba. == Hotuna a cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Frank Lyga Shea Whigham ne ya buga shi a cikin fim din tarihin City of Lies, wanda ke nuna abin da ya faru a shekarar 1997 tare da jami'in LAPD Kevin Gaines . Har ila yau, yana nuna cocaine da ya ɓace wanda jami'in LAPD Rafael Pérez ya sace don tsara Lyga don kisan Jami'in Kevin Gaines. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iq15st92mhpbs5ff6ksnatrocblc6sf 0 178469 964301 2026-10-07T11:42:04Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372505087|Ad Hoc Committee for a Marxist-Leninist Party]]" 964301 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kwamitin Ad Hoc na Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist''' ('''AHC''') kungiya ce ta siyasa ta Maoist a Amurka. AHC ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin ƙa'ida, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kwaminisanci. AHC kungiya ce ta gaba da ofishin [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] na Chicago ke gudanarwa a matsayin aikin leken asiri a karkashin COINTELPRO . <ref name="HNN">{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Aaron J. |title=The FBI's Maoist Faction |url=https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/the-fbis-maoist-faction |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=History News Network}}</ref> AHC ta samar da asali "mai zurfi" ga masu ba da labari na FBI, waɗanda suka shiga kungiyoyin New Communist Movement don leken asiri kan mambobi, inganta rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa, da kuma lalata shawarwarin haɗuwa.<ref name="HNN" /> Jaridu na AHC sun soki manufofin FBI, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka, a matsayin masu sayarwa masu matsakaici waɗanda suka watsar da ainihin Marxism-Leninism.<ref name="HNN" /> == Tarihi == === Asalin === A cikin 1962, FBI ta kirkiro '''Kwamitin Ad Hoc don Layin Socialist na Kimiyya''' kuma ta fara buga ''Ad Hoc Bulletin (Marxist-Leninist) '', da farko a matsayin ƙoƙari na raba shugabancin CPUSA akan rabuwa na Sino-Soviet.<ref name="HNN" /> Daga 1962 zuwa 1965, AHC ta girma "daga wani abu mai mahimmanci zuwa cikakken aikin leken asiri".<ref name="Tromblay2019">{{Cite journal |last=Tromblay |first=Darren E. |year=2019 |title=From Old Left to New Left: The FBI and the Sino-Soviet Split |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |doi=10.1080/08850607.2019.1670207}}</ref> A shekara ta 1965, an sake sunan aikin Kwamitin Ad Hoc na Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist.<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Jagorancin AHC ba a san shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laski |first=Michael I. |date=1968 |title=The American Battlefield: An Interview with Comrade Michael I. Laski |url=https://marxists.architexturez.net/history/erol/1960-1970/mlob-laski.htm |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> Fayilolin FBI da aka bayyana sun nuna cewa an halicci AHC a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan ɓoye na COINTELPRO ta wakili Herbert K. Stallings, wanda "sani na Marxism-Leninism yana da faɗi kuma yana da ban mamaki".<ref name="HNN" /> FBI ta bayyana duka AHC da Bulletin a matsayin kungiyoyin "masu leken asiri".<ref name="HNN" /> Bayan da Hukumar Citizens' don Bincike FBI ta shiga hedikwatar FBI a 1971, takardun da aka sace sun bayyana cewa an kira aikin AHC "ALCHEMY".<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Biye da samfurin AHC, FBI ta kafa Red Star Cadre, wanda wani mai ba da labari na FBI ke sarrafawa daga 1972 zuwa 1974, a cikin ƙoƙari na shuka rikice-rikice da hana hadin kan ƙungiyar Marxist-Leninist.<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masana tarihi Aaron J. Leonard da Conor A. Gallagher sun bayyana AHC a matsayin wani shiri da FBI da masu ba da labari ke gudanarwa gaba ɗaya, ba tare da siffofin ƙungiya na al'ada ba kamar matsayi na jagoranci mai zaman kansa ko tsarin membobin. A matsayinta na rukuni na gaba, AHC ta ba da izinin masu ba da labari na FBI su kafa lambobin sadarwa a duk faɗin hagu yayin da suke ɓoye alakarsu ta FBI.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="LeonardGallagher2022" /> A lokacin rabuwa da Sino-Soviet, AHC ta girma daga wata takarda mai adawa da CPRUSA zuwa hanyar tattara bayanan sirri, da tasiri, ƙungiyoyi a cikin Sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci da Sabon Hagu.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Tromblay2019" /><ref name="EROL1966">{{Cite web |date=1966 |title=China Is World Revolutionary Centre, Says Ad Hoc Committee for a Marxist-Leninist Party, U.S.A. |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1960-1970/ad-hoc4.htm |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> AHC ta karfafa raguwa daga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka kuma ta tura 'yan tawaye zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da sake fasalin.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masu ba da labari na AHC sun haɗa da wasu mambobin jagorancin Black Panther Party (BPP) da Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> === Ayyukan rushewa === SAHC ta fara mayar da hankali ga fushin ta a kan babban burin FBI, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka, wanda AHC ta yi tir da matsakaici, "mai gyarawa", "mai adawa da juyin juya hali", kuma mai taushi a kan mulkin mallaka.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018">{{Cite web |last=Uetricht |first=Micah |date=August 13, 2018 |title=How the FBI Infiltrated the New Left |url=https://jacobin.com/2018/08/fbi-infiltration-new-left-aoki-sds |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin}}</ref> AHC ta rubuta: "Abokan: Lokaci ya zo don jefa sarƙoƙi na sake fasalin da komawa ga ka'idodin juyin juya halin Lenin, Stalin da Mao".<ref name="HNN" />Masana'antar daukar ma'aikata ta AHC ta bayyana CP a matsayin "mai adawa da juyin juya hali" da kuma "mai gyarawa" yayin da suke tura mambobin su yi watsi.<ref name="Jacobin2019">{{Cite web |last=Gibbons |first=Chip |date=March 5, 2019 |title=Enemies of the Left |url=https://jacobin.com/2019/03/fbi-infiltration-surveillance-ru-rcp |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin}}</ref> Mambobin AHC sun nemi mambobin CPUSA masu adawa da su yi leken asiri a kan kungiyar, ana zargin su taimaka wajen gina AHC.<ref name="Jacobin2019" /> Mai ba da labari na FBI kuma babban memba na jagorancin CPUSA Morris Childs ya taimaka wajen rarraba Ad Hoc Bulletin . <ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta wallafa ''Labarin'' masu banƙyama game da CPUSA a cikin Bulletin kuma ta rarraba wasiƙu ga jaridu masu motsi, kamar ''The Guardian'' . <ref name="EROLGuardianLetter">{{Cite web |date=1973 |title=Letter to the Guardian on the Guardian Forums |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1960-1970/ad-hoc5.htm |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> AHC ta gina lambobin sadarwa na cikin gida da na duniya tsakanin kungiyoyin hagu ta hanyar tsara hoton ƙungiyar masu fafutuka.<ref name="HNN" /> Leonard ya yi jayayya cewa wannan aikin wallafe-wallafen ya taimaka wajen haifar da bayyanar halin yanzu na Marxist-Leninist kuma ya samar da tashoshi don shiga tsakani cikin rikice-rikice na yanzu a cikin hagu na Amurka.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> Misali, a cikin 1969, masu ba da labari na AHC sun bayyana kansu a matsayin "ƙungiyar Maoist ta Chicago" don samun ganawa da shugabannin Weathermen Bill Ayers da Jeff Jones, wanda aka tsara a matsayin tsari don goyon bayan kasar Sin.<ref name="HNN" /> FBI ta kuma yi amfani da wasiƙu da AHC ta karɓa don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta Maoists don bincika, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Juyin Juya Halin, wanda ya kafa Amurka Robert Fitch, wanda ya ga tallace-tallace a cikin ''The Guardian''.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta nemi kara rikice-rikicen bangarori. AHC ta kara muhawara a cikin hagu game da dabarun yaki, ko yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Black Power, da kuma ko tallafawa ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na Duniya ta Uku.