Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2603 964456 873409 2026-10-07T20:12:44Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin jirgin sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * Kanure * Fulani * Yarbawa * Ibo * Terawa * Babur * Hausawa * Shuwa arab * Margi {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] nksjca6vns8zosc9iil1zh1rvrvhumq 964457 964456 2026-10-07T20:15:04Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin jirgin sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * Kanure * Fulani * Yarbawa * Ibo * Terawa * Babur * Hausawa * Shuwa arab * Margi {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] nw27x12k45ljit8xuevcd45qb154p90 964461 964457 2026-10-07T20:35:24Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin jirgin sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * Kanure * Fulani * Yarbawa * Ibo * Terawa * Babur * Hausawa * Shuwa arab * Margi {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] c7nal9nv4tk3v6z90g6vlijx5bqwaeb 964464 964461 2026-10-07T20:37:23Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin [[jirgi]] na sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * Kanure * Fulani * Yarbawa * Ibo * Terawa * Babur * Hausawa * Shuwa arab * Margi {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 70rc0m2pv3pooevrnd9a9okfueu0wa9 964465 964464 2026-10-07T20:39:01Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin [[jirgi]] na sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * Kanuri(bare bari) * [[Fulani]] * Yarbawa * Ibo * Terawa * Babur * Hausawa * Shuwa arab * Margi {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] ec8o9x7tyuko93o39ulis3uneta0lus 964466 964465 2026-10-07T20:40:03Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin [[jirgi]] na sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * Kanuri(bare bari) * [[Fulani]] * [[Yarbawa]] * Ibo * Terawa * Babur * Hausawa * Shuwa arab * Margi {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] cz9ajkq66s2ag9d6i2sskwsvvp2sak8 964467 964466 2026-10-07T20:40:37Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin [[jirgi]] na sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * Kanuri(bare bari) * [[Fulani]] * [[Yarbawa]] * [[Ibo]] * Terawa * Babur * Hausawa * Shuwa arab * Margi {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] ckilrmejzhiehpytxc497ril0leliv7 964468 964467 2026-10-07T20:41:33Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin [[jirgi]] na sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * Kanuri(bare bari) * [[Fulani]] * [[Yarbawa]] * [[Ibo]] * [[Terawa]] * [[Babur]] * Hausawa * Shuwa arab * Margi {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] tgv4rcdqhjb2u7w6vzfwkmwk3q3og0z 964469 964468 2026-10-07T20:42:03Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin [[jirgi]] na sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * Kanuri(bare bari) * [[Fulani]] * [[Yarbawa]] * [[Ibo]] * [[Terawa]] * [[Babur]] * [[Hausawa]] * Shuwa arab * Margi {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 61wq7cxwga9kko2chhrakqmn8ek6hdy 964470 964469 2026-10-07T20:42:36Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin [[jirgi]] na sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * Kanuri(bare bari) * [[Fulani]] * [[Yarbawa]] * [[Ibo]] * [[Terawa]] * [[Babur]] * [[Hausawa]] * [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa]] arab * Margi {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 0vcw2rp20jsf4twa0au952gdd2haess 964471 964470 2026-10-07T20:46:00Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin [[jirgi]] na sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * Kanuri(bare bari) * [[Fulani]] * [[Yarbawa]] * [[Ibo]] * [[Terawa]] * [[Babur]] * [[Hausawa]] * [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa]] arab * [[Margi]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] buxaiegq7kc54w89pxtifkjlkfyny3x 964472 964471 2026-10-07T20:46:42Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin [[jirgi]] na sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri Musulmai ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * [[Kanuri]](bare bari) * [[Fulani]] * [[Yarbawa]] * [[Ibo]] * [[Terawa]] * [[Babur]] * [[Hausawa]] * [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa]] arab * [[Margi]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] 2qcv7ds9ajxncflbcttmaz90hqgm64j 964473 964472 2026-10-07T20:47:47Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Mai duguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwarl litinin (Monday Market) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin [[jirgi]] na sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri [[Musulmai na farko|Musulmai]] ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * [[Kanuri]](bare bari) * [[Fulani]] * [[Yarbawa]] * [[Ibo]] * [[Terawa]] * [[Babur]] * [[Hausawa]] * [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa]] arab * [[Margi]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] j3uid88089bn66ot11ela12e5d3tnxn 964477 964473 2026-10-07T21:01:03Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Maiduguri garin shehu ==Mulki == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwar litinin ([[Monday Market|MondayMarket]]) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin [[jirgi]] na sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri [[Musulmai na farko|Musulmai]] ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * [[Kanuri]](bare bari) * [[Fulani]] * [[Yarbawa]] * [[Ibo]] * [[Terawa]] * [[Babur]] * [[Hausawa]] * [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa]] arab * [[Margi]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] m30uw1kk7lkhylx4pp4yeh8wv8e8xmp 964478 964477 2026-10-07T21:03:54Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Locator Map Maiduguri-Nigeria.png|thumb|taswirar maiduguri]] [[Fayil:University of maiduguri hospital locate in Potiskum local government yobe state.jpg|thumb|jami an maiduguri ]] [[Fayil:Keke and street market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|kasuwa]] [[Fayil:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mosque]] [[Fayil:Member of the CJTF Maiduguri December 2013.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Children at IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State.jpg|thumb|Camp]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Maiduguri]] [[Fayil:An IDP Camp Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|mai duguri]] [[Fayil:Camels at the market Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Rakumi]] [[Fayil:University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Jami a]] [[Fayil:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|maiduguri]] [[Fayil:Beautiful Sky in Maiduguri (1).jpg|thumb|Sky]] [[Fayil:Maiduguri Bridge 01.jpg|thumb|titi a maidugri]] [[Fayil:Shehu Palace Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Maiduri]] [[Fayil:Entrance to someone's house at IDP Camp Maiduguri outskirts.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Indimi Jumma'a mosque.jpg|thumb|masalacin jummu'a na Indimi]] '''Maiduguri''' Shine babban birnin [[Borno|Jihar Borno]].<ref>Daular Borno tsohuwar Daula ce a Afirka da aka kafa tun kafin karni na 10 wacce ta hada da yankunan da yanzu ke cikin Najeriya da Nijar da Chadi da Kamaru da Sudan har Libya.</ref><ref>https://www.citypopulation.de/en/nigeria/admin/</ref> Dake arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] Maiduguri shi ne birnin da yafi kowane birni wajen girma da yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Allah yayi birnin yanada jama'a fiye da miliyan daya.<ref>http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA008</ref> Birnin Maiduguri tsohon birni ne, an kafa shine a shekara ta alif daya da dari tara da bakwai (wato a shekarar alif ɗari tara da bakwai 1907). Maiduguri ta kunshi unguwar [[Yerwa]] (Yerwa yana nufin alheri a harshen kanuri) ta yamma da kuma tsohuwar Maiduguri datake ta bangaren gabas. Maiduguri garin shehu ==[[Mulki]] == Birnin Maiduguri a nan ne fadar mai martaba Shehun [[Borno]] take sannan kuma ita ce babban [[birnin]] jihar inda fadar gwamnatin jihar Borno take. = Wuraren qwalama = # Gumalti # Market square . Dadai sauran suh == Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziƙi == [[File:Baga Road Market Maiduguri.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Baga roda daya daga cikin fitattun budaddun kasuwannin birnin Maiduguri]] Babbar kasuwan dake Maiduguri ita ce kasuwar litinin ([[Monday Market|MondayMarket]]) wadda take a tsakiyar birnin Maiduguri. Abubuwan cinikinsu sun haɗa da [[tufafi]], kayan masarufi, kayan abinci, tukwane, bangaren motoci da babura, kaseti na CD da DVD, akwatin kallo, tangaraho, takalma da sauransu. Kananan kasuwanni a Maiduguri sun hada da kasuwan kwastam wanda yake tsakanin unguwar Gamboru da Gwange, kasuwar Budum, kasuwar tashan Baga wanda yayi suna wurin cinikayyan [[kifi]] da ake kamawa a garin [[Baga]] wanda yake dabda tafkin [[Cadi]]. Yawancin mutanen dake garin Maiduguri dai manoma ne amma akwai 'yan kasuwa da dama da kuma ma'aikatan gwamnati. Manyan masana'antun Maiduguri sun hada da Maiduguri Flour Mills, kamfanin sarrafa Dalaram (wanda a halin yanzu ta dur'kushe), kamfanin Coca Cola, Borno Aluminium company, Kamfanin Alewa ta Haske da kuma kamfanin sarrafa takalma ta Natel. Akwai bankuna masu yawa a Maiduguri a kan titin Shehu Laminu Way. Yawancin bankunan suna da akwatin daukan kudi da kanka wato ATM. == Zirga-zirga == Maiduguri tana da filin [[jirgi]] na sama wanda ake kira [[Filin jirgin saman Maiduguri]]. Jiragen sama kan tashi a kowace rana daga Maiduguri zuwa [[Abuja]] da [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da sauran garuruwa dake cikin kasa da waje. Akwai kuma jiragen da suke jigilan daukan Musulmai zuwa [[Saudiya]] lokacin aikin Hajji. Ta fannin jiragen 'kasa kuwa Maiduguri tana da Makeken tashan jirgin kasa wanda aka fi sani da Railway Terminus Maiduguri. Tashan jirgin kasan tana dab da inda rikicin Boko Haram ya barke a shekara ta dubu biyu da tara 2009 a unguwar goni damgari bayan kwatas. daukan kayan noma kamar [[gyada]], Wake, da kuma dabbobi kamar Raƙuma, [[shaniya|saniya]] daga Maiduguri zuwa kudancin Najeriya yana daya daga cikin manyan dilalan kafa layin jirgin 'kasa a Maiduguri. [[File:Border Bound Trucks, Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Manyan Titunan Mota]] Maiduguri tana da manyan titunan mota kamar su Sir Kashim Ibrahim Road, Shehu Laminu Way, Bama Road, Jos Road da Baga Road. Hanyoyin motan sun hada Maidguri da sauran Birane kamar Yola, Kano da Bauchi. Akwai kuma hanyoyi zuwa kasashen waje kamar Chadi, Nijar da Kamaru. Maiduguri ita ca babban burnin jahar Borno wan da yake dauke da babbar ksuwan ritirin (Monday Market). == Ilimi da Makarantu == Akwai jami'a a birnin Maiduguri wanda ake kira da [[Jami'ar Maiduguri]]. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar Bama Road. Kwasa-kwasan da ake karantarwa a jami'ar sun hada da [[ilmi]] aikin likita, ilmin injiniyarin, ilmin watsa labarai, ilmin harshen turanci da kuma ilmin addini da al'adu. Jami'ar Maiduguri tana da Asibitin koyarwa (wato Univesity of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital). Sa'annan akwai [[Jami`ar Jihar Borno|Jami'ar Jihar Borno]] da kuma makarantar politeknik a Maiduguri mai Suna [[Ramat Polytechnic|Ramat Polytechnic.]] Sauran Makarantu zirfin ilmi sun hada da College of Agriculture, Sir Kashim College of Education da Mohammed Goni College of Islamic and Legal Studies. Sa'annan akwai makarantun sakandare da dama a Maiduguri. == Masaukin Baki == Wuraren saukan baki a Maiduguri sun hada da Lake Chad Hotel, Dujima Hotel, Deribe Hotel, Ali Chaman Guest Inn da kuma Maiduguri International Hotel. == Nishadi da Wuraren Bude Ido == [[File:Maiduguri Open Garden.jpg|thumb|wurin shakatawa]] Ba'ki a Maiduguri sukan iya ziyartan makeken kasuwan litanin, fadan mai girma shehun Borno da kuma gidan zoo na Kyarimi Park wanda yake tsakiyan birni Maiduguri. == Addini == [[File:Central Mosque Maiduguri 2.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Gidan Shehun Borno, shine babban masallaci a birnin Maiduguri kuma daya daga cikin manyan masallatai a yankin Arewa maso Gabas]] [[File:Indimi Mosque Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Masallacin Indime]] Yawancin mazauna birnin Maiduguri [[Musulmai na farko|Musulmai]] ne. Amma akwai mabiya addinin kirista da dama a garin. Akwai manyan majami'o'i a garin kamar babban majami'an dake kan titin Kiri Kasamma. Maiduguri yayi suna kwarai wajen karatun alkur'ani a inda dalibai dake dukkan fadin Najeriya suke zuwa garin don neman ilmi. Manyan masallatai a garin sun hada da masallachin Mai Deribe, masallacin Madinatu, Masallacin Kofar Shehu, Masallacin Indimi da Masallacin Ibrahim Saleh. Akwai shahararrun malaman addinin Musulunci da dama a Maiduguri. A shekara ta 2009, wani malamin addinin Muslunci wanda aka fi sani da Mohammed Yusuf ya tada fitina a garin a inda yake ikirarin yaki da gwamnati da kuma ilmin boko wanda a ganinsa yana lalata al'umma. Sanda aka yi wajen mako guda ana fafatawa tsakanin sojoji da 'yan sanda da kuma magoya bayan Mohammed Yusuf. Wannan tarzoma tayo sanadiyyar rasa rayuka da dama. Daga karshe jami'an gwamnati sun ci galaba a kan Mohammed Yusuf wanda sojoji suka cefke kuma suka dan'ka shi a hannun 'yan sanda. A hannun 'yan sandan Mohammed Yusuf ya rasu. 'Yan sanda sun yi ikirarin cewa ya rasu ne a yayin da ake bindige shi lokacin da yake kokarin kubucewa. Masu bin hakkin bil Adama sun yi harsashen cewa kisan gilla a kayi masa. ===== <big>Yaruka a jihar Borno</big> ===== Yaren da yafi yawa a jihar borno shine [[Kanuri]](bare-bari).sauran yarukan sun Hada da * [[Kanuri]](bare bari) * [[Fulani]] * [[Yarbawa]] * [[Ibo]] * [[Terawa]] * [[Babur]] * [[Hausawa]] * [[Shuwa Arab|Shuwa]] arab * [[Margi]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Maiduguri}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Borno]] m2be72qy8e23kqz86kb66oqpmhs6ery 0 5466 964700 743530 2026-10-08T10:29:17Z Usmanmaifada 20279 964700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arabeyes''' (Arabic) aiki ne na kyauta kuma buɗaɗɗen aiki wanda ke da niyya don tallafawa cikakken yaren Larabci a cikin mahallin Unix / Linux.[1][2][3] An kafa shi a farkon 2001 ta wasu masu sha'awar Larabawa Linux.[4] Sun yi" CD na farko na Larabci Linux live."[5] Sunan wasa ne a kan kalmar "Larabci" (wanda, a wannan mahallin, yana nufin daidaita software ta yadda za ta dace da Larabci), kuma "ido" kalma ce ga mutane da yawa. == Aikin == Aikin yana gudanar da tashar yanar gizo don ƙananan ayyuka kamar su Larabci kyauta software Unicode fonts da editan rubutu, "ITL" ( [[Musulunci|Islamic]] Tools and Library) wanda ke ba da [[Hijira kalanda|kwanakin Hijira]], [[Sallah|lokutan sallar musulmi]] da [[Alƙibila|alƙibla]] . A cikin Oktoba 2003, sun fito da rarraba Linux mai suna ''{{Interlanguage link|Arabbix|ar|عربكس}}'', " CD na farko na Larabci Linux live ". Sun yi aiki akan sigar Larabci na OpenOffice . <ref name="Southwell">{{Cite web |last=Matthew Southwell |date=July 8, 2003 |title=Arabeye Arabises apps |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/download/documents/about/press/2003/acn-20030708.pdf |access-date=November 8, 2021 |website=Arabian Computer News}}</ref> Suna kula da rarraba Linux mai suna Hilali Linux. <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=34–38}}</ref> Ya haɗa da aikin fassarar don samar da hanyar sadarwa ta Larabci zuwa KDE da GNOME windows manajoji, da kuma aikin takaddun Linux. A cikin 2003, ƙungiyar ta fitar da jerin kalmomin buɗe tushen farko don amfani a cikin [[Turanci]] zuwa fassarar Larabci da ayyukan ƙamus; lokacin da aka sake shi an haɗa shi cikin "kusan duk wuraren fassarar harsuna da yawa na kan layi". <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2002 |title=Arabeyes Turn to Opensource Software |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/download/documents/about/press/2002/acn-20020116.jpg |access-date=November 8, 2021 |website=Arabian Computer News}}</ref> Tana kan layi a arabeyes.org, wannan hanyar sadarwar tana kiran kanta a matsayin "aikin meta wanda ke da nufin tallafawa cikakken yaren Larabci a cikin mahallin Unix / Linux ." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About Arabeyes - ويكي عربآيز |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/About_Arabeyes |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=www.arabeyes.org}}</ref> An tsara shi don zama wuri na tsakiya don daidaita tsarin aikin Larabawa. Arabeyes ya dogara ne da gudummawar sa-kai na kwararrun kwamfuta da masu sha'awar warwatse a duniya. <ref name=":0" /> A taron [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] GNU/Linux Days na 2004 da aka gudanar a [[Moroko|Maroko]], Arabeyes an ba shi Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Kyauta / Buɗewa. Richard Stallman, wanda ya kafa GNU Project da Free Software Foundation ne ya ba da kyautar. <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=34–38}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5tg9uemyvurrfahpf6dlksd063qb005 964701 964700 2026-10-08T10:30:15Z Usmanmaifada 20279 964701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arabeyes''' (Arabic) aiki ne na kyauta kuma buɗaɗɗen aiki wanda ke da niyya don tallafawa cikakken yaren Larabci a cikin mahallin Unix / Linux.[1][2][3] An kafa shi a farkon 2001 ta wasu masu sha'awar Larabawa Linux.[4] Sun yi" CD na farko na Larabci Linux live."[5] Sunan wasa ne a kan kalmar "Larabci" (wanda, a wannan mahallin, yana nufin daidaita software ta yadda za ta dace da Larabci), kuma "ido" kalma ce ga mutane da yawa. == Aikin == Aikin yana gudanar da tashar yanar gizo don ƙananan ayyuka kamar su Larabci kyauta software Unicode fonts da editan rubutu, "ITL" ( [[Musulunci|Islamic]] Tools and Library) wanda ke ba da [[Hijira kalanda|kwanakin Hijira]], [[Sallah|lokutan sallar musulmi]] da [[Alƙibila|alƙibla]]. A cikin Oktoba 2003, sun fito da rarraba Linux mai suna ''{{Interlanguage link|Arabbix|ar|عربكس}}'', " CD na farko na Larabci Linux live". Sun yi aiki akan sigar Larabci na OpenOffice . <ref name="Southwell">{{Cite web |last=Matthew Southwell |date=July 8, 2003 |title=Arabeye Arabises apps |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/download/documents/about/press/2003/acn-20030708.pdf |access-date=November 8, 2021 |website=Arabian Computer News}}</ref> Suna kula da rarraba Linux mai suna Hilali Linux. <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=34–38}}</ref> Ya haɗa da aikin fassarar don samar da hanyar sadarwa ta Larabci zuwa KDE da GNOME windows manajoji, da kuma aikin takaddun Linux. A cikin 2003, ƙungiyar ta fitar da jerin kalmomin buɗe tushen farko don amfani a cikin [[Turanci]] zuwa fassarar Larabci da ayyukan ƙamus; lokacin da aka sake shi an haɗa shi cikin "kusan duk wuraren fassarar harsuna da yawa na kan layi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2002 |title=Arabeyes Turn to Opensource Software |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/download/documents/about/press/2002/acn-20020116.jpg |access-date=November 8, 2021 |website=Arabian Computer News}}</ref> Tana kan layi a arabeyes.org, wannan hanyar sadarwar tana kiran kanta a matsayin "aikin meta wanda ke da nufin tallafawa cikakken yaren Larabci a cikin mahallin Unix / Linux ." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About Arabeyes - ويكي عربآيز |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/About_Arabeyes |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=www.arabeyes.org}}</ref> An tsara shi don zama wuri na tsakiya don daidaita tsarin aikin Larabawa. Arabeyes ya dogara ne da gudummawar sa-kai na kwararrun kwamfuta da masu sha'awar warwatse a duniya. <ref name=":0" /> A taron [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] GNU/Linux Days na 2004 da aka gudanar a [[Moroko|Maroko]], Arabeyes an ba shi Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Kyauta / Buɗewa. Richard Stallman, wanda ya kafa GNU Project da Free Software Foundation ne ya ba da kyautar.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=34–38}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1nnvbeexj2gr1uc36kdghd56yx1c28s 964702 964701 2026-10-08T10:31:32Z Usmanmaifada 20279 964702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arabeyes''' (Arabic) aiki ne na kyauta kuma buɗaɗɗen aiki wanda ke da niyya don tallafawa cikakken yaren Larabci a cikin mahallin Unix / Linux.[1][2][3] An kafa shi a farkon 2001 ta wasu masu sha'awar Larabawa Linux.[4] Sun yi" CD na farko na Larabci Linux live."[5] Sunan wasa ne a kan kalmar "Larabci" (wanda, a wannan mahallin, yana nufin daidaita software ta yadda za ta dace da Larabci), kuma "ido" kalma ce ga mutane da yawa. == Aikin == Aikin yana gudanar da tashar yanar gizo don ƙananan ayyuka kamar su Larabci kyauta software Unicode fonts da editan rubutu, "ITL" ([[Musulunci|Islamic]] Tools and Library) wanda ke ba da [[Hijira kalanda|kwanakin Hijira]], [[Sallah|lokutan sallar musulmi]] da [[Alƙibila|alƙibla]]. A cikin Oktoba 2003, sun fito da rarraba Linux mai suna ''{{Interlanguage link|Arabbix|ar|عربكس}}'', " CD na farko na Larabci Linux live". Sun yi aiki akan sigar Larabci na OpenOffice.<ref name="Southwell">{{Cite web |last=Matthew Southwell |date=July 8, 2003 |title=Arabeye Arabises apps |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/download/documents/about/press/2003/acn-20030708.pdf |access-date=November 8, 2021 |website=Arabian Computer News}}</ref> Suna kula da rarraba Linux mai suna Hilali Linux.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=34–38}}</ref> Ya haɗa da aikin fassarar don samar da hanyar sadarwa ta Larabci zuwa KDE da GNOME windows manajoji, da kuma aikin takaddun Linux. A cikin 2003, ƙungiyar ta fitar da jerin kalmomin buɗe tushen farko don amfani a cikin [[Turanci]] zuwa fassarar Larabci da ayyukan ƙamus; lokacin da aka sake shi an haɗa shi cikin "kusan duk wuraren fassarar harsuna da yawa na kan layi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2002 |title=Arabeyes Turn to Opensource Software |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/download/documents/about/press/2002/acn-20020116.jpg |access-date=November 8, 2021 |website=Arabian Computer News}}</ref> Tana kan layi a arabeyes.org, wannan hanyar sadarwar tana kiran kanta a matsayin "aikin meta wanda ke da nufin tallafawa cikakken yaren Larabci a cikin mahallin Unix / Linux ." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About Arabeyes - ويكي عربآيز |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/About_Arabeyes |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=www.arabeyes.org}}</ref> An tsara shi don zama wuri na tsakiya don daidaita tsarin aikin Larabawa. Arabeyes ya dogara ne da gudummawar sa-kai na kwararrun kwamfuta da masu sha'awar warwatse a duniya. <ref name=":0" /> A taron [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] GNU/Linux Days na 2004 da aka gudanar a [[Moroko|Maroko]], Arabeyes an ba shi Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Kyauta / Buɗewa. Richard Stallman, wanda ya kafa GNU Project da Free Software Foundation ne ya ba da kyautar.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=34–38}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 79wutd12qfix6a3z0votsgmk791y4ya 964703 964702 2026-10-08T10:32:08Z Usmanmaifada 20279 964703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arabeyes''' (Arabic) aiki ne na kyauta kuma buɗaɗɗen aiki wanda ke da niyya don tallafawa cikakken yaren Larabci a cikin mahallin Unix / Linux.[1][2][3] An kafa shi a farkon 2001 ta wasu masu sha'awar Larabawa Linux.[4] Sun yi" CD na farko na Larabci Linux live."[5] Sunan wasa ne a kan kalmar "Larabci" (wanda, a wannan mahallin, yana nufin daidaita software ta yadda za ta dace da Larabci), kuma "ido" kalma ce ga mutane da yawa. == Aikin == Aikin yana gudanar da tashar yanar gizo don ƙananan ayyuka kamar su Larabci kyauta software Unicode fonts da editan rubutu, "ITL" ([[Musulunci|Islamic]] Tools and Library) wanda ke ba da [[Hijira kalanda|kwanakin Hijira]], [[Sallah|lokutan sallar musulmi]] da [[Alƙibila|alƙibla]]. A cikin Oktoba 2003, sun fito da rarraba Linux mai suna ''{{Interlanguage link|Arabbix|ar|عربكس}}'', " CD na farko na Larabci Linux live". Sun yi aiki akan sigar Larabci na OpenOffice.<ref name="Southwell">{{Cite web |last=Matthew Southwell |date=July 8, 2003 |title=Arabeye Arabises apps |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/download/documents/about/press/2003/acn-20030708.pdf |access-date=November 8, 2021 |website=Arabian Computer News}}</ref> Suna kula da rarraba Linux mai suna Hilali Linux.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=34–38}}</ref> Ya haɗa da aikin fassarar don samar da hanyar sadarwa ta Larabci zuwa KDE da GNOME windows manajoji, da kuma aikin takaddun Linux. A cikin 2003, ƙungiyar ta fitar da jerin kalmomin buɗe tushen farko don amfani a cikin [[Turanci]] zuwa fassarar Larabci da ayyukan ƙamus; lokacin da aka sake shi an haɗa shi cikin "kusan duk wuraren fassarar harsuna da yawa na kan layi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2002 |title=Arabeyes Turn to Opensource Software |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/download/documents/about/press/2002/acn-20020116.jpg |access-date=November 8, 2021 |website=Arabian Computer News}}</ref> Tana kan layi a arabeyes.org, wannan hanyar sadarwar tana kiran kanta a matsayin "aikin meta wanda ke da nufin tallafawa cikakken yaren Larabci a cikin mahallin Unix / Linux."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About Arabeyes - ويكي عربآيز |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/About_Arabeyes |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=www.arabeyes.org}}</ref> An tsara shi don zama wuri na tsakiya don daidaita tsarin aikin Larabawa. Arabeyes ya dogara ne da gudummawar sa-kai na kwararrun kwamfuta da masu sha'awar warwatse a duniya.<ref name=":0" /> A taron [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] GNU/Linux Days na 2004 da aka gudanar a [[Moroko|Maroko]], Arabeyes an ba shi Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Kyauta / Buɗewa. Richard Stallman, wanda ya kafa GNU Project da Free Software Foundation ne ya ba da kyautar.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=34–38}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 0sr8fejlg15q8462pg2sc0lbyfy57ak 964704 964703 2026-10-08T10:32:52Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Aikin */ 964704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arabeyes''' (Arabic) aiki ne na kyauta kuma buɗaɗɗen aiki wanda ke da niyya don tallafawa cikakken yaren Larabci a cikin mahallin Unix / Linux.[1][2][3] An kafa shi a farkon 2001 ta wasu masu sha'awar Larabawa Linux.[4] Sun yi" CD na farko na Larabci Linux live."[5] Sunan wasa ne a kan kalmar "Larabci" (wanda, a wannan mahallin, yana nufin daidaita software ta yadda za ta dace da Larabci), kuma "ido" kalma ce ga mutane da yawa. == Aikin == Aikin yana gudanar da tashar yanar gizo don ƙananan ayyuka kamar su Larabci kyauta software Unicode fonts da editan rubutu, "ITL" ([[Musulunci|Islamic]] Tools and Library) wanda ke ba da [[Hijira kalanda|kwanakin Hijira]], [[Sallah|lokutan sallar musulmi]] da [[Alƙibila|alƙibla]]. A cikin Oktoba 2003, sun fito da rarraba Linux mai suna ''{{Interlanguage link|Arabbix|ar|عربكس}}'', "CD na farko na Larabci Linux live". Sun yi aiki akan sigar Larabci na OpenOffice.<ref name="Southwell">{{Cite web |last=Matthew Southwell |date=July 8, 2003 |title=Arabeye Arabises apps |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/download/documents/about/press/2003/acn-20030708.pdf |access-date=November 8, 2021 |website=Arabian Computer News}}</ref> Suna kula da rarraba Linux mai suna Hilali Linux.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=34–38}}</ref> Ya haɗa da aikin fassarar don samar da hanyar sadarwa ta Larabci zuwa KDE da GNOME windows manajoji, da kuma aikin takaddun Linux. A cikin 2003, ƙungiyar ta fitar da jerin kalmomin buɗe tushen farko don amfani a cikin [[Turanci]] zuwa fassarar Larabci da ayyukan ƙamus; lokacin da aka sake shi an haɗa shi cikin "kusan duk wuraren fassarar harsuna da yawa na kan layi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2002 |title=Arabeyes Turn to Opensource Software |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/download/documents/about/press/2002/acn-20020116.jpg |access-date=November 8, 2021 |website=Arabian Computer News}}</ref> Tana kan layi a arabeyes.org, wannan hanyar sadarwar tana kiran kanta a matsayin "aikin meta wanda ke da nufin tallafawa cikakken yaren Larabci a cikin mahallin Unix / Linux."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About Arabeyes - ويكي عربآيز |url=https://www.arabeyes.org/About_Arabeyes |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=www.arabeyes.org}}</ref> An tsara shi don zama wuri na tsakiya don daidaita tsarin aikin Larabawa. Arabeyes ya dogara ne da gudummawar sa-kai na kwararrun kwamfuta da masu sha'awar warwatse a duniya.<ref name=":0" /> A taron [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] GNU/Linux Days na 2004 da aka gudanar a [[Moroko|Maroko]], Arabeyes an ba shi Mafi kyawun Ayyukan Kyauta / Buɗewa. Richard Stallman, wanda ya kafa GNU Project da Free Software Foundation ne ya ba da kyautar.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=34–38}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} bby3m6lz7hq9u24rh7nbjsaqq1hy05u 3 6214 964543 964114 2026-10-07T23:21:50Z ~2026-54115-16 49766 /* Comptebdkdbd@gmail.com */ sabon sashe 964543 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) :samaan :Hausa :@[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39981-47|&#126;2026-39981-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39981-47|talk]]) 13:46, 16 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40126-77|&#126;2026-40126-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40126-77|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) california se hamare saath ho raha hai hum kaise pata karengovernmenttaxforcecalifornia@gmail.com [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40691-12|&#126;2026-40691-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40691-12|talk]]) 17:32, 20 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Batu == safiya [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42392-57|&#126;2026-42392-57]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42392-57|talk]]) 18:07, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Auwal Abubakar == Auwal Abubakar Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42968-66|&#126;2026-42968-66]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42968-66|talk]]) 12:02, 4 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == mouhammadousirajo4@gmail.com == mouhammadou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-46209-95|&#126;2026-46209-95]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-46209-95|talk]]) 09:05, 24 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == Husaini Hassana Husaini == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47716-12|&#126;2026-47716-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47716-12|talk]]) 08:57, 1 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Yar abbanta == al ummata [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47594-41|&#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:25, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == مريم بنت سراج == Allah y karawa annabi daraja [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47594-41|&#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:30, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) allah gafarta malam Ina tambayane akan israi da mi iraji shin annabi yaga Allah wani malamin yace duk Wanda yace annabi yaga Allah hadisin shi nada rauni dan Allah muna son karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-48750-15|~2026-48750-15]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-48750-15|talk]]) 20:02, 9 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Sheikh == ibn [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51225-37|~2026-51225-37]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51225-37|talk]]) 22:54, 22 Satumba 2026 (UTC) Assalamualaikum warhamdullahi''akarmukalla ina dambaya wanne sahabine yace shine zakin Allah Kuma zakin Manzon Allah s a w<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51091-35|~2026-51091-35]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51091-35|talk]]) 05:26, 23 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Allah kasadamu Manzon Allah == Allah karama annabi daraja [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51091-35|~2026-51091-35]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51091-35|talk]]) 23:34, 23 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Aljanna makoma == Aljanna makoma [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51600-55|~2026-51600-55]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51600-55|talk]]) 05:55, 24 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Parsamet == parsamet [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51966-06|~2026-51966-06]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51966-06|talk]]) 15:39, 27 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Tambaya == wace shiya ce ake kira gidan dikko a cikin sokoto [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-53210-05|~2026-53210-05]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-53210-05|talk]]) 13:21, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) == Kamilu tasiu == 9031238946 [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-53877-71|~2026-53877-71]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-53877-71|talk]]) 22:38, 6 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) == Comptebdkdbd@gmail.com == a [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-54115-16|~2026-54115-16]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-54115-16|talk]]) 23:21, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) e3vdwqgq98535irpoerxhlbal7gt816 0 7111 964434 958729 2026-10-07T19:05:52Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964434 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tuwon Shinkafa Miyan Aleyaho.jpg|thumb|tuwun shinkafa]] [[File:Rice farm ofmbrgybbantog.jpg|thumb|gonar shinkafa]] [[File:Texas' First Rice Mill -- Beaumont,Texas.jpg|thumb|kanfanin gyaran shinkafa]] [[File:Green rice sheaves planted in a paddy field with long shadows at golden hour in Don Det Laos.jpg|thumb|Shukan shinkafa]] [[File:Wisconsin Wild Rice (31038058682).jpg|thumb|shinkafa dafa duka da ganye]] [[File:Plates of Jollof Rice, Fried Rice and Chicken.jpg|thumb|plates of jallof rice and fried rice and chicken.jpg]] [[Fayil:20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid rice Sanyou-1.6.jpg|thumb|shinkafa bayan tanunah]] [[Fayil:Oil Rice 01.jpg|thumb|shinkafa da mai]] [[Fayil:Rice p1160004.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa]] '''Shinkafa''' [[hatsi]] ne kuma wani nau'in [[abinci]] ne wanda ya shahara a ko'ina na sassan duniya. Shinkafa ta zama babban abinci ne wanda ya zama na kowa da kowa da kuma kowanne jinsi na [[duniya]], ana amfani da ita. Duk da yake akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na yadda [[mutane]] jinsi iri-iri dake duniya suke dafawa da sarrafa shinkafarsu. Don ci ko amfanin yau da kullum, amma dai ko wane jinsi ko ire-iren al'umma suna ta'ammali da shinkafa a dukkanin faɗin duniyar nan.Don kuwa shinkafa ta fi kowane nau'in abinci shahara a duniya.shinkafar tana cikin na'uin abinci da ake cema carbohydrates Yana ɗaukar tsowon awa uku zuwa huɗu ya narake cikin jiki,Mafi yawan irshinkafa tana Samar da kuzari ko ƙarfi domin yin Aiki.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-51375366</ref><ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/najeriya/20191223-rufe-iyakokin-najeriya-ya-farfado-na-numan-shinkafa</ref><ref>https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-ƙasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html</ref> [[File:White, Brown, Red & Wild rice.jpg|thumb|Nau'in shinkafa kala daban daban]] An kawo nau'ikan shinkafar da yawa don inganta ingancin amfanin gona. Kimiyyar qere-qere ta samar da shinkafa mai suna Green Revolution mai iya samar da albarkatu masu yawa idan aka samar da takin nitrogen da kuma sarrafa shi sosai. Sauran samfuran shinkafa suna iya bayyana sunadaran ɗan adam don amfani da magani; Shinkafa mai jurewa ambaliya ko a zurfin ruwa; da iri masu jure fari da gishiri. Ana amfani da shinkafa azaman abin koyi a ilmin halitta. Ana nia busasshiyar hatsin shinkafa don cire yadudduka na waje; dangane da adadin da aka cire, samfuran sun bambanta daga shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa zuwa shinkafa tare da germ da farar shinkafa. Wasu suna parboiled don sauƙaƙe dafawa. Shinkafa ba ta ƙunshi alkama; yana ba da furotin amma ba duk mahimman amino acid da ake buƙata don lafiya mai kyau ba. Ana cin shinkafa iri-iri a duniya. Shinkafa mai tsayin hatsi tana kula da ci gaba da dafa abinci; shinkafa matsakaiciyar hatsi ya fi tsayi, kuma ana amfani dashi don jita-jita masu dadi, kuma a Italiya don risotto; kuma ana amfani da shinkafa ɗan ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano a cikin sushi na Jafananci kamar yadda take kiyaye siffarta lokacin dahuwa. Farar shinkafa idan an dafa shi yana dauke da 29% carbohydrate da kuma furotin 2%, tare da wasu manganese. Shinkafa ta zinari iri-iri ce da injiniyoyi suka samar domin ya ƙunshi bitamin A. An yi ƙiyasin samar da shinkafa ya haifar da sama da kashi 1% na hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a duniya acikin shekarar 2022. Hasashen yadda sauyin yanayi zai shafi amfanin noman shinkafa ya bambanta a faɗin ƙasa da yanayin tattalin arziki. A cikin al'adun mutane, shinkafa na taka rawa a cikin addinai da al'adu daban-daban, kamar a bikin aure.<br />. =='''Yadda ake Sarrafa Shinkafa.'''== [[File:Hausa Food Shinkafa.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa da miya]] Mafiya yawan mutane na sarrafata ne ta hanyar gyara ta bayan an ciro ta daga gona, an cire kobbenta, daga nan wasu na dafata da ruwa zalla sannan su ci da miya, anaci da mai da yaji, ana haɗata da wake a dafa, anayin dafa duka, wasu kuma na hada ta da wasu nau'in kayan abinci sannan su dafa su ci, mafiya yawan lokuta an fi sarrafa shinkafa da [[wake]], musamman a nahiyar Afirka ta Yamma.<ref>https://cookpad.com/ng-ha/recipes/7750947-shinkafa-da-wake-da-mai-da-yaji-da-salak-da-tumatur</ref><ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/afrika/20170701-noman-shinkafa-arewa-maso-gabashin-najeriya</ref> == '''Nau'in shinkafa.''' == [[File:Hausa Food Shinkafa2.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa dafa duka]] [[File:Blond and green rice fields.jpg|thumb|gonar shinkafa bayan an yanketa]] [[File:Rice p1160004.jpg|thumb|shinkafa gyararriya tas]] [[File:Rice Plants (IRRI).jpg|thumb|shinkafa ta fitar da kai ta dosa ta isa yanka]] Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da ake bi wajen sarrafa [[Shinkafa]], hakan ya sa Hausawa ke da nau'in shinkafar [[Abinci]] kala-kala. * Shinkafa garau-garau. * [[Shinkafa]] dafa-duka. * [[Shinkafa da miya]]. * tuwan shinkafa. . Shinkafa da wake. . Shinkafa da taliya. {{DEFAULTSORT:Shinkafa}} [[Category:Abinci]] [[Category:Shuka]] {{Stub}} [[File:Kanchanaburi, Thailand, Asian rice (Oryza sativa) grass.jpg|thumb|shienkafa a cikin gona]] * Adamu, Abdalla Uba, (1956) Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad., Jibril, Umar Faruk. ''Hausa home videos : technology, economy and society''. Kano, Nigeria: Center for Hausa Cultural Studies. 2004. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-36906-0-4|<bdi>978-36906-0-4</bdi>]].[[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;61158034. * Abubakar Aliyu Mohammed. Cultural Torism. [[ISBN]]:978-978-087-937-2 == Manazarta. == No p8q7z7yr62bisp37zqgu66fk92a64x8 964436 964434 2026-10-07T19:06:48Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964436 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tuwon Shinkafa Miyan Aleyaho.jpg|thumb|tuwun shinkafa]] [[File:Rice farm ofmbrgybbantog.jpg|thumb|gonar shinkafa]] [[File:Texas' First Rice Mill -- Beaumont,Texas.jpg|thumb|kanfanin gyaran shinkafa]] [[File:Green rice sheaves planted in a paddy field with long shadows at golden hour in Don Det Laos.jpg|thumb|Shukan shinkafa]] [[File:Wisconsin Wild Rice (31038058682).jpg|thumb|shinkafa dafa duka da ganye]] [[File:Plates of Jollof Rice, Fried Rice and Chicken.jpg|thumb|plates of jallof rice and fried rice and chicken.jpg]] [[Fayil:20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid rice Sanyou-1.6.jpg|thumb|shinkafa bayan tanunah]] [[Fayil:Oil Rice 01.jpg|thumb|shinkafa da mai]] [[Fayil:Rice p1160004.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa]] '''Shinkafa''' [[hatsi]] ne kuma wani nau'in [[abinci]] ne wanda ya shahara a ko'ina na sassan duniya. Shinkafa ta zama babban abinci ne wanda ya zama na kowa da kowa da kuma kowanne jinsi na [[duniya]], ana amfani da ita. Duk da yake akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na yadda [[mutane]] jinsi iri-iri dake duniya suke dafawa da sarrafa shinkafarsu. Don ci ko amfanin yau da kullum, amma dai ko wane jinsi ko ire-iren al'umma suna ta'ammali da shinkafa a dukkanin faɗin duniyar nan.Don kuwa shinkafa ta fi kowane nau'in abinci shahara a duniya.shinkafar tana cikin na'uin abinci da ake cema carbohydrates Yana ɗaukar tsowon awa uku zuwa huɗu ya narake cikin jiki,Mafi yawan irshinkafa tana Samar da kuzari ko ƙarfi domin yin Aiki.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-51375366</ref><ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/najeriya/20191223-rufe-iyakokin-najeriya-ya-farfado-na-numan-shinkafa</ref><ref>https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-ƙasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html</ref> [[File:White, Brown, Red & Wild rice.jpg|thumb|Nau'in shinkafa kala daban daban]] An kawo nau'ikan shinkafar da yawa don inganta ingancin amfanin gona. Kimiyyar qere-qere ta samar da shinkafa mai suna Green Revolution mai iya samar da albarkatu masu yawa idan aka samar da takin nitrogen da kuma sarrafa shi sosai. Sauran samfuran shinkafa suna iya bayyana sunadaran ɗan adam don amfani da magani; Shinkafa mai jurewa ambaliya ko a zurfin ruwa; da iri masu jure fari da gishiri. Ana amfani da shinkafa azaman abin koyi a ilmin halitta. Ana nia busasshiyar hatsin shinkafa don cire yadudduka na waje; dangane da adadin da aka cire, samfuran sun bambanta daga shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa zuwa shinkafa tare da germ da farar shinkafa. Wasu suna parboiled don sauƙaƙe dafawa. Shinkafa ba ta ƙunshi alkama; yana ba da furotin amma ba duk mahimman amino acid da ake buƙata don lafiya mai kyau ba. Ana cin shinkafa iri-iri a duniya. Shinkafa mai tsayin hatsi tana kula da ci gaba da dafa abinci; shinkafa matsakaiciyar hatsi ya fi tsayi, kuma ana amfani dashi don jita-jita masu dadi, kuma a Italiya don risotto; kuma ana amfani da shinkafa ɗan ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano a cikin sushi na Jafananci kamar yadda take kiyaye siffarta lokacin dahuwa. Farar shinkafa idan an dafa shi yana dauke da 29% carbohydrate da kuma furotin 2%, tare da wasu manganese. Shinkafa ta zinari iri-iri ce da injiniyoyi suka samar domin ya ƙunshi bitamin A. An yi ƙiyasin samar da shinkafa ya haifar da sama da kashi 1% na hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a duniya acikin shekarar 2022. Hasashen yadda sauyin yanayi zai shafi amfanin noman shinkafa ya bambanta a faɗin ƙasa da yanayin tattalin arziki. A cikin al'adun mutane, shinkafa na taka rawa a cikin addinai da al'adu daban-daban, kamar a bikin aure.<br />. =='''Yadda ake Sarrafa Shinkafa.'''== [[File:Hausa Food Shinkafa.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa da miya]] Mafiya yawan mutane na sarrafata ne ta hanyar gyara ta bayan an ciro ta daga gona, an cire kobbenta, daga nan wasu na dafata da ruwa zalla sannan su ci da miya, anaci da mai da yaji, ana haɗata da wake a dafa, anayin dafa duka, wasu kuma na hada ta da wasu nau'in kayan abinci sannan su dafa su ci, mafiya yawan lokuta an fi sarrafa shinkafa da [[wake]], musamman a nahiyar Afirka ta Yamma.<ref>https://cookpad.com/ng-ha/recipes/7750947-shinkafa-da-wake-da-mai-da-yaji-da-salak-da-tumatur</ref><ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/afrika/20170701-noman-shinkafa-arewa-maso-gabashin-najeriya</ref> == '''Nau'in shinkafa.''' == [[File:Hausa Food Shinkafa2.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa dafa duka]] [[File:Blond and green rice fields.jpg|thumb|gonar shinkafa bayan an yanketa]] [[File:Rice p1160004.jpg|thumb|shinkafa gyararriya tas]] [[File:Rice Plants (IRRI).jpg|thumb|shinkafa ta fitar da kai ta dosa ta isa yanka]] Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da ake bi wajen sarrafa [[Shinkafa]], hakan ya sa Hausawa ke da nau'in shinkafar [[Abinci]] kala-kala. * Shinkafa garau-garau. * [[Shinkafa]] dafa-duka. * [[Shinkafa da miya]]. * [[tuwan]] shinkafa. . Shinkafa da wake. . Shinkafa da taliya. {{DEFAULTSORT:Shinkafa}} [[Category:Abinci]] [[Category:Shuka]] {{Stub}} [[File:Kanchanaburi, Thailand, Asian rice (Oryza sativa) grass.jpg|thumb|shienkafa a cikin gona]] * Adamu, Abdalla Uba, (1956) Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad., Jibril, Umar Faruk. ''Hausa home videos : technology, economy and society''. Kano, Nigeria: Center for Hausa Cultural Studies. 2004. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-36906-0-4|<bdi>978-36906-0-4</bdi>]].[[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;61158034. * Abubakar Aliyu Mohammed. Cultural Torism. [[ISBN]]:978-978-087-937-2 == Manazarta. == No 9v63nh1rmj4g5qvvwjx7xhqt76bo17u 964440 964436 2026-10-07T19:08:52Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Tuwon Shinkafa Miyan Aleyaho.jpg|thumb|tuwun shinkafa]] [[File:Rice farm ofmbrgybbantog.jpg|thumb|gonar shinkafa]] [[File:Texas' First Rice Mill -- Beaumont,Texas.jpg|thumb|kanfanin gyaran shinkafa]] [[File:Green rice sheaves planted in a paddy field with long shadows at golden hour in Don Det Laos.jpg|thumb|Shukan shinkafa]] [[File:Wisconsin Wild Rice (31038058682).jpg|thumb|shinkafa dafa duka da ganye]] [[File:Plates of Jollof Rice, Fried Rice and Chicken.jpg|thumb|plates of jallof rice and fried rice and chicken.jpg]] [[Fayil:20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid rice Sanyou-1.6.jpg|thumb|shinkafa bayan tanunah]] [[Fayil:Oil Rice 01.jpg|thumb|shinkafa da mai]] [[Fayil:Rice p1160004.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa]] '''Shinkafa''' [[hatsi]] ne kuma wani nau'in [[abinci]] ne wanda ya shahara a ko'ina na sassan duniya. Shinkafa ta zama babban abinci ne wanda ya zama na kowa da kowa da kuma kowanne jinsi na [[duniya]], ana amfani da ita. Duk da yake akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na yadda [[mutane]] jinsi iri-iri dake duniya suke dafawa da sarrafa shinkafarsu. Don ci ko amfanin yau da kullum, amma dai ko wane jinsi ko ire-iren al'umma suna ta'ammali da shinkafa a dukkanin faɗin duniyar nan.Don kuwa shinkafa ta fi kowane nau'in abinci shahara a duniya.shinkafar tana cikin na'uin abinci da ake cema carbohydrates Yana ɗaukar tsowon awa uku zuwa huɗu ya narake cikin jiki,Mafi yawan irshinkafa tana Samar da kuzari ko ƙarfi domin yin Aiki.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-51375366</ref><ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/najeriya/20191223-rufe-iyakokin-najeriya-ya-farfado-na-numan-shinkafa</ref><ref>https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-ƙasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html</ref> Shinkafa da wake(oriza satifbah) waccha itah tafi dadin chiy wajen sarrafa shinkafa kusan itache mahadin tah [[File:White, Brown, Red & Wild rice.jpg|thumb|Nau'in shinkafa kala daban daban]] An kawo nau'ikan shinkafar da yawa don inganta ingancin amfanin gona. Kimiyyar qere-qere ta samar da shinkafa mai suna Green Revolution mai iya samar da albarkatu masu yawa idan aka samar da takin nitrogen da kuma sarrafa shi sosai. Sauran samfuran shinkafa suna iya bayyana sunadaran ɗan adam don amfani da magani; Shinkafa mai jurewa ambaliya ko a zurfin ruwa; da iri masu jure fari da gishiri. Ana amfani da shinkafa azaman abin koyi a ilmin halitta. Ana nia busasshiyar hatsin shinkafa don cire yadudduka na waje; dangane da adadin da aka cire, samfuran sun bambanta daga shinkafa mai launin ruwan kasa zuwa shinkafa tare da germ da farar shinkafa. Wasu suna parboiled don sauƙaƙe dafawa. Shinkafa ba ta ƙunshi alkama; yana ba da furotin amma ba duk mahimman amino acid da ake buƙata don lafiya mai kyau ba. Ana cin shinkafa iri-iri a duniya. Shinkafa mai tsayin hatsi tana kula da ci gaba da dafa abinci; shinkafa matsakaiciyar hatsi ya fi tsayi, kuma ana amfani dashi don jita-jita masu dadi, kuma a Italiya don risotto; kuma ana amfani da shinkafa ɗan ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano a cikin sushi na Jafananci kamar yadda take kiyaye siffarta lokacin dahuwa. Farar shinkafa idan an dafa shi yana dauke da 29% carbohydrate da kuma furotin 2%, tare da wasu manganese. Shinkafa ta zinari iri-iri ce da injiniyoyi suka samar domin ya ƙunshi bitamin A. An yi ƙiyasin samar da shinkafa ya haifar da sama da kashi 1% na hayaki mai gurbata muhalli a duniya acikin shekarar 2022. Hasashen yadda sauyin yanayi zai shafi amfanin noman shinkafa ya bambanta a faɗin ƙasa da yanayin tattalin arziki. A cikin al'adun mutane, shinkafa na taka rawa a cikin addinai da al'adu daban-daban, kamar a bikin aure.<br />. =='''Yadda ake Sarrafa Shinkafa.'''== [[File:Hausa Food Shinkafa.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa da miya]] Mafiya yawan mutane na sarrafata ne ta hanyar gyara ta bayan an ciro ta daga gona, an cire kobbenta, daga nan wasu na dafata da ruwa zalla sannan su ci da miya, anaci da mai da yaji, ana haɗata da wake a dafa, anayin dafa duka, wasu kuma na hada ta da wasu nau'in kayan abinci sannan su dafa su ci, mafiya yawan lokuta an fi sarrafa shinkafa da [[wake]], musamman a nahiyar Afirka ta Yamma.<ref>https://cookpad.com/ng-ha/recipes/7750947-shinkafa-da-wake-da-mai-da-yaji-da-salak-da-tumatur</ref><ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/afrika/20170701-noman-shinkafa-arewa-maso-gabashin-najeriya</ref> == '''Nau'in shinkafa.''' == [[File:Hausa Food Shinkafa2.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa dafa duka]] [[File:Blond and green rice fields.jpg|thumb|gonar shinkafa bayan an yanketa]] [[File:Rice p1160004.jpg|thumb|shinkafa gyararriya tas]] [[File:Rice Plants (IRRI).jpg|thumb|shinkafa ta fitar da kai ta dosa ta isa yanka]] Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da ake bi wajen sarrafa [[Shinkafa]], hakan ya sa Hausawa ke da nau'in shinkafar [[Abinci]] kala-kala. * Shinkafa garau-garau. * [[Shinkafa]] dafa-duka. * [[Shinkafa da miya]]. * [[tuwan]] shinkafa. . Shinkafa da wake. . Shinkafa da taliya. {{DEFAULTSORT:Shinkafa}} [[Category:Abinci]] [[Category:Shuka]] {{Stub}} [[File:Kanchanaburi, Thailand, Asian rice (Oryza sativa) grass.jpg|thumb|shienkafa a cikin gona]] * Adamu, Abdalla Uba, (1956) Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad., Jibril, Umar Faruk. ''Hausa home videos : technology, economy and society''. Kano, Nigeria: Center for Hausa Cultural Studies. 2004. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-36906-0-4|<bdi>978-36906-0-4</bdi>]].[[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;61158034. * Abubakar Aliyu Mohammed. Cultural Torism. [[ISBN]]:978-978-087-937-2 == Manazarta. == No gwxqn2hbndih5ld8dd14m7ns79bbe7z 0 7158 964727 911788 2026-10-08T11:50:41Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Fulani woman West Africa.jpg|thumb|tsohuwar (Nayejo) fulani ɗauke da ƙwaryar nono]] [[File:Washing 01.jpg|thumb|wata matar Fulani tare da Yaran ta sun kewaye ta, tana wanke-wanke]] [[Fayil:Fulani display.jpg|thumb|Fulani]] [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|Rugar fulani]] [[Fayil:A Fulani girl in 1911.png|thumb|kalan shigar fulani]] [[Fayil:Fulani dancers.jpg|thumb|Rawan fulani]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een kudde runderen van de Fulani TMnr 20010695.jpg|thumb|sun dugara dakiwun shano]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groepsportret van een Fulani familie voor hun huis in de regio Ouargaye TMnr 20010032.jpg|thumb|rugan fulani]] '''Fulani''' ko '''Fulata''' (tilo: '''Bafulatani''' ko '''Bafillace''') <ref>Fula: Fulɓe, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Hausa: Fulani or Hilani; Kanuri: Fillata; Portuguese: Fula; Wolof: Pël; Bambara: Fulaw; Tyap: A̱fa̱taa</ref>[[Mutane]] ne da ke a Yammah Maso Arewacin [[Afrika]] tun a tsawon lokaci. Mafi shaharar sana'ar Fulani ita ce [[kiwo]]n dabbobi musammanma shanu da kuma sayar da nono<ref>[https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0 sanar kiwohttps://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0]</ref>, kuma suna tatsan [[Fura|nonon]] dabbobinsu domin <ref>Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref>sayarwa, [[Fulani]] wasu [[mutane]] ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta, da zamantakewar su sukan zauna da kowace ƙabilu lafiya kuma har su ƙulla aure a tsakaninsu.<ref>Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (in German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.</ref> Kiɗiddiga ta nuna cewa akwai Fulani aƙalla miliyan talatin da biyar a [[Najeriya]].<ref>Clark, Andrew F. (1996). "The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/221416. JSTOR 221416.</ref> [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Fulani mannen en vrouwen met hun vee bij een centrale drinkplaats TMnr 20017341.jpg|thumb|Fulani da shanun su.]] [[File:Fulani Nomads.jpg|thumb|Fulani suna tashi sun ɗora yaransu a kan jaki.]] ==Harshen [[fulani]]== [[Harshen Hausa|Harshe]] ko yaren da kuma [[Fulani]] suke [[magana]] da shi sunansa [[Fulfulde]]. <ref>The homonym Fulani is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word Fula in their language (with suffix -ni), essentially meaning 'little Fula'.</ref>Haka ake kiran sa a ƙasashen [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da [[Sudan]] da [[Kamaru]], amma a tushen inda suka fito, watau kamar ƙasashen [[Senegal]] da [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Gini]] da sauransu. <ref>The letter ɓ is an implosive b sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by b. In the orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985), this sound was represented by bh, so one would have written Fulbhe instead of Fulɓe.</ref>Ana kiran harshen da '''Pulaar''' ko '''Fula''.<ref>https://afrigo.org/articles/people-group-fulani/</ref> [[File:Fullani hause village area.jpg|thumb]] === ASALIN KALMAR FULANI<ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA492&redir_esc=y</ref> === Da farko dai masanin ya faɗa cewar tabbataccen tarihi shi ne wanda ya zo a Alƙur'ani da Hadisai, amma duk wani abu wanda ba shi ba kan iya zamowa gurɓatacce, don haka bai doru a kan cewa wajibin duk abinda ya faɗa shi ne na gaskiya ba.<ref>Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people". Pulse Nigeria. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-09-18.</ref>A cewar sa asalin sunan Fulani shi ne Tuta (Futa Toro), kuma suna cikin tsofaffin ƙabilun duniya ne. Shi sunan Futa ɗin sun samo shi ne daga kakansu/uban su da ake kira Futa, kuma shi jika ne ga Annabi Nuhu (A.S) Ta wajensa aka samar da Samudawa da Adawa, don haka faɗin Allah Ta Ala a Alkur'ani (IRAMA ZA TUL IMAAD) da ƙabilar su yake, domin an samu cewa an taɓa kiran su da suna Iramawa.<ref>Saeed, Asma’u G. (2017). "The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd". Journal for Islamic Studies. 36 (1): 61. ISSN 2957-9163.</ref><ref>"Hello Bello: How 'Bello' became Nigeria's most ecumenical name - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2024-11-02.</ref>Daga bisanin saboda yawaitar su ga yaƙe-yaƙe, sai aka dinga kiransu da suna Fatah, ma'ana Jarumai. Sannu a hankali kuma aka koma ambaton su da suna Futa. Yanayin zaman su a wurare kuwa shi ne silar sauyawar sunayen su, ta yadda ake kiran wasu Futa Toro, ma'ana Futawa mazaunan Toro, da Futa Masina da Futa Jallo da Futa Falgo da sauran su A cewar masanin, shi wannan sunan na FULANI, ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka, sanda suka haɗu da ƙabilar MANDINKA wajen zama, waɗanda su ma kusan Fulani ne a halaye da dabi'u.Malam Ahmad ya tafi a kan cewa Fulani ƙabilar farko ce da suka soma zaman Afirka, kuma su ne suka zo da addini Yammacin Afirka.Don haka idan Fulanin sun tara 'ya'yansu, su kan sanar musu da cewa 'Ana Hulbe (Fulbe) Allah'. Ma'ana mu masu tsoron Allah ne, kada kuyi abinda Mandinkawa abokan zamanmu suke aikatawa. Daga nan sai mandinkawa masu zuwa ganin su suka rinka kiransu da suna Fulah, kafin daga bisani sunan ya rinka sauyawa zuwa Fullata, da Fulbe. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA ƊAYA Malam Ahmad ya sanar mana da cewa Bafillatani ya samu ne daga Annabi Nuhu A S.Asalin zuriyarsa kuma a yankin Ɗurisinin dake da zama. A nan ne har Annabi Musa A.S ya riske su a zamaninsa lokacin da aka saukar masa da Attaurah. A lokacin suna masu bautar shanu, don haka sai ya kira iya ƙabilar sa Bani Israila zuwa bautar Allah makaɗaici. Shi ya sa sai Bani Isra'ila suka yi kwaɗayin a sanya musu abin bauta kamar yadda Futawa suke yi, har kuma Musa Samiri ya shagaltar da su tare da sanya musu ɗan maraƙi a matsayin abin bautar Annabi Musa A.S. Sai daga baya Annabin Allah Musa ya gane lamarin, sannan ya kira shugabansu mai suna Tori ya ƙarbi addini, shi ne har aka yi bikin karɓarsa ranar Asabar a jikin dutsen durisina. Fulani na kiran bikin 'Larki'. Har kuma sukan ce "RaduTori Sinin", watau ga Inda Tori ya musulunta wajen nuni da Ɗurisinin.5A wannan zamanin, sai ƙabilar Futah ta kasu. Wasu suka karɓi addinin Annabi Musa bisa biyayya da shugaban su Tori, wasu kuma suka bijere, inda suka yi Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, daga jikinsu ƙabilun Chusi da ake kira Totsi yanzu suka fita, da sauran ƙabilun da suka mamaye yankunan. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA BIYU Aka ce asalin Fulani tare da Yahudawa suke da zama. Don haka kusancin su ke sanyawa ake kiransu da sunan Yahudawa. Kuma su mayaƙa ne marasa tsoro, waɗanda ba sa rabo da makami, sannan suna matuƙar ɗaukaka ranar Asabar sama da sauran ranaku saboda tarayyar su da Yahudawa. Sannu a hankali suka famtsama yankin Afirka ta Yammah. ASALIN FULANI MAHANGA TA UKU Wannan mahangar kuma ta nuna cewa Fulani tsatso ne daga zuriyar Annabi Ayyuba A.SAka ce a lokacin da ya zama dattijo yana wa'azi a gefen tekun Indiya, sai aka ba shi wata mace aure wadda ba ta son sa. Don hakan idan dare ya yi sai ta guje masa zuwa bayan daki, a can kuma sai sheɗan ya rinƙa zuwar mata yana tarawa da ita. A haka har ta samu rabon yaro namiji wanda baya magana da kowa.Aka yi magana a kan yadda ta samu wannan yaro dube da rashin tarayyar ta da maigidanta, amma Annabi Nuhu ya ce a kyale ta a matsayin matarsa, daga bisani hakan ya cigaba da faruwa har ta sake haifar yarinya mace.Don haka waɗannan mace da namijin da suka girma su ne suka fara amfani da yarensu sabo na Fulatanci. ==Tarihi== Fulani dai sunfito daga dangin yaren NIGER-CONGO == Arziki == == Wasanni == == Fannin tsarotsaro == == Kimiya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa === == Al'adu == === Mutane === === Abinci === Daga cikin muhimman abincin Fulani akwai [[Fura]]. === Tufafi === == Ilimi == == Addinai == === Musulunci === == Hotuna == === Maza === <gallery> File:Fulani Dress.jpg|Bafullatani da Bafillatana. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. File:FULANI LOVE.jpg|Ma'aurata biyu, Miji da Mata a Fulani. File:Fulani man.jpg|Bafullatani da zane a fuskarsa. File:The Fulani traditional marriage requirements which is flogging of the Groom.jpg|Mazan Fulani suna yin shaɗi. File:The fulani rural settlement. Mostly called Rugan Fulani is a common type of settlement the fulani people within wesr african countries have. Houses are built with muds and roofing dome with straws or grasses.jpg|Ƙauyen Fulani, ko kuma Rigar Fulani. </gallery> === Mata === <gallery> File:Wiki fulani girl.jpg|Bahillatana da zane a fuskarta. File:Fulani Woman.jpg|Kayan Fulani File:Fulani Woman from Niger.jpg|Matan Fulani suna da gashi sosai a kan su. File:Nathaniel Ajibola Fulani Woman Nigeria.JPG|Bafullatana mai tallan nono. File:Fulani dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|Fulani na rawar al'ada. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]] kpu5vbpnawt2oidqpvfxayovfyz8ewp 964728 964727 2026-10-08T11:53:12Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Fulani woman West Africa.jpg|thumb|tsohuwar (Nayejo) fulani ɗauke da ƙwaryar nono]] [[File:Washing 01.jpg|thumb|wata matar Fulani tare da Yaran ta sun kewaye ta, tana wanke-wanke]] [[Fayil:Fulani display.jpg|thumb|Fulani]] [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|Rugar fulani]] [[Fayil:A Fulani girl in 1911.png|thumb|kalan shigar fulani]] [[Fayil:Fulani dancers.jpg|thumb|Rawan fulani]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een kudde runderen van de Fulani TMnr 20010695.jpg|thumb|sun dugara dakiwun shano]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groepsportret van een Fulani familie voor hun huis in de regio Ouargaye TMnr 20010032.jpg|thumb|rugan fulani]] '''Fulani''' ko '''Fulata''' (tilo: '''Bafulatani''' ko '''Bafillace''') <ref>Fula: Fulɓe, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Hausa: Fulani or Hilani; Kanuri: Fillata; Portuguese: Fula; Wolof: Pël; Bambara: Fulaw; Tyap: A̱fa̱taa</ref>[[Mutane]] ne da ke a Yammah Maso Arewacin [[Afrika]] tun a tsawon lokaci. Mafi shaharar sana'ar Fulani ita ce [[kiwo]]n dabbobi musammanma shanu da kuma sayar da nono<ref>[https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0 sanar kiwohttps://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0]</ref>, kuma suna tatsan [[Fura|nonon]] dabbobinsu domin <ref>Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref>sayarwa, [[Fulani]] wasu [[mutane]] ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta, da zamantakewar su sukan zauna da kowace ƙabilu lafiya kuma har su ƙulla aure a tsakaninsu.<ref>Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (in German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.</ref> Kiɗiddiga ta nuna cewa akwai Fulani aƙalla miliyan talatin da biyar a [[Najeriya]].<ref>Clark, Andrew F. (1996). "The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/221416. JSTOR 221416.</ref> [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Fulani mannen en vrouwen met hun vee bij een centrale drinkplaats TMnr 20017341.jpg|thumb|Fulani da shanun su.]] [[File:Fulani Nomads.jpg|thumb|Fulani suna tashi sun ɗora yaransu a kan jaki.]] ==Harshen [[fulani]]== [[Harshen Hausa|Harshe]] ko yaren da kuma [[Fulani]] suke [[magana]] da shi sunansa [[Fulfulde]]. <ref>The homonym Fulani is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word Fula in their language (with suffix -ni), essentially meaning 'little Fula'.</ref>Haka ake kiran sa a ƙasashen [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da [[Sudan]] da [[Kamaru]], amma a tushen inda suka fito, watau kamar ƙasashen [[Senegal]] da [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Gini]] da sauransu. <ref>The letter ɓ is an implosive b sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by b. In the orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985), this sound was represented by bh, so one would have written Fulbhe instead of Fulɓe.</ref>Ana kiran harshen da '''Pulaar''' ko '''Fula''.<ref>https://afrigo.org/articles/people-group-fulani/</ref> [[File:Fullani hause village area.jpg|thumb]] === ASALIN KALMAR FULANI<ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA492&redir_esc=y</ref> === Da farko dai masanin ya faɗa cewar tabbataccen tarihi shi ne wanda ya zo a Alƙur'ani da Hadisai, amma duk wani abu wanda ba shi ba kan iya zamowa gurɓatacce, don haka bai doru a kan cewa wajibin duk abinda ya faɗa shi ne na gaskiya ba.<ref>Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people". Pulse Nigeria. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-09-18.</ref>A cewar sa asalin sunan Fulani shi ne Tuta (Futa Toro), kuma suna cikin tsofaffin ƙabilun duniya ne. Shi sunan Futa ɗin sun samo shi ne daga kakansu/uban su da ake kira Futa, kuma shi jika ne ga [[Annabi]] Nuhu (A.S) Ta wajensa aka samar da Samudawa da Adawa, don haka faɗin Allah Ta Ala a Alkur'ani (IRAMA ZA TUL IMAAD) da ƙabilar su yake, domin an samu cewa an taɓa kiran su da suna Iramawa.<ref>Saeed, Asma’u G. (2017). "The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd". Journal for Islamic Studies. 36 (1): 61. ISSN 2957-9163.</ref><ref>"Hello Bello: How 'Bello' became Nigeria's most ecumenical name - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2024-11-02.</ref>Daga bisanin saboda yawaitar su ga yaƙe-yaƙe, sai aka dinga kiransu da suna Fatah, ma'ana Jarumai. Sannu a hankali kuma aka koma ambaton su da suna Futa. Yanayin zaman su a wurare kuwa shi ne silar sauyawar sunayen su, ta yadda ake kiran wasu Futa Toro, ma'ana Futawa mazaunan Toro, da Futa Masina da Futa Jallo da Futa Falgo da sauran su A cewar masanin, shi wannan sunan na FULANI, ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka, sanda suka haɗu da ƙabilar MANDINKA wajen zama, waɗanda su ma kusan Fulani ne a halaye da dabi'u.Malam Ahmad ya tafi a kan cewa Fulani ƙabilar farko ce da suka soma zaman Afirka, kuma su ne suka zo da addini Yammacin Afirka.Don haka idan Fulanin sun tara 'ya'yansu, su kan sanar musu da cewa 'Ana Hulbe (Fulbe) Allah'. Ma'ana mu masu tsoron Allah ne, kada kuyi abinda Mandinkawa abokan zamanmu suke aikatawa. Daga nan sai mandinkawa masu zuwa ganin su suka rinka kiransu da suna Fulah, kafin daga bisani sunan ya rinka sauyawa zuwa Fullata, da Fulbe. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA ƊAYA Malam Ahmad ya sanar mana da cewa Bafillatani ya samu ne daga Annabi Nuhu A S.Asalin zuriyarsa kuma a yankin Ɗurisinin dake da zama. A nan ne har Annabi Musa A.S ya riske su a zamaninsa lokacin da aka saukar masa da Attaurah. A lokacin suna masu bautar shanu, don haka sai ya kira iya ƙabilar sa Bani Israila zuwa bautar Allah makaɗaici. Shi ya sa sai Bani Isra'ila suka yi kwaɗayin a sanya musu abin bauta kamar yadda Futawa suke yi, har kuma Musa Samiri ya shagaltar da su tare da sanya musu ɗan maraƙi a matsayin abin bautar Annabi Musa A.S. Sai daga baya Annabin Allah Musa ya gane lamarin, sannan ya kira shugabansu mai suna Tori ya ƙarbi addini, shi ne har aka yi bikin karɓarsa ranar Asabar a jikin dutsen durisina. Fulani na kiran bikin 'Larki'. Har kuma sukan ce "RaduTori Sinin", watau ga Inda Tori ya musulunta wajen nuni da Ɗurisinin.5A wannan zamanin, sai ƙabilar Futah ta kasu. Wasu suka karɓi addinin Annabi Musa bisa biyayya da shugaban su Tori, wasu kuma suka bijere, inda suka yi Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, daga jikinsu ƙabilun Chusi da ake kira Totsi yanzu suka fita, da sauran ƙabilun da suka mamaye yankunan. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA BIYU Aka ce asalin Fulani tare da Yahudawa suke da zama. Don haka kusancin su ke sanyawa ake kiransu da sunan Yahudawa. Kuma su mayaƙa ne marasa tsoro, waɗanda ba sa rabo da makami, sannan suna matuƙar ɗaukaka ranar Asabar sama da sauran ranaku saboda tarayyar su da Yahudawa. Sannu a hankali suka famtsama yankin Afirka ta Yammah. ASALIN FULANI MAHANGA TA UKU Wannan mahangar kuma ta nuna cewa Fulani tsatso ne daga zuriyar Annabi Ayyuba A.SAka ce a lokacin da ya zama dattijo yana wa'azi a gefen tekun Indiya, sai aka ba shi wata mace aure wadda ba ta son sa. Don hakan idan dare ya yi sai ta guje masa zuwa bayan daki, a can kuma sai sheɗan ya rinƙa zuwar mata yana tarawa da ita. A haka har ta samu rabon yaro namiji wanda baya magana da kowa.Aka yi magana a kan yadda ta samu wannan yaro dube da rashin tarayyar ta da maigidanta, amma Annabi Nuhu ya ce a kyale ta a matsayin matarsa, daga bisani hakan ya cigaba da faruwa har ta sake haifar yarinya mace.Don haka waɗannan mace da namijin da suka girma su ne suka fara amfani da yarensu sabo na Fulatanci. ==Tarihi== Fulani dai sunfito daga dangin yaren NIGER-CONGO == Arziki == == Wasanni == == Fannin tsarotsaro == == Kimiya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa === == Al'adu == === Mutane === === Abinci === Daga cikin muhimman abincin Fulani akwai [[Fura]]. === Tufafi === == Ilimi == == Addinai == === Musulunci === == Hotuna == === Maza === <gallery> File:Fulani Dress.jpg|Bafullatani da Bafillatana. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. File:FULANI LOVE.jpg|Ma'aurata biyu, Miji da Mata a Fulani. File:Fulani man.jpg|Bafullatani da zane a fuskarsa. File:The Fulani traditional marriage requirements which is flogging of the Groom.jpg|Mazan Fulani suna yin shaɗi. File:The fulani rural settlement. Mostly called Rugan Fulani is a common type of settlement the fulani people within wesr african countries have. Houses are built with muds and roofing dome with straws or grasses.jpg|Ƙauyen Fulani, ko kuma Rigar Fulani. </gallery> === Mata === <gallery> File:Wiki fulani girl.jpg|Bahillatana da zane a fuskarta. File:Fulani Woman.jpg|Kayan Fulani File:Fulani Woman from Niger.jpg|Matan Fulani suna da gashi sosai a kan su. File:Nathaniel Ajibola Fulani Woman Nigeria.JPG|Bafullatana mai tallan nono. File:Fulani dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|Fulani na rawar al'ada. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]] 9d5srqfu1iet1lh561qo5nql1arlmat 964730 964728 2026-10-08T11:54:43Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Fulani woman West Africa.jpg|thumb|tsohuwar (Nayejo) fulani ɗauke da ƙwaryar nono]] [[File:Washing 01.jpg|thumb|wata matar Fulani tare da Yaran ta sun kewaye ta, tana wanke-wanke]] [[Fayil:Fulani display.jpg|thumb|Fulani]] [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|Rugar fulani]] [[Fayil:A Fulani girl in 1911.png|thumb|kalan shigar fulani]] [[Fayil:Fulani dancers.jpg|thumb|Rawan fulani]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een kudde runderen van de Fulani TMnr 20010695.jpg|thumb|sun dugara dakiwun shano]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groepsportret van een Fulani familie voor hun huis in de regio Ouargaye TMnr 20010032.jpg|thumb|rugan fulani]] '''Fulani''' ko '''Fulata''' (tilo: '''Bafulatani''' ko '''Bafillace''') <ref>Fula: Fulɓe, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Hausa: Fulani or Hilani; Kanuri: Fillata; Portuguese: Fula; Wolof: Pël; Bambara: Fulaw; Tyap: A̱fa̱taa</ref>[[Mutane]] ne da ke a Yammah Maso Arewacin [[Afrika]] tun a tsawon lokaci. Mafi shaharar sana'ar Fulani ita ce [[kiwo]]n dabbobi musammanma shanu da kuma sayar da nono<ref>[https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0 sanar kiwohttps://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0]</ref>, kuma suna tatsan [[Fura|nonon]] dabbobinsu domin <ref>Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref>sayarwa, [[Fulani]] wasu [[mutane]] ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta, da zamantakewar su sukan zauna da kowace ƙabilu lafiya kuma har su ƙulla aure a tsakaninsu.<ref>Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (in German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.</ref> Kiɗiddiga ta nuna cewa akwai Fulani aƙalla miliyan talatin da biyar a [[Najeriya]].<ref>Clark, Andrew F. (1996). "The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/221416. JSTOR 221416.</ref> [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Fulani mannen en vrouwen met hun vee bij een centrale drinkplaats TMnr 20017341.jpg|thumb|Fulani da shanun su.]] [[File:Fulani Nomads.jpg|thumb|Fulani suna tashi sun ɗora yaransu a kan jaki.]] ==Harshen [[fulani]]== [[Harshen Hausa|Harshe]] ko yaren da kuma [[Fulani]] suke [[magana]] da shi sunansa [[Fulfulde]]. <ref>The homonym Fulani is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word Fula in their language (with suffix -ni), essentially meaning 'little Fula'.</ref>Haka ake kiran sa a ƙasashen [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da [[Sudan]] da [[Kamaru]], amma a tushen inda suka fito, watau kamar ƙasashen [[Senegal]] da [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Gini]] da sauransu. <ref>The letter ɓ is an implosive b sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by b. In the orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985), this sound was represented by bh, so one would have written Fulbhe instead of Fulɓe.</ref>Ana kiran harshen da '''Pulaar''' ko '''Fula''.<ref>https://afrigo.org/articles/people-group-fulani/</ref> [[File:Fullani hause village area.jpg|thumb]] === ASALIN KALMAR FULANI<ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA492&redir_esc=y</ref> === Da farko dai masanin ya faɗa cewar tabbataccen tarihi shi ne wanda ya zo a Alƙur'ani da Hadisai, amma duk wani abu wanda ba shi ba kan iya zamowa gurɓatacce, don haka bai doru a kan cewa wajibin duk abinda ya faɗa shi ne na gaskiya ba.<ref>Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people". Pulse Nigeria. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-09-18.</ref>A cewar sa asalin sunan Fulani shi ne Tuta (Futa Toro), kuma suna cikin tsofaffin ƙabilun duniya ne. Shi sunan Futa ɗin sun samo shi ne daga kakansu/uban su da ake kira Futa, kuma shi jika ne ga [[Annabi]] Nuhu (A.S) Ta wajensa aka samar da Samudawa da Adawa, don haka faɗin Allah Ta Ala a Alkur'ani (IRAMA ZA TUL IMAAD) da ƙabilar su yake, domin an samu cewa an taɓa kiran su da suna Iramawa.<ref>Saeed, Asma’u G. (2017). "The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd". Journal for Islamic Studies. 36 (1): 61. ISSN 2957-9163.</ref><ref>"Hello Bello: How 'Bello' became Nigeria's most ecumenical name - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2024-11-02.</ref>Daga bisanin saboda yawaitar su ga yaƙe-yaƙe, sai aka dinga kiransu da suna Fatah, ma'ana Jarumai. Sannu a hankali kuma aka koma ambaton su da suna Futa. Yanayin zaman su a wurare kuwa shi ne silar sauyawar sunayen su, ta yadda ake kiran wasu Futa Toro, ma'ana Futawa mazaunan Toro, da Futa Masina da Futa Jallo da Futa Falgo da sauran su A cewar masanin, shi wannan sunan na FULANI, ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka, sanda suka haɗu da ƙabilar MANDINKA wajen zama, waɗanda su ma kusan Fulani ne a halaye da dabi'u.Malam Ahmad ya tafi a kan cewa Fulani ƙabilar farko ce da suka soma zaman Afirka, kuma su ne suka zo da addini Yammacin Afirka.Don haka idan Fulanin sun tara 'ya'yansu, su kan sanar musu da cewa 'Ana Hulbe (Fulbe) Allah'. Ma'ana mu masu tsoron Allah ne, kada kuyi abinda Mandinkawa abokan zamanmu suke aikatawa. Daga nan sai mandinkawa masu zuwa ganin su suka rinka kiransu da suna Fulah, kafin daga bisani sunan ya rinka sauyawa zuwa Fullata, da Fulbe. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA ƊAYA Malam Ahmad ya sanar mana da cewa Bafillatani ya samu ne daga Annabi Nuhu A S.Asalin zuriyarsa kuma a yankin Ɗurisinin dake da zama. A nan ne har Annabi Musa A.S ya riske su a zamaninsa lokacin da aka saukar masa da Attaurah. A lokacin suna masu bautar shanu, don haka sai ya kira iya ƙabilar sa Bani Israila zuwa bautar Allah makaɗaici. Shi ya sa sai Bani Isra'ila suka yi kwaɗayin a sanya musu abin bauta kamar yadda Futawa suke yi, har kuma Musa Samiri ya shagaltar da su tare da sanya musu ɗan maraƙi a matsayin abin bautar Annabi Musa A.S. Sai daga baya Annabin Allah Musa ya gane lamarin, sannan ya kira shugabansu mai suna Tori ya ƙarbi addini, shi ne har aka yi bikin karɓarsa ranar Asabar a jikin dutsen durisina. Fulani na kiran bikin 'Larki'. Har kuma sukan ce "RaduTori Sinin", watau ga Inda Tori ya musulunta wajen nuni da Ɗurisinin.5A wannan zamanin, sai ƙabilar Futah ta kasu. Wasu suka karɓi addinin Annabi Musa bisa biyayya da shugaban su Tori, wasu kuma suka bijere, inda suka yi Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, daga jikinsu ƙabilun Chusi da ake kira Totsi yanzu suka fita, da sauran ƙabilun da suka mamaye yankunan. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA BIYU Aka ce asalin Fulani tare da Yahudawa suke da zama. Don haka kusancin su ke sanyawa ake kiransu da sunan Yahudawa. Kuma su mayaƙa ne marasa tsoro, waɗanda ba sa rabo da makami, sannan suna matuƙar ɗaukaka ranar Asabar sama da sauran ranaku saboda tarayyar su da Yahudawa. Sannu a hankali suka famtsama yankin Afirka ta Yammah. ASALIN FULANI MAHANGA TA UKU Wannan mahangar kuma ta nuna cewa Fulani tsatso ne daga zuriyar Annabi Ayyuba A.SAka ce a lokacin da ya zama dattijo yana wa'azi a gefen tekun Indiya, sai aka ba shi wata mace aure wadda ba ta son sa. Don hakan idan dare ya yi sai ta guje masa zuwa bayan daki, a can kuma sai sheɗan ya rinƙa zuwar mata yana tarawa da ita. A haka har ta samu rabon yaro namiji wanda baya magana da kowa.Aka yi magana a kan yadda ta samu wannan yaro dube da rashin tarayyar ta da maigidanta, amma Annabi Nuhu ya ce a kyale ta a matsayin matarsa, daga bisani hakan ya cigaba da faruwa har ta sake haifar yarinya mace.Don haka waɗannan mace da namijin da suka girma su ne suka fara amfani da yarensu sabo na Fulatanci. ==Tarihi== Fulani dai sunfito daga dangin yaren NIGER-CONGO == Arziki == == Wasanni == == Fannin tsarotsaro == == Kimiya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa === == Al'adu == === Mutane === === Abinci === Daga cikin muhimman abincin Fulani akwai [[Fura]]. === Tufafi === == [[Ilimi]] == == Addinai == === Musulunci === == Hotuna == === Maza === <gallery> File:Fulani Dress.jpg|Bafullatani da Bafillatana. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. File:FULANI LOVE.jpg|Ma'aurata biyu, Miji da Mata a Fulani. File:Fulani man.jpg|Bafullatani da zane a fuskarsa. File:The Fulani traditional marriage requirements which is flogging of the Groom.jpg|Mazan Fulani suna yin shaɗi. File:The fulani rural settlement. Mostly called Rugan Fulani is a common type of settlement the fulani people within wesr african countries have. Houses are built with muds and roofing dome with straws or grasses.jpg|Ƙauyen Fulani, ko kuma Rigar Fulani. </gallery> === Mata === <gallery> File:Wiki fulani girl.jpg|Bahillatana da zane a fuskarta. File:Fulani Woman.jpg|Kayan Fulani File:Fulani Woman from Niger.jpg|Matan Fulani suna da gashi sosai a kan su. File:Nathaniel Ajibola Fulani Woman Nigeria.JPG|Bafullatana mai tallan nono. File:Fulani dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|Fulani na rawar al'ada. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]] epq09s3pa36rdh2bai47s0r7ovvwkc3 964731 964730 2026-10-08T11:56:26Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Fulani woman West Africa.jpg|thumb|tsohuwar (Nayejo) fulani ɗauke da ƙwaryar nono]] [[File:Washing 01.jpg|thumb|wata matar Fulani tare da Yaran ta sun kewaye ta, tana wanke-wanke]] [[Fayil:Fulani display.jpg|thumb|Fulani]] [[Fayil:SAN 7773 05 (Fulani Settlement).jpg|thumb|Rugar fulani]] [[Fayil:A Fulani girl in 1911.png|thumb|kalan shigar fulani]] [[Fayil:Fulani dancers.jpg|thumb|Rawan fulani]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een kudde runderen van de Fulani TMnr 20010695.jpg|thumb|sun dugara dakiwun shano]] [[Fayil:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Groepsportret van een Fulani familie voor hun huis in de regio Ouargaye TMnr 20010032.jpg|thumb|rugan fulani]] '''Fulani''' ko '''Fulata''' (tilo: '''Bafulatani''' ko '''Bafillace''') <ref>Fula: Fulɓe, 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤩𞤫; French: Peul; Hausa: Fulani or Hilani; Kanuri: Fillata; Portuguese: Fula; Wolof: Pël; Bambara: Fulaw; Tyap: A̱fa̱taa</ref>[[Mutane]] ne da ke a Yammah Maso Arewacin [[Afrika]] tun a tsawon lokaci. Mafi shaharar sana'ar Fulani ita ce [[kiwo]]n dabbobi musammanma shanu da kuma sayar da nono<ref>[https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0 sanar kiwohttps://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/KasarHausaKiwo.html#gsc.tab=0]</ref>, kuma suna tatsan [[Fura|nonon]] dabbobinsu domin <ref>Richard M. Juang (2008). Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. ABC-CLIO. p. 492. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7</nowiki>.</ref>sayarwa, [[Fulani]] wasu [[mutane]] ne da ke da kyakkyawar fahimta, da zamantakewar su sukan zauna da kowace ƙabilu lafiya kuma har su ƙulla aure a tsakaninsu.<ref>Felicity Crowe (2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. p. 262. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Steven L. Danver (2015). Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. pp. 31–32. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-317-46400-6</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Fulbe". homepage.univie.ac.at (in German). Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.</ref> Kiɗiddiga ta nuna cewa akwai Fulani aƙalla miliyan talatin da biyar a [[Najeriya]].<ref>Clark, Andrew F. (1996). "The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 29 (1): 1–23. doi:10.2307/221416. JSTOR 221416.</ref> [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Fulani mannen en vrouwen met hun vee bij een centrale drinkplaats TMnr 20017341.jpg|thumb|Fulani da shanun su.]] [[File:Fulani Nomads.jpg|thumb|Fulani suna tashi sun ɗora yaransu a kan jaki.]] ==Harshen [[fulani]]== [[Harshen Hausa|Harshe]] ko yaren da kuma [[Fulani]] suke [[magana]] da shi sunansa [[Fulfulde]]. <ref>The homonym Fulani is also used by the Manding peoples, being the diminutive form of the word Fula in their language (with suffix -ni), essentially meaning 'little Fula'.</ref>Haka ake kiran sa a ƙasashen [[Najeriya]] da [[Nijar]] da [[Sudan]] da [[Kamaru]], amma a tushen inda suka fito, watau kamar ƙasashen [[Senegal]] da [[Mauritaniya]] da [[Gini]] da sauransu. <ref>The letter ɓ is an implosive b sound, which does not exist in English, so is replaced by b. In the orthography for languages of Guinea (pre-1985), this sound was represented by bh, so one would have written Fulbhe instead of Fulɓe.</ref>Ana kiran harshen da '''Pulaar''' ko '''Fula''.<ref>https://afrigo.org/articles/people-group-fulani/</ref> [[File:Fullani hause village area.jpg|thumb]] === ASALIN KALMAR FULANI<ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=wFrAOqfhuGYC&pg=PA492&redir_esc=y</ref> === Da farko dai masanin ya faɗa cewar tabbataccen tarihi shi ne wanda ya zo a Alƙur'ani da Hadisai, amma duk wani abu wanda ba shi ba kan iya zamowa gurɓatacce, don haka bai doru a kan cewa wajibin duk abinda ya faɗa shi ne na gaskiya ba.<ref>Fulani: A brief walk into the origin and lifestyle of this beautiful people". Pulse Nigeria. 2022-07-06. Retrieved 2023-09-18.</ref>A cewar sa asalin sunan Fulani shi ne Tuta (Futa Toro), kuma suna cikin tsofaffin ƙabilun duniya ne. Shi sunan Futa ɗin sun samo shi ne daga kakansu/uban su da ake kira Futa, kuma shi jika ne ga [[Annabi]] Nuhu (A.S) Ta wajensa aka samar da Samudawa da Adawa, don haka faɗin Allah Ta Ala a Alkur'ani (IRAMA ZA TUL IMAAD) da ƙabilar su yake, domin an samu cewa an taɓa kiran su da suna Iramawa.<ref>Saeed, Asma’u G. (2017). "The Mahdiyya in Adamawa Emirate : the poem on the battle of Danki (1892) by Shaykh Hayāt b. Sa'īd". Journal for Islamic Studies. 36 (1): 61. ISSN 2957-9163.</ref><ref>"Hello Bello: How 'Bello' became Nigeria's most ecumenical name - Daily Trust". dailytrust.com. 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2024-11-02.</ref>Daga bisanin saboda yawaitar su ga yaƙe-yaƙe, sai aka dinga kiransu da suna Fatah, ma'ana Jarumai. Sannu a hankali kuma aka koma ambaton su da suna Futa. Yanayin zaman su a wurare kuwa shi ne silar sauyawar sunayen su, ta yadda ake kiran wasu Futa Toro, ma'ana Futawa mazaunan Toro, da Futa Masina da Futa Jallo da Futa Falgo da sauran su A cewar masanin, shi wannan sunan na FULANI, ya samo asali ne a Yammacin Afirka, sanda suka haɗu da ƙabilar MANDINKA wajen zama, waɗanda su ma kusan Fulani ne a halaye da dabi'u.Malam Ahmad ya tafi a kan cewa Fulani ƙabilar farko ce da suka soma zaman Afirka, kuma su ne suka zo da addini Yammacin Afirka.Don haka idan Fulanin sun tara 'ya'yansu, su kan sanar musu da cewa 'Ana Hulbe (Fulbe) Allah'. Ma'ana mu masu tsoron Allah ne, kada kuyi abinda Mandinkawa abokan zamanmu suke aikatawa. Daga nan sai mandinkawa masu zuwa ganin su suka rinka kiransu da suna Fulah, kafin daga bisani sunan ya rinka sauyawa zuwa Fullata, da Fulbe. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA ƊAYA Malam Ahmad ya sanar mana da cewa Bafillatani ya samu ne daga Annabi Nuhu A S.Asalin zuriyarsa kuma a yankin Ɗurisinin dake da zama. A nan ne har Annabi Musa A.S ya riske su a zamaninsa lokacin da aka saukar masa da Attaurah. A lokacin suna masu bautar shanu, don haka sai ya kira iya ƙabilar sa Bani Israila zuwa bautar Allah makaɗaici. Shi ya sa sai Bani Isra'ila suka yi kwaɗayin a sanya musu abin bauta kamar yadda Futawa suke yi, har kuma Musa Samiri ya shagaltar da su tare da sanya musu ɗan maraƙi a matsayin abin bautar Annabi Musa A.S. Sai daga baya Annabin Allah Musa ya gane lamarin, sannan ya kira shugabansu mai suna Tori ya ƙarbi addini, shi ne har aka yi bikin karɓarsa ranar Asabar a jikin dutsen durisina. Fulani na kiran bikin 'Larki'. Har kuma sukan ce "RaduTori Sinin", watau ga Inda Tori ya musulunta wajen nuni da Ɗurisinin.5A wannan zamanin, sai ƙabilar Futah ta kasu. Wasu suka karɓi addinin Annabi Musa bisa biyayya da shugaban su Tori, wasu kuma suka bijere, inda suka yi Hijira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, daga jikinsu ƙabilun Chusi da ake kira Totsi yanzu suka fita, da sauran ƙabilun da suka mamaye yankunan. ASALIN BAFILLATANI MAHANGA TA BIYU Aka ce asalin Fulani tare da Yahudawa suke da zama. Don haka kusancin su ke sanyawa ake kiransu da sunan Yahudawa. Kuma su mayaƙa ne marasa tsoro, waɗanda ba sa rabo da makami, sannan suna matuƙar ɗaukaka ranar Asabar sama da sauran ranaku saboda tarayyar su da Yahudawa. Sannu a hankali suka famtsama yankin Afirka ta Yammah. ASALIN FULANI MAHANGA TA UKU Wannan mahangar kuma ta nuna cewa Fulani tsatso ne daga zuriyar Annabi Ayyuba A.SAka ce a lokacin da ya zama dattijo yana wa'azi a gefen tekun Indiya, sai aka ba shi wata mace aure wadda ba ta son sa. Don hakan idan dare ya yi sai ta guje masa zuwa bayan daki, a can kuma sai sheɗan ya rinƙa zuwar mata yana tarawa da ita. A haka har ta samu rabon yaro namiji wanda baya magana da kowa.Aka yi magana a kan yadda ta samu wannan yaro dube da rashin tarayyar ta da maigidanta, amma Annabi Nuhu ya ce a kyale ta a matsayin matarsa, daga bisani hakan ya cigaba da faruwa har ta sake haifar yarinya mace.Don haka waɗannan mace da namijin da suka girma su ne suka fara amfani da yarensu sabo na Fulatanci. ==Tarihi== Fulani dai sunfito daga dangin yaren NIGER-CONGO == Arziki == == Wasanni == == Fannin tsarotsaro == == Kimiya da Fasaha == == Sifiri == === Sifirin Jirgin Sama === === Sifirin Jirgin Kasa === == [[Al'adu]] == === [[Mutane]] === === [[Abinci]] === Daga cikin muhimman abincin Fulani akwai [[Fura]]. === [[Tufafi]] === == [[Ilimi]] == == [[Addini|Addinai]] == === [[Musulunci]] === == [[Hotuna]] == === Maza === <gallery> File:Fulani Dress.jpg|Bafullatani da Bafillatana. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. File:FULANI LOVE.jpg|Ma'aurata biyu, Miji da Mata a Fulani. File:Fulani man.jpg|Bafullatani da zane a fuskarsa. File:The Fulani traditional marriage requirements which is flogging of the Groom.jpg|Mazan Fulani suna yin shaɗi. File:The fulani rural settlement. Mostly called Rugan Fulani is a common type of settlement the fulani people within wesr african countries have. Houses are built with muds and roofing dome with straws or grasses.jpg|Ƙauyen Fulani, ko kuma Rigar Fulani. </gallery> === Mata === <gallery> File:Wiki fulani girl.jpg|Bahillatana da zane a fuskarta. File:Fulani Woman.jpg|Kayan Fulani File:Fulani Woman from Niger.jpg|Matan Fulani suna da gashi sosai a kan su. File:Nathaniel Ajibola Fulani Woman Nigeria.JPG|Bafullatana mai tallan nono. File:Fulani dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|Fulani na rawar al'ada. File:Fulani herdsman.jpg|Yawancin Fulani makiyayan shanu ne. </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Al'ummomin Nijeriya]] i1j6qtj8i9x33b30dyfkzt18anpctdl 0 8761 964324 963423 2026-10-07T13:10:14Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Kasuwar potiskum.jpg|thumb]] '''Potiskum''' karamar [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce dake cikin [[Yobe|jihar Yobe]] wanda ke arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], tana kan babbar hanyar A3 a{{Coord|11|43|N|11|04|E|region:NG_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228060931/https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Potiskum pronouncing.wav|thumb]] == Tarihi == Garin [[Potiskum]] mazauni ne ga tsarin [[gargajiya]] da na al'umma wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar Fika. A tarihi abin da aka fi sani da [[Masarautar]] [[fika]] mai hidimtawa a Potiskum ita ce ’yar kwakwalwar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] wadanda suka yi amfani da kabilun ’yan asalin yankin da suka hada da [[Kare-Kare]], [[Ngizim]], [[Ngamo]], kanuri, [[Bolewa]], [[Fulani]] da [[Hausawa]] suka kafa gwamnatin tsakiya<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228061506/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> sai,dai kuma kasancewar anfisanin masarautar fika da mulkin garin,amma tanada wata masarauta acikin garin da akemasa lakabi da masarautar potiskum. == Sarkin Potiskum == [[Fayil:Potiskum emire palace.jg.jpg|thumb|Gidan mai martaba sarkin potiskum]] Sarkin Potiskum shi ne Mai Umar Ibn Wuriwa Bauya. == Tattalin Arziki == Potiskum ta kasance babbar cibiyar [[kasuwanci]] a jihar [[Yobe]], saboda dabarun da take da shi a matsayin ta na cibiyar kasuwanci, koyo, farfado da [[ruhi]] da al'adu. [[Mutanen Soninke|Mutanen]] da suka fito daga [[Borno|jihohin Borno]] da [[Jigawa]] da [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] da [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] da [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] da wasu da dama daga kasashen [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nigar]] da [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Kamaru]] da [[Benin]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]],suna da hannun jari a kasuwar shanu mafi girma dake yankin kudu da saharar hamadar, wadda ke garin Potiskum. Kuma suna da yawan manyan wuraren gyarawa a [[Najeriya]]. [[Fayil:Traditional Dancers performing During 2023 Sallah Festival at Potiskum Emirate Palace, Yobe State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Potiskum]] Don haka, an san Potiskum da kasuwanni kamar haka; .kasuwan dabbobi, Kasuwar shanu, Kasuwar wayoyin hannu .kasuwan hatsi , Dakumah babbar kasuwa.[[Fayil:Kasuwa. Hatsi Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Potiskum]] Binchike yanunah potiskum itache birni mafi girma a jihar Yobe da ke da hada-hada ko ache habakar kasuwanci a yammacin jihar Yobe. Tana da kasuwar dabbobi mafi girma a Afirca kuma mafi girma a yammacin Afirca. Yawancin shanun ana jigilar su zuwa wasu sassan kasar kamar su inugu, legas,wari, fatakot, da sauransu. == Tsarin kasa. Haka zalika karamar hukumar potiskum, tana dauke da yankuna kamar,bolawa A, bolawa B, dogo tebo, dogo Nini, yarimaram, Damagun,dancuwa,mamudo, dakuma ngojin,alaraba,da yandiski. == Tana. Da {{Convert|559|km2}} Yawan jama'a A shekara ta 2023 511,448 2022 483,346 2021 454,813 2020 426,253 2019 398,160 2018 371,040 2017 345,351 2016 321,441 2015 299,186 <reference "wold population review #[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:53, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC) == Fitattun mutane == * Lamba Shua'ibu * Alhaji Idi Wadina Lailai * Alhaji Baba Adi * Alhaji Baba Gimba * Alhaji Adamu Maina Waziri * Alhaji Adamu Chiroma * Fatsuma Talba * Hajiya A,e mai Katangan nera * Alhaji Adamu Bazuwa * Alhaji kwalo * Alhaji Mai Dirmi * Alhaji Guza. * Hakimi Garba na malam madi * Hajiya Uwani Bajoga * Alhaji Musa Lawan *Alhaji bakoji. *alhaji Hassan rimi Dan malikin potiskum *Ummaru aljan *alhaji mamma fara fara *Alhaji adamu sale kusulwa *Alhaji Adamun Mama. *hakimi salisu auwal *Dan baba galda *Alhaji Hassan dabare santurakin tikau *Ibrahim Muhammad bomoi *muhammed Hassan dambu *Alhaji Ibrahim Dan Fulani *baradan potiskum *Alhaji wammi nahuta *Alhaji adamu chillariye *Adamu waziri *Jibir janko *Adamu bazuwa == Filin Jirgin Saman Potiskum == [[Potiskum Airstrip|Filin jirgin saman Potiskum]] yana cikin GRA na birni daga yammacin garin, a kan hanyar [[Kano]]. Ofishin Hukumar Kula da Sararin [[Samaniya]] ta Najeriya (NAMA) da ke wannan filin girgin saman, wanda ya kamata ya dauki nauyin isar da bayanan zirga-zirgar jiragen ga jiragen da ke shawagi a sararin samaniyar, bai cika aiki ba saboda na'urorin da aka sanya a wurin ba su da kayan aiki. kwamfutoci don baiwa ma'aikatan a kimiyyance su hango jiragen sama suna shawagi a sararin saman Potiskum. Filin jirgin dai ya zo ne a lokacin da ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi wa nahiyar [[Afirka]] kaca-kaca domin Potiskum gari ne mai yaduwa a arewacin kasar wanda tun da farko [[Jamus]] ta mamaye kasar kafin [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] ta karbi ragamar mulkin kasar. Makasudin gina filin jirgin shi ne don a samu saukin zirga-zirgar farar hula a ciki da wajen Potiskum domin kuwa garin ya kasance kofar shiga wasu garuruwan da ke kusa da arewacin kasar, lamarin da ya kara habaka harkokin kasuwanci da sauran harkokin kasuwanci a yankin. Haka zalika potiskum tana da matasa masu hikima a bangaren kere kere dakuma gyaran ababan amfanin rayuwa koma wane urine dukda sunada karancin kamfanunuwa Amma Hakan Bai saukar da tattalin arzikin jiharba Dan mutanen jihar sun dukufane gurin Sana,u iri iri kamar su. . Noma .Kiwo .sana,ar hannu .Wanda masana sungano cewa duk kasar Nigeria Babu jihar da takeda kasa Mai dauke da sinadarai Daban Daban kamarsu. .laka .yashi .tabo. .dadai sauransu Wanda ana iya noman kowane irin launin abin da'ake Nomawa a jiar potiskum. A watan Yulin shekarar (2009) 'yan [[Boko Haram]] sun qona ofishin 'yan sanda guda Biyu a lokacin da suka tayar da zaune tsaye. <ref>''[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2009/07/2009727134953755877.html Deadly Nigeria Clashes Spread]''. Al Jazeera English - Africa, July 27, 2009</ref> Wani harin da aka kai a watan Mayun (2012) a kasuwar shanu an kashe mutane sama da 34, amma da alama harin daga wasu masu laifin ne na neman daukar fansa, ba Boko Haram ba. <ref>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17936549 Nigeria’s Potiskum Cattle Market Raid ‘Kills Dozens.’['' BBC News, May 3, 2012</ref> <ref>''[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/resident-walks-among-burnt-cattle-market-in-northeast-news-photo/143817828 A Resident Walks among Burnt Cattle Market in Northeast Nigerian Town of Potiskum on May 4, 2012]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Getty Images. Accessed January 18, 2015</ref> A ranar [[Kirsimeti|25 ga Disamba]], 2012, an yi harbin jama'a a coci. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2014, akalla mutane 30 ne suka mutu a wani harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a wani jerin gwano na [[Shi'a|mabiya mazhabar Shi'a]] a makarantar Fudiyya. <ref>Musikilu Mojeed. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501040153.html Nigeria: Car Bomb Explosion Kills 6 in Yobe]''. Premium Times - allAfrica.com, December 31, 2014</ref> Gwamnan jihar Yobe, [[Ibrahim Gaidam]], ya yi wa 'yan kungiyar Harkar [[Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya|Musulunci a Najeriya]] (ISMN) alkawarin cewa zaiyi chikakken binchike don bukatar cikakken bi kan zargin harbe mambobinta da sojojin da aka tura wurin da aka kai harin suka yi. <ref>Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30]''. The Guardian - allAfrica.com. Accessed January 18, 2015</ref> <ref name="njadvaramusa">Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30].'' The Guardian - allAfrica.com. 6 Nov 2014. Accessed January 18, 2015</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2014, an gano wasu mutane goma sha shida da sojojin Najeriya suka kama a sakamakon raunukan harsasai da suka samu sa'o'i kadan bayan haka. Wata majiyar kuma ta sanya adadin zuwa goma sha takwas. <ref>Hamisu Kabir Matazu and Ibrahim Kabiru Sule. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411071589.html Nigeria: Tension in Potiskum As Soldiers Kill 18]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, November 7, 2014</ref> <ref name="njadvaramusa"/> A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014 akalla yara maza 46 ne suka mutu sannan 79 suka jikkata, ta hanyar wani dan kunar bakin wake a yayin taron dalibai a Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati." <ref>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29985252 Nigeria School Blast in Potiskum Kills Dozens]''. BBC News - Africa, November 10, 2014.</ref> <ref>Schiavenza, Matt. ''[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/Suspected-Boko-Haram-Suicide-Bomber-Kills-50-Students-at-Government-Science-Technical-College-Potiskum/382595/ Suspected Boko Haram Suicide Bomber Kills 50 in Government Science Technical College Potiskum]'' The Atlantic, 10 November 2014</ref> <ref>Nossiter, Adam. ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/world/africa/nigeria-suicide-bomber-boko-haram.html Bomb at School in Nigeria Kills Nearly 50 Boys]''. [[New York Times]], November 10, 2014</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Junairun shekarar 2015, an kashe mutane hudu tare da raunata sama da 40 a kasuwar Jagwal GSM bayan harin da wasu mata biyu ‘yan kunar bakin wake suka kai, wadanda daya daga cikinsu ya bayyana mai kimanin shekaru 15 da haihuwa. <ref>Ndahi Marama With Agency Reports. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120572.html Nigeria: Female Suicide Bombers Kill 39 in Potiskum, Maiduguri Markets]''. Vanguard - allAfrica.com, 12 January 2015</ref> <ref>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30787105 In Pictures: Aftermath of Bombing in Nigerian Town of Potiskum]''. BBC News, 12 January 2015</ref> Hakazalika wani harin bom da ya hada da wata mota da aka faka a ranar, ya kashe mutane biyu tare da raunata daya, a ofishin ‘yan sanda na shiyya. <ref>Hamisu Kabir Matazu. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120608.html Nigeria: Fresh Bomb Blast Kills Two Policemen in Potiskum]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, 11 January 2015</ref> A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2015, Gwamna Ibrahim Gaidam ya yi Allah wadai da hare-haren, kuma ya ba da shawarar kafa Cibiyar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa a Babban Asibitin da ke Potiskum. Ya ce za a biya kudaden jinyar wadanda suka jikkata a harin, ciki har da wadanda suka jikkata da aka kai wasu asibitoci domin yi musu magani. <ref>''[http://www.channelstv.com/2015/01/13/gaidam-proposes-emergency-centre-at-potiskum-hospital/ Gaidam Proposes Emergency Centre At Potiskum Hospital]''. Channels Television, 13 January 2015</ref> A ranakun 22 da 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2015, 'yan kunar bakin wake sun kashe mutane 22. A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2015, an kashe mutane shida a wani harin kunar bakin wake ALKALUMA An yi hasashen cewa potiskum zai kasance [[birni]] na bakwai mafi girma cikin sauri a [[nahiyar Afirka]] tsakanin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2020 zuwa 2025, tare da habakar 5.65%. == Fitattun mutane == * Idris Alkali, tsohon shugaban gwamnati, hedkwatar sojoji *Adamu ciroma,Tsohon Ministan Kudi *Sheik Sa'idu Malami mai koyarda karatun Allo da Littattafan Musulunci *Sheik Khabir Malami mai koyarda karatun Littattafan Musulunci *Sheik Mai Buzun Kwami,Masanin Al'qur Ani wanda ya tara Almajirai fiyeda dubu Ashirin.#[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:55, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<ref>https://aminiya.ng/rikici-ya-%C9%93arke-tsakanin-yan-kasuwar-potiskum-a-yobe/</ref>"Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics | Dailytrust" . Daily Trust . Retrieved 2022-05-08.{{Yobe State}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0js11d0jbgisx4ri4u9z87q1awrg1at 964325 964324 2026-10-07T13:12:12Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Kasuwar potiskum.jpg|thumb]] '''Potiskum''' karamar [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce dake cikin [[Yobe|jihar Yobe]] wanda ke arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], tana kan babbar hanyar A3 a{{Coord|11|43|N|11|04|E|region:NG_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228060931/https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Potiskum pronouncing.wav|thumb]] == Tarihi == Garin [[Potiskum]] mazauni ne ga tsarin [[gargajiya]] da na al'umma wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar Fika. A tarihi abin da aka fi sani da [[Masarautar]] [[fika]] mai hidimtawa a Potiskum ita ce ’yar kwakwalwar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] wadanda suka yi amfani da kabilun ’yan asalin yankin da suka hada da [[Kare-Kare]], [[Ngizim]], [[Ngamo]], kanuri, [[Bolewa]], [[Fulani]] da [[Hausawa]] suka kafa gwamnatin tsakiya<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228061506/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> sai,dai kuma kasancewar anfisanin masarautar fika da mulkin garin,amma tanada wata masarauta acikin garin da akemasa lakabi da masarautar potiskum. == Sarkin Potiskum == [[Fayil:Potiskum emire palace.jg.jpg|thumb|Gidan mai martaba sarkin potiskum]] Sarkin Potiskum shi ne Mai Umar Ibn Wuriwa Bauya. == Tattalin Arziki == Potiskum ta kasance babbar cibiyar [[kasuwanci]] a jihar [[Yobe]], saboda dabarun da take da shi a matsayin ta na cibiyar kasuwanci, koyo, farfado da [[ruhi]] da al'adu. [[Mutanen Soninke|Mutanen]] da suka fito daga [[Borno|jihohin Borno]] da [[Jigawa]] da [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] da [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] da [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] da wasu da dama daga kasashen [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nigar]] da [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Kamaru]] da [[Benin]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]],suna da hannun jari a kasuwar shanu mafi girma dake yankin kudu da saharar hamadar, wadda ke garin Potiskum. Kuma suna da yawan manyan wuraren gyarawa a [[Najeriya]]. [[Fayil:Traditional Dancers performing During 2023 Sallah Festival at Potiskum Emirate Palace, Yobe State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Potiskum]] Don haka, an san Potiskum da kasuwanni kamar haka; .kasuwan dabbobi, Kasuwar shanu, Kasuwar Wayoyin hannu, .kasuwar hatsi, Dakumah babbar kasuwa.[[Fayil:Kasuwa. Hatsi Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Potiskum]] Binchike yanunah potiskum itache birni mafi girma a jihar Yobe da ke da hada-hada ko ache habakar kasuwanci a yammacin jihar Yobe. Tana da kasuwar dabbobi mafi girma a Afirca kuma mafi girma a yammacin Afirca. Yawancin shanun ana jigilar su zuwa wasu sassan kasar kamar su inugu, legas,wari, fatakot, da sauransu. == Tsarin kasa. Haka zalika karamar hukumar potiskum, tana dauke da yankuna kamar,bolawa A, bolawa B, dogo tebo, dogo Nini, yarimaram, Damagun,dancuwa,mamudo, dakuma ngojin,alaraba,da yandiski. == Tana. Da {{Convert|559|km2}} Yawan jama'a A shekara ta 2023 511,448 2022 483,346 2021 454,813 2020 426,253 2019 398,160 2018 371,040 2017 345,351 2016 321,441 2015 299,186 <reference "wold population review #[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:53, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC) == Fitattun mutane == * Lamba Shua'ibu * Alhaji Idi Wadina Lailai * Alhaji Baba Adi * Alhaji Baba Gimba * Alhaji Adamu Maina Waziri * Alhaji Adamu Chiroma * Fatsuma Talba * Hajiya A,e mai Katangan nera * Alhaji Adamu Bazuwa * Alhaji kwalo * Alhaji Mai Dirmi * Alhaji Guza. * Hakimi Garba na malam madi * Hajiya Uwani Bajoga * Alhaji Musa Lawan *Alhaji bakoji. *alhaji Hassan rimi Dan malikin potiskum *Ummaru aljan *alhaji mamma fara fara *Alhaji adamu sale kusulwa *Alhaji Adamun Mama. *hakimi salisu auwal *Dan baba galda *Alhaji Hassan dabare santurakin tikau *Ibrahim Muhammad bomoi *muhammed Hassan dambu *Alhaji Ibrahim Dan Fulani *baradan potiskum *Alhaji wammi nahuta *Alhaji adamu chillariye *Adamu waziri *Jibir janko *Adamu bazuwa == Filin Jirgin Saman Potiskum == [[Potiskum Airstrip|Filin jirgin saman Potiskum]] yana cikin GRA na birni daga yammacin garin, a kan hanyar [[Kano]]. Ofishin Hukumar Kula da Sararin [[Samaniya]] ta Najeriya (NAMA) da ke wannan filin girgin saman, wanda ya kamata ya dauki nauyin isar da bayanan zirga-zirgar jiragen ga jiragen da ke shawagi a sararin samaniyar, bai cika aiki ba saboda na'urorin da aka sanya a wurin ba su da kayan aiki. kwamfutoci don baiwa ma'aikatan a kimiyyance su hango jiragen sama suna shawagi a sararin saman Potiskum. Filin jirgin dai ya zo ne a lokacin da ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi wa nahiyar [[Afirka]] kaca-kaca domin Potiskum gari ne mai yaduwa a arewacin kasar wanda tun da farko [[Jamus]] ta mamaye kasar kafin [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] ta karbi ragamar mulkin kasar. Makasudin gina filin jirgin shi ne don a samu saukin zirga-zirgar farar hula a ciki da wajen Potiskum domin kuwa garin ya kasance kofar shiga wasu garuruwan da ke kusa da arewacin kasar, lamarin da ya kara habaka harkokin kasuwanci da sauran harkokin kasuwanci a yankin. Haka zalika potiskum tana da matasa masu hikima a bangaren kere kere dakuma gyaran ababan amfanin rayuwa koma wane urine dukda sunada karancin kamfanunuwa Amma Hakan Bai saukar da tattalin arzikin jiharba Dan mutanen jihar sun dukufane gurin Sana,u iri iri kamar su. . Noma .Kiwo .sana,ar hannu .Wanda masana sungano cewa duk kasar Nigeria Babu jihar da takeda kasa Mai dauke da sinadarai Daban Daban kamarsu. .laka .yashi .tabo. .dadai sauransu Wanda ana iya noman kowane irin launin abin da'ake Nomawa a jiar potiskum. A watan Yulin shekarar (2009) 'yan [[Boko Haram]] sun qona ofishin 'yan sanda guda Biyu a lokacin da suka tayar da zaune tsaye. <ref>''[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2009/07/2009727134953755877.html Deadly Nigeria Clashes Spread]''. Al Jazeera English - Africa, July 27, 2009</ref> Wani harin da aka kai a watan Mayun (2012) a kasuwar shanu an kashe mutane sama da 34, amma da alama harin daga wasu masu laifin ne na neman daukar fansa, ba Boko Haram ba. <ref>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17936549 Nigeria’s Potiskum Cattle Market Raid ‘Kills Dozens.’['' BBC News, May 3, 2012</ref> <ref>''[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/resident-walks-among-burnt-cattle-market-in-northeast-news-photo/143817828 A Resident Walks among Burnt Cattle Market in Northeast Nigerian Town of Potiskum on May 4, 2012]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Getty Images. Accessed January 18, 2015</ref> A ranar [[Kirsimeti|25 ga Disamba]], 2012, an yi harbin jama'a a coci. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2014, akalla mutane 30 ne suka mutu a wani harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a wani jerin gwano na [[Shi'a|mabiya mazhabar Shi'a]] a makarantar Fudiyya. <ref>Musikilu Mojeed. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501040153.html Nigeria: Car Bomb Explosion Kills 6 in Yobe]''. Premium Times - allAfrica.com, December 31, 2014</ref> Gwamnan jihar Yobe, [[Ibrahim Gaidam]], ya yi wa 'yan kungiyar Harkar [[Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya|Musulunci a Najeriya]] (ISMN) alkawarin cewa zaiyi chikakken binchike don bukatar cikakken bi kan zargin harbe mambobinta da sojojin da aka tura wurin da aka kai harin suka yi. <ref>Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30]''. The Guardian - allAfrica.com. Accessed January 18, 2015</ref> <ref name="njadvaramusa">Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30].'' The Guardian - allAfrica.com. 6 Nov 2014. Accessed January 18, 2015</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2014, an gano wasu mutane goma sha shida da sojojin Najeriya suka kama a sakamakon raunukan harsasai da suka samu sa'o'i kadan bayan haka. Wata majiyar kuma ta sanya adadin zuwa goma sha takwas. <ref>Hamisu Kabir Matazu and Ibrahim Kabiru Sule. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411071589.html Nigeria: Tension in Potiskum As Soldiers Kill 18]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, November 7, 2014</ref> <ref name="njadvaramusa"/> A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014 akalla yara maza 46 ne suka mutu sannan 79 suka jikkata, ta hanyar wani dan kunar bakin wake a yayin taron dalibai a Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati." <ref>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29985252 Nigeria School Blast in Potiskum Kills Dozens]''. BBC News - Africa, November 10, 2014.</ref> <ref>Schiavenza, Matt. ''[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/Suspected-Boko-Haram-Suicide-Bomber-Kills-50-Students-at-Government-Science-Technical-College-Potiskum/382595/ Suspected Boko Haram Suicide Bomber Kills 50 in Government Science Technical College Potiskum]'' The Atlantic, 10 November 2014</ref> <ref>Nossiter, Adam. ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/world/africa/nigeria-suicide-bomber-boko-haram.html Bomb at School in Nigeria Kills Nearly 50 Boys]''. [[New York Times]], November 10, 2014</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Junairun shekarar 2015, an kashe mutane hudu tare da raunata sama da 40 a kasuwar Jagwal GSM bayan harin da wasu mata biyu ‘yan kunar bakin wake suka kai, wadanda daya daga cikinsu ya bayyana mai kimanin shekaru 15 da haihuwa. <ref>Ndahi Marama With Agency Reports. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120572.html Nigeria: Female Suicide Bombers Kill 39 in Potiskum, Maiduguri Markets]''. Vanguard - allAfrica.com, 12 January 2015</ref> <ref>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30787105 In Pictures: Aftermath of Bombing in Nigerian Town of Potiskum]''. BBC News, 12 January 2015</ref> Hakazalika wani harin bom da ya hada da wata mota da aka faka a ranar, ya kashe mutane biyu tare da raunata daya, a ofishin ‘yan sanda na shiyya. <ref>Hamisu Kabir Matazu. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120608.html Nigeria: Fresh Bomb Blast Kills Two Policemen in Potiskum]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, 11 January 2015</ref> A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2015, Gwamna Ibrahim Gaidam ya yi Allah wadai da hare-haren, kuma ya ba da shawarar kafa Cibiyar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa a Babban Asibitin da ke Potiskum. Ya ce za a biya kudaden jinyar wadanda suka jikkata a harin, ciki har da wadanda suka jikkata da aka kai wasu asibitoci domin yi musu magani. <ref>''[http://www.channelstv.com/2015/01/13/gaidam-proposes-emergency-centre-at-potiskum-hospital/ Gaidam Proposes Emergency Centre At Potiskum Hospital]''. Channels Television, 13 January 2015</ref> A ranakun 22 da 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2015, 'yan kunar bakin wake sun kashe mutane 22. A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2015, an kashe mutane shida a wani harin kunar bakin wake ALKALUMA An yi hasashen cewa potiskum zai kasance [[birni]] na bakwai mafi girma cikin sauri a [[nahiyar Afirka]] tsakanin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2020 zuwa 2025, tare da habakar 5.65%. == Fitattun mutane == * Idris Alkali, tsohon shugaban gwamnati, hedkwatar sojoji *Adamu ciroma,Tsohon Ministan Kudi *Sheik Sa'idu Malami mai koyarda karatun Allo da Littattafan Musulunci *Sheik Khabir Malami mai koyarda karatun Littattafan Musulunci *Sheik Mai Buzun Kwami,Masanin Al'qur Ani wanda ya tara Almajirai fiyeda dubu Ashirin.#[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:55, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<ref>https://aminiya.ng/rikici-ya-%C9%93arke-tsakanin-yan-kasuwar-potiskum-a-yobe/</ref>"Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics | Dailytrust" . Daily Trust . Retrieved 2022-05-08.{{Yobe State}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] esn5vvwe5fsxup0xgcw4x61vllxy115 964326 964325 2026-10-07T13:13:26Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Kasuwar potiskum.jpg|thumb]] '''Potiskum''' karamar [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce dake cikin [[Yobe|jihar Yobe]] wanda ke arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], tana kan babbar hanyar A3 a{{Coord|11|43|N|11|04|E|region:NG_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228060931/https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Potiskum pronouncing.wav|thumb]] == Tarihi == Garin [[Potiskum]] mazauni ne ga tsarin [[gargajiya]] da na al'umma wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar Fika. A tarihi abin da aka fi sani da [[Masarautar]] [[fika]] mai hidimtawa a Potiskum ita ce ’yar kwakwalwar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] wadanda suka yi amfani da kabilun ’yan asalin yankin da suka hada da [[Kare-Kare]], [[Ngizim]], [[Ngamo]], kanuri, [[Bolewa]], [[Fulani]] da [[Hausawa]] suka kafa gwamnatin tsakiya<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228061506/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> sai,dai kuma kasancewar anfisanin masarautar fika da mulkin garin,amma tanada wata masarauta acikin garin da akemasa lakabi da masarautar potiskum. == Sarkin Potiskum == [[Fayil:Potiskum emire palace.jg.jpg|thumb|Gidan mai martaba sarkin potiskum]] Sarkin Potiskum shi ne Mai Umar Ibn Wuriwa Bauya. == Tattalin Arziki == Potiskum ta kasance babbar cibiyar [[kasuwanci]] a jihar [[Yobe]], saboda dabarun da take da shi a matsayin ta na cibiyar kasuwanci, koyo, farfado da [[ruhi]] da al'adu. [[Mutanen Soninke|Mutanen]] da suka fito daga [[Borno|jihohin Borno]] da [[Jigawa]] da [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] da [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] da [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] da wasu da dama daga kasashen [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nigar]] da [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Kamaru]] da [[Benin]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]],suna da hannun jari a kasuwar shanu mafi girma dake yankin kudu da saharar hamadar, wadda ke garin Potiskum. Kuma suna da yawan manyan wuraren gyarawa a [[Najeriya]]. [[Fayil:Traditional Dancers performing During 2023 Sallah Festival at Potiskum Emirate Palace, Yobe State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Potiskum]] Don haka, an san Potiskum da kasuwanni kamar haka; .kasuwan dabbobi, Kasuwar shanu, Kasuwar Wayoyin hannu, .kasuwar hatsi, Dakumah babbar kasuwa.[[Fayil:Kasuwa. Hatsi Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Potiskum]] Binchike yanunah potiskum itache birni mafi girma a jihar Yobe da ke da hada-hada ko ache habakar kasuwanci a yammacin jihar Yobe. Tana da kasuwar dabbobi mafi girma a Afirca kuma mafi girma a yammacin Afirca. Yawancin [[shanu]] ana jigilar su zuwa wasu sassan kasar kamar su inugu, legas,wari, fatakot, da sauransu. == Tsarin kasa. Haka zalika karamar hukumar potiskum, tana dauke da yankuna kamar,bolawa A, bolawa B, dogo tebo, dogo Nini, yarimaram, Damagun,dancuwa,mamudo, dakuma ngojin,alaraba,da yandiski. == Tana. Da {{Convert|559|km2}} Yawan jama'a A shekara ta 2023 511,448 2022 483,346 2021 454,813 2020 426,253 2019 398,160 2018 371,040 2017 345,351 2016 321,441 2015 299,186 <reference "wold population review #[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:53, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC) == Fitattun mutane == * Lamba Shua'ibu * Alhaji Idi Wadina Lailai * Alhaji Baba Adi * Alhaji Baba Gimba * Alhaji Adamu Maina Waziri * Alhaji Adamu Chiroma * Fatsuma Talba * Hajiya A,e mai Katangan nera * Alhaji Adamu Bazuwa * Alhaji kwalo * Alhaji Mai Dirmi * Alhaji Guza. * Hakimi Garba na malam madi * Hajiya Uwani Bajoga * Alhaji Musa Lawan *Alhaji bakoji. *alhaji Hassan rimi Dan malikin potiskum *Ummaru aljan *alhaji mamma fara fara *Alhaji adamu sale kusulwa *Alhaji Adamun Mama. *hakimi salisu auwal *Dan baba galda *Alhaji Hassan dabare santurakin tikau *Ibrahim Muhammad bomoi *muhammed Hassan dambu *Alhaji Ibrahim Dan Fulani *baradan potiskum *Alhaji wammi nahuta *Alhaji adamu chillariye *Adamu waziri *Jibir janko *Adamu bazuwa == Filin Jirgin Saman Potiskum == [[Potiskum Airstrip|Filin jirgin saman Potiskum]] yana cikin GRA na birni daga yammacin garin, a kan hanyar [[Kano]]. Ofishin Hukumar Kula da Sararin [[Samaniya]] ta Najeriya (NAMA) da ke wannan filin girgin saman, wanda ya kamata ya dauki nauyin isar da bayanan zirga-zirgar jiragen ga jiragen da ke shawagi a sararin samaniyar, bai cika aiki ba saboda na'urorin da aka sanya a wurin ba su da kayan aiki. kwamfutoci don baiwa ma'aikatan a kimiyyance su hango jiragen sama suna shawagi a sararin saman Potiskum. Filin jirgin dai ya zo ne a lokacin da ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi wa nahiyar [[Afirka]] kaca-kaca domin Potiskum gari ne mai yaduwa a arewacin kasar wanda tun da farko [[Jamus]] ta mamaye kasar kafin [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] ta karbi ragamar mulkin kasar. Makasudin gina filin jirgin shi ne don a samu saukin zirga-zirgar farar hula a ciki da wajen Potiskum domin kuwa garin ya kasance kofar shiga wasu garuruwan da ke kusa da arewacin kasar, lamarin da ya kara habaka harkokin kasuwanci da sauran harkokin kasuwanci a yankin. Haka zalika potiskum tana da matasa masu hikima a bangaren kere kere dakuma gyaran ababan amfanin rayuwa koma wane urine dukda sunada karancin kamfanunuwa Amma Hakan Bai saukar da tattalin arzikin jiharba Dan mutanen jihar sun dukufane gurin Sana,u iri iri kamar su. . Noma .Kiwo .sana,ar hannu .Wanda masana sungano cewa duk kasar Nigeria Babu jihar da takeda kasa Mai dauke da sinadarai Daban Daban kamarsu. .laka .yashi .tabo. .dadai sauransu Wanda ana iya noman kowane irin launin abin da'ake Nomawa a jiar potiskum. A watan Yulin shekarar (2009) 'yan [[Boko Haram]] sun qona ofishin 'yan sanda guda Biyu a lokacin da suka tayar da zaune tsaye. <ref>''[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2009/07/2009727134953755877.html Deadly Nigeria Clashes Spread]''. Al Jazeera English - Africa, July 27, 2009</ref> Wani harin da aka kai a watan Mayun (2012) a kasuwar shanu an kashe mutane sama da 34, amma da alama harin daga wasu masu laifin ne na neman daukar fansa, ba Boko Haram ba. <ref>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17936549 Nigeria’s Potiskum Cattle Market Raid ‘Kills Dozens.’['' BBC News, May 3, 2012</ref> <ref>''[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/resident-walks-among-burnt-cattle-market-in-northeast-news-photo/143817828 A Resident Walks among Burnt Cattle Market in Northeast Nigerian Town of Potiskum on May 4, 2012]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Getty Images. Accessed January 18, 2015</ref> A ranar [[Kirsimeti|25 ga Disamba]], 2012, an yi harbin jama'a a coci. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2014, akalla mutane 30 ne suka mutu a wani harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a wani jerin gwano na [[Shi'a|mabiya mazhabar Shi'a]] a makarantar Fudiyya. <ref>Musikilu Mojeed. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501040153.html Nigeria: Car Bomb Explosion Kills 6 in Yobe]''. Premium Times - allAfrica.com, December 31, 2014</ref> Gwamnan jihar Yobe, [[Ibrahim Gaidam]], ya yi wa 'yan kungiyar Harkar [[Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya|Musulunci a Najeriya]] (ISMN) alkawarin cewa zaiyi chikakken binchike don bukatar cikakken bi kan zargin harbe mambobinta da sojojin da aka tura wurin da aka kai harin suka yi. <ref>Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30]''. The Guardian - allAfrica.com. Accessed January 18, 2015</ref> <ref name="njadvaramusa">Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30].'' The Guardian - allAfrica.com. 6 Nov 2014. Accessed January 18, 2015</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2014, an gano wasu mutane goma sha shida da sojojin Najeriya suka kama a sakamakon raunukan harsasai da suka samu sa'o'i kadan bayan haka. Wata majiyar kuma ta sanya adadin zuwa goma sha takwas. <ref>Hamisu Kabir Matazu and Ibrahim Kabiru Sule. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411071589.html Nigeria: Tension in Potiskum As Soldiers Kill 18]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, November 7, 2014</ref> <ref name="njadvaramusa"/> A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014 akalla yara maza 46 ne suka mutu sannan 79 suka jikkata, ta hanyar wani dan kunar bakin wake a yayin taron dalibai a Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati." <ref>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29985252 Nigeria School Blast in Potiskum Kills Dozens]''. BBC News - Africa, November 10, 2014.</ref> <ref>Schiavenza, Matt. ''[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/Suspected-Boko-Haram-Suicide-Bomber-Kills-50-Students-at-Government-Science-Technical-College-Potiskum/382595/ Suspected Boko Haram Suicide Bomber Kills 50 in Government Science Technical College Potiskum]'' The Atlantic, 10 November 2014</ref> <ref>Nossiter, Adam. ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/world/africa/nigeria-suicide-bomber-boko-haram.html Bomb at School in Nigeria Kills Nearly 50 Boys]''. [[New York Times]], November 10, 2014</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Junairun shekarar 2015, an kashe mutane hudu tare da raunata sama da 40 a kasuwar Jagwal GSM bayan harin da wasu mata biyu ‘yan kunar bakin wake suka kai, wadanda daya daga cikinsu ya bayyana mai kimanin shekaru 15 da haihuwa. <ref>Ndahi Marama With Agency Reports. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120572.html Nigeria: Female Suicide Bombers Kill 39 in Potiskum, Maiduguri Markets]''. Vanguard - allAfrica.com, 12 January 2015</ref> <ref>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30787105 In Pictures: Aftermath of Bombing in Nigerian Town of Potiskum]''. BBC News, 12 January 2015</ref> Hakazalika wani harin bom da ya hada da wata mota da aka faka a ranar, ya kashe mutane biyu tare da raunata daya, a ofishin ‘yan sanda na shiyya. <ref>Hamisu Kabir Matazu. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120608.html Nigeria: Fresh Bomb Blast Kills Two Policemen in Potiskum]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, 11 January 2015</ref> A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2015, Gwamna Ibrahim Gaidam ya yi Allah wadai da hare-haren, kuma ya ba da shawarar kafa Cibiyar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa a Babban Asibitin da ke Potiskum. Ya ce za a biya kudaden jinyar wadanda suka jikkata a harin, ciki har da wadanda suka jikkata da aka kai wasu asibitoci domin yi musu magani. <ref>''[http://www.channelstv.com/2015/01/13/gaidam-proposes-emergency-centre-at-potiskum-hospital/ Gaidam Proposes Emergency Centre At Potiskum Hospital]''. Channels Television, 13 January 2015</ref> A ranakun 22 da 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2015, 'yan kunar bakin wake sun kashe mutane 22. A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2015, an kashe mutane shida a wani harin kunar bakin wake ALKALUMA An yi hasashen cewa potiskum zai kasance [[birni]] na bakwai mafi girma cikin sauri a [[nahiyar Afirka]] tsakanin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2020 zuwa 2025, tare da habakar 5.65%. == Fitattun mutane == * Idris Alkali, tsohon shugaban gwamnati, hedkwatar sojoji *Adamu ciroma,Tsohon Ministan Kudi *Sheik Sa'idu Malami mai koyarda karatun Allo da Littattafan Musulunci *Sheik Khabir Malami mai koyarda karatun Littattafan Musulunci *Sheik Mai Buzun Kwami,Masanin Al'qur Ani wanda ya tara Almajirai fiyeda dubu Ashirin.#[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:55, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<ref>https://aminiya.ng/rikici-ya-%C9%93arke-tsakanin-yan-kasuwar-potiskum-a-yobe/</ref>"Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics | Dailytrust" . Daily Trust . Retrieved 2022-05-08.{{Yobe State}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5lb0x77cvl8a0534q55chaf315k2yq1 964327 964326 2026-10-07T13:15:35Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Kasuwar potiskum.jpg|thumb]] '''Potiskum''' karamar [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|hukuma]] ce dake cikin [[Yobe|jihar Yobe]] wanda ke arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]], tana kan babbar hanyar A3 a{{Coord|11|43|N|11|04|E|region:NG_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228060931/https://guardian.ng/news/four-killed-two-missing-in-potiskum-flood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Potiskum pronouncing.wav|thumb]] == Tarihi == Garin [[Potiskum]] mazauni ne ga tsarin [[gargajiya]] da na al'umma wanda aka fi sani da Masarautar Fika. A tarihi abin da aka fi sani da [[Masarautar]] [[fika]] mai hidimtawa a Potiskum ita ce ’yar kwakwalwar Turawan Mulkin Mallaka na [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] wadanda suka yi amfani da kabilun ’yan asalin yankin da suka hada da [[Kare-Kare]], [[Ngizim]], [[Ngamo]], kanuri, [[Bolewa]], [[Fulani]] da [[Hausawa]] suka kafa gwamnatin tsakiya<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228061506/https://neptuneprime.com.ng/2017/11/22/the-story-of-potiskum/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> sai,dai kuma kasancewar anfisanin masarautar fika da mulkin garin,amma tanada wata masarauta acikin garin da akemasa lakabi da masarautar potiskum. == Sarkin Potiskum == [[Fayil:Potiskum emire palace.jg.jpg|thumb|Gidan mai martaba sarkin potiskum]] Sarkin Potiskum shi ne Mai Umar Ibn Wuriwa Bauya. == Tattalin Arziki == Potiskum ta kasance babbar cibiyar [[kasuwanci]] a jihar [[Yobe]], saboda dabarun da take da shi a matsayin ta na cibiyar kasuwanci, koyo, farfado da [[ruhi]] da al'adu. [[Mutanen Soninke|Mutanen]] da suka fito daga [[Borno|jihohin Borno]] da [[Jigawa]] da [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] da [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] da [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] da wasu da dama daga kasashen [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nigar]] da [[Cadi|Chadi]] da [[Kamaru]] da [[Benin]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (ƙasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]],suna da hannun jari a kasuwar shanu mafi girma dake yankin kudu da saharar hamadar, wadda ke garin Potiskum. Kuma suna da yawan manyan wuraren gyarawa a [[Najeriya]]. [[Fayil:Traditional Dancers performing During 2023 Sallah Festival at Potiskum Emirate Palace, Yobe State, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Potiskum]] Don haka, an san Potiskum da kasuwanni kamar haka; .kasuwan dabbobi, Kasuwar shanu, Kasuwar Wayoyin hannu, .kasuwar hatsi, Dakumah babbar kasuwa.[[Fayil:Kasuwa. Hatsi Potiskum.jpg|thumb|Kasuwar Potiskum]] Binchike yanunah potiskum itache birni mafi girma a jihar Yobe da ke da hada-hada ko ache habakar kasuwanci a yammacin jihar Yobe. Tana da kasuwar dabbobi mafi girma a Afirca kuma mafi girma a yammacin Afirca. Yawancin [[shanu]] ana jigilar su zuwa wasu sassan kasar kamar su inugu, legas,wari, fatakot, da sauransu. == Tsarin kasa. Haka zalika karamar hukumar potiskum, tana dauke da yankuna kamar,bolawa A, bolawa B, dogo tebo, dogo Nini, yarimaram, Damagun,dancuwa,mamudo, dakuma ngojin,alaraba,da yandiski. == Tana. Da {{Convert|559|km2}} Yawan jama'a A shekara ta 2023 511,448 2022 483,346 2021 454,813 2020 426,253 2019 398,160 2018 371,040 2017 345,351 2016 321,441 2015 299,186 <reference "wold population review #[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:53, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC) == Fitattun mutane == * Lamba Shua'ibu * Alhaji Idi Wadina Lailai * Alhaji Baba Adi * Alhaji Baba Gimba * Alhaji Adamu Maina Waziri * Alhaji Adamu Chiroma * Fatsuma Talba * Hajiya A,e mai Katangan nera * Alhaji Adamu Bazuwa * Alhaji kwalo * Alhaji Mai Dirmi * Alhaji Guza. * Hakimi Garba na malam madi * Hajiya Uwani Bajoga * Alhaji Musa Lawan *Alhaji bakoji. *alhaji Hassan rimi Dan malikin potiskum *Ummaru aljan *alhaji mamma fara fara *Alhaji adamu sale kusulwa *Alhaji Adamun Mama. *hakimi salisu auwal *Dan baba galda *Alhaji Hassan dabare santurakin tikau *Ibrahim Muhammad bomoi *muhammed Hassan dambu *Alhaji Ibrahim Dan Fulani *baradan potiskum *Alhaji wammi nahuta *Alhaji adamu chillariye *Adamu waziri *Jibir janko *Adamu bazuwa *alhaji isubu *dagazurwa == Filin Jirgin Saman Potiskum == [[Potiskum Airstrip|Filin jirgin saman Potiskum]] yana cikin GRA na birni daga yammacin garin, a kan hanyar [[Kano]]. Ofishin Hukumar Kula da Sararin [[Samaniya]] ta Najeriya (NAMA) da ke wannan filin girgin saman, wanda ya kamata ya dauki nauyin isar da bayanan zirga-zirgar jiragen ga jiragen da ke shawagi a sararin samaniyar, bai cika aiki ba saboda na'urorin da aka sanya a wurin ba su da kayan aiki. kwamfutoci don baiwa ma'aikatan a kimiyyance su hango jiragen sama suna shawagi a sararin saman Potiskum. Filin jirgin dai ya zo ne a lokacin da ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi wa nahiyar [[Afirka]] kaca-kaca domin Potiskum gari ne mai yaduwa a arewacin kasar wanda tun da farko [[Jamus]] ta mamaye kasar kafin [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] ta karbi ragamar mulkin kasar. Makasudin gina filin jirgin shi ne don a samu saukin zirga-zirgar farar hula a ciki da wajen Potiskum domin kuwa garin ya kasance kofar shiga wasu garuruwan da ke kusa da arewacin kasar, lamarin da ya kara habaka harkokin kasuwanci da sauran harkokin kasuwanci a yankin. Haka zalika potiskum tana da matasa masu hikima a bangaren kere kere dakuma gyaran ababan amfanin rayuwa koma wane urine dukda sunada karancin kamfanunuwa Amma Hakan Bai saukar da tattalin arzikin jiharba Dan mutanen jihar sun dukufane gurin Sana,u iri iri kamar su. . Noma .Kiwo .sana,ar hannu .Wanda masana sungano cewa duk kasar Nigeria Babu jihar da takeda kasa Mai dauke da sinadarai Daban Daban kamarsu. .laka .yashi .tabo. .dadai sauransu Wanda ana iya noman kowane irin launin abin da'ake Nomawa a jiar potiskum. A watan Yulin shekarar (2009) 'yan [[Boko Haram]] sun qona ofishin 'yan sanda guda Biyu a lokacin da suka tayar da zaune tsaye. <ref>''[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2009/07/2009727134953755877.html Deadly Nigeria Clashes Spread]''. Al Jazeera English - Africa, July 27, 2009</ref> Wani harin da aka kai a watan Mayun (2012) a kasuwar shanu an kashe mutane sama da 34, amma da alama harin daga wasu masu laifin ne na neman daukar fansa, ba Boko Haram ba. <ref>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-17936549 Nigeria’s Potiskum Cattle Market Raid ‘Kills Dozens.’['' BBC News, May 3, 2012</ref> <ref>''[http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/resident-walks-among-burnt-cattle-market-in-northeast-news-photo/143817828 A Resident Walks among Burnt Cattle Market in Northeast Nigerian Town of Potiskum on May 4, 2012]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Getty Images. Accessed January 18, 2015</ref> A ranar [[Kirsimeti|25 ga Disamba]], 2012, an yi harbin jama'a a coci. A ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, 2014, akalla mutane 30 ne suka mutu a wani harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai a wani jerin gwano na [[Shi'a|mabiya mazhabar Shi'a]] a makarantar Fudiyya. <ref>Musikilu Mojeed. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501040153.html Nigeria: Car Bomb Explosion Kills 6 in Yobe]''. Premium Times - allAfrica.com, December 31, 2014</ref> Gwamnan jihar Yobe, [[Ibrahim Gaidam]], ya yi wa 'yan kungiyar Harkar [[Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya|Musulunci a Najeriya]] (ISMN) alkawarin cewa zaiyi chikakken binchike don bukatar cikakken bi kan zargin harbe mambobinta da sojojin da aka tura wurin da aka kai harin suka yi. <ref>Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30]''. The Guardian - allAfrica.com. Accessed January 18, 2015</ref> <ref name="njadvaramusa">Njadvara Musa. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411070714.html Nigeria: Yobe to Probe Potiskum Blast, Death Toll Rises to 30].'' The Guardian - allAfrica.com. 6 Nov 2014. Accessed January 18, 2015</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2014, an gano wasu mutane goma sha shida da sojojin Najeriya suka kama a sakamakon raunukan harsasai da suka samu sa'o'i kadan bayan haka. Wata majiyar kuma ta sanya adadin zuwa goma sha takwas. <ref>Hamisu Kabir Matazu and Ibrahim Kabiru Sule. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201411071589.html Nigeria: Tension in Potiskum As Soldiers Kill 18]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, November 7, 2014</ref> <ref name="njadvaramusa"/> A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2014 akalla yara maza 46 ne suka mutu sannan 79 suka jikkata, ta hanyar wani dan kunar bakin wake a yayin taron dalibai a Makarantar Sakandaren Kimiyya ta Gwamnati." <ref>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29985252 Nigeria School Blast in Potiskum Kills Dozens]''. BBC News - Africa, November 10, 2014.</ref> <ref>Schiavenza, Matt. ''[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/Suspected-Boko-Haram-Suicide-Bomber-Kills-50-Students-at-Government-Science-Technical-College-Potiskum/382595/ Suspected Boko Haram Suicide Bomber Kills 50 in Government Science Technical College Potiskum]'' The Atlantic, 10 November 2014</ref> <ref>Nossiter, Adam. ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/11/world/africa/nigeria-suicide-bomber-boko-haram.html Bomb at School in Nigeria Kills Nearly 50 Boys]''. [[New York Times]], November 10, 2014</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Junairun shekarar 2015, an kashe mutane hudu tare da raunata sama da 40 a kasuwar Jagwal GSM bayan harin da wasu mata biyu ‘yan kunar bakin wake suka kai, wadanda daya daga cikinsu ya bayyana mai kimanin shekaru 15 da haihuwa. <ref>Ndahi Marama With Agency Reports. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120572.html Nigeria: Female Suicide Bombers Kill 39 in Potiskum, Maiduguri Markets]''. Vanguard - allAfrica.com, 12 January 2015</ref> <ref>''[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30787105 In Pictures: Aftermath of Bombing in Nigerian Town of Potiskum]''. BBC News, 12 January 2015</ref> Hakazalika wani harin bom da ya hada da wata mota da aka faka a ranar, ya kashe mutane biyu tare da raunata daya, a ofishin ‘yan sanda na shiyya. <ref>Hamisu Kabir Matazu. ''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201501120608.html Nigeria: Fresh Bomb Blast Kills Two Policemen in Potiskum]''. Daily Trust - allAfrica.com, 11 January 2015</ref> A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2015, Gwamna Ibrahim Gaidam ya yi Allah wadai da hare-haren, kuma ya ba da shawarar kafa Cibiyar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa a Babban Asibitin da ke Potiskum. Ya ce za a biya kudaden jinyar wadanda suka jikkata a harin, ciki har da wadanda suka jikkata da aka kai wasu asibitoci domin yi musu magani. <ref>''[http://www.channelstv.com/2015/01/13/gaidam-proposes-emergency-centre-at-potiskum-hospital/ Gaidam Proposes Emergency Centre At Potiskum Hospital]''. Channels Television, 13 January 2015</ref> A ranakun 22 da 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2015, 'yan kunar bakin wake sun kashe mutane 22. A ranar 5 ga Yuli, 2015, an kashe mutane shida a wani harin kunar bakin wake ALKALUMA An yi hasashen cewa potiskum zai kasance [[birni]] na bakwai mafi girma cikin sauri a [[nahiyar Afirka]] tsakanin shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin 2020 zuwa 2025, tare da habakar 5.65%. == Fitattun mutane == * Idris Alkali, tsohon shugaban gwamnati, hedkwatar sojoji *Adamu ciroma,Tsohon Ministan Kudi *Sheik Sa'idu Malami mai koyarda karatun Allo da Littattafan Musulunci *Sheik Khabir Malami mai koyarda karatun Littattafan Musulunci *Sheik Mai Buzun Kwami,Masanin Al'qur Ani wanda ya tara Almajirai fiyeda dubu Ashirin.#[[User:Abba Pkm|Abba Pkm]] ([[User talk:Abba Pkm|talk]]) 21:55, 9 Disamba 2023 (UTC) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<ref>https://aminiya.ng/rikici-ya-%C9%93arke-tsakanin-yan-kasuwar-potiskum-a-yobe/</ref>"Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics | Dailytrust" . Daily Trust . Retrieved 2022-05-08.{{Yobe State}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tgsle4i3fp48w01bhr8qwy9731kkwd7 0 10341 964420 467004 2026-10-07T18:51:51Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dhaniyangal.jpg|thumb|Kayan abinci na hatsi a kasuwa]] [[File:Raw Maize.jpg|thumb|Masara]] [[File:Man harvesting rice in Don Det, Laos.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa]] '''Hatsi''' wani karami, mai tauri, busasshen [[kwaya]]n abu ne, wanda kuma ke tare da koma ba tare da totuwa ba [[husk|hull]] ko [[fruit]] layer, wanda ake noma shi domin cimar 'yan Adam da dabbobi.<ref>Babcock, P. G., ed. 1976. ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary''. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co.</ref> Akwai nau'ukan hatsi da ake kasuwancin su guda biyu su ne; [[siril]] da [[legum]]. [[File:Millet 0.jpg|thumb|Hatsi]] Bayan an nome, busassun hatsi sun fi jurewa akan [[staple food]]s, kamar kayan abinci masu Staci, kamar ([[plantain (cooking)|plantain]]s, [[breadfruit]], da sauransu) Da kuma nau'ukan [[tuber]]s ([[sweet potato]]es(dankali), [[cassava]], da kuma wasu da dama). Wannan juriyar ya sa hatsin dacewa da [[industrial agriculture]], tunda za'a iya nomewa da injina, a yi jigilarsu da jirgin kasa ko na ruwa, ayi ajiyarsu na tsawon lokaci a [[runbu]]na, da kuma nike su a [[mill (grinding)|milled]] for [[flour]] ko [[expeller pressing|pressed]] dan samun [[oil]]. duk da manyan [[kasuwannin kayayyaki]] na nan domin [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], [[waken-soya|waken-suya]], [[alkama]] da sauran nau'ukan hatsi amma banda tubers, vegetables, ko wasu kayan abinci.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/story/2010/03/100301_ktfoodthreat</ref><ref>https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-eating-plate/translations/hausa/</ref><ref>https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-kasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html</ref> == Bibiliyo. == * Adamu, Abdalla Uba, 1956-, Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad., Jibril, Umar Faruk. ''Hausa home videos : technology, economy and society''. Kano, Nigeria: Center for Hausa Cultural Studies. 2004. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-36906-0-4|<bdi>978-36906-0-4</bdi>]].[[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;61158034 * Abubakar Aliyu Mohammed. Cultural Torism. [[ISBN]]:978-978-087-937-2 == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abinci]] ehmqemeyhem54ugvloxcjrpg1bl3u76 964422 964420 2026-10-07T18:53:08Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Dhaniyangal.jpg|thumb|Kayan abinci na hatsi a kasuwa]] [[File:Raw Maize.jpg|thumb|Masara]] [[File:Man harvesting rice in Don Det, Laos.jpg|thumb|Shinkafa]] '''Hatsi''' wani karami, mai tauri, busasshen [[kwaya]]n abu ne, wanda kuma ke tare da koma ba tare da totuwa ba [[husk|hull]] ko [[fruit]] layer, wanda ake noma shi domin cimar 'yan Adam da dabbobi.<ref>Babcock, P. G., ed. 1976. ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary''. Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co.</ref> Akwai nau'ukan hatsi da ake kasuwancin su guda biyu su ne; [[siril]] da [[legum]]. [[File:Millet 0.jpg|thumb|Hatsi]] Bayan an nome, busassun hatsi sun fi jurewa akan [[staple food]]s, kamar kayan abinci masu Staci, kamar ([[plantain (cooking)|plantain]]s, [[breadfruit]], da sauransu) Da kuma nau'ukan [[tuber]]s ([[sweet potato]]es(dankali), [[cassava]], da kuma wasu da dama). Wannan juriyar ya sa hatsin dacewa da [[industrial agriculture]], tunda za'a iya nomewa da injina, a yi jigilarsu da jirgin kasa ko na ruwa, ayi ajiyarsu na tsawon lokaci a [[runbu]]na, da kuma nike su a [[mill (grinding)|milled]] for [[flour]] ko [[expeller pressing|pressed]] dan samun [[oil]]. duk da manyan [[kasuwannin kayayyaki]] na nan domin [[masara]], [[shinkafa]], [[waken-soya|waken-suya]], [[alkama]] da sauran nau'ukan hatsi amma banda tubers, vegetables, ko wasu kayan abinci.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/story/2010/03/100301_ktfoodthreat</ref><ref>https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-eating-plate/translations/hausa/</ref><ref>https://www.muryarhausa24.com.ng/2019/10/karanta-jerin-abincin-hausawa-kafin-zuwan-yar-thailand-kafin-zuwan-shinkafa-yar-kasashen-waje-girke-girken-gargajiya-sunayen-abincin-gargajiya-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke-abincin-zamani-filin-girke-girke.html</ref> == Bibiliyo. == * Adamu, Abdalla Uba, 1956-, Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad., Jibril, Umar Faruk. ''Hausa home videos : technology, economy and society''. Kano, Nigeria: Center for Hausa Cultural Studies. 2004. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-36906-0-4|<bdi>978-36906-0-4</bdi>]].[[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;61158034 * Abubakar Aliyu Mohammed. Cultural Torism. [[ISBN]]:978-978-087-937-2 == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abinci]] 7boscf84nok7qti4f2uqlmzrhaspl1v 0 13718 964606 413635 2026-10-08T06:04:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yewande Akinola''' MBE (an haife ta a shekarar 1984) Chartered Injiniyan ce wanda ta ƙware kan samar da wadataccen ruwa. Tana aiki a matsayin babbar Injiniya na Laing O'Rourke kuma ta karbi bakuncin nunin talabijin game da injiniyan Channel 4 da National Geographic. == Karatu == An haifi Akinola ne a shekarar 1984 a Najeriya. Yayinda take yarinya ta tsara zanen-daki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://zodml.org/discover-nigeria/people/yewande-akinola#.WncdQ5OFi_I|title=Yewande Akinola|website=ZODML|language=en|access-date=2018-02-04}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://emotanafricana.com/2012/11/28/yewande-akinola-wins-exceptional-achiever-award-arup-uk/|title=Yewande Akinola wins Exceptional Achiever award – Arup [UK]|date=2012-11-28|work=emotanafricana.com|access-date=2018-02-04|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419162036/https://emotanafricana.com/2012/11/28/yewande-akinola-wins-exceptional-achiever-award-arup-uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mahaifinta, J. M Akinola, shi ne Sakatare na dindindin a ma’aikatar ayyuka na tsohuwar Yammacin Yankin a Nijeriya. Akinola ta karanci zanen Injiniya da Fasahar da ta dace a Jami’ar Warwick, wacce ta kammala a shekarar 2007. A lokacin tana digirinta injiniya ce ta Thames Water, inda ta yi aiki a wuraren tsabtataccen ruwan sha. A 2007 kungiyar Arup Group ce ta aiki ta a matsayin Injiniyan Kerege wanda yake zayyana kayan aikin ruwa da tsarin kula da ruwa. Yayin da take aiki da Arup, ta sami takardar shaidar digiri a jami'ar Cranfield a 2011.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://engopps.com/news/2012-young-woman-engineer-of-the-year-finalists-announced|title=2012 Young Woman Engineer of the Year finalists announced - Engineering Opportunities|website=engopps.com|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-date=2018-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001026/http://engopps.com/news/2012-young-woman-engineer-of-the-year-finalists-announced|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == Akinola tana da sha'awar bunkasa ruwa da yin tsabta ga ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ta yi aiki a kan wasu ayyuka a Burtaniya, Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya da gabashin Asiya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conferences.theiet.org/ywe/engineer/biogs.cfm|title=The IET Young Woman Engineer of the Year Awards - IET Conferences|website=conferences.theiet.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-date=2018-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001038/https://conferences.theiet.org/ywe/engineer/biogs.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita ce wacce ta kirkiro da Duniyar Emit, wacce ke ba da shawara ga matasa waɗanda ke da sha'awar aikin injiniya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lcshr.com/about-us/|title=About us – Low Cost Sustainable Housing|website=lcshr.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-date=2018-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205003026/http://lcshr.com/about-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longroad.ac.uk/noticeboard/girl-power-stem-solutions-towards-a-sustainable-world-conference/|title=Girl Power: STEM Solutions Towards a Sustainable World conference {{!}} Long Road Sixth Form College|website=www.longroad.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-02-04|date=2017-11-13|archive-date=2018-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001232/https://www.longroad.ac.uk/noticeboard/girl-power-stem-solutions-towards-a-sustainable-world-conference/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2010 Akinola ta gabatar da Titanic: Ofishin Jakadancin don Channel 4<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/karleneagard/2019/01/19/megaproject-trends-for-2019-yewande-akinola-on-the-next-frontier-in-design/|title=Megaproject Trends For 2019: Yewande Akinola On The Next Frontier In Design|last=Agard|first=Karlene|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-03-11}}</ref> da National Geographic Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/info/press/programme-information/titanic-the-mission|title=Titanic: The Mission - Channel 4 - Info - Press|website=www.channel4.com|language=en-us|access-date=2018-02-04}}</ref> A shekarar 2012 ta yanke hukuncin Sarauniyar Sarauniya Elizabeth ta Gasar Injiniya don kirkiro wata gasa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://qeprize.org/trophy-2013/|title=Trophy 2013 - Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering|work=Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering|access-date=2018-02-04|language=en-GB}}</ref> A waccan shekarar, an ba ta jerin-gwanon kuma ta samu Injin Injiniyan Matasa na IET. Ta kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen CBeebies da Jiya TV.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7362301/|title=Yewande Akinola|website=IMDb|access-date=2018-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0816xmf/credits|title=Mile High City, Absolute Genius: Monster Builds - Credits - BBC - CBBC|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Yewande Akinola|title=Yewande's features|date=2018-02-01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_H6U7NfNaE|accessdate=2018-02-04}}</ref> Akinola ta bayyana a rediyon BBC 4 . A shekarar 2014 Akinola ta tsara Tsarin Ruwa na Ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01hy450|title=Engineer Yewande Akinola explains her most exciting projects., Sheila Hancock; Engineering; Empty nesting and dependent children, Woman's Hour - BBC Radio 4|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patentscope.wipo.int/search/en/detail.jsf?docId=WO2010128283|title=RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM|last=|first=|date=|website=Patent Scope|access-date=2018-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shedistinctionblog.com/2015/09/interview-with-yewande-akinola-inventer-design-engineer/|title=Interview with Yewande Akinola: Inventer & Design Engineer {{!}} Shedistinction|website=www.shedistinctionblog.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-date=2018-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205072331/http://www.shedistinctionblog.com/2015/09/interview-with-yewande-akinola-inventer-design-engineer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Akinola babbar sananniyar murya ce a cikin motsi don haɓaka bambancin tsakanin injiniya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wes.org.uk/content/yewande-akinola|title=Yewande Akinola {{!}} Women's Engineering Society|website=www.wes.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-date=2019-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124102043/https://www.wes.org.uk/content/yewande-akinola|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 2013 Akinola ta yi aiki tare da Girl Guiding UK don karfafa karin matasa mata shiga aikin injiniya. Ta fito a cikin kamfen din Royal na Injiniya "wanda aka tsara don Inspire". An gabatar da ita a kan kamfen din QEPrize 2014 "Createirƙira Lahira". Ta gabatar da wani muhimmin jawabi a bikin bikin ranar soyayya ta Adawa ta 2016. Ta fito a cikin Kungiyar Injiniyoyi da Fasaha ta 2017 mai taken "Hoto na Injiniya".<ref>{{Citation|last=girlguiding|title=Yewande Akinola|date=2013-02-21|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzQegT6IeJg|accessdate=2018-02-04}}</ref> She featured in a [[Royal Academy of Engineering]] campaign "Designed to Inspire".<ref>{{Citation|last=Royal Academy of Engineering|title=Yewande Akinola - Designed to Inspire - Royal Academy of Engineering|date=2013-06-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2VLcQMBLHcM|accessdate=2018-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering|title=Create the Future - Yewande Akinola|date=2014-02-27|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3bEkJkOJiY|accessdate=2018-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Finding Ada|title=Engineering for Global Development & Sustainability, Yewande Akinola at Ada Lovelace Day Live 2016|date=2016-12-12|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVkbJBYBpNw|accessdate=2018-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://faraday-secondary.theiet.org/careers/portrait-of-an-engineer/|title=Portrait of an Engineer - Faraday Secondary|website=faraday-secondary.theiet.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223754/https://faraday-secondary.theiet.org/careers/portrait-of-an-engineer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == 1998 - lambar yabo ta lissafi ta kasa ta Najeriya 2009 - Kyautar Injiniyoyin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Burtaniya don Kyautar Matasa Rising 2012 - Babbar Nasara ta byungiyar forungiyar Injiniya Baki (AFBE-UK)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conferences.theiet.org/ywe/previous/2012/index.cfm|title=The IET Young Woman Engineer of the Year Awards - IET Conferences|website=conferences.theiet.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223718/https://conferences.theiet.org/ywe/previous/2012/index.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2012 - Injiniya Budurwa ta shekarar daga IET 2013 - Gudanar da manyan mata 35 a kasa da 35<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.managementtoday.co.uk/35-women-35-meet-next-boss/article/1189136|title=35 Women Under 35: Meet your next boss|access-date=2018-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628063735/https://www.managementtoday.co.uk/35-women-35-meet-next-boss/article/1189136|archive-date=2022-06-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2014 - Kyauta mai Kyautar Mace ta kwarai a cikin STEM<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/entrepreneur-year-puts-prison-past-behind-her|title=Entrepreneur of the year puts prison past behind her|access-date=2018-02-04|language=en|archive-date=2019-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124152251/https://www.voice-online.co.uk/article/entrepreneur-year-puts-prison-past-behind-her|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Akinola, Yewande}} 2u0ivykddphh49aa9187fi2qxwoxws6 0 17903 964694 443269 2026-10-08T10:23:50Z Usmanmaifada 20279 964694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ibn_Arabi.jpg|right|frameless]] Hazrat Sheikh '''Mohye-ed-din Ibn ul-''' Arab Arabic (Larabci: ابن عربي) (28 ga Yuli, 1165 - 10 ga Nuwamba, 1240) ya kasance [[Larabawa|Balaraben]] [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] Balarabe, mawaƙi kuma masanin falsafa. Ya shahara a duniyar Musulmi kamar ''Sheikh ul Akbar'' (Babban Shaikh), saboda shahararren bayanin da ya yi game da ''tauhid'' (kadaita Allah) ta hanyar fahimtar ra'ayin ''Wahdat ul Wajood'' (Kadaitakar Kasancewa ). An haifeshi a Murcia . Lokacin da yake yaro danginsa suka koma [[Sevilla|Seville]] . Duka suka koma da zama a [[Ispaniya|Spain]], ya ziyarci Arewacin Afirka sosai. A 1202 ya ziyarci [[Makkah|Makka]], a zaman wani bangare na aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajjinsa]] . Ya zauna a Makka shekara uku. Ya kuma ziyarci [[Siriya]], [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], [[Turkiyya]] da Falasdinu . Daga ƙarshe zai ƙaura zuwa [[Damascus|Dimashƙu]] . Ya mutu a can a cikin 1240. Sanannen littafinsa ana kiransa ''Wahayin Makka'' ( ''Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya'' a [[larabci]] ). Tana da surori 560. A cikin littafin, ya yi rubutu game da ilimin sararin samaniya, ilimin zube, [[addini]], da [[Musulunci]] . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1240]] [[Category:Falsafa]] [[Category:Musulmai]] egjncibkwbeiqsoh4ob8v10fjg4oqqv 964696 964694 2026-10-08T10:24:43Z Usmanmaifada 20279 964696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ibn_Arabi.jpg|right|frameless]] Hazrat Sheikh '''Mohye-ed-din Ibn ul-''' Arab Arabic (Larabci: ابن عربي) (28 ga Yuli, 1165 - 10 ga Nuwamba, 1240) ya kasance [[Larabawa|Balaraben]] [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] Balarabe, mawaƙi kuma masanin falsafa. Ya shahara a duniyar Musulmi kamar ''Sheikh ul Akbar'' (Babban Shaikh), Saboda shahararren bayanin da ya yi game da ''tauhid'' (kadaita Allah) ta hanyar fahimtar ra'ayin ''Wahdatul Wajood'' (Kadaitakar Kasancewa). An haifeshi a Murcia . Lokacin da yake yaro danginsa suka koma [[Sevilla|Seville]] . Duka suka koma da zama a [[Ispaniya|Spain]], ya ziyarci Arewacin Afirka sosai. A 1202 ya ziyarci [[Makkah|Makka]], a zaman wani bangare na aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajjinsa]] . Ya zauna a Makka shekara uku. Ya kuma ziyarci [[Siriya]], [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], [[Turkiyya]] da Falasdinu . Daga ƙarshe zai ƙaura zuwa [[Damascus|Dimashƙu]] . Ya mutu a can a cikin 1240. Sanannen littafinsa ana kiransa ''Wahayin Makka'' ( ''Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya'' a [[larabci]] ). Tana da surori 560. A cikin littafin, ya yi rubutu game da ilimin sararin samaniya, ilimin zube, [[addini]], da [[Musulunci]] . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1240]] [[Category:Falsafa]] [[Category:Musulmai]] na0uvcnrwwg2f4mllvk5p1tm5sygjm0 964697 964696 2026-10-08T10:27:19Z Usmanmaifada 20279 964697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ibn_Arabi.jpg|right|frameless]] Hazrat Sheikh '''Mohye-ed-din Ibn ul-''' Arab Arabic (Larabci: ابن عربي) (28 ga Yuli, 1165 - 10 ga Nuwamba, 1240) ya kasance [[Larabawa|Balaraben]] [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] Balarabe, mawaƙi kuma masanin falsafa. Ya shahara a duniyar Musulmi kamar ''Sheikh ul Akbar'' (Babban Shaikh), Saboda shahararren bayanin da ya yi game da ''tauhid'' (kadaita Allah) ta hanyar fahimtar ra'ayin ''Wahdatul Wajood'' (Kadaitakar Kasancewa). An haifeshi a Murcia. Lokacin da yake yaro danginsa suka koma [[Sevilla|Seville]] . Duka suka koma da zama a [[Ispaniya|Spain]], ya ziyarci Arewacin Afir ka sosai. A 1202 ya ziyarci [[Makkah|Makka]], a zaman wani bangare na aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajjinsa]]. Ya zauna a Makka shekara uku. Ya kuma ziyarci [[Siriya]], [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], [[Turkiyya]] da Falasdinu . Daga ƙarshe zai ƙaura zuwa [[Damascus|Dimashƙu]]. Ya mutu a can a cikin 1240. Sanannen littafinsa ana kiransa ''Wahayin Makka'' ( ''Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya'' a [[larabci]] ). Tana da surori 560. A cikin littafin, ya yi rubutu game da ilimin sararin samaniya, ilimin zube, [[addini]], da [[Musulunci]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1240]] [[Category:Falsafa]] [[Category:Musulmai]] otbihlqiitov1zf0ucv2p79du6xkygo 964699 964697 2026-10-08T10:27:50Z Usmanmaifada 20279 964699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ibn_Arabi.jpg|right|frameless]] Hazrat Sheikh '''Mohye-ed-din Ibn ul-''' Arab Arabic (Larabci: ابن عربي) (28 ga Yuli, 1165 - 10 ga Nuwamba, 1240) ya kasance [[Larabawa|Balaraben]] [[Sufiyya|Sufi]] Balarabe, mawaƙi kuma masanin falsafa. Ya shahara a duniyar Musulmi kamar ''Sheikh ul Akbar'' (Babban Shaikh), Saboda shahararren bayanin da ya yi game da ''tauhid'' (kadaita Allah) ta hanyar fahimtar ra'ayin ''Wahdatul Wajood'' (Kadaitakar Kasancewa). An haifeshi a Murcia. Lokacin da yake yaro danginsa suka koma [[Sevilla|Seville]] . Duka suka koma da zama a [[Ispaniya|Spain]], ya ziyarci Arewacin Afir ka sosai. A 1202 ya ziyarci [[Makkah|Makka]], a zaman wani bangare na aikin [[Aikin Hajji|Hajjinsa]]. Ya zauna a Makka shekara uku. Ya kuma ziyarci [[Siriya]], [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], [[Turkiyya]] da Falasdinu . Daga ƙarshe zai ƙaura zuwa [[Damascus|Dimashƙu]]. Ya mutu a can a cikin 1240. Sanannen littafinsa ana kiransa ''Wahayin Makka'' ( ''Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya'' a [[larabci]] ). Tana da surori 560. A cikin littafin, ya yi rubutu game da ilimin sararin samaniya, ilimin zube, [[addini]], da [[Musulunci]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 1240]] [[Category:Falsafa]] [[Category:Musulmai]] nrm06e9pcv3p1u2pug0lfgyiblq94vy 0 18200 964525 497501 2026-10-07T21:45:48Z Beehra 15944 964525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[Fayil:Omar bin Saad.jpg|thumb|omar bin saed]] '''<nowiki/>'Umar ibn Sa'ad''' ( {{Lang-ar|عمر بن سعد}} ) ( fl. 620-686), ya kasan ce ɗa ne ga [[Sahabban Annabi|Sahabin]] [[Muhammad]] Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas . An haifeshi a [[Madinah|garin Madina]] sannan daga baya ya koma garin [[Kufa]] wacce mahaifinsa ya gina kuma ya kasance a wurin har zuwa rasuwarsa. Malami ne, kuma yana karbar umarni daga Ibn Ziyad . Yana daga cikin shugabannin sojojin da suka kashe [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husayn bn Ali]] a yakin Karbala a shekara ta 680, babban yakin farko na yakin basasar Musulunci na biyu (Fitna ta biyu). Matarsa ‘yar uwar Mukhtar al-Thaqafi ce, wacce ta mulki kasar [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] daga shekarar 685 zuwa shekarar 687, a lokacin Fitina ta Biyu . Ya kuma haifi da, Hafs Bin Amar bin Saad bin Abi Waqqas, wanda ya kasance a bisa tarihi da mahaifiyarsa ta kashe a lokacin gwamnatin Mukhtar al-Thaqafi. Abu Amra Kaysan ne ya kashe Umar bn Sa’ad, bisa umarnin Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, saboda ya shiga yakin Karbala.<ref name="Dixon">{{EI2|article=Kaysān|last=Dixon|first=A. A.|volume=4|page=836}}</ref><ref>https://qurango.com/images/b/8/231.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da zuriyarsa == Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da ƙuruciyar Umar bn Sa’ad ba. Ya zauna a Kufa, kuma ya kulla alaƙa da sarautar Umayyawa. A cewar al-Tabari, bayan sulhun da aka yi a Dumat al-Jandal bayan Yaƙin Siffin a shekara ta 657 Miladiyya, Umar ya je wurin mahaifinsa, Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas, yana roƙonsa da ya halarci wannan sulhu. Ya jaddada cewa, kasancewar mahaifinsa sahabin Annabi Muhammad SAW kuma mutum mai daraja a cikin al’umma, shi ne ya fi cancanta daga cikin waɗanda suke wurin da ya zama halifa. Sai dai Sa’ad ya ƙi yin hakan, yana mai ambaton gargaɗin Annabi Muhammad SAW game da fitina, sannan ya zaɓi ya kasance ba tare da goyon bayan wani ɓangare ba. == Manazarta == 18a9xvxi11pl1gh40sdujs8hb5zeyzv 964526 964525 2026-10-07T21:47:11Z Beehra 15944 /* Rayuwa ta farko da zuriyarsa */ 964526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{hujja}} [[Fayil:Omar bin Saad.jpg|thumb|omar bin saed]] '''<nowiki/>'Umar ibn Sa'ad''' ( {{Lang-ar|عمر بن سعد}} ) ( fl. 620-686), ya kasan ce ɗa ne ga [[Sahabban Annabi|Sahabin]] [[Muhammad]] Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas . An haifeshi a [[Madinah|garin Madina]] sannan daga baya ya koma garin [[Kufa]] wacce mahaifinsa ya gina kuma ya kasance a wurin har zuwa rasuwarsa. Malami ne, kuma yana karbar umarni daga Ibn Ziyad . Yana daga cikin shugabannin sojojin da suka kashe [[Alhusain ɗan Ali|Husayn bn Ali]] a yakin Karbala a shekara ta 680, babban yakin farko na yakin basasar Musulunci na biyu (Fitna ta biyu). Matarsa ‘yar uwar Mukhtar al-Thaqafi ce, wacce ta mulki kasar [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] daga shekarar 685 zuwa shekarar 687, a lokacin Fitina ta Biyu . Ya kuma haifi da, Hafs Bin Amar bin Saad bin Abi Waqqas, wanda ya kasance a bisa tarihi da mahaifiyarsa ta kashe a lokacin gwamnatin Mukhtar al-Thaqafi. Abu Amra Kaysan ne ya kashe Umar bn Sa’ad, bisa umarnin Mukhtar al-Thaqafi, saboda ya shiga yakin Karbala.<ref name="Dixon">{{EI2|article=Kaysān|last=Dixon|first=A. A.|volume=4|page=836}}</ref><ref>https://qurango.com/images/b/8/231.jpg {{Bare URL image|date=March 2022}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da zuriyarsa == Ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da ƙuruciyar Umar bn Sa’ad ba. Ya zauna a Kufa, kuma ya kulla alaƙa da sarautar Umayyawa. A cewar al-Tabari, bayan sulhun da aka yi a Dumat al-Jandal bayan Yaƙin Siffin a shekara ta 657 Miladiyya, Umar ya je wurin mahaifinsa, Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas, yana roƙonsa da ya halarci wannan sulhu. Ya jaddada cewa, kasancewar mahaifinsa sahabin Annabi Muhammad SAW kuma mutum mai daraja a cikin al’umma, shi ne ya fi cancanta daga cikin waɗanda suke wurin da ya zama halifa. Sai dai Sa’ad ya ƙi yin hakan, yana mai ambaton gargaɗin Annabi Muhammad SAW game da fitina, sannan ya zaɓi ya kasance ba tare da goyon bayan wani ɓangare ba. == Ayyuka a Kufa == Umar bn Sa’ad ya riƙe wasu muƙaman gudanarwa a birnin Kufa, kuma hukumomin Umayyawa sun amince da shi tare da ba shi amana. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai karɓar haraji a Hamadan, sannan ya kuma ba da shaida a kan Hujr bn Adi a lokacin shari’ar da aka yi masa. == Manazarta == epk14e5voin5qb6go94ub5qhlixm3au 0 19058 964332 800100 2026-10-07T13:29:40Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bride_signing_marriage_papers.jpg|thumb| Wata amarya ta sanya hannu kan takardar shaidar aure, a [[Pakistan]] .]] [[File:Indian Wedding Ceremony (591).jpg|thumb|auren wasu mutane a indiya]] [[File:Hand tie at wedding.jpg|thumb|Ango yana daure hannun amaryarsa]] [[Fayil:Wedding Exclusives 2 332.jpg|thumb|Amarya da ango yan kasar najeriya]] [[Fayil:Royal Wedding Stockholm 2010-Slottsbacken-05 edit.jpg|thumb|Amarya da ango yan kasar Amurka]] [[Shari'a|Shari'ar Musulunci]] tana da ma'anar [[Aure|aure da]] ake kira '''Nikah''' (نكاح). Auren al’ada baya ƙarewa, sai dai idan anyi [[saki]]. Bugu da kari, akwai aure na wani lokaci, wanda kuma ake kira '''Nikah Mut'a.'''[[Mabiya Sunnah|Musulmin Sunni]] bai yarda da Nikah Mut'a ba; sun ce halaccin karuwanci ne. Duk da wannan, wasu makarantun shari'a na Sune suka kirkiro irin wadannan aƙidoji. A Nikah, ana neman [[Miji|mata]] da [[Mata (aure)|miji]] sau uku don neman izinin yin hulɗa da kuma shaidu don haka daga baya ba wanda zai iya da'awar fyaɗe. Auren musulunchi yana da fa idah dakumah dokoki [[Category:Musulunci]] [[Category:Musulmai]] [[Category:Al'ada]] s9zajz0ljl4183m5jo5cu2x8bna4eod 4 21908 964518 964088 2026-10-07T21:27:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 964518 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Justus Tolutope Kolawole|Justus Tolutope Kolawole]] |[[Special:Contributions/Justus Tolutope Kolawole|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |2 |[[User:PharaohCrab|PharaohCrab]] |[[Special:Contributions/PharaohCrab|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Doaa970|Doaa970]] |[[Special:Contributions/Doaa970|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Xhuks|Xhuks]] |[[Special:Contributions/Xhuks|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Fudge68|Fudge68]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fudge68|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Alex Blokha|Alex Blokha]] |[[Special:Contributions/Alex Blokha|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Alsmoowhohoo|Alsmoowhohoo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Alsmoowhohoo|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |8 |[[User:Haruna Usman Ginsau|Haruna Usman Ginsau]] |[[Special:Contributions/Haruna Usman Ginsau|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |9 |[[User:Quiasmos|Quiasmos]] |[[Special:Contributions/Quiasmos|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |10 |[[User:LGap|LGap]] |[[Special:Contributions/LGap|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 6 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Abubakar ali abubakar|Abubakar ali abubakar]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abubakar ali abubakar|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |12 |[[User:ISheix|ISheix]] |[[Special:Contributions/ISheix|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |13 |[[User:Ummujannah|Ummujannah]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ummujannah|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |14 |[[User:犭|犭]] |[[Special:Contributions/犭|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |15 |[[User:Guido-Gilch|Guido-Gilch]] |[[Special:Contributions/Guido-Gilch|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |16 |[[User:TothMPeter|TothMPeter]] |[[Special:Contributions/TothMPeter|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |17 |[[User:Abrotem|Abrotem]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abrotem|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |18 |[[User:Gangniy|Gangniy]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gangniy|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |19 |[[User:Fyzzyio|Fyzzyio]] |[[Special:Contributions/Fyzzyio|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |20 |[[User:ساجده امیری|ساجده امیری]] |[[Special:Contributions/ساجده امیری|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |21 |[[User:SpanskKo|SpanskKo]] |[[Special:Contributions/SpanskKo|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |22 |[[User:Massaoud Illa Sadikou|Massaoud Illa Sadikou]] |[[Special:Contributions/Massaoud Illa Sadikou|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |23 |[[User:RJ Raawat|RJ Raawat]] |[[Special:Contributions/RJ Raawat|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |24 |[[User:Renanrib2005|Renanrib2005]] |[[Special:Contributions/Renanrib2005|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |25 |[[User:Brayndl|Brayndl]] |[[Special:Contributions/Brayndl|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 7 ga Oktoba 2026 |- |} 2i6jq0zgmy3lqrsyixw8m0usm7hmvaq 0 22490 964708 935995 2026-10-08T10:40:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Vegetation and climate change 08.jpg|thumb|Shuke-shuke da chanjin yanayi.]] '''Ƙungiyar Sauyin [[Yanayi]]''' (TCM) ƙungiya ce mai ba da shawara ga muhalli da ke aiki don aiwatar da manyan matakan siyasa game da [[Dumamar yanayi|ɗumamar yanayi.]] Ta yi imanin cewa rikicin [[canjin yanayi]] yana buƙatar ƙoƙarin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa a kan girman tattarawar [[Amurkawa]] na gaban gida yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II. Don sauya tattalin arziƙin [[Amurka]] cikin sauri. <ref>[https://www.theclimatemobilization.org/about/ About]</ref> [[File:Our climate plan is a jobs plan.ogv|thumb|ƙungiyar Kare haƙƙin Muhalli]] Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Margaret Klein Salamon ne ya kafa ta don fuskantar musun canjin yanayi da gina manufar siyasa da ake bukata don cimma nasarar sauyi na adalci na tattalin arzikin zahiri da kuma al'ummah gaba daya, yana isar da wani hadadden tsari na mafita don sake haifar da gurɓataccen iska, da kuma tattalin arziƙi mai cike da tsaro, wanda ya karkata ga chanjin yanayin ɗumamar yanayi da kuma gushewar nau'in 6 na jinsin cikin sauri. == Tarihi. == Tun aƙalla a shekara ta 2008, mutane kamar masu nazarin muhalli Lester Brown, tsohon mataimakin shugaban ƙasa Al Gore, marubuci kuma masanin makamashi Joseph J. Romm, marubucin jaridar ''New York Times'' Thomas Friedman, marubuciya Naomi Klein, kuma mai rajin kare yanayin sauyin yanayi Bill McKibben sun yi kira da a dauki matakin gwamnati na sauyin yanayi kan girman [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yaƙin duniya na II]] don hanzarta rage hayaki mai gurɓata yanayi. A shekarar 2011, shugabannin manyan kungiyoyin kare muhalli wadanda suka haɗa da 350.org, Sierra Club, Greenpeace, Abokan Duniya, da kuma Rainforest Action Network sun sanya hannu a wasika zuwa ga shugabannin [[Barack Obama]] da [[Hu Jintao|Hu Jintao suna]] kira da a "hada kai kamar lokacin yaki" daga gwamnatoci na Amurka da [[Chaina]] don yanke hayakin carbon 80% (bisa ga matakai a shekarar 2006) nan da shekara ta 2020. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a [[Amurka]] basu taba shirya siyasa don wannan babban burin ba. An ƙaddamar da Tattalin Yanayi a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2014, kafin Maris na Yanayin Jama'a a cikin Birnin [[New York]], musamman don tsara siyasa game da batun hanzari, haɗakar gwamnati ta yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi. Margaret Klein Salamon, Ezra Silk da kawayenta sun ƙirƙiro dabarun gina motsi wanda masu sa hannu suka amince da jefa kuri'a ga 'yan takarar siyasa wadanda suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kan wadanda ba su ba. Yunkurin Tattalin Yanayi na " [http://www.theclimatemobilization.org/pledgetomobilize Alkawarin Yunƙuri]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} " ya yi kira ga gwamnatin Amurka da ta fara wani shiri na yaƙin duniya na biyu kan sauyin yanayi domin rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli 100% nan da shekara ta 2025, ta sanya tsarin cire iskar gas (GHG) daga yanayi tare da saurin lokacin yaƙi, da sanya rage GHGs ɗari bisa ɗari a duniya, tare da irin wannan saurin, babban fifiko na siyasa. A cikin shekara ta 2015, duka, 'yan gwagwarmaya na ƙasa a kalifoniya, Iowa da sauran wurare a Amurka sun fara yin taro don yakin duniya na II na girman yanayin ƙasa, da kuma yada alƙawarin Climate zuwa ga' yan takarar siyasa na cikin gida. <ref name="Vice">{{cite news |last1=Merchant |first1=Brian |title=Iowa Democrats Call for a ‘WWII-Scale Mobilization’ to Fight Climate Change |url=http://motherboard.vice.com/read/iowa-democrats-call-for-a-world-war-ii-scale-mobilization-to-fight-climate |accessdate=30 August 2016 |work=[[Vice (magazine)#Website|Vice: Motherboard]] |date=5 November 2015 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921061333/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/iowa-democrats-call-for-a-world-war-ii-scale-mobilization-to-fight-climate |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Cook|first1=Linda|title=Group rallies to sign climate change mobilization pledge|url=http://qctimes.com/news/local/group-rallies-to-sign-climate-change-mobilization-pledge/article_f7ce5106-fd69-5aa4-a85b-b4b7fb919363.html|work=Quad City Times|date=22 September 2015|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126132922/https://qctimes.com/news/local/group-rallies-to-sign-climate-change-mobilization-pledge/article_f7ce5106-fd69-5aa4-a85b-b4b7fb919363.html|archive-date=26 January 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Petroski|first1=William|title=Iowa activists demand war on climate change|url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/elections/presidential/caucus/2015/11/05/iowans-demand-war-climate-change/75224760/|work=Des Moines Register|date=5 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Konstantinovic|first1=Aleksandra|title=San Diegans Rally for Climate Mobilization at City Hall|url=http://timesofsandiego.com/politics/2015/03/15/san-diegans-rally-for-climate-mobilization-at-city-hall/|work=Times of San Diego|issue=15 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Haley|first1=Charley|title=Sanders a favorite at climate change rally|url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/politics/2016/01/30/sanders-favorite-climate-change-rally/79551596/|work=Des Moines Register|date=30 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sheppard|first1=Kate|title=Bernie Sanders Wins On Climate Change In Mock Iowa Caucus Of Activists|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/bernie-sanders-climate-iowa_us_56afdaf9e4b0b8d7c2304d9b|work=Huffington Post|date=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Iowa Progressives Weigh Clinton vs Sanders as One of Whitest U.S. States Kicks Off Presidential Race |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2016/2/1/iowa_progressives_weigh_clinton_vs_sanders |work=[[Democracy Now!]] |date=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Leber|first1=Rebecca|title=Bernie Sanders might want to thank climate change voters if he wins tonight|url=https://newrepublic.com/minutes/128871/bernie-sanders-might-want-thank-climate-change-voters-wins-tonight|work=New Republic|date=1 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hains|first1=Tim |title=Bernie Sanders: We Must Fight Climate Change "In Military Terms", Fossil Fuel Money Controls GOP |url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2016/03/15/sanders_fighting_climate_change_in_military_terms_fossil_fuel_industry_controls_gop.html |work=[[RealClearPolitics]] |date=15 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bernie Sanders frames climate change as an urgent existential war|url=http://theweek.com/speedreads/618655/bernie-sanders-frames-climate-change-urgent-existential-war|work=The Week|date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Merchant|first1=Emma Foehringer|title=Today’s signing of the Paris agreement has environmentalists split|url=https://newrepublic.com/minutes/132940/todays-signing-paris-agreement-environmentalists-split|work=New Republic|date=22 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Fulton|first1=Deirdre |title="Global Elite's Theater": Paris Deal Is Mere Starting Point for Climate Justice |url=http://commondreams.org/news/2016/04/22/global-elites-theater-paris-deal-mere-starting-point-climate-justice |work=[[Common Dreams]] |date=22 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Ware|first1=Doug G.