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> AHC sau da yawa ta soki ayyukan gina jam'iyya masu adawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> Ofisoshin FBI sun umarci masu ba da labari, gami da lambobin sadarwa na AHC, su jefa kuri'a tare da ƙungiyar Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) a taron dalibai na Democratic Society na 1969, don adawa da Jam'iyyar Progressive Labor Party (PLP). SDS ya ragargaje zuwa ɓangarori da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya zama Weathermen . <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> AHC ta nemi karfafa rarrabuwa da hana hadin kai.<ref name="Jacobin2019" /> Misali, a cikin 1970, FBI ta yi amfani da kyakkyawar amincewar AHC don saka mai ba da labari na FBI Don Wright a cikin Revolutionary Union (RU), wanda yanzu ake kira Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP). Wright kuma, ta ƙarya, ya yi iƙirarin kasancewa memba na Black Panther Party.<ref name="HNN" /> An inganta Wright da sauri a cikin RU, kuma ya zama wakilin RU a Kwamitin Hulɗa na Kasa (NLC). NLC ta yi fatan gina hadin kan Maoist tsakanin Union Revolutionary, Black Workers Congress, Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization (tsohon Young Lords Party), da I Wor Kuen . Maimakon haka, Wright ya yi aiki don lalata NLC. Wright ya yi jayayya cewa wata jam'iyya ta kasa da kasa tana adawa da juyin juya hali, saboda ta hana bukatar 'yancin kai na masu juyin juya halin duniya ta uku.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta yi jayayya a cikin ''The Guardian'' game da kowane jam'iyya mai yawa: <ref name="EROLGuardianLetter" /> {{Blockquote|[T]he time for building a multinational party has not yet come. Since Blacks are more advanced politically than whites (as are Latins, American Indians, etc.), the amalgamation of all groups in one party would result in fragmentation, disunity and the rapid dissolution of such a party. Racism is still so strong as to separate all but the most revolutionary of comrades. [....] Blacks must work with Blacks, Latins with Latins, whites with whites.}} === Raguwa da gado === A shekara ta 1977, FBI ta kaddamar da AHC da ALCHEMY bayan Kwamitin Coci ya tilasta wa FBI ta rage ayyukan ɓoye na cikin gida.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ya ba da misalin dabarun FBI na amfani da ƙungiyoyin da ke jagorantar masu ba da labari don jagorantar da saka idanu kan bangarorin siyasa na hagu.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> ALCHEMY ya nuna cewa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Marxist-Leninist da Maoist sun shiga cikin sauƙi ta hanyar masu ba da labari na FBI waɗanda aka ba su isasshen takaddun shaida "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="HNN" /> <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masanin tarihi Aaron J. Leonard ya yi jayayya cewa AHC ta tabbatar da cewa "sanin Marxism" ba garkuwa ce game da shiga FBI ba: <ref name="Jacobin2018" /> {{Blockquote|It used to be an article of faith on the Left that the FBI can’t bamboozle us with political line, because they wouldn’t be able to speak the language of the Left. Yeah, they totally can. The Ad Hoc Committee shows that.}} == Dubi kuma == * COINTELPRO * Sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci * Rarrabawar Sin da Soviet == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sblq7qpd9t064l97i007ennn9dquljd 964302 964301 2026-10-07T11:42:30Z Usman saadu 46863 964302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kwamitin Ad Hoc na Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist''' ('''AHC''') kungiya ce ta siyasa ta Maoist a Amurka. AHC ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin ƙa'ida, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kwaminisanci. AHC kungiya ce ta gaba da ofishin [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] na Chicago ke gudanarwa a matsayin aikin leken asiri a karkashin COINTELPRO . <ref name="HNN">{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Aaron J. |title=The FBI's Maoist Faction |url=https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/the-fbis-maoist-faction |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=History News Network}}</ref> AHC ta samar da asali "mai zurfi" ga masu ba da labari na FBI, waɗanda suka shiga kungiyoyin New Communist Movement don leken asiri kan mambobi, inganta rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa, da kuma lalata shawarwarin haɗuwa.<ref name="HNN" /> Jaridu na AHC sun soki manufofin FBI, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka, a matsayin masu sayarwa masu matsakaici waɗanda suka watsar da ainihin Marxism-Leninism.<ref name="HNN" /> == Tarihi == === Asalin === A cikin 1962, FBI ta kirkiro '''Kwamitin Ad Hoc don Layin Socialist na Kimiyya''' kuma ta fara buga ''Ad Hoc Bulletin (Marxist-Leninist) '', da farko a matsayin ƙoƙari na raba shugabancin CPUSA akan rabuwa na Sino-Soviet.<ref name="HNN" /> Daga 1962 zuwa 1965, AHC ta girma "daga wani abu mai mahimmanci zuwa cikakken aikin leken asiri".<ref name="Tromblay2019">{{Cite journal |last=Tromblay |first=Darren E. |year=2019 |title=From Old Left to New Left: The FBI and the Sino-Soviet Split |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |doi=10.1080/08850607.2019.1670207}}</ref> A shekara ta 1965, an sake sunan aikin Kwamitin Ad Hoc na Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist.<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Jagorancin AHC ba a san shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laski |first=Michael I. |date=1968 |title=The American Battlefield: An Interview with Comrade Michael I. Laski |url=https://marxists.architexturez.net/history/erol/1960-1970/mlob-laski.htm |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> Fayilolin FBI da aka bayyana sun nuna cewa an halicci AHC a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan ɓoye na COINTELPRO ta wakili Herbert K. Stallings, wanda "sani na Marxism-Leninism yana da faɗi kuma yana da ban mamaki".<ref name="HNN" /> FBI ta bayyana duka AHC da Bulletin a matsayin kungiyoyin "masu leken asiri".<ref name="HNN" /> Bayan da Hukumar Citizens' don Bincike FBI ta shiga hedikwatar FBI a 1971, takardun da aka sace sun bayyana cewa an kira aikin AHC "ALCHEMY".<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Biye da samfurin AHC, FBI ta kafa Red Star Cadre, wanda wani mai ba da labari na FBI ke sarrafawa daga 1972 zuwa 1974, a cikin ƙoƙari na shuka rikice-rikice da hana hadin kan ƙungiyar Marxist-Leninist.<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masana tarihi Aaron J. Leonard da Conor A. Gallagher sun bayyana AHC a matsayin wani shiri da FBI da masu ba da labari ke gudanarwa gaba ɗaya, ba tare da siffofin ƙungiya na al'ada ba kamar matsayi na jagoranci mai zaman kansa ko tsarin membobin. A matsayinta na rukuni na gaba, AHC ta ba da izinin masu ba da labari na FBI su kafa lambobin sadarwa a duk faɗin hagu yayin da suke ɓoye alakarsu ta FBI.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="LeonardGallagher2022" /> A lokacin rabuwa da Sino-Soviet, AHC ta girma daga wata takarda mai adawa da CPRUSA zuwa hanyar tattara bayanan sirri, da tasiri, ƙungiyoyi a cikin Sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci da Sabon Hagu.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Tromblay2019" /><ref name="EROL1966">{{Cite web |date=1966 |title=China Is World Revolutionary Centre, Says Ad Hoc Committee for a Marxist-Leninist Party, U.S.A. |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1960-1970/ad-hoc4.htm |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> AHC ta karfafa raguwa daga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka kuma ta tura 'yan tawaye zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da sake fasalin.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masu ba da labari na AHC sun haɗa da wasu mambobin jagorancin Black Panther Party (BPP) da Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> === Ayyukan rushewa === SAHC ta fara mayar da hankali ga fushin ta a kan babban burin FBI, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka, wanda AHC ta yi tir da matsakaici, "mai gyarawa", "mai adawa da juyin juya hali", kuma mai taushi a kan mulkin mallaka.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018">{{Cite web |last=Uetricht |first=Micah |date=August 13, 2018 |title=How the FBI Infiltrated the New Left |url=https://jacobin.com/2018/08/fbi-infiltration-new-left-aoki-sds |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin}}</ref> AHC ta rubuta: "Abokan: Lokaci ya zo don jefa sarƙoƙi na sake fasalin da komawa ga ka'idodin juyin juya halin Lenin, Stalin da Mao".<ref name="HNN" />Masana'antar daukar ma'aikata ta AHC ta bayyana CP a matsayin "mai adawa da juyin juya hali" da kuma "mai gyarawa" yayin da suke tura mambobin su yi watsi.<ref name="Jacobin2019">{{Cite web |last=Gibbons |first=Chip |date=March 5, 2019 |title=Enemies of the Left |url=https://jacobin.com/2019/03/fbi-infiltration-surveillance-ru-rcp |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin}}</ref> Mambobin AHC sun nemi mambobin CPUSA masu adawa da su yi leken asiri a kan kungiyar, ana zargin su taimaka wajen gina AHC.<ref name="Jacobin2019" /> Mai ba da labari na FBI kuma babban memba na jagorancin CPUSA Morris Childs ya taimaka wajen rarraba Ad Hoc Bulletin . <ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta wallafa ''Labarin'' masu banƙyama game da CPUSA a cikin Bulletin kuma ta rarraba wasiƙu ga jaridu masu motsi, kamar ''The Guardian'' . <ref name="EROLGuardianLetter">{{Cite web |date=1973 |title=Letter to the Guardian on the Guardian Forums |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1960-1970/ad-hoc5.htm |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> AHC ta gina lambobin sadarwa na cikin gida da na duniya tsakanin kungiyoyin hagu ta hanyar tsara hoton ƙungiyar masu fafutuka.<ref name="HNN" /> Leonard ya yi jayayya cewa wannan aikin wallafe-wallafen ya taimaka wajen haifar da bayyanar halin yanzu na Marxist-Leninist kuma ya samar da tashoshi don shiga tsakani cikin rikice-rikice na yanzu a cikin hagu na Amurka.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> Misali, a cikin 1969, masu ba da labari na AHC sun bayyana kansu a matsayin "ƙungiyar Maoist ta Chicago" don samun ganawa da shugabannin Weathermen Bill Ayers da Jeff Jones, wanda aka tsara a matsayin tsari don goyon bayan kasar Sin.<ref name="HNN" /> FBI ta kuma yi amfani da wasiƙu da AHC ta karɓa don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta Maoists don bincika, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Juyin Juya Halin, wanda ya kafa Amurka Robert Fitch, wanda ya ga tallace-tallace a cikin ''The Guardian''.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta nemi kara rikice-rikicen bangarori. AHC ta kara muhawara a cikin hagu game da dabarun yaki, ko yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Black Power, da kuma ko tallafawa ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na Duniya ta Uku.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> AHC sau da yawa ta soki ayyukan gina jam'iyya masu adawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> Ofisoshin FBI sun umarci masu ba da labari, gami da lambobin sadarwa na AHC, su jefa kuri'a tare da ƙungiyar Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) a taron dalibai na Democratic Society na 1969, don adawa da Jam'iyyar Progressive Labor Party (PLP). SDS ya ragargaje zuwa ɓangarori da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya zama Weathermen . <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> AHC ta nemi karfafa rarrabuwa da hana hadin kai.<ref name="Jacobin2019" /> Misali, a cikin 1970, FBI ta yi amfani da kyakkyawar amincewar AHC don saka mai ba da labari na FBI Don Wright a cikin Revolutionary Union (RU), wanda yanzu ake kira Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP). Wright kuma, ta ƙarya, ya yi iƙirarin kasancewa memba na Black Panther Party.<ref name="HNN" /> An inganta Wright da sauri a cikin RU, kuma ya zama wakilin RU a Kwamitin Hulɗa na Kasa (NLC). NLC ta yi fatan gina hadin kan Maoist tsakanin Union Revolutionary, Black Workers Congress, Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization (tsohon Young Lords Party), da I Wor Kuen . Maimakon haka, Wright ya yi aiki don lalata NLC. Wright ya yi jayayya cewa wata jam'iyya ta kasa da kasa tana adawa da juyin juya hali, saboda ta hana bukatar 'yancin kai na masu juyin juya halin duniya ta uku.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta yi jayayya a cikin ''The Guardian'' game da kowane jam'iyya mai yawa: <ref name="EROLGuardianLetter" /> {{Blockquote|[T]he time for building a multinational party has not yet come. Since Blacks are more advanced politically than whites (as are Latins, American Indians, etc.), the amalgamation of all groups in one party would result in fragmentation, disunity and the rapid dissolution of such a party. Racism is still so strong as to separate all but the most revolutionary of comrades. [....] Blacks must work with Blacks, Latins with Latins, whites with whites.}} === Raguwa da gado === A shekara ta 1977, FBI ta kaddamar da AHC da ALCHEMY bayan Kwamitin Coci ya tilasta wa FBI ta rage ayyukan ɓoye na cikin gida.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ya ba da misalin dabarun FBI na amfani da ƙungiyoyin da ke jagorantar masu ba da labari don jagorantar da saka idanu kan bangarorin siyasa na hagu.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> ALCHEMY ya nuna cewa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Marxist-Leninist da Maoist sun shiga cikin sauƙi ta hanyar masu ba da labari na FBI waɗanda aka ba su isasshen takaddun shaida "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="HNN" /> <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masanin tarihi Aaron J. Leonard ya yi jayayya cewa AHC ta tabbatar da cewa "sanin Marxism" ba garkuwa ce game da shiga FBI ba: <ref name="Jacobin2018" /> {{Blockquote|It used to be an article of faith on the Left that the FBI can’t bamboozle us with political line, because they wouldn’t be able to speak the language of the Left. Yeah, they totally can. The Ad Hoc Committee shows that.}} == Dubi kuma == * COINTELPRO * Sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci * Rarrabawar Sin da Soviet == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p33y4n12nsxuhyx5s1vf645c912z412 964303 964302 2026-10-07T11:42:50Z Usman saadu 46863 964303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kwamitin Ad Hoc na Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist''' ('''AHC''') kungiya ce ta siyasa ta Maoist a Amurka. AHC ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin ƙa'ida, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kwaminisanci. AHC kungiya ce ta gaba da ofishin [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] na Chicago ke gudanarwa a matsayin aikin leken asiri a karkashin COINTELPRO . <ref name="HNN">{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Aaron J. |title=The FBI's Maoist Faction |url=https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/the-fbis-maoist-faction |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=History News Network}}</ref> AHC ta samar da asali "mai zurfi" ga masu ba da labari na FBI, waɗanda suka shiga kungiyoyin New Communist Movement don leken asiri kan mambobi, inganta rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa, da kuma lalata shawarwarin haɗuwa.<ref name="HNN" /> Jaridu na AHC sun soki manufofin FBI, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta ƙasar Amurka, a matsayin masu sayarwa masu matsakaici waɗanda suka watsar da ainihin Marxism-Leninism.<ref name="HNN" /> == Tarihi == === Asalin === A cikin 1962, FBI ta kirkiro '''Kwamitin Ad Hoc don Layin Socialist na Kimiyya''' kuma ta fara buga ''Ad Hoc Bulletin (Marxist-Leninist) '', da farko a matsayin ƙoƙari na raba shugabancin CPUSA akan rabuwa na Sino-Soviet.<ref name="HNN" /> Daga 1962 zuwa 1965, AHC ta girma "daga wani abu mai mahimmanci zuwa cikakken aikin leken asiri".<ref name="Tromblay2019">{{Cite journal |last=Tromblay |first=Darren E. |year=2019 |title=From Old Left to New Left: The FBI and the Sino-Soviet Split |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |doi=10.1080/08850607.2019.1670207}}</ref> A shekara ta 1965, an sake sunan aikin Kwamitin Ad Hoc na Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist.<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Jagorancin AHC ba a san shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laski |first=Michael I. |date=1968 |title=The American Battlefield: An Interview with Comrade Michael I. Laski |url=https://marxists.architexturez.net/history/erol/1960-1970/mlob-laski.htm |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> Fayilolin FBI da aka bayyana sun nuna cewa an halicci AHC a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan ɓoye na COINTELPRO ta wakili Herbert K. Stallings, wanda "sani na Marxism-Leninism yana da faɗi kuma yana da ban mamaki".