|title=Kerry, 174 leaders sign 'powerful' Paris climate change treaty amid skepticism, protests|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2016/04/22/Kerry-174-leaders-sign-powerful-Paris-climate-change-treaty-amid-skepticism-protests/9481461283504/|work=UPI|date=22 April 2016}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2016, Climate Mobilisation ta dauki nauyin "Taron Gaggawar Yanayi" a cikin Des Moines kafin taron kungiyar Iowa, wanda yayi kwatankwacin taron farko na zaben shugaban kasa na shekara ta 2016 na jihar. Tsohon dan majalisar dattijan Amurka Tom Harkin ya yi magana a madadin ‘yar takara [[Hillary Clinton]], kuma masu rajin kare yanayi Jane Kleeb, wanda ya kafa Bold Nebraska, da dan siyasar Iowa kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo Ed Fallon sun yi magana a madadin dan takarar Bernie Sanders . Sanders ya lashe kashi 67% na kuri’un, wanda ya karfafa tunanin cewa masu kada kuri’a da suke matukar damuwa da sauyin yanayi sun fi son Sanders a kan Clinton, kuma masu jefa ƙuri’ar yanayi sun kasance babbar k kungiyar masu kada kuri’a da ke ba da gudummawa ga fafatawarsa a Iowa da kuma daga baya jihohin farko. A duk lokacin yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa, Bernie Sanders ya tattauna batun yaki da canjin yanayi "ta fuskar soja", yana fada a wani lokaci yayin muhawara kan Hillary Clinton cewa "idan muka tunkari wannan kamar muna yaki", Amurka na iya zuwa kalubalen, kamar yadda yake a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II. [[File:2020 Thai-election IMG20201220102038.jpg|thumb|Siyasa]] A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, ƙungiyar Climate Mobilization ta shirya " mutu-in " a wajen ginin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a birnin New York yayin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar COP 21 Paris, nufin nuna rashin amincewa da abin da ƙungiyar ta kira rashin dacewar yarjejeniyar dangane da girman barazanar sauyin yanayi. Mataimakin darektan TCM Ezra Silk ya kira yarjejeniyar "mai dimbin tarihi ta yadda yarjejeniyar ta Munich ta kasance mai dimbin tarihi - wani mummunan aiki ne na neman sassauci da nufin kula da harkokin kasuwanci yadda aka saba." Ya bayyana: "An yarda da kowa cewa wannan yarjejeniyar ba ta ma kusa da abin da ake buƙata ba. . . Da gaske baya kawo ma'anar gaggawa [don haka) muna son rarraba wasu abubuwa cikin tattaunawar. Muna buƙatar ci gaba da sahun yaƙi na gaggawa kamar yanzu haka Yanayin ya riga ya zama mai haɗari, mun riga mun shiga cikin gaggawa. An fahimci a cikin motsi na yanayi cewa wannan ita ce irin tsarin da ake buƙata. Kawai ana la'akari da shi ne a siyasance mara gaskiya. Burinmu shi ne sauya yiwuwar siyasa. ” A watan Yulin shekara ta 2016, kwamitin dandamali na kasa na Jam'iyyar Demokrat ta Amurka ya amince da kwaskwarimar da mai rajin kawo sauyin yanayi Russell Greene gabatar wa jam'iyyar zuwa ga yakin duniya na biyu game da canjin yanayi: "Mun yi imanin United din Dole ne kasashe su jagoranci samar da ingantacciyar hanyar magance matsalar sauyin yanayi a duniya . Mun dukufa ga tattara kan kasa, da kuma jagorantar wani kokarin na duniya, na tattara kasashe don magance wannan barazanar a wani matakin da ba a gani ba tun yakin duniya na II. A cikin kwanaki 100 na farkon gwamnati mai zuwa, Shugaban zai kira taron koli na kwararrun injiniyoyi a duniya, masana kimiyyar yanayi, masana harkokin siyasa, ‘yan gwagwarmaya, da kuma‘ yan asalin yankin don tsara hanyar da za a magance matsalar yanayi. ” ‘Yan siyasar da suka sanya hannu kan alkawarin kawo canjin yanayi sun hada da magajin garin San Luis Obispo Heidi Harmon, magajin garin Des Moines Frank Cownie ; Dan majalisar jihar Iowa Dan Kelley ; Sanatan jihar Iowa kuma dan takarar majalisar dattijan Amurka Rob Hogg ; ‘Yar takarar majalisar dattijan jihar New York Debbie Medina; da ‘yan takarar majalisar [[Amurka]] Peter Jacob na New Jersey, da Tim Canova, Darren Soto, da Alina Valdes na Florida. == Kwamitin ba da shawara. == Kwamitin ba da shawara na TCM ya haɗa da: * Laura Dawn, tsohon daraktan kirkirar MoveOn.org * Paul Gilding, tsohon darektan Greenpeace na Duniya * Richard Heinberg, ɗan jarida da kuma babban jami'in Cibiyar Post Carbon * Marshall Herskovitz, mai shirya fim * Dr. Michael E. Mann, masanin kimiyyar yanayi * Adam McKay, furodusa, darakta, marubucin fim na fina-finai kamar ''The Big Short'' * Jamila Raqib, darekta a Cibiyar Albert Einstein * Gus Speth, lauyan muhalli * David Spratt da Philip Sutton, masu ba da umarni na Red Code na Red * Lise Van Susteren, mai tabin hankali da kuma mai rajin kare muhalli * Rev. Lennox Yearwood Jr na uungiyar Hip Hop. == Duba kuma. == * Tattalin arzik ƙi * Yawan kayan aiki yayin Yaƙin Duniya na 2 * Yaɗuwa mai girma-shuka == Manazarta. == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.theclimatemobilization.org TheClimateMobilization.org] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1qkgpvk626jzw4y5962tf15w7ge971z 0 24316 964613 959442 2026-10-08T06:14:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adeyinka Faleti''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da sabain da shida 1976A.c),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yinka Faleti For Missouri|url=https://www.facebook.com/yinkafaletiformissouri/posts/282717236474362|access-date=2020-07-06|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref> ya kasan ce ɗan siyasan Najeriya-Ba'amurke ne kuma tsohon sojan Amurka wanda ya kasance ɗan takarar Demokraɗiyya ga Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Missouri a zaɓen 2020 . Ya kammala digirinsa na farko a Kimiyyar Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Sojojin Amurka a West Point tare da Likita Juris daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web|date=2020-04-09|title=Democratic veteran running to oversee Missouri elections|url=https://apnews.com/c421c88c35d7aee32c715a83288e6f70|access-date=2020-07-05|website=AP NEWS}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Keller|first=Katlyn|date=September 9, 2016|title=Diverse Business Leaders 2016: Yinka Faleti, senior vice president at the United Way of Greater St. Louis|work=St. Louis Business Journal|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2016/09/09/diverse-business-leaders-2016-yinka-faleti-senior.html}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite web|last=King|first=Chris|date=April 11, 2020|title=Yinka Faleti is only Democrat to file to run against Ashcroft for secretary of state|url=http://www.stlamerican.com/news/local_news/yinka-faleti-is-only-democrat-to-file-to-run-against-ashcroft-for-secretary-of-state/article_f6189a08-7c09-11ea-b082-a3a13cefc672.html|access-date=2020-07-06|website=St. Louis American|language=en}}</ref> Ya baya aiki a matsayin darektan zartarwa na kungiyar agaji Forward Ta Ferguson, da Babban Mataimakin shugaban United Way of Greater St. Louis, a jihar m a St. Louis Circuit Ministan Shari'a ta Office, da kuma wani lauya kai kara a dokar kasa da kasa, tabbatattun Bryan kõgon.<ref name=":62" /><ref name=":04">{{Cite web|last=Schallhorn|first=Kaitlyn|date=2019-10-09|title=Yinka Faleti, former United Way VP, launches campaign for secretary of state|url=https://themissouritimes.com/yinka-faleti-former-united-way-vp-launches-campaign-for-secretary-of-state/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=The Missouri Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the Young Leaders: Yinka Faleti|url=http://www.stlamerican.com/salute_to_excellence/young_leaders/meet-the-young-leaders-yinka-faleti/article_bcc51cc8-dbf3-11e5-8f86-fb084ad2fd8c.html|access-date=2020-07-05|website=St. Louis American|language=en}}</ref> Faleti yana zaune tare da matarsa, Ronke, da yaransu hudu a St. Louis, Missouri.<ref name=":72" /> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Faleti a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] . A tsakiyar 1970s, mahaifinsa ya yi hijira zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] kuma ya koma [[New York (birni)|New York City]] . Mahaifiyarsa ta tafi bayan shekaru uku kuma ta bar Faleti tare da kakanninsa har sai da ya sami Visa. Shekaru 7 bayan tafiyar mahaifinsa, Faleti ya isa Filin jirgin saman John F. Kennedy a New York kuma ya sadu da mahaifinsa da kannensa biyu a karon farko.<ref name=":12" /> Da girma, danginsa sun zauna a [[New York (jiha)|New York]], [[Virginia]], [[Florida]], [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], da [[Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yinka's Story|url=https://yinkafaleti.com/yinkas-story/|access-date=2021-08-24|archive-date=2020-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817004638/https://yinkafaleti.com/yinkas-story/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Faleti ya kammala karatunsa daga Kwalejin Ilimin Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Texas tare da difloma ta sakandare.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Yinka Faleti joins United Way|url=http://www.stlamerican.com/business/people_on_the_move/yinka-faleti-joins-united-way/article_32e62420-83c1-11e3-a62a-001a4bcf887a.html|access-date=2020-07-06|website=St. Louis American|language=en}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da nazarin injiniyan abubuwan da suka shafi ɗan adam a Kwalejin Sojojin Amurka kuma ya kammala a 1998.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news|last=Kim|first=Jacob|date=October 7, 2019|title=Former Forward Through Ferguson official eyes statewide run|work=St. Louis Business Journal|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2019/10/07/former-forward-through-ferguson-official-eyes.html}}</ref> A cikin 2007, ya sami digiri na JD daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=Washington University in St. Louis Magazine|url=http://magazine-archives.wustl.edu/spring09/scholarships.html|access-date=2020-07-06|website=magazine-archives.wustl.edu|archive-date=2015-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131090002/http://magazine-archives.wustl.edu/Spring09/scholarships.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Ayyukan soja (1998 - 2004) === Bayan kammala karatu daga West Point, Faleti ya yi aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka na tsawon shekaru shida a matsayin jami'in da ke aiki daga 1998 zuwa 2004. Ya yi balaguro biyu a [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|Kuwait]] : yawon shakatawa na farko ya kasance wani ɓangare na Operation Desert Spring kuma rangadin na biyu ya kasance wani ɓangare na Operation Enduring Freedom . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yinka Faleti|url=https://www.napacusa.org/advocacy-group-election-2020-candidates/yinka-faleti|website=Nigerian-American Public Affairs Committee|access-date=2021-08-24|archive-date=2021-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824203819/https://www.napacusa.org/advocacy-group-election-2020-candidates/yinka-faleti|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hakanan ya kasance jagoran ƙungiyar tankuna a Fort Hood kuma ya sami horo tare da sojoji 15 a cikin tankokin M1A2.<ref name=":42" /> A lokacin tashi daga aikin soja, ya kai matsayin Kyaftin da kwamandan Kamfanin.<ref name=":42" /> === Makarantar Shari'a (2004 - 2007) === [[Fayil:Yinka Faleti (cropped).jpg|thumb|Yinka Faleti]] A 2004, Faleti ya bar aikin soja ya koma St. Louis don fara makarantar koyon aikin lauya a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Washington.<ref name=":32" /> Yayin halartar makarantar lauya, ya kasance shugaban kungiyar ɗaliban ɗaliban lauyoyin WashU Law. Ya kuma fafata a cikin Kungiyar Bayar da Shawarar fitina, ya sami Mafi kyawun Mai Bayar da Shawara a 2005, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar a ƙungiyar ƙarshe ta 2006.<ref name=":42" /> === Aikin lauya (2007–2013) === Bayan kammala karatun lauya a 2007, Faleti yayi aiki a matsayin lauyan tuhuma a wurin St. Louis wurin kamfanin lauyoyi na duniya Bryan Cave (yanzu Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner).<ref name=":22" /> A cikin 2011, ya zama mai gabatar da kara na jihar a Ofishin Lauyan St. Louis Circuit kuma yayi aiki kusan shekaru uku.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":42" /><ref name=":53">{{Cite web|last=Hancock|first=Jason|date=October 11, 2019|title=St. Louis Democrat enters race to challenge Missouri Secretary of State Ashcroft|url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article236029233.html|website=Kansas City Star}}</ref> === Gudanar da Ƙungiyoyin Sa -kai (2013–2019) === A cikin 2013, Faleti ya fara aiki a matsayin Babban Mataimakin Shugaban Philanthropic, Donor, da Sabis na Al'umma a United Way of Greater St. Louis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fundraising for Impact Summit|url=http://conferences.unitedway.org/ehome/284252/629552/|access-date=2020-07-06|website=conferences.unitedway.org|archive-date=2020-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706080805/http://conferences.unitedway.org/ehome/284252/629552/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A lokacinsa a United Way, ya ba da umarnin tara kuɗi da ƙoƙarin sa kai kuma ya tara sama da dala miliyan 300 ga St.<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":32" /><ref name=":53" /> A cikin 2018, ya zama Babban Darakta na Ci gaba Ta hanyar Ferguson, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta St. Louis da aka kafa don aiwatar da canje-canjen da Rahoton Hukumar Ferguson ya gabatar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forward Through Ferguson|url=https://deaconess.org/timeline/forward-through-ferguson/|access-date=2020-07-06|website=Deaconess Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar Michael Brown a Ferguson, gwamnan Missouri Jay Nixon ya nada haɗin gwiwar shugabannin yankin don kafa Hukumar Ferguson. Hukumar ita ce ta kammala “cikakken nazari mai zurfi, mai ɗorewa da rashin daidaituwa kan yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin da ke hana ci gaba, daidaito da aminci a yankin St. Louis,” wanda ya ƙare a cikin rahoton Hukumar Ferguson a 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Commission|url=https://forwardthroughferguson.org/report/executive-summary/the-commission/|access-date=2020-07-06|website=Forward Through Ferguson|language=en-US}}</ref> An ba Faleti lambar yabo ta ƙwararrun masu aikin ƙaura a cikin Kyautar Mosaic Workplace Awards na St. Louis Mosaic na 2018 don aikinsa a Forward Ta Ferguson.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 19, 2016|title=The St. Louis Mosaic Project Celebrates Workplace Leaders for Immigrants in St. Louis Community|work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|url=https://www.stltoday.com/pr/news/the-st-louis-mosaic-project-celebrates-workplace-leaders-for-immigrants-in-st-louis-community/article_ebc5bdda-d09b-11e8-b40f-5cb9017bdf48.html|access-date=August 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824203817/https://www.stltoday.com/pr/news/the-st-louis-mosaic-project-celebrates-workplace-leaders-for-immigrants-in-st-louis-community/article_ebc5bdda-d09b-11e8-b40f-5cb9017bdf48.html|archive-date=August 24, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Dan takarar sakataren harkokin waje na Missouri (2019–2020) === A watan Oktoba na 2019, Faleti ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana neman Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Missouri a 2020 tare da dan takarar Republican Jay Ashcroft . Jam'iyyar Democrat ta Missouri ta sanar da shi a matsayin wanda aka zaba a watan Afrilu 2020.<ref name=":12" /> Ya bayyana cewa yana yin takarar mukami ne "don kara samun damar kada kuri'a, rage shinge ga shigar masu kada kuri'a da karewa da girmama tsarin shirin mu na jefa kuri'a."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|first=DemCast|date=2020-03-07|title=Meet the Candidate: Yinka Faleti (Missouri)|url=https://demcastusa.com/2020/03/07/meet-the-candidate-yinka-faleti-missouri/|access-date=2020-07-22|website=DemCast|language=en-US|archive-date=2020-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722201551/https://demcastusa.com/2020/03/07/meet-the-candidate-yinka-faleti-missouri/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Idan aka zabe shi, zai kasance [[Afirkawan Amurka|Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka na]] farko da zai riƙe ofis a jihar Missouri.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":32" /> Faleti ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na jihar gabaɗaya lokacin da ya tara kuɗi sama da ninki 7 na adadin abokin hamayyarsa, ɗan takarar Republican Jay Ashcroft, a cikin kwata na biyu na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Erickson|first=Kurt|title=Parson leads in race for campaign cash, but Galloway touts fundraising haul in pandemic|url=https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/parson-leads-in-race-for-campaign-cash-but-galloway-touts-fundraising-haul-in-pandemic/article_831b19ae-908b-510d-a4e0-36fbe60b0a57.html|access-date=2020-07-22|website=STLtoday.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721053240/https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/parson-leads-in-race-for-campaign-cash-but-galloway-touts-fundraising-haul-in-pandemic/article_831b19ae-908b-510d-a4e0-36fbe60b0a57.html|archive-date=2020-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kelly|first=Matthew|date=July 16, 2020|title=Sec. of State Ashcroft outraised 7-to-1 by Democratic challenger Faleti last quarter|work=Kansas City Star|url=https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/election/article244279992.html}}</ref> Baya ga zaben gwamna, Faleti a wannan lokacin ya taso fiye da duk wani ɗan takarar da ke neman kujerar gwamna a jihar Missouri.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Geisler|first=Lucas|date=2020-07-16|title=Campaign finance: Galloway raises more than Parson, county commission challengers bring in thousands|url=https://abc17news.com/news/2020/07/15/campaign-finance-galloway-raises-more-than-parson-county-commission-challengers-bring-in-thousands/|access-date=2020-07-22|website=ABC17NEWS|language=en-US}}</ref> Tallafin Faleti ya haɗa da Bari Amurka ta Zabe, ''St. Louis Post Dispatch'', ''St. Louis American'', Vote Vets, Missouri AFL-CIO da St. Louis Labour Council, End Citizens United, Access MO, PAC na Ƙungiya, St. Indivisible St. Louis, Planned Parenthood Action Asusun da NARAL Missouri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yinka Faleti for secretary of state, Nicole Galloway for governor|url=http://www.stlamerican.com/news/editorials/yinka-faleti-for-secretary-of-state-nicole-galloway-for-governor/article_b2356220-bc06-11ea-a066-3fb1cb588bbc.html|access-date=2020-07-22|website=St. Louis American|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thank you @votevets for your endorsement! I am proud to be a U.S. Army veteran and will bring courageous leadership to Jefferson City as Missouri's next Secretary of State. #VoteVetsEL|url=https://twitter.com/yinka_faleti/status/1277976285327749124|access-date=2020-07-22|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I am grateful for our campaign's endorsement from @accessmotoday|url=https://twitter.com/yinka_faleti/status/1278388208674443265|access-date=2020-07-22|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indivisible St. Louis|url=https://www.facebook.com/IndivisibleSt.Louis/posts/1446772345471489|access-date=2020-07-25|website=www.facebook.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Endorsements|url=https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/planned-parenthood-advocates-missouri/elections/endorsements|access-date=2020-08-04|website=www.plannedparenthoodaction.org|language=en|archive-date=2020-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808175054/https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/planned-parenthood-advocates-missouri/elections/endorsements|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alpert|first=Lynn|title=Missouri Labor-endorsed candidates for local and statewide offices in Aug. 4 primary {{!}} The Labor Tribune|url=https://labortribune.com/labor-cope-endorsed-candidates-for-aug-4-2020-missouri-primary/|access-date=2020-08-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ICYMI: Yesterday, we received the endorsement of @letamericavote and @StopBigMoney, two organizations focused on an open, accessible, and transparent government.|url=https://twitter.com/yinka_faleti/status/1288558109678604288|access-date=2020-08-04|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=St. Louis Post-Dispatch Editorial Board|date=September 28, 2020|title=Editorial: We recommend Yinka Faleti for Missouri secretary of state|url=https://www.stltoday.com/opinion/editorial/editorial-we-recommend-yinka-faleti-for-missouri-secretary-of-state/article_0c157acc-8c75-588a-8f44-beea08a62d23.html|access-date=2020-10-04|website=St. Louis Post-Dispatch|language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1976]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan Nijeriya mazauna Amurika]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 10g75ve2zz0xvp7r1jcerafco0k4jx5 0 25459 964360 945668 2026-10-07T14:29:42Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba'a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong 🌍 BISSALAM TRAVELS & TOUR ✈️ Your Trusted Partner in Travel & Tourism We make your journey simple, convenient & stress-free. 🛫 Flight Booking & Reservation 🛂 Visa Assistance 🕋 Hajj & Umrah Packages 🏨 Hotel & Accommodation 🌍 Local & International Tours 📄 Travel Documentation Safe • Reliable • Affordable • Professional 📞 08069958780 📧 mudassirumd737@gmail.com 📍 No. 4 Abdullahi Fodio Road, Sokoto ✨ Travel with Confidence. Journey with Ease. Bissalam travels&tourism == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasiƙa a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin Chaina (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === [[Kimiyya]] === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === Magani === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na ƙasar Sin chaina) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye ɗari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). 4ia1cvenoem27sm27irv8xvdp2ux6qu 964361 964360 2026-10-07T14:30:23Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba'a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong 🌍 BISSALAM TRAVELS & TOUR ✈️ Your Trusted Partner in Travel & Tourism We make your journey simple, convenient & stress-free. 🛫 Flight Booking & Reservation 🛂 Visa Assistance 🕋 Hajj & Umrah Packages 🏨 Hotel & Accommodation 🌍 Local & International Tours 📄 Travel Documentation Safe • Reliable • Affordable • Professional 📞 08069958780 📧 mudassirumd737@gmail.com 📍 No. 4 Abdullahi Fodio Road, Sokoto ✨ Travel with Confidence. Journey with Ease. Bissalam travels&tourism == Harsuna da haruffa == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasiƙa a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin Chaina (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === [[Kimiyya]] === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === [[Magani]] === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na ƙasar Sin chaina) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye ɗari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). mfoj3gzrtxosodsy9litrdyxm0rprv8 964362 964361 2026-10-07T14:30:57Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba'a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong 🌍 BISSALAM TRAVELS & TOUR ✈️ Your Trusted Partner in Travel & Tourism We make your journey simple, convenient & stress-free. 🛫 Flight Booking & Reservation 🛂 Visa Assistance 🕋 Hajj & Umrah Packages 🏨 Hotel & Accommodation 🌍 Local & International Tours 📄 Travel Documentation Safe • Reliable • Affordable • Professional 📞 08069958780 📧 mudassirumd737@gmail.com 📍 No. 4 Abdullahi Fodio Road, Sokoto ✨ Travel with Confidence. Journey with Ease. Bissalam travels&tourism == Harsuna da [[haruffa]] == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasiƙa a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin Chaina (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === [[Kimiyya]] === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === [[Magani]] === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na ƙasar Sin chaina) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye ɗari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == Sufuri == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). ije7q2undblaeo1vdedrtpat0973lj4 964363 964362 2026-10-07T14:31:30Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba'a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong 🌍 BISSALAM TRAVELS & TOUR ✈️ Your Trusted Partner in Travel & Tourism We make your journey simple, convenient & stress-free. 🛫 Flight Booking & Reservation 🛂 Visa Assistance 🕋 Hajj & Umrah Packages 🏨 Hotel & Accommodation 🌍 Local & International Tours 📄 Travel Documentation Safe • Reliable • Affordable • Professional 📞 08069958780 📧 mudassirumd737@gmail.com 📍 No. 4 Abdullahi Fodio Road, Sokoto ✨ Travel with Confidence. Journey with Ease. Bissalam travels&tourism == Harsuna da [[haruffa]] == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasiƙa a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin Chaina (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === [[Kimiyya]] === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === [[Magani]] === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na ƙasar Sin chaina) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye ɗari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == [[Sufuri]] == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran Amfani == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). rpvnzmcq6liwi0h2m0uxdqcyg02tscb 964364 964363 2026-10-07T14:32:14Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba'a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong 🌍 BISSALAM TRAVELS & TOUR ✈️ Your Trusted Partner in Travel & Tourism We make your journey simple, convenient & stress-free. 🛫 Flight Booking & Reservation 🛂 Visa Assistance 🕋 Hajj & Umrah Packages 🏨 Hotel & Accommodation 🌍 Local & International Tours 📄 Travel Documentation Safe • Reliable • Affordable • Professional 📞 08069958780 📧 mudassirumd737@gmail.com 📍 No. 4 Abdullahi Fodio Road, Sokoto ✨ Travel with Confidence. Journey with Ease. Bissalam travels&tourism == Harsuna da [[haruffa]] == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasiƙa a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == Wurare == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin Chaina (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === [[Kimiyya]] === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === [[Magani]] === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na ƙasar Sin chaina) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye ɗari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == [[Sufuri]] == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran [[Amfani]] == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). 2zwncfqanii5vgttginq4a6u0e77di1 964366 964364 2026-10-07T14:36:47Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba'a san su ba, shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong 🌍 BISSALAM TRAVELS & TOUR ✈️ Your Trusted Partner in Travel & Tourism We make your journey simple, convenient & stress-free. 🛫 Flight Booking & Reservation 🛂 Visa Assistance 🕋 Hajj & Umrah Packages 🏨 Hotel & Accommodation 🌍 Local & International Tours 📄 Travel Documentation Safe • Reliable • Affordable • Professional 📞 08069958780 📧 mudassirumd737@gmail.com 📍 No. 4 Abdullahi Fodio Road, Sokoto ✨ Travel with Confidence. Journey with Ease. Bissalam travels&tourism == Harsuna da [[haruffa]] == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasiƙa a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA == [[Wurare]] == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin Chaina (Guobiao taƙaice HA) == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === [[Kimiyya]] === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === [[Magani]] === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A kimiyya Da Fasaha === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan trigonometric a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen sunaye == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na ƙasar Sin chaina) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye ɗari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == [[Sufuri]] == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran [[Amfani]] == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). m4q9jlxoz34dl08940kr8xt1lgivuh9 964598 964366 2026-10-08T05:37:28Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ha na''' iya nufin to: == Hukumomi da ƙungiyoyi == * Hukumar lafiya * Hells Angels, ƙungiyar babur * Rashin Gida Australia, ƙungiya mafi kankanta don mutane marasa gida da ayyuka * 'Yan luwadi Ba'a san su ba, Shirin tsohon Dan luwaɗi ne don ma'amala da abubuwan da ba aso * Hukumomin Gidajen Hong Kong 🌍 BISSALAM TRAVELS & TOUR ✈️ Your Trusted Partner in Travel & Tourism We make your journey simple, convenient & stress-free. 🛫 Flight Booking & Reservation 🛂 Visa Assistance 🕋 Hajj & Umrah Packages 🏨 Hotel & Accommodation 🌍 Local & International Tours 📄 Travel Documentation Safe • Reliable • Affordable • Professional 📞 08069958780 📧 mudassirumd737@gmail.com 📍 No. 4 Abdullahi Fodio Road, Sokoto ✨ Travel with Confidence. Journey with Ease. Bissalam travels&tourism == Harsuna da [[haruffa]] == * Ha (Javanese) (ꦲ), wasiƙa a cikin Harshen Javanese * Ha (kana), a cikin rubutun Jafananci na syllabic * <big>ه</big> ( hāʾ ), <big>ح</big> ( ḥāʾ ), ko <big>خ</big> ( ḫāʾ ), haruffan Larabci * Harshen Ha, harshen mutanen Ha a gabashin Afirka * [[Harshen Hausa|Yaren Hausa]], lambar ISO 639-1 HA. == [[Wurare]] == * Ha, Bhutan * Ha, Norway * Ha Gorge, Girka * Yankin lambar HA, ƙungiyar gundumomin gidan waya na Ingilishi a arewa maso yammacin birnin London * Henan, lardin Chaina (Guobiao taƙaice HA). == Kimiyya Da Fasaha == === [[Kimiyya]] === * Hahnium, wani kashi yanzu ake kira Dubnium * Hyaluronan (Hyaluronic acid), tsarin carbohydrate * Hydroxylapatite, ma'adinai === [[Magani]] === * Hyperandrogenic anovulation, wanda kuma ake kira polycystic ovary syndrome * Damuwa da lafiya (HA) ko hypochondriasis (hypochondria) * Hemagglutinin (mura) (HA), glycoprotein antigenic daga ƙwayoyin cutar mura * Gwajin Hemagglutination, auna ƙwayoyin cuta ko ƙwayoyin cuta === Sauran Amfani A [[kimiyya]] Da [[Fasaha]] === * ha (prefix aiki) (rabi), prefix don wasu ayyukan [[trigonometric]] a lissafi * Hartree, atomic unit na makamashi * Hekta (ha), yanki na yanki * Hectoampere, naúrar wutar lantarki * Babban samuwa, ƙirar tsarin da aiwatarwa tare da ra'ayi don haɓaka sabis * Kwancen sa’a, a cikin ilmin taurari, daya daga cikin masu daidaita tsarin daidaiton daidaitawa * H <sub>a</sub>, ko madadin hasashe, a cikin gwajin ƙididdiga == Sunayen [[Sunayen|sunaye]] == * Ha (sunan mahaifi na ƙasar Sin chaina) ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]]), wanda aka samo a cikin ''Sunayen Sunaye ɗari'' * Ha (sunan mahaifi na kasar Koriya) ( [[wiktionary:하|하]], 河 ko 夏) * Sunan Hà, Vietnamese * Samun Hạ asalin sunan farko * Xia (sunan mahaifi) ([[wiktionary:夏|夏]]), wanda aka yiwa romanized kamar Ha in Cantonese, Korean and Vietnamese pronunciation == [[Sufuri]] == * British Rail Class 71, locomotive (nau'in nau'in HA a ƙarƙashin shirin pre-TOPS na Yankin Kudancin) * Kamfanin jirgin saman Hawaiian (mai tsara IATA HA) * Hukumar Babbar Hanya, ko (HA), tsohon sunan Highways England, wani ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Ingila == Sauran [[Amfani]] == * Ha (mythology) * Ha, ɗaya daga cikin alloli Heng da Ha * Ha Mutane, Mutanen Tanzaniya * Appantice Hospitalman, Daraktan Sojojin Ruwa Na Amurka == Duba kuma == * Hai (disambiguation) * Haha (rashin fahimta) * Yana da (disambiguation). tilfxpl6g2em03aso2g9ylk89ewh5rv 0 27278 964599 180198 2026-10-08T05:39:16Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Yaran Mud''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya yazo ah alif dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017 wanda Imoh Umoren ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Fim ɗin ya fito ne a matsayin [[Liz Benson]] da Matilda Obaseki a matsayin jagora yayin da fim din ya zama darakta na hudu na Imoh Umoren.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/cinema/children-of-mud-imoh-umoren/|title=Imoh Umoren Explores Homelessness In The Trailer For 'Children Of Mud'|website=Konbini - All Pop Everything!|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shirin fim din ya ta'allaka ne kan damuwar da yaran da ba su da matsuguni a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soundviewmediapartners.com/children-of-mud/|title=Children of Mud|date=2018-03-17|website=Soundview Media Partners LLC|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya fito na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya a ranar 21 ga Yuli 2017 kuma ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masana. Fim ɗin ya sami ƴan takara kaɗan a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenativemag.com/communities/child-mud-earns-child-actress-miriam-kayode-nomination-best-actress-drama|title=Children of Mud earns child actress, Mariam Kayode nomination for Best Actress in a Drama|date=2018-08-23|website=The Native|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> == Yan wasa == * [[Liz Benson]] * Matilda Obaseki * Raphael Jackson a matsayin Miracle * Mariam Kayode a matsayin Emem == Takaitaccen bayani == An kora su daga gidansu da goggonsu, wata budurwa Emem da makaho Miracle sun je neman bege a kan tituna. == Kyaututtuka da naɗi == {| class="wikitable" width="60%" ! style="width:10pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Shekara ! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Kyauta ! style="width:40pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Rukuni ! style="width:50pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Sakamako |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | rowspan="1" | 2018 Nigeria Entertainment Awards | Mafi kyawun Hoto | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | rowspan="1" | Kyautar Zabin Masu Kallon Sihiri na Afirka na 6 | Fitacciyar Jaruma - Mariam Kayode | {{Nom}} |} == Magana == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|id=tt7845872}} [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] 210l01bqyzouhgx0gf7qh6ac05v1pjs 964600 964599 2026-10-08T05:40:34Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Yaran Mud''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya yazo ah alif dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017 wanda Imoh Umoren ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Fim ɗin ya fito ne a matsayin [[Liz Benson]] da Matilda Obaseki a matsayin jagora yayin da fim din ya zama darakta na hudu na Imoh Umoren.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/cinema/children-of-mud-imoh-umoren/|title=Imoh Umoren Explores Homelessness In The Trailer For 'Children Of Mud'|website=Konbini - All Pop Everything!|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shirin fim din ya ta'allaka ne kan damuwar da yaran da ba su da matsuguni a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soundviewmediapartners.com/children-of-mud/|title=Children of Mud|date=2018-03-17|website=Soundview Media Partners LLC|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> [[Fim]] ɗin ya fito na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya a ranar 21 ga Yuli shekara dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017 kuma ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masana. Fim ɗin ya sami ƴan takara kaɗan a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenativemag.com/communities/child-mud-earns-child-actress-miriam-kayode-nomination-best-actress-drama|title=Children of Mud earns child actress, Mariam Kayode nomination for Best Actress in a Drama|date=2018-08-23|website=The Native|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> == Yan wasa == * [[Liz Benson]] * Matilda Obaseki * Raphael Jackson a matsayin Miracle * Mariam Kayode a matsayin Emem == Takaitaccen bayani == An kora su daga gidansu da goggonsu, wata budurwa Emem da makaho Miracle sun je neman bege a kan tituna. == Kyaututtuka da naɗi == {| class="wikitable" width="60%" ! style="width:10pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Shekara ! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Kyauta ! style="width:40pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Rukuni ! style="width:50pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Sakamako |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | rowspan="1" | 2018 Nigeria Entertainment Awards | Mafi kyawun Hoto | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | rowspan="1" | Kyautar Zabin Masu Kallon Sihiri na Afirka na 6 | Fitacciyar Jaruma - Mariam Kayode | {{Nom}} |} == Magana == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|id=tt7845872}} [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] sg1eyxnue1pvapqcp645ml0841ik840 964638 964600 2026-10-08T06:53:31Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Yaran Mud''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya yazo ah alif dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017 wanda Imoh Umoren ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Fim ɗin ya fito ne a matsayin [[Liz Benson]] da Matilda Obaseki a matsayin jagora yayin da fim din ya zama darakta na hudu na Imoh Umoren.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/cinema/children-of-mud-imoh-umoren/|title=Imoh Umoren Explores Homelessness In The Trailer For 'Children Of Mud'|website=Konbini - All Pop Everything!|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shirin fim din ya ta'allaka ne kan damuwar da yaran da ba su da matsuguni a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soundviewmediapartners.com/children-of-mud/|title=Children of Mud|date=2018-03-17|website=Soundview Media Partners LLC|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> [[Fim]] ɗin ya fito na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya a ranar 21 ga Yuli shekara dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017 kuma ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masana. Fim ɗin ya sami ƴan takara kaɗan a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenativemag.com/communities/child-mud-earns-child-actress-miriam-kayode-nomination-best-actress-drama|title=Children of Mud earns child actress, Mariam Kayode nomination for Best Actress in a Drama|date=2018-08-23|website=The Native|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> == Yan wasa == * [[Liz Benson]] * [[Matilda Obaseki|Matilda]] Obaseki * Raphael Jackson a matsayin Miracle * Mariam Kayode a matsayin Emem == Takaitaccen bayani == An kora su daga gidansu da goggonsu, wata budurwa Emem da makaho Miracle sun je neman bege a kan tituna. == Kyaututtuka da naɗi == {| class="wikitable" width="60%" ! style="width:10pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Shekara ! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Kyauta ! style="width:40pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Rukuni ! style="width:50pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Sakamako |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | rowspan="1" | 2018 Nigeria Entertainment Awards | Mafi kyawun Hoto | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | rowspan="1" | Kyautar Zabin Masu Kallon Sihiri na Afirka na 6 | Fitacciyar Jaruma - Mariam Kayode | {{Nom}} |} == Magana == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|id=tt7845872}} [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] fns51btgzjwua0bz43yiu48sbkx9vmn 964639 964638 2026-10-08T06:55:20Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Yaran Mud''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya yazo ah alif dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017 wanda Imoh Umoren ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Fim ɗin ya fito ne a matsayin [[Liz Benson]] da Matilda Obaseki a matsayin jagora yayin da fim din ya zama darakta na hudu na Imoh Umoren.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/cinema/children-of-mud-imoh-umoren/|title=Imoh Umoren Explores Homelessness In The Trailer For 'Children Of Mud'|website=Konbini - All Pop Everything!|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shirin [[fim]] din ya ta'allaka ne kan damuwar da yaran da ba su da matsuguni a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soundviewmediapartners.com/children-of-mud/|title=Children of Mud|date=2018-03-17|website=Soundview Media Partners LLC|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> [[Fim]] ɗin ya fito na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya a ranar 21 ga Yuli shekara dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017 kuma ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masana. Fim ɗin ya sami ƴan takara kaɗan a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenativemag.com/communities/child-mud-earns-child-actress-miriam-kayode-nomination-best-actress-drama|title=Children of Mud earns child actress, Mariam Kayode nomination for Best Actress in a Drama|date=2018-08-23|website=The Native|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> == Yan wasa == * [[Liz Benson]] * [[Matilda Obaseki|Matilda]] Obaseki * Raphael Jackson a matsayin Miracle * Mariam Kayode a matsayin Emem == Takaitaccen bayani == An kora su daga gidansu da goggonsu, wata budurwa Emem da makaho Miracle sun je neman bege a kan tituna. == Kyaututtuka da naɗi == {| class="wikitable" width="60%" ! style="width:10pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Shekara ! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Kyauta ! style="width:40pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Rukuni ! style="width:50pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Sakamako |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | rowspan="1" | 2018 Nigeria Entertainment Awards | Mafi kyawun Hoto | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | rowspan="1" | Kyautar Zabin Masu Kallon Sihiri na Afirka na 6 | Fitacciyar Jaruma - Mariam Kayode | {{Nom}} |} == Magana == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|id=tt7845872}} [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] 7ivyfwj1ypbh51j8vwbxc4lm9l0jzmr 964640 964639 2026-10-08T06:55:46Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Yaran Mud''''' [[fim]] ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya yazo ah alif dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017 wanda Imoh Umoren ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Fim ɗin ya fito ne a matsayin [[Liz Benson]] da Matilda Obaseki a matsayin jagora yayin da fim din ya zama darakta na hudu na Imoh Umoren.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/cinema/children-of-mud-imoh-umoren/|title=Imoh Umoren Explores Homelessness In The Trailer For 'Children Of Mud'|website=Konbini - All Pop Everything!|language=fr|access-date=2019-11-18}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shirin [[fim]] din ya ta'allaka ne kan damuwar da yaran da ba su da matsuguni a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soundviewmediapartners.com/children-of-mud/|title=Children of Mud|date=2018-03-17|website=Soundview Media Partners LLC|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> [[Fim]] ɗin ya fito na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya a ranar 21 ga Yuli shekara dubu biyu da sha bakwai 2017 kuma ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masana. Fim ɗin ya sami ƴan takara kaɗan a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenativemag.com/communities/child-mud-earns-child-actress-miriam-kayode-nomination-best-actress-drama|title=Children of Mud earns child actress, Mariam Kayode nomination for Best Actress in a Drama|date=2018-08-23|website=The Native|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> == Yan wasa == * [[Liz Benson]] * [[Matilda Obaseki|Matilda]] Obaseki * Raphael Jackson a matsayin Miracle * Mariam Kayode a matsayin Emem == Takaitaccen bayani == An kora su daga gidansu da goggonsu, wata budurwa Emem da makaho Miracle sun je neman bege a kan tituna. == Kyaututtuka da naɗi == {| class="wikitable" width="60%" ! style="width:10pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Shekara ! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Kyauta ! style="width:40pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Rukuni ! style="width:50pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" | Sakamako |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | rowspan="1" | 2018 Nigeria Entertainment Awards | Mafi kyawun Hoto | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2018 | rowspan="1" | Kyautar Zabin Masu Kallon Sihiri na Afirka na 6 | Fitacciyar Jaruma - Mariam Kayode | {{Nom}} |} == Magana == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|id=tt7845872}} [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] pkheff9fg8ff42z04zug7on80f8a4jq 0 27791 964679 962642 2026-10-08T09:40:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964679 wikitext text/x-wiki    Wani ''''''ɗan kasuwa'''''', wanda kuma ake kira dan kasuwa ko '''<nowiki/>'yar kasuwa''', mutum ne wanda ya kafa, ya samar, ko kuma yana da hannun jari a (ciki har da mala'ika mai saka hannun jari) kamfani mai zaman kansa. [dubious - tattauna] Wani dan kasuwa yana gudanar da ayyuka (kasuwanci ko masana'antu) don samar da kwararar kuɗi, tallace-tallace, da kudaden shiga ta hanyar amfani da haɗuwa da mutum, kudi, ilimi, da kuma kayan aiki na zahiri don bunkasa tattalin arziki da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2018 |title=businessman |url=http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202202231/http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/businessman.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=6 July 2018 |publisher=WebFinance Inc. |quote=businessman[:] A person who is employed by an organization or company. Businessmen are often associated with white collar jobs. In order to avoid sexism or the perpetuation of stereotypes, the term "businessperson" is often used. The term "businesswoman" is less commonly used.}}</ref>  == Tarihi == === Lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya: Hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa === 'Yan kasuwa sun fito ne a matsayin zamantakewar al'umma a Italiya ta zamani. Tsakanin 1300 da 1500, an kirkiro lissafin zamani, lissafin musayar, da iyakantaccen alhakin, kuma ta haka ne, duniya ta ga "masu banki na gaskiya na farko", waɗanda tabbas 'yan kasuwa ne. [yana buƙatar ambaton don tabbatarwa]  A lokaci guda, Turai ta ga "fitowar 'yan kasuwa masu arziki".Wannan "hawan ajiyar 'yan kasuwa" ya zo ne a matsayin Turai "ta buƙaci matsakaici" a karon farko, kuma waɗannan "burghers" ko "bourgeois" su ne mutanen da suka taka wannan rawar. === Renaissance zuwa Haskakawa: Tashin jari-hujja === Turai ta zama babbar Ikon kasuwanci na duniya a karni na 16, kuma yayin da Turawa suka haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki don kasuwanci, sababbin nau'ikan "mutane na kasuwanci" sun fara amfani da waɗannan kayan aikin. A wannan lokacin, Turai ta haɓaka kuma ta yi amfani da Kudin takarda, takardun shaida, da kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa (da hannun jarin su na hannun jari). Ci gaban da aka samu a kimiyyar lissafi da kuma rubuce-rubuce ya haifar da inshora. Tare, da sabon nau'in ɗan kasuwa, mai [[jari-hujja]] ya yi amfani da waɗannan sabbin kayan aiki. Wadannan mutane sun mallaki ko kuma sun ba da kuɗi ga kasuwanci a matsayin masu saka hannun jari, amma ba 'yan kasuwa ba ne. Wadannan masu jari-hujja sun kasance babbar karfi a [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2008 |title=Industrial Revolution Definition: History, Pros, and Cons |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/industrial-revolution.asp#:~:text=The%20industrial%20revolution%20developed%20in,to%20increase%20output%20and%20profitability. |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> The Oxford English Dictionary ya ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "masu kasuwanci" a cikin 1798, da kuma "masu kasuwa" a cikin 1803. A shekara ta 1860, rubutun "masu kasuwanci" ya fito. Merriam Webster ta ba da rahoton farkon amfani da kalmar "mace mai kasuwanci" a cikin 1827. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of "businesswoman" |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/businesswoman#:~:text=first%20known,above |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=Merriam-Webster}}</ref> === Lokaci na zamani: Tashin mashahurin kasuwanci === [[File:Frank-carr-businessperson-common-history.jpg|thumb|Frank Carr c. 1965]] [[File:Hunter_Biden_poses_with_Jonathan_Li,_Joe_Biden,_and_Ming_Xue_in_China,_2013.jpg|thumb|Hunter Biden da [[Joe Biden]] a kasar Sin tare da Shugaba da abokan hulɗa na BHR, 2013 <ref name="Cohen 2024">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Marshall |date=2024-12-28 |title=Newly released pictures show Joe Biden meeting Hunter Biden's Chinese business partners |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/28/politics/hunter-biden-joe-biden-business-partners-photos |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>]] Sabon nau'in zartarwa na kamfanoni da ke aiki a ƙarƙashin babban dan kasuwa shine manajan. Ɗaya daga cikin masu kafa gaskiya na farko na sana'ar gudanarwa shine Robert Owen (1771-1858). Ya kuma kasance Mashahurin dan kasuwanci a Scotland . Ya yi nazarin "matsalar yawan aiki da motsawa", kuma Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), wanda shine mutum na farko da ya yi nazarin aiki tare da dalilin horar da ma'aikatan a fagen gudanarwa don sanya su ingantattun manajoji da za su iya gudanar da kasuwancinsa. Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]], gudanarwa ya zama sananne saboda misalin Herbert Hoover da Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Harvard, wanda ya ba da digiri a cikin gudanar da kasuwanci (management) tare da dalili don haɓaka ingantaccen manajoji don manyan kasuwancin su iya hayar su tare da burin haɓaka yawan aiki na manyan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. == Albashi == Albashi ga 'yan kasuwa ya bambanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business and Financial Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/business-and-financial/home.htm |access-date=18 September 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Management Occupations |url=https://www.bls.gov/ooh/management/ |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=www.bls.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |language=en-us}}</ref> Albashi na 'yan kasuwa na iya kaiwa dala Biliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara. Misali, mai mallakar [[Microsoft]], [[Bill Gates]] yana samun dala biliyan 4 a kowace shekara. &nbsp;Babban albashi da 'yan kasuwa ke samu sau da yawa ya kasance tushen zargi daga mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa ana biyan su da yawa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gavett |first=Gretchen |date=23 September 2014 |title=CEOs Get Paid Too Much |url=https://hbr.org/2014/09/ceos-get-paid-too-much-according-to-pretty-much-everyone-in-the-world/ |journal=Harvard Business Review |access-date=18 September 2015}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Wani dan kasuwa mutum ne wanda ya kafa kasuwanci ko kasuwanci da yawa (masu kasuwanci). Ana iya bayyana Kasuwanci a matsayin halitta ko cire darajar tattalin arziki. Gabaɗaya ana tunanin yana rungumar haɗari fiye da abin da aka saba fuskanta wajen fara kasuwanci. Dalilin sa na iya haɗawa da wasu dabi'u fiye da na tattalin arziki kawai.<ref name="Investopedia 2006">{{Cite web |date=2006-05-01 |title=Entrepreneur: What It Means to Be One and How to Get Started |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/entrepreneur.asp |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Investopedia}}</ref><ref name="Stanford Online 2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-10 |title=What is entrepreneurship? |url=https://online.stanford.edu/what-is-entrepreneurship |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Stanford Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Starting a Business {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/finance/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/starting-business |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> A cikin amfani gabaɗaya, saboda bambancin ba a bayyana ba, ana iya amfani da kalmar 'masu kasuwanci' a matsayin (kai-) ingantawa ga 'masu kasuwa', ko kuma yana iya aiki don nuna ainihin sha'awa da haɗari a fagen kasuwanci. Duk da haka, bambancin yana da digiri ɗaya kawai. <ref name="Define Business Terms 2023">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Difference between businessman and entrepreneur |url=https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Define Business Terms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324053830/https://www.definebusinessterms.com/difference-between-businessman-and-entrepreneur/ |archive-date=2023-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Gritti Fund 2019">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=The Difference Between An Industrialist, Businessman And An Entrepreneur |url=https://thegrittifund.com/entrepreneurship-definition/difference-industrialist-businessman-entrepreneur/ |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=The Gritti Fund}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Mashahurin kasuwanci * [[Ginin Daji|Kasuwanci]] * Dan kasuwa * Mai watsa labarai * Kamfanin * Mai Albashi * Ma'aikacin fararen ƙira * Mata a cikin kasuwanci ** Ahaha {{Clear}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == 0tdanl2fn5rbj64cvdzadkd2cg0tk24 0 29839 964571 914060 2026-10-08T01:31:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Troenderenergi_Energos_Ranheim_IMG_6099.JPG |thumb| Troenderenergi Energos Ranheim IMG 6099.]] [[File:District_heating_plant_spittelau_ssw_crop1.png |thumb|District heating plant spittelau ssw crop1. ]] [[File:Wheelabrator_Waste-to-Energy_Plant,_Saugus_MA.jpg|thumb| Wani shuka mai sharar da kuzari a Saugus, Massachusetts, shuka na farko a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] .]] [[File:Thermal power station. img 002.jpg|thumb]] Gidan '''da ake amfani da shi dan samar da makamashi''' wurin sarrafa sharar gida ne wanda ke kona sharar gida dan samar da wutar lantarki. Irin wannan tashar wutar lantarki wani lokaci ana kiranta sharar-zuwa makamashi, kona sharar gida, dawo da makamashi, ko injin dawo da albarkatun ƙasa.<ref>https://zeorouteplanner.com/ha/kasuwancin-sarrafa-shara/ {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tsare-tsare masu sharar gida na zamani sun sha bamban da injinan kwandon shara waɗanda aka saba amfani da su har zuwa ƴan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c153j8x4jxlo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536161992658&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc153j8x4jxlo</ref> Ba kamar na zamani ba, tsire-tsire ba sa cire abubuwa masu haɗari ko sake yin amfani da su kafin ƙonewa.<ref>[[Amfani da sharar gida]]</ref> Wadannan guraben konawa na barazana ga lafiyar ma’aikatan kamfanin da mazauna kusa dasu, kuma yawancinsu ba sa samar da wutar lantarki. Ana kuma ci gaba da kallon samar da wutar lantarki a matsayin wata dabarar samar da makamashi, musamman ma ƙasar Sweden wacce ta kasance kan gaba wajen samar da makamashin da ba ta dace ba cikin shekaru kimanin 20, da suka gabata. Matsakaicin adadin kuzarin wutar lantarki da ake iya samarwa shine kusan 500, zuwa 600, kWh na wutar lantarki akan kowace tan na sharar da aka ƙone. <ref name="Columbia">{{Cite web |title=The ABC of Integrated Waste Management |url=http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/wtertfaq.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |archive-date=2007-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626164411/http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/wtertfaq.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka, kona kusan tan 2,200, na sharar gida a kowace rana, zai samar da makamashin lantarki kusan MWh 1200. == Aiki. == Yawancin tsare-tsqre masu amfani da makamashi suna ƙone datti na birni, amma wasu suna ƙone sharar masana'antu ko [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|sharar haɗari]]. Na zamani, yadda ya kamata sarrafa shuka-zuwa-makamashi nau'ikan kayan aiki kafin ƙone su kuma yana iya kasancewa tare da sake amfani da su. Abubuwan da aka kona ba za a sake yin amfani da su ba, ta hanyar ƙira ko ta tattalin arziki, kuma ba su da haɗari. Tsare-tsare masu sharar da kuzari sun yi kama da ƙirarsu da kayan aikinsu tare da sauran masana'antar wutar lantarki ta tururi, musamman tsire-tsire masu biomass . Na farko, an kawo sharar gida a wurin. Sa'an nan, an jera sharar don cire abubuwan da za a sake yin amfani da su da kuma masu haɗari. Sai a adana sharar har sai lokacin kona ya yi. Wasu tsire-tsire suna amfani da iskar gas, amma galibi suna ƙone sharar gida kai tsaye saboda balagagge, fasaha ce mai inganci. Ana iya ƙara sharar gida a cikin tukunyar jirgi akai-akai ko a cikin batches, dangane da ƙirar shuka. Dangane da girma, tsare-tsare masu sharar gida suna ƙone kimanin kashi 80, zuwa 90, na sharar gida. Wani lokaci, ragowar tokar tana da tsabta da za a yi amfani da ita don wasu dalilai kamar kayan da za a yi amfani da su wajen kera tubalan cinder ko gina hanya. Bugu da ƙari, ana tattara karafa da za a iya kona daga ƙasan tanderun kuma ana sayar da su zuwa wuraren da aka kafa. Wasu tsire-tsire masu ɓata-zuwa-makamashi suna juyar da ruwan gishiri zuwa ruwan sha mai daɗi a matsayin samfuri na tsarin sanyaya. == Farashin == Kamfanin na yau da kullun wanda ke da karfin samar da makamashin GWh 400, a kowace shekara yana kashe kusan dala kusan miliyan 440, don ginawa. Shuka-zuwa-makamashi na iya samun fa'idar tsadar tsada fiye da zaɓin wutar lantarki na gargajiya, kamar yadda ma'aikacin sharar gida zai iya karɓar kudaden shiga don karɓar sharar a matsayin madadin kuɗin zubar da sharar gida, yawanci ana kiranta da "Kudin tipping" akan kowace ton, sabanin biyan kuɗin man fetur, yayin da farashin mai zai iya ɗaukar kusan kashi 45, na kuɗin da ake kashewa don samar da wutar lantarki a masana'antar kwal, da kashi 75, ko fiye na farashin. a cikin masana'antar iskar gas. Ƙungiyar [http://www.nswma.org Kula da Sharar Kaya ta Ƙasa ta] ƙiyasta cewa matsakaicin kuɗin tikitin Amurka na a shekarata 2002, shine $33.70, kowace ton. == Gurbacewa. == Tsiae-tsare masu sharar gida suna haifar da ƙarancin gurɓataccen iska fiye da tsire-tsire na kwal, amma fiye da tsire-tsire na gas . <ref>[http://www.dswa.com/programs/programs_wastetoenergy_4.htm Waste-to-Energy Compared to Fossil Fuels for Equal Amounts of Energy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208001759/http://www.dswa.com/programs/programs_wastetoenergy_4.htm |date=2012-02-08 }} (Delaware Solid Waste Authority)</ref> A lokaci guda, yana da ƙarancin carbon: sarrafa sharar gida zuwa mai yana fitar da ƙarancin carbon da methane a cikin iska fiye da lalata datti a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa ko tafkin. </ref> At the same time, it is carbon-negative: processing waste into fuel releases considerably less carbon and methane into the air than having waste decay away in landfills or the lake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.powermag.com/energy-waste-greenhouse-gas-winner-pollution-loser/|title=Energy from Waste: Greenhouse Gas Winner or Pollution Loser?|website=www.powermag.com|date=July 2016|access-date=2019-06-02}}</ref> Waste-to-energy plants are designed to reduce the emission of air pollutants in the flue gases exhausted to the atmosphere, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and particulates, and to destroy pollutants already present in the waste, using pollution control measures such as baghouses, scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators. High temperature, efficient combustion, and effective scrubbing and controls can significantly reduce air pollution outputs. Kona sharar gari yana haifar da iskar dioxin da furotin <ref>Beychok, M.R., ''A data base of dioxin and furan emissions from municipal refuse incinerators'', Atmospheric Environment, Elsevier B.V., January 1987</ref> zuwa sararin samaniya idan aka kwatanta da ƙaramin adadin da ake samu ta hanyar kona gawayi ko iskar gas. Dioxins da furans mutane da yawa suna ɗauka a matsayin babban haɗari ga lafiya. Duk da haka, ci gaban da aka samu a cikin ƙirar sarrafa hayaƙi da sabbin ƙa'idoji masu tsauri na gwamnati, da kuma adawar da jama'a suka yi ga masu tona shara na ƙaramar hukuma, sun haifar da raguwar adadin dioxins da furotin da tsire-tsire masu sharar gida ke samarwa. Tsare-tsare masu sharar gida suna samar da tokar ƙuda da tokar ƙasa kamar yadda yake faruwa idan kuma aka kone gawayi. Jimlar adadin tokar da tsire-tsire masu sharar gida ke samarwa ya bambanta daga kashi 15% zuwa 25, bisa dari na ainihin adadin sharar, kuma tokar kuda ta kai kusan kashi 10% zuwa 20% na jimlar tokar. <ref name="Columbia"/> Tokar ƙuda, a nisa, ta ƙunshi haɗarin lafiya fiye da toka na ƙasa saboda tokar kuda ta ƙunshi ƙarfe masu guba kamar gubar, cadmium, jan ƙarfe, zinc da ƙananan adadin dioxins da furans. <ref>[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ27620.pdf University of Toronto, PhD Thesis] Chan, C.C., ''Behaviour of metals in MSW fly ash during roasting with chlorinating agents'', Chemical Engineering Department, University of Toronto, 1997.</ref> Tokar kasa na iya ko bata ƙunsar mahimman matakan kayan haɗari na lafiya ba. A Amurka, da kuma watakila a wasu kasashe ma, doka ta bukaci a gwada tokar kafin a jefar da ita a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Idan aka gano cewa tokar tana da haɗari, za a iya zubar da ita ne kawai a cikin wuraren da aka ƙera a hankali don hana gurɓataccen toka shiga cikin magudanan ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Rashin ƙamshi na iya zama matsala lokacin da wurin shuka bai keɓe ba. Wasu tsire-tsire suna adana sharar a cikin wani wuri da aka rufe tare da matsi mara kyau, wanda ke hana wari mara kyau daga tserewa, kuma ana aika iskar da aka zana daga wurin ajiyar ta hanyar tukunyar jirgi ko tacewa. Duk da haka, ba duk tsire-tsire ba ne ke ɗaukar matakan rage warin, wanda ke haifar da gunaguni, Ko abinda ba'a so Wani batu da ya shafi zamantakewar al'umma shi ne karuwar zirga-zirgar motocin dakon shara don jigilar sharar gari zuwa wuraren da ake amfani da su wajen samar da makamashi. Saboda wannan dalili, yawancin tsire-tsire masu sharar gida suna cikin wuraren masana'antu. Landfill gas, which contains about 50% methane, and 50% carbon dioxide, is contaminated with a small amount of pollutants. Unlike at waste-to-energy plants, there are little or no pollution controls on the burning of landfill gas. The gas is usually flared or used to run a reciprocating engine or microturbine, especially in digester gas power plants. Cleaning up the landfill gas is usually not cost effective because natural gas, which it substitutes for, is relatively cheap. == Misali. == * [http://www.svz-gmbh.de/GB/Seiten/rahmen.html SVZ Schwarze Pumpe GmbH] a Jamus yana sarrafa nau'ikan sharar gida da yawa ta hanyar iskar gas zuwa zafi, wutar lantarki da syngas . Syngas yana canzawa zuwa methanol da formaldehyde . == Duba wasu abubuwan. == * Konawa. * Gudanar da sharar #Incineration. == Manazarta. == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060411081417/http://www.wte.org/waste.html Tsire-tsire masu sharar da kuzari] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160517090211/http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l28072.htm Umarnin Tarayyar Turai] kan kona sharar gida * [http://iswa.org/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=126&Itemid=125 Kungiyar Ayyuka ta ISWA] akan maganin zafi na shara [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Kamfani]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kste34a1tah06bgaexieu8b5ccoachy 0 30383 964725 831676 2026-10-08T11:40:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964725 wikitext text/x-wiki   Gidauniyar Muhalli (EFL) kungiya ce ta kare muhalli da kare muhallai a [[Sri Lanka]]. An kafa shi a cikin 1981, EFL na neman karewa da kiyaye yanayin yanayi ta hanyar shari'a, shawarwari, wayar da kan jama'a da haɗin gwiwar matasa. == Shari'o'i == === Galle Face Green case === A shekara ta 2005, tushe ya lashe karar da aka shigar don kula da Galle Face Green Beach a matsayin mai amfani da jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EFL wins Galle Face Green case |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/051204/ft/10.html |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.sundaytimes.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Foundation Ltd., v. Urban Development Authority of Sri Lanka — Right2Info.org |url=https://www.right2info.org/cases/r2i-environmental-foundation-ltd.-v.-urban-development-authority-of-sri-lanka |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.right2info.org |archive-date=2021-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113123209/https://www.right2info.org/cases/r2i-environmental-foundation-ltd.-v.-urban-development-authority-of-sri-lanka |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Dajin Amarawewa wanda ake samar da man fetur === Kafa, tare da kungiyar kare namun daji da namun daji da sauran su, sun sami nasarar shigar da karar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin da aka shigar a Kotun Koli game da dasa itatuwan Gliricidia don samar da man fetur da share fage ba bisa ƙa'ida ba don ƙirƙirar hanyoyi a Amarawewa, kusa da Yala National Park.. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-15 |title=Environmentalists win 'landmark' case against biofuel project in Sri Lanka |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2015/10/environmentalists-win-landmark-case-against-biofuel-project-in-sri-lanka/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=EJOLT |title=Amarawewa Forest clearing for biofuel, Sri Lanka {{!}} EJAtlas |url=https://ejatlas.org/conflict/amarawewa-forest-clearing-for-biofuel-sri-lanka |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=[[Environmental Justice Atlas]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-20 |title=Biofuel company caught clearing elephant habitat in Sri Lanka |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2013/02/biofuel-company-caught-clearing-elephant-habitat-in-sri-lanka/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Yanayin gurɓata iska === Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Ƙaddamar da shari'a game da matakan gurɓataccen iska a yankin Colombo Metropolitan a cikin 2014. A sakamakon haka, Ma'aikatar Motar Motar da Hukumar Muhalli ta Tsakiya sun fara gwajin fitar da motoci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-14 |title=Sri Lanka's new 'green tax' not a hit with drivers or environmentalists |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2019/03/sri-lankas-new-green-tax-not-a-hit-with-drivers-or-environmentalists/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> A Fundamental Rights Application da tushe gabatar don yin adawa da amfani da kwal don samar da wutar lantarki ya haifar da soke wani shirin samar da wutar wutar lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sampur Coal Power Plant: An Environmental Doom and Gloom ? |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/Sampur-Coal-Power-Plant-An-Environmental-Doom-and-Gloom-/172-107275 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.dailymirror.lk |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-13 |title=SC informed coal power plant will not be in Sampur {{!}} Colombo Gazette |url=https://colombogazette.com/2016/09/13/sc-informed-coal-power-plant-will-not-be-in-sampur/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Gudanarwa da Sanarwa === Gidauniyar tana ba da shawara ga manufofi don hana abubuwa na filastik guda ɗaya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Going beyond banning EFL calls for levy on single-use plastic |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/Going-beyond-banning-EFL-calls-for-levy-on-single-use-plastic/131-155640 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.dailymirror.lk |language=English}}</ref> yana gudanar da aikin don dawo da ingancin ruwa a Kogin Kelani, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rieger |first=John |date=2017-04-26 |title=Addressing Industrial Pollution Along the Kelani River |url=https://asiafoundation.org/2017/04/26/addressing-industrial-pollution-along-kelani-river/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=The Asia Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124005522/https://asiafoundation.org/2017/04/26/addressing-industrial-pollution-along-kelani-river/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> yaƙe-yaƙe don hana fitar da wuraren da aka kare don ayyukan ci gaba, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-07 |title=Civil war didn't hurt this Sri Lankan mangrove forest, but shrimp farming might |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/07/civil-war-didnt-hurt-this-sri-lankan-mangrove-forest-but-shrimp-farming-might/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The attempt to De-gazette Wedithalathive Nature Reserve |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/The-attempt-to-De-gazette--Wedithalathive-Nature-Reserve/131-189429 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.dailymirror.lk |language=English}}</ref> ya yi shari'a game da yawon shakatawa ba bisa ka'ida ba a yankuna masu mahimmanci, [4] masu ba da shawara game da ragewa na 'sauran gandun daji na jihar, [4] yaƙe-yar halitta a Wilpattu National Park, [4] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangroves: the Earth's silent protector {{!}} Daily FT |url=http://www.ft.lk/ft-lite/Mangroves--the-Earth-s-silent-protector/6-703984 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.ft.lk |language=English}}</ref> ya haɓaka tsarin ɗorewa don sake amfani da PET [4] kuma yawon lafiya. [5]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illegal tourism on Sallitivu Islet, Vakarai {{!}} Daily FT |url=http://www.ft.lk/travel-tourism/Illegal-tourism-on-Sallitivu-Islet--Vakarai/27-658503 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.ft.lk |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pressing the reset button on wildlife tourism {{!}} Daily FT |url=http://www.ft.lk/ft-lite/Pressing-the-reset-button-on-wildlife-tourism/6-708579 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.ft.lk |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-11 |title=Sri Lanka activists decry downgrade of non-protected 'other' forests by government |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/12/sri-lanka-activists-decry-downgrade-of-non-protected-other-forests-by-government/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Damage caused to Wilpattu National Park by activities of Pallekhandal Church {{!}} Daily FT |url=http://www.ft.lk/news/Damage-caused-to-Wilpattu-National-Park-by-activities-of-Pallekhandal-Church/56-684246 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.ft.lk |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Leave to Appeal : EFL granted to challenge unlawful electric fence |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/Special-Leave-to-Appeal-EFL-granted-to-challenge-unlawful-electric-fence-/131-154055 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.dailymirror.lk |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Government Authorities in Galle, Batticaloa and Vavuniya 'Give Back Life' to PET Plastic Bottles |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/press-releases/Local-Government-Authorities-in-Galle--Batticaloa-and-Vavuniya-‘Give-Back-Life’-to-PET-Plastic-Bottl/335-181698 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.dailymirror.lk |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rieger |first=John |date=2020-06-23 |title=In Sri Lanka, a Public-Private-Civil Society Partnership Turns Plastic Waste into Sportswear |url=https://asiafoundation.org/2020/06/23/in-sri-lanka-a-public-private-civil-society-partnership-turns-plastic-waste-into-sportswear/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=The Asia Foundation |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114100046/https://asiafoundation.org/2020/06/23/in-sri-lanka-a-public-private-civil-society-partnership-turns-plastic-waste-into-sportswear/ |archive-date=2021-01-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mining, development and environment |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/Mining--development-and-environment/131-184325 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.dailymirror.lk |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudalige |first=Disna |title=Measures to address environmental concerns |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2018/01/23/local/140749/measures-address-environmental-concerns |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Daily News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-12 |title=The Dark Side of Norochcholai |url=https://groundviews.org/2017/10/12/the-dark-side-of-norochcholai/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Groundviews |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Publication on conserving Sinharaja launched |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/Publication-on-conserving-Sinharaja-launched/131-159645 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.dailymirror.lk |language=English}}</ref> Yana karbar bakuncin tattaunawar kwamitin kowane wata <ref>{{Cite web |title=EFL to host 'Green Conversations': A webinar on Covid-19 and the environment |url=http://www.themorning.lk/efl-to-host-green-conversations-a-webinar-on-covid-19-and-the-environment/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.themorning.lk}}</ref> kan batutuwan muhalli daban-daban kamar su sare daji, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deforestation: The face of devastation |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/Deforestation:-The-face-of-devastation/131-164082 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.dailymirror.lk |language=English}}</ref> canjin yanayi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-01 |title=Seven things to know about climate change |url=http://www.themorning.lk/seven-things-to-know-about-climate-change/ |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=The Morning - Sri Lanka News |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma yana gudanar da zaman wayar da kan jama'a da kuma bita <ref>{{Cite web |title=EFL and Thuru organize Design Thinking and Protyping Workshop |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news-features/EFL-and-Thuru-organize-Design-Thinking-and-Protyping-Workshop/131-169204 |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=www.dailymirror.lk |language=English}}</ref> ga yara masu makaranta, ɗaliban jami'a da jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Echo for Eco |url=https://rcuocfmf.com/2019/12/echo-for-eco.html |access-date=2021-01-12 |website=Rotaract Club of University of Colombo Faculty of Management and Finance |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Kungiyar Kare namun daji da Yanayi okgwe1a07zbmt4x78q4yoqnac9mh1aw 0 30421 964390 911031 2026-10-07T16:18:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Gyara mukala}} {{Databox}} [[File:Rue Yahia Boushaki - Thénia - Wilaya de Boumerdès.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Rue Yahia Boushaki - Thénia - Wilaya de Boumerdès]] '''Titin [[Yahia Boushaki (Shahid)|Yahia Boushaki]]''' titi ne a cikin birnin Thenia a lardin Boumerdes a cikin Kabylia na kasar [[Aljeriya]].<ref>http://wikimapia.org/street/17710184/fr/Rue-Yahia-Boushaki</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.maps7.com/fr/Rue%20Boushaki%20Yahia,%20Thenia,%20Alg%C3%A9rie.html |access-date=2022-03-19 |archive-date=2022-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511205729/http://www.maps7.com/fr/Rue%20Boushaki%20Yahia,%20Thenia,%20Alg%C3%A9rie.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/maps/place/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9+%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%8C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%E2%80%AD</ref> == Sunan== Sunan wannan hanya sunan Shahid [[Yahia Boushaki (Shahid)|Yahia Boushaki]] wanda aka haifa a Thenia a shekara ta 1935 kuma ya fadi a fagen girmamawa a Meftah a ranar 28 ga Disamba, Shekara ta 1960.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fr.unionpedia.org/i/Rue_Yahia_Boushaki |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-03-19 |archive-date=2023-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726205810/https://fr.unionpedia.org/i/Rue_Yahia_Boushaki |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi dan asalin kauyen Thala Oufella ne a cikin Zouaou Aarch na Aïth Aïcha a cikin tsaunukan Khechna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.findlatitudeandlongitude.com/l/Rue+Boushaki+Yahia%2C+Thenia%2C+Algeria/4985545 |access-date=2022-03-19 |archive-date=2022-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511205723/https://www.findlatitudeandlongitude.com/l/Rue%20Boushaki%20Yahia%2C%20Thenia%2C%20Algeria/4985545/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yahia Boushaki shi ne kwamishanan siyasa na kungiyar 'yantar da 'yanci ta ƙasa (FLN) kuma jami'in sojan rundunar 'yantar da kasa (NLA) a yankin tarihi na IV a lokacin yakin 'yancin kai na Aljeriya.<ref>https://abdenour-boushaki.blogspot.com/2019/07/yahia-boushaki.html?m=1</ref> Ya ketare maquis na Kabyle daga Lakhdaria zuwa iyakar Mitidja kusa da Larbaâ.<ref>https://ar.xn----7sbiewaowdbfdjyt.pp.ua/4077563/1/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A.html{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Lokaci== An canza hanyar zuwa Jean Colonna d'Ornano a birnin Thénia bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Aljeriya a matsayin hanyar Yahia Boushaki.<ref>https://www.noor-book.com/tag/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A</ref> Wannan hanyar ta fara ne a arewa akan titin Louis Pasteur, wanda ke bi ta asibitin Thénia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dz.polomap.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726205811/https://dz.polomap.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A |archive-date=2023-07-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rue Charles Lavigerie ya yanke wannan hanyar a tsakiyar kusa da farfajiyar Thénia.<ref>https://www.wikipe.wiki/wiki/ar/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9_%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya Kare a kudu ta matakan da ke kaiwa tashar Thénia. == Gine-gine== [[File:Hôpital de Thénia.jpg|thumb|Asibitin Thenia]] Wasu gine-ginen jama'a suna kewaye da wannan titin:<ref>https://www.africabizinfo.com/ar-DZ/tribunal-de-th%C3%A9nia{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Ramin rami. * Kwalejin Thenia. * Makarantar Abdelhamid Ben Badis. * Makarantar Mohammed Boushaki. * Asibitin Thenia.<ref>https://pharmside.com/annonce/bouchemel-mounira/{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Tashar Thenia. * Filin wasa na Thenia. * Kariyar jama'a na Thenia. == Manyan mutane == * Mohamed Boumerdassi, Mawaƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/121204 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-03-19 |archive-date=2023-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408072541/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/infosoir/121204 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Noureddine Melikechi, Masanin kimiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lqo/5222487 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-03-19 |archive-date=2022-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319140032/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lqo/5222487 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Farid Ishak Boushaki, Masanin kimiyya.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Farid-Ishak-Boushaki</ref> * Hamid Ishak Boushaki, Masanin kimiyya.<ref>https://rocketreach.co/hamid-ishak-boushaki-email_36385399</ref> * Noureddine Badis, Masanin kimiyya.<ref>https://qa.linkedin.com/in/n-badis-b841797{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bidiyo == * {{YouTube|QFFUzjuuM5k|Titin Yahia Boushaki}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.thenia.net/piwigo/index.php Yanar Gizo "www.thenia.net" game da Thénia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203221946/http://www.thenia.net/piwigo/index.php |date=2020-02-03 }} * [http://menerville.free.fr/ Shafin Yanar Gizo na farko "http://menerville.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962] * [http://menerville2.free.fr/ Yanar Gizo na Biyu "http://menerville2.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962] [[Category:Aljeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} [[Category:Aljeriya]] chby62sjjszrvy139y47p97dtaxgshl 0 41359 964537 964059 2026-10-07T23:09:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Wariyar launin fata''' ( / ə ˈpɑːrt ( h ) aɪt / ə-SASHE -(h)yte, <small>musamman Turancin Afirka ta Kudu :&nbsp;</small>/ ə ˈpɑːr t ( h ) eɪt / ə-PART -(h) ayt ,{{IPA|af|aˈpart(ɦ)əit|lang}} ; transl. "raba", lit. ' ) wani tsari ne na [[Rarraba launin fata|wariyar launin fata]] da aka kafa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Kudu maso Yammacin Afirka {{Efn|South West Africa existed as a colonial territory under the control of the South African administration.}} (yanzu [[Namibiya|Namibia]] ) daga 1948 zuwa 1994 . {{Refn|The [[Population Registration Act, 1950]], the basis for most apartheid legislation, was abolished in 1991,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1/repeal-population-registration-act |title=Repeal of Population Registration Act |date=17 June 1991 |publisher=C-Span |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140800/https://www.c-span.org/video/?19041-1%2Frepeal-population-registration-act |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Abolished">{{cite news|title=South Africa ends racial classifications|last=Myre |first=Greg |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040 |agency=Associated Press|publisher=Southeast Missourian |location=Cape Girardeau |date=18 June 1991|access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608230005/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19910618&id=3sQfAAAAIBAJ&pg=5582,6356040 |url-status=live}}</ref> although the country's first non-racial government was not established until [[1994 South African general election|non-racial elections held under a universal franchise]] in 1994.<ref name=Jeffrey>{{cite book|last=Bartusis|first=Mark|editor1-last=Gomez|editor1-first=Edmund|editor2-last=Premdas|editor2-first=Ralph|title=Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict|date=2012|pages=126–132|publisher=Routledge Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0415627689}}</ref>}} An siffanta shi da al'adar siyasa mai kama da kama-karya wadda ta dogara da ''baasskap'' ( lit. 'boss-ship' ko 'boss-hood'), wanda ya tabbatar da cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta mamaye siyasa, zamantakewa, da tattalin arziki ta hannun tsirarun fararen fata na ƙasar. A ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin mulkin kama-karya, fararen fata suna da matsayi mafi girma, yayin da sauran ƙungiyoyin aka rarraba su a matsayin 'yan Indiya / Asiya, [[Coloureds|Masu Launi]] da [[Bakar fata|Baƙar fata 'yan Afirka]], tare da haƙƙoƙi da gata daban-daban. <ref name="Mayne" /> A takaice dai, an rarraba wariyar launin fata zuwa ''ƙaramin wariyar launin fata'', wanda ya ƙunshi raba wuraren jama'a da abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, da kuma ''babban wariyar launin fata'', wanda ya raba gidaje da damar aiki ta hanyar launin fata. Dokar wariyar launin fata ta farko ita ce Dokar Haramta Aure Mai Haɗaka, 1949, sannan Dokar Gyaran Fajirci ta 1950 ta biyo baya, wadda ta haramta wa yawancin 'yan ƙasar Afirka ta Kudu yin aure ko kuma yin jima'i tsakanin launin fata daban-daban . Dokar Rijistar Jama'a ta 1950 ta rarraba dukkan 'yan Afirka ta Kudu zuwa ƙungiyoyin ƙabila bisa ga kamanni, asalinsu da aka sani, matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da salon rayuwa na al'adu: " [[Bakar fata|Baƙi]] ", " Fari ", " [[Coloureds|Mai Launi]] ", da " Indiya ". An ƙayyade wuraren zama ta hanyar rarrabuwar launin fata. [1] Tsakanin 1960 da 1983, an kori 'yan Afirka Baƙaƙe miliyan 3.5 daga gidajensu aka kuma tilasta musu shiga unguwannin da aka ware sakamakon dokar wariyar launin fata, a cikin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman korar jama'a a tarihin zamani. [2] Yawancin waɗannan ƙaura da aka yi niyya an yi su ne don takaita yawan baƙar fata zuwa "ƙabilun gida goma", waɗanda aka fi sani da bantustans . [1] Wariyar launin fata ta haifar da adawa mai yawa a ƙasashen duniya da na cikin gida, wanda ya haifar da wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa mafi tasiri a duniya a ƙarni na 20. [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta yi Allah wadai da shi akai-akai, kuma ya haifar da [[Takunkumin kasa da kasa a lokacin wariyar launin fata|takunkumi mai yawa na kasa da kasa]], ciki har da takunkumin makamai da [[takunkumin tattalin arziki]] ga Afirka ta Kudu. [[Internal resistance to apartheid|Juyin juya hali na cikin gida ga wariyar launin fata]] ya ƙara zama mai tsauri a shekarun 1970 da 1980, wanda ya haifar da mummunan farmaki daga gwamnatin da jam'iyyar National Party ke jagoranta da kuma dogon rikicin addini wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar dubban mutane ko kuma a tsare su. An yi wasu gyare-gyare a tsarin wariyar launin fata, ciki har da ba da damar wakilcin siyasa na Indiya da Launuka a majalisar dokoki, amma waɗannan matakan sun kasa faranta wa yawancin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka rai. Tsakanin 1987 da 1993, Jam'iyyar National Party ta shiga tattaunawa ta ɓangarorin biyu da Jam'iyyar African National Congress (ANC), babbar ƙungiyar siyasa mai yaƙi da wariyar launin fata, don kawo ƙarshen wariya da kuma gabatar da mulkin rinjaye, [1] [2] wanda ya kai ga zaɓen da ba na launin fata ba a watan Afrilun 1994. [3] Tun bayan kawo ƙarshen mulkin wariyar launin fata, zaɓe ya kasance a buɗe kuma mai gasa, kuma rayuwar 'yan Afirka ta Kudu ta inganta ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Gadon tattalin arziki da tasirin zamantakewa na wariyar launin fata ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa yau, musamman rashin daidaito . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moeti |first=Thato |date=27 April 2018 |title=Apartheid legacy haunts SA economy |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119000230/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/apartheid-legacy-haunts-sa-economy/ |archive-date=19 November 2018 |access-date=2 May 2018 |website=www.sabcnews.com |publisher=SABC News |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Alan |date=6 April 2018 |title=Ramaphosa's tough job on fixing Apartheid legacy |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201804060509.html |agency=AllAfrica}}</ref> == Masu gabatarwa == ''Wariyar launin fata'' kalma ce ta [[Afrikaans|'yan Afirka]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary.com entry for 'apartheid' |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221846/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apartheid?s=t&ld=1091 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=11 August 2012}}</ref> ma'ana "rabuwa", ko "yanayin kasancewa a ware", a zahiri "rabuwa" ko [[wiktionary:apart#English|rabuwa]] - [[wiktionary:-hood#English|hood]] " (daga ƙarin bayani na 'yan Afirka ''-heid'' '). An fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1929. Wariyar launin fata ga Baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu ta samo asali ne tun daga lokacin da Turawa suka mamaye Afirka ta Kudu, inda Kamfanin Dutch East India ya kafa wani wurin ciniki a [[Cape of Good Hope]] a shekarar 1652, wanda daga ƙarshe ya faɗaɗa zuwa Cape Colony na ƙasar Holland . Kamfanin ya fara Yaƙin Khoikhoi-Holland inda ya kori [[Khoekhoe|mutanen Khoikhoi]] na gida, ya maye gurbinsu da gonakin da fararen fata ke aiki, sannan ya shigo da bayi baƙaƙe daga faɗin Daular Holland . {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} A zamanin [[Bauta a Afirka ta Kudu|bauta]], bayi suna buƙatar izinin tafiya daga wurin masu su. A shekara ta 1797, jami'an ''Landdrost'' da <nowiki><i id="mw1g">Heemraden</i></nowiki>, na [[Swellendam]] da [[Gidan cin abinci|Graaff-Reinet,]] sun faɗaɗa dokokin da suka wuce bayi kuma suka ba da umarnin cewa duk Khoikhoi (wanda aka naɗa a matsayin ''Hottentots'' ) da ke yawo a cikin ƙasar don kowace manufa ya kamata ya ɗauki takardar izinin shiga. {{Sfn|Du Toit|Giliomee|1983}}{{Page needed|date=April 2026}} Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta tabbatar da wannan a shekarar 1809 ta hanyar sanarwar Hottentot, wadda ta yanke hukuncin cewa idan wani Khoikhoi zai ƙaura, zai buƙaci izinin wucewa daga mai shi ko wani jami'in yankin. {{Sfn|Du Toit|Giliomee|1983}}{{Page needed|date=April 2026}} Dokar da aka ba da lamba 49 ta 1828 ta tsara cewa za a ba wa baƙi 'yan ci-rani izinin shiga ƙasar don kawai neman aiki. {{Sfn|Du Toit|Giliomee|1983}}{{Page needed|date=April 2026}} An bayar da waɗannan takardun izinin ga masu launin fata da Khoikhoi amma ba ga sauran 'yan Afirka ba, waɗanda duk da haka aka tilasta musu ɗaukar katunan izinin. [[Dokar Haramta Bautar da Mutane ta 1833|Dokar kawar da bauta ta Burtaniya ta 1833]] ta tanadar da kawar da bauta a hankali a mafi yawan sassan Daular Burtaniya, kuma an haramta cinikin bayi a duk fadin Daular Burtaniya a shekarar 1837. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Northrup |first=David |date=September 2007 |title=A. E. Afigbo. The Abolition of the Slave Trade in Southeastern Nigeria. 1885-1950. Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2006. Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora. xv + 210 pp. Maps. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/abs/a-e-afigbo-the-abolition-of-the-slave-trade-in-southeastern-nigeria-18851950-rochester-university-of-rochester-press-2006-rochester-studies-in-african-history-and-the-diaspora-xv-210-pp-maps-appendixes-bibliography-index-7500-cloth/7279CB1095BDD89AD84EACAA5AAA42CC |journal=[[African Studies Review]] |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=228–229 |doi=10.1353/arw.2007.0116 |issn=0002-0206 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Dokar ta yi watsi da Dokar Ba da Lamuni ta Cape ta 1806, wadda ta tabbatar da girmama dokokin da aka kafa a baya a ƙarƙashin dokar Roman-Holland <ref name="Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law">{{Cite web |last=R.W Lee |title=Introduction to Roman-Dutch Law |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoro00leeruoft |access-date=27 March 2011 |publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press}}</ref> kuma ta haifar da rabuwar dokar a Afirka ta Kudu da Dokar gama gari ta Ingila . Domin bin wannan doka, an faɗaɗa dokokin Afirka ta Kudu zuwa ga Dokar 1 a shekarar 1835, wadda ta canza matsayin bayi zuwa [[Bautar da aka yi wa bautar|ma'aikata masu lasisin aiki]] yadda ya kamata. Bayan haka, Dokar 3 ta biyo baya a shekarar 1848, wadda ta gabatar da tsarin bayar da diyya ga [[Mutane Xhosa|Xhosa]] wanda bai bambanta da bauta ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2026}} Yankunan mulkin mallaka na Afirka ta Kudu daban-daban sun zartar da dokoki a duk tsawon sauran karni na 19 don takaita 'yancin ma'aikata marasa ƙwarewa, don ƙara ƙuntatawa ga ma'aikatan da aka ba wa lasisin aiki da kuma daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin kabilu. Binciken lu'u-lu'u da zinariya a Afirka ta Kudu ya kuma haifar da rashin daidaito tsakanin launin fata tsakanin fararen fata da baƙar fata. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} Wasu masana sun yi jayayya cewa akidar Apartheid za a iya nuna ta a cikin tsarin Afirkaner Calvinism, tare da al'adunsa masu kama da juna na wariyar launin fata; misali, tun farkon 1933; majalisar zartarwa ta Broederbond ta tsara shawarar wariyar launin fata. <ref name="SaulDubow" /> A yankin Cape Colony, wanda a da yake da kundin tsarin mulki mai sassaucin ra'ayi da kabilanci daban-daban da kuma tsarin ikon mallakar Cape Qualified Franchise wanda aka bude wa maza na dukkan kabilu, Dokar ikon mallakar Franchise da kuri'a ta 1892 ta daukaka cancantar ikon mallakar kadarori kuma ta kara wani bangare na ilimi, wanda ya hana adadin masu kada kuri'a na Cape wadanda ba fararen fata ba damar samun 'yancinsu, kuma Dokar Glen Grey ta 1894 da gwamnatin Firayim Minista [[Cecil Rhodes]] ta kafa ta takaita adadin filaye da 'yan Afirka za su iya mallaka. Hakazalika, a Natal, Dokar Majalisar Dokokin Natal ta 1894 ta hana 'yan Indiya 'yancin kaɗa ƙuri'a. A shekarar 1896, Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu ta gabatar da dokoki guda biyu da suka bukaci 'yan Afirka su ɗauki tambari. Waɗanda master ya ɗauka aiki ne kawai aka ba su izinin ci gaba da zama a Rand, kuma waɗanda suka shiga "yankin aiki" suna buƙatar takardar izinin shiga ta musamman. A lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, Daular Burtaniya ta ambaci cin zarafin launin fata da ake yi wa Baƙaƙe a matsayin dalilin yaƙin da ta yi da jamhuriyar Boer . Duk da haka, tattaunawar zaman lafiya don Yarjejeniyar Vereeniging ta buƙaci "fifikon fararen fata" a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin wani sharaɗi na haɗin kai tsakanin jamhuriyoyin Boer da Daular Burtaniya. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} A shekarar 1905, [[General Pass Regulations Act|Dokar Kafa Dokar Gabaɗaya]] ta hana Baƙar fata kaɗa ƙuri'a kuma ta takaita su ga yankuna da aka ƙayyade, kuma a shekarar 1906, Dokar Rijistar Asiya ta Transvaal Colony ta buƙaci duk 'yan Indiya su yi rijista da kuma ɗaukar takardun izinin shiga. Tun daga shekarar 1906, Hukumar Kula da Harkokin 'Yan Asalin Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin Godfrey Lagden ta fara aiwatar da wata manufa ta wariya a fili ga waɗanda ba fararen fata ba. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} Gwamnatin Birtaniya ta soke na ƙarshe amma ta sake aiwatar da shi a shekarar 1908. A shekara ta 1910, an ƙirƙiri Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin mulkin kai, wanda ya ci gaba da shirin dokoki: Dokar Afirka ta Kudu (1910) ta bai wa fararen fata 'yancin yin mulki, tana ba su cikakken iko a siyasance kan duk sauran ƙungiyoyin launin fata yayin da take cire haƙƙin Baƙar fata na zama a majalisa; Dokar Ƙasa ta 'Yan Asalin (1913) ta hana Baƙar fata, ban da waɗanda ke Cape, sayen ƙasa a wajen "ma'ajiyar kaya"; <ref name="leach" /> Dokar 'Yan Asalin Birane (1918) an tsara ta ne don tilasta wa Baƙar fata shiga "wurare"; Dokar Yankin Birane (1923) ta gabatar da wariya a gidaje kuma ta samar da aiki mai araha ga masana'antu da fararen fata ke jagoranta; Dokar Launi ta Launi (1926) ta hana ma'aikatan ma'adinai baƙar fata yin sana'o'i masu ƙwarewa; Dokar Gudanar da 'Yan Asalin (1927) ta sanya Masarautar Burtaniya maimakon manyan shugabanni a matsayin babban shugaban duk harkokin Afirka; <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khunou |first=Freddie |date=2009 |title=Traditional Leadership and Independent Bantustans of South Africa; Some Milestones of Transformative Constitutionalism Beyond Apartheid |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317904053_Traditional_Leadership_and_Independent_Bantustans_of_South_Africa_Some_Milestones_of_Transformative_Constitutionalism_beyond_Apartheid |journal=PER |volume=12 |issue=4}}</ref> Dokar Filaye da Amincewa ta 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa (1936) ta ƙara wa Dokar Filayen 'Yan Asalin Ƙasa ta 1913, kuma a wannan shekarar, Dokar Wakiltar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar ta cire tsoffin masu zaɓen Baƙar fata daga jerin sunayen masu zaɓen Cape kuma ta ba su damar zaɓar Fari uku zuwa Majalisar Dokoki.   Gwamnatin Jam'iyyar Hadin Kan Jan Smuts ta fara kaucewa tsauraran dokokin wariya a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, amma ta fuskanci ƙara adawa daga masu ra'ayin kishin ƙasa na Afirkaner waɗanda ke son a ƙara tsaurara wariya. {{Sfn|Clark|Worger|2016}} Bayan yaƙin, ɗaya daga cikin dokokin farko da gwamnatin Smuts ta kafa shine Dokar Kula da Filaye ta Asiya (1946), wadda ta haramta sayar da filaye ga 'yan Indiya da 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=E. S. |date=n.d. |title=Indian passive resistance in South Africa, 1946–1948 |url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-passive-resistance-south-africa-1946-1948 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223214527/http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-passive-resistance-south-africa-1946-1948 |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=23 February 2015 |website=sahistory.org.za |publisher=SA History}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, gwamnati ta kafa [[Kwamitin Fagan|Hukumar Fagan]] . A cikin fargabar cewa [[Haɗin kai na launin fata|haɗin kai]] zai haifar da haɗakar launin fata, jam'iyyar adawa ta Herenigde Nasionale (HNP) ta kafa Hukumar Sauer don bincika tasirin manufofin Jam'iyyar United. Kwamitin ya kammala da cewa hadewa zai kawo "rashin mutunci" ga dukkan kabilu. HNP ta haɗa sakamakon kwamitin a cikin dandalin yakin neman zaben Afirka ta Kudu na 1948, wanda ta yi nasara.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}} == Duba kuma ==  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Bayanan kula da Manazarta == === Karin bayani === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|group=note}} === Manazarta === === Littattafan tarihi === *   *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Naidoo |first=Josephine C. |last2=Rajab |first2=Devi Moodley |date=1 September 2005 |title=The Dynamics of Oppression |journal=Psychology and Developing Societies |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=139–159 |doi=10.1177/097133360501700204 |s2cid=145782935}} *   == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sister project links/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-ndELAPSd8 Wariyar launin fata: Bautar ƙarni na 20] Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 1971 kan Wariyar launin fata. * – Ya haɗa da hotuna da yawa * Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20150408002939/http://www.apartheidmuseum.org/node/48 Littafin Fahimtar Masu Koyo game da Wariyar Launin Fata] – Jerin PDFs da Gidan Tarihi na Wariyar Launin Fata ya buga * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160112005600/https://www.issafrica.org/Pubs/Monographs/No81/Chap2.html Juyin halittar 'yan dama na fari] - ''Volk'', imani da ƙasar uba: Barazanar tsaro da 'yan dama na fari ke haifarwa, na Martin Schönteich da Henri Boshoff, 2003 * [http://www.sahistory.org.za/20th-century-south-africa/freedom-charter-1955 Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci ta 1955] - Game da [[Yarjejeniya ta ƴanci|Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci]] (Tarihin SA akan layi) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170903090730/http://www.districtsix.co.za/index.php Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar 6] – Gidan Tarihi na Gundumar Shida ta Cape Town, wanda ke duba korar da aka tilasta wa mutane * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150304043541/http://ictj.org/our-work/regions-and-countries/south-africa Cibiyar Shari'ar Canjin Mulki ta Duniya (ICTJ)] tana ba da albarkatu kan gadon mulkin wariyar launin fata da adalci na riƙon kwarya a Afirka ta Kudu bayan wariyar launin fata. * * [http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/our-collections/special-collections/archives-manuscripts/subject-guides-to-archives/apartheid/ Jagorar jigon tarihin wariyar launin fata] - Jami'ar London {{Political history of South Africa}}{{Racism topics|state=collapsed}}{{Segregation by type|state=collapsed}}{{South Africa topics|state=collapsed}}{{South Africa year nav}}{{White people}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gkitoqe16ewmycoguh05ls2lqvwkswh 0 47021 964355 720441 2026-10-07T14:13:09Z Wikynator 25359 964355 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:HenryEmehelChinedu.jpg|200px|right|thumb|HenryEmehelChinedu]] {{Databox generic}} '''Henry Emehel Chinedu''' (an haife shi ranar 1 ga watan Janairun n shekarar1986), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan kasuwa dan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/312296/nollywood-actor-henry-emehel-chinedu-stars-in-1st-yoruba-mov.html| title=Nollywood Actor Henry Emehel Chinedu Stars In 1st Yoruba Movie 'Aro Re So Mi'| publisher=The Nigeria Voice | access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://ghananewsonline.com.gh/i-rejected-over-80000-to-act-nude-nigerian-actor-henry-emehel-chinedu/| title=I rejected over $80,000 to act nude –Nigerian actor Henry Emehel Chinedu| publisher=Ghana News Online| access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/henry-emehel-chinedu-p801172| title=Henry Emehel Chinedu| publisher=All Movie| access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin ''Face of an Angel.''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/54adc0a84a3c9| title=The Face of an Angel (2015) Cast Listing| publisher=British Film Institute | access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/54c1cfb3af884| title=Henry Emehel Chinedu| publisher=British Film Institute | access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9243264/bio| title=Henry Emehel Chinedu IMDb| publisher=Internet Movie Database| access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife shi a ranar 1 ga ga watan Janairun 1986 a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] dake Najeriya. Ya girma a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] kuma ya halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare ta Agbani Road a Uwani Secondary School. == Sana'a == [[Fayil:HenryEmehelChinedu.jpg|thumb|Henry Emehel Chinedu]] Aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Chinedu ya fara ne da shirya wasan kwaikwayo na gida a [[Legas]]. Matsayinsa na farko na fim shine a cikin fim ɗin ''Zuciyar Sarauniya''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mandy.com/aa/a/henry-emehel-chinedu | title=Henry Emehel Chinedu Mandy Profile | publisher=Mandy.com| access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref><ref>"Henry Emehel Chinedu Mandy Profile". Mandy.com. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</ref>Fitowar sa na farko a duniya ya zo ta hanyar Fina-finan BBC Face of an Angel, wanda Michael Winterbottom ya jagoranta kuma Melissa Parmenter ta shirya<ref>"The Face of an Angel Oyuncuları ve Yapım Ekibi". Planetdp.org. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</ref>. A cikin fim ɗin, ya taka rawa a matsayin 'Cedric Bapupa'.<ref>Die Augen des Engels Filmreporter.de. Retrieved 25 September 2022 (in German)</ref><ref>"HENRY EMEHEL CHINEDU FILMOGRAPHY". Fandango Media, LLC. Retrieved 26 September 2022</ref><ref>"Henry Emehel Chinedu". TV Guide. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</ref><ref>"The Face of An Angel 2014". saltypopcorn.co.uk. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</ref> == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! ! ! Ref. |- | 2013 | ''Zuciyar Sarauniya'' | Rex | Fim | | |<ref>"A Face de Um Anjo". interfilmes.com. Retrieved 26 September 2022.</ref><ref>"The Face of an Angel (2014) Full Cast & Crew". imdb.com. Retrieved 26 September 2022</ref> |- | 2014 | ''Fuskar Mala'ika'' | Cedric Bapupa | Laifuka/Wasan kwaikwayo | | | |- | 2017 | ''Labarun Iyali'' | Bobby | Short Film | | | |- | 2022 | ''Lokacin Sarauniya 4'' | Manajan Gidan Abinci | Short Film | | |<ref>"Nigerian Actor Henry Emehel Chinedu Lands A Role In Queendom Season 4". businessweekghana.com. Retrieved 25 September 2022.</ref><ref>"QUEENDOM SEASON 4 {2022 New Movie} – 2022 Latest Nigerian Nollywood Movie". YouTube. Retrieved 25 September 2022.</ref> |- | 2022 | ''Aro Re So Mi'' | Feyi | Short Film | | | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [[imdbname:9243264|Tarihin Henry Emehel Chinedu]] akan [[IMDb]] * Henry Emehel Chinedu * [https://filmreporter.de/stars/515082-Henry-Emehel-Chinedu Henry Emehel Chinedu: Wakilin Fim] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] 8ducstd5qqrjgmvpavxjdt3jkr207r0 0 52679 964352 403532 2026-10-07T14:03:46Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Manazarta */ 964352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Kuki_language.png|thumb|260x260px|An yi ƙiysasi tsawaita yankin da al'ummar Kuki ke zama.]] '''Kabilar Kuki''' ƙabila ce a cikin jihohin Arewa maso Gabashin kasar Indiya na [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]], [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Tripura]] da [[Mizoram]], da kuma ƙasashe makwabta na [[Bangladesh]] da [[Myanmar]]. Kuki sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin kabilun masu tarin yawa a [[Indiya]], [[Bangladesh]], da [[Myanmar]] . A Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya, suna da tarin yawa a duk jihohin amma ban da [[Arunachal Pradesh]] . <ref>T. Haokip, 'The Kuki Tribes of Meghalaya: A Study of their Socio-Political Problems', in S.R. Padhi (Ed.). </ref> Wasu daga cikin ƙabilu hamsin na mutanen Kuki a Indiya an san su a matsayin ƙabilun da aka tsara, bisa yaren da waccan al'ummar Kuki ke magana da kuma yankinsu na asali. Mutanen Chin na Myanmar da mutanen Mizo na Mizoram, duk ƙabilar Kuki ne. Duk kansu Gabaɗaya, a kan kiran su mutanen Zo . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7qmx6sxyjphl5yraylkjasnwbujji0n 0 52795 964660 639992 2026-10-08T08:12:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Zakri_Abdul_Hamid.jpeg|thumb|ZAKRI Abdul Hamid, wanda ya kafa Shugaban Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Gwamnati a kan Biodiversity da Ayyukan Ecosystem (IPBES).<ref name="Malaysian is named head of UN biodiversity panel">{{cite news|last=AFP|title=Malaysian is named head of UN biodiversity panel|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gh5evg1s2wTNpU1Qy5lZx8ELJHQw?docId=CNG.e3f6f2ed8fe1a7b34ff6e813d2936a55.31|access-date=17 March 2013|newspaper=AFP|date=Jan 26, 2013}}</ref> Munzir Fauzi ne ya rubuta]] [[File:Zakri Abdul Hamid.jpeg|thumb|hoton zakriabdul]] '''Zakri bin Abdul Hamid''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara 1948) ya yi aiki mai ban sha'awa a kimiyya a matsayin mai bincike, malami, mai gudanarwa da diflomasiyya. An ba shi lambar yabo ta tarayya "''Tan Sri''" daga shugaban kasar Malaysia a shekarar 2014, ya yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2016 a matsayin Shugaban kafa a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Gwamnati kan Biodiversity da Ecosystem Services (IPBES), a matsayin Mai ba da shawara na Kimiyya ga Firayim Minista na Malaysia, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mambobi 26 na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Daga cikin sauran mukamai, Zakri Co-Chairs na Sakatariyar Hukumar bada Shawara ta Kimiyya da kirkire-kirkire ta Malaysia (GSIAC), da kuma Shugabannin Majalisar Farfesa ta Kasa, Kamfanin Biotechnology na Malaysia (BIOTECHCORP), Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa da Kungiyar Masana'antu ta Malaysia don Babban Fasaha (MIGHT).<ref name="Appointment Science Adviser">{{cite news|last=The Star|title=Dr Zakri appointed science adviser to PM, govt|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/3/8/nation/20100308184718&sec=nation|access-date=17 March 2013|newspaper=The Star|date=March 8, 2010}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Matsayi na farko sun haɗa da Co-Chairman Kwamitin a Millennium Ecosystem Assessment daga watan Yuli 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2005, Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba (IAS) na Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNU) daga shekarun 2001 zuwa 2008, da Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Kasa ta Malaysia (Jami'ar Kebangsaan Malaysia) daga shekarun 1992 zuwa shekarar 2000.<ref name="UNEP Zakri Bio">{{cite web|title=Zakri Abdul Hamid - Biography|url=http://www.unep.org/environmentalgovernance/PerspectivesonRIO20/ZakriAbdulHamid/BioZakriAbdulHamid/tabid/78227/Default.aspx|work=UNEP|publisher=UNEP|access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Zakri ya sami difloma daga Kwalejin Aikin Gona, Malaya a Serdang, Malaysia, a shekarar 1969, sannan ya sami digiri na farko a kimiyyar amfanin gona daga Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana, kasar Amurka (1972), da kuma digiri na biyu (1974) da Doctorate (1976) a fannin kiwon shuke-shuke daga Jami'a ta Jihar Michigan. Ya fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Kasa ta Malaysia (Jami'ar Kebangsaan Malaysia) a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, ya tashi da sauri ta hanyar matsayi zuwa Shugaban Sashen Genetics (1978-1981), Mataimakin Farfesa (1980), cikakken Farfesa (1986), Dean na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Rayuwa (1987-1992), da Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban jami'ar (1992 zuwa 2000), wanda ya gudanar da ma'aikatan ilimi 1,500 a fadin jami'o'i da yawa a ɗayan manyan jami'o-yan jama'ar Malaysia, tare da dalibai 20,000 na digiri na farko da na biyu. == Ayyuka == Shekarar 1981-1989: Sakatare Janar na Society for the Advancement of Breeding Research in Asia and Oceania, 1994-1998: Shugaban ƙungiyar aiki don shirya Manufofin Kasa kan Bambancin Halitta, 1994-2000: Shugaban Kafa na Kungiyar Halitta ta Malaysia, da 1996-2000: Shugaban kafa na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gyaran Halitta na Kasa. 1990-1992: Babban wakilin Malaysia yayin tattaunawar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Bambancin Halitta (CBD), daga baya ya jagoranci tawagar kasarsa zuwa Taron Yarjejeniyar (1993-2000). Ya kuma jagoranci tawagar Malaysia a farkon kwanakin tattaunawar tsakanin gwamnatoci (1995-2000) na [[Ka'idar Cartagena akan Biosafety|Yarjejeniyar Cartagena]] kan Tsaro. 2000: An naɗa shi Darakta na Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Yokohama Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba (UNU-IAS), ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin bincike da horo na Majalisar Dinkinobho. A lokacin shekaru takwas, ya canza UNU-IAS zuwa wata cibiyar da ake girmamawa a duniya da ke aiki a fannoni daban-daban kamar su binciken kwayoyin halitta, bio-diplomacy, shugabanci, gudanar da birane, manufofin kimiyya don ci gaba mai ɗorewa, kariya ga ilimin gargajiya da ilimi don ci gaba mara ɗorewa. 2000: Zaɓaɓɓen Co-Chairman Kwamitin Nazarin Tsarin Halitta na Millennium (MA), ɗaya daga cikin haɗin gwiwar kimiyya mafi girma a duniya. Fiye da shekaru biyar, MA ta haɗa da hadin gwiwar masana sama da 2,000 daga ƙasashe 95 a cikin hadin gwiwoyin kimiyya game da sakamakon canjin yanayin halittu ga jin daɗin ɗan adam da ayyukan da ake buƙata don magance waɗannan barazanar. Wakilan a cikin Kwamitin masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa: hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, gwamnatoci, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ilimi, kasuwanci da 'yan asalin ƙasar. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [[Kofi Annan]], a cikin "Rahoton Shekaru" ya yaba da MA a matsayin "wani misali mai kyau na irin hadin gwiwar kimiyya da siyasa na kasa da kasa wanda ake buƙata don ci gaba da ci gaba mai ɗorewa".<ref name="Kofi Annan Millennium Report">{{cite web|last=Annan|first=Kofi|title=We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century|url=https://www.un.org/millennium/sg/report/ch4.htm|work=Millennium Report of the Secretary-General of the United Nations|publisher=UN|access-date=19 March 2013}}</ref> 2009: An nada shi Shugaban Tuanku a Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). A wannan shekarar ya kafa Cibiyar USM don Nazarin Ci gaba da Duniya, wani tunani na digiri na biyu kan kalubalen canjin yanayi, lalacewar muhalli, yaduwar birane da sauran fannoni na canjin duniya. 2010: An nada shi mai ba da shawara kan kimiyya ga Firayim Minista na Malaysia. 2011: An nada shi hadin gwiwar shugaban Sakatariyar Hukumar Ba da Shawara ta Kimiyya da Innovation ta Duniya (GSIAC), wani taro na musamman na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙasa da ƙasa da shugabannin da aka kirkira don tallafawa ci gaba mai ɗorewa ga Malaysia, wanda Firayim Minista Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak ke jagoranta. 2011: An nada shi a matsayin Shugaban hadin gwiwa na Kungiyar Masana'antu-Gwamnatin Malaysia don Babban Fasaha (MIGHT). MIGHT kamfani ne mai zaman kansa a karkashin ikon Firayim Minista na Malaysia wanda ke gina haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masana'antu, gwamnati da ilimi don tallafawa yunkurin kasar don inganta ƙwarewar fasaha. 2012: Ya jagoranci kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa da kasa na Babban Taron Duniya kan Shari'a, Gudanarwa da Shari'a kan Muhalli, wanda aka gudanar tare da Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci gaba (Rio + 20). Har ila yau an nada shi a Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Babban Kwamitin Nazarin Albarka na Duniya don aiwatar da Shirin Dabarun Biodiversity na 2011-2020. A ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, a taron farko na kasashe mambobi 105, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban kafa Cibiyar Tsaro ta Tsaro kan Biodiversity da Ayyukan Ecosystem, sabuwar kungiya ta tsakiya da aka sadaukar don hana hanzarta asarar halittu da lalacewar ayyukan muhalli a duniya. Sau da yawa ana kwatanta shi da jiki mai kama da [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]] don bambancin halittu, IPBES za ta rufe rata tsakanin masana kimiyya da masu tsara manufofi, samar da bayanai masu kyau, daidai, marasa son kai da bayanan kimiyya don ba da damar samar da kyakkyawar amsawar manufofi wajen sarrafa bambancin halitte. Oktoba, 2013, daya daga cikin masana kimiyya 26 da aka nada zuwa Sakatare Janar na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wanda ya taru don taron farko a Berlin a ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2014. A watan Satumbar 2018, an sanya shi a matsayin Pro Chancellor na Jami'ar Multimedia, Malaysia . * Shuka shuke-shuke da Injiniyan Halitta (Editor), SABRAO (1988) * Albarkatun Kwayar halitta na Tsire-tsire marasa amfani a Malaysia (Editor), MNCPGR (1989) * Shuka Kwayoyin Shuka (a cikin Malay), DBP (1993) * Binciken Biodiversity (Editor), GSM (1995) * Ecosystems da jin daɗin ɗan adam (Synthesis) (memba na ƙungiyar rubuce-rubuce), Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Island Press (2005) * Aikin noma, Tsaron Dan Adam, da Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya: Hanyar Hanyar Halitta a Ci gaban Afirka (haɗin edita tare da M. Taeb) Purdue University Press (2008) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.unep.org/maweb/en/index.aspx Binciken Tsarin Halitta na Shekaru Ƙasa] * [https://www.ias.unu.edu/ Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412221208/http://www.ias.unu.edu/ |date=2013-04-12 }} * [http://unu.edu Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya] * [http://www.ukm.my Jami'ar Kasa ta Malaysia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120315171915/http://www.might.org.my/gsiac Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya da Innovation na Duniya] * [http://www.biotechcorp.com.my Kamfanin Biotechnology na Malaysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902134250/http://www.biotechcorp.com.my/ |date=2016-09-02 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230712163537/https://www.myforesight.my/ Cibiyar Kula da Haske ta Kasa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210426094702/http://www.might.org.my/ Kungiyar Masana'antu-Gwamnatin Malaysia don Fasaha] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230712163531/http://www.sabrao.org/ Kungiyar Ci Gaban Binciken Kiwo a Asiya da Oceania] * [http://www.usm.my Jami'ar Sains Malaysia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525023545/http://www.usm.my/ |date=2021-05-25 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130831193509/http://unep.org/delc/worldcongress/ Taron Duniya kan Adalci, Gudanarwa da Dokar Gudanar da Muhalli] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mwib0u1oiscnanxs4ili6bs7vtz1n4s 0 57770 964318 494789 2026-10-07T12:16:27Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Inganta shafi 964318 wikitext text/x-wiki <references responsive="1"></references> [[Fayil:Flag of Nigerian Jews.JPG|thumb|Tutar najeriya]] [[Fayil:Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb|Yakubu gawon]] '''Juyin mulkin Najeriya a 1975''' juyin mulkin [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|soja]] ne wanda bai zubar da jini ba wanda ya faru a [[Najeriya]] a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1975 lokacin da wani bangare na kananan hafsoshin [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|sojan]] kasar suka hambarar da Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] (wanda shi kansa ya karbi mulki a [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|juyin mulkin 1966).]])Kanar [[Joseph Nanven Garba]] ya sanar da juyin mulkin ne a wani shiri da aka watsa a gidan rediyon Najeriya(wanda ya zama [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|FRCN]] a shekarar 1978).A lokacin juyin mulkin,Gowon yana halartar taron kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka(OAU) karo na 12 a [[Kampala|birnin Kampala]] na [[Uganda|kasar Uganda]].Masu yunkurin juyin mulkin sun nada Birgediya [[Murtala Mohammed]] a matsayin shugaban kasa,sai kuma Birgediya [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a matsayin mataimakinsa. Rashin jin dadin kananan hafsoshi ne ya sa aka yi juyin mulkin saboda rashin samun ci gaban da Gowon ya samu wajen ciyar da kasar nan tafarkin [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]],yayin da Garba ya taka rawar gani a matsayinsa na mai bin diddigi da tabbatar da cewa juyin mulkin ya kasance marar jini.<ref name="Coup" /> Mohammed,wanda manufofinsa da jajircewarsa suka ba shi goyon baya ga jama'a da kuma daukaka shi zuwa matsayin gwarzon jama'a,ya ci gaba da mulki har zuwa 13 ga Fabrairu 1976 lokacin da aka kashe shi a lokacin [[Yunkurin juyin mulkin Najeriya a 1976|yunkurin juyin mulki]] .Obasanjo ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban kasa. === Karin Haske na juyin mulki === == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} bt1ao49okzu0jnxu9e49sx3ok9njue9 964319 964318 2026-10-07T12:18:25Z HK RIGASA2 28228 964319 wikitext text/x-wiki <references responsive="1"></references> [[Fayil:Flag of Nigerian Jews.JPG|thumb|Tutar najeriya]] [[Fayil:Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb|Yakubu gawon]] '''Juyin mulkin Najeriya a 1975''' juyin mulkin [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|soja]] ne wanda bai zubar da jini ba wanda ya faru a [[Najeriya]] a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1975 lokacin da wani bangare na kananan hafsoshin [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|sojan]] kasar suka hambarar da Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] (wanda shi kansa ya karbi mulki a [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|juyin mulkin 1966).]])Kanar [[Joseph Nanven Garba]] ya sanar da juyin mulkin ne a wani shiri da aka watsa a gidan rediyon Najeriya(wanda ya zama [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|FRCN]] a shekarar 1978).A lokacin juyin mulkin,Gowon yana halartar taron kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka(OAU) karo na 12 a [[Kampala|birnin Kampala]] na [[Uganda|kasar Uganda]].Masu yunkurin juyin mulkin sun nada Birgediya [[Murtala Mohammed]] a matsayin shugaban kasa,sai kuma Birgediya [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a matsayin mataimakinsa. Rashin jin dadin kananan hafsoshi ne ya sa aka yi juyin mulkin saboda rashin samun ci gaban da Gowon ya samu wajen ciyar da kasar nan tafarkin [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]],yayin da Garba ya taka rawar gani a matsayinsa na mai bin diddigi da tabbatar da cewa juyin mulkin ya kasance marar jini.<ref name="Coup" /> Mohammed,wanda manufofinsa da jajircewarsa suka ba shi goyon baya ga jama'a da kuma daukaka shi zuwa matsayin gwarzon jama'a,ya ci gaba da mulki har zuwa 13 ga Fabrairu 1976 lokacin da aka kashe shi a lokacin [[Yunkurin juyin mulkin Najeriya a 1976|yunkurin juyin mulki]] .Obasanjo ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban kasa. === Karin Haske na juyin mulki === Juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1975 Juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1975 ya faru ne a ƙarshen watan Yuli 1975, inda aka kifar da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Yakubu Gowon tare da maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin soja ƙarƙashin Brigadier Murtala Mohammed. Murtala ya zama shugaban gwamnatin soja, yayin da Brigadier Olusegun Obasanjo ya zama mataimakinsa. A ranar 29 ga Yuli 1975, Kanar Joseph Nanven Garba, wanda ke jagorantar Brigade of Guards, ya bayyana ta gidan rediyon Najeriya cewa Rundunar Sojin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar sauya shugabancin gwamnatin soja ta tarayya. Wannan sanarwar ta tabbatar da cire Gowon daga mulki. A lokacin da juyin mulkin ya faru, Gowon yana Kampala, Uganda, inda ya halarci taron Kungiyar Haɗin Kan Afirka (OAU). Hakan ya sa ba ya Najeriya lokacin da aka kifar da gwamnatinsa. Garba ya sanar da matakan tsaro da aka ɗauka bayan sauyin mulki, ciki har da dokar hana fita da kuma takaita zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da hanyoyin shiga da fita daga ƙasar. Sanarwar ta kuma bayyana cewa an gudanar da sauyin mulkin ba tare da babban rikicin makami a cikin babban birnin tarayya ba. ==Joseph Garba da rawar da ya taka== Joseph Nanven Garba ya kasance babban jami'in sojan Najeriya kuma kwamandan Brigade of Guards, rundunar da ke da alhakin tsaron manyan jami'an gwamnati da muhimman wuraren gwamnati. Saboda matsayinsa, rawar da ya taka wajen sanar da sauyin mulki ta kasance muhimmiyar shaida ga yadda juyin mulkin ya kasance. Bayan juyin mulkin, Murtala Mohammed ya zama shugaban gwamnatin soja. Bayan mutuwar Murtala a watan Fabrairun 1976, Olusegun Obasanjo ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Juyin mulkin na Yuli 1975 ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Gowon, wanda ya jagoranci Najeriya tun bayan sauyin mulkin da ya kifar da gwamnatin Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi a shekarar 1966. Sabuwar gwamnatin Murtala Mohammed ta kuma sauya alkiblar siyasar Najeriya a wasu fannoni, musamman a harkokin cikin gida da manufofin ƙasashen waje. ==Manazarta== - Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, Nigeria After the Coup of July 28, 1975. - John Iliffe, Obasanjo, Nigeria and the World. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} hnv5bzb7ufne68ztgvfhczn5tjcteuv 964320 964319 2026-10-07T12:19:37Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Karin Haske na juyin mulki */ 964320 wikitext text/x-wiki <references responsive="1"></references> [[Fayil:Flag of Nigerian Jews.JPG|thumb|Tutar najeriya]] [[Fayil:Yakubu Gowon.jpg|thumb|Yakubu gawon]] '''Juyin mulkin Najeriya a 1975''' juyin mulkin [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|soja]] ne wanda bai zubar da jini ba wanda ya faru a [[Najeriya]] a ranar 29 ga Yuli 1975 lokacin da wani bangare na kananan hafsoshin [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|sojan]] kasar suka hambarar da Janar [[Yakubu Gowon]] (wanda shi kansa ya karbi mulki a [[Juyin Mulki a Najeriya, 1966|juyin mulkin 1966).]])Kanar [[Joseph Nanven Garba]] ya sanar da juyin mulkin ne a wani shiri da aka watsa a gidan rediyon Najeriya(wanda ya zama [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|FRCN]] a shekarar 1978).A lokacin juyin mulkin,Gowon yana halartar taron kungiyar hadin kan kasashen Afirka(OAU) karo na 12 a [[Kampala|birnin Kampala]] na [[Uganda|kasar Uganda]].Masu yunkurin juyin mulkin sun nada Birgediya [[Murtala Mohammed]] a matsayin shugaban kasa,sai kuma Birgediya [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] a matsayin mataimakinsa. Rashin jin dadin kananan hafsoshi ne ya sa aka yi juyin mulkin saboda rashin samun ci gaban da Gowon ya samu wajen ciyar da kasar nan tafarkin [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]],yayin da Garba ya taka rawar gani a matsayinsa na mai bin diddigi da tabbatar da cewa juyin mulkin ya kasance marar jini.<ref name="Coup" /> Mohammed,wanda manufofinsa da jajircewarsa suka ba shi goyon baya ga jama'a da kuma daukaka shi zuwa matsayin gwarzon jama'a,ya ci gaba da mulki har zuwa 13 ga Fabrairu 1976 lokacin da aka kashe shi a lokacin [[Yunkurin juyin mulkin Najeriya a 1976|yunkurin juyin mulki]] .Obasanjo ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban kasa. === Karin Haske na juyin mulki === Juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1975 ya faru ne a ƙarshen watan Yuli 1975, inda aka kifar da gwamnatin soja ta Janar Yakubu Gowon tare da maye gurbinsa da gwamnatin soja ƙarƙashin Brigadier Murtala Mohammed. Murtala ya zama shugaban gwamnatin soja, yayin da Brigadier Olusegun Obasanjo ya zama mataimakinsa. A ranar 29 ga Yuli 1975, Kanar Joseph Nanven Garba, wanda ke jagorantar Brigade of Guards, ya bayyana ta gidan rediyon Najeriya cewa Rundunar Sojin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar sauya shugabancin gwamnatin soja ta tarayya. Wannan sanarwar ta tabbatar da cire Gowon daga mulki. A lokacin da juyin mulkin ya faru, Gowon yana Kampala, Uganda, inda ya halarci taron Kungiyar Haɗin Kan Afirka (OAU). Hakan ya sa ba ya Najeriya lokacin da aka kifar da gwamnatinsa. Garba ya sanar da matakan tsaro da aka ɗauka bayan sauyin mulki, ciki har da dokar hana fita da kuma takaita zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da hanyoyin shiga da fita daga ƙasar. Sanarwar ta kuma bayyana cewa an gudanar da sauyin mulkin ba tare da babban rikicin makami a cikin babban birnin tarayya ba. ==Joseph Garba da rawar da ya taka== Joseph Nanven Garba ya kasance babban jami'in sojan Najeriya kuma kwamandan Brigade of Guards, rundunar da ke da alhakin tsaron manyan jami'an gwamnati da muhimman wuraren gwamnati. Saboda matsayinsa, rawar da ya taka wajen sanar da sauyin mulki ta kasance muhimmiyar shaida ga yadda juyin mulkin ya kasance. Bayan juyin mulkin, Murtala Mohammed ya zama shugaban gwamnatin soja. Bayan mutuwar Murtala a watan Fabrairun 1976, Olusegun Obasanjo ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa. Juyin mulkin na Yuli 1975 ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Gowon, wanda ya jagoranci Najeriya tun bayan sauyin mulkin da ya kifar da gwamnatin Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi a shekarar 1966. Sabuwar gwamnatin Murtala Mohammed ta kuma sauya alkiblar siyasar Najeriya a wasu fannoni, musamman a harkokin cikin gida da manufofin ƙasashen waje. ==Manazarta== - Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, Nigeria After the Coup of July 28, 1975. - John Iliffe, Obasanjo, Nigeria and the World. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} 32aqj4zq5wtarf08w1mkbuu44zsbki3 0 61095 964385 517783 2026-10-07T16:05:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tim Brent''' (an Haife shi Maris 10, 1984) tsohon ɗan ƙasar Kanada ƙwararren [[Gaba (Hockey kankara)|ɗan wasan]] [[Ice hockey|ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙanƙara]] ne wanda ya buga wasanni sama da 200 a cikin [[National Hockey League]] (NHL), musamman don [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] da [[Carolina Hurricanes]].<ref>http://cambridgeshf.com/inductee/tim-brent/</ref> == Sana'ar wasa == === Junior hockey === Brent ya girma a cikin [[Cambridge, Ontario]], yanki yana wasa [[Ƙananan hockey na kankara|ƙananan hockey kankara]] don Hespeler Shamrocks na OMHA da Cambridge Hawks na Alliance Pavilion League. Ya taka leda a shekarar 1998 [[Gasar Hockey ta Pee-Wee ta Duniya|Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament]] tare da wata ƙungiya daga Cambridge. Yana da shekaru 15, Brent ya sanya hannu tare da Cambridge Winterhawks Jr.B. ƙungiyar OHA Midwestern Ontario Hockey League a cikin lokacin 1999–2000. Bayan ya kammala Jr.B. kakar, Brent shine zaɓi na 2 gabaɗaya na [[Kungiyar Hockey ta Ontario|Babban Gasar Hockey na Ontario]] (OHL) na [[Toronto St. Michael's Majors]] a cikin Zaɓin fifiko na OHL na 2000. <ref name="cambridge">{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf |access-date=2023-10-04 |archive-date=2019-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Tim BrentHurricanes.jpg|thumb|Tim Brent]] Brent ya fara babban ƙaramin aikinsa akan Toronto St. Michael's Majors na OHL a cikin lokacin 2000–01. Ya taka leda a kungiyar tsawon yanayi hudu, har zuwa 2003–04. A lokacin, an zana shi sau biyu, sau biyu na Anaheim. An fara tsara shi 37th gaba ɗaya a cikin [[2002 NHL Shigar Draft|Tsarin Shigar da NHL na 2002]], to amma an sake shigar da shi cikin daftarin shekaru biyu bayan bai sanya hannu tare da Anaheim ba. A cikin [[2004 NHL Shigar Draft|Tsarin Shigar da NHL na 2004]], an zaɓi shi 75th gabaɗaya, Ducks kuma. Bayan ya kori wakilinsa, ya amince da kwangilar shiga matakin shekaru uku da Anaheim. A cikin shekarar 2004, Brent ya kasance ɓangare na [[Kungiyar wasan hockey kankara ta maza ta Canada|ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙanƙara ta maza ta Kanada]] a [[Gasar Cin Kofin Kankara ta Duniya ta 2003|Gasar Kananan Yara ta Duniya ta 2003]] . An nada shi a matsayin babban kyaftin kafin a fara gasar. Tawagar ta yi rashin nasara a hannun Amurka a wasan karshe, inda ta samu lambar azurfa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.toronto.com/life/former-toronto-maple-leaf-tim-brent-calls-it-a-career/article_5802f989-8165-51e3-9a01-7ee82eea72c4.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |archive-date=2022-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109145918/https://www.toronto.com/life/former-toronto-maple-leaf-tim-brent-calls-it-a-career/article_5802f989-8165-51e3-9a01-7ee82eea72c4.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kwararren Dan wasan hockey == [[Fayil:Hurricanes vs. Canadiens - Goal.jpg|thumb|Tim Brent]] A cikin lokacin [[2004-05 AHL|2004 – 05]], ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da [[Cincinnati Mighty Ducks|Cincinnati Mighty]] amma Anaheim ya tuna da shi kuma ya buga wasanni 18 a cikin NHL a wancan lokacin. A kakar wasa ta gaba, ya taka leda a [[Portland Pirates]], Ducks 'sabon ƙananan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa. Ya fara kakar sa ta 2006 – 07 tare da Portland, amma an tuna da shi zuwa Gasar cin [[Kofin Stanley]] kuma ya ci burin sa na farko na NHL a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu a kan [[Vancouver Canucks]] . Brent ya sami Ring na gasar cin kofin Stanley, amma bai buga isassun wasannin da za a saka a gasar cin kofin Stanley ba. <ref name="cambridge2">https://thehockeynews.com/news/tim-brent-recalled-by-anaheim-ducks-from-ahl-farm-team-in-portland-me</ref> A ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2007, Ducks Anaheim sun yi ciniki da Brent zuwa [[Pittsburgh Penguins]] don musayar cibiyar [[Stephen Dixon (Hockey)|Stephen Dixon]] . Ya buga wasa daya kacal tare da Penguins, yana ciyar da sauran kakar wasa tare da [[Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins]], alaƙar su AHL ta kai wasan karshe na [[Calder Cup|Kofin Calder]] . A kan Yuli 17, 2008, Brent aka yi ciniki zuwa [[Chicago Blackhawks]] a musayar [[Danny Richmond]] . Brent ya shafe mafi yawan [[2008-09 NHL kakar|lokutan 2008-09]] tare da Blackhawks 'AHL affiliate [[Rockford IceHogs]], amma an tuna da shi zuwa Chicago, yana wasa a wasanni biyu. <ref name="doucet2">https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/blackhawks-hang-on-to-tim-brent-1.738099</ref> [[Fayil:Xavier Samuel and Tim Draxl (6707625489).jpg|thumb|Tim Brent]] A kan Yuli 6, 2009, Brent ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da [[Toronto Maple Leafs]]. A lokacin wasan farko na preseason na kakar 2009-2010, Brent ya yaga tsokar tsokar sa - yana buƙatar tiyata wanda zai gan shi ya yi rashin aiki na watanni huɗu. Bayan murmurewa, Brent ya dawo wasa tare da Toronto Marlies, yana rikodin maki 28 a cikin wasanni 33. An kira shi don wasan karshe na kakar wasa don yin halarta na farko tare da Toronto Maple Leafs a kan [[Montreal Kanada|Montreal Canadiens]] . Ya sake sanya hannu tare da Leafs wanda ya ƙare zuwa kwangilar shekara guda biyu. Sansanin horo mai ƙarfi tare da Toronto ya ga suturar Brent don Maple Leafs a farkon kakar wasa a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2010, tare da Montreal Canadiens. Nan take Brent ya yi tasiri, inda ya zura kwallo a raga. Tare da Leafs, Brent ya ɗauki aikin bincike, yana wasa a sashin kisa. A lokacin wasa a kan Fabrairu 3, 2011, a kan [[Carolina Hurricanes]], Brent ya katange harbi guda biyu kuma ya share puck a cikin kisa guda ɗaya. An dauki wannan wasan a cikin mafi kyawun ganyen kakar. Brent ya ci gaba da dacewa da wasanni 79 a waccan kakar, yana yin rijistar kwallaye 8 da maki 20 yayin da yake ganin mafi yawan lokaci akan bugun fenariti na Leafs. <ref name="hurricanes">https://www.tsn.ca/nhl/story/?id=283889</ref> [[Fayil:Tim Draxl, Kris Marshall, Xavier Samuel, Kevin Bishop (6707642905).jpg|thumb|Tim Brent a cikin mutane ]] Brent ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Hurricanes Carolina a kan Yuli 1, 2011. Ya buga wasanni 30 don Hurricanes, yana yin rajista kawai maki 3. Bayan kammala kwantiraginsa da Hurricanes, Brent ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko a wajen Arewacin Amurka, kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da kulob din Rasha, [[Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod]] na [[Kontinental Hockey League]] a ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2013. Bayan wasanni goma sha takwas tare da Torpedo, an sayar da shi zuwa [[Metallurg Magnitogorsk]] don [[Justin Hodgman]] . Tare da Metallurg ya lashe [[Gagarin Cup]] . <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hamiltonnews.com/community-story/5630622-tim-brent-s-khl-career-comes-to-an-end/|title=Tim Brent's KHL career comes to an end|work=Cambridge Times|last=Doucet|first=Bill|date=May 18, 2015|access-date=November 9, 2022|via=Hamiltonnews.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109160629/https://www.hamiltonnews.com/community-story/5630622-tim-brent-s-khl-career-comes-to-an-end/|archive-date=November 9, 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1984]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] rylqgyrzctne8uzaig7wgkmhh6zrq5z 0 63385 964576 533376 2026-10-08T01:52:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''YNaija''''' dandamali ne na wallafe-wallafe a yanar gizo a Najeriya, wanda Chude Jideonwo da [[Adebola Williams]] na ƙungiyar kamfanin watsa labarai na [[RED Africa]] suka kafa. An ƙaddamar da ''YNaija'' a watan Mayu 2010 tare da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo da majiyoyin labarai daban-daban. Ana wallafa labarai, da suka shafi siyasa, kasuwanci, nishaɗi, muhalli, fasaha, shahararrun kafofin watsa labaru, salon rayuwa, al'adu, wasan ban dariya da rayuwar kiwon lafiya. A cikin watan Yuli 2012, ''YNaija'' ta kasance a mataki na #5 a cikin jerin mafiya girma a fannin bulogi a cikin ƙasar, wanda CPAfrica ta fitar da rahoton jerin sunayen.<ref name="cp-africa">[http://www.cp-africa.com/2012/02/22/top-nigerian-bloggers-2012/ "Top Nigerian Bloggers 2012"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031184701/https://www.cp-africa.com/2012/02/22/top-nigerian-bloggers-2012/ |date=2017-10-31 }}, CP Africa.</ref> == Y! == Alamar tambarin Y! ya ƙunshi shirin talabijin, da rediyo da mujallar da ake bugawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ynaija.com/ytv-launches-exciting-new-shoe-exploring-on-ontv/|title=Y!TV LAUNCHES EXCITING NEW SHOW, 'EXPLORING' ON ONTV!|publisher=YNaija.com |date=2016-03-14 |access-date=2018-03-14}}</ref> Jaridar, ''Y!'' , bugu ne na kowane wata mai shafuka 100-150 wanda aka soma fara wallafa labarai ta hanayar. An shirya abubuwan da suka hada da maudu'in #Hashtag Party a watan Yuli 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://olorisupergal.com/the-first-ever-ynaija-hashtag-party-pause-tweet-play/ |title=The first ever Ynaija Hashtag party…. Pause, Tweet, Play.. |date=12 July 2011 |publisher=Olorisupergal.com |access-date=2013-04-15 |archive-date=2014-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142713/http://olorisupergal.com/the-first-ever-ynaija-hashtag-party-pause-tweet-play/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/07/30/ynaija-choc-city-hashtag-photos-from-debut-hashtag-event/ |title=YNaija + Choc City = #Hashtag – Photos from debut #Hashtag event |publisher=Bella Naija |date=2011-07-30 |access-date=2013-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2011/07/19/ynaija-chocolate-city-presents-hashtag-pause-tweet-play-hosted-by-denrele-oreka-godis-andre-blaze/ |title=YNaija & Chocolate City presents #Hashtag "Pause. Tweet. Play" – Hosted by Denrele, Oreka Godis & Andre Blaze |publisher=Bella Naija |date=2011-07-19 |access-date=2013-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onobello.com/index.php/component/k2/item/1287-hashtag |title=YNaija #Hashtag Party! See photos of the Very Stylish Fashion & Entertainment Crowd - OnoBello.com: Latest in Fashion, Beauty, News, Features and Events |publisher=OnoBello.com |access-date=2013-04-15 |archive-date=2013-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426113326/http://onobello.com/index.php/component/k2/item/1287-hashtag |url-status=dead }}</ref> da ''YNaija'' Black Ball, da sauransu. == Masu ba da gudummawa == [[Ebuka Obi-Uchendu]], [[Tolu Ogunlesi]], Kathleen Ndongmo, [[Japheth J. Omojuwa]], [[Ayo Sogunro]] da Akintunde Oyebode, akwai wasu masu ba da gudummawa da yawa ga Y! Politico, SuperBlogger da 30 Days, 30 Voices series da wasu jaridu da suka haɗa da; [[Mercy Abang|Abang Mercy]], Subomi Plumptre<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ynaija.com/tag/subomi-plumptre|title=Subomi plumtre (Ynaila)|date=19 April 2019|publisher=Ynaija|access-date=17 January 2020|via=ynaija.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da Ifeanyi Dike Jr. == Kyauta == A cikin 2012, wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa YNaija, [[Chude Jideonwo]] da [[Adebola Williams]] na cikin jerin mutane 40 da mujallar BusinessDay, ta fitar na waɗanda za'a bawa kyaututtuka.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/40-under-40/45120-40-under-40-chude-jideonwu-27-and-adebola-williams-26 |access-date=2013-01-04 |title=40 UNDER 40: Chude Jideonwu, 27, and Adebola Williams, 26 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay]] |date= September 28, 2012 }}</ref> A cikin Fabrairun 2013, Jideonwo da Williams sun kasance suna cikin ''Forbes'' 30 Under 30: Mafi kyawun Matasan 'Yan Kasuwa na [[Afirka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2013/02/23/30-under-30-africas-best-young-entrepreneurs/4/ |title=30 Under 30: Africa's Best Young Entrepreneurs |work=Forbes |date=2012-04-18 |access-date=2013-04-15}}</ref> Shafin yanar gizo na fasaha da salon rayuwa na Najeriya, CPAfrica ta ayyana ''YNaija'' a mataki na #5 na (Nigerian blog of the year), a shekara ta 2012.<ref name="cp-africa" /><ref>{{cite web|author= Folusho |url=http://www.flameville.com/2013/01/latest-top-nigerian-bloggers-2013/ |title=Latest: Top Nigerian Bloggers 2013 |publisher=Flameville.com |date=January 11, 2013 |access-date=2013-04-15}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== *[https://www.ynaija.com/ Shafi na Musamman] g5cvl73jyvm5yvp9ylfiojdk5avpjt0 0 64973 964387 345826 2026-10-07T16:13:40Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375890022|Garwa]]" 964387 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garwa''' ƙauye ne a cikin Dih block na Gundumar Rae Bareli, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Indiya . <ref name="Census 2011">{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=Census 2011 India |pages=393–409}}</ref> Yana da nisan kilomita 18 daga Raebareli, hedkwatar gundumar. &nbsp;a zuwa shekara ta 2011, tana da yawan mutane 1,485 a cikin gidaje 294. <ref name="Census 2011" /> Tana da makarantar firamare guda ɗaya kuma babu wuraren kiwon lafiya, kuma ba ta karbar bakuncin kasuwa ta dindindin ko mako-mako.<ref name="Census 2011" /> Ya kasance daga cikin nyaya panchayat na [[Tekari Dandu]] . Ƙididdigar shekara ta 1951 ta rubuta Garwa (a matsayin "Gadwa") kamar yadda ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka 4, tare da jimlar mutane 483 (maza 246 da mata 237), a cikin gidaje 101 da gidaje 85. An ba da yankin ƙauyen a matsayin kadada 361.<ref name="Census 1951" /> Mazauna 10 sun iya karatu da rubutu, duk maza.<ref name="Census 1951" /> An lissafa ƙauyen a matsayin na pargana na [[Parshadepur]] da thana na Nasirabad . <ref name="Census 1951" /> Ƙididdigar 1961 ta rubuta Garwa (a matsayin "Gadawa") kamar yadda ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka 4, tare da jimlar mutane 547 (maza 274 da mata 273), a cikin gidaje 119 da gidaje 92 na zahiri. An ba da yankin ƙauyen a matsayin kadada 361.<ref name="Census 1961" /> Kididdigar yawan jama'a ta shekarar 1981 ta nuna cewa Garwa (wadda aka rubuta a matsayin "Garhwa") tana da yawan jama'a mutane 653 a cikin gidaje 164, tare da fadin kasa mai girman hekta 146.10. An bayyana alkama da shinkafa a matsayin manyan abincin da ake dogaro da su a wurin.<ref name="Census 1981" /> Ƙididdigar 1991 ta rubuta Garwa kamar yadda yake da jimlar mutane 904 (maza 474 da mata 430), a cikin gidaje 175 da gidaje 175 na zahiri. Yankin ƙauyen an jera shi a matsayin hekta 149.<ref name="Census 1991" /> Membobin rukunin shekaru 0-6 sun ƙidaya 236, ko 22% na jimlar; wannan rukuni ya kasance 56% namiji (109) da 44% mata (87). <ref name="Census 1991" /> Membobin kabilun da aka tsara sun kasance kashi 60% na yawan mutanen ƙauyen, yayin da ba a rubuta membobin kabilanci da aka tsara ba.<ref name="Census 1991" /> Yawan mutanen da suka iya karatu da rubutu a ƙauyen ya kai kashi 18% (maza 149 da mata 18). <ref name="Census 1991" /> An rarraba mutane 285 a matsayin manyan ma'aikata (maza 244 da mata 41), yayin da aka rarraba mutane 50 a matsayin ma'aikata masu zaman kansu (duk mata); sauran mazauna 569 ba ma'aikata ba ne.<ref name="Census 1991" /> Kashekashen manyan ma'aikata ta hanyar nau'in aiki kamar haka: manoma 169 (wato mutanen da suka mallaki ko suka yi hayar ƙasarsu); ma'aikatan noma 80 (wato mutanen da suka yi aikin gonar wani a madadin biyan kuɗi); ma'aikata 0 a fannin dabbobi, dazuzzuka, kamun kifi, farauta, gonaki, gonakin inabi, da sauransu; 0 a fannin haƙar ma'adinai da haƙa ma'adinai; 1 a fannin masana'antar gidaje; ma'aikata 20 da aka ɗauka aiki a wasu ayyukan masana'antu, sarrafawa, hidima, da gyara; 0 ma'aikatan gini; 5 da aka ɗauka aiki a fannin kasuwanci da kasuwanci; 0 da aka ɗauka aiki a fannin sufuri, ajiya, da sadarwa; da kuma 9 a wasu ayyuka.<ref name="Census 1991" /> == Manazarta == n5gqqmt9shtu00mlo6dpv4f3mh8mqmz 964388 964387 2026-10-07T16:16:13Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 964388 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garwa''' ƙauye ne a cikin Dih block na Gundumar Rae Bareli, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Indiya . <ref name="Census 2011">{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=Census 2011 India |pages=393–409}}</ref> Yana da nisan kilomita 18 daga Raebareli, hedkwatar gundumar. &nbsp;a zuwa shekara ta 2011, tana da yawan mutane 1,485 a cikin gidaje 294. <ref name="Census 2011" /> Tana da makarantar firamare guda ɗaya kuma babu wuraren kiwon lafiya, kuma ba ta karbar bakuncin kasuwa ta dindindin ko mako-mako.<ref name="Census 2011" /> Ya kasance daga cikin nyaya panchayat na [[Tekari Dandu]] . Ƙididdigar shekara ta 1951 ta rubuta Garwa (a matsayin "Gadwa") kamar yadda ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka 4, tare da jimlar mutane 483 (maza 246 da mata 237), a cikin gidaje 101 da gidaje 85. An ba da yankin ƙauyen a matsayin kadada 361. Mazauna 10 sun iya karatu da rubutu, duk maza. An lissafa ƙauyen a matsayin na pargana na [[Parshadepur]] da thana na Nasirabad . Ƙididdigar 1961 ta rubuta Garwa (a matsayin "Gadawa") kamar yadda ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka 4, tare da jimlar mutane 547 (maza 274 da mata 273), a cikin gidaje 119 da gidaje 92 na zahiri. An ba da yankin ƙauyen a matsayin kadada 361. Kididdigar yawan jama'a ta shekarar 1981 ta nuna cewa Garwa (wadda aka rubuta a matsayin "Garhwa") tana da yawan jama'a mutane 653 a cikin gidaje 164, tare da fadin kasa mai girman hekta 146.10. An bayyana alkama da shinkafa a matsayin manyan abincin da ake dogaro da su a wurin. Ƙididdigar 1991 ta rubuta Garwa kamar yadda yake da jimlar mutane 904 (maza 474 da mata 430), a cikin gidaje 175 da gidaje 175 na zahiri. Yankin ƙauyen an jera shi a matsayin hekta 149. Membobin rukunin shekaru 0-6 sun ƙidaya 236, ko 22% na jimlar; wannan rukuni ya kasance 56% namiji (109) da 44% mata (87). Membobin kabilun da aka tsara sun kasance kashi 60% na yawan mutanen ƙauyen, yayin da ba a rubuta membobin kabilanci da aka tsara ba. Yawan mutanen da suka iya karatu da rubutu a ƙauyen ya kai kashi 18% (maza 149 da mata 18). An rarraba mutane 285 a matsayin manyan ma'aikata (maza 244 da mata 41), yayin da aka rarraba mutane 50 a matsayin ma'aikata masu zaman kansu (duk mata); sauran mazauna 569 ba ma'aikata ba ne. Kashekashen manyan ma'aikata ta hanyar nau'in aiki kamar haka: manoma 169 (wato mutanen da suka mallaki ko suka yi hayar ƙasarsu); ma'aikatan noma 80 (wato mutanen da suka yi aikin gonar wani a madadin biyan kuɗi); ma'aikata 0 a fannin dabbobi, dazuzzuka, kamun kifi, farauta, gonaki, gonakin inabi, da sauransu; 0 a fannin haƙar ma'adinai da haƙa ma'adinai; 1 a fannin masana'antar gidaje; ma'aikata 20 da aka ɗauka aiki a wasu ayyukan masana'antu, sarrafawa, hidima, da gyara; 0 ma'aikatan gini; 5 da aka ɗauka aiki a fannin kasuwanci da kasuwanci; 0 da aka ɗauka aiki a fannin sufuri, ajiya, da sadarwa; da kuma 9 a wasu ayyuka. == Manazarta == 52irqrd7uxk7imunwu0mb2qx6zvsc8r 964389 964388 2026-10-07T16:16:37Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 964389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}'''Garwa''' ƙauye ne a cikin Dih block na Gundumar Rae Bareli, [[Uttar Pradesh]], Indiya . <ref name="Census 2011">{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |access-date=17 October 2021 |website=Census 2011 India |pages=393–409}}</ref> Yana da nisan kilomita 18 daga Raebareli, hedkwatar gundumar. &nbsp;a zuwa shekara ta 2011, tana da yawan mutane 1,485 a cikin gidaje 294. <ref name="Census 2011" /> Tana da makarantar firamare guda ɗaya kuma babu wuraren kiwon lafiya, kuma ba ta karbar bakuncin kasuwa ta dindindin ko mako-mako.<ref name="Census 2011" /> Ya kasance daga cikin nyaya panchayat na [[Tekari Dandu]] . Ƙididdigar shekara ta 1951 ta rubuta Garwa (a matsayin "Gadwa") kamar yadda ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka 4, tare da jimlar mutane 483 (maza 246 da mata 237), a cikin gidaje 101 da gidaje 85. An ba da yankin ƙauyen a matsayin kadada 361. Mazauna 10 sun iya karatu da rubutu, duk maza. An lissafa ƙauyen a matsayin na pargana na [[Parshadepur]] da thana na Nasirabad . Ƙididdigar 1961 ta rubuta Garwa (a matsayin "Gadawa") kamar yadda ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka 4, tare da jimlar mutane 547 (maza 274 da mata 273), a cikin gidaje 119 da gidaje 92 na zahiri. An ba da yankin ƙauyen a matsayin kadada 361. Kididdigar yawan jama'a ta shekarar 1981 ta nuna cewa Garwa (wadda aka rubuta a matsayin "Garhwa") tana da yawan jama'a mutane 653 a cikin gidaje 164, tare da fadin kasa mai girman hekta 146.10. An bayyana alkama da shinkafa a matsayin manyan abincin da ake dogaro da su a wurin. Ƙididdigar 1991 ta rubuta Garwa kamar yadda yake da jimlar mutane 904 (maza 474 da mata 430), a cikin gidaje 175 da gidaje 175 na zahiri. Yankin ƙauyen an jera shi a matsayin hekta 149. Membobin rukunin shekaru 0-6 sun ƙidaya 236, ko 22% na jimlar; wannan rukuni ya kasance 56% namiji (109) da 44% mata (87). Membobin kabilun da aka tsara sun kasance kashi 60% na yawan mutanen ƙauyen, yayin da ba a rubuta membobin kabilanci da aka tsara ba. Yawan mutanen da suka iya karatu da rubutu a ƙauyen ya kai kashi 18% (maza 149 da mata 18). An rarraba mutane 285 a matsayin manyan ma'aikata (maza 244 da mata 41), yayin da aka rarraba mutane 50 a matsayin ma'aikata masu zaman kansu (duk mata); sauran mazauna 569 ba ma'aikata ba ne. Kashekashen manyan ma'aikata ta hanyar nau'in aiki kamar haka: manoma 169 (wato mutanen da suka mallaki ko suka yi hayar ƙasarsu); ma'aikatan noma 80 (wato mutanen da suka yi aikin gonar wani a madadin biyan kuɗi); ma'aikata 0 a fannin dabbobi, dazuzzuka, kamun kifi, farauta, gonaki, gonakin inabi, da sauransu; 0 a fannin haƙar ma'adinai da haƙa ma'adinai; 1 a fannin masana'antar gidaje; ma'aikata 20 da aka ɗauka aiki a wasu ayyukan masana'antu, sarrafawa, hidima, da gyara; 0 ma'aikatan gini; 5 da aka ɗauka aiki a fannin kasuwanci da kasuwanci; 0 da aka ɗauka aiki a fannin sufuri, ajiya, da sadarwa; da kuma 9 a wasu ayyuka. == Manazarta == l53wcsrlskorg0hgqlwafvt7nkv9ajw 0 71013 964589 734530 2026-10-08T04:41:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language|name=Laal|nativename=''yəw láàl''|states=[[Chad]]|region=[[Gori, Chad|Gori]], Damtar, Mailao villages in [[Moyen-Chari Prefecture|Moyen-Chari prefecture]]|speakers=750|date=2000|ref=e18|familycolor=language isolate|family=[[language isolate]]|dia1=Gori|dia2=''Laabe''|iso3=gdm|glotto=laal1242|glottorefname=Laal|map=Laal map.gif|mapcaption=Location within [[Chad]] where the Laal language is spoken|notice=IPA}} '''Laal''' yare ne mai haɗari wanda mutane 749 ke magana (kamar yadda na 2000) a ƙauyuka uku a cikin gundumar ''ɓoye''-Chari ta [[Cadi|Chadi]] a gefen [[Kogin Chari]], wanda ake kira Gori (lá), Damtar (ɓual), da Mailao . Yana wakiltar rayuwa mai banƙyama na ƙungiyar yaren da ta gabata na [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]]. Ba a rubuta shi ba sai dai a cikin rubutun da masu ilimin harshe suka yi. A cewar tsohon memba na Summer Institute of Linguistics-Chad David [[Faris]], yana cikin haɗarin halaka, tare da yawancin mutanen da ke ƙasa da 25 suna motsawa zuwa Bagirmi da ya fi yaduwa a cikin gida. Wannan harshe ya fara zuwa hankalin masana ilimin harshe a cikin 1977 ta hanyar aikin filin [[Pascal Boyeldieu]] a cikin 1975 da 1978. Aikin filin nasa ya ginu ne, a galibi, akan mai magana daya, Djouam Kadi na Damtar. == Masu magana da matsayi == The language's speakers are mainly [[Kogin|river]] fishermen and [[Noma|farmers]], who also sell [[Gishiri|salt]] extracted from the ashes of doum palms and ''Vossia cuspidata''. Like their neighbours, the Niellim, they were formerly cattle herders but lost their herds around the turn of the 19th century. They are mainly [[Musulmi|Muslims]], but until the latter half of the 20th century, they followed the traditional ''Yondo'' religion of the Niellim. The area is fairly undeveloped; while there are [[Makarantar Islamiyya|Qur'anic schools]] in Gori and [[Damtar]], the nearest government school is 7&nbsp;km away, and there is no medical dispensary in the region ({{As of|1995|lc=on}}). Ƙauyen [[Damtar]] a da yana da yare dabam dabam, wanda ake kira Laabe ( ''la: bé'' ), tare da masu magana biyu ko uku a cikin 1977; An maye gurbinsa da yaren Gori bayan wasu iyalan Gori guda biyu sun gudu zuwa wurin a karshen karni na 19 don tserewa [[Yaƙi|yakin]] . Ba a san wasu yarukan Laal ba. A karkashin dokar Chadi, Laal, kamar duk harsunan Chadi ban da Faransanci da Larabci, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin harshen ƙasa . Duk da cewa kundin tsarin mulki na 1996 ya nuna cewa “doka ta daidaita sharuddan ingantawa da bunƙasa harsunan ƙasa”, ba a amfani da harsunan ƙasa don ilimi, don dalilai na hukuma, ko yawanci don rubutacciyar kafofin watsa labarai, amma wasu daga cikin manya (amma ba Laal ba. ) ana amfani da su a rediyo. == Rabewa == Laal ya kasance ba a tantance shi ba, kodayake yawan [[Yaren Adamawa|Adamawa]] (musamman [[Harsunan Bua|Bua]] ) kuma a ɗan ƙaranci ana samun tasirin [[Yarukan Chadi|Chadic]] . Wani lokaci ana haɗa shi da ɗayan waɗannan iyalai guda biyu na harshe, wani lokaci kuma ana ganin shi a matsayin keɓewar harshe . Boyeldieu (1982) ya taƙaita ra’ayinsa da cewa “Rabe-rabensa yana da matsala; yayin da yake nuna wasu ƙamus, kuma babu shakka morphological, halaye tare da harsunan Bua (Adamawa-13, [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|Niger–Congo dangin]] Joseph H. Greenberg ), ya bambanta da su. tsattsauran ra'ayi ta hanyoyi da yawa waɗanda wasu, ''a priori'', suke sa mutum yayi tunanin harsunan Chadic kusa da yankin." Roger Blench (2003), haka ma, ya yi la'akari da cewa "kalmominsa da ilimin halittar jiki kamar an samo su ne daga Chadic (watau Afro-Asiatic ), wani bangare daga [[Yaren Adamawa|Adamawa]] (watau Niger-Congo) kuma wani bangare daga wani tushe da ba a sani ba, watakila asalinsa na asali. Kungiyar da ta bace daga [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] ." Yiwuwar ƙarshe ce wacce ke jawo sha'awa ta musamman; idan har hakan ya tabbata, Laal na iya kasancewa ita ce kawai taga da ta rage akan yanayin harshe na Afirka ta Tsakiya kafin faɗaɗa manyan iyalai na harsunan Afirka —Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, da Niger–Congo—a cikinta. Maƙwabtansu na kusa suna magana da Bua, Niellim, da Ndam . Laal ya ƙunshi adadin lamuni da yawa daga Baguirmi, wanda tsawon ƙarni da yawa shine harshen yare na yankin da ke ƙarƙashin [[Sultanate of Bagirmi|daular Baguirmi]], kuma wataƙila tushen Chadic dozin guda, waɗanda ba su da kama da harsunan Chadi da a halin yanzu maƙwabta Laal. Bugu da kari, kusan dukkan Laal suna magana da Niellim a matsayin yare na biyu, kuma 20% – 30% na ƙamus ɗinsu suna da alaƙa da Niellim, musamman ƙamus na aikin gona (Boyeldieu 1977, Lionnet 2010). Kamar Baguirmi, Laal [[Musulmi]] ne ; wani bangare saboda wannan, ana kuma samun wasu kalmomin [[larabci]] . Duk da haka wasu 60% na ƙamus, gami da mafi yawan ƙamus, ba za a iya gano su tare da kowane sanannen dangin harshe (Lionnet 2010). Lallai, wasu kalmomin da suka haɗa da Niellim, gami da wasu ƙamus na asali, ba su da alaƙa da Bua masu alaƙa, suna nuna cewa waɗannan ba tushen Adamawa bane amma lamuni a cikin Niellim daga Laal substrate (Lionnet 2010). Pozdniakov (2010) ya yi imanin Laal wani reshe ne na Nijar – Kongo tare da wani sashe na tsarin sunan sa wanda aka aro daga yaren Chadic kamar Kera. A madadin, yana iya zama yaren da ya fito daga yaren ƙungiyar Neolithic Near Eastern manoma waɗanda suka yi ƙaura zuwa Chadi, tun da binciken kwayoyin halitta na baya-bayan nan ya gano cewa mutanen Laal suna da mahimmin admixture na Eurasian kama da Natufians da Neolithic Levantines. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=1316–1324}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=419–424|quote=29}}</ref> </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (June 2020)">tabbatar da ake bukata</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> An haɗa Laal tare da [[Yarukan Chadi|harsunan Chadic]] a cikin nazarin lissafi mai sarrafa kansa ( ASJP 4) ta Müller et al. (2013), yana ba da shawarar tuntuɓar farko da Chadic. <ref name="ASJP-4">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ''[https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164740/https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip |date=2022-03-28 }}''.</ref> == Fassarar sauti == Ana rubuta sautunan Laal anan ta amfani da alamomin Haruffan Haruffan Waya na Ƙasashen Duniya . === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! rowspan="4" | Tsaya ! <small>mara murya</small> | p | t | c | k | ʔ |- ! <small>bayyanannun murya</small> | b | d | ɟ | g | |- ! <small>prenasalized</small> | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ | |- ! <small>m</small> | ɓ | ɗ | ʄ | | |- ! colspan="2" | Ƙarfafawa | | s | | | h |- ! colspan="2" | Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! colspan="2" | Kusanci | | l | j | w | |- ! colspan="2" | Trill | | r | | | |} Implosives da prenasalised tasha da h ana samun su kawai da farko. Tsayawa mara murya haka s ba zai iya faruwa a ƙarshen sila ba. {{IPA|/ŋ/}}</link> yana faruwa ne kawai ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki da kuma kalma-ƙarshe. {{IPA|/s/}}</link> ya bayyana musamman a cikin kalmomin lamuni da wasu lambobi. Prenasalized tsayawa kamar yadda implosive {{IPA|/ʄ/}}</link> suna da wuya sosai. === Wasula === Tsarin wasali na kalmomin da ba na farko ba shine {{IPA|/i/, /ɨ/, /u/, /e/, /ə/, /o/, /a/}}</link> da diphthong {{IPA|/ua/}}</link> , ba tare da tsayin daka ba. Don kalmomin farko, duk da haka, ya fi rikitarwa, yana ba da damar bambance-bambancen tsayi da bambanta ƙarin ƙarin diphthong masu zuwa: {{IPA|/ia/, /yo/, /ya/}}</link> (amma biyun na ƙarshe sun bayyana ne kawai azaman yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin {{IPA|/e/}}</link> da {{IPA|/ia/}}</link> don haka ana iya ganin su a matsayin allophonic). Bugu da kari, {{IPA|/y/}}</link> na iya faruwa sosai lokaci-lokaci; Boyeldieu ya kawo misalin ''mỳlùg'' "ja (pl.)". Akwai sautunan matakin uku: babba (á), tsakiya (a), ƙananan (à). Haɗuwa na iya faruwa akan wasali ɗaya, yana haifar da haɓakar sautin sauti da faɗuwar sautin, kuma waɗanda jerin sautin sauti ne ta hanyar sauti. Ana rubuta irin waɗannan lokuta a nan ta hanyar maimaita wasali (misali àá); Dogayen wasali ana nuna su ta hanji kawai (misali a:). Suffessixesanfi na iya tilasta kowane nau'i huɗu na Ablaut akan wasali na kalmomin da suka gabata: haɓaka (ɗaukar {{IPA|/ia/, /a/, /ua/}}</link> ku {{IPA|[e], [ə], [o]}}</link> ), ragewa (dauka {{IPA|/e/, /ə/, /o/}}</link> zo {{IPA|[ia], [a], [ua]}}</link> ), ƙananan zagaye (yana ɗaukar {{IPA|/i/}}</link> kuma {{IPA|/ɨ/}}</link> ku {{IPA|[u]}}</link> ; {{IPA|/e/}}</link> da {{IPA|/ia/}}</link> ku {{IPA|[yo]}}</link> ; {{IPA|/ə/, /a/}}</link> , da {{IPA|/ua/}}</link> ku {{IPA|[o]}}</link> ), da babban zagaye (yana ɗaukar {{IPA|/i/}}</link> kuma {{IPA|/ɨ/}}</link> ku {{IPA|[u]}}</link> ; {{IPA|/e/}}</link> da {{IPA|/ia/}}</link> zo {{IPA|[ya]}}</link> ; {{IPA|/ə/, /a/}}</link> , da {{IPA|/o/}}</link> ku {{IPA|[ua]}}</link> ). An rubuta su a cikin sashin layi kamar ↑, ↓, ↗, ↘ bi da bi. A cikin wasu kalmomi, a/ə an "ɗaga" zuwa {{IPA|[e]}}</link> maimakon, kamar yadda ake tsammani, zuwa {{IPA|[ə]}}</link> . A cikin suffixes, ə and o suna fuskantar jituwar wasali : sun zama {{IPA|ɨ}}</link> kuma u bi da bi idan wasalin da ya gabata na ɗaya daga cikin {i, {{IPA|ɨ}}</link> ku, ku. Hakanan, r yana fuskantar jituwa, ya zama l bayan kalmomi masu ɗauke da l. Suffixes tare da sautin tsaka tsaki suna kwafi sautin ƙarshe na kalmar da aka saka su zuwa gare shi. [https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/42030562/African_linguistic_isolates.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1526872805&Signature=QykLYKQ%2BZ0SaMXcREtVAyBJD0rI%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DAfrican_language_isolates.pdf]{{Dead link|date=May 2021}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Dead link tagged May 2021">matattu mahada</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</span></sup>   {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Wasula ! ! Gaba ! Tsakiya ! Baya |- ! Kusa | i | ɨ | u |- ! Bude-tsakiyar | e | ɘ | o |- ! Bude | | a | |} == Ilimin Halitta == === Daidaitawa === Za a iya taƙaita tsarin kalma na yau da kullun a matsayin jigo –( barbashi magana )– fi’ili – abu – kalle-kalle ; preposition - suna ; mai-mallaka ; suna - sifa . Ana iya gabatar da sunaye a gaba lokacin da aka sanya su . Dubi samfurin jumlolin da ke ƙasa don misalai da haɗin gwiwar jumlar jumla. === Sunaye === Sunaye suna da nau'i nau'i na jam'i da guda ɗaya (watakila ana iya kallon na ƙarshe a matsayin maɗaukaki a wasu lokuta), tare da samuwar jam'i mai wuyar tsinkaya: ''ko: g'' "kashi" > ''kuagmi'' "kasusuwa", ''tuà:r'' "kaza" > ''tò:rò'' " kaji", ''ɲaw'' "yunwa" > ''ɲə̀wə́r'' "yunwa". Sunaye ba su da jinsi na son rai, amma jinsi uku na halitta (namiji, mace, ba mutum) ana bambanta su da karin magana. Ana bayyana abin mallakar ta hanyoyi biyu: * " marasa iyawa ", ko kai tsaye, mallaka: ta hanyar bin abin da aka mallaka tare da mai shi (da canza sautin ko ƙarshen abin da aka mallaka a wasu lokuta): ''piá:r a'a'' "ƙafar mutum" ("mutumin ƙafa"); * mallaka : ta hanyar sanya kalmar haɗi, haɗawa bisa ga lamba da jinsi, tsakanin mai mallaka da mai shi:  : Ana taƙaita kalmar haɗin wani lokaci zuwa babban sauti mai sauƙi. Duk da haka, idan ma'abucin karin magana ne, ana saka shi da babban wasali ablaut (a cikin na farko) ko sifofin preposition tare da "a" da zaɓin mahaɗin kuma, ana amfani da shi (a yanayi na biyu): ''na:ra ɟá ɗe. :'' "mutumina na" ("man CONN. at-me"), ''mùlù'' "idonta" ("ido-ita", daga ''mɨla'' "ido"). Wasu sunaye ( ''páw-'' "aboki") suna faruwa ne kawai tare da ɗaure suna kuma ba su da wani tsari mai zaman kansa. Wannan ake kira mallaka na wajibi kuma ana samunsa a cikin wasu harsuna da yawa, yawanci don kalmomin da ke nuni ga alaƙar mutum. Duba karin magana don maƙasudin da suka dace. Sunan da ke nuna wanda ya yi, ko yake, ko yana da wani abu ana iya samuwa tare da prefix ''màr'', ma'ana kusan "shi/she/shi wanda/na": ''màr jùgòr'' "mai mallakar ƙasa", ''màr ce'' "manomi" ( ''ce'' = noma), ''màr pál'' "mainci" ( ''pál'' = zuwa kifi), ''màr pàlà ta:'' "mai kamun kifi". Laal ya nuna alamun tsohon tsarin suna na Adamawa, amma baya ga lamuni, fom ɗin ba su yi daidai da tsarin Adamawa ba (Lionnet 2010). Wasu sunaye guda ɗaya da jam'i a cikin Laal (Blench (2017): {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" |Gloss ! colspan="2" | Lalle |- ! guda ɗaya ! jam'i |- | mahogany | ciram | kurmu |- | jaka | wuta | bólgó |- | tabarma | kusanci | kusanci |- | zakara | kogon | kwagara |- | hyena | riyal | ku |- | kunne | sɨ̀gal | sɨ̀gɨ́y |- | giwa | ɲé | ɲwáɲá |- | kare | ɓyāg | ɓīghaɲ |- | tsuntsu | ndí | ndírma |- | tattabarai | loóg | lwagmi |- | ruwa | suke | zuga |- | tumaki | ɗēē | ɗwara |} === Karin magana === ==== Na sirri ==== A cikin tebur masu zuwa, lura da bambanci tsakanin haɗawa da keɓancewar mu, wanda aka samo a cikin wasu harsuna da yawa amma ba Ingilishi ba, da bambancin jinsi na "I" a wasu nau'ikan. Mafi yawan mashahuran matasa masu magana sun jefar da jam'i marar rai don goyon bayan jam'i mai rai, amma duka an ba da su a ƙasa. Siffar abu don fi'ili yana da rikitarwa sosai; biyu kawai daga cikin nau'ikan allomorphs da yawa ana bayarwa a cikin tebur da ke ƙasa. "Shi" da "ita" ana amfani da su ne kawai don masu amfani da mutane; sauran sunaye suna ɗaukar ma'anar ma'anar kalma. Wannan ya bambanta da yarukan da Laal ke musayar kalmomi da su, amma Laal yana da alamun tsohon tsarin suna-aji na Adamawa (Lionnet 2010). Siffofin jam’i na mutum na ɗaya da na biyu sun yi kama da harsunan Chadi (musamman, Kera ) waɗanda a halin yanzu suna da nisa da yankin masu magana da Laal, amma ba su da kamanceceniya da Adamawa. {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | Sauƙi ! rowspan="2" | Nasiha ! rowspan="2" | Mai amfani ! rowspan="2" | A ! rowspan="2" | Mallaka ! colspan="2" | Abu |- ! n-iri ! nau'in r |- ! I (masc.) | ''ɗa'' | ''ɗa'' | ''ni'' | ''ɗe:'' | ''-↑ər'' | ''-↑ə́n'' | ''-↑ə́r'' |- ! ni (mace) | ''Ƙi'' | ''Ƙi'' | ''ni'' | ''ɗe:'' | ''-↑ər'' | ''-↑ə́n'' | ''-↑ə́r'' |- ! ka | ''ɗo'' | ''ʔúáj'' | ''na'' | ''ɗa:'' | ''- ↓ a'' | ''- ↘(ku)'' | ''-↘á'' |- ! shi | ''ʔà'' | ''ʔàáj'' | ''nar'' | ''ɗa:r'' | ''- ↓ar'' | ''-↓án'' | ''- ↓ar'' |- ! ta | ''ʔɨ̀n'' | ''ʔɨ̀ní'' | ''nug'' | ''zo: g'' | ''-↑o(g), -↗o(g)'' | ''- ↗òn'' | ''- ↑ò'' |- ! shi | ''ƴan'' | ''ʔabin'' | ''nana'' | ''ɗà:na'' | ''- ↓ wani'' | ''- ↓àn'' | ''-↓àr, -↓àn'' |- ! mu (excl.) | ''ɗaure'' | ''ɗaure'' | ''nufi'' | ''ɗò:ró'' | ''- ↑rú'' | ''-↗(ˋ)nùrú, -↑(ˋ)nùrú'' | ''- ↗(ˋ) ruú, -↑(ˋ) ruú'' |- ! mu (ciki har da) | ''ʔàáŋ'' | ''ʔàáŋ'' | ''ina'' | ''ɗàáŋ'' | ''-↑ráŋ'' | ''-↑(ˋ) nàáŋ'' | ''-↑(ˋ)ràáŋ'' |- ! ka (pl) | ''ƴan'' | ''ʔúnúŋ'' | ''nuú'' | ''ɗòóŋ'' | ''-↑rúŋ'' | ''-↗(ˋ)nùúŋ, -↑(ˋ)nùúŋ'' | ''-↗(ˋ)rùúŋ, -↑(ˋ)rùúŋ'' |- ! su (anim.) | ''ʔì'' | ''ʔìrí'' | ''nari'' | ''ɗè:ri'' | ''- ↑rí'' | ''-↑(ˋ)nìrí'' | ''- ↑(ˋ) shaida'' |- ! su (inan) | ''ʔuyan'' | ''ʔabin'' | ''nuni'' | ''ɗuà:na'' | ''- ↘an, - ↑ wani'' | ''- ↘an'' | ''-↘àr, -↘àn'' |} (Kibiyoyin suna nuna jituwar wasalin da aka jawo a cikin suffix ta tushen.) ==== Maganganu na dangi da mara iyaka ==== {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" | Mufuradi ! colspan="2" | Jam'i |- ! Namiji ! Mace ! marar rai ! Mai rairayi ! marar rai |- ! wane/na | ''ɗa'' | ''Ƙi'' | ''ma'' | ''ji'' | ''já'' |- ! wasu... | ''ƴan'' | ''Ƙin'' | ''mun'' | ''jin'' | ''jin'' |- ! kamar haka... | ''Ɗauàŋá'' | ''ɗaurin'' | ''muàŋá'' | ''jùɗú'' | ''jùɗú'' |} ==== Mai tambaya ==== ''jé'' "mene?", ''ɟè'' "wane?", ''ɗé'' "ina?", ''sɨ̀g'' "nawa?". === Gabatarwa === Ƙididdiga suna gaba da abubuwansu: ''gɨ̀ pə:l'' "a (zuwa) ƙauyen", ''kɨ́ jà:ná'' "ga jikinsa" (=" zuwa kusa da shi"). === Kalmomi === Kalmar fi’ili ba ta bambanta bisa ga mutum ko jinsin abin ba, amma wasu fi’ili (kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na fi’ilai da aka tabbatar) sun bambanta bisa ga adadinsu: no kaw “mutum ya ci”, mùáŋ kɨw “mutane suna ci”. Jam'i na fi'ili yana da wuyar tsinkaya, amma galibi yana samuwa ta hanyar ablaut (yawanci ɗaga tsayin wasali) tare da ko ba tare da kari -i(ɲ) ko -ɨɲ da canjin tonal ba. Fi'ili, duk da haka, yana canzawa bisa ga abu kai tsaye . Yana ɗaukar bayanan sirri don nuna wani abu kai tsaye mai magana, kuma yana canzawa sau da yawa lokacin da aka ƙara wani abu wanda ba na magana ba kai tsaye zuwa nau'i mai jujjuyawa tare da ƙaramar sautin ƙarshe (wanda aka yi daidai da "centripetal", wanda ke duba ƙasa): ʔà ná ká "zai yi"; ʔà ná kàrà mɨ́ná "zai yi abu"; ʔà kú na:ra "yana ganin mutum"; ʔà kúù:rùúŋ "he sees you (pl.)". Fi'ili yana da nau'i na asali guda uku: mai sauƙi, "centripetal", da "haɗaɗɗen" don ƙaddamar da kalmomin Boyeldieu. An yi amfani da sigar mai sauƙi a cikin sauƙi na yanzu ko kuma wajibi ne : ''ʔà duàg jə́w gə̀m'' "ya gangara cikin gaɓar kogi" (lit. "ya sauka bakin kogi"). "Centripetal" yana nuna aiki "a nan", ko dai a sarari, motsi zuwa ga mai magana, ko na ɗan lokaci, aiki har zuwa yanzu; ana samuwa ta wurin saka wasali (sau da yawa, amma ba koyaushe, daidai da wasali na ƙarshe a cikin kalmar): ''ʔà duàgà jə́w gə̀m'' "ya sauko a bakin kogi (zuwa gare ni)". "Masu shiga", gabaɗaya an ƙirƙira su kamar centripetal amma tare da babban sautin ƙarshe, gabaɗaya yana nuna wani abu ko kayan aiki da aka tsallake:   Nan da nan kafin fi’ili, za a iya sanya barbashi don nuna wasu sifofi ban da sauƙaƙan halin yanzu; irin wannan barbashi sun haɗa da ''ná'' (pl. ''ní'' ) marking future tense, ''taá:/teé:'' (pl. ''tií:'' ) marking continuation action, ''wáa:'' (pl. ''wíi:'' ) marking motion, ''náa:'' (pl. ''níi:'' ) kasancewa a fili a hade ''ná'' da ''wáa:'', ''mà'' (pl. ''mì'' ) ma'ana "dole", ''mɨ́'' marking reporting speech (apparly an evidential ), ''mɨ́nà'' (pl. ''mínì'' ) expressing intention, ''kò'' marking habitual action, ''ɓə́l'' or ''ga'' (pl. ''gi'' ) . alamar aikin da bai cika ba, da ''wó'' (ko da yaushe yana tare da ''ʔàle'' bayan fi'ili) ma'ana "wataƙila". Mediopassives (duba passive voice, middle voice ) za a iya samu daga fi'ili transitive ta ƙara wani suffix ''-↑ɨ́ɲ'' : ''no siár sà:b'' "wani ya yage riga" > ''sà:b sérɨ́ɲ'' "the mayafi yage". Ga inverse, forming transitive fi'ili daga intransitives, canje-canje a sautin ko zuwa jam'i wani lokacin faruwa. Suna iya zama wani lokaci ana samun sunaye na fi’ili, galibi daga ma’anoni, ta hanyar ƙara waƙa (wasula) ''l'', wani lokaci tare da canjin ablaut da sautin: ''wal'' “fall” > ''wàlál'' “a fall”, ''sùbá'' “lie” > ''sɨ́blál'' (pl. ''súbɨ̀r'' ) "karya". A ''l'' ya zama ''n'' kusa da hanci da ''r'' kusa da ''r'' : ''mutum'' "dadi", ''manan'' "dandano mai kyau". ==== Alamomi ==== Siffofin ba su zama nau'i mai zaman kansa a cikin Laal ba; ga dukkan alamu, suna yin kamar fi’ili: ''gò: ʔì:r'' “akuya baƙar fata ce”. Dalili kuwa, yawanci ana haɗa su azaman jumlar dangi :   === Lambobi === {| class="wikitable" !Lamba ! Lalle |- | 1 | ɓɨ̀dɨ́l |- | 2 | ʔīsi |- | 3 | māː |- | 4 | ɓisan |- | 5 | saba |- | 6 | càːn |- | 7 | suar ʔīsi |- | 8 | ɓìsán ɓīsan |- | 9 | yawjjan (sāb) |- | 10 | tuː |} === Kalamai === Maganganu gabaɗaya suna zuwa a ƙarshen sashe. Ga wasu muhimman maganganu: Maganganun wuri: * "a nan": ''ɗágàl, núŋú'' * "a": ''ɗa'' * "over there, yonder": ''ɗàŋá'' Maganganun lokaci: * "rana kafin jiya": ''tá:r'' * "jiya": ''ʔiè:n'' * "yau": ''cicam'', ''tari-màá'' * "recently": ''bèrè'' * "soon": ''sugo'' * "gobe": ''jìlí-kà:rì'' * "rana bayan gobe": ''miàlgà'' === Modals === Anan ga mafi mahimmancin tsari: * Kafin fi'ili: ''mɨ́'' "(ce) cewa", ''gàná'' "sai" * Bayan fi'ili: ''wó'' "not", ''(ʔà)le'' "watakila", ''ɓə́l'' "gain", ''ʔá'' or ''gà'' "already", ''à'' interrogative, ''wá'' exclamatory, ''ta'' "now", ''cám'' "gain, anew". === haɗin gwiwa === Ana iya raba haɗin kai zuwa iri biyar: * kadai ( main clause - conjunction - subordinate clause }: ''mɨ́'' "(ce) cewa", ''ɓə'' "saboda" * ko dai {babban magana - haɗin kai - juzu'i na ƙasa} ko {haɗin kai - jumlar ƙasa - babban jigo}: ''ɟò'' "if", ''dànngà'' (yiwuwar daga Baguirmian) "lokacin" * kewaye: ko dai {conjunction - main clause - conjunction - subordinate clause} ko {conjunction - subordinate clause - conjunction - main clause}: ''ɟò...'' ''ganin'' "idan" * coordinate clause - conjunction - coordinate clause: ''ní'' "then afterwards", ''ku'' "then", ''kó'' "duk da haka", ''á'' or ''ná'' "and", ''ɓe:'' "ko", ''ʔàmá'' (daga Larabci ko Baguirmian) "amma". * kewaye: haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗe-haɗin kai: ''ku...'' ''ku'' "then", ''jàn...'' ''jàn'' "duka..." da". == Misalin jimlolin ==       == Duba kuma == * [[wiktionary:Appendix:Laal Swadesh list|Lissafin Laal Swadesh]] (Wiktionary) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Roger Blench. ''Archaeology, Harshe, da Tsohon Afirka.'' Altamira Press mai zuwa. * Pascal Boyeldieu. 1977. “Eléments pour une phonologie du laal de Gori (Moyen-Chari), ''Etudes phonologiques tchadiennes'', Paris, SELAF (Bibliothèque, 63–64), shafi na 186–198. * Pascal Boyeldieu. 1982. ''Deux études laal (Moyen-Chari, Tchad)'', in ''Verbindung mit SELAF, Paris'' . [[Berlin]]: Reimer. Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde: Ser. A, Afrika; Bd. 29. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-496-00557-2|3-496-00557-2]] . * Pascal Boyeldieu. 1982. "Quelques questions portant sur la classification du laal (Tchad)". a cikin JUNGRAITHMAYR, H., ''Harsunan Chadi a cikin Yankin Hamitosemitic-Nigritic Border Area (Takardun Taro na Marburg, 1979)'' . Berlin : Reimer, p.&nbsp;80-93. Col. Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde, Serie A : Afrika. * Pascal Boyeldieu. 1987. "Ƙaddamar da kai tsaye/madaidaici en laal". in BOYELDIEU, P., ''La maison du chef et la tête du cabri : des degrés de la détermination nominale dans les langues d'Afrique centrale'' . Paris : Geuthner, p.&nbsp;77-87. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/2-7053-0339-1|2-7053-0339-1]] * David Faris, 19 ga Satumba, 1994. "Taƙaice Cikin Gida: Harshen Laal/Gori". Kungiyar Binciken SIL / [[Cadi|Chadi]] . (Ba a buga ba.) * Florian Lionnet & Konstantin Pozdniakov, "Laal: harshen keɓewa?", [https://web.archive.org/web/20120316222007/http://25images.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/player/player.php?id=72&id_sequence=425&quality=hd] a cikin taron ''bitar Harshe a Afirka'', Lyons, Disamba 4, 2010 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040815071827/http://llacan.cnrs-bellevue.fr/FRANCAIS/Rech/Langues/Laal.htm Laal] a LLACAN * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061114003003/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/pi/zalloua_notes.html Aikin Genographic: Bayanan kula na Zalloua] gami da rikodi biyu na rikodin Laal akan layi * [http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/NC/Public/pdf/swadesh_laal.pdf Lissafin Laal Swadesh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105122929/http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/NC/Public/pdf/swadesh_laal.pdf |date=2021-01-05 }} Archived </link> (daga Florian Lionnet) [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 54mf9dm6vsyag7n4ycjwbgb6dnspe02 0 72242 964588 520041 2026-10-08T04:41:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yaren Kwaza''' wanda ake rubuta kalmar a matsayin '''Kwazá''' ko '''Koaiá''') yare ne na Amazonian da ke cikin haɗari wanda [[Mutanen Kwaza]] na [[Brazil]] ke magana. Kwaza yare ne da ba a rarraba shi ba. Yana <ref name="Voort 20042">[Voort, Hein van. A Grammar of Kwaza. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004. Print. 3.]</ref> kamanceceniya da makwabta [[Harshen Aikanã|Aikanã]] da [[Yaren Kano|Kanoê]], amma har yanzu ba a bayyana ba idan hakan ya faru ne saboda dangantakar asali ko don tuntuɓar. <ref name="Voort 2004">[Voort, Hein van. A Grammar of Kwaza. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2004. Print. 3.]</ref> a san komai game da mutanen Kwaza da harshe ba saboda ƙananan tushen tarihi da ake da su; idan an ambaci su a cikin takardu masu aminci, yawanci ana magana ne game da maƙwabtansu. Abin <ref name="Voort 2004" /> aka sani, shi ne cewa mutanen Kwaza a wani lokaci al'umma ce ta 'yan dubban mutane, wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa kungiyoyi daban-daban. Harshen Kwaza yana fuskantar barazanar halaka. shekara ta 2004, mutane 54 ne kawai da ke zaune a kudancin jihar Rondonia, Brazil ke magana da yaren yau da kullun. Daga cikin waɗannan <ref name=":0" />, fiye da rabi yara ne, kuma rabin suna magana da Harsuna uku, suna magana da Kwaza, Aikanã, da [[Harshen Portuguese|Portuguese]], kuma wasu suna magana da yare biyu, kuma suna magana da Portuguese. Sun<ref name="Voort 2005">[Voort, Hein van der. 2005. Kwaza in a comparative perspective. International Journal of American Linguistics 71. 368.]</ref> zaune a kudancin asalin gidan Kwaza, a kan ajiyar asalin [[Tuba Rao-Latundê]]. == Rarraba == Van der Voort (2005) ya lura da kamanceceniya tsakanin Kwaza, [[Yaren Kano|Kanoê]], da Aikanã, amma ya yi imanin cewa shaidar ba ta da ƙarfi don haɗa harsuna uku tare a matsayin wani ɓangare na dangin harshe ɗaya. <ref>Van der Voort, Hein. 2005. Kwaza in a comparative perspective. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 71: 365–412.</ref> haka, Kwaza ya fi dacewa a matsayin yare mai zaman kansa. Binciken lissafi na atomatik (ASJP 4) na Müller et al. (2013) <ref name="ASJP-4">Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ''[https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328164740/https://asjp.clld.org/static/WorldLanguageTree-004.zip |date=2022-03-28 }}''.</ref> kuma ya sami kamanceceniya tsakanin Kwaza da Aikanã. Koyaya, tunda an samar da bincike ta atomatik, rukuni na iya zama ko dai saboda rance na juna ko gado na kwayar halitta. == Tattaunawar harshe == (2016) ya lura cewa akwai kamanceceniya da Taruma, [[Arawa languages|Arawa]]_languages" id="mwOw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Arawak languages">Arawak, Jeoromitxi, Arawa, Jivaro, Mura-Matanawi, Nambikwara, Peba-Yagua, Aikanã, da iyalan yaren [[Yaren Kano|Kanoe]] saboda hulɗa. == Wurin da yake == [[File:Brazil_State_Rondonia.svg|thumb|Rondônia tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan jihohin Brazil kuma tana da iyaka da gabashin Bolivia .]] === Tarihi === Tarihin mutanen Kwaza yana da alama da bala'i, wanda zai iya taimakawa ga dalilin da ya sa yarensu ke cikin haɗari. cikin shekarun 1960, mutanen Kwaza sun rasa yawancin mambobinsu saboda bude BR-364, babbar hanyar da ke tsakanin jihohi a Brazil da ke haɗa jihohin kudu maso gabas zuwa jihohin yamma. <ref name=":0" /> yau akwai kimanin mutane 40 kawai, Kwaza, Aikanã da Latunde, waɗanda suka zauna tare shekaru da yawa a kudancin Rondônia. W<ref name=":0" /> mutane sun zauna a jihar Rondônia kuma an kore su daga ƙasashe masu kyau da suka zauna a ciki, wanda watakila shine dalilin da ya sa suke zaune tare yanzu. Yawancin Kwaza ko dai an kashe su ko kuma an warwatsa su, kuma al'adunsu sun lalace ta hanyar al'ummar ƙasa waɗanda jihohin Yamma suka rinjayi su sosai. Wannan na iya zama babbar rikici da mutanen Kwaza suka fuskanta, don haka yana ba da gudummawa ga haɗari da yiwuwar halaka yarensu. Gidan gargajiya Kwaza shine babban gandun daji a cikin Amazon, yana rayuwa da zama a kusa da koguna. Saboda takardun da suka fi iyakance, haɗe da salon rayuwa na masu magana da Kwaza da rashin ƙauyuka na dindindin daga aikin gona da ƙonewa, ba a san tarihin mutanen ba. Bugu da kari, cutar da aka kawo ta hanyar hulɗa ta Yamma da al'adun da aka tilasta sun yi aiki sosai don lalata kayan gida da al'ummomi. <ref name="ReferenceA">[Voort, Hein van der. 2005. Kwaza in a comparative perspective. International Journal of American Linguistics 71. 