<ref name="HNN" /> FBI ta bayyana duka AHC da Bulletin a matsayin kungiyoyin "masu leken asiri".<ref name="HNN" /> Bayan da Hukumar Citizens' don Bincike FBI ta shiga hedikwatar FBI a 1971, takardun da aka sace sun bayyana cewa an kira aikin AHC "ALCHEMY".<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Biye da samfurin AHC, FBI ta kafa Red Star Cadre, wanda wani mai ba da labari na FBI ke sarrafawa daga 1972 zuwa 1974, a cikin ƙoƙari na shuka rikice-rikice da hana hadin kan ƙungiyar Marxist-Leninist.<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masana tarihi Aaron J. Leonard da Conor A. Gallagher sun bayyana AHC a matsayin wani shiri da FBI da masu ba da labari ke gudanarwa gaba ɗaya, ba tare da siffofin ƙungiya na al'ada ba kamar matsayi na jagoranci mai zaman kansa ko tsarin membobin. A matsayinta na rukuni na gaba, AHC ta ba da izinin masu ba da labari na FBI su kafa lambobin sadarwa a duk faɗin hagu yayin da suke ɓoye alakarsu ta FBI.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="LeonardGallagher2022" /> A lokacin rabuwa da Sino-Soviet, AHC ta girma daga wata takarda mai adawa da CPRUSA zuwa hanyar tattara bayanan sirri, da tasiri, ƙungiyoyi a cikin Sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci da Sabon Hagu.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Tromblay2019" /><ref name="EROL1966">{{Cite web |date=1966 |title=China Is World Revolutionary Centre, Says Ad Hoc Committee for a Marxist-Leninist Party, U.S.A. |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1960-1970/ad-hoc4.htm |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> AHC ta karfafa raguwa daga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka kuma ta tura 'yan tawaye zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da sake fasalin.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masu ba da labari na AHC sun haɗa da wasu mambobin jagorancin Black Panther Party (BPP) da Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> === Ayyukan rushewa === SAHC ta fara mayar da hankali ga fushin ta a kan babban burin FBI, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka, wanda AHC ta yi tir da matsakaici, "mai gyarawa", "mai adawa da juyin juya hali", kuma mai taushi a kan mulkin mallaka.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018">{{Cite web |last=Uetricht |first=Micah |date=August 13, 2018 |title=How the FBI Infiltrated the New Left |url=https://jacobin.com/2018/08/fbi-infiltration-new-left-aoki-sds |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin}}</ref> AHC ta rubuta: "Abokan: Lokaci ya zo don jefa sarƙoƙi na sake fasalin da komawa ga ka'idodin juyin juya halin Lenin, Stalin da Mao".<ref name="HNN" />Masana'antar daukar ma'aikata ta AHC ta bayyana CP a matsayin "mai adawa da juyin juya hali" da kuma "mai gyarawa" yayin da suke tura mambobin su yi watsi.<ref name="Jacobin2019">{{Cite web |last=Gibbons |first=Chip |date=March 5, 2019 |title=Enemies of the Left |url=https://jacobin.com/2019/03/fbi-infiltration-surveillance-ru-rcp |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin}}</ref> Mambobin AHC sun nemi mambobin CPUSA masu adawa da su yi leken asiri a kan kungiyar, ana zargin su taimaka wajen gina AHC.<ref name="Jacobin2019" /> Mai ba da labari na FBI kuma babban memba na jagorancin CPUSA Morris Childs ya taimaka wajen rarraba Ad Hoc Bulletin . <ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta wallafa ''Labarin'' masu banƙyama game da CPUSA a cikin Bulletin kuma ta rarraba wasiƙu ga jaridu masu motsi, kamar ''The Guardian'' . <ref name="EROLGuardianLetter">{{Cite web |date=1973 |title=Letter to the Guardian on the Guardian Forums |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1960-1970/ad-hoc5.htm |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> AHC ta gina lambobin sadarwa na cikin gida da na duniya tsakanin kungiyoyin hagu ta hanyar tsara hoton ƙungiyar masu fafutuka.<ref name="HNN" /> Leonard ya yi jayayya cewa wannan aikin wallafe-wallafen ya taimaka wajen haifar da bayyanar halin yanzu na Marxist-Leninist kuma ya samar da tashoshi don shiga tsakani cikin rikice-rikice na yanzu a cikin hagu na Amurka.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> Misali, a cikin 1969, masu ba da labari na AHC sun bayyana kansu a matsayin "ƙungiyar Maoist ta Chicago" don samun ganawa da shugabannin Weathermen Bill Ayers da Jeff Jones, wanda aka tsara a matsayin tsari don goyon bayan kasar Sin.<ref name="HNN" /> FBI ta kuma yi amfani da wasiƙu da AHC ta karɓa don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta Maoists don bincika, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Juyin Juya Halin, wanda ya kafa Amurka Robert Fitch, wanda ya ga tallace-tallace a cikin ''The Guardian''.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta nemi kara rikice-rikicen bangarori. AHC ta kara muhawara a cikin hagu game da dabarun yaki, ko yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Black Power, da kuma ko tallafawa ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na Duniya ta Uku.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> AHC sau da yawa ta soki ayyukan gina jam'iyya masu adawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> Ofisoshin FBI sun umarci masu ba da labari, gami da lambobin sadarwa na AHC, su jefa kuri'a tare da ƙungiyar Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) a taron dalibai na Democratic Society na 1969, don adawa da Jam'iyyar Progressive Labor Party (PLP). SDS ya ragargaje zuwa ɓangarori da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya zama Weathermen . <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> AHC ta nemi karfafa rarrabuwa da hana hadin kai.<ref name="Jacobin2019" /> Misali, a cikin 1970, FBI ta yi amfani da kyakkyawar amincewar AHC don saka mai ba da labari na FBI Don Wright a cikin Revolutionary Union (RU), wanda yanzu ake kira Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP). Wright kuma, ta ƙarya, ya yi iƙirarin kasancewa memba na Black Panther Party.<ref name="HNN" /> An inganta Wright da sauri a cikin RU, kuma ya zama wakilin RU a Kwamitin Hulɗa na Kasa (NLC). NLC ta yi fatan gina hadin kan Maoist tsakanin Union Revolutionary, Black Workers Congress, Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization (tsohon Young Lords Party), da I Wor Kuen . Maimakon haka, Wright ya yi aiki don lalata NLC. Wright ya yi jayayya cewa wata jam'iyya ta kasa da kasa tana adawa da juyin juya hali, saboda ta hana bukatar 'yancin kai na masu juyin juya halin duniya ta uku.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta yi jayayya a cikin ''The Guardian'' game da kowane jam'iyya mai yawa: <ref name="EROLGuardianLetter" /> {{Blockquote|[T]he time for building a multinational party has not yet come. Since Blacks are more advanced politically than whites (as are Latins, American Indians, etc.), the amalgamation of all groups in one party would result in fragmentation, disunity and the rapid dissolution of such a party. Racism is still so strong as to separate all but the most revolutionary of comrades. [....] Blacks must work with Blacks, Latins with Latins, whites with whites.}} === Raguwa da gado === A shekara ta 1977, FBI ta kaddamar da AHC da ALCHEMY bayan Kwamitin Coci ya tilasta wa FBI ta rage ayyukan ɓoye na cikin gida.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ya ba da misalin dabarun FBI na amfani da ƙungiyoyin da ke jagorantar masu ba da labari don jagorantar da saka idanu kan bangarorin siyasa na hagu.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> ALCHEMY ya nuna cewa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Marxist-Leninist da Maoist sun shiga cikin sauƙi ta hanyar masu ba da labari na FBI waɗanda aka ba su isasshen takaddun shaida "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="HNN" /> <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masanin tarihi Aaron J. Leonard ya yi jayayya cewa AHC ta tabbatar da cewa "sanin Marxism" ba garkuwa ce game da shiga FBI ba: <ref name="Jacobin2018" /> {{Blockquote|It used to be an article of faith on the Left that the FBI can’t bamboozle us with political line, because they wouldn’t be able to speak the language of the Left. Yeah, they totally can. The Ad Hoc Committee shows that.}} == Dubi kuma == * COINTELPRO * Sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci * Rarrabawar Sin da Soviet == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] obylhy3jevrpd9v0guiagdrsuj7d88m 964305 964303 2026-10-07T11:43:32Z Usman saadu 46863 964305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kwamitin Ad Hoc na Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist''' ('''AHC''') kungiya ce ta siyasa ta Maoist a Amurka. AHC ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin ƙa'ida, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kwaminisanci. AHC kungiya ce ta gaba da ofishin [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] na Chicago ke gudanarwa a matsayin aikin leken asiri a karkashin COINTELPRO . <ref name="HNN">{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Aaron J. |title=The FBI's Maoist Faction |url=https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/the-fbis-maoist-faction |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=History News Network}}</ref> AHC ta samar da asali "mai zurfi" ga masu ba da labari na FBI, waɗanda suka shiga kungiyoyin New Communist Movement don leken asiri kan mambobi, inganta rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa, da kuma lalata shawarwarin haɗuwa.<ref name="HNN" /> Jaridu na AHC sun soki manufofin FBI, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta ƙasar Amurka, a matsayin masu sayarwa masu matsakaici waɗanda suka watsar da ainihin Marxism-Leninism.<ref name="HNN" /> == Tarihi == === Asalin === A cikin 1962, FBI ta kirkiro '''Kwamitin Ad Hoc don Layin Socialist na Kimiyya''' kuma ta fara buga ''Ad Hoc Bulletin (Marxist-Leninist) '', da farko a matsayin ƙoƙari na raba shugabancin CPUSA akan rabuwa na Sino-Soviet.<ref name="HNN" /> Daga 1962 zuwa 1965, AHC ta girma "daga wani abu mai mahimmanci zuwa cikakken aikin leken asiri".<ref name="Tromblay2019">{{Cite journal |last=Tromblay |first=Darren E. |year=2019 |title=From Old Left to New Left: The FBI and the Sino-Soviet Split |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |doi=10.1080/08850607.2019.1670207}}</ref> A shekara ta 1965, an sake sunan aikin Kwamitin Ad Hoc na Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist.<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Jagorancin AHC ba a san shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laski |first=Michael I. |date=1968 |title=The American Battlefield: An Interview with Comrade Michael I. Laski |url=https://marxists.architexturez.net/history/erol/1960-1970/mlob-laski.htm |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> Fayilolin FBI da aka bayyana sun nuna cewa an halicci AHC a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan ɓoye na COINTELPRO ta wakili Herbert K. Stallings, wanda sani na Marxism-Leninism yana da faɗi kuma yana da ban mamaki".<ref name="HNN" /> FBI ta bayyana duka AHC da Bulletin a matsayin kungiyoyin masu leken asiri.<ref name="HNN" /> Bayan da Hukumar Citizens' don Bincike FBI ta shiga hedikwatar FBI a 1971, takardun da aka sace sun bayyana cewa an kira aikin AHC ALCHEMY".<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Biye da samfurin AHC, FBI ta kafa Red Star Cadre, wanda wani mai ba da labari na FBI ke sarrafawa daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa 1974, a cikin ƙoƙari na shuka rikice-rikice da hana hadin kan ƙungiyar Marxist-Leninist.<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masana tarihi Aaron J. Leonard da Conor A. Gallagher sun bayyana AHC a matsayin wani shiri da FBI da masu ba da labari ke gudanarwa gaba ɗaya, ba tare da siffofin ƙungiya na al'ada ba kamar matsayi na jagoranci mai zaman kansa ko tsarin membobin. A matsayinta na rukuni na gaba, AHC ta ba da izinin masu ba da labari na FBI su kafa lambobin sadarwa a duk faɗin hagu yayin da suke ɓoye alakarsu ta FBI.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="LeonardGallagher2022" /> A lokacin rabuwa da Sino-Soviet, AHC ta girma daga wata takarda mai adawa da CPRUSA zuwa hanyar tattara bayanan sirri, da tasiri, ƙungiyoyi a cikin Sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci da Sabon Hagu.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Tromblay2019" /><ref name="EROL1966">{{Cite web |date=1966 |title=China Is World Revolutionary Centre, Says Ad Hoc Committee for a Marxist-Leninist Party, U.S.A. |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1960-1970/ad-hoc4.htm |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> AHC ta karfafa raguwa daga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka kuma ta tura 'yan tawaye zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da sake fasalin.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masu ba da labari na AHC sun haɗa da wasu mambobin jagorancin Black Panther Party (BPP) da Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> === Ayyukan rushewa === SAHC ta fara mayar da hankali ga fushin ta a kan babban burin FBI, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka, wanda AHC ta yi tir da matsakaici, "mai gyarawa", "mai adawa da juyin juya hali", kuma mai taushi a kan mulkin mallaka.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018">{{Cite web |last=Uetricht |first=Micah |date=August 13, 2018 |title=How the FBI Infiltrated the New Left |url=https://jacobin.com/2018/08/fbi-infiltration-new-left-aoki-sds |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin}}</ref> AHC ta rubuta: "Abokan: Lokaci ya zo don jefa sarƙoƙi na sake fasalin da komawa ga ka'idodin juyin juya halin Lenin, Stalin da Mao".<ref name="HNN" />Masana'antar daukar ma'aikata ta AHC ta bayyana CP a matsayin "mai adawa da juyin juya hali" da kuma "mai gyarawa" yayin da suke tura mambobin su yi watsi.<ref name="Jacobin2019">{{Cite web |last=Gibbons |first=Chip |date=March 5, 2019 |title=Enemies of the Left |url=https://jacobin.com/2019/03/fbi-infiltration-surveillance-ru-rcp |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin}}</ref> Mambobin AHC sun nemi mambobin CPUSA masu adawa da su yi leken asiri a kan kungiyar, ana zargin su taimaka wajen gina AHC.<ref name="Jacobin2019" /> Mai ba da labari na FBI kuma babban memba na jagorancin CPUSA Morris Childs ya taimaka wajen rarraba Ad Hoc Bulletin . <ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta wallafa ''Labarin'' masu banƙyama game da CPUSA a cikin Bulletin kuma ta rarraba wasiƙu ga jaridu masu motsi, kamar ''The Guardian'' . <ref name="EROLGuardianLetter">{{Cite web |date=1973 |title=Letter to the Guardian on the Guardian Forums |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1960-1970/ad-hoc5.htm |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> AHC ta gina lambobin sadarwa na cikin gida da na duniya tsakanin kungiyoyin hagu ta hanyar tsara hoton ƙungiyar masu fafutuka.<ref name="HNN" /> Leonard ya yi jayayya cewa wannan aikin wallafe-wallafen ya taimaka wajen haifar da bayyanar halin yanzu na Marxist-Leninist kuma ya samar da tashoshi don shiga tsakani cikin rikice-rikice na yanzu a cikin hagu na Amurka.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> Misali, a cikin 1969, masu ba da labari na AHC sun bayyana kansu a matsayin "ƙungiyar Maoist ta Chicago" don samun ganawa da shugabannin Weathermen Bill Ayers da Jeff Jones, wanda aka tsara a matsayin tsari don goyon bayan kasar Sin.<ref name="HNN" /> FBI ta kuma yi amfani da wasiƙu da AHC ta karɓa don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta Maoists don bincika, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Juyin Juya Halin, wanda ya kafa Amurka Robert Fitch, wanda ya ga tallace-tallace a cikin ''The Guardian''.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta nemi kara rikice-rikicen bangarori. AHC ta kara muhawara a cikin hagu game da dabarun yaki, ko yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Black Power, da kuma ko tallafawa ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na Duniya ta Uku.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> AHC sau da yawa ta soki ayyukan gina jam'iyya masu adawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> Ofisoshin FBI sun umarci masu ba da labari, gami da lambobin sadarwa na AHC, su jefa kuri'a tare da ƙungiyar Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) a taron dalibai na Democratic Society na 1969, don adawa da Jam'iyyar Progressive Labor Party (PLP). SDS ya ragargaje zuwa ɓangarori da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya zama Weathermen . <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> AHC ta nemi karfafa rarrabuwa da hana hadin kai.