366.]</ref>, bisa ga al'adar baki da kuma lokuta masu yawa na takardu, Kwaza sun zauna a gefen kogin San Pedro da Taboca ban da tare da kogin Pimenta Bueno. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Hrsuna]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rd74cepr1cp4ran6d9xboqj4mf0wlum 0 77149 964402 414326 2026-10-07T17:17:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Towera Vinkhumbo''' (an Haife ta 14 ga Fabrairu 1991), kuma ana kiranta da '''Towera Vinkhumbo-Nyirenda''' ko '''Towera Nyirenda''', 'yar wasan kwallon raga ta Malawi ce ta kasa da kasa kuma ' [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Malawi|yar wasan kwallon kafa ta mata ta Malawi]] . A matsayinta na ƴar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta wakilci Malawi a wasannin Commonwealth na 2010, 2014 da 2018 da kuma a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2011, 2015 da 2019 . Vinkhumbo kuma memba ne na ƙungiyar Malawi da ta gama na uku a 2016 Fast5 Netball Series World . A matakin kulob, Vinkhumbo yana taka leda a Strathclyde Sirens a cikin Superleague na Netball . A watan Yuli 2019, a watan da ta buga wa Malawi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Netball ta 2019, ta kuma wakilci Malawi a Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta COSAFA ta 2019 . Ta kuma yi wa Malawi wasa a wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara 2020 . == Rayuwar farko da iyali == An haifi Vinkhumbo a asibitin Chitawira Private Hospital a Blantyre . Ita ce ta tara a cikin yara goma sha daya – mata shida da maza biyar, uku daga cikinsu sun rasu. Vinkhumbo ta fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] a lokacin tana makarantar firamare. <ref name="mwnation140419">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2019 |title=Towera Nyirenda: the crown of three sports |url=https://www.mwnation.com/towera-nyirenda-the-crown-of-three-sports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716193411/https://www.mwnation.com/towera-nyirenda-the-crown-of-three-sports/ |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=16 July 2020 |publisher=mwnation.com}}</ref> <ref name="mwnation170814">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2014 |title=Big Interview: Towera Vinkhumbo, the dazzling Queen |url=https://mwnation.com/big-interview-towera-vinkhumbo-the-dazzling-queen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219045811/https://mwnation.com/big-interview-towera-vinkhumbo-the-dazzling-queen/ |archive-date=19 February 2020 |access-date=19 February 2020 |publisher=mwnation.com}}</ref> <ref name="africanfootball060819">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Exclusive Interview: Towera Vinkhumbo is a superstar for Malawi in two sporting codes |url=https://africanfootball.com/news/771220/EXCLUSIVE-INTERVIEW-Towera-Vinkhumbo-is-a-superstar-for-Malawi-in-two-sporting-codes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715163355/https://africanfootball.com/news/771220/EXCLUSIVE-INTERVIEW-Towera-Vinkhumbo-is-a-superstar-for-Malawi-in-two-sporting-codes |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=africanfootball.com}}</ref> <ref name="newframe140919">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2019 |title=How Towera Vinkhumbo excels in football and netball |url=https://www.newframe.com/how-towera-vinkhumbo-excels-in-football-and-netball/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715161351/https://www.newframe.com/how-towera-vinkhumbo-excels-in-football-and-netball/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=www.newframe.com}}</ref> 'Yan uwanta da yawa kuma sun buga wasanni biyu a matakin manya. Babban ɗan'uwanta, Aubrey Vinkhumbo, ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Mighty Wanderers . <ref name="mwnation140419"/> <ref name="africanfootball060819"/> <ref name="mbc090419">{{Cite web |date=9 April 2019 |title=Towera Vinkhumbo - Unsung hero of Malawi Sports: netballer & footballer in one |url=https://www.mbc.mw/index.php/news/sports/item/7949-towera-vinkhumbo-unsung-hero-of-malawi-sports-netballer-footballer-in-one |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718090323/https://www.mbc.mw/index.php/news/sports/item/7949-towera-vinkhumbo-unsung-hero-of-malawi-sports-netballer-footballer-in-one |archive-date=18 July 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019 |publisher=www.mbc.mw}}</ref> 'Yar uwarta, Salome Vinkhumbo, ita ma ' [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Malawi|yar wasan kwallon kafa ce ta mata ta Malawi]] kuma ta zama kyaftin din kungiyar a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na 2018 COSAFA . <ref name="africanfootball060819"/> <ref name="newframe140919"/> <ref name="caf161019">{{Cite web |date=16 October 2019 |title=Towera, Malawi's all-round sports star |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/towera-malawi-s-all-round-sports-star |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=www.cafonline.com}}</ref> <ref name="timesmw230819">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2019 |title=Diamonds, She-Flames fight for three stars |url=https://times.mw/diamonds-she-flames-fight-for-three-stars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209151550/https://times.mw/diamonds-she-flames-fight-for-three-stars/ |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=16 July 2020 |publisher=times.mw}}</ref> == Kwallon kafa == === Matsayin kulob === ; Escom Sisters/Kukoma Diamonds A Malawi, Vinkhumbo ya buga wa Escom Sisters wasa. Ta ci gaba da taka leda a kungiyar lokacin da aka canza musu suna Kukoma Diamonds . Biyu daga cikin ƴan uwanta, Lucy Vinkhumbo da Salome Vinkhumbo su ma sun buga wasa ɗaya. <ref name="newframe140919"/> <ref name="mwnation170814"/> <ref name="caf161019"/> <ref name="timesmw230819"/> <ref name="escomgotv">{{Cite web |title=Escom Sisters |url=http://gotvnetball.byethost11.com/?page_id=150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711225337/http://gotvnetball.byethost11.com/?page_id=150 |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=10 July 2020 |publisher=gotvnetball.com}}</ref> <ref name="mwnation090120">{{Cite web |date=9 January 2020 |title=Kukoma give Vinkhumbo-Nyirenda a hearty send-off |url=https://www.mwnation.com/kukoma-give-vinkhumbo-nyirenda-a-hearty-send-off/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715234946/https://www.mwnation.com/kukoma-give-vinkhumbo-nyirenda-a-hearty-send-off/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=www.mwnation.com}}</ref> ; Taurari bakwai Vinkhumbo ya sanya hannu kan Severn Stars na Superleague na Netball gabanin kakar 2020 . <ref name="mwnation090120"/> <ref name="skysports081119">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2019 |title=Ama Agbeze joins Severn Stars for 2020 Vitality Netball Superleague season |url=https://www.skysports.com/netball/news/12415/11857166/ama-agbeze-joins-severn-stars-for-2020-vitality-netball-superleague-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328201736/https://www.skysports.com/netball/news/12415/11857166/ama-agbeze-joins-severn-stars-for-2020-vitality-netball-superleague-season |archive-date=28 March 2020 |access-date=28 March 2020 |publisher=www.skysports.com}}</ref> <ref name="mwnation101119">{{Cite web |date=10 November 2019 |title=Vinkhumbo signs for UK's Seven Stars |url=https://www.mwnation.com/vinkhumbo-signs-for-uks-seven-stars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716230510/https://www.mwnation.com/vinkhumbo-signs-for-uks-seven-stars/ |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=14 July 2020 |publisher=www.mwnation.com}}</ref> <ref name="observer141119">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2019 |title=Stars seal Ama and Towera ahead of new campaign |url=https://worcesterobserver.co.uk/sport/stars-seal-ama-and-towera-ahead-of-new-campaign/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219050444/https://worcesterobserver.co.uk/sport/stars-seal-ama-and-towera-ahead-of-new-campaign/ |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=worcesterobserver.co.uk}}</ref> <ref name="nsltowera">{{Cite web |title=Towera Vinkhumbo |url=https://www.netballsl.com/player/towera-vinkhumbo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705210827/https://www.netballsl.com/player/towera-vinkhumbo/ |archive-date=5 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=www.netballsl.com}}</ref> === Malawi === Vinkhumbo ya wakilci Malawi a wasannin Commonwealth na 2010, 2014 da 2018 da kuma a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2011, 2015 da 2019 . <ref name="nwc2019towera">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nwc2019.co.uk/people/towera-vinkhumbo/|title=Towera Vinkhumbo|publisher=www.nwc2019.co.uk|access-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718090321/https://www.nwc2019.co.uk/people/towera-vinkhumbo/|archive-date=18 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="mwnation101119"/> <ref name="observer141119"/> A gasar Commonwealth ta 2018 ta taimakawa Malawi ta doke New Zealand da ci 57–53. Vinkhumbo shi ma memba ne na ƙungiyar Malawi da ta gama na uku a 2016 Fast5 Netball World Series . <ref name="newframe140919"/> <ref name="mbc090419"/> {| class="wikitable collapsible" border="1" ! style="background:silver;" |Tournaments ! style="background:silver;" |Place |- |2009 Netball World Youth Cup<ref name="sportstg2009">{{Cite web|url=https://websites.sportstg.com/rpt_stats.cgi?type=COMP&client=1-2376-0-43930-0|title=World Youth Netball Championships - Cook Islands 2009|publisher=sportstg.com|access-date=17 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717180200/https://websites.sportstg.com/rpt_stats.cgi?type=COMP&client=1-2376-0-43930-0|archive-date=17 July 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> |5th |- |2010 World Netball Series ? |5th |- |2010 Commonwealth Games<ref name="mwnation101119"/><ref name="observer141119"/> |5th |- |2011 World Netball Championships<ref name="nwc2019towera"/><ref name="2011todor66">{{Cite web |title=Women Netball XIII World Championship 2011 Singapore |url=http://www.todor66.com/others/Netball/World/Women_2011.html#Teams_Composition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707133659/http://www.todor66.com/others/Netball/World/Women_2011.html#Teams_Composition |archive-date=7 July 2020 |access-date=25 February 2020 |publisher=www.todor66.com}}</ref> |6th |- |2012 Fast5 Netball World Series<ref name="wsr121112">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2012 |title=Australians finish sixth with loss to Malawi |url=https://www.womensportreport.com/australians-finish-sixth-with-loss/wn/15842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710205745/https://www.womensportreport.com/australians-finish-sixth-with-loss/wn/15842 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |access-date=8 July 2020 |publisher=www.womensportreport.com}}</ref> |5th |- |2013 Taini Jamison Trophy Series<ref name="mccd311013">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2013 |title=New Zealand 72–39 Malawi |url=https://mc.championdata.com/netball_nz/index.html?matchid=90530103&competitionid=9053 |access-date=29 November 2023 |publisher=mc.championdata.com}}</ref><ref name="nt250913">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2013 |title=Malawi Queens squad selected with no players from Tigresses |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-queens-squad-selected-with-no-players-from-tigresses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203171413/https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-queens-squad-selected-with-no-players-from-tigresses/ |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=30 November 2023 |publisher=www.nyasatimes.com}}</ref> |2nd |- |2013 Fast5 Netball World Series<ref name="supersport231013">{{Cite web |date=23 October 2013 |title=Four Malawi players miss New Zealand series |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/9309327/Four-Malawi-players-miss-New-Zealand-series |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715192832/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/9309327/Four-Malawi-players-miss-New-Zealand-series |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=www.stuff.co.nz}}</ref> |5th |- |2014 Commonwealth Games<ref name="glasgow010814">{{Cite web |date=1 August 2014 |title=Malawi 53–45 South Africa |url=http://results.glasgow2014.com/PEVU/PEVU_NBW400103.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306023724/http://results.glasgow2014.com/PEVU/PEVU_NBW400103.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=8 July 2020 |publisher=glasgow2014.com}}</ref> |5th |- |2014 Fast5 Netball World Series ? |6th |- |2015 Netball World Cup<ref name="2015todor66">{{Cite web |title=Women Netball XIV World Championship 2015 Sydney |url=http://www.todor66.com/others/Netball/World/Women_2015.html#Teams_Composition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618154542/http://www.todor66.com/others/Netball/World/Women_2015.html#Teams_Composition |archive-date=18 June 2020 |access-date=25 February 2020 |publisher=www.todor66.com}}</ref><ref name="abc120815">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2015 |title=Netball World Cup: New Zealand pushed by Malawi, England trounces Wales by 45 points |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-12/england-trounces-wales-by-45-points-at-netball-world-cup/6693068 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817050923/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-08-12/england-trounces-wales-by-45-points-at-netball-world-cup/6693068 |archive-date=17 August 2015 |access-date=7 July 2020 |publisher=www.abc.net.au}}</ref><ref name="netballnz120815">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2015 |title=Silver Ferns overcome gritty Malawi |url=https://www.netballnz.co.nz/news/detail/silver-ferns-overcome-gritty-malawi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709172526/https://www.netballnz.co.nz/news/detail/silver-ferns-overcome-gritty-malawi |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |publisher=www.netballnz.co.nz}}</ref> |6th |- |2016 Fast5 Netball World Series<ref name="netball251018">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2018 |title=Fast5 History 2016 |url=https://netball.sport/archives/15122 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708143950/https://netball.sport/archives/15122 |archive-date=8 July 2020 |access-date=8 July 2020 |publisher=[[International Netball Federation|INF]]}}</ref> |{{bronze03}} |- |2018 Taini Jamison Trophy Series<ref name="wn210318">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2018 |title=Taini Jamison Trophy: Wins for Jamaica and New Zealand on day 1 |url=https://netball.sport/archives/12382 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805015540/https://netball.sport/archives/12382 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=10 December 2023 |publisher=[[World Netball]]}}</ref><ref name="wn260318">{{Cite web |date=26 March 2018 |title=Taini Jamison Trophy: Jamaica win in thrilling final |url=https://netball.sport/archives/12495 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805015619/https://netball.sport/archives/12495 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |access-date=10 December 2023 |publisher=[[World Netball]]}}</ref> |3rd |- |2018 Commonwealth Games<ref name="gc2018towera">{{Cite web|url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/netball/athlete-profile-n6031332-towera-vinkhumbo.htm|title=Towera Vinkhumbo|publisher=gc2018.com|access-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712205103/https://results.gc2018.com/en/netball/athlete-profile-n6031332-towera-vinkhumbo.htm|archive-date=12 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2018todor66">{{Cite web |title=Women Netball Commonwealth Games Golden Goast, Australia 2018 |url=http://www.todor66.com/others/Netball/Commonwealth/Women_2018.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112170328/http://www.todor66.com/others/Netball/Commonwealth/Women_2018.html |archive-date=12 January 2020 |access-date=5 January 2020 |publisher=www.todor66.com}}</ref><ref name="inf2018">{{Cite web |title=Malawi |url=https://netball.sport/commonwealth-games/malawi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712222056/https://netball.sport/commonwealth-games/malawi |archive-date=12 July 2020 |access-date=10 July 2020 |publisher=[[International Netball Federation|INF]]}}</ref> |7th |- |2018 Fast5 Netball World Series<ref name="netballau281018">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2018 |title=Australia overcame Malawi to finish third at Fast5 Netball World Series |url=https://netball.com.au/news/australia-overcame-malawi-finish-third-fast5-netball-world-series |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715210217/https://netball.com.au/news/australia-overcame-malawi-finish-third-fast5-netball-world-series |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=netball.com.au}}</ref> |4th |- |2019 Netball World Cup<ref name="silverferns120719">{{Cite web |date=12 July 2019 |title=Silver Ferns open with seamless win over Malawi |url=https://www.silverferns.co.nz/silver-ferns/news/latest-news/7237-silver-ferns-open-with-seamless-win-over-malawi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716021013/https://www.silverferns.co.nz/silver-ferns/news/latest-news/7237-silver-ferns-open-with-seamless-win-over-malawi.html |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=www.silverferns.co.nz}}</ref><ref name="supersport180719">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2019 |title=Malawi register win over Zimbabwe at Netball World Cup |url=https://supersport.com/general/netball-world-cup/news/190719_Malawi_register_win_over_Zimbabwe_at_Netball_World_Cup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716190419/https://supersport.com/general/netball-world-cup/news/190719_Malawi_register_win_over_Zimbabwe_at_Netball_World_Cup |archive-date=16 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=supersport.com}}</ref> |6th |- |2019 African Netball Championships<ref name="timesmw091019">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Towera Vinkhumbo rejoins Queens squad |url=https://times.mw/towera-vinkhumbo-rejoins-queens-squad/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715173426/https://times.mw/towera-vinkhumbo-rejoins-queens-squad/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=times.mw}}</ref><ref name="kulinji101019">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2019 |title=Peace names Queens squad, drops Mwawi |url=https://www.kulinji.com/article/sports/netball/2019/peace-names-queens-squad-drops-mwawi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710105457/https://www.kulinji.com/article/sports/netball/2019/peace-names-queens-squad-drops-mwawi |archive-date=10 July 2020 |access-date=8 July 2020 |publisher=www.kulinji.com}}</ref><ref name="247malawi111019">{{Cite web |date=11 October 2019 |title=Mwawi Kumwenda out of African Tournament squad |url=https://www.247malawi.com/mwawi-kumwenda-out-of-african-tournament-squad/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709081952/https://www.247malawi.com/mwawi-kumwenda-out-of-african-tournament-squad/ |archive-date=9 July 2020 |access-date=8 July 2020 |publisher=www.247malawi.com}}</ref> | |- |2023 Fast5 Netball World Series<ref name="mccd121123a">{{Cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=Jamaica 36–31 Malawi |url=https://mc.championdata.com/fast5worldseries/index.html?competitionid=12376&matchid=123760101 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240124231436/https://mc.championdata.com/fast5worldseries/index.html?competitionid=12376&matchid=123760101 |archive-date=24 January 2024 |access-date=22 January 2024 |publisher=mc.championdata.com}}</ref> |6th |- |} == Kwallon kafa ==   === Matsayin kulob === A cikin hira da ''The Nation'', Vinkhumbo ya tuna da wasan kwallon kafa tare da 'yan uwanta mata. Lucy Vinkhumbo ta taka leda a Super Queens yayin da Towera, Salome da Tamara Vinkhumbo duk sun buga ma Mbawala Bush Bucks. <ref name="mwnation170814"/> Lokacin da aka zaba don bugawa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Malawi|Malawi]] a gasar cin kofin mata ta COSAFA na 2019 da kuma a wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara 2020, Towera da Salome Vinkhumbo sun yi wa Blantyre Zero wasa. <ref name="newframe140919"/> <ref name="caf250819">{{Cite web |date=25 August 2019 |title=Malawi recall Chawinga duo for Kenya Olympic test |url=https://www.cafonline.com/news-center/news/malawi-recall-chawinga-duo-for-kenya-olympic-test |access-date=17 July 2020 |publisher=www.cafonline.com}}</ref> === Malawi === Vinkhumbo ya fara bugawa [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasar Malawi|Malawi]] wasa a farkon 2000s. Wasu rahotanni sun nuna cewa ta kasance matashiya tun tana shekara 10 ko 14 lokacin da ta fara fitowa babbar nasara. Ta ci gaba da wakiltar Malawi a gasar cin kofin mata ta COSAFA da kuma a wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin mata na Afirka . Koyaya a cikin 2006 ta rasa matsayinta a cikin ƙungiyar kuma daga baya ta mai da hankali kan aikin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Bayan shekaru goma sha uku za ta sake dawowa da tawagar kasar. <ref name="mwnation140419"/> <ref name="newframe140919"/> A cikin Yuli 2019 Vinkhumbo ta wakilci Malawi a cikin gasar cin kofin duniya ta Netball na 2019 da kuma a Gasar Cin Kofin Mata na 2019 COSAFA . 'Yan'uwan biyu kuma sun buga wa Malawi a gasar neman cancantar shiga gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara na 2020 . {| class="wikitable collapsible" border="1" ! style="background:silver;" |Gasa ! style="background:silver;" | Zagaye |- | Gasar Mata ta COSAFA 2019 <ref name="cosafa290719">{{Cite web |date=29 July 2019 |title=Malawi look to multi-talented Vinkhumbo at COSAFA Women's Championship |url=https://www.cosafa.com/malawi-look-to-multi-talented-vinkhumbo-at-cosafa-womens-championship/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715212237/https://www.cosafa.com/malawi-look-to-multi-talented-vinkhumbo-at-cosafa-womens-championship/ |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=www.cosafa.com}}</ref> <ref name="timesmw030819">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2019 |title=Malawi go down to South Africa |url=https://times.mw/malawi-go-down-to-south-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203185748/https://times.mw/malawi-go-down-to-south-africa/ |archive-date=3 December 2019 |access-date=17 July 2020 |publisher=times.mw}}</ref> <ref name="nyasatimes050819">{{Cite web |date=5 August 2019 |title=8 goal scorer Kasenda named player of match after Malawi women thrash Comoros 13-0 |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/8-goal-scorer-kasenda-named-player-of-match-after-malawi-womenthrash-comoros-13-0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205030335/https://www.nyasatimes.com/8-goal-scorer-kasenda-named-player-of-match-after-malawi-womenthrash-comoros-13-0/ |archive-date=5 December 2019 |access-date=17 July 2020 |publisher=www.nyasatimes.com}}</ref> | Matakin rukuni |- | 2020 CAF Gasar cancantar cancantar shiga gasar Olympics <ref name="mbc090419"/> <ref name="caf161019"/> <ref name="kulinji280819">{{Cite web |date=28 August 2019 |title=She-Flames survive Kenya's scare |url=https://kulinji.com/article/sports/football/2019/she-flames-survive-kenyas-scare |access-date=16 July 2020 |publisher=www.kulinji.com |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717115002/https://kulinji.com/article/sports/football/2019/she-flames-survive-kenyas-scare |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="goal010919">{{Cite web |date=1 September 2019 |title=Olympic Qualifier: Adam's brace seals Harambee Starlets victory against Malawi |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/olympic-qualifier-adams-brace-seals-harambee-starlets/q00rrpqwymh11q7fwm5pvpusk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715165222/https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/olympic-qualifier-adams-brace-seals-harambee-starlets/q00rrpqwymh11q7fwm5pvpusk |archive-date=15 July 2020 |access-date=15 July 2020 |publisher=www.goal.com}}</ref> | Zagaye na biyu |- |} == Magana == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] bwf66aq11ryi5p6qyq1i3asreez4uaf 0 77606 964454 737198 2026-10-07T20:10:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:20160330 MCDAAG Udoka Azubike rebound.jpg|thumb|hoton azubika]] [[Fayil:20160330 MCDAAG Marques Bolden posts Udoka Azubuike.jpg|thumb|Hoton sh]] '''Udoka Timothy''' / ( / j uː ˈd oʊkə ˌ æzə ˈ b uːk i / yoo- DOH yoo- AZ -ə- BOO -kee ; an haife shi Satumba sha bakwai 17, shekarar alif dari tara da casa'in da tara 1999) dan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|dwallon kwando]] ne dan Najeriya dan Amurka ne Yananma ungiyar Kwando ta kasa (NBA), akan kwangilar hanya biyu. Ya buga wasan kwando na kwaleji da ansas Jayhawks kuma an zaba shi a zagayen farko na daftarin 2020 NBA ta Utah Jazz . == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a jahar Legas a Najeriya, Azubuike ita ce auta a cikin 5, yana da ’yan’uwa maza biyu da kanne mata biyu. Mahaifinsa, Fabian, dan sanda ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Florence, malama ce ta sakandare. Azubuike ya rasa mahaifinsa a wata cuta da ba a gano shi ba yana dan shekara 10. A cikin 2012, ya dauki hankalin masu daukar ma'aikata tare da Basketball Without Borders kuma an ba shi tallafin karatu don buga kwallon kwando a Amurka. == Aikin makarantar sakandare == Azubuike ya halarci Kwalejin Kiristanci na Gidan Potter a Jacksonville, [[Florida]] . Mataimakin kocinsa Harry Coxsome da matarsa Donna sun kula da shi kuma nan da nan suka zama masu kula da shi na shari'a. A wasansa na farko na makarantar sakandare ya yi daidai da abokin gaba Kansas Jayhawk Joel Embiid . Azubuike ya kasance dan wasan farko na shekara hudu yana da maki 16.9 da maki 9.7 a duk wasa a shekararsa ta farko. <ref name="jacksonville.com">[http://www.jacksonville.com/sports/high-schools/2016-01-28/story/potters-house-hoops-star-udoka-azubuike-commits-kansas Potter’s House hoops star Udoka Azubuike commits to Kansas]</ref> Azubuike ya buga wasan kwando na Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) don Jojiya Stars a cikin Nike Elite Youth Basketball League (EYBL). An zaba shi don yin wasa a cikin 2016 McDonald's All-American Boys Game, <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kansan.com/sports/josh-jackson-and-udoka-azubuike-impress-at-mcdonald-s-all/article_4e5be55e-f6e8-11e5-a609-eb13c6b0d611.html |title=Josh Jackson and Udoka Azubuike impress at McDonald's All-American Game |access-date=2024-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310200743/http://www.kansan.com/sports/josh-jackson-and-udoka-azubuike-impress-at-mcdonald-s-all/article_4e5be55e-f6e8-11e5-a609-eb13c6b0d611.html |archive-date=2018-03-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jordan Brand Classic, <ref>[http://usatodayhss.com/2016/udoka-azubuike-honored-at-first-stop-of-the-jordan-brand-classic-senior-night-tour Udoka Azubuike honored at first stop of the Jordan Brand Classic Senior Night Tour]</ref> da Nike Hoop Summit . <ref>[http://usatodayhss.com/2016/kansas-commit-udoka-azubuike-added-to-world-select-team-at-nike-hoops-summit Kansas commit Udoka Azubuike added to World Select Team at Nike Hoop Summit]</ref> Ya kuma kasance memba na National Honor Society. An kima Azubuike a matsayin ma'aikaci mai tauraro biyar kuma an yi la'akari da shi a matsayin babban mutum 20 a cikin aji na sakandare na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Class of 2016 ESPN 100 |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/basketball/recruiting/playerrankings/_/class/2016 |access-date=September 15, 2023 |website=[[ESPN.com]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 Top Basketball Recruits |url=https://247sports.com/Season/2016-Basketball/CompositeRecruitRankings/?InstitutionGroup=HighSchool/ |access-date=September 15, 2023 |website=[[247Sports]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 9, 2015 |title=USA Today High School Sports Class of 2016 Composite Basketball Recruiting Rankings |url=https://usatodayhss.com/2015/usa-today-high-school-sports-class-of-2016-composite-basketball-recruiting-rankings |access-date=September 15, 2023 |website=USA Today High School Sports}}</ref> Rivals.com ya sanya shi a matsayin 27th-mafi kyawun ɗan wasa gabadaya <ref>[https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/big-12/university-of-kansas/article57143928.html Five-star basketball recruit Udoka Azubuike picks Kansas]</ref> yayin da ESPN ta ba shi matsayi na 22 gaba daya a cikin aji na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Udoka Azubuike ESPN Recruiting Profile |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/basketball/recruiting/player/_/id/176113 |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Udoka Azubuike, 2016 Center |url=https://n.rivals.com/content/prospects/2016/udoka-azubuike-917 |access-date=July 11, 2022 |website=[[Rivals.com|Rivals]] |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712013127/https://n.rivals.com/content/prospects/2016/udoka-azubuike-917 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Azubuike ya samu tayi daga jami'o'i da dama da suka hada da Duke, [[Texas]], Kentucky, kuma ya takaita jerin kwalejoji na karshe zuwa jihar Florida, Kansas, da [[North Carolina]] . <ref name="jacksonville.com"/> A ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2016, ya sanar da zabinsa don buga kwallon kwando na kwaleji a Jami'ar Kansas. <ref>[https://www.si.com/college-basketball/2016/01/28/udoka-azubuike-kansas-jayhawks-recruiting-commits Four-star center Udoka Azubuike commits to Kansas]</ref> == Aikin koleji == === Sabuwar shekara === A kakar wasansa na farko ya fara ne a wasanni shida 6 cikin 11 da ya buga kafin ya yaga jijiyoyin hannunsa na hagu, wanda ya kare kakarsa. <ref>[http://www2.kusports.com/news/2016/dec/21/ku-freshman-udoka-azubuike-out-season-wrist-injury/ KU freshman Udoka Azubuike out for the season with wrist injury]</ref> Kafin rauni, ya matsar da maki 5.0, 4.4 rebounds, 1.6 tubalan, da 62.9% daidaiton burin filin filin . === Shekara ta biyu === Don lokacin 2017–18, kocin Kansas Bill Self ya dauki dan wasan kwallon Kansas James Sosinski don kare Azubuike yayin aiki. Udoka ya fara kowane wasa na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun amma ya rasa babban gasa na 12 na taron bayan ya zage MCL na hagu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bedore |first=Gary |date=March 7, 2018 |title=Udoka Azubuike out for Big 12 Tournament, KU hopeful he can return for NCAAs |url=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/big-12/university-of-kansas/article203968534.html |access-date=April 5, 2018 |website=Kansas City Star}}</ref> Ya dawo gasar NCAA har sai da KU ta yi rashin nasara ga zakara na karshe Villanova a gasar ta karshe . Ya sami matsakaicin maki 13.0, 7.0 rebounds, 1.7 blocks, kuma ya jagoranci al'ummar tare da kashi 77% na burin filin na kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Udoka Azubuike |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/udoka-azubuike-1.html |website=Sports-Reference.com}}</ref> Kashi na burin filin sa ya karya rikodin kaka guda na Kansas da Babban Taron 12 . Wannan babban kashi ya kasance a bangare saboda yawancin burinsa na filin shine slam dunks, wanda yawanci suna da kashi mafi girma fiye da tsalle tsalle ko layups. Ya sami karin dunks fiye da kowane dan wasan kwaleji da ke komawa lokacin 2009 – 2010. Kociyoyin taron <ref>{{Cite web |last=Newell |first=Jesse |date=March 4, 2018 |title=Devonté Graham, Bill Self take home coaches' All-Big 12 basketball awards |url=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/big-12/article203429049.html |access-date=April 5, 2018 |website=Kansas City Star}}</ref> da ƙungiya ta biyu ta AP ta ba shi All-Big 12 ta uku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Newell |first=Jesse |date=March 6, 2018 |title=Devonté Graham, Bill Self win AP All-Big 12 awards |url=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/big-12/article203722914.html |access-date=April 5, 2018 |website=Kansas City Star}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2018, Azubuike ya bayyana aniyarsa ta shiga daftarin NBA na 2018. Tun farko bai dauki wakili ba, wanda zai ba shi damar komawa kafin hadawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Medcalf |first=Myron |date=April 20, 2018 |title=Kansas' Udoka Azubuike entering draft without agent |url=https://www.espn.com/nba/story/_/id/23261307 |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> Azubuike ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu sa ido guda 69 da aka gayyata zuwa NBA Draft Combine a waccan shekarar. A ranar 17 ga Mayu, ya auna zama cibiyar tsayin kafar kafa 7 (tare da takalma a kan) yana auna nauyin {{Convert|274|lb}} kuma yana riƙe da fikafikan mafi tsayi na biyu a {{Convert|7|ft|7|in}}, a bayan Mohamed Bamba kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Draft Combine Anthrometric |url=http://stats.nba.com/draft/combine-anthro/#!?sort=WINGSPAN&dir=1}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Mayu, 2018, ya sanar da aniyarsa ta janye daga daftarin kuma ya koma Kansas don karamar kakarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Newell |first=Jesse |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Udoka Azubuike withdraws from NBA Draft. Here's what his return means for KU |url=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/big-12/university-of-kansas/article212176139.html |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=KansasCity.com}}</ref> === Junior shekara === An zabi Azubuike a matsayin abin girmamawa ga 2018-19 All-Big 12 preseason team. A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2018, ya yi mugun rauni a idon sawunsa na dama a karawar da suka yi da Wofford kuma bai buga wasanni hudu masu zuwa ba. A ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2019, Azubuike ya ji rauni a wuyan hannu yayin gudanar da aikin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Medcalf |first=Myron |date=January 5, 2019 |title=Jayhawks sit out Udoka Azubuike due to wrist injury |url=https://www.espn.com/mens-college-basketball/story/_/id/25692183 |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> Wani MRI ya bayyana cewa ya yaga ligament a hannunsa na dama, kuma an yi masa tiyata a karshen kakar wasa a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tait |first=Matt |date=January 9, 2019 |title=Self: Doc says Azubuike's surgery 'couldn't have gone any better' |url=http://www2.kusports.com/news/2019/jan/09/doc-says-azubuikes-surgery-couldnt-have-gone-any-b/ |website=KU Sports.com}}</ref> Kansas ya lashe dukkan wasanni tara da Azubuike ya buga ciki har da manyan kungiyoyi goma na Tennessee da jihar Michigan. Ya kammala kakar wasan yana da maki 13.4 da sake dawowa 6.8. A ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2019, Azubuike ya ba da sanarwar zai koma Kansas don babban kakarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Udoka Azubuike to return for senior season |url=https://kuathletics.com/news/2019/4/22/mens-basketball-udoka-azubuike-to-return-for-senior-season.aspx |website=KUAthletics.com |access-date=2024-04-26 |archive-date=2019-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606144405/https://kuathletics.com/news/2019/4/22/mens-basketball-udoka-azubuike-to-return-for-senior-season.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar kocin KU, Bill Self, “Dukkanmu mun ji dadin yadda Udoka ya yanke shawarar kin shiga daftarin [NBA]. Abin bakin ciki a gare shi, rauni shine dalilin da ya sa har yanzu ba zai iya shiga (a) abin da zai zama hadin NBA ko motsa jiki ga kungiyoyin NBA. " <ref>[https://www.kansas.com/sports/college/big-12/university-of-kansas/article229530524.html 7-foot center Udoka Azubuike returning to KU for senior season], ''[[Wichita Eagle]]'', Gary Bedore, April 22, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.</ref> === Babban shekara === Azubuike ya ci maki 29 mafi girman aiki a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Dayton da ci 90–84 a kan Dayton a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2019. A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2020, ya zira kwallaye 23 kuma yana da babban aiki mai girma na 19 a cikin nasara da ci 64 – 61 akan Baylor mai matsayi. A karshen kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, an nada Azubuike a matsayin Babban 12 Player of the Year da NABC Defensive Player of the Year. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bedore |first=Gary |date=March 30, 2020 |title=Udoka Azubuike named defensive player of the year by NABC |url=https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/big-12/university-of-kansas/article241618041.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916052551/https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/big-12/university-of-kansas/article241618041.html |archive-date=September 16, 2020 |website=kansascity.com}}</ref> Ya kai matsakaicin maki 13.7, 10.5 rebounds, da 2.6 tubalan kowane wasa a matsayin babba. Kashi 74.9% na burin aikin Azubuike shine rikodin NCAA. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kuathletics.com/%f0%9f%94%a5-dok-all-time-ncaa-leader-in-field-goal-percentage/ |title=Dok All-Time NCAA Leader in Field-Goal Percentage; KU Athletics; 3 February 2020. |access-date=26 April 2024 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219080323/https://kuathletics.com/%F0%9F%94%A5-dok-all-time-ncaa-leader-in-field-goal-percentage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'ar sana'a == === Utah Jazz (2020-2023) === An zabi Azubuike tare da zabi na 27th a zagayen farko na daftarin NBA na 2020 ta Utah Jazz. A ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Jazz sun sanar da cewa sun sanya hannu kan Azubuike. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chunga |first=JP |date=November 24, 2020 |title=Jazz sign Azubuike and Hughes |url=https://www.nba.com/jazz/news/jazz-sign-azubuike-and-hughes |access-date=November 24, 2020 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> An sanya Azubuike zuwa Jazz's NBA G League affiliate, the Salt Lake City Stars, don farkon kakar 2021 G League, wanda ya fara halartan G League a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2021. Ya fara buga wasan sa na NBA a ranar 14 ga Yuni a cikin wasan 4 na 2021 Western Conference Semifinals, yana yin rikodin maimaitawa a cikin minti daya da dakika tara na aiki a cikin asarar 118 – 104 ga Los Angeles Clippers . <ref>https://www.basketball-reference.com/boxscores/202106140LAC.html</ref> A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2022, An yi wa Azubuike tiyatar kafa ta dama kuma an cire shi daga sauran kakar 2021-22. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Treasure |first=Angie |date=March 25, 2022 |title=Udoka Azubuike Injury Update |url=https://www.nba.com/jazz/news/udoka-azubuike-injury-update |access-date=March 25, 2022 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> === Phoenix Suns (2023-yanzu) === A ranar 8 ga Agusta, 2023, Azubuike ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar hanya biyu tare da Phoenix Suns . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gauruder |first=Dana |date=August 8, 2023 |title=Suns Sign Udoka Azubuike To Two-Way Deal |url=https://www.hoopsrumors.com/2023/08/suns-agree-to-two-way-deal-with-udoka-azubuike.html |access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=HoopsRumors.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suns Sign Udoka Azubuike |url=https://www.nba.com/suns/news/suns-sign-udoka-azubuike |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Ya yi wasan farko na tawagarsa a watan Oktoba 28 ta hanyar sanya maki 2 da 3 rebounds a lokacin 6 mintuna na aiki a cikin nasarar 126–104 akan tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Utah Jazz . A ranar 20 ga Disamba, Azubuike ya rubuta rikodi na farko sau biyu tare da Suns tare da maki 11 da babban kakar 11 a cikin asarar 120–105 ga Sarakunan Sacramento . == Kididdigar sana'a == {{NBA player statistics legend}} === NBA === == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l7zwcwxc9lt0lqx2ih7w8u0hl9rywll 0 79101 964480 516698 2026-10-07T21:06:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Vada pav''', wanda kuma ake rubuta shi da '''wada pao''', {{pronunciation|Indian-vada-pav-pronunciation.ogg|listen|(|help=no}} abinci ne mai sauri na [[Lacto-vegetarian|vegetarian]] wanda asali ne daga [[Indian state|jiha]] na [[Maharashtra]] a [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/ja/article/ywqwyj/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade|title=クリケットの街から眺めるインドサッカー界の未来|trans-title=The future of Indian football seen from the city of cricket|language=ja|website=vice.com|publisher=Vice Japan|first=Kit|last=Caless|date=19 February 2017|access-date=28 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128164820/https://www.vice.com/ja/article/ywqwyj/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade|archive-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> Abincin yana dauke da wani [[Deep frying|deep fried]] dankalin turawa da aka saka a cikin wani [[Bread|bread bun]] (''pav'') da aka yanka kusan rabin tsakiyar. Ana yawan yin amfani da shi tare da [[chutney]] da kuma koren [[chili pepper]].<ref name=fpj36>{{cite news|title=Famous Vada Pav places in Mumbai|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/famous-vada-pav-places-in-mumbai/|access-date=10 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Free Press Journal]]|date=30 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817100436/http://www.freepressjournal.in/famous-vada-pav-places-in-mumbai/|archive-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> Ko da yake asali ne daga abinci mai arha a [[Street food of Mumbai|tituna]] na [[Mumbai]], yanzu ana sayar da shi a mashaya da kuma gidajen cin abinci a duk faɗin [[India]]. Ana kuma kiransa '''Bombay burger'''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Suryatapa|title=The world's best fast food|url=https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/the-world-s-best-fast-food-1.521775|website=The National|access-date=27 September 2017|date=12 January 2010}}</ref> don danganta shi da asalinsa da kuma kamanninsa da [[Veggie burger|burger]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sankari |first1=Rathina |title=Meet Mumbai's Iconic Veggie Burger |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/11/04/500539626/meet-mumbais-iconic-veggie-burger |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=[[NPR]] |date=November 4, 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Mafi shahararren abincin ciye-ciye a [[Mumbai]], vada pav yana da'awar zama wani ɓangare na al'adun [[Mumbaikar|Mumbaikars]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sarma|first1=Ramya|title=In Search of Mumbai Vada Pav|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/article3657300.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524034302/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/article3657300.ece|archive-date=24 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Graves"/> ==Ma'anar Kalma== [[Fayil:Vada pav 01.jpg|thumb|Vada pav]] ''[[Batata vada]]'' a cikin [[Marathi language|Marathi]] yana nufin "kwaroron dankalin turawa". Yana hade da kalmar "dankalin turawa" (''batata'') da kuma ''[[vada (food)|vada]]'', wani nau'i na abincin soyayya. ''Pav'' yana dauke da ma'anar kalmar [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''pão'', wanda ke nufin burodi. ==Tarihi== Mafi yawancin ra'ayi game da asalinsa na vada pav shine cewa an kirkiro shi a tsohuwar yankin masana'antu na [[Mumbai]]. Ashok Vaidya na [[Dadar]] ana yawan danganta shi da fara mashayar vada pav na farko a wajen [[Dadar railway station]] a 1966.<ref name="vaidya">{{cite news |last1=Mahadevan |first1=Asha |title=Nearly 50 years since its invention, the story of the vada pav hits the big screen at Jio MAMI |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nearly-50-years-since-its-invention-the-story-of-the-vada-pav-hits-the-big-screen-at-jio-mami-2487580.html |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=Firstpost |date=30 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="histoy-TOI">{{cite news |last1=Shankar |first1=Kartikeya |title=Vada Pav: History of the Popular Mumbai Snack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/vada-pav-history-of-the-popular-mumbai-snack/articleshow/76973714.cms |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=Jul 15, 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scott thesis"/>{{rp|34}} Wasu hanyoyin suna danganta Sudhakar Mhatre wanda ya fara kasuwancinsa a lokacin da ya kusa.<ref name="World Vadapav Day loksatta">{{cite news |last=Ghangale |first=Swapnil |title=World Vadapav Day: जन्मापासून लंडनपर्यंत मजल मारण्यापर्यंतची वडापावची कहाणी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/do-you-know-news/world-vada-pav-day-journey-from-mumbai-popular-street-food-to-london-scsg-91-2253519/ |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=Loksatta |date=23 August 2020 |language=mr-IN}}</ref> Daya daga cikin mashahuran kiosks na farko na sayar da vada pav an ce ''Khidki Vada Pav'', wanda ke cikin [[Kalyan]]. An fara shi a shekarun 1960s ta dangi na Vaze, wanda suke rabawa vada pavs daga taga (''Khidki'') na gidansu da ke fuskantar titi.<ref name="World Vadapav Day loksatta"/> Abincin mai carbohydrate yana jawo hankalin ma'aikatan masana'antar auduga na tsohuwar [[Girangaon]]. Wannan [[potato]] kwaroron (''batata vada'') da aka saka a cikin [[Bread roll|''pav'']] yana da sauri a yi, arha (~10-15 [[paisa]] a 1971<ref name="World Vadapav Day loksatta"/><ref name=NYT-best/>), kuma yana da dacewa fiye da [[Bombay potato|batata bhaji]] da [[chapati]] wanda ba za a iya ci a cikin manyan jiragen kasa na cikin gida ba.<ref name="histoy-TOI"/><ref name="World Vadapav Day loksatta"/> ===Muhimmancin Al'adu=== [[Fayil:Crunchy Crispy Vada pav.jpg|thumb|Vada pav]] [[Great Bombay textile strike|Rufewar masana'antu]] a tsakiyar Mumbai ya haifar da tashin hankali a shekarun 1970s. [[Shiv Sena]], jam'iyyar gida ta kafa a wannan lokacin mai juyin juya hali, ta kafa kanta a matsayin jam'iyyar da ke da muradin ma'aikatan masana'antu.<ref name="jamboree">{{cite journal |last1=Solomon |first1=Harris Scott |title="THE TASTE NO CHEF CAN GIVE": Processing Street Food in Mumbai |journal=Cultural Anthropology |date=May 4, 2015 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=65–90 |doi=10.14506/ca30.1.05 |url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.14506/ca30.1.05 |access-date=5 November 2020 |language=en |issn=1548-1360|doi-access=free |hdl=10161/10126 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Shugaban jam'iyyar, [[Balasaheb Thackeray]] ya karfafa [[Marathi people|mutanen Marathi]] a shekarun 1960s su zama 'yan kasuwa, wato su fara mashaya na abinci iri ɗaya da yadda [[Dravidian peoples|mutanen Kudu]] ke kafa [[Udupi cuisine|mashaya Udupi]].<ref name="vaidya"/><ref name="histoy-TOI"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Doctor |first1=Vikram |title=An attitude to serve: Why Marathi food lost out |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-leisure-lounge/an-attitude-to -serve-why-marathi-food-lost-out/articleshow/5945583.cms |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=May 21, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yawancin mashaya vada pav da ke yanzu suna da sunayen da ke nuna alamar asalin Maharashtra kamar Nana Chaupati Vada Pav da Anand Stall.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shirodkar |first=Neeta |title=When it rains it pours vada pav |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/When-it-rains-it-pours-vada-pav/articleshow/15889625.cms |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=July 1, 2008 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gauri |first=Mankekar |title=Mumbai's vada pav: No bun intended |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/mumbai-s-vada-pav-no-bun-intended/story-IG1KgeXLrNKk96Q5TGKEXI.html |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=September 6, 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shiv Sena ta kuma shiga cikin wannan lokacin na abinci ta hanyar bude tare da raba dubban vada pav kyauta a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, wanda aka fi sani da "Vada pav day".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Philip|first1=Simi|title=Vada pav, the humble Maharashtrian snack has an annual day of its own|url=https://www.indiafoodnetwork.in/food-stories/vada-pav-the-humble-maharashtrian-snack-has-an-annual-day-of-its-own/|website=India Food Network|access-date=27 January 2015}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mhalgi |first1=Kishore |title=Shiv Sena inaugurates world's largest vada pav |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/shiv-sena-inaugurates-worlds-largest-vada-pav/articleshow/15792289.cms |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=August 24, 2011}}</ref> Wannan kuma ya kara inganta vada pav a matsayin wani siffa na Mumbai da kuma Maharashtra.<ref name="vaidya"/> Vada pav yana ba da goyon baya ga zamantakewa da tattalin arzikin mutane da yawa a cikin Mumbai. A cewar wani bincike da aka yi a 2010, an kiyasta akwai mashaya vada pav guda 20,000 a Mumbai.<ref name=toi20>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/How-the-vada-pav-won-over-Mumbai/articleshow/6545378.cms|title=How the vada pav won over Mumbai|last=Rane|first=Karishma|date=13 September 2010|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> Babban ''vada pav'' mai gina jiki da kuma low cost fast food ne wanda ke cike da [[carbohydrate]]s da [[protein]].<ref name=vardharajan>{{cite book |last1=Varadarajan |first=Tunku |title=The pleasures and perils of vada pav |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/LgEONeuBdpm8VeV8YhWqgL/The-pleasures-and-perils-of-vada-pav.html |access-date=5 November 2020 |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=Aug 25, 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yawancin 'yan kasuwa na gida suna dogaro da sana'ar su ta vada pav, ta hanyar samar da kuɗi ga iyalansu da kuma taimakawa wajen cike gibin kuɗi a cikin iyali da kuma tattalin arzikin yankin.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mahale|first1=Amit|title=How the vada pav won over Mumbai|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/How-the-vada-pav-won-over-Mumbai/articleshow/6545378.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> Har ila yau, ya zama sananne a tsakanin masu yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar birnin, wanda ke ba su damar dandana wani abu na musamman na al'adun Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Trivedi|first1=Bijal|title=Vada Pav: The Iconic Street Food of Mumbai|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/vada-pav-the-iconic-street-food-of-mumbai/|website=Condé Nast Traveller India|access-date=27 January 2015}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Salon Shirya Vada Pav== *'''''Batata vada''''': Wannan shine dunkulen dankalin turawa da aka gauraya da barkono da sinadarin ganye, sannan aka soya. *'''''Pav''''': Wannan wani nau'i ne na burodi da aka yanka rabin tsakiyar. *'''''Chutney''''': Ana yawan yin amfani da shi tare da launi kore, ja, ko fari, wanda aka yi da kayan lambu da kuma kayan haɗi kamar tumatir, barkono, da kwakwa. *'''''Mirchi''''': Koron barkono da aka soya yana ba da karin dandanawa da wari ga abincin. ==Mashahuran Masu Shirya Vada Pav== [[Fayil:Vada pav plate.jpg|thumb|Vada pav]] Daga cikin manyan mashaya vada pav na Mumbai akwai Ashok Vada Pav a Dadar, Anand Stall a vile parle, Kirti College Vada Pav a Dadar, da Shivaji Vada Pav a CST. Wadannan mashaya suna da sunayen masu aminci da kuma suna na kawo abinci mai inganci da kuma ɗanɗano ga kwastomomi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doctor |first1=Vikram |title=An attitude to serve: Why Marathi food lost out |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-leisure-lounge/an-attitude-to-serve-why-marathi-food-lost-out/articleshow/5945583.cms |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=May 21, 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Shirodkar |first1=Neeta |title=When it rains it pours vada pav |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/When-it-rains-it-pours-vada-pav/articleshow/15889625.cms |access-date=5 November 2020 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=July 1, 2008 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Abinci mai sauri na Indiya]] [[Category:Abinci daga Maharashtra]] [[Category:Abinci mai soya]] [[Category:Abinci mai araha]] [[Category:Abinci na titin Mumbai]] [[Category:Abinci da ke dauke da dankalin turawa]] [[Category:Bread rolls]] 69xrnh7zvkrpxkxtb2hlzc47jah3i73 0 82028 964665 506073 2026-10-08T08:33:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox NFL biography|name=Zeke Vandenburgh|currentteam=Miami Dolphins|number=57|position=[[Linebacker]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1999|1|18}}|birth_place=[[Vallejo, California]], U.S.|height_ft=6|height_in=4|weight_lb=232|high_school=[[Freeport High School (Illinois)|Freeport]]<br>([[Freeport, Illinois]])|college=[[Illinois State Redbirds football|Illinois State]] (2017–2022)|undraftedyear=2023|pastteams=*[[Miami Dolphins]] ({{NFL Year|2023}}–present)|status=Active|highlights=* [[Missouri Valley Football Conference|MVFC]] Defensive Player of the Year (2022) * First-Team All-MVFC (2022) * [[Buck Buchanan Award]] (2022)|pfr=VandZe01}}'''Ezekiel Vandenburgh''' (an haife shi a watan Janairu 18, 1999) dan wasan kwallon kafa ne a Amurka don Miami Dolphins na National Football League (NFL). Ya buga kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Jihar Illinois . == Rayuwar farko da makarantar sakandare == An haifi Vandenburgh a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 1999 a Vallejo, California . Ya koma [[Freeport Il|Freeport, Illinois]], inda ya halarci kuma ya buga kwallon kafa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Freeport. Ya kasance mai rubuta wasiƙa na shekaru uku kuma ya yi rikodin fiye da 100 a matsayin babba. Ya kasance Babban Taro na Farko a cikin 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeke Vandenburgh - Football |url=https://goredbirds.com/sports/football/roster/zeke--vandenburgh/10283 |access-date=April 1, 2023 |website=Illinois State University Athletics |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin koleji == Vandenburgh ya buga wasan kwallon kafa a kwalejin don Jihar Illinois . Ya yi redshirt a cikin 2017. A cikin 2018 ya taka leda a duk wasanni goma sha daya a linebacker kuma ya gama kakarsa ta farko tare da 22 tackles da kakar-mafi kyawun tackles hudu a wasan da Kudancin Illinois . A cikin 2019 ya kasance Babban Taron Kwallon Kafa na Missouri (MVFC) All-Academic girmamawa kungiyar ambato yayin da kuma yake ganin lokacin wasa a duk wasanni goma sha biyar. Ya kammala kakar wasan da ci 51 da takalmi tara domin rashin nasara. Ya rubuta buhu rabin buhu da takalmi hudu a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin FCS da Central Arkansas . A cikin 2020 an ƙaura kakar zuwa bazara kuma an taƙaita shi zuwa wasanni huɗu. Ya buga dukkan wasanni hudu kuma ya kare da bugun fanareti goma sha uku. A cikin lokacin bazara na 2021 ya sake zama zaɓi na MVFC All-Academic Team don kakar-hudu madaidaiciya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=randy.reinhardt@lee.net |first=Randy Reinhardt |title=Illinois State's Zeke Vandenburgh one of three finalists for Buchanan Award |url=https://pantagraph.com/sports/college/illinois-state/illinois-states-zeke-vandenburgh-one-of-three-finalists-for-buchanan-award/article_f1a0e91c-74b3-11ed-8bc0-03b8c33fb045.html |access-date=April 1, 2023 |website=pantagraph.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401225827/https://pantagraph.com/sports/college/illinois-state/illinois-states-zeke-vandenburgh-one-of-three-finalists-for-buchanan-award/article_f1a0e91c-74b3-11ed-8bc0-03b8c33fb045.html |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya fara wasanni goma sha ɗaya don Redbirds kuma yana da 73 tackles da ƙungiyar ja-gorancin buhu huɗu. A Arewacin Illinois yana da mafi kyawun ƙwallo goma sha huɗu kuma an nada shi MVFC Defensive Player of the Week. A cikin 2022 ya fara wasanni goma don Jihar Illinois yayin da yake ƙididdige buhu a cikin takwas cikin wasanni goma. Against Valparaiso, South Dakota State, da Western Illinois yana da buhu uku ko fiye. A wasan karshe na kakar wasa da yammacin Illinois shi ma yana da babban aiki-mafi girma goma sha bakwai tare da buhu uku da rabi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Haley |first=Craig |date=January 8, 2023 |title=Zeke Vandenburgh Wins 2022 Buck Buchanan Award |url=https://theanalyst.com/2023/01/2022-buck-buchanan-award-illinois-sts-zeke-vandenburgh-is-fcs-defensive-player-of-year/ |access-date=April 1, 2023 |website=The Analyst |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasan an nada shi MVFC Defensive Player of the Year, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bayne |first=Derek |title=Vandenburgh reflects on big season, looks ahead to NFL Draft |url=https://www.wrex.com/news/featured-reports/vandenburgh-reflects-on-big-season-looks-ahead-to-nfl-draft/article_d8193b68-7cc7-11ed-9af1-979b02f31cae.html |access-date=April 1, 2023 |website=WREX |language=en}}</ref> First-Team All-MVFC, <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Missouri Valley Football All-Conference Teams |url=https://valley-football.org/news/2022/11/28/2022-missouri-valley-football-all-conference-teams.aspx |access-date=April 1, 2023 |website=valley-football.org |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Buck Buchanan Award don Division I FCS mafi kyawun ɗan wasan karewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prerost |first=Scott |title=Vandenburgh drafted by Birmingham Stallions of USFL |url=https://www.videtteonline.com/sports/vandenburgh-drafted-by-birmingham-stallions-of-usfl/article_54083342-b228-11ed-9498-ff89f43ccf40.html |access-date=April 1, 2023 |website=videtteonline.com |language=en}}</ref> === Kididdiga === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="1" |Games ! colspan="9" |Defense |- !GP !Solo !Ast !TOT !TFL !Sacks !Int !PD !FF !FR |- ! colspan="12" style="{{CollegePrimaryStyle|Illinois State Redbirds}}" |Illinois State Redbirds |- !2017 | colspan="10" |{{Abbr|DNP|Did not play}} |- !2018 |11 |15 |7 |22 |3.5 |0.0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !2019 |'''15''' |37 |14 |51 |9.5 |5.0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !2020–21 |4 |4 |9 |13 |1.0 |1.0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- !2021 |11 |44 |26 |70 |8.5 |4.0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |- !2022 |10 |'''51''' |'''49''' |'''100''' |'''21.0''' |'''14.0''' |'''1''' |'''5''' |'''2''' |'''1''' |- ![https://goredbirds.com/sports/football/roster/zeke--vandenburgh/10283 Career] !51 !151 !105 !256 !43.5 !24.0 !1 !7 !2 !1 |} == Sana'ar Aiki == {{NFL predraft|height ft=6|height in=3 3/4|weight=234|dash=4.80|ten split=1.62|twenty split=2.74|shuttle=4.42|cone drill=7.06|vertical=34.5|broad ft=10|broad in=2|bench=24|arm span=31 5/8|hand span=9 3/4|note=All values from [[Pro Day]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1056029&DraftYear=2023 |title=2023 NFL Draft Scout Zeke Vandenburgh College Football Profile |access-date=June 24, 2023 |website=DraftScout.com}}</ref>}}A ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2023, an tsara Vandenburgh 38th gaba ɗaya zuwa Birmingham Stallions na Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka (USFL). <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2023 |title=Freeport’s Zeke Vandenburgh performs for NFL scouts at Northwestern’s Pro Day |url=https://www.mystateline.com/sports/nfl/freeports-zeke-vandenburgh-performs-for-nfl-scouts-at-northwesterns-pro-day/ |access-date=April 1, 2023 |website=MyStateline.com |language=en-US |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401225828/https://www.mystateline.com/sports/nfl/freeports-zeke-vandenburgh-performs-for-nfl-scouts-at-northwesterns-pro-day/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2023, Miami Dolphins ta rattaba hannu akan Vandenburgh a matsayin wakili na kyauta mara izini. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2023 |title=Freeport's Zeke Vandenburgh getting an NFL shot with the Dolphins |url=https://www.mystateline.com/sports/nfl/freeports-zeke-vandenburgh-getting-an-nfl-shot-with-the-dolphins/ |access-date=April 30, 2023 |website=mystateline.com |publisher=Nexstar Media |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430052405/https://www.mystateline.com/sports/nfl/freeports-zeke-vandenburgh-getting-an-nfl-shot-with-the-dolphins/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Yuli, 2023, Dolphins sun sanya shi a wurin ajiyar da ya ji rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 18, 2023 |title=Miami Dolphins Make Roster Moves |url=https://www.miamidolphins.com/news/miami-dolphins-make-roster-moves-x3599 |website=MiamiDolphins.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar sirri == Vandenburgh ya auri matarsa Leah a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE SWEET SUMMER OF 2022 |url=https://www.theknot.com/us/leah-kuper-and-zeke-vandenburgh-mar-2023/our-story}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://goredbirds.com/sports/football/roster/zeke--vandenburgh/10283 Jihar Illinois Redbirds bio] {{Miami Dolphins roster navbox}}{{Buck Buchanan Award}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen america]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sndrnbj22znkanalasl9pi928s6c92h 0 83337 964674 951666 2026-10-08T09:13:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zubar da ciki na likita''', Ya kasance shi ne wanda aka sani da '''zubar da ciki na magani''' ko '''zubar da ciki ba na tiyata da likitoci keyi,''' yana faruwa ne lokacin da ake amfani da [[Ƙwaya|kwayoyi]] ( [[magani]] ) don kawo [[zubar da ciki]] . Zubar da ciki na likitanci madadin tiyata ne kamar zubar da ciki kamar vacuum aspiration ko dilation da curettage . <ref name="1st_Methods2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X |date=May 2022 |title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=5 |pages=CD002855 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 |pmc=9128719 |pmid=35608608}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likitanci ya zama ruwan dare fiye da zubar da ciki na tiyata a mafi yawan wurare a fadin duniya.<ref name="Kapp 20092">{{cite book|title=Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy : comprehensive abortion care|url=https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul|url-access=limited|vauthors=Kapp N, von Hertzen H|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-7696-5|veditors=Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul/page/n197 178]–192|chapter=Medical methods to induce abortion in the second trimester}}</ref> <ref name="Guttmacher_2022-022">{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2022 |title=Medication Abortion Now Accounts for More Than Half of All US Abortions |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2022/02/medication-abortion-now-accounts-more-half-all-us-abortions |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref>. An fi zubar da ciki na [[Likita|likitanci]] ta hanyar gudanar da haɗin magunguna guda biyu: mifepristone wanda ke biye da misoprostol . Wannan haɗin magunguna biyu ya fi tasiri fiye da sauran haɗin magunguna.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> Lokacin da babu mifepristone, ana iya amfani da misoprostol kadai a wasu yanayi. <ref name="Langer Peter Firtion David 2004 pp. 266–270">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Langer BR, Peter C, Firtion C, David E, Haberstich R |date=2004 |title=Second and third medical termination of pregnancy with misoprostol without mifepristone |journal=Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=266–270 |doi=10.1159/000076709 |pmid=15067238 |s2cid=25706987}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likita yana da lafiya kuma yana da tasiri a duk tsawon shekarun haihuwa, gami da na biyu da na uku na uku. <ref name="pmid35114381">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vlad S, Boucoiran I, St-Pierre ÉR, Ferreira E |date=June 2022 |title=Mifepristone-Misoprostol Use for Second- and Third-Trimester Medical Termination of Pregnancy in a Canadian Tertiary Care Centre |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=683–689 |doi=10.1016/j.jogc.2021.12.010 |pmid=35114381 |s2cid=246505706}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Whitehouse K, Brant A, Fonhus MS, Lavelanet A, Ganatra B |date=2020 |title=Medical regimens for abortion at 12 weeks and above: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Contraception |volume=2 |pages=100037 |doi=10.1016/j.conx.2020.100037 |pmc=7484538 |pmid=32954250}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, Thomas J |date=October 2019 |title=Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=ED000142 |doi=10.1002/14651858.ED000142 |pmc=10284251 |pmid=31643080}}</ref> A Amurka, yawan mace-macen zubar da ciki na likitanci ya ragu da sau 14 idan aka kwatanta da yawan mace-macen haihuwa a lokacin haihuwa, kuma adadin manyan matsalolin da ke bukatar asibiti ko karin jini bai kai kashi 0.4 cikin dari ba. {{R|ANSIRH_2019-04|FDA_2018-12-31|C_2012-06-19|NYT_2022-08-07}} Za a iya gudanar da zubar da ciki na likitanci lafiya a gida, ba tare da taimako ba, a cikin uku na farko. <ref name="WHO362">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline |url=https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research}}</ref> A cikin uku na biyu da bayan haka, ana ba da shawarar shan magani na biyu a asibiti, ofishin mai bada sabis, ko wani wurin kula da lafiya. <ref name="WHO362" /> == Tsarin magunguna == [[Fayil:Abortion_pill.jpg|thumb|200 MG na mifepristone da 800&nbsp;μg misoprostol, tsarin da aka saba don zubar da ciki na farko na likita]] === Kasa da mako 12 ciki === Don zubar da ciki na likitanci har zuwa ciki na tsawon makonni 12, adadin magungunan da aka ba da shawarar shine 200&nbsp;milligrams na mifepristone ta baki, bayan kwana ɗaya zuwa biyu ta hanyar 800 micrograms na misoprostol a cikin kunci, a cikin farji, ko ƙarƙashin harshe. <ref name="WHO2018222">{{cite book|title=Abortion Care Guideline|date=2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=9789240039483|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240039483}}</ref> Nasarar wannan haɗin maganin shine 96.6% ta hanyar ciki na makonni 10. <ref name="Chen Creinin 20152">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen MJ, Creinin MD |date=July 2015 |title=Mifepristone With Buccal Misoprostol for Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pw521h5 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000000897 |pmid=26241251 |s2cid=20800109}}</ref> Ya kamata a gudanar da Misoprostol 24 zuwa awanni 48 bayan mifepristone; shan misoprostol kafin awanni 24 su wuce yana rage yuwuwar samun nasara. <ref name="C_2012-06-19">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond EG, Shannon C, Weaver MA, Winikoff B |date=January 2013 |title=First-trimester medical abortion with mifepristone 200 mg and misoprostol: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=26–37 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.06.011 |pmid=22898359}}</ref> Koyaya, wani bincike ya nuna cewa ana iya ɗaukar magungunan biyu lokaci guda tare da kusan inganci iri ɗaya. <ref name="Creinin etal 2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Schreiber CA, Bednarek P, Lintu H, Wagner MS, Meyn LA |date=April 2007 |title=Mifepristone and misoprostol administered simultaneously versus 24 hours apart for abortion: a randomized controlled trial |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4b25p01k |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=885–894 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000258298.35143.d2 |pmid=17400850 |s2cid=43298827}}</ref> Don masu juna biyu bayan 9&nbsp;makonni, allurai biyu na misoprostol (magani na biyu) yana sa maganin ya fi tasiri. <ref name="Kapp etal 2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kapp N, Eckersberger E, Lavelanet A, Rodriguez MI |date=February 2019 |title=Medical abortion in the late first trimester: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=77–86 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2018.11.002 |pmc=6367561 |pmid=30444970}}</ref> Daga makonni 10 zuwa 11 na ciki, [[Ƙungiyar zubar da ciki ta ƙasa|Ƙungiyar Zubar da ciki ta Ƙasa]] ta ba da shawarar kashi na biyu na misoprostol (800 micrograms) sa'o'i hudu bayan kashi na farko. <ref name="NAF_Guidelines">{{Cite web |title=NAF Clinical Policy Guidelines |url=https://prochoice.org/education-and-advocacy/cpg/ |access-date=April 10, 2020 |publisher=National Abortion Federation |archive-date=August 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808041525/https://prochoice.org/providers/quality-standards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan mai haƙuri ya ɗauki [[mifepristone]], dole ne su kuma ba da misoprostol. Rashin shan misoprostol na iya haifar da ɗayan waɗannan sakamakon: za a iya ƙare tayin, amma ba a fitar da shi gaba ɗaya daga cikin mahaifa (wataƙila tare da zubar jini) kuma yana iya buƙatar aikin tiyata don cire tayin; ko kuma ana iya samun nasarar zubar da ciki da fitar da ciki; ko ciki na iya ci gaba da samun lafiyayyan tayin. Don waɗannan dalilai, yakamata a ɗauki misoprostol koyaushe bayan mifepristone. <ref name="pmid31809439">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Hou MY, Dalton L, Steward R, Chen MJ |date=January 2020 |title=Mifepristone Antagonization With Progesterone to Prevent Medical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=135 |issue=1 |pages=158–165 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003620 |pmid=31809439 |s2cid=208813409 |quote=Patients in early pregnancy who use only mifepristone may be at high risk of significant hemorrhage. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan ciki ya ƙunshi tagwaye, ana iya ba da shawarar mafi girman adadin mifepristone. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sørensen EC, Iversen OE, Bjørge L |date=March 2005 |title=Failed medical termination of twin pregnancy with mifepristone: a case report |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2005-03_71_3/page/231 |journal=Contraception |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=231–233 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2004.09.002 |pmid=15722075 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Zubar da ciki na likitanci da kai === A cikin uku na farko, zubar da ciki na likita da kansa yana samuwa ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka fi son shan magungunan zubar da ciki a gida ba tare da kulawar likita kai tsaye ba (sabanin zubar da ciki na likita wanda mai badawa ke gudanarwa inda majiyyaci ke shan maganin zubar da ciki na biyu a gaban wanda ya horar da shi. ma'aikacin lafiya). <ref name="WHO3622">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline |url=https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research}}</ref> Shaidu daga gwaje-gwajen asibiti sun nuna zubar da ciki na likita da kai yana da tasiri kamar zubar da ciki da aka gudanar; duk da haka ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da cewa aminci daidai yake. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gambir K, Kim C, Necastro KA, Ganatra B, Ngo TD |date=March 2020 |title=Self-administered versus provider-administered medical abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=3 |pages=CD013181 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013181.pub2 |pmc=7062143 |pmid=32150279}}</ref> <ref name="shm">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt-Hansen M, Pandey A, Lohr PA, Nevill M, Taylor P, Hasler E, Cameron S |date=April 2021 |title=Expulsion at home for early medical abortion: A systematic review with meta-analyses |journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=727–735 |doi=10.1111/aogs.14025 |pmid=33063314 |s2cid=222819835 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hanyar da ake amfani da ita don gudanar da magungunan biyu ya dogara da takamaiman magungunan da aka rubuta. Hanyar al'ada, don 200&nbsp;MG mifepristone allunan, shine:<ref name="shm" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Mifepristone and misoprostol: Recommended regimen |url=https://www.ipas.org/clinical-update/english/recommendations-for-abortion-at-or-after-13-weeks-gestation/medical-abortion/mifepristone-and-misoprostol-recommended-regimen/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=[[Ipas (organization)|Ipas]]}}</ref> <ref name="FDA mifepristone">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=October 2020 |title=Medication Abortion Up to 70 Days of Gestation: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 225 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=e31–e47 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004082 |pmid=32804884}}</ref> # Ɗauki kwamfutar hannu na mifepristone da baki # Ɗaukar misoprostol tsakanin sa'o'i 24 zuwa 48 bayan mifepristone (umarnin da aka kawo tare da misoprostol za su ƙayyade yadda ake shan shi, kamar: tsakanin gumi da murfin ciki na kuncin baki, ko a ƙarƙashin harshe, ko a cikin farji ta hanyar yin amfani da shi. suppository na farji) # Za a fitar da ciki ( [[amfrayo|embryo]] da [[placenta]] ) ta cikin farji a cikin sa'o'i 2 zuwa 24 bayan shan misoprostol, don haka majiyyaci ya kasance kusa da wuraren bayan gida a lokacin. Za a iya samun maƙarƙashiya, tashin zuciya da zubar jini yayin da ake fitar da ciki, da kuma bayan haka # Don guje wa kamuwa da cuta, majiyyaci bai kamata ya yi amfani da tampons ko yin jima'i ba har tsawon makonni 2 zuwa 3 # Ya kamata majiyyaci ya tuntuɓi mai ba da su kwanaki 7 zuwa 14 bayan gudanarwar mifepristone don tabbatar da cewa ƙarshen ciki ya faru kuma don kimanta matakin jini. === Bayan sati 12 ciki === Zubar da ciki na likita yana da lafiya kuma yana da tasiri a cikin na biyu da na uku.<ref name="pmid35114381" /> <ref name="tapg2">{{Cite book|title=Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems-2nd ed|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2012|isbn=9789241548434|location=Italy|pages=42}}</ref> <ref name="leon">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gómez Ponce de León R, Wing DA |date=April 2009 |title=Misoprostol for termination of pregnancy with intrauterine fetal demise in the second and third trimester of pregnancy - a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=259–271 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2008.10.009 |pmid=19272495}}</ref> <ref name="mendil">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendilcioglu I, Simsek M, Seker PE, Erbay O, Zorlu CG, Trak B |date=November 2002 |title=Misoprostol in second and early third trimester for termination of pregnancies with fetal anomalies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-gynecology-obstetrics_2002-11_79_2/page/131 |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=131–135 |doi=10.1016/s0020-7292(02)00224-2 |pmid=12427397 |s2cid=44373757}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da shawarar cewa zubar da ciki na likitanci da aka yi bayan makonni 12 na ciki, likita na gaba daya ko kwararren likita ne ya kula da shi (sabanin farkon watanni uku, inda majiyyaci zai iya shan magungunan a gida lafiya ba tare da kulawa ba). <ref name="WHO362" /><ref name="WHO2018222" /> Don zubar da ciki na likita bayan makonni 12 na ciki, WHO ta ba da shawarar 200&nbsp;MG na mifepristone ta baki ya biyo bayan kwana ɗaya zuwa biyu ta maimaita allurai na 400&nbsp;μg misoprostol a ƙarƙashin harshe, a cikin kunci, ko a cikin farji. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgatta L, Kapp N |date=July 2011 |title=Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester |journal=Contraception |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005 |pmid=21664506}}</ref> Ya kamata a sha Misoprostol kowane sau 3&nbsp;Sa'o'i har sai an sami nasarar zubar da ciki, ma'anar lokacin zubar da ciki bayan fara misoprostol shine sa'o'i 6-8, kuma kusan 94% zai zubar da ciki cikin sa'o'i 24 bayan fara misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Borgatta L, Kapp N |date=July 2011 |title=Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester |journal=Contraception |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005 |pmid=21664506}}</ref> Lokacin da ba a samu mifepristone ba, ana iya amfani da misoprostol duk da cewa za a tsawaita lokacin zubar da ciki bayan fara misoprostol idan aka kwatanta da tsarin yin amfani da mifepristone da misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Perritt JB, Burke A, Edelman AB |date=September 2013 |title=Interruption of nonviable pregnancies of 24-28 weeks' gestation using medical methods: release date June 2013 SFP guideline #20133 |journal=Contraception |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=341–349 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2013.05.001 |pmid=23756114 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Madadin haɗin magunguna === Haɗin mifepristone-misoprostol shine, ta zuwa yanzu, tsarin da aka fi ba da shawarar miyagun ƙwayoyi don zubar da ciki na likita, amma akwai sauran haɗin magunguna. Misoprostol kadai, ba tare da mifepristone ba, ana iya amfani da shi a wasu yanayi don zubar da ciki na likita, har ma an nuna cewa ya yi nasara a cikin uku na biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=June 2013 |title=ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 135: Second-trimester abortion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2013-06_121_6/page/1394|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=1394–1406 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000431056.79334.cc |pmid=23812485 |s2cid=205384119}}</ref> Misoprostol ya fi samuwa fiye da mifepristone, kuma ya fi sauƙi don adanawa da gudanarwa, don haka misoprostol ba tare da mifepristone na iya ba da shawara daga mai bada idan mifepristone ba ya samuwa.<ref name="Langer Peter Firtion David 2004 pp. 266–270" /> Idan ana amfani da misoprostol ba tare da mifepristone ba, WHO ta ba da shawarar 800&nbsp;μg na misoprostol a cikin kunci, ƙarƙashin harshe, ko a cikin farji.<ref name="WHO2018222" /> Nasarar misoprostol kadai don kawo karshen ciki (93%) kusan iri daya ne da hadewar mifepristone-misoprostol (96%). Duk da haka, 15% na matan da ke amfani da misoprostol kadai suna buƙatar hanyar bin tsarin tiyata, wanda ya fi mahimmanci fiye da haɗin mifepristone-misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond EG, Harrison MS, Weaver MA |date=January 2019 |title=Efficacy of Misoprostol Alone for First-Trimester Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=137–147 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003017 |pmc=6309472 |pmid=30531568}}</ref> Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa ana iya haɗawa da [[letrozole]] ko [[methotrexate]] a cikin tsarin mifepristone-misoprostol don inganta sakamako a cikin farkon watanni uku.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhuo Y, Cainuo S, Chen Y, Sun B |date=May 2021 |title=The efficacy of letrozole supplementation for medical abortion: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=1501–1507 |doi=10.1080/14767058.2019.1638899 |pmid=31257957 |s2cid=195764644}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yeung TW, Lee VC, Ng EH, Ho PC |date=December 2012 |title=A pilot study on the use of a 7-day course of letrozole followed by misoprostol for the termination of early pregnancy up to 63 days |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=763–769 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.009 |pmid=22717187}}</ref> Haɗin magungunan da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba don masu ciki na mahaifa shine [[methotrexate]] -misoprostol, wanda galibi ana keɓance shi don [[Ectopic ciki|ciki na ectopic]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical abortion |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/medical-abortion/about/pac-20394687 |access-date=July 10, 2022 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> Ana ba da Methotrexate ko dai ta baki ko a cikin tsoka, sannan a biyo bayan misoprostol na farji bayan kwanaki 3-5.<ref name="NAF_Guidelines" /> Haɗin methotrexate yana samuwa ta cikin kwanaki 63. WHO ta ba da izinin haɗin methotrexate-misoprostol <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> amma yana bada shawarar haɗin mifepristone saboda [[methotrexate]] na iya zama [[teratogenic]] ga amfrayo a lokuta na zubar da ciki. Ana ɗaukar haɗin methotrexate-misoprostol mafi inganci fiye da misoprostol kadai.<ref name=":0" /> === Contraindications === Contraindications zuwa mifepristone an gaji [[Cutar jini wacce ke sanadin tabin hankali|porphyria]], na kullum [[Rashin isasshen adrenal|adrenal gazawar]], da ectopic ciki. <ref name="WHO FAQs 20063">{{cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594845_eng.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117164404/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594845_eng.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 17, 2009|title=Frequently asked clinical questions about medical abortion|author=International Consensus Conference on Non-surgical (Medical) Abortion in Early First Trimester on Issues Related to Regimens and Service Delivery|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2006|isbn=978-92-4-159484-4|location=Geneva}}</ref> <ref name="Medical management 1st Trim">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=March 2014 |title=Medical management of first-trimester abortion |journal=Contraception |publisher=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Society of Family Planning |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=148–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.01.016 |pmid=24795934 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu suna la'akari da na'urar intrauterine a wurin don zama mai hanawa kuma. <ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Wani rashin lafiyar da ya gabata ga mifepristone ko misoprostol shima sabani ne.<ref name="WHO FAQs 20063" /> Yawancin karatu sun cire matan da ke da matsanancin matsalolin likita kamar cututtukan zuciya da hanta ko kuma anemia mai tsanani.<ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Ana buƙatar taka tsantsan a cikin yanayi da yawa da suka haɗa da:<ref name="WHO FAQs 20063" /> * amfani da [[corticosteroid]] na dogon lokaci; * rashin zubar jini; * anemia mai tsanani A wasu lokuta, yana iya dacewa a tura mutanen da suka rigaya sun kamu da rashin lafiya zuwa ga mai ba da zubar da ciki na tushen asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guiahi M, Davis A |date=December 2012 |title=First-trimester abortion in women with medical conditions: release date October 2012 SFP guideline #20122 |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=622–630 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.09.001 |pmid=23039921 |s2cid=21464833}}</ref> A madadin, wasu yanayi na likita na iya sa zubar da ciki na magani ya fi dacewa da zubar da ciki na tiyata kamar manyan [[Uterine fibroids|fibroids na mahaifa]], cututtukan mahaifa, ko tabo mai alaƙa da [[infibulation]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mark K, Bragg B, Chawla K, Hladky K |date=November 2016 |title=Medical abortion in women with large uterine fibroids: a case series |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=572–574 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.07.016 |pmid=27471029}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldthwaite LM, Teal SB |date=October 2014 |title=Controversies in family planning: pregnancy termination in women with uterine anatomic abnormalities |journal=Contraception |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=460–463 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.05.007 |pmid=24958107}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mistry H, Jha S |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Pregnancy with a pinhole introitus: A report of two cases and a review of the literature |journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=490–494 |doi=10.3109/13625187.2015.1044083 |pmid=25960283 |s2cid=207523628}}</ref> == Tasiri mara kyau == Yawancin mata za su sami ciwon ciki da zubar jini fiye da lokacin haila.<ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Sauran illolin na iya haɗawa da tashin zuciya, amai, zazzabi, sanyi, zawo, ciwon kai, juwa, zafi ko walƙiya mai zafi. <ref name="Clev">{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2021 |title=Medical Abortion: What Is It, Types, Risks & Recovery |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21899-medical-abortion |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin farji, misoprostol yana ƙoƙarin samun ƙarancin sakamako masu illa.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> Magungunan [[Magungunan anti-mai kumburi marasa steroidal|anti-inflammatory marasa steroidal]] irin su ibuprofen suna rage zafi tare da zubar da ciki na magani. === Alamomin da ke buƙatar kulawar gaggawa === * Zubar da jini mai nauyi (isasshen jini da za a jiƙa ta pads guda huɗu a cikin awanni 2) <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label">{{Cite web |title=Mifepristone Prescribing Information |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020687s020lbl.pdf |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> * Ciwon ciki, tashin zuciya, amai, zawo, zazzabi fiye da awanni 24 bayan shan mifepristone <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> * Zazzabi na {{Cvt|38|C|1}} ko sama sama da awanni 4 <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> Matsalolin da ke ƙarƙashin ciki na makonni 10 ba kasafai ba ne; bisa ga manyan bita guda biyu, zubar da jini da ake buƙatar ƙarin jini ya faru a cikin 0.03-0.6% na mata da kuma kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani a cikin 0.01-0.5%.<ref name="C_2012-06-19" /><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Saboda cuta ba ta da wuya bayan magani zubar da ciki, [[Kwalejin Amirka na Obstetricians da Gynecologists|Kwalejin Ba'amurke na Amurka da 'yan wasan' ']], [[Ƙungiyar Tsarin Iyali|al'arin iyali]], da kuma [[Ƙungiyar zubar da ciki ta ƙasa|Naf]] ba su bayar da shawarar amfani da maganin rigakafin yau da kullun ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Achilles SL, Reeves MF |date=April 2011 |title=Prevention of infection after induced abortion: release date October 2010: SFP guideline 20102 |journal=Contraception |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=295–309 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2010.11.006 |pmid=21397086 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NAF_Guidelines" /> Wasu lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun mace-mace daga [[Cutar cututtuka masu guba|cutar sankarau mai guba]] [[Clostridium|ta clostridial]] sun faru bayan zubar da ciki na likita. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Murray S, Wooltorton E |date=August 2005 |title=Septic shock after medical abortions with mifepristone (Mifeprex, RU 486) and misoprostol |journal=CMAJ |volume=173 |issue=5 |pages=485 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.050980 |pmc=1188182 |pmid=16093445}}</ref> [[Bita na tsari]] na 2013 wanda ya haɗa da mata 45,000 waɗanda suka yi amfani da 200&nbsp;mg mifepristone tare da haɗin misoprostol ya gano cewa ƙasa da 0.4% yana da matsala mai tsanani da ke buƙatar asibiti (0.3%) da/ko ƙarin jini (0.1%).<ref name="C_2012-06-19" /><ref name="NYT_2022-08-072">{{cite news |date=August 7, 2022 |title=Some Women 'Self-Manage' Abortions as Access Recedes - Information and medications needed to end a pregnancy are increasingly available outside the health care system. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/07/health/abortion-self-managed-medication.html |quote=More than half a million women had medication abortions in 2020 in the United States, and fewer than half of 1 percent experience serious complications, studies show. Medical interventions like hospitalizations or blood transfusions were needed by fewer than 0.4 percent of patients, according to a 2013 review of dozens of studies involving tens of thousands of patients. |vauthors=Rabin RC |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === Gudanar da zubar jini === Zubar da jinin al'ada gabaɗaya yana raguwa a hankali sama da makonni biyu bayan zubar da ciki na likitanci, amma a lokuta daban-daban hange na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 45. <ref name="WHO FAQs 20062">{{Cite book}}</ref> Ana iya yin la'akari da aikin tiyata na gaggawa ko na likita don tsawaita zubar jini dangane da yadda majiyyaci ke ji da kuma idan jinin yana da alama yana samun sauki. Gabaɗaya, ƙasa da 1% na mutanen da suka zubar da ciki dole ne su sami sabis na gaggawa don zubar da jini mai yawa, kuma kusan 0.1% na buƙatar [[Karan jini|ƙarin jini]] . <ref name="Creinin 2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD |date=September 2000 |title=Randomized comparison of efficacy, acceptability and cost of medical versus surgical abortion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_contraception_2000-09_62_3/page/117 |journal=Contraception |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00151-7 |pmid=11124358}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henshaw RC, Naji SA, Russell IT, Templeton AA |date=September 1993 |title=Comparison of medical abortion with surgical vacuum aspiration: women's preferences and acceptability of treatment |journal=BMJ |volume=307 |issue=6906 |pages=714–717 |doi=10.1136/bmj.307.6906.714 |pmc=1678709 |pmid=8401094}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peyron R, Aubény E, Targosz V, Silvestre L, Renault M, Elkik F, Leclerc P, Ulmann A, Baulieu EE |date=May 1993 |title=Early termination of pregnancy with mifepristone (RU 486) and the orally active prostaglandin misoprostol |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1993-05-27_328_21/page/1509 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=328 |issue=21 |pages=1509–1513 |doi=10.2307/2939250 |jstor=2939250 |pmid=8479487}}</ref> Za a fitar da ragowar [[Samfuran ciki|samfuran cikin ciki]] yayin zubar jini na farji na gaba. Duk da haka, ana iya yin aikin tiyata a kan buƙatar mace, idan zubar da jini ya yi nauyi ko tsawo, ko kuma ya haifar da [[Rashin jini|anemia]], ko kuma idan akwai shaidar [[endometritis]] . <ref name="Creinin 2000" /> === Tsaro === A duniya, mutanen da za su iya yin ciki suna fuskantar haɗari ga lafiyarsu saboda manyan ƙalubalen samun amintaccen sabis na zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doran F, Nancarrow S |date=July 2015 |title=Barriers and facilitators of access to first-trimester abortion services for women in the developed world: a systematic review |journal=The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100862 |pmid=26106103}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kassebaum NJ, Bertozzi-Villa A, Coggeshall MS, Shackelford KA, Steiner C, Heuton KR, Gonzalez-Medina D, Barber R, Huynh C, Dicker D, Templin T, Wolock TM, Ozgoren AA, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abubakar I, Achoki T, Adelekan A, Ademi Z, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Akena D, Alasfoor D, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Al Kahbouri MJ, Alla F, Allen PJ, AlMazroa MA, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzmán N, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Arnlöv J, Arsenijevic VS, Artaman A, Asad MM, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Basu A, Basu S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell ML, Bernabe E, Beyene TJ, Bhutta Z, Bin Abdulhak A, Blore JD, Basara BB, Bose D, Breitborde N, Cárdenas R, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castro RE, Catalá-López F, Cavlin A, Chang JC, Che X, Christophi CA, Chugh SS, Cirillo M, Colquhoun SM, Cooper LT, Cooper C, da Costa Leite I, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davis A, Dayama A, Degenhardt L, De Leo D, del Pozo-Cruz B, Deribe K, Dessalegn M, deVeber GA, Dharmaratne SD, Dilmen U, Ding EL, Dorrington RE, Driscoll TR, Ermakov SP, Esteghamati A, Faraon EJ, Farzadfar F, Felicio MM, Fereshtehnejad SM, de Lima GM, Forouzanfar MH, França EB, Gaffikin L, Gambashidze K, Gankpé FG, Garcia AC, Geleijnse JM, Gibney KB, Giroud M, Glaser EL, Goginashvili K, Gona P, González-Castell D, Goto A, Gouda HN, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Hankey GJ, Harb HL, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Pi IB, Hoek HW, Hosgood HD, Hoy DG, Husseini A, Idrisov BT, Innos K, Inoue M, Jacobsen KH, Jahangir E, Jee SH, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kabagambe EK, Kan H, Karam NE, Karch A, Karema CK, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazanjan K, Kazi DS, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Kereselidze M, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khang YH, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Defo BK, Kulkarni C, Kulkarni VS, Kumar GA, Kumar K, Kumar RB, Kwan G, Lai T, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lansingh VC, Larsson A, Lee JT, Leigh J, Leinsalu M, Leung R, Li X, Li Y, Li Y, Liang J, Liang X, Lim SS, Lin HH, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, London SJ, Lotufo PA, Ma J, Ma S, Machado VM, Mainoo NK, Majdan M, Mapoma CC, Marcenes W, Marzan MB, Mason-Jones AJ, Mehndiratta MM, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mokdad AH, Mola GL, Monasta L, de la Cruz Monis J, Hernandez JC, Moore AR, Moradi-Lakeh M, Mori R, Mueller UO, Mukaigawara M, Naheed A, Naidoo KS, Nand D, Nangia V, Nash D, Nejjari C, Nelson RG, Neupane SP, Newton CR, Ng M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nisar MI, Nolte S, Norheim OF, Nyakarahuka L, Oh IH, Ohkubo T, Olusanya BO, Omer SB, Opio JN, Orisakwe OE, Pandian JD, Papachristou C, Park JH, Caicedo AJ, Patten SB, Paul VK, Pavlin BI, Pearce N, Pereira DM, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Poenaru D, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pope D, Pourmalek F, Qato D, Quistberg DA, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, ur Rahman S, Raju M, Rana SM, Refaat A, Ronfani L, Roy N, Pimienta TG, Sahraian MA, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Santos IS, Sawhney M, Sayinzoga F, Schneider IJ, Schumacher A, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Servan-Mori EE, Shakh-Nazarova M, Sheikhbahaei S, Shibuya K, Shin HH, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Silberberg DH, Silva AP, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, 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|pmc=4255481 |pmid=24797575}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Van Look PF |date=April 2006 |title=WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_april-1-7-2006_367_9516/page/1066 |journal=Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9516 |pages=1066–1074 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68397-9 |pmid=16581405 |s2cid=2190885}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sedgh G, Bearak J, Singh S, Bankole A, Popinchalk A, Ganatra B, Rossier C, Gerdts C, Tunçalp Ö, Johnson BR, Johnston HB, Alkema L |date=July 2016 |title=Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10041 |pages=258–267 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30380-4 |pmc=5498988 |pmid=27179755}}</ref> Waɗannan munanan sakamako sun taso ne daga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin zubar da ciki, tsarin kiwon lafiya marasa inganci, ƙarancin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya, ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ayyuka a yankuna masu nisa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Turan JM, Budhwani H |date=January 2021 |title=Restrictive Abortion Laws Exacerbate Stigma, Resulting in Harm to Patients and Providers |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=37–39 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2020.305998 |pmc=7750605 |pmid=33326286}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Bugu da kari, a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaitan kudin shiga inda aka ba da izinin zubar da ciki bisa ka'ida, ana samun adadi mai yawa na zubar da ciki mara inganci. Kimanin mata miliyan 7 ne ke kwance a asibitoci a duk shekara a wadannan wuraren sakamakon matsalolin da ke tasowa daga zubar da ciki mara kyau. Zubar da ciki mara lafiya ana danganta shi da kashi 4.7% zuwa 13.2% na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a kowace shekara, tare da kiyasin kudaden da ake kashewa don magance matsalolinsa ya kai dala miliyan 553.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Vlassoff M, Shearer J, Walker D, Lucas H|title=Economic impact of unsafe abortion-related morbidity and mortality: evidence and estimation challenges.|publisher=Institute of Development Studies|year=2008|volume=59|location=Brighton, UK|pages=94}}</ref> Abubuwa da yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan haɗarin kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da rashin ilimi game da zaɓin da ake da su, mabanbantan ra'ayoyin masu ba da lafiya game da zubar da ciki, ƙarancin ƙwararrun ma'aikata don amintaccen sabis na zubar da ciki, ƙarancin sirri da sirri, da ayyukan da suka gaza biyan buƙatu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Consequences of Unsafe Abortion|date=July 28, 2006|work=The Human Drama of Abortion|pages=33–44|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv17vf7g1.10|access-date=January 23, 2024|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv17vf7g1.10}}</ref> A Amurka, wani rahoton [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ya bayyana cewa daga cikin mata miliyan 3.7 da suka zubar da cikin da magani tsakanin shekarar 2000 zuwa 2018, 24 sun mutu bayan haka, 11 daga cikin wadanda suka mutu ba su da alaka da zubar da ciki, ciki har da shan kwayoyi, kisa, da kuma kashe kansa.<ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /><ref name="Kapp etal 2019" /> Lokacin da ba a la'akari da mutuwar mutane 11 da ba su da alaƙa, adadin mace-mace na zubar da ciki shine rabin adadin mace-macen zubar da ciki gaba ɗaya.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Ciki har da duk mace-mace a cikin binciken, bayanan sun nuna cewa yawan mace-mace na zubar da ciki na magani ya kusan daidai da zubar da ciki gaba daya, wanda ya kai sau 14 kasa da adadin mace-macen haihuwa na haihuwa, sannan kuma kasa da adadin mace-macen [[Penicillin]] da [[Sildenafil|Viagra]] . <ref name="ANSIRH_2019-04">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Analysis of Medication Abortion Risk and the FDA report - "Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2018" |url=https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/mifepristone_safety_4-23-2019.pdf |publisher=[[Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health]] |quote=The mortality rate for women known to have had a live-born infant is 8.8 per 100,000 live births, which is about 14 times higher than the mortality rate associated with medication abortion. Other medications that are commonly prescribed or administered in outpatient settings also have risks, including a small risk of death. Penicillin causes a fatal anaphylactic reaction at a rate of 2 deaths per 100,000 patients administered the drug. Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, which are used for erectile dysfunction and include Viagra, have a fatality rate of 4 deaths per 100,000 users. These risks are several times higher than the risk of death with medication abortion.}}</ref> <ref name="FDA_2018-12-31">{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2018 |title=Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2018 |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/112118/download |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya kamar WHO sun nuna cewa zubar da ciki na likita yana da aminci har ma a cikin na biyu da na uku na uku,<ref name="pmid35114381" /><ref name="tapg2" /><ref name="leon" /><ref name="mendil" /> amma damar yin amfani da waɗannan ayyuka na shari'a yana canzawa akai-akai a Amurka da kuma a duniya. === Teratogenicity da ci gaba da ciki === Kafin shan magani don zubar da ciki, ya kamata a shawarci mutane game da yiwuwar illar misoprostol idan zubar da ciki bai yi nasara ba. Idan ciki ya ci gaba bayan yin amfani da mifepristone da misoprostol, an ba da shawarar a nemi kulawar likita don tattauna zaɓuɓɓukan ciki, tare da cikakken tattaunawa game da haɗari da fa'idodi ga kowane. Babu wata shaida na mifepristone da ke haifar da lahani na haihuwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bernard N, Elefant E, Carlier P, Tebacher M, Barjhoux CE, Bos-Thompson MA, Amar E, Descotes J, Vial T |date=April 2013 |title=Continuation of pregnancy after first-trimester exposure to mifepristone: an observational prospective study |journal=BJOG |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=568–574 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.12147 |pmid=23346916 |s2cid=9691636}}</ref> amma misoprostol, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin farkon watanni na farko, zai iya zama [[Ilimin ilimin taurari|teratogenic]] kuma ya haifar da cututtuka na haihuwa kamar lahani na hannu, tare da ko ba tare da [[Moebius ciwo|ciwo na Möbius]] ba (shanyewar fuska). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yip SK, Tse AO, Haines CJ, Chung TK |date=February 2000 |title=Misoprostol's effect on uterine arterial blood flow and fetal heart rate in early pregnancy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_obstetrics-and-gynecology_2000-02_95_2/page/232 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=232–235 |doi=10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00472-x |pmid=10674585 |s2cid=33217047}}</ref> == Ilimin harhada magunguna == Mifepristone yana toshe hormone progesterone, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2017 |title=The Science Behind the "Abortion Pill" |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/health-medicine/science-behind-abortion-pill-180963762/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=March 2014 |title=Medical management of first-trimester abortion |journal=Contraception |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=148–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.01.016 |pmid=24795934}}</ref> yana haifar da rufin mahaifa zuwa bakin ciki, yana hana amfrayo daga liƙawa zuwa bangon mahaifa don girma. Methotrexate, wanda ake amfani da shi a wasu lokuta maimakon mifepristone, yana dakatar da nama na cytotrophoblastic daga girma da zama mahaifa mai aiki, sashin da ke ba da abinci mai gina jiki ga tayin mai tasowa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate |url=https://www.medicationabortions.com/methotrexate |website=Medication Abortion |publisher=Ibis Reproductive Health}}</ref> Misoprostol, prostaglandin na roba, yana sa mahaifa ya yi karo da kuma fitar da tayin ta cikin farji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Misoprostol |url=https://www.medicationabortions.com/misoprostol |website=Medication Abortion |publisher=Ibis Reproductive Health}}</ref> Letrozole shine mai hana aromatase wanda ke hana haɓakar estrogen kuma yana ƙarfafa kwai. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da letrozole kafin misoprostol ko mifepristone don fara zubar da ciki na likita zai iya inganta ingantaccen magani kuma ya rage buƙatar ayyukan tiyata. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yeung TW, Lee VC, Ng EH, Ho PC |date=December 2012 |title=A pilot study on the use of a 7-day course of letrozole followed by misoprostol for the termination of early pregnancy up to 63 days |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=763–769 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.009 |pmid=22717187}}</ref> === Yaduwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="right" !Country !Percentage |- |Spain |25% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministerio de Sanidad, Politica Social e Igualdad |date=August 19, 2022 |title=Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo; Datos definitivos correspondientes al año 2021 |url=https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/embarazo/docs/IVE_2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194357/https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/embarazo/docs/IVE_2021.pdf |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministerio de Sanidad, Politica Social e Igualdad}}</ref> |- |Netherlands |34% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Jaarrapportage 2021 Wet afbreking zwangerschap - Bijlage |url=https://www.igj.nl/binaries/igj/documenten/jaarverslagen/2022/09/22/wafz-2021/Definitie+en+cijfer+bijlage+Wafz+2021.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Inspectie voor de Gezondheidszorg (IGZ), Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport (VWS) |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194358/https://www.igj.nl/binaries/igj/documenten/jaarverslagen/2022/09/22/wafz-2021/Definitie+en+cijfer+bijlage+Wafz+2021.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |Italy |35% in 2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministero della Salute |date=September 15, 2022 |title=Relazione Ministro Salute attuazione Legge 194/78 tutela sociale maternità e interruzione volontaria di gravidanza - dati definitivi 2020 |url=https://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pubblicazioni_3236_allegato.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministero della Salute}}</ref> |- |Canada |37% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canadian Institute for Health information (CIHI) |date=March 23, 2023 |title=Induced Abortions Reported in Canada in 2021 |url=https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/induced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2021-data-tables-en.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194357/https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/induced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2021-data-tables-en.xlsx |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Canadian Institute for Health information (CIHI)}}</ref> |- |Belgium |38% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commission Nationale d'Evaluation des Interruptions de Grossesse |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Rapport à l'attention du Parlement 1 janvier 2020 – 31 décembre 2021 |url=https://organesdeconcertation.sante.belgique.be/sites/default/files/documents/rapport_2020-2021_fr_-_fevrier_2023.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Commission Nationale d'Evaluation des Interruptions de Grossesse}}</ref> |- |Germany |39% in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Schwangerschaftsabbrüche 2022 |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Gesundheit/Schwangerschaftsabbrueche/_inhalt.html |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)}}</ref> |- |New Zealand |46% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Health |date=October 28, 2022 |title=Abortive Services Aotearoa New Zealand: Annual Report 2022 |url=https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/abortion-services-aotearoa-new-zealand-annual-report-2022-oct22.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministry of Health}}</ref> |- |United States |63% in 2023<ref name="Guttmacher_2024-03-19">{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2024 |title=Medication Abortion Accounted for 63% of All US Abortions in 2023—An Increase from 53% in 2020 |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/2024/03/medication-abortion-accounted-63-all-us-abortions-2023-increase-53-2020 |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref> |- |Portugal |68% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Direção-Geral da Saúde (DGS) |date=June 3, 2022 |title=Relatório de Análise Preliminar dos Registos das Interrupções da Gravidez 2018-2021 |url=https://www.dgs.pt/documentos-e-publicacoes/interrupcoes-da-gravidez-por-opcao-da-mulher-registam-reducao-nos-ultimos-dez-anos-pdf.aspx |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Direção-Geral da Saúde (DGS)}}</ref> |- |Slovenia |72% in 2019<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miani C |date=December 2021 |title=Medical abortion ratios and gender equality in Europe: an ecological correlation study |journal=Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=214–231 |doi=10.1080/26410397.2021.1985814 |pmc=8567957 |pmid=34730066}}</ref> |- |France |76% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2022 |title=Interruptions volontaires de grossesse : la baisse des taux de recours se poursuit chez les plus jeunes en 2021 |url=https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2022-09/er1241_1.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Direction de la Recherche, des Études, de l'Évaluation et des Statistiques (DREES), Ministère de la Santé |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012103433/https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2022-09/er1241_1.pdf |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |Switzerland |80% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office fédéral de la statistique (OFS) |date=July 6, 2022 |title=Interruptions de grossesse en 2021 |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/sante/etat-sante/reproductive/interruptions-grossesses.assetdetail.22986766.html |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Office fédéral de la statistique (OFS)}}</ref> |- |Denmark |83% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Regionernes Kliniske Kvalitetsudviklingsprogram (RKKP) |date=December 19, 2022 |title=Dansk Kvalitetsdatabase for Tidlig Graviditet og Abort (TiGrAb). Årsrapport 2021/22,1. juli 2021 - 30. juni 2022 |url=https://organesdeconcertation.sante.belgique.be/sites/default/files/documents/rapport_2020-2021_fr_-_fevrier_2023.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Regionernes Kliniske Kvalitetsudviklingsprogram (RKKP)}}</ref> |- |England and Wales |87% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office for Health Improvement & Disparities |date=March 24, 2023 |title=Abortion statistics, England and Wales: 2021 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/abortion-statistics-for-england-and-wales-2021/abortion-statistics-england-and-wales-2021 |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Office for Health Improvement & Disparities}}</ref> |- |Iceland |87% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Induced abortions in the Nordic countries 2021 |url=https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/146285/Induced_abortions_in_Nordic_countries_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL)}}</ref> |- |Estonia |91% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tervise Arengu Instituut (TAI) Health Statistics and Health Research Database |date=June 13, 2022 |title=RK31: Abortion method by abortion type and health care provider's county (since 2020) |url=https://statistika.tai.ee/pxweb/en/Andmebaas/Andmebaas__01Rahvastik__03Abordid/RK31.px/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |publisher=Tervise Arengu Instituut (TAI) Health Statistics and Health Research Database}}</ref> |- |Norway |95% in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Induced abortion in Norway – fact sheet |url=https://www.fhi.no/en/hn/health-registries/registry-of-pregnancy-termination/induced-abortion-in-norway/ |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Norway Institute of Public Health (NIPH)}}</ref> |- |Sweden |96% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Statistik om aborter 2021 |url=https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/statistik/2022-6-8007.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Socialstyrelsen}}</ref> |- |Finland |98% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Raskaudenkeskeytykset 2021 |url=https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/144588/Raskaudenkeskeytykset_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL), Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT)}}</ref> |- |Scotland |99% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Public Health Scotland |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Termination of pregnancy statistics, Year ending December 2021 |url=https://publichealthscotland.scot/publications/termination-of-pregnancy-statistics/termination-of-pregnancy-statistics-year-ending-december-2021/ |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Public Health Scotland}}</ref> |} Wani binciken [[Cibiyar Guttmacher]] na duk sanannun masu ba da zubar da ciki a Amurka ya gano cewa zubar da ciki na likita ya kai kashi 53% na duk zubar da ciki a cikin 2020. {{R|Guttmacher_2022-02}} Wannan ƙidayar ba ta haɗa da [[Zubar da kai|zubar da ciki da kai]] ba . {{R|Guttmacher_2022-02}} A asibitocin Planned Parenthood a Amurka, zubar da ciki na likita ya kai 32% na zubar da ciki na farko a cikin 2008, <ref name="Fjerstad 2009a">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fjerstad M, Trussell J, Sivin I, Lichtenberg ES, Cullins V |date=July 2009 |title=Rates of serious infection after changes in regimens for medical abortion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_2009-07-09_361_2/page/145 |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=361 |issue=2 |pages=145–151 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0809146 |pmc=3568698 |pmid=19587339}}</ref> 35% na duk zubar da ciki a 2010 da 43% na duk zubar da ciki a 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 31, 2016 |title=Abortion Pill Statistics: Medication Pregnancy Termination Rivals Surgery Rates In The United States |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/abortion-pill-statistics-medication-pregnancy-termination-rivals-surgery-rates-united-2439421 |access-date=April 19, 2018 |work=International Business Times |vauthors=Mindock C}}</ref> A cikin 2009, tsarin zubar da ciki na likita ta amfani da mifepristone a hade tare da analog na prostaglandin sune mafi yawan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don haifar da zubar da ciki na biyu a Kanada, yawancin Turai, China da Indiya;<ref name="Kapp 20092" /> ya bambanta da Amurka, inda 96% na zubar da ciki na biyu-trimester an yi ta tiyata ta hanyar [[dilation da fitarwa]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy : comprehensive abortion care|url=https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul|url-access=limited|vauthors=Hammond C, Chasen ST|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-7696-5|veditors=Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul/page/n197 178]–192|chapter=Dilation and evacuation}}</ref> == Tarihi == Masu binciken Sweden sun fara gwada yiwuwar [[zubar da ciki]] a cikin 1965. A cikin 1968, likitan Sweden [[Lars Engström]] ya buga takarda kan gwaji na asibiti, wanda aka gudanar a asibitin mata na [[Asibitin Karolinska]] a Stockholm, na fili na F6103 akan matan Sweden masu ciki da nufin haifar da zubar da ciki. Ita ce gwajin asibiti na farko na kwayar zubar da ciki da za a gudanar a Sweden.<ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Ramsey M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_9CzgEACAAJ|title=The Swedish Abortion Pill: Co-Producing Medical Abortion and Values, Ca. 1965-1992|date=2021|publisher=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis|isbn=978-91-513-1121-0}}</ref> Takardar, wanda aka fara mai suna ''The Swedish zubar da ciki Pill'', an sake masa suna zuwa ''The Swedish Postconception Pill'', saboda ƙananan adadin zubar da ciki da aka haifar da ya faru a cikin yawan mutanen da aka gwada. Bayan waɗannan yunƙurin ba su yi nasara ba tare da F6103, masu bincike guda ɗaya sun yi ƙoƙari su nemo kwayar zubar da ciki tare da [[Prostaglandin|prostaglandins]], suna yin amfani da yawan masana kimiyya na prostaglandin da ke aiki a Sweden a lokacin; Daga karshe an ba su [[Jerin wadanda suka samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Jiki ko Magunguna|lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Physiology a shekarar 1982]] saboda aikinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raju TN |date=November 1999 |title=The Nobel chronicles. 1982: Sune Karl Bergström (b 1916); Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson (b 1934); John Robert Vane (b 1927) |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9193 |pages=1914 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76884-7 |pmid=10584758 |s2cid=54236400}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likita ya zama hanyar samun nasarar zubar da ciki tare da samun [[Prostaglandin analogues|prostaglandin analogs]] a cikin 1970s da antiprogestogen mifepristone (wanda aka fi sani da RU-486) <ref name="RU-486">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rowan A |date=2015 |title=Prosecuting Women for Self-Inducing Abortion: Counterproductive and Lacking Compassion |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/18/3/gpr1807015.html |journal=Guttmacher Policy Review |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=70–76 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114230/http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/18/3/gpr1807015.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> a cikin 1980s.<ref name="Kapp 20092" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X |date=May 2022 |title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=5 |pages=CD002855 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 |pmc=9128719 |pmid=35608608}}</ref> An fara amincewa da Mifepristone don amfani a China da Faransa a 1988, a Burtaniya a 1991, a Sweden a 1992, a Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Jamus, Girka, Iceland, Isra'ila, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Rasha, Spain, da Switzerland a 1999, a Norway, Taiwan, Tunisia, da Amurka a 2000, da kuma a cikin ƙarin ƙasashe 70 daga 2001 zuwa 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gynuity Health Projects |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Map of Mifepristone Approvals |url=https://gynuity.org/assets/resources/mapmifelist_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529053718/https://gynuity.org/assets/resources/mapmifelist_en.pdf |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Gynuity Health Projects}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, FDA ta Amurka ta amince da mifepristone don zubar da ciki ta hanyar kwanakin 49 na ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Chen MJ |date=August 2016 |title=Medical abortion reporting of efficacy: the MARE guidelines |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.013 |pmid=27129936 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2016, FDA ta Amurka ta sabunta alamar mifepristone don tallafawa amfani ta cikin kwanaki 70 na ciki.<ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> == Samun damar zubar da ciki na likita == Duka kwayoyi{{Spaced en dash}}Mifepristone da misoprostol{{Spaced en dash}}Ba a rufe ta da haƙƙin mallaka na miyagun ƙwayoyi, don haka ana samun su azaman [[Magani na gama-gari|magungunan gama-gari]] . === Samuwar ma'auni === Abubuwan da ake buƙata don takardar sayan magani sun bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe. Kasashe da yawa suna samar da magungunan zubar da ciki na likita [[Kan kanshi|akan kantuna]], ba tare da takardar sayan magani ba, kamar China, Indiya, da sauransu. <ref name="OSCOTC">{{Cite web |last=Oral Contraceptives Over-the-Counter Working Group |title=Global Oral Contraception Availability |url=https://ocsotc.org/wp-content/uploads/worldmap/worldmap.html |publisher=}}</ref> Wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar takardar magani (Kanada, yawancin Yammacin Turai, Amurka, da sauransu). <ref name="OSCOTC" /> Wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar takardar sayan magani amma basu da hankali game da aiwatar da wannan buƙatun (Rasha, Brazil, da sauransu). <ref name="OSCOTC" /> === Samun damar wayar tarho === [[Telehealth]] ya haɗa da samun damar yin amfani da sabis na likita wanda mutum zai iya yi a gida, ba tare da kai-tsaye zuwa asibiti ko ofisoshin samarwa ba. Mutanen da suka yi amfani da rahoton kiwon lafiya na wayar tarho sun gamsu da damar da yake bayarwa ga ayyukan zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ireland S, Belton S, Doran F |date=March 2020 |title='I didn't feel judged': exploring women's access to telemedicine abortion in rural Australia |journal=Journal of Primary Health Care |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.1071/HC19050 |pmid=32223850 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ehrenreich K, Kaller S, Raifman S, Grossman D |date=September 2019 |title=Women's Experiences Using Telemedicine to Attend Abortion Information Visits in Utah: A Qualitative Study |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=407–413 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2019.04.009 |pmid=31109883 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, waɗanda zasu iya buƙatar sabis ɗin (waɗanda ke kurkuku, ba a gida, ko kuma masu ƙarancin kuɗi) galibi ana hana su shiga. <ref name="vox03">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2022 |title=The FDA made mail-order abortion pills legal. Access is still a nightmare. |url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/22968993/abortion-pills-mail-medication-fda-texas |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=Vox}}</ref> === Clinic-zuwa asibiti === A cikin wannan ƙirar, mai bada sabis yana tattaunawa da majiyyaci da ke wani rukunin yanar gizo ta amfani da taron bidiyo na asibiti-zuwa asibiti don ba da zubar da ciki na magani. An gabatar da wannan ta [[Shirye-shiryen Iyaye|Planned Parenthood]] na Heartland a Iowa don ba da damar majiyyaci a wata cibiyar kiwon lafiya don sadarwa ta ingantaccen bidiyo tare da mai ba da lafiya a wani wurin. <ref name="Guttmacher 2019">{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2019 |title=Improving Access to Abortion via Telehealth |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2019/05/improving-access-abortion-telehealth |access-date=April 21, 2020 |publisher=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> Wannan samfurin ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu Shirye-shiryen Iyaye a cikin jihohi da yawa da sauran asibitocin da ke ba da kulawar zubar da ciki. <ref name="Guttmacher 2019" /> === Samun kai tsaye zuwa ga marasa lafiya === Tsarin kai tsaye-zuwa-haƙuri yana ba da damar zubar da ciki na magani ba tare da ziyarar asibiti ta cikin mutum ba. Maimakon ziyarar asibiti a cikin mutum, majiyyaci yana karɓar shawarwari da umarni daga mai ba da zubar da ciki ta hanyar taron bidiyo. Mara lafiya na iya kasancewa a kowane wuri, gami da gidansu. Ana aika magungunan da ake buƙata don zubar da ciki kai tsaye zuwa ga majiyyaci. Wannan samfuri ne, da ake kira TelAbortion ko rashin gwajin magani zubar da ciki (tsohon zubar da ciki na magani ba tare da taɓawa ba), wanda Ayyukan Lafiya na Gynuity ke gwadawa da yin nazari, tare da izini na musamman daga [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Telabortion Project |url=https://telabortion.org/about/ |access-date=April 26, 2020}}</ref> An nuna wannan samfurin yana da aminci, inganci, inganci, kuma mai gamsarwa.<ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond E, Chong E, Winikoff B, Platais I, Mary M, Lotarevich T, Castillo PW, Kaneshiro B, Tschann M, Fontanilla T, Baldwin M, Schnyer A, Coplon L, Mathieu N, Bednarek P, Keady M, Priegue E |date=September 2019 |title=TelAbortion: evaluation of a direct to patient telemedicine abortion service in the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=173–177 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2019.05.013 |pmid=31170384 |s2cid=174811252 |doi-access=}}</ref> <ref name="Upadhyay etal 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Upadhyay UD, Koenig LR, Meckstroth KR |date=August 2021 |title=Safety and Efficacy of Telehealth Medication Abortions in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=e2122320 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22320 |pmc=8385590 |pmid=34427682}}</ref> Ana iya tabbatar da cikakkiyar zubar da ciki ta hanyar tantancewa ta wayar tarho. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen MJ, Rounds KM, Creinin MD, Cansino C, Hou MY |date=August 2016 |title=Comparing office and telephone follow-up after medical abortion |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d2753qm |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=122–126 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.007 |pmid=27101901 |s2cid=27825883}}</ref> === Tasirin COVID-19 === Cutar ta COVID-19 ta kalubalanci masu tsara manufofin kiwon lafiya a duk duniya wanda ya haifar da tasirin kai tsaye da kai tsaye kan samun lafiyar haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neill R, Hasan MZ, Das P, Venugopal V, Jain N, Arora D, Gupta S |date=May 2021 |title=Evidence of integrated health service delivery during COVID-19 in low and lower-middle-income countries: protocol for a scoping review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=e042872 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042872 |pmc=8098290 |pmid=33941625 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McDonnell S, McNamee E, Lindow SW, O'Connell MP |date=December 2020 |title=The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternity services: A review of maternal and neonatal outcomes before, during and after the pandemic |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology |volume=255 |pages=172–176 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.023 |pmc=7550066 |pmid=33142263}}</ref> Babban raguwar samuwa da isar da mahimmancin kula da lafiyar jima'i, gami da zubar da ciki mai aminci, a tsakanin cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar da karuwar rikice-rikice da asarar rayuka yayin daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, Stegmuller AR, Jackson BD, Tam Y, Sawadogo-Lewis T, Walker N |date=July 2020 |title=Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=e901–e908 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30229-1 |pmc=7217645 |pmid=32405459}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riley T, Sully E, Ahmed Z, Biddlecom A |date=April 2020 |title=Estimates of the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sexual and Reproductive Health In Low- and Middle-Income Countries |journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=46 |pages=73–76 |doi=10.1363/46e9020 |jstor=10.1363/46e9020 |pmid=32343244 |s2cid=216595145}}</ref> Masu ciki sun nemi samun zubar da ciki na likita fiye da zubar da ciki na tiyata a lokacin bala'in, kuma sun gwammace ikon yin zubar da ciki na likita a gida ta hanyar sabis na kiwon lafiya. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaderi K, Khodavirdilou R, Kalhor M, Behbahani BM, Keshavarz M, Bashtian MH, Dabir M, Irani M, Manouchehri E, Farahani MF, Mallah MA, Shamsabadi A |date=April 2023 |title=Abortion services during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=61 |doi=10.1186/s12978-023-01582-3 |pmc=10098996 |pmid=37055839 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> <ref name="Boydell 2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Boydell N, Reynolds-Wright JJ, Cameron ST, Harden J |date=October 2021 |title=Women's experiences of a telemedicine abortion service (up to 12 weeks) implemented during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: a qualitative evaluation |journal=BJOG |volume=128 |issue=11 |pages=1752–1761 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.16813 |pmc=8441904 |pmid=34138505}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chong E, Shochet T, Raymond E, Platais I, Anger HA, Raidoo S, Soon R, Grant MS, Haskell S, Tocce K, Baldwin MK, Boraas CM, Bednarek PH, Banks J, Coplon L, Thompson F, Priegue E, Winikoff B |date=July 2021 |title=Expansion of a direct-to-patient telemedicine abortion service in the United States and experience during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Contraception |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2021.03.019 |pmc=9748604 |pmid=33781762}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aiken AR, Starling JE, Gomperts R, Tec M, Scott JG, Aiken CE |date=October 2020 |title=Demand for Self-Managed Online Telemedicine Abortion in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=835–837 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004081 |pmc=7505141 |pmid=32701762}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Romanis EC, Parsons JA |date=December 2020 |title=Legal and policy responses to the delivery of abortion care during COVID-19 |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=479–486 |doi=10.1002/ijgo.13377 |pmc=9087790 |pmid=32931598}}</ref> <ref name="Reynolds-Wright etal 2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reynolds-Wright JJ, Johnstone A, McCabe K, Evans E, Cameron S |date=October 2021 |title=Telemedicine medical abortion at home under 12 weeks' gestation: a prospective observational cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=246–251 |doi=10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200976 |pmc=7868129 |pmid=33542062}}</ref> Bayanai sun nuna cewa karuwar amfani da telemedicine don ayyukan zubar da ciki a wannan lokacin ya kasance sakamakon tsoron COVID-19, rage ikon tafiya, umarnin zama a gida, babban ɓoyewa, da kwanciyar hankali na kulawar gida. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaller S, Muñoz MG, Sharma S, Tayel S, Ahlbach C, Cook C, Upadhyay UD |date=2021 |title=Abortion service availability during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a national census of abortion facilities in the U.S |journal=Contraception |volume=3 |pages=100067 |doi=10.1016/j.conx.2021.100067 |pmc=8292833 |pmid=34308330}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Porter Erlank C, Lord J, Church K |date=October 2021 |title=Acceptability of no-test medical abortion provided via telemedicine during Covid-19: analysis of patient-reported outcomes |journal=BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=261–268 |doi=10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200954 |pmid=33602718 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan bayanan sun goyi bayan aminci da inganci na sabis na zubar da ciki na telehealth, kuma sun nuna karuwar bukatar sa. Tsanani da adadin rikice-rikice bayan sabis na zubar da ciki na telehealth ya yi ƙasa, yana kwatanta ƙimar rikicewar zubar da ciki na gabaɗaya, gami da waɗanda aka yi a cikin asibitoci ko wasu wuraren kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Upadhyay etal 2011" /> === Amurka === A cikin Amurka, kowane kantin magani na iya cika takardun magani na mifepristone - kan layi ko [[Brick-da-turmi|bulo-da-turmi]] - wanda ya sami takaddun shaida na musamman. <ref>{{Cite news |date=December 16, 2021 |title=FDA relaxes restrictions on abortion pill |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/12/16/1064951611/today-is-the-fda-s-deadline-to-complete-a-review-of-its-rules-for-abortion-pill |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> An aiwatar da wannan tsarin na ɗan lokaci a cikin Dec 2021, kuma [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA) ta kammala shi a cikin Janairu 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2023 |title=FDA finalizes rule expanding availability of abortion pills |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-01-03/fda-finalizes-rule-allowing-mail-order-abortion-pills |access-date=June 14, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> Daga 2011 har zuwa 2021, ana buƙatar mace ta ziyarci [[mai ba da lafiya]] a cikin mutum (a asibiti ko ofis) kuma ta karɓi mifepristone kai tsaye daga mai badawa. <ref name="kff">{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2022 |title=The Availability and Use of Medication Abortion |url=https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-availability-and-use-of-medication-abortion/ |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> FDA ta cire buƙatun ziyartar asibiti don karɓar maganin a cikin Disamba 2021, yayin [[Annobar COVID-19 a Amurka|bala'in COVID-19]] . A karkashin sabbin dokokin, ana iya samun takardar sayan magani ta hanyar wayar tarho (kiran waya ko taron bidiyo tare da mai ba da lafiya), sannan a cika shi a kowane kantin magani da aka tabbatar. <ref name="FDAQA">{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Questions and Answers on Mifeprex |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/questions-and-answers-mifeprex |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref name="FDA mifepristone2">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref name="NYT 2020-04-282">{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2020 |title=Abortion by Telemedicine: A Growing Option as Access to Clinics Wanes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/28/health/telabortion-abortion-telemedicine.html |access-date=May 5, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |vauthors=Belluck P}}</ref> A lokaci guda FDA ta cire abin da ake buƙata don ziyarar cikin mutum, sun ƙara da buƙatu cewa rarraba magunguna su kasance "sharaɗi", wanda ke buƙatar kantin magani ya sami izini na musamman don ba da magungunan.{{Spaced en dash}}bukatu da FDA ta gindaya akan magunguna 40 kawai daga cikin fiye da 19,000 da take gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite news |date=May 3, 2022 |title=The Abortion Pill Is Safer Than Tylenol and Almost Impossible to Get |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-02-17/abortion-pill-mifepristone-is-safer-than-tylenol-and-almost-impossible-to-get |access-date=June 30, 2022 |work=Bloomberg |vauthors=Koons C}}</ref> Magani na biyu da ake amfani da shi wajen zubar da ciki na likita, misoprostol, an fi amfani da shi don magance ciwon ciki, kuma ba a taɓa fuskantar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mifepristone ba, kuma koyaushe ana samun su daga kantin magani tare da takardar sayan magani.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}} FDA ba ta ba da izinin yin amfani da mifepristone don zubar da ciki na likita ba bayan kwanaki 70, ba kamar sauran ƙasashe ba, waɗanda ke ba da izinin zubar da ciki na likita a cikin na biyu trimester har ma da na uku trimester.<ref name="FDAQA" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N |date=January 2011 |title=Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2011 |issue=1 |pages=CD005216 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005216.pub2 |pmc=8557267 |pmid=21249669}}</ref> Wasu jihohi sun zartar da dokokin da suka hana masu samar da bincike bincikar mace ta hanyar wayar tarho ko taron bidiyo, maimakon haka suna buƙatar matar ta kai ziyarar kai tsaye ga mai ba da magani don samun takardar sayan magani. <ref name="CNN_TEN2">{{Cite news |date=May 6, 2022 |title=Governor signs bill criminalizing mail-in abortion drugs |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/06/us/tennessee-abortion-pills-by-mail-bill/index.html |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=CNN |vauthors=Watts A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Mail-order abortion pills become next US reproductive rights battleground |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/apr/07/us-mail-order-abortions-oklahoma |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |vauthors=Matei A}}</ref> A yawancin jihohi, ana iya aikawa da magungunan zubar da ciki daga kantin magani ga majiyyaci ta hanyar wasiku, amma wasu jihohi sun zartar da dokar da ta haramta hakan, kuma suna buƙatar samun magungunan daga kantin magani ko mai badawa a cikin mutum.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N |date=January 2011 |title=Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2011 |issue=1 |pages=CD005216 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005216.pub2 |pmc=8557267 |pmid=21249669}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Mail-order abortion pills become next US reproductive rights battleground |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/apr/07/us-mail-order-abortions-oklahoma |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |vauthors=Matei A}}</ref> [[Fayil:2022.06.24_Roe_v_Wade_Overturned_-_SCOTUS,_Washington,_DC_USA_175_143208_(52170905969).jpg|thumb|Amincewa da Hoto: Ted Eytan - 2022.06.24 Roe v Wade Ya Juye - SCOTUS, Washington, DC Amurka 175 143208.]] Sha'awar magungunan zubar da ciki a Amurka ta kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin 2022, bayan da [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yi watsi da daftarin ''[[Dobbs v. Kungiyar Lafiya ta Mata ta Jackson|Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organisation]]'' wanda zai soke hukuncin ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' na 1973 ta yanar gizo. <ref name="poliak">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Poliak A, Satybaldiyeva N, Strathdee SA, Leas EC, Rao R, Smith D, Ayers JW |date=September 2022 |title=Internet Searches for Abortion Medications Following the Leaked Supreme Court of the United States Draft Ruling |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=182 |issue=9 |pages=1002–1004 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2998 |pmc=9244771 |pmid=35767270}}</ref> Sha'awa ta kasance mafi girma a jihohin da ke da ƙarin hani kan samun zubar da ciki. <ref name="poliak" /> Masu fafutukar [[Ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki|zabar zabi]] a Amurka sun binciko hanyoyin da za a samar da zubar da ciki na likita, musamman a jihohin da ke da iyaka, tare da amfani da albarkatun [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun]] don wannan dalili. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2022 |title=The Future of Abortion in a Post-Roe America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/roe-v-wade-overturn-abortion-rights/629366/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2022 |title=The activists championing DIY abortions for a post-Roe v Wade world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/07/abortion-pill-at-home-activists-future-roe-v-wade |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Need help getting an abortion? Social media flooded with resources after Roe reversal |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2022/06/28/supreme-court-roe-abortion-help-funds-instagram-tiktok/7728639001/ |access-date=June 29, 2022 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grossi P, O'Connor D |date=2023 |title=FDA preemption of conflicting state drug regulation and the looming battle over abortion medications |journal=Journal of Law and the Biosciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=lsad005 |doi=10.1093/jlb/lsad005 |pmc=10017072 |pmid=36938304 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da takunkumin zubar da ciki da wasu jihohi suka sanya bayan hukuncin Dobbs na shari'a, kungiyoyi da yawa da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na sadarwa da suka shafi zubar da ciki na likita, irin su [[Shirin C|Plan C]] da [[Hai Jane|Hey Jane]], sun ga karuwar tambayoyi da amfani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baker CN |date=August 2023 |title=History and Politics of Medication Abortion in the United States and the Rise of Telemedicine and Self-Managed Abortion |journal=Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=485–510 |doi=10.1215/03616878-10449941 |pmid=36693178}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jenkins J, Woodside F, Lipinsky K, Simmonds K, Coplon L |date=November 2021 |title=Abortion With Pills: Review of Current Options in The United States |journal=Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=749–757 |doi=10.1111/jmwh.13291 |pmid=34699129}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howard S, Krishna G |date=October 2022 |title=How the US scrapping of Roe v Wade threatens the global medical abortion revolution |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=379 |issue= |pages=o2349 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o2349 |pmid=36261168}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Insurers Are Starting to Cover Telehealth Abortion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/18/upshot/abortion-pills-telehealth-insurance.html |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=A Texas Republican Wants to Ban People From Reading About How to Get an Abortion Online |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/03/texas-abortion-websites-ban |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2023, Gwamna [[Mark Gordon]] na Wyoming ya sanya hannu kan wata doka da ta haramta amfani da kwayoyin zubar da ciki a cikin jihar, wanda ya zama jihar Amurka ta farko da ta haramta zubar da ciki daban-daban daga hana duk ayyukan zubar da ciki. Sabuwar dokar, wacce ta fara aiki a watan Yuli 2023, ta haramta "rubutun magani, rarrabawa, rarrabawa, siyarwa, ko amfani da kowane magani" don samun ko zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SF0109 - Prohibiting chemical abortions. |url=https://www.wyoleg.gov/Legislation/2023/SF0109 |access-date=February 1, 2024 |publisher=Wyoming Legislature}}</ref> Wadanda suka karya doka, ban da mai juna biyu, ana iya tuhumar su da aikata wani laifi kuma za su iya fuskantar tarar dala 9,000 da kuma daurin watanni shida a gidan yari.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Wyoming Becomes First State to Outlaw Abortion Pills |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/17/us/wyoming-abortion-pills-ban.html |access-date=March 18, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |vauthors=Chen DW, Belluck P}}</ref> Wasu jihohi goma sha hudu sun kafa dokar hana zubar da ciki bargo da suka hada da zubar da ciki na likitanci, duk da haka, kuma jihohi goma sha biyar sun riga sun takaita amfani da wadannan magunguna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Medication Abortion |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/medication-abortion |access-date=February 1, 2024 |publisher=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2024, wasu manyan sarƙoƙi na kantin magani, irin su [[CVS Pharmacy|CVS]] da [[Walgreens]], sun karɓi takaddun shaida daga FDA don ba da mifepristone kuma suna shirin ba da shi don siyarwa a cikin jihohin da ke da doka. <ref name="CNN 20240301">{{cite news |date=1 March 2024 |title=CVS, Walgreens say they'll start dispensing abortion pill mifepristone |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/01/health/cvs-walgreens-to-dispense-abortion-pill-mifepristone/index.html |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=CNN |vauthors=Tirrell M, Carvajal N}}</ref> A cikin waɗancan jihohin, matan da ke neman zubar da ciki za su ziyarci ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya don samun takardar magani, amma za su iya siyan maganin a wani kantin magani da aka ƙware, maimakon buƙatar jiki ta karɓi ta kai tsaye daga asibiti, asibiti, ko kiwon lafiya. mai bayarwa. <ref name="CNN 20240301" /> == Al'umma da al'adu == Hukumar ta WHO ta tabbatar da cewa ya kamata dokoki da manufofi su goyi bayan samun damar mutane don samun kulawar da aka amince da su ta hanyar shaida, gami da zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Medical management of abortion|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2018|isbn=978-9241550406|pages=24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2019 |title=Human Rights and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-health |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> === Rigimar "juyawa". === Wasu kungiyoyin [[Motsin hana zubar da ciki|hana zubar da ciki]] suna da'awar cewa marasa lafiya da suka canza ra'ayinsu game da zubar da ciki bayan shan mifepristone na iya "juya" zubar da ciki ta hanyar gudanar da progesterone (kuma ba gudanar da misoprostol ba). <ref>{{cite news |date=April 4, 2018 |title=As controversial 'abortion reversal' laws increase, researcher says new data shows protocol can work |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/04/03/as-controversial-abortion-reversal-laws-multiply-researcher-says-new-data-shows-it-can-work-critics-are-still-skeptical/ |access-date=April 23, 2018 |vauthors=Cha AE}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=California Board of Nursing Sanctions Unproven Abortion 'Reversal' (Updated) - Rewire |url=https://rewire.news/article/2017/08/17/california-board-nursing-sanctions-unproven-abortion-reversal/ |access-date=November 23, 2017 |work=Rewire}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2022, babu wata kwakkwarar hujja ta kimiyya cewa za a iya juya tasirin mifepristone ta wannan hanyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bhatti KZ, Nguyen AT, Stuart GS |date=March 2018 |title=Medical abortion reversal: science and politics meet |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=218 |issue=3 |pages=315.e1–315.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.555 |pmid=29141197 |s2cid=205373684}}</ref> <ref name="NPR 2019-12-052">{{Cite news |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Safety Problems Lead To Early End For Study Of 'Abortion Pill Reversal' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/05/785262221/safety-problems-lead-to-early-end-for-study-of-abortion-pill-reversal |access-date=December 6, 2019 |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grossman D, White K, Harris L, Reeves M, Blumenthal PD, Winikoff B, Grimes DA |date=September 2015 |title=Continuing pregnancy after mifepristone and "reversal" of first-trimester medical abortion: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=206–211 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2015.06.001 |pmid=26057457}}</ref> Duk da haka, jihohi da yawa a Amurka suna buƙatar masu samar da zubar da ciki ba na tiyata ba waɗanda ke amfani da mifepristone don gaya wa marasa lafiya cewa juyawa zaɓi ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Counseling and Waiting Periods for Abortion |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/counseling-and-waiting-periods-abortion |publisher=The Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> A cikin 2019, masu bincike sun ƙaddamar da ƙaramin gwaji na abin da ake kira tsarin "juyawa" ta amfani da mifepristone wanda ke biye da progesterone ko placebo. <ref>{{Cite news |date=March 22, 2019 |title=Controversial 'Abortion Reversal' Regimen is Put to the Test |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/22/688783130/controversial-abortion-reversal-regimen-is-put-to-the-test |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2019 |title=There's no proof "abortion reversals" are real. This study could end the debate |url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/j5wqqp/theres-no-proof-abortion-reversals-are-real-this-study-could-end-the-debate |website=Vice |access-date=September 3, 2024 |archive-date=July 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704025003/https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/j5wqqp/theres-no-proof-abortion-reversals-are-real-this-study-could-end-the-debate |url-status=dead }}</ref> An dakatar da binciken ne bayan da mata 12 suka yi rajista sannan uku sun samu mummunan zubar jini a cikin farji. Sakamakon ya haifar da damuwa mai tsanani game da amfani da mifepristone ba tare da bin misoprostol ba. <ref name="NPR 2019-12-05">{{Cite news |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Safety Problems Lead To Early End For Study Of 'Abortion Pill Reversal' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/05/785262221/safety-problems-lead-to-early-end-for-study-of-abortion-pill-reversal |access-date=December 6, 2019 |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> === Ilimin tattalin arziki === A cikin Amurka, a cikin 2009, farashin da aka caje don zubar da ciki na likita har zuwa makonni tara na ciki shine {{US$|490}}, kashi huɗu sama da $470 na al'ada da ake cajin [[zubar da ciki]] a cikin makonni goma. <ref name="Jones 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones RK, Kooistra K |date=March 2011 |title=Abortion incidence and access to services in the United States, 2008 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_perspectives-on-sexual-and-reproductive-health_2011-03_43_1/page/41 |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1363/4304111 |pmid=21388504 |s2cid=2045184}}</ref> A Amurka, a cikin 2008, kashi 57% na matan da suka zubar da ciki sun biya su [[Kudin aljihu|daga aljihu]] .<ref name="Jones 2011" /> A cikin Afrilu 2013, gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta fara aikin tantancewa don yanke shawarar ko za a lissafta mifepristone (RU486) da misoprostol akan [[Tsarin Amfanin Magunguna]] na ƙasar (PBS). <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2013 |title=Abortion drugs closer to being subsidised but some states still lag |url=http://theconversation.com/abortion-drugs-closer-to-being-subsidised-but-some-states-still-lag-13772 |access-date=April 29, 2013 |website=[[The Conversation Australia]]}}</ref> A cikin Yuni 2013, [[Ministan lafiya na Australia|Ministan Lafiya na Ostiraliya]] ya sanar da cewa Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta amince da jerin sunayen mifepristone da misoprostol akan PBS don ƙarewar likita a farkon ciki daidai da shawarar [[Kwamitin Shawarar Amfanin Magunguna|Kwamitin Shawarwari na Amfanin Magunguna]] . <ref name="PBS">{{Cite web |title=March 2013 PBAC Outcomes - Positive Recommendations |url=https://www.pbs.gov.au/info/industry/listing/elements/pbac-meetings/pbac-outcomes/2013-03/positive-recommendations |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care}}</ref> Lissafi akan PBS sun fara a watan Agusta 2013. <ref name="RADAR">{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Mifepristone (Mifepristone Linepharma) followed by misoprostol (GyMiso) for medical termination of pregnancy of up to 49 days' gestation |url=https://www.nps.org.au/radar/articles/mifepristone-mifepristone-linepharma-followed-by-misoprostol-gy-miso-for-medical-termination-of-pregnancy-of-up-to-49-days-gestation |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=RADAR Review |publisher=National Prescribing Service (NPS) MedicineWise}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) |url=https://www.pbs.gov.au/medicine/item/10211K |access-date=June 14, 2023 |publisher=Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care}}</ref> == Manazarta == dud1rwrdlcfg0k0k5rkz26ryze62411 0 90673 964544 785207 2026-10-07T23:22:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Warren Winiarski''' (Oktoba 22, 1928 - Yuni 7, 2024) ɗan Amurka ne mai yin giya na Napa Valley kuma wanda ya kafa kuma mai mallakar Stag's Leap Wine Cellars. <ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/13/dining/drinks/warren-winiarski-dead.html</ref> Winiarski ya mallaki kuma yana sarrafa Arcadia Vineyards a cikin Coombsville AVA na Kwarin Napa, wanda ke samar da Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon da Merlot. A cikin 1976, Winiarski ya ci nasara a hukuncin Paris don ɗanɗano makaho don 1973 Stag's Leap Wine Cellars Cabernet Sauvignon.<ref>https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/05/24/479163882/the-judgment-of-paris-the-blind-taste-test-that-decanted-the-wine-world</ref> Ya kula da Gidauniyar Iyali ta Winiarski, wacce ke tallafawa abubuwan ilimi da ayyukan jin kai, baya ga darussan koyarwa a shirin Classics na Summer Classics na Kwalejin St. John a Santa Fe, [[New Mexico]]. A cikin 2017, an shigar da Winiarski a cikin aji na 11 na Hall of Fame ta California ta Gwamna Edmund G. Brown Jr. don ƙoƙarinsa na duniya don nunawa da adana inganci da tarihin giya na California. Cibiyar Smithsonian, ta hanyar Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Amurka, ta ba Winiarski lambar yabo ta James Smithson Bicentennial a kan Nuwamba 21, 2019.<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/a-pioneering-california-winemaker-gets-his-due-from-the-smithsonian/2019/11/27/f9115ff6-114c-11ea-bf62-eadd5d11f559_story.html</ref><ref>https://www.sfchronicle.com/wine/article/Napa-vintner-Warren-Winiarski-wins-14847449.php</ref> ==Fage== An haifi Warren Winiarski ga Stephen da Lottie Winiarski a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1928, a wani babban yanki na Yaren mutanen [[Poland]] na Chicago, Illinois.<ref>Profile of Warren Winiarski</ref> Iyayensa sun mallaki sana'a mai daɗi a Chicago kuma mahaifinsa ya yi ruwan inabi na zuma, da ɗanɗano mai 'ya'yan itace, da ruwan inabi dandelion a gida waɗanda dangin suka sha a lokuta na musamman.<ref>http://www.sfgate.com/wine/article/THE-WINIARSKI-WAY-In-1976-Warren-Winiarski-s-2800232.php</ref> Ya karanci manhajar gargajiya ta yamma a Kwalejin St. John da ke Annapolis, Maryland, inda ya kammala a 1952;<ref>http://www.sfgate.com/wine/article/THE-WINIARSKI-WAY-In-1976-Warren-Winiarski-s-2800232.php</ref> Winiarski sannan ya fara aikin kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Chicago a ka'idar siyasa tare da Leo Strauss.<ref>https://magazine.uchicago.edu/0602/peer/vitae.shtml</ref> Yayin da yake Kwalejin St. John, Winiarski ya sadu da matarsa, Barbara kuma sun yi aure a 1958.<ref>http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/st.-john-s-college-receives-50-million-toward-new-tuition-model</ref>. A lokacin karatunsa a Jami'ar Chicago, Winiarski ya shafe shekara guda a Italiya (1954-55) yana nazarin masanin siyasa Niccolò Machiavelli.<ref>http://www.sfgate.com/wine/article/THE-WINIARSKI-WAY-In-1976-Warren-Winiarski-s-2800232.php</ref> A wannan shekarar ne ya gamsu cewa yana son ya zama mai shan giya.<ref>https://www.sacbee.com/food-drink/wine/dunne-on-wine/article102135322.html</ref> Ya kuma yi lacca a cikin Basic Program of Liberal Education a Jami'ar Chicago yayin da yake aiki a kan Ph.D. Bayan ya ba da gudummawar babi akan Machiavelli a cikin littafin Rand McNally, Tarihin Falsafa na Siyasa (1963),<ref>https://magazine.uchicago.edu/0602/peer/vitae.shtml</ref> ya rage karatunsa na ilimi zuwa digiri na MA daga Kwamitin John U. Nef akan tunanin zamantakewa. Winiarski ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2024, yana da shekaru 95.<ref>https://www.sfchronicle.com/food/wine/article/warren-winiarski-stags-leap-obituary-17815192.php</ref> ==Yin giya== A cikin 1964, Warren da Barbara Winiarski sun ƙaura zuwa Napa Valley, California,<ref>http://www.sfgate.com/wine/article/THE-WINIARSKI-WAY-In-1976-Warren-Winiarski-s-2800232.php</ref> inda Winiarski ya karɓi aiki a matsayin mai koyan inabi yana aiki tare da Lee Stewart a Souverain Cellars, 1966, yayin da Michael Mondavi baya nan a Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.winemag.com/2019/02/11/does-formal-wine-training-matter/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2022-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219165516/https://www.winemag.com/2019/02/11/does-formal-wine-training-matter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1968, Winiarski ya bar Robert Mondavi Winery don yin ruwan inabi a Colorado a Ivancie Cellars.<ref>http://www.coloradowinepress.com/2014/05/the-first-flying-winemaker.html</ref> Ya zaɓi 'ya'yan inabi na California waɗanda za a aika zuwa Denver, inda aka yi su ruwan inabi. Ko da yake Winiarski har yanzu yana zaune a California, wannan aikin zai fara fara masana'antar giya ta Colorado.<ref>http://www.denverpost.com/food/ci_25883924/arrival-our-wines</ref> A cikin 1970, Winiarski da masu zuba jari da yawa sun sayi wata gona mai girman eka 44 a cikin kwarin Napa kuma suka sake dasa shi zuwa gonar inabinsa.<ref>http://www.sfgate.com/wine/article/THE-WINIARSKI-WAY-In-1976-Warren-Winiarski-s-2800232.php</ref> Ya cire prune, ceri, da bishiyar goro a kan dukiya kuma ya dasa Cabernet Sauvignon da Merlot. A cikin 1973 Winiarski ya gina gidan inabi kusa da gonar inabin kuma ya kafa Stag's Leap Wine Cellars, kuma a shekara ta gaba, 1974, ya gabatar da layin ajiya, Cask 23.<ref>http://www.sfgate.com/wine/article/THE-WINIARSKI-WAY-In-1976-Warren-Winiarski-s-2800232.php</ref> A cikin 1976, Winiarski ya lashe hukuncin Paris makafi don ɗanɗana makafi na 1973 Stag's Leap Wine Cellars Cabernet Sauvignon. Nasarar ta kawo karɓuwa a duniya ga California, Kwarin Napa, da Stag's Leap Wine Cellars.<ref>https://www.si.edu/object/nmah_1297104</ref> A cikin 1989, Warren ya jagoranci kwamitin Napa Valley Vintners wanda ya jagoranci kuma ya sami nassi na dokar jihar California, Dokar Majalisar Dattijai ta Jiha No. 771 (Dokar Lakabi na Haɗin Kai), wanda ke buƙatar kowane ruwan inabi bayan 1 ga Janairu, 1990, kuma an lakafta shi da Ba'amurke. Yankin Viticultural (AVA) wanda ke cikin kwarin Napa dole ne ya haɗa da kwarin Napa akan lakabin "a tare da sauran AVA. nadin ruwan inabi."<ref>https://www.guildsomm.com/public_content/features/articles/b/richard-mendelson/posts/appellation-napa-valley?CommentId=705bc467-23f7-4783-87ce-7a6f769842da</ref> Wannan doka ta taimaka wajen gina daidaiton alama ga kowane AVAs da kuma kwarin Napa, yana tabbatar da cewa yankin koyaushe yana da masu nasara biyu kuma ba asara. Dokar ta ƙarfafa matsayin Napa Valley a matsayin yanki mai daraja a duniya.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wep.2017.10.003</ref> A cikin 2003, tsofaffin ɗaliban shan inabi talatin da ƙungiyar masu yin ruwan inabi na yanzu sun biya Winiarski ta hanyar shigar da Hannun Lokaci a Stag's Leap Wine Cellars. Kowannensu ya sanya hannayensu cikin jimillar dutsen farar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar plaque. An ɗora waɗannan allunan a matsayin abin tunawa a wurin shan giya don tunatar da waɗanda ke nan gaba damar koyo da ci gaba. Wadanda suka halarci wannan rana sun hada da John Kongsgaard, Bob Sessions, John Williams, Dick Ward, Rolando Herrera, Françoise Peschon, Paul Hobbs da Michael Silacci. Yawancin waɗannan masu yin ruwan inabi sun shafe shekarunsu na girma a Stag's Leap Wine Cellars tare da Winiarski.<ref>Winiarski's legacy: Attention to detail". Napavalletregister.com. February 25, 2003. Retrieved May 19, 2018.</ref> A cikin 1996, Winiarski da matarsa, Barbara, sun qaddamar da Cibiyar Tarihi ta Smithsonian National Museum of American History's Food & Wine History Project. Aikin yana amfani da tarihin abinci da ruwan inabi a matsayin ruwan tabarau don fahimtar tarihin Amurka ta hanyar gano dogon tarihin ruwan inabi a Amurka.<ref>https://napavalleyregister.com/wine/the-legend-among-us-warren-winiarski-napa-valley-vintner-to/article_524e8659-e2d3-5f91-974c-df6c3a51afa1.html</ref> Winiarski ya ƙirƙira kuma ya koyar da wani taron karawa juna sani a taron tattaunawa na Red, White da Amurka a Cibiyar Smithsonian akan bikin cikar 20th na Hukuncin Paris. Taron, kamar yadda aka ɗanɗana birnin Paris shekaru 20 da suka gabata, ya kasance wani muhimmin ci gaba a tarihin giya na Amurka domin ya nuna yadda gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da giya a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Amurka.<ref>https://napavalleyregister.com/wine/the-legend-among-us-warren-winiarski-napa-valley-vintner-to/article_524e8659-e2d3-5f91-974c-df6c3a51afa1.html</ref> Winiarski ya ƙirƙira kuma ya koyar da wani taron karawa juna sani a taron tattaunawa na Red, White da Amurka a Cibiyar Smithsonian akan bikin cikar 20th na Hukuncin Paris. Taron, kamar na Paris da aka ɗanɗana shekaru 20 da suka gabata, ya kasance wani muhimmin ci gaba a tarihin giya na Amurka domin ya nuna yadda gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da giya a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adun Amurka.<ref>https://napavalleyregister.com/wine/the-legend-among-us-warren-winiarski-napa-valley-vintner-to/article_524e8659-e2d3-5f91-974c-df6c3a51afa1.html</ref> A cikin 2012, Stag's Leap Wine Cellars' 1973 Cabernet Sauvignon an karɓi shi cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Amurka na Smithsonian a Washington, D.C. tarin gidan kayan gargajiya na dindindin.<ref>https://www.si.edu/object/nmah_1297104</ref> An haɗa kwalbar a cikin "Ayyukan Tarihin Abinci & Wine na Amurka". An haɗa kwalbar a cikin littafin, "The Smithsonian's History of America in 101 Objects", na Richard Kurin, Ƙarƙashin Sakataren Tarihi, Art, da Al'adu na Cibiyar Smithsonian. Sauran abubuwan da aka zaɓa don littafin daga kayan tarihi miliyan 137 na gidan kayan gargajiya sun haɗa da kwat ɗin sararin samaniya na Neil Armstrong, Ruhun Charles Lindbergh na St. Louis, da Lewis & Clark's compass.<ref>https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/04/10/wines-that-put-napa-on-the-map-honored-by-smithsonian/</ref> A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2007, Stag's Leap Wine Cellars sun cimma yarjejeniya don siyan dala miliyan 185 ta UST Inc. da Marchese Piero Antinori.<ref>https://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/Iconic-Napa-Winery-Stags-Leap-Sold-for-185-Million_3679</ref><ref>https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/After-the-leap-His-celebrated-winery-sold-3289903.php</ref> Winarski ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawarsa ga masana'antar ruwan inabi ta Colorado. Don girmama tasirinsa da jagoranci ga al'adun gargajiya na jihar, an gayyace shi don shiga a matsayin alkali a gasar cin kofin ruwan inabi ta Gwamnan Colorado daga 2014 zuwa 2018.<ref>https://www.prweb.com/releases/colorado_wine_board_hosts_governor_s_cup_competition_with_warren_winiarski_among_the_judges/prweb11727166.htm</ref>. A cikin 2018, an karrama shi da lambar yabo ta "Friends of the Colorado Wine Industry" na Colorado Association of Viticulture and Enology.<ref>https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180206005832/en/Warren-Winiarski-Named-Friend-Colorado-Wine-Industry</ref> Winiarski ya mallaki kuma yana sarrafa Arcadia Vineyards, a cikin Coombsville AVA na kwarin Napa wanda ke samar da Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, da Merlot.<ref>https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/After-the-leap-His-celebrated-winery-sold-3289903.php</ref> ==Tallafawa== Gidauniyar Iyali ta Winiarski ta ba da gudummawa ga yawancin kiyayewa da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce, gami da na Smithsonian National Museum of History, binciken tarihin giya da abinci, tattara giya da abubuwan abinci, Dinners na Winemaker na Smithsonian,<ref>https://napavalleyregister.com/wine/the-legend-among-us-warren-winiarski-napa-valley-vintner-to/article_524e8659-e2d3-5f91-974c-df6c3a51afa1.html</ref> Amintaccen ƙasa na Napa. Gundumar,<ref>https://napavalleyregister.com/star/lifestyles/land-trust-honors-warren-and-barbara-winiarski-with-acre-by/article_3bd1934e-97b7-5cb8-b83d-6d8f6b83e441.html {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gundumar Buɗaɗɗen Sarari ta Napa County,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wineindustryadvisor.com/2017/05/04/napa-vintners-warren-winiarski-open-space |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2022-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117050433/https://wineindustryadvisor.com/2017/05/04/napa-vintners-warren-winiarski-open-space |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jack L. Davies Napa Valley Kiyaye Asusun Noma,<ref>https://napavalleyregister.com/star/lifestyles/land-trust-honors-warren-and-barbara-winiarski-with-acre-by/article_3bd1934e-97b7-5cb8-b83d-6d8f6b83e441.html {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Idan Aka Bashi. A Chance<ref>http://www.ifgivenachance.org/awards</ref> da The Pathway Home,<ref>https://napavalleyregister.com/news/local/graduate-of-napa-valley-s-pathway-home-featured-in-film/article_2c492202-cc8b-5e9a-bf95-cba18fd3e258.html</ref> a tsakanin sauran kungiyoyi. A cikin 2018, Gidauniyar Iyali ta Winiarski ta ba da tallafin daidai da dala miliyan 50 ga Kwalejin St. John da ke Annapolis da Santa Fe don taimakawa wajen cike gibin da ke tsakanin abin da ake kashe wa kwalejin don ilimantar da ɗalibi da abin da ɗalibin ke biya a cikin karatun. Tallafin ya ba wa kwalejojin biyu damar rage farashin koyarwa da $17,000.<ref>https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/st-john-s-college-plans-major-tuition-decrease/article_ff2c397d-b162-55f1-a0d5-75b25fe34876.html</ref><ref>http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/st.-john-s-college-receives-50-million-toward-new-tuition-model</ref> A cikin Yuni 2018, Winiarski ya ba da gudummawar dala miliyan 3.3 don gina mafi girman tarin marubutan giya a cikin ɗakin karatu a Jami'ar [[California, Davis]].<ref>https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/world-renowned-vintner-gives-33-million-uc-davis-library</ref> A cikin Oktoba 2020, Gidauniyar Iyali ta Winiarski, ta ba da kyautar $ 150,000 ga Tsarin Viticulture da Enology na Kwalejin Al'ummar Yammacin Colorado a Jami'ar Colorado Mesa a Grand Junction, Colorado. Taimakon ya kafa "Warren Winiarski, Cibiyar Gerald Ivancie na Viticulture da Enology" kuma yana ba da kudade don guraben karo ilimi, shirye-shirye da ayyukan bincike don taimakawa masu shan inabi na Colorado da masu noman inabi tare da ba da dama ga sabon ƙarni a masana'antar giya ta Colorado.<ref>https://www.gjsentinel.com/news/western_colorado/napa-legend-donating-150k-to-form-cmu-wine-institute/article_1ac7e4d0-0e59-11eb-a104-9f12b61b80ca.html</ref> ==Kiyaye ƙasa== Winiarski yana cikin ainihin masu tallata Napa Ag Preserve da aka wuce a cikin 1968,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wineindustryadvisor.com/2017/02/21/napa-valleys-warren-winiarski-stands-open-space |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2023-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230750/https://wineindustryadvisor.com/2017/02/21/napa-valleys-warren-winiarski-stands-open-space |url-status=dead }}</ref> Measure J a 1990 da haɓaka Measure P a 2008, Auna I a 2006, Auna Z 2017 da Auna C a cikin 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wineindustryadvisor.com/2017/02/21/napa-valleys-warren-winiarski-stands-open-space |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2023-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929230750/https://wineindustryadvisor.com/2017/02/21/napa-valleys-warren-winiarski-stands-open-space |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fara a cikin 1990, Winiarski ya ba da gudummawar kusan kadada 200 ga Land Trust of Napa County, gami da gonar inabin Paris Tasting da kuma dukiyarsa na yanzu, Arcadia Vineyards, a Coombsville AVA.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://napavalleyregister.com/star/lifestyles/land-trust-honors-warren-and-barbara-winiarski-with-acre-by/article_3bd1934e-97b7-5cb8-b83d-6d8f6b83e441.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107220154/https://napavalleyregister.com/star/lifestyles/land-trust-honors-warren-and-barbara-winiarski-with-acre-by/article_3bd1934e-97b7-5cb8-b83d-6d8f6b83e441.html |archive-date=2025-01-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Kyaututtuka== *2019 James Smithson Bicentennial Medal, wanda Cibiyar Smithsonian Institute ta bayar, Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Amurka<ref>https://www.sfchronicle.com/wine/article/Napa-vintner-Warren-Winiarski-wins-14847449.php</ref><ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/a-pioneering-california-winemaker-gets-his-due-from-the-smithsonian/2019/11/27/f9115ff6-114c-11ea-bf62-eadd5d11f559_story.html</ref> *2018 American Legend Star, wanda Mai sha'awar Wine ya ba shi <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wineindustryadvisor.com/2018/09/18/warren-winiarski-legend-wine-star-award |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2022-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625204637/https://wineindustryadvisor.com/2018/09/18/warren-winiarski-legend-wine-star-award |url-status=dead }}</ref> *Abokan 2018 na lambar yabo ta Masana'antar Wine ta Colorado, Ƙungiyar Viticulture da Enology ta Colorado<ref>https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180206005832/en/Warren-Winiarski-Named-Friend-Colorado-Wine-Industry</ref> *An shigar da 2017 a cikin Hall of Fame na California a matsayin memba na aji na 11 ta Gwamna Edmund G. Brown Jr.<ref>http://www.decanter.com/wine-news/warren-winiarski-california-hall-fame-379806/</ref> *2017 Acre ta lambar yabo ta Acre, wanda aka karɓa tare da matarsa, Barbara, Land Trust na Napa County<ref>https://www.napalandtrust.org/hikesactivities/acre-by-acre-awards/2017-acre-by-acre-award/</ref> *2017 Mutum na Shekara, Czas Wina Magazine, Kraków, Poland<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wineindustryadvisor.com/2017/10/31/warren-winiarski-czas-wina-person-year |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-01-07 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613121420/https://wineindustryadvisor.com/2017/10/31/warren-winiarski-czas-wina-person-year |url-status=dead }}</ref> *2016 Ƙaddamar Majalissar Amurka 734, mai tunawa da 1976 Hukunci na Paris Tasting's Anniversary, Capitol Hill, Washington D.C.<ref>https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/734</ref> *2013 lambar yabo ta [[Thomas Jefferson]], Kwalejin Fasaha ta Pennsylvania<ref>https://www.pafa.org/bacchanal/jefferson-award{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *Mujallar Smithsonian ta 2012 ta haɗa da Stag's Leap Wine Cellars 1973 S.L.V. Cabernet Sauvignon a matsayin daya daga cikin "Abubuwa 101 da suka yi Amurka"<ref>https://www.si.edu/object/nmah_1297104</ref><ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/101-objects-that-made-america-2254692/</ref> *2010 Distinguished Alumni Award, Jami'ar Chicago<ref>https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2010/05/14/alumni-award-winners-span-varied-careers-and-achievements-economics-medicine-wine</ref> *2009 An shigar da shi a cikin Vintner Hall of Fame, Cibiyar Culinary ta Amurka, St. Helena, California<ref>https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20081201005193/en/Culinary-Institute-America-Announces-2009-Vintners-Hall</ref> *Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa ta Wine ta 2008, Bakin Jahar California<ref>"Wine Lifetime Achievement Award". California State Fair. Retrieved April 9, 2019.</ref> *2006 Ƙaddamar Majalissar Amurka 399, tunawa da 1976 Hukunci na Paris Tasting's Anniversary 30th, Capitol Hill, Washington D.C. *2004 Warren Winiarski "Vintner of the Year" lambar yabo da aka samu daga COPIA: Cibiyar Wine, Abinci da Fasaha ta Amurka<ref>https://www.sfgate.com/wine/article/Grape-broker-says-glut-could-end-by-2006-2721289.php</ref> *Kyautar Kyauta ta 1992, Kwalejin St. John<ref>https://www.sjc.edu/alumni/association/honorees/award-merit-recipients</ref> *1988 Harry Waugh Trophy na Stag's Leap Wine Cellars 1977 CASK 23 Cabernet Sauvignon, Gasar Wine na Duniya da Ruhaniya London, Ingila *1976 Wuri na Farko, Hukuncin Paris, Stag's Leap Wine Cellars 1973 S.L.V. Cabernet Sauvignon: ɗanɗano makaho na California Cabernets da Faransanci na farko-girma Bordeaux ta ƙwararrun ruwan inabi na Faransa, suna kawo karɓuwa a duniya zuwa California, Kwarin Napa da Stag's Leap Wine Cellars.<ref>https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/05/24/479163882/the-judgment-of-paris-the-blind-taste-test-that-decanted-the-wine-world</ref> ==Ƙwararrun boards da ƙungiyoyi== *2004-yanzu: Idan aka ba da damar Hukumar Gudanarwar Gidauniyar, Napa, California<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifgivenachance.org/board |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-01-09 |archive-date=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324041826/http://www.ifgivenachance.org/board |url-status=dead }}</ref> *2001-2015: Mutum-mutumi na Cibiyar Gidauniyar Liberty Ellis Island Darakta kuma Shugaban Kwamitin Kyauta na Heritage<ref>https://grapecollective.com/articles/the-warren-winiarski-interview</ref> *1994–yanzu: St. John's College, Tutor, Summer Classics shirin<ref>"Summer Classics Seminar Schedule, Santa Fe | St. John's College"</ref> *1986-yanzu: Knights na Vine, Babban Knight. Memba mai kafa<ref>"Supreme Knights & Ladies". www.kov.org. Retrieved April 9, 2019.</ref> *1989–2009: Mamba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kwalejin St. John, Warren Winiarski, Ajin 1952<ref>https://www.sjc.edu/about/leadership/board-visitors-governors</ref> ==Duba kuma== *[[Hukuncin Paris (wine)]] *[[Jerin mutanen giya]] *[[Wuraren Gine-gine na Stag's Leap Wine]] ==Manazarta== sfcwqq4cx7xdmye07ldbdfq4y09q9d5 0 91404 964658 799314 2026-10-08T07:53:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964658 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Zachary A. Nelson''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961) ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa da kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na NetSuite, Inc. kafin Oracle Corp ta saye shi. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Nelson a Omaha, Nebraska a 1961, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin yara 10. Yana da digiri na BS da MA a fannin kimiyyar halittu da ilimin ɗan adam bi da bi daga Jami'ar Stanford . == Ayyukansa kafin NetSuite == Nelson ya rike mukamai masu yawa a masana'antar fasaha, wanda ya hada da tallace-tallace, tallace-tafiye, ci gaban samfurori da dabarun kasuwanci tare da manyan kamfanoni kamar Oracle Corporation, Sun Microsystems, da McAfee / Network Associates. Da farko a cikin aikinsa, Nelson ne ke da alhakin kirkirar alamar sinadaran "Powered by Motorola" don Motorola 68000 microprocessor yayin da yake aiki a Cunningham Communication . A Sun, Nelson ya kori tallace-tallace da alama na farko na tsarin aiki na Solaris, kuma ya jagoranci samfurin da ƙoƙarin tallan kamfanoni a Sashen SunSoft na kamfanin. Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, World Wide Marketing a Oracle Corp., inda yake da alhakin dabarun tallace-tallace na duniya da aiwatarwa. Nelson, yana da shekaru 31, shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta VP na Kasuwanci a tarihin Oracle. Yayinda yake a McAfee, Nelson ya taimaka wajen jagorantar fadada kamfanin a cikin filin gudanar da cibiyar sadarwa tare da sayen dala biliyan 1.4 na Network General. Daga baya, a matsayin Shugaba na NAI, myCIO, ya kirkiro mai ba da sabis na tsaro na kasuwanci zuwa kasuwanci na farko a duniya. == NetSuite == Shugaba na NetSuite tun daga shekara ta 2002, <ref name="digi">{{Cite web |last=Howlett |first=Den |date=October 18, 2018 |title=The new, new NetSuite - it's all about your growth at SuiteConnect |url=https://diginomica.com/new-new-netsuite-growth-suiteconnect |access-date=October 18, 2018 |website=www.diginomica.com}}</ref> Nelson ya jagoranci nasarar kamfanin IPO a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liedtke |first=Michael |date=December 20, 2007 |title=NetSuite shares surge 36 pct in debut |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2007-12-19-202996854_x.htm |access-date=January 21, 2012 |website=USA Today}}</ref> da kuma tashi daga farawa don zama daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin lissafin girgije na masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2006 |title=NetSuite's Sweet Spot |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/08/06/netsuite-software-computing-intelligent-technology-nelson.html |access-date=January 21, 2012 |website=Forbes}}</ref> A lokacin mulkinsa, NetSuite ya girma daga farawa tare da tallace-tallace na shekara-shekara na $ 1 miliyan zuwa kudaden shiga na $ 1 biliyan a cikin 2017 tare da tushen abokan ciniki na duniya na kusan kamfanoni masu matsakaici da kamfanoni da rassa 24,000. An sanya kasuwar kasuwar NetSuite a dala biliyan 7.8 a watan Maris na shekara ta 2015 a cikin jerin kamfanonin lissafin girgije na jama'a da kamfanin Bessemer Venture Partners ya bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hesseldahl |first=Arik |date=March 3, 2015 |title=NetSuite CEO Nelson Talks the 'End of the Beginning' of Cloud Software Era |url=http://recode.net/2015/03/03/netsuite-ceo-nelson-talks-the-end-of-the-beginning-of-cloud-software-era/ |access-date=April 20, 2015 |website=Re/Code |archive-date=April 26, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426131719/http://recode.net/2015/03/03/netsuite-ceo-nelson-talks-the-end-of-the-beginning-of-cloud-software-era/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A karkashin Nelson, NetSuite ta fitar da software na gudanar da kasuwanci na duniya NetSuite OneWorld a cikin 2008 da kuma dandalin B2C da B2B na ecommerce NetSuite SuiteCommerce a cikin 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hesseldahl |first=Arik |date=May 15, 2012 |title=Netsuite Turns Commerce Into a Cloud Service |url=http://allthingsd.com/20120515/netsuite-turns-commerce-into-a-cloud-service/ |access-date=April 20, 2015 |website=All Things Digital}}</ref> Nelson kuma ya jagoranci sayen NetSuite na kamfanin software na kasuwanci Bronto a cikin 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hesseldahl |first=Arik |date=2015-04-23 |title=NetSuite in $200 Million Deal for Bronto Software |url=http://www.recode.net/2015/4/23/11561818/netsuite-in-200-million-deal-for-bronto-software |access-date=2017-02-15 |website=Recode |archive-date=2017-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216051418/http://www.recode.net/2015/4/23/11561818/netsuite-in-200-million-deal-for-bronto-software |url-status=dead }}</ref> dan wasan HR na zamantakewa TribeHR a cikin 2014 da OrderMotion, Retail Anywhere da Venda a cikin 2013. A cikin 2016, NetSuite ya kai dala biliyan 1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NetSuite's journey to the cloud: from startup to public company |url=http://www.upgrademag.com/web/2016/05/25/netsuites-journey-success-startup-public-company/ |access-date=2017-06-02 |website=www.upgrademag.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Oracle ta sayi NetSuite da dala biliyan 9.3 a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2016, wanda ya sa ya zama na uku mafi girma kamfanin software ta hanyar darajar kasuwanci a cikin masana'antar. == Tasiri da girmamawa == Nelson ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa kuma ya sami kyaututtaka da yawa a cikin aikinsa ciki har da kasancewa a cikin jerin 25 mafi tasiri na CRN na 2014, wanda ke nuna mutanen da suka yi tasiri mafi girma a masana'antar fasaha a cikin shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Steve |date=August 11, 2014 |title=The 25 Most Influential Of 2014 |url=http://www.crn.com/slide-shows/channel-programs/300073644/the-25-most-influential-of-2014.htm/pgno/0/9 |access-date=April 20, 2015 |website=CRN |archive-date=April 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427111330/http://www.crn.com/slide-shows/channel-programs/300073644/the-25-most-influential-of-2014.htm/pgno/0/9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kuma sanya sunan Nelson a cikin 2013 Business Insider's 50 Most Powerful People in Enterprise Tech list, da kuma Fortune's 2012 Businessman of the Year list. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2013 |title=The 50 Most Powerful People In Enterprise Tech |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/50-powerful-people-in-enterprise-tech-2013-6#netsuites-zach-nelson-a-saas-leader-25 |access-date=April 20, 2015 |website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=((the Editors of Fortune magazine )) |date=November 16, 2012 |title=2012 Businessperson of the Year |url=http://fortune.com/2012/11/16/2012-businessperson-of-the-year/ |access-date=April 20, 2015 |website=Fortune Magazine}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancin Nelson, an sanya sunan NetSuite a cikin Forbes Most Innovative Growth Companies 2014 da kuma Forbes America's 100 Most Trustworthy Companies 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2014 |title=Most Innovative Growth Companies |url=https://www.forbes.com/growth-companies/list/ |access-date=April 20, 2015 |website=Forbes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Jacquelyn |date=March 18, 2013 |title=America's 100 Most Trustworthy Companies |url=https://www.forbes.com/growth-companies/list/ |access-date=April 20, 2015 |website=Forbes.com}}</ref> == Kasuwanci Kasuwanci == Nelson mai saka hannun jari ne mai aiki kuma mai cin nasara a fannonin fasaha, kafofin watsa labarai, nishaɗi da baƙi. Nelson kuma ya kasance mai saka hannun jari na farko a cikin juyin halitta na shafukan watsa labarai na kan layi. Ya kasance mai saka hannun jari a Curbed.com, sanannen cibiyar sadarwar yanar gizo tare da shafuka a New York, San Francisco da Los Angeles <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-10-31 |title=Curbed.com raises $1.5M for real estate blog network |url=https://venturebeat.com/2007/10/31/curbedcom-raises-15m-for-real-estate-blog-network/ |access-date=2020-04-19 |website=VentureBeat |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130145546/https://venturebeat.com/2007/10/31/curbedcom-raises-15m-for-real-estate-blog-network/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda Vox Media ta samu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vox Media Spends Some of Its Giant Funding Round on Lockhart Steele's Curbed Network |url=http://allthingsd.com/20131110/vox-media-spends-some-of-its-giant-funding-round-on-lockhart-steeles-curbed-network/ |access-date=2020-04-19 |website=AllThingsD |language=en-US}}</ref> Nelson darakta ne na Kwamitin Ayyuka na PagerDuty . <ref>{{Cite web |title=PagerDuty Appoints Board Member {{!}} Newsroom |url=https://www.pagerduty.com/newsroom/2018-zach-nelson-board-directors/ |access-date=2020-04-19 |website=PagerDuty |language=en-US}}</ref> Nelson kuma yana da wasu matsayi biyu na kwamiti. Yana aiki a matsayin darektan a kwamitin Freshworks . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Freshworks Appoints Former CEO of NetSuite, Zach Nelson, to the Board of Directors |url=https://www.freshworks.com/press-releases/freshworks-appoints-former-ceo-of-netsuite-zach-nelson-to-the-board-of-directors/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801232910/https://www.freshworks.com/press-releases/freshworks-appoints-former-ceo-of-netsuite-zach-nelson-to-the-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=2023-08-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kwanan nan, an nada shi a cikin kwamitin daraktoci a Snyk.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2022 |title=Welcoming Kathleen Murphy and Zach Nelson to the Snyk Board of Directors &#124; Snyk |url=https://snyk.io/blog/snyk-board-of-directors-kathleen-murphy-zach-nelson/}}</ref> Yana aiki a masana'antar golf ciki har da mallakar mallakar Dumbarnie Links, sabon filin golf wanda Clive Clark ya tsara a Firth of Forth kusa da St. Andrews .<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Dumbarnie Links course on Scottish coast gets green light |url=https://www.golfcoursearchitecture.net/content/New-Dumbarnie-Links-course-on-Scottish-coast-gets-green-light |access-date=2020-04-19 |website=Golf, Latest News, Courses, Technology {{!}} GolfCourseArchitecture.net |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ƙarin asali == Nelson yana da takardar shaidar software wanda ke rufe hanyar haɗa aikace-aikacen software da tsara su cikin gine-gine guda ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clancy |first=Heather |date=September 24, 2013 |title=Disruptor: Zach Nelson, CEO, NetSuite |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/disruptor-zach-nelson-ceo-netsuite/ |access-date=January 19, 2016 |website=ZDNet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Alex |date=December 4, 2005 |title=Wheels and Deals in Silicon Valley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/fashion/sundaystyles/04SILICON.html |access-date=January 21, 2012 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8i6fmd0wsyz1zs0s0p9dwk5vrawm7s7 0 91717 964644 575081 2026-10-08T07:05:14Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 964644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susan Grey Akers''' (April 3, 1889 – January 30, 1984) ta kasance ma'aikaciyar laburare 'yar [[Amurka]] kuma mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin deen a [[Jami'ar North Carolina]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Akers a Richmond, Kentucky, ga iyaye Clara Elizabeth Harris da James Tazewell Akers, farfesa harshe ce a Jami'ar Kentucky.<ref name=":0">1]Davis, Donald G. (2003). Dictionary of American Library Biography: Second supplement. Libraries Unlimited. <nowiki>ISBN 9781563088681</nowiki>.</ref>  Ta sami digiri na farko a harshen [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da Girkanci daga Jami'ar Kentucky a 1909,<ref name=":0" /> bayan haka ta koyar da Latin na shekara ɗaya a makarantar sakandare a [[Kentucky]], sanan 'yan aji biyar da shida a Birmingham, Alabama na tsawon shekara daya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kelling |first1=Lucile |date=August 29, 1954 |title=Dean Akers Retiring From University Faculty |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/30796094/susan_grey_akers/ |accessdate=20 April 2019 |work=Rocky Mount Telegram |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |location=North Carolina, Rocky Mount}}</ref>  A cikin 1911, ta fara aiki a laburare na jama'a a Louisville, Kentucky, ta ci gaba da zuwa Makarantar Laburare a Jami'ar Wisconsin a 1913,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Susan Grey Akers Papers, 1899-1984 |url=https://finding-aids.lib.unc.edu/04774/ |access-date=2019-01-07 |website=finding-aids.lib.unc.edu}}</ref> inda ta yi abota da darekta Mary Imogene Hazeltine.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan ta sami takardar shedar zama ma’aikaciyar laburare kuma mataimakiyar mai kula da kwalejin Wellesley a Sashen Tsabta da Ilimin Jiki inda ta sake tsarawa da sabunta tsarin tattara kasidu.  A lokacin bazara, ta yi aiki a Laburaren Jama'a na New York tana aikin shirya kasidu.<ref name=":0" />  A cikin shekarar 1927, ta rubuta ''Salon Shirya ƙasidu cikin Sauƙi'' wanda aka buga har sau bakwai, tare da kowane sabon bugu yana nuna sabbin hanyoyin koyarwa, na tsawon rayuwarta.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Dorothy |date=January 1945 |title=Reviews: Simple Library Cataloging. Susan Grey Akers |doi=10.1086/617079}}</ref> Ta shiga Makarantar Laburare ta 'Yan Jami'a a [[Jami'ar Chicago]] a 1927 inda ta yi karatu a karkashin Harriet E. Howe da Douglas Waples. Binciken ta ya nuna sha'awarta ga shirya kasida da kuma damuwarta cewa yawancin masu kula da dakunan karatu suna tunanin cewa ba ta da kyau, ta zama ta farko wadda ta ba da shawarar yin cikakken bayani game da littattafai da ba dole ba, sai dai inda ya dace. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na uku a shekarar 1932 == Takardu == == Takardun Susan Gray Akers, 1899-1984, tarin ana ajiye su a cikin ɗakin karatu na Musamman na Louis Round Wilson a Jami'ar North Carolina.  Kimanin abubuwansa 1,200 wani yanki ne na Tarin Tarihi na Kudancin<ref>[3]"Susan Grey Akers Papers, 1899-1984".</ref>. == == Manazarta == 1wak4aop340f6rzznz3c1wypzy59tar 0 96033 964624 893991 2026-10-08T06:26:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964624 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Kishii Yukino from "Just Only Love" at Opening Ceremony of the Tokyo International Film Festival 2018 (30678292207).jpg|thumb|Yukino Kishii]]  {{databox}} Yukino Kishii (岸井, Kishii Yukino, an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1992 [1]) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Japan. Ta buga Taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 55 na NHK Sanada Maru, Sari Ishikawa a cikin fim din Pink da Gray, da Taka Kōda a cikin 99th NHK asadora Manpuku, tsakanin sauran rawar TV da fim. Ayyukanta na farko a fim din 2017 Goodbye, Grandpa! ya sami lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Sabon a bikin Fim na 39 na Yokohama . [1] == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Kishii a shekara ta 1992 a yankin Kanagawa, Japan . Ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2009 a matsayin ɗalibar makarantar firamare Nana Sakurai a cikin wasan kwaikwayo ''Princess Sara (小公女セイラ, Shōkōjo Seira) ''. Bayan jerin ƙananan fina-finai da bayyanar talabijin, a cikin 2015 ta taka rawar Taeko Hakozaki, yarinya wacce abokiyarta ta ƙaunaci mahaifin Taeko, a cikin fim din [[Kenji Yamauchi (director)|Kenji Yamauchi]] I Love My Friend's Father (友だちのパ__ssw____ssw____sw____ssy____ssw__, Tomodachi no papa ga suki), da kuma rawar da Kanako ke takawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na TBS 99.9 Criminal Lawyer (99.9 beng) .<ref name="papa">{{Cite web |date=December 19, 2015 |title=安藤輪子ディープキス初挑戦「濃厚なのは初めて」 |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/1581357.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160604/https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/1581357.html |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 4, 2018 |website=[[Nikkan Sports]] |language=ja}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa Kishii ta sauka da yawa a talabijin da fim. Matsayinta na fim sun hada da Yumika, tsohuwar budurwa ta mai daukar hoto wanda batun tauraron dutse ya janyo hankalinta, a cikin Grab the Sun (太陽をナ, Taiyou wo tsukame), da kuma Chieko Matsuda, matashiyar da abokiyar ajiyarta ke neman burge ta hanyar samun lasisin direba, a cikin fim din da aka yi na manga Moriyamachu Driving School (森中山教習所, Moriyama kyōshūjo). Ta kuma fito a cikin shirye-shiryen fim na farko na littafin Shigeaki Kato Pink and Gray da kuma littafin Mariko Koike Double Life (二重生活, Nijyū seikatsu), kuma ta taka rawar Taka, matar Nobushige ta uku, a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 55 na NHK taiga ''Sanada Maru'' . <ref name="double">{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2016 |title=二重生活 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/movie/T0020740 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160500/https://www.cinematoday.jp/movie/T0020740 |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |website=Cinema Today |language=ja}}</ref> Matsayin farko na Kishii ya zo ne a fim din Yukihiro Morigaki na 2017 ''Goodbye, Grandpa! '' (おじいちゃん,死んじゃ__hau____hau____hau__, Ojiichan, shinjyattatte) a matsayin Yoshiko Haruno, jikokin wani shugaban iyali da ya mutu kwanan nan. Sarah Ward na Screen Daily ta bayyana aikinta a matsayin "musamman mai ban sha'awa, halin da take ciki na hikima fiye da shekarunta yana taimakawa wajen fitar da mai gabatarwa wanda aka fi ba da shi aiki tare da lura da kowa da kowa da ke kewaye da ita".<ref> {{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Sarah |date=October 30, 2017 |title='Goodbye, Grandpa!': Tokyo Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/goodbye-grandpa-tokyo-review/5123706.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160438/https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/goodbye-grandpa-tokyo-review/5123706.article |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |website=[[Screen Daily]]}} </ref> Ayyukan Kishii a cikin Goodbye, Grandpa! Ta lashe lambar yabo ta Best Newcomer a bikin fina-finai na 39 na Yokohama . A wannan shekarar ta buga Sumire Michibata a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na TBS Rental Lovers (レンタル恋, Rentaru no koi) da kuma Miyuki Asakawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na fiction na kimiyya na Kiyoshi Kurosawa Foreboding on Wowow . A cikin 2018 Kishii ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo biyu na NHK: wasan kwaikwayo na Makarantar Lauyan (やけに弁の খ খ খ খが学校で__ilo____ilo____ilo__, Yakeni ben no tatsu bengoshi ga gakkō de hoeru), a matsayin malamin makarantar sakandare Shiori Mochozuki; da ''Manpuku'', na 99th NHK asadora, a matsayin Taka Kōda. Ta kuma bayyana a cikin shirin Fuji TV na The ''Count na Monte Cristo'' . == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Matsayi ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row" |''Mahaifinta, ƙaunatacciyata'' |2015 |{{Sortname|Taeko|Hakozaki}} | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=映画『友だちのパパが好き』公式サイト |url=http://tomodachinopapa.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105033436/http://tomodachinopapa.com/ |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |publisher=Spotted Productions |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Makarantar tuki ta Moriyamachu'' | rowspan="4" |2016 |{{Sortname|Chieko|Matsuda}} | | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! scope="row" |''Rayuwa Biyu'' |Ayaka | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="double"/> |- ! scope="row" |''Pink da Gray'' |{{Sortname|Sari|Ishikawa}} | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="pinkgray">{{Cite web |title=Pink and Gray |url=http://pinktogray.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331174737/http://pinktogray.com/ |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |publisher=Kadokawa |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Ɗauki Rana'' |{{Sortname|Yumika|}} | | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! scope="row" |''Ka yi farin ciki, kakan!'' |2017 |{{Sortname|Yoshiko|Haruno}} |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! scope="row" |''[[Just Only Love (fim)|Ƙauna ce kawai]]'' |2018 |{{Sortname|Teruko|}} |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=愛がなんだ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/89323/ |access-date=May 15, 2019 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Shirin Mafarki: Yadda za a gina Mazinger Z's Hangar'' | rowspan="3" |2020 |Emoto | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=小木博明、高杉真宙主演映画で破天荒な上司役に |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2138718/full/ |access-date=June 28, 2019 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Yanayin Gaggawa'' | |Matsayin jagora; fim din tarihin | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=斎藤工＆ムロツヨシ＆夏帆らが参加、オムニバス映画『緊急事態宣言』配信 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2020/07/29/68232.html |access-date=August 11, 2020 |website=Cinema Cafe}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Rayuwa a Sama'' |Aiko | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=青山真治7年ぶりの長編映画で多部未華子が主演、岸井ゆきのや岩田剛典ら共演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/393218 |access-date=August 24, 2020 |website=Natalie |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001505/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/393218 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Homunculus'' | rowspan="3" |2021 |Mace mai ban mamaki | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=綾野剛主演『ホムンクルス』 成田凌、内野聖陽らメインキャスト発表 特報映像も解禁 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/84039/1 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=Crank-in!}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Masu ba da tallafi: Fim din'' |Shi da kansa | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=映画「バイプレイヤーズ」の新キャスト8名解禁！有村架純、天海祐希、役所広司ら |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/414935 |access-date=February 4, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018130014/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/414935 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''99.9 Lauyan Laifuka: Fim din'' |Kanako | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=『99.9 THE MOVIE』12.30公開 榮倉奈々＆木村文乃らも登場する最新予告解禁 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/93933/1 |access-date=September 12, 2021 |website=Crank-in!}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Wata rana, Za ku isa Tekun'' | rowspan="5" |2022 |Mana |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=岸井ゆきの×浜辺美波、中川龍太郎の新作「やがて海へと届く」で映画初共演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/450365 |access-date=October 22, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226200607/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/450365 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Mafarki na Meridian Arc'' |Toyomi Yasuno / Toyo | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=志の輔の落語を実写化した「大河への道」に岸井ゆきの、橋爪功ら出演、全員1人2役 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/457062 |access-date=December 11, 2021 |website=Natalie |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211005531/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/457062 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Ƙananan, Sannu Amma Mai Tsayi'' |Keiko |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=岸井ゆきの、プロボクサー役に挑戦「かけがえのない時間でした」『ケイコ 目を澄ませて』公開決定 |url=https://www.cinemacafe.net/article/2022/01/07/76654.html |access-date=January 7, 2022 |website=Cinema Cafe}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Allah Yana Neman Komawa'' |Yuri Kawai | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=神は見返りを求める |url=https://eiga.com/movie/96714/ |access-date=February 26, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Duk abin da zai kasance mai kyau!'' |Hiyori Tamura | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=犬も食わねどチャーリーは笑う |url=https://eiga.com/movie/96984/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Matasan Baƙi'' | rowspan="2" |2024 | | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=若き見知らぬ者たち |url=https://eiga.com/movie/100238/ |access-date=April 26, 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''A kan benci'' | |Matsayin jagora; fim din tarihin | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=アット・ザ・ベンチ |url=https://eiga.com/movie/102390/ |access-date=6 September 2024 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;" ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Matsayi ! scope="col" |Cibiyar sadarwa ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Bayani ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- ! scope="row" |''Shōkōjo Seira'' |2009 |{{Sortname|Nana|Sakurai}} |TBS | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=TBSドラマ『小公女セイラ』スタッフブログ |url=https://www.tbs.co.jp/seira2009/blog/blog1221.html |access-date=July 17, 2019 |website=TBS}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''99.9 Lauyan Laifuka'' |2015 |{{Sortname|Kanako|}} |TBS | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="999tbs">{{Cite web |title=日曜劇場『99.9-刑事専門弁護士-　SEASON II』 |url=http://www.tbs.co.jp/999tbs/cast/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105034401/http://www.tbs.co.jp/999tbs/cast/ |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |website=[[Tokyo Broadcasting System Television]] |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Sanada Maru'' |2016 |{{Sortname|Taka|}} |NHK |Wasan kwaikwayo na <nowiki><i id="mwAbw">Taiga</i></nowiki> | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! scope="row" |''Bayyanawa'' | rowspan="2" |2017 |{{Sortname|Miyuki|Asakawa}} |Wowow |Ministoci | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=予兆　散歩する侵略者 |url=https://www.wowow.co.jp/detail/110869 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106004720/https://www.wowow.co.jp/detail/110869 |archive-date=November 6, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |website=[[Wowow]] |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Mai son haya'' |{{Sortname|Sumire|Michibata}} |TBS | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=テッペン！水ドラ！！『レンタルの恋』 |url=http://www.tbs.co.jp/renkoi-tbs/caststaff/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160435/http://www.tbs.co.jp/renkoi-tbs/caststaff/ |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |website=[[Tokyo Broadcasting System Television]] |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Lauyan Makaranta'' | rowspan="3" |2018 |{{Sortname|Shiori|Mochozuki}} |NHK | | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! scope="row" |''Count na Monte Cristo: Babban Ramuwar gayya'' |{{Sortname|Miran|Iruma}} |Fuji TV | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2018 |title=『モンテ・クリスト伯』岸井ゆきのさんインタビュー |url=https://www.fujitv.co.jp/muscat/20180298.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160537/https://www.fujitv.co.jp/muscat/20180298.html |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 5, 2018 |website=[[Fuji TV]] |language=ja}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Manpuku'' |{{Sortname|Taka|Kōda}} |NHK |''Mai dafa abinci'' | style="text-align: center;" | |- ! scope="row" |''Ōoku na Ƙarshe'' | rowspan="3" |2019 |Taki |Fuji TV |Fim din talabijin | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「大奥 最終章」で小池栄子と鈴木保奈美がバトル、浜辺美波と岸井ゆきのも参加 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/322616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306065731/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/322616 |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=March 6, 2019 |website=Natalie}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Shōnen Torajirō'' |Tsune Kuruma |NHK |Ministoci | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=寅さんの少年時代を描く『少年寅次郎』、井上真央さん主演で制作開始！ |url=http://www.nhk.or.jp/dramatopics-blog/6000/371209.html |access-date=July 17, 2019 |website=NHK |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716162635/http://www.nhk.or.jp/dramatopics-blog/6000/371209.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Yume-Shokudō no Ryōrinin'' |Michiko |NHK |Fim din talabijin | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=高良健吾さん主演！『夢食堂の料理人～1964東京オリンピック選手村物語～』7月23日放送！ |url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/dramatopics-blog/20000/368148.html |access-date=July 17, 2019 |website=NHK }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''An la'anta su cikin soyayya'' | rowspan="1" |2020 |Shiori Hase |NTV | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=『私たちはどうかしている』岸井ゆきの、初の白無垢に「重い！！花嫁って大変だ」 |url=https://www.crank-in.net/news/79654/1 |access-date=August 19, 2020 |website=Crank-in!}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Mutumin da ya ɓace'' | rowspan="3" |2022 |Yoshiko |Disney+, NHK | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「拾われた男」に薬師丸ひろ子、北村有起哉、要潤、田辺桃子、夏帆ら19名出演 |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/478160 |access-date=May 20, 2022 |website=Natalie |archive-date=May 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519080111/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/478160 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Masu Amfani da Aromantics'' |Sakuko Kodama |NHK |Matsayin jagora | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=恋せぬふたり |url=http://www.tvdrama-db.com/drama_info/p/id-70676 |access-date=September 8, 2022 |website=TV drama database}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Shot na Ƙarshe na Atom'' |Umi Tominaga |TBS | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=アトムの童 |url=http://www.tvdrama-db.com/drama_info/p/id-72152 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |website=TV drama database}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''A Kadan A daren Lahadi'' | rowspan="2" |2023 |Shōko Noda |Talabijin Asahi | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=岸井ゆきのが清野菜名主演ドラマ「日曜の夜ぐらいは…」でタクシー運転手に |url=https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/513184 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |website=Natalie |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218035151/https://natalie.mu/eiga/news/513184 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''Ōoku: Gidan Gida na Cikin Gida'' |Kazunomiya |NHK | | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ドラマ「大奥」幕末編、新キャストに福士蒼汰・岸井ゆきの・志田彩良 |url=https://natalie.mu/comic/news/529357 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=Natalie |archive-date=June 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619051248/https://natalie.mu/comic/news/529357 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyukan da aka zaba !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |2020 |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta 43 ta Japan |Sabon Shekara |''Ƙauna ce kawai''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=第43回日本アカデミー賞優秀賞発表、受賞者・受賞作品一覧 |url=https://eigaland.com/topics/?p=113162 |access-date=January 15, 2020 |website=eigaland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225071404/https://eigaland.com/topics/?p=113162 |archive-date=December 25, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |2021 |Kyautar Fim ta Mainichi ta 75 |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |''Rayuwa a cikin sararin samaniya''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=最多は『スパイの妻』！第75回毎日映画コンクールノミネート発表 |url=https://www.cinematoday.jp/news/N0120679 |access-date=December 23, 2020 |website=Cinematoday}}</ref> |- |2022 |Kyautar Fim ta Hochi ta 47 |Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin |''Mafarki na Meridian Arc'' da Duk abin da zai zama Owlright!''Duk abin da zai kasance mai kyau!''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=「第47回報知映画賞」各賞ノミネート決定 |url=https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000249.000071317.html |access-date=November 11, 2022 |website=PR Times}}</ref> |- | rowspan="6" |2023 |Kyautar Fim ta Mainichi ta 77 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |''Ƙananan, Sannu Amma Mai Tsayi''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=毎日映画コンクール 日本映画大賞に「ケイコ 目を澄ませて」 |url=https://mainichi.jp/articles/20230118/k00/00m/200/325000c |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Mainichi Shimbun}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Blue Ribbon ta 65 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |''Ƙananan, Sannu Amma Mai Tsayi'' kuma Rana ɗaya, Za Ka isa Tekun''Wata rana, Za ku isa Tekun''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=第65回ブルーリボン賞 各部門候補が決定 受賞者は2月発表 |url=https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/articles/-/250004 |access-date=January 4, 2023 |website=Tokyo Sports}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Japan ta 46 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |''Ƙananan, Sannu Amma Mai Tsayi''| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=【日本アカデミー賞】最優秀主演女優賞に岸井ゆきの 声を震わせ「身に余る賞をありがとうございます」 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/news/2270982/full/ |access-date=March 10, 2023 |website=Oricon}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Kinema Junpo ta 96 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo |Ƙananan, Sannu a Ƙasa da sauransu| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=岸井ゆきの「誰もおいていかない現場で、良い映画作る」キネ旬主演女優賞「受賞できたのは光栄」 |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/202302010001231.html |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Nikkan Sports}}</ref> |- |Kyautar zinare ta 47 ta ElanKyautar Elan na zinariya |Sabon Shekara |Shi da kansa| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=間宮祥太朗・松下洸平・中川大志らが新人賞「2023年 エランドール賞」発表＜受賞一覧＞ |url=https://mdpr.jp/news/detail/3584916 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Model Press}}</ref> |- |Kyautar Fim ta Wasanni ta Nikkan ta 36 |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo | rowspan="2" |''Ƙananan, Sannu Amma Mai Tsayi''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=日刊スポーツ映画大賞は石井裕也監督「月」が最多5部門6ノミネート |url=https://eiga.com/news/20231108/15/ |access-date=November 8, 2023 |website=eiga.com}}</ref> |- |2024 |Bikin Fim na 45 na Yokohama |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=第45回ヨコハマ映画祭 2023年日本映画個人賞 |url=http://yokohama-eigasai.o.oo7.jp/45-2023/45_2023_shou.html |access-date=December 22, 2023 |website=Yokohama Film Festival}}</ref> |- |} == manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] icdse6jyo4nnxxd7sb11pjwonu1cfdq 0 101463 964686 626176 2026-10-08T10:09:28Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376883533|Southern Kaduna]]" 964686 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox settlement|name=Southern Kaduna|official_name=|native_name={{small|Gurara/Nok}}|other_name={{small|Southern Zaria}}|nicknames=Chongai, SK|type=Cultural region|total_type=<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->|motto=|anthem=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image=SK Fest Nok plastic head.jpg|image_size=|caption=Nok plastic head on a truck during the SK Fest 2023, Township Stadium, Kafanchan|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=290px|image_map=Nigeria map locator - Southern Kaduna.png|map_size=|map_caption=Location of Southern Kaduna in Nigeria|image_map1=|map_size1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|09|34|53|N|8|17|00|E|region:NG|display=inline,title}} <!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=Part of|subdivision_name=[[Kaduna State]] {{NGR}} <!-- established --------------->|established_title=- Settlement of [[Nok culture]]|founder=Proto [[Nok culture|Nok]] people|established_date=c. 1500 BC|established_title1=- [[#Nok_Culture|Nok culture area]]|established_date1=c. 1500 BC - c. AD 500|established_title2=- [[#Kwararafa_Confederacy|Kwararafa confederacy]]<br> and [[Nupe Kingdom]]|established_date2=c. 1000 - c. 1820<br> <br>and c. 1531 - 1897|established_title3=- [[#Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914)|Northern Nigeria Protectorate]]|established_date3=1900 - 1914|established_title4=- [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]] [[British Nigeria]]<br> (later ''unofficial'' [[Middle Belt]], [[Nigeria]])|established_date4=1914 - 1960<br> <br><br>(1950s)|established_title5=- Nerzit region|established_date5=c. 1950|established_title6=- Southern Kaduna|established_date6=c. 1990|established_title7=- Gurara/Nok State|established_date7=proposed <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government -->|seat_type=Capital|seat=• '''[[Kafanchan]]''' (Economic capital) <br />|seat1=|parts_type=Composed of|parts_style=coll|parts=|p1=[[Chikun]]|p2=[[Jaba, Nigeria|Jaba]]|p3=[[Jema'a]]|p4=[[Kachia]]|p5=|p6=[[Kaduna South]]|p7=[[Kagarko]]|p8=[[Kajuru]]|p9=[[Kaura, Nigeria|Kaura]]|p10=[[Kauru]]|p11=[[Lere, Nigeria|Lere]]|p12=[[Sanga, Nigeria|Sanga]]|p13=[[Zangon Kataf]]|p15=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type='''•''' [[Tribal chiefs|Chief]]<br /> {{Flatlist| * Agwam * Agwom (Agom) * B'gwam * Ere * Esu (Sa) * Etum * Kpop * Ngbiar * Odyong * Pukgom * Res * Tum * Uchu}} '''•''' Clan heads<br /> '''•''' Village heads <!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=metric|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=|area_land_km2=26,000|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=<!-- Elevation -------------------------->|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use<ref>tags--> (Afan Agworog)|elevation_max_ft=|elevation_max_m=|elevation_min_ft=|elevation_min_m=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=2016 estimate|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=4,564,100|population_density_km2=<!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto -->|population_density_sq_mi=<!-- Demographics ---------------------->|demographics_type1=Demographics|demographics1_footnotes=|demographics1_title1=Major indigenous languages|demographics1_info1={{Flatlist| * [[Adara language|Adara]]-[[Kulu language|Kulu]] * [[Atsam language|Atsam]]-[[Piti language|Bishi]]-[[Map language|Timap]] * [[Gbagyi language|Gbagyi-Gbari]] * [[Hyam language|Hyam]]-[[Gyong language|Gyong]] * [[Ninzam language|Ninzam]]-[[Ninkyob-Nindem language|Nikyob-Nindem]] * [[Koro Wachi language|Tinɔr]] * [[Gbiri-Niragu language|Tugbiri-Niragu]]-[[Kurama language|T'kurmi]]-[[Vori language|Tivori]] * [[Tyap language|Tyap]]-[[Jju language|Jju]] }}|demographics1_title2=Major non-indigenous languages|demographics1_info2={{Flatlist| * [[English language|English]] * [[Fula language|Fulfulde]] * [[Hausa language|Hausa]] * [[Igbo language|Igbo]] * [[Nigerian Pidgin English|Nigerian Pidgin]] * [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] }}|demographics1_title9=|demographics1_info9=<!-- General information --------------->|time_zone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=|coor_type=<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|website=|footnotes=}} '''Kudancin Kaduna''' ( Tyap {{IPA|kcg|ǝtag kǝduna||Kcg-A̱tak Ka̱duna.oga}} ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju]] : ''Ka̱tak Ka̱duna'' {{IPA|kaj|kǝtag kǝduna||Ka̱tak Ka̱duna (yei).ogg}} ; Hausa {{IPA|ha|kudǝnt͡ʃin kəduna||Ha-Kudancin Kaduna.oga}} ; a da can Kudancin Zariya) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kafewo |first=S. |date=2009 |title=Giving Voice: Instigating Debate on Issues of Citizenship, Participation, and Accountability |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27752105 |journal=Development in Practice |volume=19 |issue=4/5 |pages=678–687 |doi=10.1080/09614520902866454 |jstor=27752105 |s2cid=37550776 |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref> yanki ne na yankin [[Al'adar Nok|Al'adun Nok]] wanda ke zaune a cikin kabilu daban-daban masu alaƙa waɗanda ba su san [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ba, suna zaune a kudancin [[Tarihin Zariya|Zariya]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Tana cikin yankin [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] na [[Najeriya]] . A cewar [[Kungiyar Jama'ar Kaduna ta Kudu|ƙungiyar jama'ar kudancin Kaduna]] (SOKAPU), kudancin Kaduna ya ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi 12 (ko 13 ) cikin 23 a jihar Kaduna. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2020, sakataren yada labaran kasa [[Kungiyar Jama'ar Kaduna ta Kudu|na SOKAPU]], Luka Binniyat, a cikin wata sanarwa da ya sanya wa hannu, ya ce yankin ya kai kashi 51.2% na dukkan al'ummar jihar kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin alkaluman kidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2006, inda ya mamaye fadin murabba'in kilomita 26,000. km. daga cikin murabba'in kilomita 46,000 na jihar. jimillar ƙasar, tare da ƙabilu 57 da aka yi wa rijista daga cikin ƙabilu 67 da aka gano a jihar. ''Angerbrandt (2015)'' yana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ba asalin ƙasa ba ne, amma kuma a matsayin ra'ayi na asalin ƙabila. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angerbrandt |first=Henrik |date=August 7, 2015 |title=Religion, ethnicity and citizenship: demands for territorial self-determination in southern Kaduna |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2015.1066081?scroll=top&needAccess=true |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1066081 |s2cid=154843125 |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Africa_Nok_Male_Figure_Kimbell.jpg|thumb| Siffar namiji ta Nok; wacce aka yi a shekarar 195 BC–A. D. 205; terracotta; {{Cvt|49.5|×|22.2|×|16.8|cm|in}} ; a Gidan Tarihi na Kimbell Art ( [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], [[Texas]], Amurka)]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Verbreitung_Nok-Kultur-en.png|thumb| Yankin al'adun Nok]] ==== Al'adun Nok ==== [[Al'adar Nok|Al'adun Nok]] sun bunƙasa a yankin da yanzu ake kira Kudancin Kaduna tun daga shekarar 1500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) kuma sun daɗe har zuwa kusan shekara ta 500 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) Wannan wayewar zamanin ƙarfe ce da aka sani da ita ce ta farko da ta samar da sassaka na terracotta a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] ko kuma dukkan [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Sculptures and Masks |url=https://digitalcommons.pvamu.edu/exhibit/african-sculptures-and-masks/nok-culture-of-arts-from-ham-village-of-nok-in-kaduna-state-of-nigeria-head/ |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=Prairie View A&M University}}</ref> An san wannan wayewar ne a lokacin da a bazara na shekarar 1944, Bernard Fagg, wani masanin ilmin halittar dan Adam na gwamnatin Birtaniya, ya rubuta wani mutum-mutumin Nok a yankin Jama'a na yankin Kudancin Zariya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fagg |first=Angela |year=1994 |title=Thoughts on Nok |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3337204 |journal=African Arts |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=79–103 |doi=10.2307/3337204 |jstor=3337204 |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref> kuma ya jagoranci tono a [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|tsakiyar yankin]] Najeriya don gano ƙarin abubuwa da kuma gina gidajen tarihi don ɗaukar su a faɗin Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Povey |first=J. |last2=Willett |first2=F. |last3=Picton |first3=J. |last4=Eyo |first4=E |year=1988 |title=Bernard Fagg: 1915-1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3336521 |journal=African Arts |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=10–12 |jstor=3336521 |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref> Breunig da Rupp (2016) sun gabatar da wani hasashe da ke nuna cewa yankin al'adun Nok ya kasance karkashin mulkin mallaka daga mutanen da ba a san asalinsu ba da suka yi ƙaura a wannan lokacin. Sun ƙara da cewa tunda amfanin gona da suke amfani da su, musamman gero, asali daga [[Sahel|yankin Sahel]] ne, yana yiwuwa sun yi ƙaura daga arewa. Sun ce mazaunan farko sun fi son zama a tsaunuka saboda dabino mai kama da radiocarbon ya tsufa a kusa da irin waɗannan yankuna, kuma a farkon, su manoma ne na [[Maiwa|gero]] ( [[species:Pennisetum glaucum|''Pennisetum glaucum'']] ). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breunig |first=P. |last2=Rupp |first2=N. |year=2016 |title=An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44295241 |journal=Journal of African Archaeology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=237–255 |jstor=44295241 |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref> === Tsakiyar Zamani === ==== Post-Nok ==== A kusan shekara ta 300 AD, yawan mutanen Nok ya fara raguwa ba tare da wani dalili ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinbode |first=Ayomide |date=September 24, 2024 |title=Did the Nok Culture Really Vanish? |url=https://www.thehistoryville.com/nok-culture/#:~:text=The%20Nok%20population%2C%20which%20influenced,been%20suggested%20as%20possible%20factors. |access-date=April 10, 2025 |website=The Historyville}}</ref> An nuna cewa an yi samfuran da aka haƙa daga baya daga Chado, a kusa da [[Godogodo]], wanda JF Jemkur ya gabatar a kusa da ƙarni na 6 AD. Saboda haka, waɗanda suka kafa wayewar Nok sun wanzu har zuwa wannan lokacin. Ana tsammanin ƙungiyoyin da ke magana da [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|Nijar-Congo]] kamar [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Cilala|C'Lela]], da sauransu za su iya zama zuriyar tsoffin mutanen Nok. <ref name="Lamp">{{Cite journal |last=Lamp |first=Frederick John |date=2011 |title=Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria |url=https://docslib.org/doc/5614066/ancient-terracotta-figures-from-northern-nigeria |journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin |page=55 |issn=0084-3539 |jstor=41421509 |oclc=9972665249}}</ref> Ana kuma tsammanin [[Daular Ife]] [[Yarbawa|ta Yarbawa]] da masarautar [[Mutanen Edo|Edo]] [[Masarautar Benin|ta Benin]] za su iya gadar fasaharsu ta yin siffofi na tagulla daga al'adar Nok saboda kamanceceniya a salon da ke tsakanin terracotta na Nok duk da cewa waɗannan wayewar ta ƙarshe sun kai kimanin shekaru 1,000 baya ga Nok. Masana tarihi na fasaha sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa al'adar sassaka ta zamanin da ta [[Igala]], [[Nufawa|Nupe]], Yoruba da [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] ta samo asali ne daga al'adar fasahar roba ta Nok. An kuma lura cewa [[Mutanen Mandé|Mande]], [[Mutanen Akan|Akan]], [[Hausawa|Hausa]], Yoruba da Igbo waɗanda suka wanzu tsakanin latitudes na digiri 11 da digiri 16 na Arewa su ne al'ummomin da suka fi ci gaba a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] a farkon zamanin ƙarfe (kimanin 500 BC zuwa AD 1000). ==== Ƙungiyar Kwararafa ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Benuerivermap.png|thumb| Taswirar da ke nuna kogunan Gongola, Hawal, da sauran kogunan ruwa na Benue]] [[File:Kwararafa.jpeg|thumb| Kwararafa a cikin Basin Benue]] A cewar JB Webster (1976, 1993), an ce ƙungiyar Kwararafa ta fuskanci matakai huɗu a tarihinta. Matakin farko ya fara ne a Santolo, a gefen kudu na [[Kogin Hadejia]] a kusan shekara ta 1000. Wani labari daga [[Tarihin Katsina|Katsina]] ya tuna da yakin da Kwararafa ta yi da Korau, sarkinta, a shekarar 1260. Daga baya aka mayar da babban birnin Kwararafa arewa da mahaɗar kogunan [[Gongola (kogi)|Gongola]] -Hawal daidai da Tagara, kusan shekara ta 1380. An ce an tilasta wa Kwararafa biyan bayi 200 ga Kano a ƙarƙashin Sarki Yaji (r. 1349 - 1385) da Kanaji (r. 1390 - 1410). Haka kuma, an ce [[Sarauniya Amina]] ta [[Zazzau]] ta mamaye dukkan garuruwan [kudancin Kano] har zuwa [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] da [[Kwararafa|Kworarafa]] kuma sarakunan biyu sun yi mata gaisuwa, inda Nupe ke ba wa babani 40 da kola 10,000 kowace shekara tsawon shekaru 34. Jaridar ''[[Tarihin Kano|Kano Chronicle]]'', wadda mai fassara ta Turanci, HR Palmer, ta shaida, ta ce ta yi daidai idan aka kwatanta da ''Tarihin Bornu'' wanda Dr. Barth ya fassara, ta gabatar da ita a matsayin masarauta wadda ta yi mulki a daidai lokacin [[Dauda (sultan)|Dauda Bakon Damisa]] (1421 - 1438) ta yi mulki a [[Kingdom of Kano|Kano]] a matsayin {{Lang|ha|Sarki}} . Kayar da Kwararafa ta yi a hannun [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] (kimanin 1462 - 1495) zai sa ta daina aiki tsawon shekaru da yawa, tare da mayar da babban birninta zuwa Byepi (Apa), kudu da [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]] . Yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsanani za su sanya Kwararafa ta zama mafaka ga waɗanda ke tserewa daga [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci]] a arewa. Da hawan Sarki Kinjo a shekarar 1610, yawan jama'a da yalwar yankin Kwararafa ya ƙaru. Arzikinta a harkokin kasuwancin [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|yankin Sahara]] da na yankin Atlantika zai taimaka mata ta ƙara himma. Tana cinikin gishiri — wanda ake samu a [[Benue (kogi)|kwarin Benue]], [[Cinikin bayi na Sahara|bayi]], da sauran kayayyaki marasa tsada don musanya dawaki da kayayyakin Turai. Don waɗannan kasuwancin da ke faɗin Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]], [[Kalaba|Calabar]] ta zama sananne a matsayin Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Kwararafa inda ake jigilar kayanta, har da [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|bayi]] . Tsakanin 1610 da 1790, ta ci gaba da zama mai cin gashin kanta kuma ta yi yaƙe-yaƙe da jihohin birnin Hausa da kuma jihar Kanuri a arewa. Zazzau ya fada hannun Kwararafa cikin wannan lokaci. Tsakanin 1582 da 1703, Kano ta fuskanci hare-hare akai-akai daga Kwararafa. [[File:Genealogy_of_the_Aku_Uka_01.jpg|thumb| Asalin Aku Ukas na Wukari (wanda kuma shi ne Uka/Ukari)]] Kwararafa ta fi ƙarfi a kusan shekarar 1680. Ta kai hare-hare a faɗin [[Hausa Bakwai|ƙasar Hausa]] kuma lokacin da sojojinta suka isa Daular Borno, an kashe sarkin kuma aka lalata babban birnin [[Ngazargamu]] . Daular Jukun ta hau mulki a wannan lokacin kuma ta zama babbar kabila a Kwararafa. Rikicin cikin gida, hare-hare daga ƙungiyoyin mamaya (kamar [[Mutanen Chamba|Samba]] da [[Tiv]] ), da kuma wataƙila fari, sun raunana ƙarfin Kwararafa. An ce sarkinta na ƙarshe, Adi Matswen (r. 1780 - 1810), ya gudu daga babban birnin [[Wukari|Uka]], don ƙirƙirar sabuwar babban birni a [[Wase]] . A shekarar 1820, aka kafa sabuwar daular Jukun a Wukari. Wannan ya zama jiha mafi addini kuma ba ta da kama da yaƙi. ''Abah da Okoye-Ugwu'' (2002) sun yi nuni da cewa kabilu da dama suna zaune a Kwararafa, kuma saboda yawan mutanen da ke yankin arewa, an kafa sabuwar babban birni a Apa (Byepi) inda aka yi rikicin iko tsakanin [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Mutanen Idoma|Idoma]] da Abakwariga (ba musulmi ba Hausawa). Daga nan aka mayar da babban birnin zuwa Kororofa, sannan zuwa Puje, sannan zuwa Wukari (Uka). Sun ƙara jayayya daga mahangar "Idoma-Alekwu na baka", cewa kalmar Apa ba wai kawai tana nufin Jukun ba ne har ma da ƙungiyoyin da suka samo asali daga Apa kamar Idoma, Alago, [[Ebira|Igbira]], da Igala. Sun ci gaba da ambaton yiwuwar Jukun ya zama ɗan gudun hijira daga yankin [[Ogoja]] da [[Kalaba|Calabar]] zuwa ga kawancen. Sun maye gurbin Abakwariga da ke kan mulki don samun rinjaye daga baya. An kuma ambaci cewa Idu, wanda ake kyautata zaton uba ne [[Mutanen Idoma|na Idoma]], an ce shi ne sarkin Apa a lokacin shigar Jukun, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa Idoma ƙaura daga baya zuwa kudu maso yamma. Duk da haka, Jukun suna da wani labari game da ƙaurarsu. Duk da haka, a cewar CK Meek, an ce Jukun sun yi ƙaura daga gabas, wataƙila [[Yemen]], tare da mutanen [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Kanuri]] da [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] . A shekara ta 1250 AD, Jukun Kwona sun zauna a yankin [[Gongola (kogi)|kogin Gongola]] a cewar HR Palmer. [[File:The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_16th_century.png|thumb| Kwararafa kimanin ƙarni na 16]] An ce ƙarni na 16 ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ƙaura da yawa daga kakannin kabilun da ke mamaye yankin tsakiyar Najeriya a yau. Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi suma sun ƙaura daga ciki. An ce waɗannan abubuwan sun taimaka wajen wargaza haɗin gwiwar ƙabilu daban-daban na Kwararafa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da farkon ƙarni na 18. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=S. I.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eborka |first=Kennedy |date=February 2021 |title=Migration and Urbanization in Nigeria from Pre-colonial to Post-colonial Eras: A Sociological Overview |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348995565 |access-date=April 11, 2025 |website=Researchgate.net |page=9}}</ref> [[File:French_language_map_of_Central_and_Eastern_Africa_1862.jpg|thumb| Taswirar Faransa ta Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka ta 1862 da ke nuna Kwararafa (Kororofa), Calabar, Nupe (Noupe), da sauransu]] Wani nau'in asalin kabilu da yawa a Kudancin Kaduna na yau yana nuna [[Jos Plateau|Jos-Bauchi Plateau]] . Wani labari game da ƙaurar [[mutanen Ham]] ya bayyana cewa Ham sun rabu da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa a kan tudun kuma suka fara tafiya zuwa yamma har sai da suka isa wani wuri da ake kira ''Shike'' Ham (ko ''dajin'' Ham) a kusa da Kogin Gurara. Kalmar {{Lang|jab|Ham}} an fassara shi a matsayin "ɓacewa" a cikin [[harshen Hyam]], wanda hakan ya yi daidai da ma'anar kalmar {{Lang|kcg|Tyap}} wanda ke nufin "yankewa" a cikin [[Yaren Tyap|harshen Tyap]] . Duk da haka, akwai kuma kabilu a tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da ke da'awar cewa sun fito daga ko'ina sai inda suke a yanzu. A tsakanin Atyap, yayin da kabilun Agbaat da Aminyam ke ikirarin cewa sun samo asali ne daga tafiye-tafiyen ƙaura, kabilun Aku da Ashokwa sun rasa tunanin inda suka fito. ==== Ciniki a cikin karafa, jihadin Fulani, da kuma hare-haren bayi ==== A kusa da [[Jos Plateau|Plateau Jos]] da ke gefen arewa maso yammacin Kwararafa, ''Achi'' (2005:378) ya ambaci cewa an kafa wurin zama na [[Zangon Kataf|Zangon Katab]] (ko Katab) a kusan shekara ta 1650 ga 'yan kasuwan [[Hausawa|Hausa]] da [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Borno]] [[wiktionary:itinerant|masu yawo]] ta hanyar [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]], kuma ya zama muhimmin wuri a yankin. An ce an [[wiktionary:consolidated|haɗa]] wannan matsugunin a kusan shekara ta 1750. Matsugunin Musulmi na farko a Zangon Katab ana kiransa Angwan Tudu wanda aka gina a kusa da wani wuri da aka sani da Mabatado (ko Mabarado, wanda Hausawa suka yi wa ''Barawa Dawa'' wulaƙanci) wanda ya kasance wurin haɗuwa da dattawan Atyap kuma cibiyar bukukuwan Atyap, wanda Mele da 'yan ƙasarsa daga [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Borno]] suka zauna a ciki waɗanda ke da sha'awar [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|cinikin nesa ko kuma a kan karaga]] da koyarwar Musulunci. Atyap ne ya ba wa mazauna ƙasar ƙasar tare da wasu sharuɗɗa da aka haɗa. Ba da daɗewa ba Hausawa mazauna Kauru suka zo suka zauna a Dorgozo. Su ma 'yan kasuwa ne. Mazauna yankin suna da shugaban kasuwa wanda ke karɓar haraji daga 'yan kasuwa don rama wa masu gidaje na Atyap. Daga baya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, an ƙirƙiri wani rukunin Fulani a kasuwar Zangon Katab saboda hare-haren da aka kai a [[Ningi (Nijeriya)|Ningi]] a yankin Atyap. ''Baba'' ya yi jayayya cewa kawancen da ke tsakanin [[Fulani|Fulanin]] Zangon Katab, ƙungiyoyin Musulmi na Kauru, da Zazzau (ko Zariya) da Atyap ya haifar ne kawai da ƙiyayyar Atyap ga mazauna yankin, kuma bai kamata a yi tunanin cewa ita ce ke iko da Atyap ta hannun Turawan ba, kamar yadda Turawan Birtaniya suka bayyana. Bayan hare-haren da aka kai wa waɗanda suka yi wa ra'ayin jihadi a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], Zariya, da [[Bauchi (birni)|Yakubua]] (yanzu Bauchi), wasu Hausawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Zangon Katab. Masu ɗaukar tutar jihadi suma sun yi wa alama don yaƙi da samun wadata. Sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe na faɗaɗawa a kan matsugunan da ke kewaye. A shekarar 1820, Amala, [[Yaren Ruma|Arumaruma]] da sauran mutanen da ke kewaye da [[Kauru]], [[Lere]] da [[Kajuru]] a yammacin ƙafar Jos Plateau suka zama bayin [[Zazzau|Zariya]] . Daga matsugunansu ne masarautar Zazzau ta kai hare-hare kan Atyap (Katab) da maƙwabtansu. A shekarun 1830, 'yan kasuwar Hausawa a Zangon Katab sun fara haɗin gwiwa da Zazzau kuma sun buƙaci Atyap ya kula da hanyoyin kasuwanci gaba ɗaya. Ba da daɗewa ba Zazzau ta sanya wa Atyap matsayin Dhimmi a cikin shekarun 1840 inda Atyap zai biya wa Zazzau jizya haraji, ciki har da bayi 15, tabarmar raffia 20, gwangwani na zuma da kuma tarin 'ya'yan itacen raffia a kowace kabila, don guje wa hari daga gwamnatin jihadi. Atyap sun ƙi yin hakan tunda sun ga kansu a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. Sun fara kai hari kan {{Lang|ha|jekada}} waɗanda suka kasance manzanni daga Zazzau don tattara waɗannan abubuwan. Yayin da wasu za a iya kashe su, wasu kuma, ciki har da 'yan kasuwa da makiyayan Hausa, an kama su aka sayar da su ga dillalan [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] a Jos Plateau, waɗanda suka sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Mamman Sani (r. 1846—1860) na Zazzau bayan ya hau mulki ya fara yaƙi da waɗanda suka ƙi ikon masarautar. An fara kai wa [[Harshen Gbiri-Niragu|Aniragu]], [[Yaren Tumi|Atumi]], Kono, [[Harshen Kinuku|Anu]], [[Yaren Vono|Avono]], [[Harshen Gbiri-Niragu|Agbiri]], Avori, da [[Shuwa-Zamani|Rishuwa-Kuzamani]] hari a yankin Kauru saboda kin amincewa da yin hadin gwiwa da Kauru, wani bawa na Zazzau. A Dibyyi a shekarar 1847, Sani ya kai hari kan Bajju don share hanyoyin cinikin ayarin. Daga nan sai Bajju suka fara kare kansu ta hanyar yin garkuwa da Hausawa da Fulani a yankinsu, kuma suka tilasta wa Jama'a da Zazzau su yi musu hidima na tsawon wasu shekaru. [[File:Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png|thumb| Yankunan da [[Jihadin Danfodio|Fulani masu jihadi]] suka mamaye a kusan shekarar 1830]] Matafiya 'yan Turai a ƙarni na 19 kamar [[Heinrich Barth]] a cikin ƙarin bayani na "Tafiya da Ganowa a Arewacin da Tsakiyar Afirka", ya ba da labarin abokin tafiyarsa, Eduard Vogel, wanda ya ziyarci Yakoba (yanzu Bauchi) daga Kano da Katab a 1855. Ya isa Kano a farkon shekarar 1851. A cewar Barth, hanyar Katab ta ratsa ta gefen yamma na Jos Plateau inda yawancin mutanen yankin ke zaune. Ya lura cewa mutanen ƙauyen Mbutu ba sa girmama Fulanin Zariya (ko Zazzau) ko Yakubua, kuma suna ci gaba da katse sadarwa [a cikin hanyar ciniki ta hanya]. Daga Yakubua, ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Masarautar Adamawa|Adamawa]] da Zariya - ya ratsa ta yankunan gabashin tuddai na Filato, kuma ya yanke shawara gabaɗaya game da yankin kudancin Bauchi kamar haka: {{Blockquote|Also I have come to know the cannibal races with whom the Muhammedan inhabitants have very little to do. The name Njem-njem is a collective term similar in meaning to "maneater" . . . universally applied to all the heathens between Jakoba (''Yakoba'') and the Benue, for whom "flesh" is important.}} Game da ayyukan da masarautun ke yi na kai wa mutanen Filato hari, ya lura: {{Blockquote|The country between Bautshi (''Bauchi'') and Salia (''Zaria'') is entirely inhabited by heathens, mostly without any dress, ornamenting themselves with a bit of rice straw in the upper lip. The Sultan had the following system of catching slaves. He occupied with an imposing force the fields in the valley, driving all his horses in the then green harvest until the poor devils on the mountains surrendered for fear of starvation and sent down the number of boys requested by him, so he got in three weeks 200 fine slaves, which were marched off immediately to Sokoto for sale.}} A wata hira da wata tsohuwa a wani ƙauyen Ham, Gadzama (2014) ya ba da labarin cewa huda leɓunan 'ya'ya mata a wancan lokacin da iyalai ke yi shi ne don tunawa da 'yan uwa da maharan suka kama daga arewa da kudu, sannan kuma su ba wa maharan ra'ayin cewa abin da suka yi niyyar yi na wani ne. Waɗanda suka huda leɓunansu na sama suna da ƙarancin darajar kasuwa a kasuwar bayi, kuma manyan bayi waɗanda suka ɗauke su a matsayin waɗanda aka riga aka yi amfani da su ba za su saya su ba. Saboda haka, iyaye sun yi amfani da wannan a matsayin wata fa'ida don kare 'ya'yansu mata daga kamawa. Shekaru bayan dakatar da ayyukan satar bayi na Fulani daga daular Burtaniya, huda lebe na sama zai ci gaba da zama al'ada ta zamani na ɗan lokaci. [1] A shekarar 1862, Karl Moritz von Beurmann ya ziyarci wannan yanki kuma bai iya ci gaba zuwa [[Muri|Hammarua]] da [[Yola]] (Adamawa) ba saboda abin da aka sani da 'yan tawaye a kudancin masarautar'. [[File:Kaduna.png|thumb| Tsarin Kogin Kaduna]] A cikin littafinsa mai suna "Notes of a Travel from [[Bida]] in Nupe, to Kano in Hausa, An Yi a 1862" (1867:96), Dr. WB Baikie ya bayyana yankin a matsayin "ƙasa da yaƙi ya lalata". Ya lura cewa a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1862, a cikin rudani, sarki ( {{Lang|ha|Sarkin Zazzau}} fara ) da dawaki kusan 3,000, maza, mata, da dabbobin da ke da kaya a kan ƙasa mai danshi, ya ƙaura da sansaninsa zuwa [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] kuma daga ƙarshe, ya yi zango tsakanin 14 zuwa 16 yamma kusa da kogin. Sannan ya bayyana garin Zangon Katab (a arewa maso gabas) wanda ya ratsa a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1862, a matsayin {{Blockquote|"a rocky defile with granite blocks of granite<!-- [sic]?? --> placed one on another, like a [[Cyclopean]] wall, surrounded by huge [[boulders]]".}} Ya sanya wa garin suna "Kuttub" a taswirarsa (1867:babu lamba, zane na 2). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baikie |first=W. |last2=Kirk |first2=J. |date=1867 |title=Notes of a Journey from Bida in Nupe, to Kano in Haussa, Performed in 1862 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1798520 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=37 |pages=92–108 |doi=10.2307/1798520 |jstor=1798520 |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> [[File:BasNiger1889_Boussa.jpg|thumb| Taswirar Jamus ta 1889 tare da Zangon Katab mai suna ''Sango Katab'']] A shekarar 1866, Gerhard Rohlfs ya lura da wani abu makamancin haka yayin da yake wucewa ta Bauchi, yana mai iƙirarin cewa an dakatar da ciniki tsakanin Adamawa da Nupe gaba ɗaya. Daga nan ya ci gaba ta hanyar yammacin Katab. Rohlfs ya yi gargaɗi a cikin rubuce-rubucensa yana cewa, {{Blockquote|...don't venture too far from the city…oh wanderer, or you may find an arrow in your breast. For the armed heathens do not distinguish the Christian from the Muslim, they know only the latter, who steal their children and women and carry them into slavery. And when they so revenge themselves, who can blame them? Without support, without military leadership, without guns, they are too weak to fight an open war.}} Sakamakon ci gaba da kai hare-hare daga yammacin Zazzau daga Mai-Sudan na Kontagora, Umaru Nagwamatse (r. 1859-1876) wanda ya kai farmaki a kudancin Zazzau, musamman yankunan Kagarko, Kachia, Kajuru da Chikun a lokacin da yake kokarin isa garin Zazzau, Sarkin Zazzau, Abdullahi a shekarar 1871 ya zaɓi wani Musulmi ɗan Bekulu mai suna Tatumare, ya kuma sanya masa suna Kuyambana kuma aikinsa shi ne ya karɓi kyaututtuka daga mutanensa na Bekulu da kuma mutanen Anghan da ƙarfi. An zaɓi mutum na biyu, Yawa, a cikin shekarun 1880 ta hannun sarki, Sambo na Zazzau (r. 1881—1889), kuma aka yi masa lakabi da, Sarkin Yamma (shugaban Yamma) don yin sintiri a kan Ibrahim Nagwamatse na Kontagora daga gefen yamma na Zazzau. Daga Chikun, Fatika, Kachia, Kagarko da Kajuru, Yawa sun kai hari Gbagyi, Koro, Adara, Atyap, Bekulu da Anghan. Tatumare da Yawa sun zama wakilan Zazzau na farko a yankin Zangon Katab. A Kudaru da Kachia, Zazzau ya ajiye mayaka domin mayar da martani ga mamayar Ningi da Abuja (yanzu Suleja). [1] Matafiya daga Turai sun lura cewa komawa zuwa tsaunuka a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira, ƙiyayyar da suke yi wa masarautun Musulmi, da kuma abin da ake kira tsoffin al'adun mutanen wannan yanki sakamakon manufofin kai hari ga bayi na masarautun da Fulani ke jagoranta. === Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya === [[File:Emir_of_Kontagora_Ibrahim_Nagwamatse.jpg|thumb| Ibrahim Nagwamatse c. 1903-1929]] [[File:Masarautar_Zazzau_02.jpg|thumb| Kwassau da tawagarsa ta sarauta]] ==== Kariyar Arewacin Najeriya (1900–1914) ==== Bayan ayyana yankin Arewacin Najeriya da Birtaniya ta mamaye a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1900, an haɗa mutanen biranen Hausa da Nupe (wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin Fulani), tsohuwar daular Borno, da tsohuwar Kwararafa cikin wannan sabuwar daular mulkin mallaka [1] tare da Birgediya-Janar Sir Frederick D. Lugard a matsayin Babban Kwamishina na farko. [2] Kanar Kemball ya jagoranci dakarun rundunar tsaron yammacin Afirka (WAFF) zuwa yankin da aka fi sani da yankin kudancin Zaria a farkon shekarar 1900. An kuma aika da ginshiƙai biyu na WAFF zuwa Zariya a watan Fabrairun 1900. Ibrahim Nagwamatse na Kontagora (r. 1880–1901 da 1903–1929) ya mamaye Zariya a shekarar 1901, da ƙarfin mayaƙa kimanin 20,000. Sun yi sansani a gefen Zariya a Maska. Nagwamatse ya kasance mai satar bayi kamar sauran sarakunan Fulani. Turawan Birtaniya sun mayar da martani ga hakan ta hanyar kafa sansanin soja a Zariya, bisa ga buƙatar Muhammadu Lawal Kwassau na Zazzau (r. 1897–1902). Wannan kuma ya dakatar da hare-haren bayi na Kwassau a kan al'ummomin da ke kudancin masarautarsa. [3] An kafa Lardin Zariya a watan Maris na shekarar 1902. An naɗa Kyaftin Abadie a matsayin mazaunin farko. [1] A tsakiyar wannan shekarar, Kwassau ya kasa hakuri da Turawan Birtaniya, ya kuma kai hari na ƙarshe a kan Atyap, [2] wani yaƙin neman zaɓe da ya fara a shekarar 1897. A cewar majiyoyin Birtaniya, sama da mutane 1,000 ne suka mutu a hare-haren Kwassau, amma masana Atyap suna ganin adadin ya fi haka. A kusan wannan lokacin, akwai ƙaura zuwa kudu na mutanen Atyap saboda yaƙe-yaƙen Kwassau da aka sani da Tyong Kwasa̱u (gudu daga Kwassau) a Tyap . [3] Atyap sun kuma rasa Marok Gandu na Magata, babban mayakinsu wanda Kwassau ya rataye a kan gungumen. An ce an binne wasu kamar Zinyip Katunku da Kuntai Mado na Mashan da rai a Yaƙin Santswan tare da Kogin Kaduna da aka ce ya cika da jini. [4] A watan Satumba na shekarar 1902, Kyaftin Abadie ya tuhumi Kwassau kuma ya kama shi, daga baya aka mayar da shi Zungeru, sabuwar hedikwatar Protectorate. A watan Maris na shekarar 1903, aka mayar da shi Lokoja . An san Kwassau da "Sarkin Zazzau", amma bayansa, sarkin Zazzau na gaba, Aliyu dan Sidi, wanda aka naɗa masa rawani a wannan watan, an san shi da "Sarkin Zazzau". [2] Har yanzu a watan Maris na shekarar 1903, Turawan Birtaniya sun yi tattaki daga Keffi don kai hari ga Jama'a Daroro, wani yanki mai makwabtaka da Zazzau, ba tare da adawa da sarakunan Fulani ba. A watan Oktoban 1904, an sanya Jama'a a ƙarƙashin Lardin Nassarawa, kuma an kafa tashar soja a Jama'a tare da rundunar WAFF da ke wurin don ba da tallafi ga masarautar. A karon farko, Jama'a za ta yi iko da kabilun da ba su da iko a kansu a baya. [1] Daga nan ne Turawan Birtaniya suka kai hare-hare a kan Agworok, Bajju, Nikyob, Ham, Ninzo, da sauran wurare da ke kusa. [2] Haka kuma, sarakunan Fulani na yankunan Hausawa na Kauru da Kajuru ba tare da wata ƙarfin soja ba sun miƙa wuya ga Turawan Ingila don samun tagomashinsu a matsayin Jama'a. Wasu daga cikin kabilu kamar Gwong, Ninzo, Agworok, Bajju, Takad, da sauran kabilun Kudancin Zaria sun ci gaba da zama 'yantacciyar kasa, inda Turawan Birtaniya suka sami nasarar kwace iko da ita gaba daya a shekarar 1915 bayan dogon rikici . Jami'in Birtaniya, JS Coleman, ya shaida yadda aka yi tsayin daka a yankunan Tsakiyar Yankin Arewacin Najeriya kan mamayar Turawa fiye da sauran yankunan masarautu. [2] A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Manjo Eustace Crawley, Turawan Birtaniya sun kwace Atyapland ba tare da wani faɗa ba a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1903. A baya dai Atyap ta rasa mutane da yawa sakamakon hare-haren bayi da kisan gilla da aka yi a yaƙe-yaƙen Kwassau kuma da alama ba su da ƙarfi don wani yaƙi. [3] A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1903, mukaddashin Kwamishinan Kare Arewacin Najeriya ya aika wa Joseph Chamberlain, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka a [[Landan]], wasiƙa bayan wani gagarumin balaguro tsakanin 17 ga Maris zuwa 13 ga Afrilu, 1903 daga Turawan Birtaniya daga Zariya zuwa [[Kubau]], [[Lere]], Rukuba, [[Chawai|Tsam]], Atyap, da Bajju kamar haka: {{Blockquote|These operations were deemed necessary owing to the blocking of roads to the South and the raiding of caravans and murders of many traders by the Godas and Kaje (''Bajju'') tribes.}} Turawan Birtaniya sun yi nasarar isa Bajjuland daga Atyapland. Kimanin mazan Bajju 45 ne suka mutu a wannan fada, an kama 59 daga cikinsu, sannan aka yi awon gaba da kauyukansu aka kuma kona su. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1904, aka fara Yaƙin Tilde, wanda ya kasance wani aiki na haɗin gwiwa na mazaunan Burtaniya na Lardunan Bauchi da Nasarawa a Jama'a a kan Agworok. An kafa kamfanin WAFF a Kachia a shekarar 1905. A shekarar 1907, an sanya Atyapland a ƙarƙashin gundumar Kauru (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Katuka). Daga baya aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Zangon Katab a shekarar 1912. Amma masu mulkin Hausawa daga Zariya ne suka yi mulkinsa. Tun daga Shugaban Gundumar (DH) har zuwa Manzannin Gundumar har da jami'an Hukumar 'Yan Asalin, duk Hausawa ne. Jami'an Hausa ne suka naɗa Shugabannin Ƙauyen Atyap. [1] A shekarar 1909, Turawan Birtaniya suka ƙaddamar da rundunar sojojin Ninzo Patrols daga hannun Jama'a. Mataimakin mazaunin Jama'a a wancan lokacin shine Kyaftin AJN Tremearne . ==== Hukumar 'Yan Asalin ==== [[File:Map_of_Northern_Nigeria_(1911).png|thumb| Kariyar Arewacin Najeriya a shekarar 1911]] Tsakanin 1907-1908, Turawan Birtaniya ne suka ƙirƙiro manufar Hukumar 'Yan Asalin (NA), kuma suka tilasta mata ta yi aiki a Kudancin Zariya kamar yadda za ta yi a masarauta, wadda yankin ba ya cikinta kafin mulkin mallaka . Sarkin mulkin sarauta na Zariya (Sarki) ya ba da rahoto ga mazaunin Birtaniya, kuma Hakiman Gundumar sun ba da rahoto ga Sarkin. Shugabannin gundumomi da kuma jami'an Hukumar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar gaba ɗaya Hausawa ne, Fulani, ko Musulmi kuma an naɗa su ne don su mallaki al'ummar da ba Musulmi ba da waɗanda ba Hausawa ba ba tare da tarihin ikon mallakar su ba. Shugabannin Ƙauye ne kawai da Shugabannin Gundumar suka naɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar. [1] ==== Haɗakar Yankin Arewaci da Kudancin Najeriya da kuma gaba (1914–1960) ==== ===== Siyasar ƙasa ===== Duk da kin amincewa da ra'ayin Sir FD Lugard na [[Mallakar Najeriya|haɗakar]] da mutane da yawa a [[Yankin Kudancin Najeriya|Kudancin ƙasar]] (ciki har da yankin Lagos wanda ya haɗu da Kudu a 1906 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ukelina, B.U. |year=1966 |title=The Evolution of British Colonialism and the 1906 Amalgamation of Nigeria |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/zahir/article/view/253367/239400 |format=PDF |journal=The Journal of Zaria Historical Research |page=27 |access-date=April 26, 2025}}</ref> ) da kuma a cikin [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Kariyar Arewacin Najeriya]], haɗin gwiwar ya ci gaba. A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1914, ƙasashen biyu suka zama [[Mallakar Najeriya|Najeriya da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya]] suka mamaye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=E. O. |first=Ojo |year=2014 |title=Nigeria, 1914-2014: From Creation to Cremation? |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24768942 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=23 |pages=67–75 |jstor=24768942 |access-date=April 15, 2025}}</ref> An gudanar da Kudancin Zariya ne daga Zariya wadda ba ta da iko a kan mafi yawan yankin kafin zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. A cikin kasidarsa, Arewacin Najeriya da aka buga a watan Janairun 1904, Sir FD Lugard ya yi magana game da manyan kabilun arna na Tsakiyar Najeriya waɗanda suke da jarumtaka a yaƙi, suna magana da harsuna daban-daban kuma Fulani ba su taɓa cin nasara a kansu ba, yana kawo misalai kamar Gwaris, Kejes, da Kedaras . [1] Wannan haka yake da Filaton Jos wanda lokacin da Turawan Birtaniya suka mamaye Bauchi a shekarar 1902 ya kasance ƙarƙashin gwamnatin kai tsaye ta Lardin Bauchi wadda ba ta da tarihi ko iko a kanta a baya, har zuwa shekarar 1926 lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri Lardin Plateau. [2] Amma ba kamar Jos Plateau ba, Kudancin Zaria bai taɓa samun Lardinsa ba. A shekarar 1920, Kudancin Zariya ( ''a hukumance'' Sashen Kudancin Zariya na Lardin Zariya ) ya ƙunshi gundumomi 12 daga cikin 27 da ke Lardin Zariya, <ref name="YA">{{Cite journal |last=Yahaya |first=Aliyu |year=2016 |title=Colonialism in the Stateless Societies of Africa: A Historical Overview of Administrative Policies and Enduring Consequences in Southern Zaria Districts, Nigeria |url=https://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/assr/vol8/iss1/3 |journal=African Social Science Review |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=55 |access-date=April 4, 2025}}</ref> wato: {| class="wikitable" !Gundumar ! Lakabin Shugaban Gundumar |- | Bikaratu | Dan Galadima |- | Bishini | Sarkin Zana |- | [[Chawai]] | Sarkin Chawai |- | Jere | Sarkin Jere |- | [[Kachia]] | Ma'aji |- | [[Kagarko]] | Sarkin Kagarko |- | [[Kajuru]] | Sarkin Kajuru |- | [[Zangon Kataf|Katab]] | Katuka |- | [[Kauru]] | Sarkin Kauru |- | Kudaru | Turaki Karami |- | [[Kujama]] | Woinya |- | [[Lere]] | Wali |} <ref name="YA" /> A shekarar 1925, mazaunin Zariya ya lura da buƙatar kafa kotunan 'Arna' ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda suka fi son su nisanci kotunan Alkali tare da alkalai Musulmi, waɗanda masu mulki suka yi amfani da su don danne talakawa, ko Hausawa ko 'yan asalin Kudancin Zariya. A cewar Mazaunin, {{Blockquote|I am not altogether satisfied with the working of the Native Courts generally. In the Pagan Areas, little or no use is made of Moslem Alkali courts except by the minority Moslem population.}} An lura a cikin Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Lardin Zariya na Resident Laing na 1927 cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar sun fi son su nisanci kansu fiye da kai rikicinsu ga Hakimin Gundumar ko {{Lang|ha|Alkali}} (Alkali) saboda ayyukan nuna wariya. Lokacin da aka kafa waɗannan kotunan arna, ba a sami daidaito ba game da wanda zai jagoranci kotun daga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar kamar yadda yake a shari'ar Atyap. Sun zaɓi Hakimin gundumar Hausa don ya jagoranci kotun. Kuma, ajin masu mulki na Kudancin Zariya za su yi amfani da kotunan arna don kwace musu hukunci, kamar yadda aka yi a kotun Alkali. Manoman sun sake rasa bege a kotunan Pagan a yankin Atyap. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1934, Turawan Birtaniya sun bi buƙatar Gwamna Donald Cameron a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1934, suka ƙaura da gundumomi uku a Lardin Nassarawa, wato: Moroa, Jaba, da Kagoro zuwa Lardin Zariya. An kuma ƙaura wani ɓangare na Bajju (gami da Fantswam ) a Lardin Plateau tare da danginsu a Lardin Katab na Lardin Zariya, kamar Ham (Jaba) a Lardin Kachia waɗanda aka haɗa su da danginsu daga Lardin Nassarawa. [1] Waɗannan za su zama gundumomi kaɗai a Lardin Zariya da ke da Shugabannin Gundumomin 'Yan Asalin Ƙasar da waɗanda ba Musulmi ba. Irin waɗannan gundumomi masu zaman kansu sun fi zaman lafiya. [2] Haɗakar waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a ƙarƙashin Lardin Zariya ta haifar da asalin Kudancin Zariya. Haka kuma, rashin gamsuwa da samun wani ɓangare na wata ƙabila a cikin wata gunduma mai zaman kanta daga baya ya zama masarautu, kuma wani ɓangare a ƙarƙashin Hakimin Gundumar waje ya kawo rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Kudancin Zaria wanda zai haifar da zanga-zangar neman ƙarin 'yanci daga mulkin Hausawa da Fulani. [3] Yohanna Simon ya kira mulkin mallaka a Kudancin Zariya da "Dokar Anglo/Hausa/Fulani". [4] Duk da haka a shekarar 1934, [[Chawai]] ta rasa matsayinta na 'yantacce a matsayin gunduma, kuma aka haɗa ta da Zangon Katab. ===== Haraji da zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin mallaka ===== Turawan Birtaniya sun fara tilastawa mutane yin aiki da haraji jim kaɗan bayan da 'yan mulkin mallaka suka kwace iko. An kuma sa manoma su noma amfanin gona mai kyau maimakon amfanin gonakin da suka saba nomawa. A shekarar 1910, [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]] a gundumar Zangon Katab sun yi tawaye ga wakilin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da kuma Shugaban Gundumar Hausa saboda karuwar bukatarsu ta tilasta musu yin aiki, inda Turawan Birtaniya suka mayar da martani ta hanyar amfani da karfi don murkushe 'yan adawa. Tun daga shekarar 1913, yankunan arna na Lardin Zariya sun biya kashi 10% na girbin hatsinsu ga hukumomin mulkin mallaka da ake kira {{Lang|ha|Zakka}}, wanda aka biya 'kowace sandar ƙarfe', ban da wasu wurare inda ƙasar ba ta da albarka sosai. An tuhumi Aliyu ɗan Sidi (r. 1903-1921), Sarkin Zariya, da laifin cin hanci da rashawa da kuma amfani da iko ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma Turawan Birtaniya sun kore shi daga mulki a farkon 1921. An ruwaito cewa ya karkatar da abincin da aka yi wa fursunoni don amfanin kansa, ta haka ne ya bar fursunonin su mutu sakamakon watsi da su. An kuma zarge shi da ajiye ɓarawo a kotunsa kuma ya yi amfani da barazana da barazana don hana talakawansa yin korafi ga hukumomin mulkin mallaka. [1] [2] Wani bore kuma ya faru a Zangon Katab a shekarar 1922. Suna fuskantar wahala, Atyap da Bajju sun ƙi biyan harajinsu. Shugabannin Gundumomin Zangon Katab da Kachia ne suka kai musu rahoto ga Sarkin Zariya, wanda ya jaddada cewa ba za su iya tabbatar da tsari a tsakanin manoma ba, sannan ya nemi rakiyar sojojin mulkin mallaka da kuma jami'in siyasa zuwa Zangon Katab. Turawan Birtaniya sun yi hakan, kuma a ƙarshe, yayin da suka sami damar dakatar da zanga-zangar, ba su sami damar kama shugabannin masu zanga-zangar da suka tsere daga Gundumar ba, inda ɗaya daga cikinsu ya raunata abokin Hakimin Gundumar [na Zangon Katab]. [1] == Yanayin ƙasa == === Sassan gudanarwa === [[File:Map_of_Southern_Kaduna_by_Local_Government_Area-English.png|thumb| Taswirar Kudancin Kaduna ta hanyar Karamar Hukumar]] Teburin da ke ƙasa ya ƙunshi [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙananan hukumomi]] 12 na Kudancin Kaduna: {| class="wikitable" !Ƙaramar Hukuma ! Hedkwata |- | [[Chikun]] | [[Kujama]] |- | [[Jaba]] | [[Kwoi]] |- | [[Jema'a]] | [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]] |- | [[Kachia]] | Garin Kachia |- | [[Kaduna ta Kudu|Kudancin Kaduna]] | [[Makera, Kaduna ta Kudu|Makera]] |- | [[Kagarko]] | Garin Kagarko |- | [[Kajuru]] | Garin Kajuru |- | [[Kaura]] | Garin Kaura |- | [[Kauru]] | Garin Kauru |- | [[Lere]] | [[Saminaka]] |- | [[Sanga]] | Gbantu |- | [[Zangon Kataf]] | [[Zonkwa]] |} == Alƙaluma == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  === Tsarin ƙabilanci === Kudancin Kaduna ya ƙunshi [[Ƙabilar|ƙabilu]] masu alaƙa da juna da kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da dama waɗanda suka haɗa kansu bisa [[al'ada]] da [[Tarihin ɗan-Adam|tarihi]] iri ɗaya. James (2000) ya rarraba waɗannan mutane bisa ga alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙabilu da harsuna a ƙarƙashin taken " [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Tsakiya Bel]] (Haɗin [[Al'adar Nok|Yankin Al'adun Nok]] )", sannan ya rarraba ƙananan ƙungiyoyin zuwa ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa: ==== Ƙungiyar harsunan ƙabilanci ta Proto-Plateau ==== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N !Groups !Sub-groups |- |'''I.''' |'''''Northern or Adara Group''''' | * [[Adarawa|Adara]] (Kadara) * [[Adarawa|Ada]] (Kuturmi) * Ajure Adara (Kadara of Idon) * Anumafa Adara (Kadara Kateri) * Semi Ajure (Ankuwa, Gora) * [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] (Ikulu) |- |'''II.''' |'''''Western or Koro Group''''' | * [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Myamya]] * [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Achel, Ashe or Wachi]] * [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Ala or Agweshi]] * Koro Ham or Adong/Gbaham |- |'''III.''' |'''''Ham or Northwestern Group''''' | * [[Mutanen Ham|Ham Kpop]] (Jaba Kwoi) * Ham Ngat Ham (Jaban Katari) * Ham Shambang (Samban) * [[Harshen Idun|Ham Duhyah]] (Jaban Lungu) * [[Gwong people|Ham Gwong]] (Kagoma) * Ham Kworri (Chori) * Ham Det (Faik/Kenyi) * Ham Netkun/Netwho - Gbaham * Ham Nyakpah (Yeskwa) * [[Mutanen Kamantan|Ham Kong/Rhuini]] (Kamantan) |- |'''IV.''' |'''''Nerzit or Kataf (Atyap) Group''''' | * [[Katafawa|Atyap]] (Kataf, Katab) * [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]] (Kaje) * Əgworog (Aegworok, Oegworok, Baguro, Kagoro) * Asholyio (Osholio, Asholio, Moro'a) * Fantswam (Kafanchan) * [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] (Ikulu) * [[Mutanen Kamantan|Anghan]] (Angan, Kamantan) * Atakad (Atakat, Attakar) * Atyecharak (Atyacherak, Attachirak, Kachechere) * Terri (Challa, Chara) * Atuku (tuku) Kuu"" |- |'''V. ''' |'''''South-western (Aninka) Group''''' | * Ninzo * Northern Mada * Gbantu (Gwantu) * Nindem * Nikyob (Kaninkon) * Kanufi * Nungu * Buh - Ayu * Ningeshe * Nandu * Numana |} Duk da haka, an gyara rukunin da ke sama a cikin '''rukunin [[Harsunan Filato|harsunan Proto-Plateau]]''' bisa ga harsunan da ake magana da su ta Blench (2008) kamar haka: <ref name="Blench2018">Blench, Roger M. 2018. Nominal affixes and number marking in the Plateau languages of Central Nigeria. In John R. Watters (ed.), ''East Benue-Congo: Nouns, pronouns, and verbs'', 107–172. Berlin: Language Science Press. {{Doi|10.5281/zenodo.1314325}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N !Groups !Sub-groups |- |'''I.''' |'''''Northwest or Adara Group''''' | * [[Adarawa|Eda, Ada]] * [[Adarawa|Edra, Adara]] * [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] * Ẹjẹgha (Idon) * Doka * Ẹhwa (Iku-Gora-Ankwe) |- |'''II.''' |'''''Atyap (Nerzit, Nenzit) Group''''' | * [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]] * [[Katafawa|Atyap]] * [[Kagoro|Agworok]] (Kagoro) * Takad (Attakar) * Atyecarak (Kacicere) * Asholyio * [[Kafancan|Fantswam]] (Kafancan) * [[Atuku]] (Tuku) |- |'''III.''' |'''''Koro Group''''' | * Ashe * Tinɔr (Waci-Myamya) * Idũ, Gwara * Nyenkpa-Barde |- |'''IV.''' |'''''Ham Group''''' | * Shamang * Cori * [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]] * Zhire * Shang |- |'''V.''' |'''''Gwong Group''''' | * [[Gwong people|Gwong]] (Kagoma) * [[Mutanen Kamantan|Anɡhan]] (Kamanton) |- |'''VI.''' |'''''Ninzo Group''''' | * Ninzo (Ninzam) * Bu-Niŋkada * Mada * Numana-Nunku-Gbantu-Numbu * Ningye-Ninka * Anib * Nikyob * Nindem * Nungu * Ayu |- |'''VII.''' |'''''Ndun Group''''' | * Ndun (Nandu) |- |'''VIII.''' |'''''Alumu Group''''' | * [[Yaren Sambe|Sambe]] * He also said that Nisam is a presumed Plateau language once spoken in Nince Village, Kaduna State, however, its place within the Plateau branch cannot be ascertained due to the lack of linguistic data and that in 2005, there was only one speaker of Nisam. |} ==== Tarin kabilanci na Proto-Kainji ==== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N ! Ƙungiyoyi ! Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi |- | '''Ni.''' | '''''Ƙungiyar Gabashin Kainji''''' | * Atsam (Chawai) * Amap (Amo) * Abisi (Piti) * Kuzamani (Shuwa-Zamani) * Ngmgbang (Ribam) * Dinani (Dingi) * Ribina |- | '''II.''' | '''''Ƙungiyar Gabashin Kainji''''' | * Agbiri (Gure) * Aniragu (Kahugu) * [[Mutanen Akurmi|Akurmi]] (Kurama) * Koonu (Kono) * Vono (Kiballo) * Tumi (Kitimi) * Nuno-Kaivi (Kaibi) * Mala-Ruma (Rumaya/Ruruma) * Abin (Binawa) * Kuvori (Surubu) * Atumu (Kinuku) * Shuwa-Zamani (Kuzamani) * Dungi (Dungu) |} ==== Tarin kabilanci na Proto-Nupoid ==== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N ! Ƙungiyoyi ! Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi |- | '''Ni.''' | '''''Ƙungiyar Gbagyi (Gwari)''''' | * [[Gbagyi|Gbagyi-Gbari]] (Gwari) |} ==== Harsunan Chadic na Proto-West ==== Banda rarrabuwar James (2000) akwai ƙungiyoyin da suka fito daga ƙungiyar [[Yaren Chadic|harsunan ƙabilanci ta Proto-West Chadic]] : {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N ! Ƙungiyoyi ! Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi |- | '''Ni.''' | '''''Yammacin Chadic''''' | * [[Harshen Gwandara|Gwandara]] (ƙungiyar Afro-Asiatic, wacce ke da alaƙa da [[Hausawa]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnologue entry on Gwandara |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/GWN |access-date=August 18, 2020 |website=Ethnologue (Free All)}}</ref> an ce ta yi ƙaura daga [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] .) * [[Callanci|Sha]] (ƙungiyar 'yan ci-rani daga [[Bokkos]], [[Plateau (jiha)|Jihar Plateau]] .) |} === Yawan Jama'a === An kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen Kudancin Kaduna ya kai sama da miliyan 4.5 daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 8.5 da aka kiyasta a jihar Kaduna a shekarar 2016. An yi hasashen cewa mutane miliyan 5.1 daga cikin miliyan 12 za su kasance a [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a shekarar 2021. Harsunan da ake amfani da su a yankin su ne Hausa, Turanci da kuma harsunan Pidgin na Najeriya. === Harsuna === Kudancin Kaduna ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu bambancin harshe, waɗanda ke magana da harsunan da suka shafi ƙungiyoyin harsunan [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|Nijar-Congo]] da [[Yaren Chadic|Yammacin Chadi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages of Africa |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/eng/zjfz/fzzl/t619829.htm |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.fmprc.gov.cn}}</ref> Ga harsuna da yarukan da mutanen Kudancin Kaduna ke magana a kai: {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Ƙaramar Hukuma ! Harsuna |- | [[Chikun]] | [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] |- | [[Jaba]] | [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Ashe]] ; [[Harshen Idun|Duya]] ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam]] |- | [[Jema'a]] | Abin ; [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Ashe]] ; [[Harshen Berom|Berom]] ; [[Harshen Idun|Duya]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Fantswam]] ; [[Kagoma|Gyong]] ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam]] ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju]] ; [[Harshen Mada|Mada]] ; [[Yaren Kyoli|Kyoli]] ; Nikyob-Nindem ; [[Yaren Ninzo|Ninzo]] ; Nungu ; Nyakpa ; Shamang ; [[Yaren Tyap|Rubuta]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Tyuku]] [[Zhire language|Zhire]] ; [[Yaren Numana|Numana]] |- | [[Kachia]] | [[Harshen Adara|Adara]] ; Doka ; [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam]] ; [[Iku language|Iku-Gora-Ankwa]] ; [[Harshen Kulu|Ikulu]] ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju]] ; [[Yaren Kamatan|Nghan]] ; [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Wachi]] ; [[Harshen Adara|Ada]] ; Shamang ; [[Yaren Tyap|Rubuta]] ; [[Zhire language|Zhire]] |- |- | [[Kaduna ta Kudu|Kudancin Kaduna]] | [[Harshen Adara|Adara]] ; [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] ; [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] ; [[Harshen Idoma|Idoma]] ; [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Rubuta]] ; [[Yarbanci|Yarbawa]] |- | [[Kagarko]] | [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Ashe]] ; [[Harshen Idun|Duya]] ; [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] ; [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Wachi]] |- | [[Kajuru]] | [[Harshen Adara|Adara]] ; [[Yaren Idon|Ajiya]] ; [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] |- | [[Kaura]] | [[Yaren Tyap|Gworok]] ; [[Yaren Firan|Fir'auna]] ; [[Harshen Eten|Iten]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Takad]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Sholyo]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] da [[Yaren Tyap|Tyecarak (Tyecaat)]] |- | [[Kauru]] | [[Yaren Atsam|Atsam]] ; [[Piti|Bishi]] ; [[Dunjanci|Dungu]] ; [[Harshen Kulu|Ikulu]] ; [[Harshen Kaivi|Kaivi]] ; [[Yaren Vono|Kivono]] ; Kowa ; [[Shuwa-Zamani|Kumani]] ; [[Piti|Ngmgbang]] ; [[Yaren Rigwe|Riga]] ; [[Yaren Ruma|Ruma]] ; [[Harshen Kurama|T'kurmi]] ; [[Binanci|Tibin]] ; [[Harshen Kinuku|TiNu]] ; [[Shenanci|TiSeni]] ; Tumala ; [[Yaren Tumi|Tumi]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Rubuta]] ; TiVori da [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] |- | [[Lere]] | [[Gananci|Lere]] (yanzu bace); [[Harshen Kurama|T'kurmi]], [[Harshen Map|Timap]] ; [[Binanci|TiNu]] ; [[Harshen Gbiri-Niragu|Tugbiri-Niragu]] da [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] |- | [[Sanga]] | [[Yaren Ahwai|Awai]] ; [[Harshen Ayu|Ayu]] ; [[Yaren Bu|Bu-Ninkada]] ; [[Harshen Gwandara|Gwanda]] ; [[Harshen Hasha|Hasha]] ; [[Yaren Ninzo|Ninzo]] ; [[Yaren Numana|Numana]] ; Nungu ; [[Yaren Sambe|Sambe]] (yanzu bace); [[Callanci|Sha]] ; [[Harshen Toro|Turkwam]] |- | [[Zangon Kataf]] | [[Harshen Kulu|Ikulu]] ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju]] ; [[Yaren Kamatan|Nghan]] ; da [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Tyecarak (Tyecaat)]] |} === Addini === === Hotunan Hotuna === <gallery mode="packed" heights="150" style="line-height:130%"> File:Boulders_in_Gurara_River.jpg|alt=Gurara River, Gidan Akwaja.