<ref name="Jacobin2019" /> Misali, a cikin 1970, FBI ta yi amfani da kyakkyawar amincewar AHC don saka mai ba da labari na FBI Don Wright a cikin Revolutionary Union (RU), wanda yanzu ake kira Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP). Wright kuma, ta ƙarya, ya yi iƙirarin kasancewa memba na Black Panther Party.<ref name="HNN" /> An inganta Wright da sauri a cikin RU, kuma ya zama wakilin RU a Kwamitin Hulɗa na Kasa (NLC). NLC ta yi fatan gina hadin kan Maoist tsakanin Union Revolutionary, Black Workers Congress, Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization (tsohon Young Lords Party), da I Wor Kuen . Maimakon haka, Wright ya yi aiki don lalata NLC. Wright ya yi jayayya cewa wata jam'iyya ta kasa da kasa tana adawa da juyin juya hali, saboda ta hana bukatar 'yancin kai na masu juyin juya halin duniya ta uku.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta yi jayayya a cikin ''The Guardian'' game da kowane jam'iyya mai yawa: <ref name="EROLGuardianLetter" /> {{Blockquote|[T]he time for building a multinational party has not yet come. Since Blacks are more advanced politically than whites (as are Latins, American Indians, etc.), the amalgamation of all groups in one party would result in fragmentation, disunity and the rapid dissolution of such a party. Racism is still so strong as to separate all but the most revolutionary of comrades. [....] Blacks must work with Blacks, Latins with Latins, whites with whites.}} === Raguwa da gado === A shekara ta 1977, FBI ta kaddamar da AHC da ALCHEMY bayan Kwamitin Coci ya tilasta wa FBI ta rage ayyukan ɓoye na cikin gida.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ya ba da misalin dabarun FBI na amfani da ƙungiyoyin da ke jagorantar masu ba da labari don jagorantar da saka idanu kan bangarorin siyasa na hagu.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> ALCHEMY ya nuna cewa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Marxist-Leninist da Maoist sun shiga cikin sauƙi ta hanyar masu ba da labari na FBI waɗanda aka ba su isasshen takaddun shaida "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="HNN" /> <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masanin tarihi Aaron J. Leonard ya yi jayayya cewa AHC ta tabbatar da cewa "sanin Marxism" ba garkuwa ce game da shiga FBI ba: <ref name="Jacobin2018" /> {{Blockquote|It used to be an article of faith on the Left that the FBI can’t bamboozle us with political line, because they wouldn’t be able to speak the language of the Left. Yeah, they totally can. The Ad Hoc Committee shows that.}} == Dubi kuma == * COINTELPRO * Sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci * Rarrabawar Sin da Soviet == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] chp0m20dl7ocf0k9w3ynz8gtikkn1y6 964306 964305 2026-10-07T11:44:18Z Usman saadu 46863 964306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kwamitin Ad Hoc na Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist''' ('''AHC''') kungiya ce ta siyasa ta Maoist a Amurka. AHC ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin ƙa'ida, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kwaminisanci. AHC kungiya ce ta gaba da ofishin [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] na Chicago ke gudanarwa a matsayin aikin leken asiri a karkashin COINTELPRO . <ref name="HNN">{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Aaron J. |title=The FBI's Maoist Faction |url=https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/the-fbis-maoist-faction |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=History News Network}}</ref> AHC ta samar da asali "mai zurfi" ga masu ba da labari na FBI, waɗanda suka shiga kungiyoyin New Communist Movement don leken asiri kan mambobi, inganta rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa, da kuma lalata shawarwarin haɗuwa.<ref name="HNN" /> Jaridu na AHC sun soki manufofin FBI, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta ƙasar Amurka, a matsayin masu sayarwa masu matsakaici waɗanda suka watsar da ainihin Marxism-Leninism.<ref name="HNN" /> == Tarihi == === Asalin === A cikin 1962, FBI ta kirkiro '''Kwamitin Ad Hoc don Layin Socialist na Kimiyya''' kuma ta fara buga ''Ad Hoc Bulletin (Marxist-Leninist) '', da farko a matsayin ƙoƙari na raba shugabancin CPUSA akan rabuwa na Sino-Soviet.<ref name="HNN" /> Daga 1962 zuwa 1965, AHC ta girma "daga wani abu mai mahimmanci zuwa cikakken aikin leken asiri".<ref name="Tromblay2019">{{Cite journal |last=Tromblay |first=Darren E. |year=2019 |title=From Old Left to New Left: The FBI and the Sino-Soviet Split |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |doi=10.1080/08850607.2019.1670207}}</ref> A shekara ta 1965, an sake sunan aikin Kwamitin Ad Hoc na Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist.<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Jagorancin AHC ba a san shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laski |first=Michael I. |date=1968 |title=The American Battlefield: An Interview with Comrade Michael I. Laski |url=https://marxists.architexturez.net/history/erol/1960-1970/mlob-laski.htm |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> Fayilolin FBI da aka bayyana sun nuna cewa an halicci AHC a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan ɓoye na COINTELPRO ta wakili Herbert K. Stallings, wanda sani na Marxism-Leninism yana da faɗi kuma yana da ban mamaki".<ref name="HNN" /> FBI ta bayyana duka AHC da Bulletin a matsayin kungiyoyin masu leken asiri.<ref name="HNN" /> Bayan da Hukumar Citizens' don Bincike FBI ta shiga hedikwatar FBI a 1971, takardun da aka sace sun bayyana cewa an kira aikin AHC ALCHEMY".<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Biye da samfurin AHC, FBI ta kafa Red Star Cadre, wanda wani mai ba da labari na FBI ke sarrafawa daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa 1974, a cikin ƙoƙari na shuka rikice-rikice da hana hadin kan ƙungiyar Marxist-Leninist.<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masana tarihi Aaron J. Leonard da Conor A. Gallagher sun bayyana AHC a matsayin wani shiri da FBI da masu ba da labari ke gudanarwa gaba ɗaya, ba tare da siffofin ƙungiya na al'ada ba kamar matsayi na jagoranci mai zaman kansa ko tsarin membobin. A matsayinta na rukuni na gaba, AHC ta ba da izinin masu ba da labari na FBI su kafa lambobin sadarwa a duk faɗin hagu yayin da suke ɓoye alakarsu ta FBI.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="LeonardGallagher2022" /> A lokacin rabuwa da Sino-Soviet, AHC ta girma daga wata takarda mai adawa da CPRUSA zuwa hanyar tattara bayanan sirri, da tasiri, ƙungiyoyi a cikin Sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci da Sabon Hagu.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Tromblay2019" /><ref name="EROL1966">{{Cite web |date=1966 |title=China Is World Revolutionary Centre, Says Ad Hoc Committee for a Marxist-Leninist Party, U.S.A. |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1960-1970/ad-hoc4.htm |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> AHC ta karfafa raguwa daga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka kuma ta tura 'yan tawaye zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da sake fasalin.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masu ba da labari na AHC sun haɗa da wasu mambobin jagorancin Black Panther Party (BPP) da Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> === Ayyukan rushewa === SAHC ta fara mayar da hankali ga fushin ta a kan babban burin FBI, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka, wanda AHC ta yi tir da matsakaici, mai gyarawa mai adawa da juyin juya hali kuma mai taushi a kan mulkin mallaka.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018">{{Cite web |last=Uetricht |first=Micah |date=August 13, 2018 |title=How the FBI Infiltrated the New Left |url=https://jacobin.com/2018/08/fbi-infiltration-new-left-aoki-sds |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin}}</ref> AHC ta rubuta: "Abokan: Lokaci ya zo don jefa sarƙoƙi na sake fasalin da komawa ga ka'idodin juyin juya halin Lenin, Stalin da Mao.<ref name="HNN" />Masana'antar daukar ma'aikata ta AHC ta bayyana CP a matsayin mai adawa da juyin juya hali da kuma mai gyarawa yayin da suke tura mambobin su yi watsi.<ref name="Jacobin2019">{{Cite web |last=Gibbons |first=Chip |date=March 5, 2019 |title=Enemies of the Left |url=https://jacobin.com/2019/03/fbi-infiltration-surveillance-ru-rcp |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin}}</ref> Mambobin AHC sun nemi mambobin CPUSA masu adawa da su yi leken asiri a kan kungiyar, ana zargin su taimaka wajen gina AHC.<ref name="Jacobin2019" /> Mai ba da labari na FBI kuma babban memba na jagorancin CPUSA Morris Childs ya taimaka wajen rarraba Ad Hoc Bulletin . <ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta wallafa ''Labarin'' masu banƙyama game da CPUSA a cikin Bulletin kuma ta rarraba wasiƙu ga jaridu masu motsi, kamar ''The Guardian'' . <ref name="EROLGuardianLetter">{{Cite web |date=1973 |title=Letter to the Guardian on the Guardian Forums |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1960-1970/ad-hoc5.htm |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> AHC ta gina lambobin sadarwa na cikin gida da na duniya tsakanin kungiyoyin hagu ta hanyar tsara hoton ƙungiyar masu fafutuka.<ref name="HNN" /> Leonard ya yi jayayya cewa wannan aikin wallafe-wallafen ya taimaka wajen haifar da bayyanar halin yanzu na Marxist-Leninist kuma ya samar da tashoshi don shiga tsakani cikin rikice-rikice na yanzu a cikin hagu na Amurka.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> Misali, a cikin 1969, masu ba da labari na AHC sun bayyana kansu a matsayin "ƙungiyar Maoist ta Chicago" don samun ganawa da shugabannin Weathermen Bill Ayers da Jeff Jones, wanda aka tsara a matsayin tsari don goyon bayan kasar Sin.<ref name="HNN" /> FBI ta kuma yi amfani da wasiƙu da AHC ta karɓa don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta Maoists don bincika, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Juyin Juya Halin, wanda ya kafa Amurka Robert Fitch, wanda ya ga tallace-tallace a cikin ''The Guardian''.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta nemi kara rikice-rikicen bangarori. AHC ta kara muhawara a cikin hagu game da dabarun yaki, ko yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Black Power, da kuma ko tallafawa ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na Duniya ta Uku.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> AHC sau da yawa ta soki ayyukan gina jam'iyya masu adawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> Ofisoshin FBI sun umarci masu ba da labari, gami da lambobin sadarwa na AHC, su jefa kuri'a tare da ƙungiyar Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) a taron dalibai na Democratic Society na 1969, don adawa da Jam'iyyar Progressive Labor Party (PLP). SDS ya ragargaje zuwa ɓangarori da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya zama Weathermen . <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> AHC ta nemi karfafa rarrabuwa da hana hadin kai.<ref name="Jacobin2019" /> Misali, a cikin 1970, FBI ta yi amfani da kyakkyawar amincewar AHC don saka mai ba da labari na FBI Don Wright a cikin Revolutionary Union (RU), wanda yanzu ake kira Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP). Wright kuma, ta ƙarya, ya yi iƙirarin kasancewa memba na Black Panther Party.<ref name="HNN" /> An inganta Wright da sauri a cikin RU, kuma ya zama wakilin RU a Kwamitin Hulɗa na Kasa (NLC). NLC ta yi fatan gina hadin kan Maoist tsakanin Union Revolutionary, Black Workers Congress, Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization (tsohon Young Lords Party), da I Wor Kuen . Maimakon haka, Wright ya yi aiki don lalata NLC. Wright ya yi jayayya cewa wata jam'iyya ta kasa da kasa tana adawa da juyin juya hali, saboda ta hana bukatar 'yancin kai na masu juyin juya halin duniya ta uku.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta yi jayayya a cikin ''The Guardian'' game da kowane jam'iyya mai yawa: <ref name="EROLGuardianLetter" /> {{Blockquote|[T]he time for building a multinational party has not yet come. Since Blacks are more advanced politically than whites (as are Latins, American Indians, etc.), the amalgamation of all groups in one party would result in fragmentation, disunity and the rapid dissolution of such a party. Racism is still so strong as to separate all but the most revolutionary of comrades. [....] Blacks must work with Blacks, Latins with Latins, whites with whites.}} === Raguwa da gado === A shekara ta 1977, FBI ta kaddamar da AHC da ALCHEMY bayan Kwamitin Coci ya tilasta wa FBI ta rage ayyukan ɓoye na cikin gida.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ya ba da misalin dabarun FBI na amfani da ƙungiyoyin da ke jagorantar masu ba da labari don jagorantar da saka idanu kan bangarorin siyasa na hagu.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> ALCHEMY ya nuna cewa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Marxist-Leninist da Maoist sun shiga cikin sauƙi ta hanyar masu ba da labari na FBI waɗanda aka ba su isasshen takaddun shaida "mai ƙarfi". <ref name="HNN" /> <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masanin tarihi Aaron J. Leonard ya yi jayayya cewa AHC ta tabbatar da cewa "sanin Marxism" ba garkuwa ce game da shiga FBI ba: <ref name="Jacobin2018" /> {{Blockquote|It used to be an article of faith on the Left that the FBI can’t bamboozle us with political line, because they wouldn’t be able to speak the language of the Left. Yeah, they totally can. The Ad Hoc Committee shows that.}} == Dubi kuma == * COINTELPRO * Sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci * Rarrabawar Sin da Soviet == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3xucqc80ajf4xx78a9tx24zmz8eh51u 964310 964306 2026-10-07T11:45:41Z Usman saadu 46863 964310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Kwamitin Ad Hoc na Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist''' ('''AHC''') kungiya ce ta siyasa ta Maoist a Amurka. AHC ta gabatar da kanta a matsayin ƙa'ida, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na kwaminisanci. AHC kungiya ce ta gaba da ofishin [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] na Chicago ke gudanarwa a matsayin aikin leken asiri a karkashin COINTELPRO . <ref name="HNN">{{Cite web |last=Leonard |first=Aaron J. |title=The FBI's Maoist Faction |url=https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/the-fbis-maoist-faction |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=History News Network}}</ref> AHC ta samar da asali "mai zurfi" ga masu ba da labari na FBI, waɗanda suka shiga kungiyoyin New Communist Movement don leken asiri kan mambobi, inganta rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa, da kuma lalata shawarwarin haɗuwa.<ref name="HNN" /> Jaridu na AHC sun soki manufofin FBI, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta ƙasar Amurka, a matsayin masu sayarwa masu matsakaici waɗanda suka watsar da ainihin Marxism-Leninism.<ref name="HNN" /> == Tarihi == === Asalin === A cikin shekarar 1962, FBI ta kirkiro '''Kwamitin Ad Hoc don Layin Socialist na Kimiyya''' kuma ta fara buga ''Ad Hoc Bulletin (Marxist-Leninist) '', da farko a matsayin ƙoƙari na raba shugabancin CPUSA akan rabuwa na Sino-Soviet.<ref name="HNN" /> Daga 1962 zuwa 1965, AHC ta girma "daga wani abu mai mahimmanci zuwa cikakken aikin leken asiri".<ref name="Tromblay2019">{{Cite journal |last=Tromblay |first=Darren E. |year=2019 |title=From Old Left to New Left: The FBI and the Sino-Soviet Split |journal=International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence |doi=10.1080/08850607.2019.1670207}}</ref> A shekara ta 1965, an sake sunan aikin Kwamitin Ad Hoc na Jam'iyyar Marxist-Leninist.<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Jagorancin AHC ba a san shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Laski |first=Michael I. |date=1968 |title=The American Battlefield: An Interview with Comrade Michael I. Laski |url=https://marxists.architexturez.net/history/erol/1960-1970/mlob-laski.htm |access-date=February 10, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> Fayilolin FBI da aka bayyana sun nuna cewa an halicci AHC a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan ɓoye na COINTELPRO ta wakili Herbert K. Stallings, wanda sani na Marxism-Leninism yana da faɗi kuma yana da ban mamaki".<ref name="HNN" /> FBI ta bayyana duka AHC da Bulletin a matsayin kungiyoyin masu leken asiri.<ref name="HNN" /> Bayan da Hukumar Citizens' don Bincike FBI ta shiga hedikwatar FBI a 1971, takardun da aka sace sun bayyana cewa an kira aikin AHC ALCHEMY".<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Biye da samfurin AHC, FBI ta kafa Red Star Cadre, wanda wani mai ba da labari na FBI ke sarrafawa daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa 1974, a cikin ƙoƙari na shuka rikice-rikice da hana hadin kan ƙungiyar Marxist-Leninist.<ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masana tarihi Aaron J. Leonard da Conor A. Gallagher sun bayyana AHC a matsayin wani shiri da FBI da masu ba da labari ke gudanarwa gaba ɗaya, ba tare da siffofin ƙungiya na al'ada ba kamar matsayi na jagoranci mai zaman kansa ko tsarin membobin. A matsayinta na rukuni na gaba, AHC ta ba da izinin masu ba da labari na FBI su kafa lambobin sadarwa a duk faɗin hagu yayin da suke ɓoye alakarsu ta FBI.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="LeonardGallagher2022" /> A lokacin rabuwa da Sino-Soviet, AHC ta girma daga wata takarda mai adawa da CPRUSA zuwa hanyar tattara bayanan sirri, da tasiri, ƙungiyoyi a cikin Sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci da Sabon Hagu.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Tromblay2019" /><ref name="EROL1966">{{Cite web |date=1966 |title=China Is World Revolutionary Centre, Says Ad Hoc Committee for a Marxist-Leninist Party, U.S.A. |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1960-1970/ad-hoc4.htm |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> AHC ta karfafa raguwa daga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka kuma ta tura 'yan tawaye zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin masu adawa da sake fasalin.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masu ba da labari na AHC sun haɗa da wasu mambobin jagorancin Black Panther Party (BPP) da Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> === Ayyukan rushewa === SAHC ta fara mayar da hankali ga fushin ta a kan babban burin FBI, Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka, wanda AHC ta yi tir da matsakaici, mai gyarawa mai adawa da juyin juya hali kuma mai taushi a kan mulkin mallaka.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018">{{Cite web |last=Uetricht |first=Micah |date=August 13, 2018 |title=How the FBI Infiltrated the New Left |url=https://jacobin.com/2018/08/fbi-infiltration-new-left-aoki-sds |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin}}</ref> AHC ta rubuta: Abokan: Lokaci ya zo don jefa sarƙoƙi na sake fasalin da komawa ga ka'idodin juyin juya halin Lenin, Stalin da Mao.<ref name="HNN" />Masana'antar daukar ma'aikata ta AHC ta bayyana CP a matsayin mai adawa da juyin juya hali da kuma mai gyarawa yayin da suke tura mambobin su yi watsi.<ref name="Jacobin2019">{{Cite web |last=Gibbons |first=Chip |date=March 5, 2019 |title=Enemies of the Left |url=https://jacobin.com/2019/03/fbi-infiltration-surveillance-ru-rcp |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=Jacobin}}</ref> Mambobin AHC sun nemi mambobin CPUSA masu adawa da su yi leken asiri a kan kungiyar, ana zargin su taimaka wajen gina AHC.<ref name="Jacobin2019" /> Mai ba da labari na FBI kuma babban memba na jagorancin CPUSA Morris Childs ya taimaka wajen rarraba Ad Hoc Bulletin . <ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta wallafa ''Labarin'' masu banƙyama game da CPUSA a cikin Bulletin kuma ta rarraba wasiƙu ga jaridu masu motsi, kamar ''The Guardian'' . <ref name="EROLGuardianLetter">{{Cite web |date=1973 |title=Letter to the Guardian on the Guardian Forums |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1960-1970/ad-hoc5.htm |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Marxists Internet Archive]], Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line}}</ref> AHC ta gina lambobin sadarwa na cikin gida da na duniya tsakanin kungiyoyin hagu ta hanyar tsara hoton ƙungiyar masu fafutuka.<ref name="HNN" /> Leonard ya yi jayayya cewa wannan aikin wallafe-wallafen ya taimaka wajen haifar da bayyanar halin yanzu na Marxist-Leninist kuma ya samar da tashoshi don shiga tsakani cikin rikice-rikice na yanzu a cikin hagu na Amurka.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> Misali, a cikin 1969, masu ba da labari na AHC sun bayyana kansu a matsayin ƙungiyar Maoist ta Chicago don samun ganawa da shugabannin Weathermen Bill Ayers da Jeff Jones, wanda aka tsara a matsayin tsari don goyon bayan kasar Sin.<ref name="HNN" /> FBI ta kuma yi amfani da wasiƙu da AHC ta karɓa don gina cibiyar sadarwa ta Maoists don bincika, kamar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Juyin Juya Halin, wanda ya kafa Amurka Robert Fitch, wanda ya ga tallace-tallace a cikin ''The Guardian''.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta nemi kara rikice-rikicen bangarori. AHC ta kara muhawara a cikin hagu game da dabarun yaki, ko yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Black Power, da kuma ko tallafawa ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na Duniya ta Uku.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> AHC sau da yawa ta soki ayyukan gina jam'iyya masu adawa a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> Ofisoshin FBI sun umarci masu ba da labari, gami da lambobin sadarwa na AHC, su jefa kuri'a tare da ƙungiyar Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) a taron dalibai na Democratic Society na shekarar 1969, don adawa da Jam'iyyar Progressive Labor Party (PLP). SDS ya ragargaje zuwa ɓangarori da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya zama Weathermen . <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> AHC ta nemi karfafa rarrabuwa da hana hadin kai.<ref name="Jacobin2019" /> Misali, a cikin shekara ta 1970, FBI ta yi amfani da kyakkyawar amincewar AHC don saka mai ba da labari na FBI Don Wright a cikin Revolutionary Union (RU), wanda yanzu ake kira Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP). Wright kuma, ta ƙarya, ya yi iƙirarin kasancewa memba na Black Panther Party.<ref name="HNN" /> An inganta Wright da sauri a cikin RU, kuma ya zama wakilin RU a Kwamitin Hulɗa na Kasa (NLC). NLC ta yi fatan gina hadin kan Maoist tsakanin Union Revolutionary, Black Workers Congress, Puerto Rican Revolutionary Workers Organization (tsohon Young Lords Party), da I Wor Kuen . Maimakon haka, Wright ya yi aiki don lalata NLC. Wright ya yi jayayya cewa wata jam'iyya ta kasa da kasa tana adawa da juyin juya hali, saboda ta hana bukatar 'yancin kai na masu juyin juya halin duniya ta uku.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ta yi jayayya a cikin ''The Guardian'' game da kowane jam'iyya mai yawa: <ref name="EROLGuardianLetter" /> {{Blockquote|[T]he time for building a multinational party has not yet come. Since Blacks are more advanced politically than whites (as are Latins, American Indians, etc.), the amalgamation of all groups in one party would result in fragmentation, disunity and the rapid dissolution of such a party. Racism is still so strong as to separate all but the most revolutionary of comrades. [....] Blacks must work with Blacks, Latins with Latins, whites with whites.}} === Raguwa da gado === A shekara ta 1977, FBI ta kaddamar da AHC da ALCHEMY bayan Kwamitin Coci ya tilasta wa FBI ta rage ayyukan ɓoye na cikin gida.<ref name="HNN" /> AHC ya ba da misalin dabarun FBI na amfani da ƙungiyoyin da ke jagorantar masu ba da labari don jagorantar da saka idanu kan bangarorin siyasa na hagu.<ref name="HNN" /><ref name="Jacobin2018" /> ALCHEMY ya nuna cewa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Marxist-Leninist da Maoist sun shiga cikin sauƙi ta hanyar masu ba da labari na FBI waɗanda aka ba su isasshen takaddun shaida mai ƙarfi, <ref name="HNN" /> <ref name="Tromblay2019" /> Masanin tarihi Aaron J. Leonard ya yi jayayya cewa AHC ta tabbatar da cewa sanin Marxism ba garkuwa ce game da shiga FBI ba: <ref name="Jacobin2018" /> {{Blockquote|It used to be an article of faith on the Left that the FBI can’t bamboozle us with political line, because they wouldn’t be able to speak the language of the Left. Yeah, they totally can. The Ad Hoc Committee shows that.}} == Dubi kuma == * COINTELPRO * Sabuwar ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci * Rarrabawar Sin da Soviet == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j0tzkz0p5j1cah6fmkjpq3zbq1y15zu 0 178470 964308 2026-10-07T11:44:43Z Ibrahim abusufyan 19233 Ibrahim abusufyan moved page [[Draft:Tarihin aikin jarida a Najeriya]] to [[Tarihin aikin jarida a Najeriya]] over redirect 964308 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tarihin aikin jarida a Najeriya]] 0cx88ohc3dbmj387kpcqj81b4j8r7p1