| Kogin Gurara, Gidan Akwaja. File:Kabyiek_Tityong_Waterfall_1.jpg|alt=Kabyiek Tityong (River Wonderful waterfalls) Kafanchan| [[Matsirga waterfalls|Kabyiek Tityong]] (Ruwan ruwa mai ban mamaki na Kogi) [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]] File:Kogum_River_2.jpg|alt=Kogum River, Kogum Station| Kogin Kogum, Tashar Kogum File:Drying_up.jpg|alt=Kaduna River, Zangon Kataf| [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kogin Kaduna]], Zangon Kataf File:A_SECTION_OF_GWOROK_HILL.jpg|alt=Cuk ntseei (horse's seat), Afan Gworog (Gworog Mountain)| Cuk ntseei (kujerar doki), Afan [[Kagoro|Gworog]] (Dutsen Gworog) File:Jaba_Kogo_Hill_at_raining_season.jpg|alt=Dung volcanic mountain in Dung (H. Jaban Kogo)| Dutsen dutsen Dung mai aman wuta a Dung (H. Jaban Kogo) File:Palm_grove.jpg|alt=Deleb palm windbreak, Zankan| Murfin iska na Deleb, Zankan File:Chen_Zat_2.jpg|alt=Chen Zat (Fantswam traditional forest), Kafanchan| Chen Zat (Dajin gargajiya na Fantswam), Kafanchan File:AN_OUTDOOR_KITCHEN.jpg|alt=Traditional kitchen, Agban, Gworog Mountain| Gidan dafa abinci na gargajiya, Agban, Dutsen Gworog File:Terracotta_head.jpg|alt=Nok Terracotta head, Nok museum| Nok Terracotta shugaban, [[Nok]] gidan kayan gargajiya File:Tin_extraction.jpg|alt=Tin mining, Godogodo| Haƙar ma'adinan tin, [[Godogodo]] File:Deserted_houses_at_Ukpee,_SK.jpg|alt=Deserted houses during the harmattan season, Ukpee (H. Ungwan Toka)| Gidajen da ba kowa a lokacin harmattan season, Ukpee (H. Ungwan Toka) File:Unity_in_Diversity_dance-drama_at_SK_Fest_2024_12.jpg|alt=Southern Kaduna people drama at SK Fest 2024| Wasan kwaikwayo na mutanen Kudancin Kaduna a [[c:Category:SK Fest 2024|bikin SK 2024]] </gallery> == Tattalin Arziki == === Albarkatun ƙasa === A tsakiyar shekarun 2000, tsohuwar Ministan Ma'adanai na Najeriya a lokacin mulkin [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Leslie Obiora, ta tattara jerin ma'adanai a fadin kasar, wanda ya kai jimillar ma'adanai 74; an ayyana 34 a matsayin wadanda suka dace da hakar ma'adinai a matakin kasuwanci, inda Kudancin Kaduna ke da ma'adanai sama da 30 tare da sama da kashi hamsin (50%) na su ana iya hako su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Haruna |first=David Livingstone |date=February 20, 2020 |title=Nigeria: Southern Kaduna and Tale of Illegal Artisans, Miners |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202002200873.html |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=All Africa}}</ref> A watan Agusta na shekarar 2016, [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]] ta ba da rahoton gano nickel a ƙauyen Dangoma, wani ƙauye sama da 11.&nbsp;kilomita kudu da [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]], ta hannun wata cibiyar hakar ma'adinai mai zaman kanta wacce wani tsohon ma'aikacin hakar ma'adinai na Australiya, [[Hugh Morgan (mai kasuwanci)|Hugh Morgan]], ke jagoranta. An ce ''ɗan ƙasar Australiya'' ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙwallon nickel da aka gano waɗanda ake rade-radin suna da ƙimar nickel sama da kashi 90 cikin ɗari kuma ana kyautata zaton wani sabon abu ne na duniya saboda yawan yaɗuwarsu, suna ba da dama ta samar da kuɗi nan take ta hanyar tsarin tantancewa mai sauƙi da araha. Ana iya amfani da wannan kuɗin shiga don samar da cikakken kimantawa game da binciken, wanda ya haifar da farin ciki a cikin al'ummar binciken. Jaridar ta ƙara da cewa, {{Blockquote|"...the discovery is unusual because the nickel is found in small balls up to 3mm in diameter of a high purity in shallow soils in what could be the surface expression of a much bigger hard-rock nickel field."}} === Noma === ==== Citta ==== [[File:Ginger_warehouse_Kafanchan_1.jpg|thumb| Ma'ajiyar Citta a Kafanchan]] Kudancin Kaduna shine [[Epicenter|cibiyar]] noman citta a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayodele, Titilayo |last2=Sambo, Banake |year=2014 |title=Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Production Efficiency and Constraints Among Small Scale Farmers in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria |url=https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/34265 |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Agricultural Science |publisher=The Canadian Center of Science and Education |volume=6 |issue=8 |doi=10.5539/jas.v6n8p141 |issn=1916-9752 |access-date=June 14, 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarun 1990, manoman [[citta]] sun sami riba daga sayar da amfanin gonar da suka girba saboda samuwar kamfanonin sarrafa citta a duk faɗin yankin. Duk da haka, a yau, yawancin waɗannan kamfanonin sun rufe ba tare da ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da su ba a ɓangaren gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Isuwa |first=Sunday |date=December 16, 2013 |title=The Lost Glory of Ginger in Southern Kaduna |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201312160467.html |access-date=August 29, 2020 |publisher=Daily Trust (Abuja)}}</ref> An lura da barkewar cutar fungal a yankuna da dama a Kudancin Kaduna a makon farko na watan Yulin 2023. [1] A watan Satumba na 2023, yayin da yake jawabi a Kachia, shugaban ƙungiyar citta ta ƙasa ta Najeriya, Nuhu B. Dauda, ya yi Allah wadai da asarar kimanin Naira biliyan 10 da tattalin arzikin jihar ya yi sakamakon wata cuta mai ban mamaki da ta shafi noman citta na shekarar. [2] [3] Wata guda bayan haka, a watan Oktoba, yayin da yake magana game da barkewar cutar citta, wata cuta ta fungal, a fadin kananan hukumomi bakwai na Kudancin Kaduna, wanda ya shafi kimanin hekta 2,500 na gonaki, [4] sanatan da ke wakiltar gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Kaduna, Sunday Marshall Katung, a wata hira da Arise News ya nemi goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya kuma ya bayyana cewa kashi 85% na noman citta a Najeriya ya fito ne daga jihar Kaduna, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen sanya kasar ta zama ta biyu a duniya wajen noman citta mafi girma. Ya ƙara da cewa Najeriya ta samu kimanin Naira biliyan 10 daga fitar da amfanin gona a kwata na biyu na wannan shekarar. [5] A watan Mayun 2024, Daily Trust ta ruwaito cewa baya ga asarar iri sakamakon barkewar cutar, manoma sun fuskanci barazanar sace su daga masu garkuwa da mutane a gonakinsu da ke kewaye da kananan hukumomin Kachia da Kagarko . [1] == Ilimi == [[File:A_block_of_classrooms.jpg|thumb| Block of Agriculture, Nuhu Bamali Polytechnic, Agut Ntswuo (Samaru Kataf) Campus]] [[Toure Kazah-Toure|Kazah-Toure]] (1999:130) ya yi iƙirarin cewa Kudancin Kaduna ya jagoranci fannin ilimi a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|yankin Arewa]] da ya lalace, a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]] (tsakanin 1966 da 1970s). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kazah-Toure |first=T. |date=1999 |title=The Political Economy of Ethnic Conflicts and Governance in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria: [De]Constructing a Contested Terrain |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24484540 |journal=Africa Development / Afrique et Développement |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |pages=109–144 |jstor=24484540 |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> Bonat (1989:55) ya yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin mutanen da suka yi karatu daga wannan yanki waɗanda ba Hausawa ba ne, suna cikin aikin koyarwa da kuma tsakiyar ma'aikatan gwamnati sabanin Hausawa waɗanda suka fi rinjaye a manyan matakan gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonat |first=Z. A. |date=1989 |title=Aspects of the Economic and Social History of the Atyab c. 1800-1960 A.D. |journal=Savanna |location=[[Zaria]] |publisher=ABU Press |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=55}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, wata ƙungiya, Kaduna Indigenous Publishers Network, ta yi magana game da kafa Hukumar Ilimi da Ci gaban Ƙarfin Bil Adama ta Kudancin Kaduna, don samar da dama ga matasan yankin don samun ingantaccen ilimi da horo. A watan Maris na 2025, Bishop [[Matthew Hassan Kukah|Matthew Kukah]] ya bayyana cewa Kudancin Kaduna yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna a arewacin Najeriya, a fannin ilimi, inda farfesoshi sama da 200 suka amfana sosai daga ilimin da masu wa'azin bishara suka kawo, ciki har da shi kansa. === Cibiyoyin manyan makarantu na yanzu === ==== Tarayya ==== * [[Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Tarayya Kachia|Jami'ar Tarayya ta Kimiyyar Aiki Kachia]] ( ''tsohon'' [[Jami'ar Nok Kachia]] ) * [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]], Cibiyar Nazarin [[Kagoro|Gworok]] * [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kaduna]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] ==== Jiha ==== * [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna|Kaduna State University]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] and [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]] Campuses * Makarantar Fasaha ta Noma, [[Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic]], [[Samaru Kataf|Agut Ntswuo]] Campus * [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kaduna|Kaduna State College of Education]], [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]] ==== Mai zaman kansa ==== * [[Jami'ar Greenfield]], Kaduna == Siyasa == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>[[Kungiyar Jama'ar Kaduna ta Kudu|Ƙungiyar Al'ummar Kudancin Kaduna]] (SOKAPU) ta kasance ƙungiyar kula da al'adun gargajiya ta kabilu kusan 67 da aka amince da su a Kudancin Kaduna tsawon shekaru da dama. A halin yanzu ƙungiyar tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Samuel Tabara Kato. Ya gaji Awemi Dio Maisamari a watan Disamba 2023 a matsayin shugaban SOKAPU na kasa. A watan Satumba na 2022, Majalisar Shugabannin Kudancin Kaduna (SKLC) wacce Ishaya Dary Akau ke jagoranta, ta sanya SOKAPU a matsayin memba. Sauran membobin majalisar da aka sanar sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Tuntuba ta Dattawan Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ci Gaban Al'umma ta Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Farfesoshi na Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Kiristoci na Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Sojoji da Jami'an Soja Masu Ritaya ta Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Kudancin Kaduna, da kuma Masu Hangen Nesa don kafa Majalisar. [1] Duk da haka, jerin sunayen SOKAPU a ƙarƙashin SKLC bai yi wa wasu membobin shugabannin SOKAPU daɗi ba, domin ƙungiyar ta faɗa cikin rikicin cikin gida wanda ya kai ga murabus ɗin Maisamari. [2] A shekarar 2021, yayin da yake magana da ''[[The Guardian (Najeriya)|jaridar Guardian Nigeria]]'', Shugaban SOKAPU, [[Jonathan Asake]] ya bayyana cewa Kudancin Kaduna ya bukaci a kafa Jihar Gurara tsawon sama da shekaru 30. Ya ƙara da cewa jihar da aka gabatar tana cikin jihohi 18 da aka gabatar a cikin rahoton taron ƙasa na Najeriya na 2014 da aka gudanar a lokacin shugabancin [[Goodluck Jonathan]] bayan an yi wa [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya]] kwaskwarima. == Mutane masu shahara == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Duba kuma ==   * [[Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992|1992 Zangon Kataf crises]] * [[Kisan kiyashi a Jihar Kaduna, 2019|2019 Kaduna State massacre]] * [[Bikin Afan|Afan National Festival]] * [[Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya na Kafancan|Kafanchan Peace Declaration]] * [[Gidan Sarautar Kajuru|Kajuru Castle]] * [[Jerin ƙauyuka a jihar Kaduna|List of villages in Kaduna State]] * [[Matsirga waterfalls]] * [[Al'adar Nok|Nok culture]] * [[Tashoshin Jiragen Ƙasa a Najeriya|Railway stations in Nigeria]] * [[Rikicin kudancin Kaduna|Southern Kaduna Crisis]] * [[Kisan Kiyashi a Kudancin Kaduna|Mass killings in Southern Kaduna]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Littattafan tarihi == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ny6zp41gqjd5nllqo25ppb0152gso4o 0 105557 964719 729356 2026-10-08T11:19:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964719 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:BLW_Oba_Orhogbua,_1550-1578_A.D._-_Nigeria.jpg|thumb| Farantin tagulla mai wakiltar sarkin gargajiya [[Orhogbua|Oba Orhogbua]], 1550-1578 AZ na [[mutanen Edo]] a Najeriya, a halin yanzu a Horniman Museum, United Kingdom.]] '''Kungiyar Tattaunawa ta Benin''' kungiya ce ta hadin gwiwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa da dama da ta tattaro wakilai daga gidajen tarihi na ƙasashen yamma tare da wakilan [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|gwamnatin Najeriya]], da kotun masarautar Benin, da hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi da tarihi ta Najeriya. Manufarta ita ce haɗin gwiwa tsakanin gidajen tarihi masu tarihin al'adun Najeriya da kuma samar da wani wurin baje koli a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]] musamman na [[Tagullun Benin|Benin Bronzes]]. == Manufa da sakamakon haɗin gwiwar == Manufar kungiyar ita ce "a yi aiki tare don kafa gidan tarihi a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]] wanda zai sauƙaƙe nunin dindindin [don] sake haɗa ayyukan fasaha na Benin da ke warwatse a cikin tarin duniya." <ref>{{Cite web |last=MARKK Museum Hamburg |date=2020-08-12 |title=Benin Dialogue |url=https://markk-hamburg.de/en/benin-dialogue/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927180403/https://markk-hamburg.de/en/benin-dialogue/ |archive-date=2020-09-27 |access-date=2021-04-05 |website=markk-hamburg.de |language=en}}</ref> An kafa ƙungiyar ne a shekara ta 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Benin Dialogue Group seeking for a solution for the so called Benin bronzes |url=http://www.law-archaeology.gr/index.php/en/component/k2/item/81-benin-dialogue-group-seeking-for-a-solution-for-the-so-called-benin-bronzes |access-date=2021-04-05 |website=www.law-archaeology.gr |archive-date=2021-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128010533/http://www.law-archaeology.gr/index.php/en/component/k2/item/81-benin-dialogue-group-seeking-for-a-solution-for-the-so-called-benin-bronzes |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin tsakiya don tattaunawa kan maido da abubuwan al'adu da aka wawashe daga [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|birnin Benin]] a matsayin wani ɓangare na balaguron azabtarwa da sojojin Burtaniya suka yi a shekarar 1897, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa da tarwatsa tsohuwar wayewar garin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hicks|first=Dan|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1200494396|title=The Brutish Museums : the Benin bronzes, colonial violence and cultural restitution|date=2020|isbn=978-1-78680-683-3|location=London|oclc=1200494396}}</ref> Tattaunawar ƙungiyar ta mayar da hankali ne kan karkatar da lamuni na dogon lokaci da wasu 'yan ƙasashen yammacin duniya suka yi,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Povolny |first=Bonnie |date=2018-11-23 |title=Benin Dialog Group: Building and Filling a New Museum in Benin |url=https://culturalpropertynews.org/benin-dialog-group-building-and-filling-a-new-museum-in-benin/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Cultural Property News}}</ref> yayin da 'yan Najeriya suka buƙaci a dawo da su. Daraktar gidan adana kayan tarihi na Hamburg Barbara Plankensteiner ta jaddada cewa ƙungiyar ba ta da hurumin yanke hukunci kan duk wani koma-baya da ya rataya a wuyan ƙungiyoyin daban-daban da ke mulkin mambobin ƙungiyar. Har ila yau, haɗin gwiwar ya haifar da shawarar da masanin gine-ginen Ghana da Birtaniya Sir David Adjaye ya yi na tsara sabon gidan kayan gargajiya a birnin Benin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hickley |first=Catherine |date=2020-06-08 |title=Digital Benin: a milestone on the long, slow journey to restitution |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2020/06/08/digital-benin-a-milestone-on-the-long-slow-journey-to-restitution |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Benin Dialogue Group Consolidates Plans for a Museum in Nigeria |url=https://www.smb.museum/en/whats-new/detail/in-cooperation-with-the-ethnologisches-museum-the-benin-dialogue-group-consolidates-plans-for-a-museum-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2021-04-05 |website=www.smb.museum |language=en}}</ref> Mambobin ƙungiyar sun haɗa da Gwamnatin [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], Kotun Masarautar Benin, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Tarihi da Monuments na Najeriya, [[Abuja]], Gidan Tarihi na Ethnology, Vienna, Gidan Tarihi na Ethnological Museum of the State Museums of Berlin, Museum am Rothenbaum (MARKK) na Hamburg, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Dresden Museum of Ethnology da Ethnology na Ethnology na Lindgart Leipzing. National Museum van Wereldculturen na Netherlands, Museum of World Culture a Stockholm, Museum of Archeology da Anthropology na Jami'ar Cambridge, [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|British Museum]] da Pitt Rivers Museum na Jami'ar Oxford. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Benin Dialogue |url=https://markk-hamburg.de/en/benin-dialogue/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |language=en}}</ref> Bayan ''rahoton Faransa game da maido da al'adun Afirka'' a cikin shekarar 2018, an mai da hankali sosai kan dawo da ikon mallakar Najeriya, maimakon lamuni, kuma ya haifar da dawowar Jami'ar Aberdeen a Scotland <ref>{{Cite web |title=University to return Benin bronze {{!}} News {{!}} The University of Aberdeen |url=https://www.abdn.ac.uk/news/14790/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.abdn.ac.uk}}</ref> da Kwalejin Jesus, Cambridge, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jesus College returns Benin Bronze in world first |url=https://www.jesus.cam.ac.uk/articles/jesus-college-returns-benin-bronze-world-first |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.jesus.cam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> a cikin shekarar Oktoba 2021. A cikin watan Nuwamba 2021, Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi (MET) ya mayar da allunan tagulla guda biyu daga tarinsa ga Hukumar Kula da Gidajen tarihi da Monuti ta Najeriya (NNCMM) tare da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna kan ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liscia |first=Valentina Di |date=2021-11-22 |title=In Ceremony, Met Museum Officially Returns Benin Bronzes to Nigeria |url=http://hyperallergic.com/694341/met-museum-officially-returns-benin-bronzes-to-nigeria/ |access-date=2021-11-24 |website=Hyperallergic |language=en-US}}</ref> Hakan ya biyo bayan hanyoyin da suka shafi hukumar dawo da irin waɗannan kayan al'adu sun haifar da tabbataccen yarjejeniyoyin doka tsakanin masu su da tarin Najeriya. Don haka, wasu mambobin ƙungiyar Tattaunawar Benin, irin su Gidan Tarihi na Archaeology da Anthropology na Jami'ar Cambridge <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-29 |title=Cambridge supports claim for return of Benin artefacts |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/beninreturn |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=University of Cambridge |language=en}}</ref> da kuma musamman Gidan Tarihi na Ethnological na Berlin da sauran tarin da ke Jamus sun amince da mayar da adadi mai yawa na Benin Bronzes. A sakamakon haka, hukumomin Najeriya sun amince da barin wasu guntu kan lamuni na dogon lokaci a cikin tarin ƙasashen yamma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Germany to return looted artifacts to Africa – DW – 06/29/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-to-return-looted-artifacts-to-africa/a-62300419 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2021, nasarorin da ƙungiyar ta samu ya sha suka daga [[Yusuf Tuggar]], jakadan Najeriya a Jamus, wanda ya shaida wa Deutsche Welle cewa tattaunawar "an daɗe ana yi kuma babu abin da ya faru kuma da alama yana kara kaimi wajen samun lamuni wanda kuma ba za a amince da shi ba a ɓangaren Najeriya." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Germany promising to return artefacts looted from Benin? {{!}} DW {{!}} 29.03.2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-germany-promising-to-return-artefacts-looted-from-benin/a-57040383 |access-date=2021-04-05 |website=Deutsche Welle |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Dandalin yanar gizo na Benin == A watan Nuwambar 2022, Mujallar ARTnews ta bayar da rahoton cewa, gidajen tarihi da dama ne suka kirkiri rumbun adana bayanan yanar gizo na ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20221110160658/https://digitalbenin.org/ Digital Benin]'', waɗanda suka haɗa da kwararru daga Najeriya ([[Gidan Tarihi ta Kasa Najeriya|National Museum Lagos]] da [[Gidan Kayan Tarihi Na Birnin Benin|Benin National Museum]]) da kuma wasu cibiyoyi na Afirka da na Yamma. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Solomon |first=Tessa |date=7 November 2022 |title=Thousands of Looted Benin Bronzes Scattered in Museums Worldwide Are Now Listed in an Online Database |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/digital-benin-database-looted-bronzes-museums-1234645731/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=ARTnews.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Benin |url=https://digitalbenin.org/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=digitalbenin.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110160658/https://digitalbenin.org/ |archive-date=2022-11-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Digital Benin'' ya lissafa cibiyoyi 131 daga ƙasashe 20 da ke da al'adun gargajiyar Benin a cikin tarin su. Wannan sabon dandali na kan layi yana bawa baƙi damar koyo game da ƙayyadaddun bayanai, wuri da kuma ingantaccen kayan tarihi na Afirka sama da 5,000, gami da taswira, hotuna masu tsayi, da taken ayyukan a cikin Ingilishi da harsunan [[Harshen Edo|Edo]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=Digital Benin project reunites bronzes looted by British soldiers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/10/digital-benin-reunites-thousands-of-objects-scattered-after-british-looting |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Tagullun Benin|Benin Bronzes]] * Rahoton maido da al'adun Afirka * Fasahar Afirka a cikin tarin Yamma * Maidawa (doka) * Komawa (dukiyar al'adu) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ixh0hloru6eznjm38qshs9piu3i07q6 0 105926 964655 831481 2026-10-08T07:35:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Zaben gwamnan [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]] na 2015 shi ne zaben gwamna na 8 na Jihar Nija. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Igboanugo |first=Ada |date=2015-04-12 |title=LIVE: INEC announces results of Governorship elections » YNaija |url=https://naija.yafri.ca/live-inec-announces-results-of-governorship-elections/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-13 |title=Elections: APC wins 19 states as PDP takes seven |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/elections-apc-wins-19-states-as-pdp-takes-seven/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-16 |title=Issues as governorship contest shifts to tribunals |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/issues-as-governorship-contest-shifts-to-tribunals/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-25 |title=Governors-elect: Facts behind the faces |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/governors-elect-facts-behind-the-faces/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-11 |title=ANALYSIS: How the governorship elections would be won and lost {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/180993-analysis-how-the-governorship-elections-would-be-won-and-lost.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-04 |title=Governorship Polls: How states will vote |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/governorship-polls-how-states-will-vote/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2015-04-12 |title=INEC's Statement on Governorship & State Assembly Elections – READ |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/04/inecs-statement-on-governorship-state-assembly-elections-read/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-12 |title=Nigeria 2015 Governorship, State Assemblies Elections – LIVE UPDATES (INEC Declarations) {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/investigationspecial-reports/181232-nigeria-2015-governorship-state-assemblies-elections-live-updates-inec-declarations.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PDP Sets Governorship Primaries For Nov 29, Presidential For Dec 6 |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/157585/pdp-sets-governorship-primaries-for-nov-29-presidential-for.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-24 |title=#NigeriaDecides2015: APC wins majority of Nigeria states in governorship poll {{!}} |url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=237793 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052252/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=237793 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-15 |title=Nigeria Elections 2015: APC wins 13 states, PDP 4 in governorship polls |url=http://pulse.ng/politics/nigeria-elections-2015-apc-wins-13-states-pdp-4-in-governorship-polls-id3649343.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415225327/http://pulse.ng/politics/nigeria-elections-2015-apc-wins-13-states-pdp-4-in-governorship-polls-id3649343.html |archive-date=2015-04-15 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-13 |title=APC wins in 13 states, PDP victorious in four |url=http://www.punchng.com/news/apc-wins-in-13-states-pdp-victorious-in-four/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413070322/http://www.punchng.com/news/apc-wins-in-13-states-pdp-victorious-in-four/ |archive-date=2015-04-13 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-25 |title=APC sweeps gov polls: Wins 19 States and counting, PDP is finished… See results. {{!}} |url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=237638 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725113258/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=237638 |archive-date=2015-07-25 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> An gudanar da shi a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 2015, wanda aka zaba a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya [[Abubakar Sani Bello]] ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke Umar Nasko na [[Peoples Democratic Party|Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 Governors Election Results Summary and Analysis by States in Nigeria |url=https://whowin.com.ng/2015-governors-election-result.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430191210/https://whowin.com.ng/2015-governors-election-result.aspx |archive-date=2021-04-30 |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=whowin.com.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Centre |url=https://nigeriaelections.stearsng.com/governor/2015 |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=nigeriaelections.stearsng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-13 |title=APC sweeps out PDP in Nigeria's northern states - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2015/04/13/apc-sweeps-out-pdp-in-nigerias-northern-states/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=The NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=pmnews |date=2015-04-13 |title=APC wins Niger, Kano, Adamawa, Nasarawa, Kebbi |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2015/04/13/apc-wins-niger-kano-adamawa-nasarawa-kebbi/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-04-13 |title=Nigeria – APC sweeps out PDP in governor and state elections |url=https://africasustainableconservation.com/2015/04/13/nigeria-apc-sweeps-out-pdp-in-governor-and-state-elections/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=Africa Sustainable Conservation News |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501064048/https://africasustainableconservation.com/2015/04/13/nigeria-apc-sweeps-out-pdp-in-governor-and-state-elections/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Time |date=2015-08-30 |title=Meet APC Governors |url=https://timenigeria.com/meet-apc-governors/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=Time Nigeria Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2015-04-12 |title=Governorship Election Results Part 1: Tambuwal, Amosun, Masari & More Win |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/04/governorship-election-results-part-1-tambuwal-amosun-okorocha-more-win/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2015-04-13 |title=Governorship Election Results Part 2: Wike, Al-Makura, Ganduje & More Emerge Winners |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2015/04/governorship-election-results-part-2-wike-al-makura-ganduje-more-emerge-winners/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2015 |title=GOVERNORSHIP ELECTION RESULTS |url=https://dailytrust.com/governorship-election-results |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501001115/https://dailytrust.com/governorship-election-results |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-13 |title=Bello |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/niger-governorship-apcs-bello-declared-winner/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-11 |title=In Niger, It's The Battle Of The Generals' Sons |url=https://guardian.ng/news/in-niger-its-the-battle-of-the-generals-sons/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-13 |title=APC 19 - 7 PDP... Results of 2015 gov election |url=https://www.thecable.ng/apc-17-7-pdp-results-2015-gov-election |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 Gubernatorial Election: Results so Far… – KapitalFM 92.9 Abuja |url=https://kapital929.fm/2015-gubernatorial-election-results-so-far/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=kapital929.fm |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523141338/https://kapital929.fm/2015-gubernatorial-election-results-so-far/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2015 |title=The governors emerge: Ribadu, Agbaje, Yero, Dakuku crash out - Business Hallmark |url=https://hallmarknews.com/the-governors-emerge-ribadu-agbaje-yero-dakuku-crash-out/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=hallmarknews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-13 |title=GUBER ELECTION LATEST: APC WINS 14 STATES, PDP 4 – Abia, Rivers, Cross River not ready yet |url=https://theyesng.com/guber-election-latest-apc-wins-14-states-pdp-4-abia-rivers-cross-river-not-ready-yet/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Yes International! Magazine |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ejiofor |first=Clement |date=2015-04-12 |title=2015 Governorship Election In Nigeria: Official Results From States |url=https://www.legit.ng/419961-read-official-results-of-2015-governorship-election.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428114852/https://www.legit.ng/419961-read-official-results-of-2015-governorship-election.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=xinhuanet.com |date=2015-04-12 |title=Key governorship positions return to Nigeria?s opposition party |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/key-governorship-positions-return-to-nigerias-opposition-party/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=News Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria - 2015 Election Results - Google Drive |url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/tghGyMtgwvGREo_mYjftkFw/htmlview |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=docs.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Time |date=2015-08-30 |title=Meet APC Governors |url=https://timenigeria.com/meet-apc-governors/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Time Nigeria Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reflections On 2015 General Elections |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/176495/reflections-on-2015-general-elections.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-11 |title=#NigeriaDecides 2015: Governorship and State House of Assembly Elections Results - LIVE UPDATES |url=https://guardian.ng/lead-story/nigeriadecides-2015-governorship-and-assemblies-elections-results-live-updates/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Services |first=Compiled from Wire |date=2015-04-13 |title=Buhari's APC winning big in Nigeria governorship polls |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/africa/2015/04/13/buharis-apc-winning-big-in-nigeria-governorship-polls |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Daily Sabah |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-15 |title=List & faces of newly elected governors in Nigeria |url=https://theinfong.com/2015/04/faces-and-list-of-newly-elected-governors-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Theinfong |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523135445/https://theinfong.com/2015/04/faces-and-list-of-newly-elected-governors-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ugwuanyi |first=Sylvester |date=2015-04-13 |title=Detailed results from Saturday's governorship election |url=https://dailypost.ng/2015/04/13/detailed-results-from-saturdays-governorship-election/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Farko na APC == Dan takarar APC, Abubakar Sani Bello ya sami tikitin jam'iyyar. An gudanar da zaben fidda gwani na APC a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-05 |title=FULL LIST: Mala Buni, Dapo Abiodun... APC approves guber candidates for 24 states |url=https://www.thecable.ng/full-list-mala-buni-dapo-abiodun-apc-approves-guber-candidates-for-24-states |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=Incumbents Coast to Victory in APC, PDP Gov Primaries |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/10/01/incumbents-coast-to-victory-in-apc-pdp-gov-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-10 |title=Nigeria: How progressive is the APC? |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/9964/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=New African Magazine |archive-date=2021-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527082508/https://newafricanmagazine.com/9964/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-04 |title=APC governorship primaries: Day of reckoning |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/apc-governorship-primaries-day-reckoning/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-17 |title=APC Must Conduct Transparent Governorship Primaries, Says Wahab, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/apc-must-conduct-transparent-governorship-primaries-says-wahab/195653/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217190957/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/apc-must-conduct-transparent-governorship-primaries-says-wahab/195653/ |archive-date=2015-02-17 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-04 |title=APC Governorship primaries updates |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/apc-governorship-primaries-updates/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-29 |title=APC: Rave of the moment in North-West, NorthEast |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/apc-rave-of-the-moment-in-north-west-northeast/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-04 |title=A festival of choice |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/festival-choice/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Peoples |date=2014-12-08 |title=Presidential Primaries: Power play as APC gubernatorial candidates emerge |url=https://peoplesdailyng.com/presidential-primaries-power-play-as-apc-gubernatorial-candidates-emerge/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Peoples Daily Newspaper |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527085053/https://peoplesdailyng.com/presidential-primaries-power-play-as-apc-gubernatorial-candidates-emerge/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == PDP na farko == Dan takarar PDP, Umar Nasko ya sami tikitin jam'iyyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2014 |title=PDP governorship primaries: 8 ministers may quit in weeks |url=https://dailytrust.com/pdp-governorship-primaries-8-ministers-may-quit-in-weeks |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527080648/https://dailytrust.com/pdp-governorship-primaries-8-ministers-may-quit-in-weeks |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-14 |title=Flawed Primaries, Aggrieved Aspirants Set To Dump PDP En masse |url=http://saharareporters.com/2014/12/14/flawed-primaries-aggrieved-aspirants-set-dump-pdp-en-masse |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Primaries chaos rocks PDP |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/primaries-chaos-rocks-pdp/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-08 |title=PDP faces crises in 17 states |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/pdp-faces-crises-17-states/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-13 |title=How PDP govs hijacked party structures ahead 2015 |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/21050-how-pdp-govs-hijacked-party-structures-ahead-2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113013640/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/21050-how-pdp-govs-hijacked-party-structures-ahead-2015 |archive-date=2014-11-13 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-21 |title=Battle for 2015: Fresh crisis hits PDP |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/21019-battle-for-2015-fresh-crisis-hits-pdp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121161050/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/21019-battle-for-2015-fresh-crisis-hits-pdp |archive-date=2014-11-21 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-18 |title=2015 Guber Race: 10 Toughest Battlegrounds |url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/top-stories/19165-2015-guber-race-10-toughest-battlegrounds |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118064725/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/sunday/index.php/top-stories/19165-2015-guber-race-10-toughest-battlegrounds |archive-date=2015-01-18 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-01 |title=The building blocks of 2015 |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/25240-the-building-blocks-of-2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150101043414/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/25240-the-building-blocks-of-2015 |archive-date=2015-01-01 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-06 |title=PDP chieftain calls for peace among gov aspirants |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/20074-pdp-chieftain-calls-for-peace-among-gov-aspirants |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406030948/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/20074-pdp-chieftain-calls-for-peace-among-gov-aspirants |archive-date=2015-04-06 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-11 |title=APC, PDP and battle for 2015 |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/apc-pdp-and-battle-for-2015/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-08 |title=Ribadu wins PDP Adamawa, Dankwambo retains Gombe and crisis in Niger - |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2014/12/08/ribadu-wins-pdp-adamawa-dankwambo-retains-gombe-and-crisis-in-niger/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=The NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Dec 2014 |title=Gombe: The battle between Dankwambo and Yahaya |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/daily-trust/20141226/281835757057799 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Daily Trust |via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ihedioha, Ribadu, Agbaje, Okowa, Wike, and others Win PDP Gubernatorial Primaries for 2015 Elections {{!}} The African Democrat |url=http://africandemocrat.com/content/ihedioha-ribadu-agbaje-okowa-wike-and-others-win-pdp-gubernatorial-primaries-2015-elections |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=africandemocrat.com |archive-date=2021-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527080659/http://africandemocrat.com/content/ihedioha-ribadu-agbaje-okowa-wike-and-others-win-pdp-gubernatorial-primaries-2015-elections |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=PDP Governorship Primaries: Ribadu, Folarin, Okowa, Agbaje, others win |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/pdp-governorship-primaries-ribadu-folarin-okowa-agbaje-others-win/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> An gudanar da zaben fidda gwani na PDP a shekarar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 Dec 2014 |title=PDP Governorship Primaries: A Harvest of Upsets, Protests |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/thisday/20141214/282200829261007 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=This Day |via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-08 |title=Update: PDP Governorship primaries |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/update-pdp-governorship-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimi Agbaje, Ifeanyi Okowa, Nyesom Wike, Teslim Folarin Win PDP Governorship Primaries |url=https://onobello.com/jimi-agbaje-ifeanyi-okowa-nyesom-wike-teslim-folarin-win-pdp-governorship-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=onobello.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527080651/https://onobello.com/jimi-agbaje-ifeanyi-okowa-nyesom-wike-teslim-folarin-win-pdp-governorship-primaries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Primary Elections: Wike, Folarin, Others Win PDP Governorship Tickets |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2014/12/08/pdp-primaries-wike-folarin-others-win-governorship-tickets/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Channels Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-17 |title=PDP primaries nationwide reactions |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/23725-pdp-primaries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517110358/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/23725-pdp-primaries |archive-date=2015-05-17 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-09 |title=Primaries: PDP in disarray |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/primaries-pdp-disarray/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-12 |title=Who picks PDP govs ticket? |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/23557-who-picks-pdp-govs-ticket |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512052002/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/23557-who-picks-pdp-govs-ticket |archive-date=2015-05-12 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-27 |title=PDP Governorship Primaries: A Harvest of Upsets, Protests, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/pdp-governorship-primaries-a-harvest-of-upsets-protests/196647/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327023519/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/pdp-governorship-primaries-a-harvest-of-upsets-protests/196647/ |archive-date=2015-03-27 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-19 |title=The emerging power blocs in PDP |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/23124-the-emerging-power-blocs-in-pdp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419214943/http://www.tribune.com.ng/quicklinkss/politics/item/23124-the-emerging-power-blocs-in-pdp |archive-date=2015-04-19 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-18 |title=PDP primaries |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/23033-pdp-primaries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418142824/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/news-headlines/item/23033-pdp-primaries |archive-date=2015-04-18 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-15 |title=A tale of woes |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tale-woes/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-03 |title=Protests, Defection Trail PDP Guber Primaries {{!}} OSUN DEFENDER |url=http://www.osundefender.org/?p=199254 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703093346/http://www.osundefender.org/?p=199254 |archive-date=2015-07-03 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-13 |title=2015: Governorship primary tears PDP apart in states |url=http://www.punchng.com/news/2015-governorship-primary-tears-pdp-apart-in-states/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213024456/http://www.punchng.com/news/2015-governorship-primary-tears-pdp-apart-in-states/ |archive-date=2014-12-13 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-03 |title=Mixed reactions trail PDP primaries |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/22912-mixed-reactions-trail-pdp-primaries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203032616/http://www.tribune.com.ng/news/top-stories/item/22912-mixed-reactions-trail-pdp-primaries |archive-date=2014-12-03 |access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> == Sakamakon == Jimillar 'yan takara 10 ne suka fafata a zaben. [[Abubakar Sani Bello]] daga All Progressives Congress ya lashe zaben, inda ya doke Umar Nasko daga Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party . Wanda ya lashe, [[Abubakar Sani Bello]] ya lashe a cikin 23 daga cikin 25 yankunan karamar hukuma a jihar, Umar Nasko ya lashe yankuna 2 kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 Elections: A Time to Choose (3); Focus on Akwa Ibom, Nasarawa, Taraba, Oyo, Kano, By Olusegun Adeniyi |url=https://newsexpressngr.com/news/9221-2015-Elections-A-Time-to-Choose-3-Focus-on-Akwa-Ibom-Nasarawa-Taraba-Oyo-Kano-By-Olusegun-Adeniyi |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=News Express Nigeria Website |language=en |archive-date=2021-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501002619/https://newsexpressngr.com/news/9221-2015-Elections-A-Time-to-Choose-3-Focus-on-Akwa-Ibom-Nasarawa-Taraba-Oyo-Kano-By-Olusegun-Adeniyi |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admins |date=2015-04-13 |title=Niger :Nasko Congratulates Victorious Abu Lolo Newsdiaryonline |url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/niger-nasko-congratulates-victorious-abu-lolo/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=Newsdiaryonline |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admins |date=2015-04-13 |title=Lalong ,Ortom ,Al-Makura Join Ganduje ,Bagudu,Yari, Abu Lolo ,Okowa As Winners Newsdiaryonline |url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/lalong-ortom-al-makura-join-ganduje-baguduyari-abu-lolo-okowa-as-winners/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=Newsdiaryonline |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-27 |title=After final whistle, it's APC 22 - 13 PDP |url=https://www.thecable.ng/final-whistle-apc-22-13-pdp |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2015 |title=APC tsunami sinks PDP in 19 states …Adamawa, Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Oyo, Plateau, Sokoto, Yobo and Zamfara {{!}} Encomium Magazine |url=https://encomium.ng/apc-tsunami-sinks-pdp-in-19-states-adamawa-bauchi-benue-borno-jigawa-kaduna-kano-katsina-kebbi-kwara-lagos-nasarawa-niger-ogun-oyo-plateau-sokoto-yobo-and-zamfara/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |date=2015-04-13 |title=APC Wins Governorship Election In 19 States |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/apc-wins-governorship-election-in-19-states/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admins |date=2015-04-08 |title=Choose One: Abu Lolo or Umar Nasko , By Mustapha Zubairu Newsdiaryonline |url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/choose-one-abu-lolo-or-umar-nasko-by-mustapha-zubairu/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=Newsdiaryonline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-13 |title=NIGER GOV: PDP's candidate Nasko concedes defeat to Bello |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/niger-gov-pdps-candidate-nasko-concedes-defeat-to-bello/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2015 |title=Election update : Abubakar Bello wins in Niger state {{!}} Encomium Magazine |url=https://encomium.ng/election-update-abubakar-bello-wins-in-niger-state/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Headliners |date=13 April 2015 |title=Final Niger State Governorship Election Result {{!}} Nigeria News Headlines Today |url=https://www.newsheadlines.com.ng/nigeria-2015-election-report/2015/04/13/final-niger-state-governorship-election-result/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501064048/https://www.newsheadlines.com.ng/nigeria-2015-election-report/2015/04/13/final-niger-state-governorship-election-result/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2015-04-13 |title=Niger State Governor-Elect, Sani-Bello Says 2015 Elections Has Restored Voters' Power |url=https://newswirengr.com/2015/04/13/niger-state-governor-elect-sani-bello-says-2015-elections-has-restored-voters-power/ |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501064049/https://newswirengr.com/2015/04/13/niger-state-governor-elect-sani-bello-says-2015-elections-has-restored-voters-power/ |archive-date=2021-05-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Buhari's APC wins big in Nigeria's governorship poll |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/buharis-apc-wins-big-in-nigerias-governorship-poll/57958 |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} o6zjiaxttu5f85lu1pmjil24dkeszp3 0 105938 964724 824416 2026-10-08T11:36:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''National Movement for the Liberation of Equatorial Guinea''' ([[Yaren Sifen|Spanish]]: ''Movimiento Nacional de Liberación de Guinea Ecuatorial'', '''Monalige''') jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] wanda Acacio Mañé Ela ya kafa. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin siyasa na farko na neman yancin kai a cikin Guinee na Sipaniya, a cikin shekarun 1950. == Tarihi == === Farko === An kirkiro Monalige a farkon shekarun 1950, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chronology of Equatorial Guinea: 1950 / 1979 From independence to the trial against Macías. |url=http://www.angelfire.com/sk2/guineaecuatorial/Lacosta2.htm}}</ref> ko da yake wasu majiyoyi sun nuna cewa ranar da aka kirkiro ta ta kasance a cikin shekarar 1947 ko 1948. A wancan lokacin an ba ta suna National Crusade for the Liberation of Equatorial Guinea ([[Yaren Sifen|Spanish]]: ''Cruzada Nacional de Liberación de Guinea Ecuatorial'', '''NCLEG'''). Acacio Mañé Ela ne ya jagoranci NCLEG, wanda a wancan lokacin ya ci gaba da shahara sosai ga ra'ayoyinsa na neman 'yancin kai, wanda aka gudanar a cikin mafi yawan ilimi ko wadata zamantakewa da kuma mutane masu tasiri na zamantakewa, irin su malamai, masu gudanarwa, manoma da catechists. Wasu daga cikin fitattun magoya bayansa sun haɗa da Bubi Marcos Ropo Uri, Fang Enrique Nwo da Francisco Ondo Micha. A cikin shekarar 1959, hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun kashe Acacio Mañé Ela. A cikin shekarar 1950s (kwanakin sun bambanta dangane da tushen da aka tuntuɓi: 1952, 1956 ko 1959), <ref>{{Cite web |title=18. Spanish Guinea (1950-1968) |url=http://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/spanish-guinea-1950-1968/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |archive-date=2022-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814041721/https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/spanish-guinea-1950-1968/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Intellectuals and Cultural Diversity: Discussions of the Ethnic Question in Equatorial Guinea |url=http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol22num1-2/sa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208051651/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol22num1-2/sa.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=APPROACH TO CONTEMPORARY EQUADORIAN GUINEA-GUINESE NARRATIVE IN SPANISH |url=https://uvadoc.uva.es/bitstream/10324/3540/1/TFM-F-61.pdf |access-date=2025-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813113758/http://uvadoc.uva.es/bitstream/10324/3540/1/TFM-F-61.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> NCLEG ta canza sunanta zuwa National Movement for the Liberation of Equatorial Guinea ('''Monalige''', farkon '''Monalige''' ), a cikin shirin Nsiongo a matsayin babban jam'iyyar Atana. Sauran shugabannin Monalige sun haɗa da Abilio Balboa Arkins, Fasto Torao Sikara, Francisco Dougan Mendo, Felipe Njoli, Agustín Efieso, Esteban Nsue, Ángel Masié da Justino Mbi. Magoya bayan Monalige galibi sun fito ne daga ƙwararrun bourgeoisie, gami da ƙanana da matsakaitan ƴan kasuwa da ƙwararru. Hedkwatar Monalige tana cikin [[Malabo]]. Monalige ta kuma ci gaba da kasancewa tare da [[Shahararren ra'ayi na Equatorial Guinea|Mashahurin Idea na Equatorial Guinea]] (PIEG). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea Ecuatorial: de colonia a sultanato. |url=http://www.africafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/Garcia_Ascanio_Guinea_Escuatorial_de_Colonia_Sultanato.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122150714/http://www.africafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/Garcia_Ascanio_Guinea_Escuatorial_de_Colonia_Sultanato.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Decolonization of Equatorial Guinea: The Relevance of the International Factor. |url=http://www.tsime.uz.ac.zw/claroline/backends/download.php?url=L0RlY29sb25pemF0aW9uL0VRX0RlY29sb25pemF0aW9uLnBkZg%3D%3D&cidReset=true&cidReq=HS1040_002 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo. GOVERNOR FAUSTINO RUIZ GONZÁLEZ AND NATIONALISM IN EQUATORIAL GUINEA. |url=https://myslide.es/documents/el-gobernador-faustino-ruiz-gonzalez.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729213746/https://myslide.es/documents/el-gobernador-faustino-ruiz-gonzalez.html |archive-date=2017-07-29}}</ref> === Ayyuka a lokacin mulkin mallaka === Atanasio Ndongo da wasu shugabannin Monalige sun fuskanci tsanantawa daga hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Spain waɗanda suka zargi jam'iyyar da gurguzu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo Panorama actual de las relaciones entre España y Guinea Ecuatorial |url=http://www.donato-ndongo.com/panorama-actual-de-las-relaciones-entre-espana-y-guinea-ecuatorial/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea Ecuatorial: de colonia a sultanato. |url=http://www.africafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/Garcia_Ascanio_Guinea_Escuatorial_de_Colonia_Sultanato.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122150714/http://www.africafundacion.org/IMG/pdf/Garcia_Ascanio_Guinea_Escuatorial_de_Colonia_Sultanato.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-22}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo EL GOBERNADOR FAUSTINO RUIZ GONZÁLEZ Y EL NACIONALISMO EN GUINEA ECUATORIAL |url=https://myslide.es/documents/el-gobernador-faustino-ruiz-gonzalez.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729213746/https://myslide.es/documents/el-gobernador-faustino-ruiz-gonzalez.html |archive-date=2017-07-29}}</ref> An kai su gudun hijira a [[Gabon]]. A shekarar 1961 gwamnatin Gabon ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugaba [[Léon M'ba]] ta amince da Monalige. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Decolonization of Equatorial Guinea: The Relevance of the International Factor. |url=http://www.hofstra.edu/pdf/community/culctr/culctr_guinea040209_ixaondo.pdf}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1962, [[Léon M'ba|Leon M'ba]] ya buƙaci 'yancin kai na [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] tare da IPGE a gaban kwamitin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na musamman.<ref>{{Cite news |title=La Guinea Ecuatorial: Reminiscencia histórica, experiencia de las luces y de las sombras de un proyecto político |newspaper=El País |date=7 August 1979 |url=https://elpais.com/diario/1979/08/07/internacional/302824805_850215.html |last1=Goytisolo |first1=Juan }}</ref> Bayan da ƙasar Sipaniya-Guinea ta sami 'yancin cin gashin kai a shekarar 1964, shugabannin Monalige da yawa (wanda hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka riga suka gane, amma har yanzu ba a ganin su) sun dawo daga gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Las 56 Áfricas: guía política. | isbn=978-968-23-1058-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L0Ws9Jv5R5IC&dq=monalige+guinea+ecuatorial&pg=PA142 | last1=Tenaille | first1=Frank | date=1981 | publisher=Siglo XXI }}</ref> Atanasio Ndongo, duk da haka, ba zai koma ƙasarsa ba sai a shekarar 1966. A lokacin da aka kafa gwamnatin Bonifacio Ondó Edu mai cin gashin kanta, Monalige ya riga ya kasance babban motsi tare da kafaffen tushe na tallafi tsakanin Equatorial Guinea, saɓanin [[Shahararren ra'ayi na Equatorial Guinea|PIEG]], wanda ya rasa dubban mambobinta. Yawancin membobin PIEG da MUNGE sun shiga Monalige, ciki har da Francisco Macías Nguema, Mataimakin Shugaban Gwamnatin Mai Zaman Kanta. Ba kamar jam'iyyu irin su MUNGE ko IPGE ba, MNGLE ta ba da shawarar samun 'yancin kai na Guinee na Sipaniya, amma ta ci gaba da samun matsakaicin matsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Decolonization of Equatorial Guinea: The Relevance of the International Factor. |url=http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol22num1-2/sa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208051651/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol22num1-2/sa.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08}}</ref> MNGLE ta tallafa wa kungiyoyi irin su Janar Union of Workers of Equatorial Guinea (UGTGE, ƙungiyar da ta ƙarfafa Kirista) da ƙungiyar matasa da aka sani da Blue Militia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=«Cronología de Guinea Ecuatorial: 1950 / 1979 De la independencia al juicio contra Macías». |url=http://www.angelfire.com/sk2/guineaecuatorial/Lacosta2.htm}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> === 'Yancin kai da haramun === MNGLE ta halarci taron tsarin mulkin Equatorial Guinea na shekarar 1968, lokacin da aka kirkiro sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Equatorial Guinea. MNGLE ya yi yakin neman amincewa da wannan kundin tsarin mulki a zaɓen raba gardama na watan Agusta 1968. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2017 |title="TODAY, REFERENDUM IN GUINEA" |url=http://www.elnacional.cat/es/cultura-ideas-artes/obiang-biko-guinea-ecuatorial_144957_102.html}}</ref> Domin babban zaɓen Equatorial Guinea na shekarar 1968, jam'iyyar ta gabatar da Atanasio Ndongo a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa. Ndongo ya samu kashi 19.88% na kuri'un, sannan MNGLE ta samu kujeru 10 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A zagaye na biyu, MNGLE ta ba da goyon bayanta ga ɗan takarar IPGE Francisco Macías Nguema, wanda a ƙarshe za a zaɓa shugaban ƙasa, ya doke ɗan takarar MUNGE Bonifacio Ondó Edu. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Equatorial Guinea, 'yan siyasar MNGLE da dama sun karɓi muƙamai a sabuwar gwamnatin ƙasar, ciki har da Atanasio Ndongo ya zama ministan harkokin waje da Ángel Masié ya zama ministan cikin gida. An zaɓi Fasto Torao a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar. Bayan yunƙurin juyin mulkin 1969 da Atanasio Ndongo ya yi na hambarar da shugaba Macias, an kama shugabanin MNGLE da yawa (ciki har da Ndongo kansa, Saturnino Ibongo Iyanga, Armando Balboa da Fasto Torao) tare da kashe shi. A cikin shekarar 1970, an haramtawa MNGLE tare da sauran jam'iyyun da ake da su bayan Macias ya kafa jam'iyyar United National Workers' Party (PUNT) a matsayin jam'iyyar shari'a ɗaya tilo kuma ya fara mulkin kama-karya wanda zai ɗorewa har zuwa shekara ta 1979. === Yanzu === A halin yanzu MNGLE tana ci gaba da ayyukanta a gudun hijira, tana ci gaba da aiki har yau. A yau, wani ɓangare ne na masu adawa da gwamnatin Teodoro Obiang kuma yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Adolfo Obiang Bikó. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nota de prensa de CPDS. Se ha iniciado en Malabo la VI Mesa de Diálogo Nacional. |url=http://www.asodeguesegundaetapa.org/nota-de-prensa-de-cpds-se-ha-iniciado-en-malabo-la-vi-mesa-de-dialogo-nacional/}}</ref> == Tarihin zaɓe == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Zabe ! Kujeru ! +/- ! Matsayi |- | 1968 |{{Composition bar|10|35|yellow}} |{{Increase}} 10 |{{Increase}} 3rd |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9evoctldmzieyogl0wjam2ur34g1m68 0 107005 964716 939696 2026-10-08T11:06:33Z Aminabubakar640 45094 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1238178297|Deba]]" 964716 wikitext text/x-wiki * Deba (crater) , wani rami a kan Mars * Deba (kogin) , wani kogi a cikin Basque Country * Deba, Gipuzkoa, wani gari ne a cikin ƙasar Basque * Deba, Gombe, wani gari ne a cikin Yamaltu / Deba Local Government Area na Jihar Gombe, Najeriya * Dęba (disambiguation), ƙauyuka daban-daban a Poland * Deba Prasad Das (1932-1986), mai rawa na Indiya * Deba Gupta (1911-1930), mai juyin juya halin Bengali * Deba Hekmat (an haife ta a shekara ta 2001), yar asalin Kurdawa da Burtaniya kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Deba Wieland (1916-1992), ɗan jaridar Jamus * Bizunesh Deba (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mai tsere mai nisa na Habasha * Melvine Deba (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998), ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu na Faransa == Sauran == * Deba (tsuntsu), wani nau'in asu na dangin Crambidae * Deba bōchō, wuka na kicin na Jafananci * All pages with titles containing Deba * Deva (rashin fahimta) {{Disambig|geo|given name|surname}} efc7eo8267ucbfp7rb4t8e3tf5obwsb 0 107854 964354 891586 2026-10-07T14:11:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Tekun Vertigo''''' shigar da bidiyo ne na minti 48 wanda ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya da mai shirya fina-finai John Akomfrah ya kirkira a cikin 2015. Bincike ne game da dangantakar mutum da teku kuma yana bincika batutuwa da suka hada da tarihin bautar, ƙaura, rikici, da damuwa game da muhalli kamar farautar whale da polar bear da gwajin nukiliya. Ya haɗu da hotunan asali da aka yi fim a Tsibirin Skye, Tsibirin Faroe da yankunan Arewacin [[Norway]], tare da kayan ajiya da farko daga Sashin Tarihin Halitta na BBC. Har ila yau, ya samo wahayi daga ayyukan wallafe-wallafen guda biyu: Moby-Dick na Herman Melville da waka Whale Nation na Heathcote Williams . An fara shi ne a bikin Venice Biennale na 56 a shekarar 2015 wanda Okwui Enwezor ya tsara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Akomfrah: Vertigo Sea |url=https://arnolfini.org.uk/whatson/john-akomfrah-vertigo-sea/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Arnolfini |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihin nune-nunen == * Venice Biennale (Venice) Mayu - Nuwamba 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |title=art-agenda |url=https://www.art-agenda.com/announcements/185714/john-akomfrah-at-the-venice-biennale |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=www.art-agenda.com |language=en}}</ref> * Arnolfini (Bristol, Ingila) Janairu - Afrilu 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Akomfrah: Vertigo Sea |url=https://arnolfini.org.uk/whatson/john-akomfrah-vertigo-sea/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Arnolfini |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Kunsthallen Nikolaj (Copenhagen) Fabrairu - Mayu 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Akomfrah: Vertigo Sea {{!}} www.nikolajkunsthal.dk |url=https://www.nikolajkunsthal.dk/en/udstillinger/john-akomfrah-vertigo-sea |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=www.nikolajkunsthal.dk |archive-date=2021-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307022643/http://www.nikolajkunsthal.dk/en/udstillinger/john-akomfrah-vertigo-sea |url-status=dead }}</ref> * The Exchange (Penzance, UK) Afrilu - Yuni 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Akomfrah Vertigo Sea |url=https://newlynartgallery.co.uk/activities/john-akomfrah-vertigo-sea/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Newlyn Art Gallery & The Exchange |language=en-GB}}</ref> * CoCA (Christchurch, New Zealand) Mayu - Agusta 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vertigo Sea {{!}} CoCA Centre of Contemporary Art Toi Moroki |url=https://coca.org.nz/exhibitions/vertigo-sea |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=coca.org.nz}}</ref> * Musayar Zane ([[Toronto]]) Oktoba 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=7 Things We Want to See at Nuit Blanche Toronto |url=https://canadianart.ca/features/nuit-blanche-toronto-picks-2016/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=canadianart.ca}}</ref> * Turner Contemporary (Kent, Burtaniya) Oktoba 2016 - Janairu 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akomfrah's 'Vertigo Sea' travels to Turner Contemporary |url=https://www.lissongallery.com/news/akomfrah-s-vertigo-sea-tours-to-turner-contemporary |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=www.lissongallery.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402102657/https://www.lissongallery.com/news/akomfrah-s-vertigo-sea-tours-to-turner-contemporary |archive-date=2021-04-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Whitworth (Manchester, Burtaniya) Maris - Yuli 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Akomfrah {{!}} Whitworth Art Gallery |url=https://www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/pastexhibitions/johnakomfrah/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=www.whitworth.manchester.ac.uk}}</ref> * Talbot Rice Gallery (Edinburgh) Oktoba 2017 - Janairu 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Akomfrah / Vertigo Sea {{!}} Talbot Rice Gallery |url=https://www.trg.ed.ac.uk/exhibition/john-akomfrah-vertigo-sea |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=www.trg.ed.ac.uk}}</ref> * SFMOMA (San Francisco) Maris - Satumba 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sublime Seas: John Akomfrah and J.M.W. Turner · SFMOMA |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/exhibition/john-akomfrah/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=SFMOMA |language=en-US}}</ref> * Sabon Gidan Tarihi ([[New York (birni)|New York City]]) Yuni - Satumba 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Akomfrah: Signs of Empire |url=http://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/john-akomfrah-signs-of-empire |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=www.newmuseum.org |language=en}}</ref> * The Store X 'Strange Days' (London) Oktoba - Disamba 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-12 |title=Immersive exhibition Strange Days to transform Brutalist building in London |url=https://thespaces.com/immersive-exhibition-strange-days-to-transform-brutalist-building-in-london/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=The Spaces |language=en-US}}</ref> * Tarin Phillips (Washington) Yuni - Satumba 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Warmth of Other Suns: Stories of Global Displacement |url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/event/2019-06-22-warmth-other-suns-stories-global-displacement |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=www.phillipscollection.org |language=en}}</ref> * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Johnson (New York) Satumba - Disamba 2019 * Rabuwa ([[Vienna]]) Fabrairu - Yuni 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Contemporary Art Daily » Blog Archive » John Akomfrah at Secession |url=https://contemporaryartdaily.com/2020/04/john-akomfrah-at-secession/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=contemporaryartdaily.com}}</ref> * Gidajen (St John's, Kanada) Fabrairu - Yuli 2020 * Gidan Tarihi na Seattle (Seattle) Maris - Satumba 2020 <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Akomfrah: Future History {{!}} MAR 5 – SEP 7 2020 at Seattle Art Museum |url=http://akomfrah.site.seattleartmuseum.org/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=John Akomfrah: Future History |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415051352/https://akomfrah.site.seattleartmuseum.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * CAAC (Seville) Nuwamba 2020 - Maris 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title='John Akomfrah: The Earth is Flat' at CAAC Seville |url=https://www.lissongallery.com/news/john-akomfrah-the-earth-is-flat-at-caac-seville |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=www.lissongallery.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401132713/https://www.lissongallery.com/news/john-akomfrah-the-earth-is-flat-at-caac-seville |archive-date=2021-04-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * MAC Montreal (Montreal) Fabrairu - Afrilu 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Akomfrah: Vertigo Sea |url=https://macm.org/en/exhibitions/john-akomfrah-vertigo-sea/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=MAC Montréal |language=en-US}}</ref> * Gidauniyar Antoni Tàpies (Barcelona) Fabrairu - Yuni 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Akomfrah |url=https://fundaciotapies.org/en/exposicio/john-akomfrah-vertigo-sea-2/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Fundació Antoni Tàpies |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618091851/https://fundaciotapies.org/en/exposicio/john-akomfrah-vertigo-sea-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Towner Gallery (Eastbourne, Burtaniya) Mayu - Satumba 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Akomfrah: Vertigo Sea - Exhibition at Towner Eastbourne in Eastbourne |url=https://www.artrabbit.com/events/john-akomfrah-vertigo-sea-towner-eastbourne |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=ArtRabbit |language=en}}</ref> * Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Cardiff (Wales, Burtaniya) Oktoba 2021 - Yuni 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rules of Art? |url=https://museum.wales/cardiff/whatson/11098/The-Rules-of-Art/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=National Museum Wales |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-18 |title=Destination masterpiece: 75 great artworks to see across the UK |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/jun/18/destination-masterpiece-75-great-artworks-to-see-across-the-uk |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Fine Arts, Boston (Boston) Nuwamba 9, 2024 - Nuwamba 9, 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deep Waters: Four Artists and the Sea {{!}} Museum of Fine Arts Boston |url=https://www.mfa.org/exhibition/deep-waters-four-artists-and-the-sea |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.mfa.org |language=en}}</ref> == Sauti == Tandis Jenhudson ne ya kirkiro sauti na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spice |first=Anton |date=2015-05-30 |title=10 incredible sound and music works at the Venice Biennale 2015 |url=https://thevinylfactory.com/features/10-incredible-sound-and-music-works-at-the-venice-biennale-2015/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=The Vinyl Factory |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin bita na 2015 Venice Biennale, [[The Guardian]] ya kira Vertigo Sea a matsayin "mafi kyawun waƙa ga duniya mai wucewa".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-11 |title=Venice Biennale: the world is more than enough |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/may/11/venice-biennale-all-the-worlds-futures-review |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The Guardian's Adrian Searle ya ba da cikakken bita ga nune-nunen Arnolfini na 2016 a Bristol, yana bayyana shi a matsayin "harin gani... mai ban sha'awa da mummunar, mai girma da bakin ciki".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=John Akomfrah's Vertigo Sea: human and natural history meet at the abyss |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2016/jan/25/john-akomfrah-vertigo-sea-bristol-arnolfini-london-lisson-gallery-auto-de-fe-the-airport-tropikos |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> The Arts Desk ya bayyana shi a matsayin "tunani mai ban mamaki game da dangantakar ɗan adam da duniyar ruwa" da kuma "wani zane-zane na minti 48 da aka tsara da kyau a fadin allo uku". Ya kammala cewa "babu wata hanya mai karfi da za a sa mutane suyi aiki fiye da nuna abin da muke tsaye don rasa". A cikin bita na baje kolin Whitworth na 2017 a Manchester, mujallar New African ta bayyana cewa "wani abu ne mai ban sha'awa na hotuna da sauti masu rikitarwa, koyaushe yana jefa mai kallo cikin bincika damuwa mai yawa game da tseren, ainihi da ƙaura".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Vertigo Sea: depicting migration |url=https://newafricanmagazine.com/15446/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=New African Magazine |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603115445/https://newafricanmagazine.com/15446/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Afterimage ya bayyana "motsa jiki na yau da kullun da kuma shimfida sauti da hoto a fadin manyan allo guda uku" wanda "ya haifar da wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa da kuma shafar gogewa wanda ke tilasta wa masu kallo idanu, kunnuwa da motsin rai. " Har ila yau, ya nuna sauti da aka aro daga mummunan wasan kwaikwayo, an rufe shi da kuma haɗuwa da sauti na halitta da kuma "ƙarin yanayi na mawaƙa na Burtaniya Tandis Jenhudson, wanda tare ya ba da shawarar abin tunawa da jana'izar. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glessing |first=Jill |date=2017-01-01 |title=Review: John Akomfrah: Vertigo Sea |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/afterimage/article-abstract/44/4/38/20538/Review-John-Akomfrah-Vertigo-Sea?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=Afterimage |language=en |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=38–39 |doi=10.1525/aft.2017.44.4.38 |issn=0300-7472 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A cikin sake dubawa na nune-nunen Strange Days na 2018 a London, Time Out ya bayyana cewa Vertigo Sea "ya sace wasan kwaikwayon tare da waƙoƙin sa, mai ban sha'awa kuma sau da yawa mai ban tsoro a kan Atlantic a matsayin wurin raunin tarihi, yayin da Ben Luke na Evening Standard ya bayyana shi a matsayin "babban abu, na asali na allo uku" The Cornell Daily Sun, a cikin bita na 2019 na baje kolin gidan kayan gargajiya na Johnson, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa a cikin kyakkyawa da tsoro" yana mai cewa "Akomfrah yana ƙirƙirar shigarwa ta gani wanda ke da yawa a cikin girmansa da motsawa amma tare da manufar tunawa cewa duniya ta kasance wuri ne mai rikitarwa da ban mamaki".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hockenberry |first=Erin |date=2019-09-09 |title=The Dizzying Power of Vertigo Sea |url=https://cornellsun.com/2019/09/09/the-dizzying-power-of-vertigo-sea/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=The Cornell Daily Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ARTnews ya sanya Vertigo Sea na 2 a cikin ayyukan John Akomfrah guda biyar, daya a bayan fim dinsa na 1986 Handsworth Songs . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=2020-06-16 |title=John Akomfrah’s Best Films, Ranked: Strange Futures, Black Identities in Flux, Earthly Damage, and More |url=https://www.artnews.com/feature/john-akomfrah-best-films-handsworth-songs-1202691370/ |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == fbpba733hlb4cg62z66sjnsuxeuwoc7 0 108910 964591 939503 2026-10-08T05:01:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Copenhagen Consensus wani aiki ne wanda ke neman kafa fifiko don inganta jin dadin duniya ta amfani da hanyoyin da suka danganci ka'idar tattalin arzikin jin dadin, ta amfani da nazarin farashi-amfanin. [[Bjørn Lomborg]] ne ya tsara shi kuma ya shirya shi a shekara ta 2004, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our story {{!}} Copenhagen Consensus Center |url=https://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/our-story |access-date=2021-01-02 |website=www.copenhagenconsensus.com}}</ref> marubucin The Skeptical Environmentalist kuma darektan [[Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli]] ta gwamnatin Denmark a lokacin. Cibiyar Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ce ke gudanar da aikin, wanda Lomborg ke jagoranta kuma yana daga cikin Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Copenhagen, amma yanzu ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta 501 (c) (3) mai zaman kanta da ba ta da riba da aka yi rajista a Amurka. Aikin yana la'akari da yiwuwar warware matsaloli masu yawa, waɗanda masana suka gabatar a kowane fagen. Wadannan ana kimanta su kuma an tsara su ta hanyar kwamitin masana tattalin arziki. An jaddada shi ne a kan fifiko mai ma'ana ta hanyar nazarin tattalin arziki. An ba kwamitin ƙuntataccen kasafin kuɗi kuma an umurce shi da ya yi amfani da nazarin farashi-amfanin don mayar da hankali kan hanyar layin ƙasa wajen warware / ƙaddamar da matsalolin da aka gabatar. An tabbatar da wannan hanyar a matsayin gyare-gyare ga al'ada a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, inda, ana zargin, kulawar kafofin watsa labarai da "tribunal na ra'ayin jama'a" suna haifar da fifiko waɗanda galibi ba su da kyau. Masanin alaƙar kasa da kasa Peter Hough ya lura cewa aikin yana daga cikin "ƙungiyoyin masu musanta canjin yanayi" waɗanda yanzu suka canza sautin su kuma suka canza gardamarsu ta asali a fuskar 2" href="./Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Scientific consensus on climate change">Yarjejeniyar kimiyya game da canjin yanayi, suna yarda cewa gaskiya ne kuma ya haifar da hayakin CO2, amma har yanzu suna jayayya cewa damuwa sun wuce gona da iri kuma mutane na iya daidaitawa da matsalar maimakon rage shi. Hough ya yarda cewa damuwar da Copenhagen Consensus ta tayar game da yadda za a ba da taimako kai tsaye suna da inganci, amma yawancin muhawara ba su da tsauri, kuma yawancin mafita, kamar geoengineering, ba su da shaida. == Tarihi == Shirin ya gudanar da taro a cikin 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 da 2012. Taron na 2012 ya sanya abubuwan da suka dace da micronutrient mafi fifiko, <ref name="CC12 Outcome">{{Cite web |title=Outcome |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/outcome |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> kuma rahoton 2008 ya gano ƙarin bitamin ga yara marasa abinci a matsayin mafi kyawun saka hannun jari a duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Copenhagen Consensus II |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-ii |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> Taron na 2009, wanda ke hulɗa musamman da dumama duniya, ya ba da shawarar bincike game da fararen girgije na ruwa (jirage da ke yayyafa ruwan teku cikin girgije don sa su nuna karin hasken rana kuma ta haka ne rage zafin jiki) a matsayin mafi girman fifiko na canjin yanayi, kodayake canjin yanayi da kansa an sanya shi ƙasa da sauran matsalolin duniya. A cikin 2011 Cibiyar Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ta gudanar da aikin Rethink HIV tare da Gidauniyar RUSH, don neman mafita masu kyau ga matsalar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]]. A cikin 2007 ya bincika waɗanne ayyukan zasu ba da gudummawa mafi yawa ga jin dadin a cikin Copenhagen Consensus for Latin America tare da hadin gwiwar Bankin Ci Gaban Amurka. Gwamnatin Denmark da The Economist ne suka dauki nauyin aikin farko. Wani littafi da ke taƙaita ƙaddamarwar Copenhagen Consensus 2004, Global Crises, Global Solutions, wanda Lomborg ya shirya, an buga shi a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2004 ta Cambridge University Press, sannan kuma fitowar ta biyu da aka buga a shekara ta 2009 bisa ga ƙaddamarwar shekara ta 2008. == Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen 2012 == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, an gudanar da yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ta uku a duniya, inda aka tara masana tattalin arziki don nazarin farashin da fa'idodi na hanyoyi daban-daban don magance manyan matsalolin duniya. Manufar ita ce samar da amsar tambayar: Idan kuna da dala biliyan 75 don dalilai masu daraja, ina ya kamata ku fara? Kwamitin da ya hada da masu karbar kyautar Nobel guda hudu sun hadu a Copenhagen, Denmark, a watan Mayu na shekarar 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copenhagen Consensus 2012 |url=http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Projects/copenhagen-consensus-2012}}</ref> === Economists === Mambobin kwamitin sune masu zuwa, hudu daga cikinsu masanan tattalin arziki ne na Nobel Laureate. * Robert Mundell * Nancy Stokey * Thomas Schelling * Vernon Smith * Finn Kydland === Ƙalubalen === * [[Yaƙi|Yaƙi da makamai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armed Conflict |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/armed-conflict-0 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> * [[Bambancin halittu|Biodiversity]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/biodiversity-0 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> * [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|Cutar da ba ta da alaƙa]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chronic Disease |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/chronic-disease-0 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> * [[Canjin yanayi da canji|Canjin yanayi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/climate-change |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> * Ilimi<ref>{{Cite web |title=Education |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/education |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> * [[Yunwa]] da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunger and Malnutrition |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/hunger-and-malnutrition-0 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> * [[Cutar|Cututtukan cututtuka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infectious Disease |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/infectious-disease-0 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> * [[Natural disaster|Bala'o'i na halitta]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Disasters |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/natural-disasters-0 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> * [[Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Growth |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/population-growth-0 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> * [[Ruwa]] da tsaftacewa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Water and Sanitation |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/water-and-sanitation-0 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Cibiyar ta ba da umarnin bincike kan Cin hanci da rashawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/corruption-0 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> da shingen kasuwanci, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trade Barriers |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-iii/trade-barriers-0 |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> amma Kwamitin Kwararru bai sanya waɗannan don Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ba, saboda mafita ga waɗannan ƙalubalen siyasa ne maimakon saka hannun jari. === Sakamakon === Idan aka ba da ƙuntataccen kasafin kuɗi, sun sami saka hannun jari 16 da suka cancanci saka hannun jari (a cikin tsari mai saukowa na sha'awa): <ref name="CC12 Outcome" /> # Matsalolin micronutrient don yaki da yunwa da inganta ilimi # fadada tallafin don maganin [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] # Yaduwar rigakafin yara # Cirewar yara a makaranta, don inganta sakamakon ilimi da kiwon lafiya # Yaduwar maganin [[tarin fuka]] # R&D don kara inganta amfanin gona, don rage yunwa, yaki da lalacewar halittu, da rage tasirin [[Sauyin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]] # Zuba jari a cikin ingantaccen tsarin gargadi na farko don kare jama'a daga bala'i # Ƙarfafa ikon tiyata # Rigakafin cutar hepatitis B # Amfani da magungunan da ba su da tsada sosai idan akwai ciwon zuciya mai tsanani a cikin ƙasashe masu talauci (waɗannan sun riga sun kasance a ƙasashe masu tasowa) # Kamfen na rage gishiri don rage cututtukan da ba su da tsanani # Geo-engineering R&D a cikin yiwuwar gudanar da hasken rana # Canjin kuɗi na yanayi don halartar makaranta # R&D na rigakafin HIV mai sauri # Yunkurin yunkurin yaduwar bayanai game da fa'idodin makaranta # Borehole da shigar da famfo na hannu na jama'a === Matsayi na Slate === A lokacin taron Copenhagen Consensus 2012, an buga jerin labaran a cikin Slate Magazine <ref>{{Cite web |title=Copenhagen Consensus 2012 |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/copenhagen_consensus_2012.html |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> kowannensu game da ƙalubalen da aka tattauna, kuma masu karatu na Slate na iya yin nasu matsayi, suna jefa kuri'a don mafita waɗanda suka yi tunanin sun fi kyau. Matsayin masu karatu na Slate ya dace da na Kwamitin Kwararru a kan batutuwa da yawa, gami da sha'awar shiga tsakani na micronutrient; duk da haka, bambancin da ya fi ban mamaki ya kasance dangane da matsalar Yawan jama'a. Shirye-shiryen Iyali ya kasance mafi girma a cikin jerin sunayen Slate, yayin da bai kasance a cikin manyan 16 na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lomborg |first=Bjørn |date=14 May 2012 |title=Slate priority list |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/copenhagen_consensus_2012/2012/05/nobel_laureates_decide_that_better_nutrition_is_the_best_way_to_help_the_poor_.html |journal=Slate}}</ref> == Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ta 2008 == === Masana tattalin arziki === ''Wadanda suka lashe [[Kyautar Nobel]] da aka yi musu alama da (¤) '' * Jagdish Bhagwati * François Bourguignon * Finn E. Kydland (¤) * Robert Mundell (¤) * Douglass Arewa (¤) * Vernon L. Smith (¤) * Thomas Schelling (¤) * Nancy Stokey A cikin Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ta 2008, an tsara mafita ga matsalolin duniya a cikin tsari mai zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Outcomes |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-ii/outcomes |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> # Micronutrient kari ga yara (vitamin A da zinc) # Shirin ci gaban Doha # Ƙarƙashin ƙarfe (ƙarfe da gishiri) # Ƙarin rigakafi rigakafi ga yara # Ƙarfafa halittu # Deworming da sauran shirye-shiryen abinci mai gina jiki a makaranta # Rage farashin makaranta # Ƙara da inganta makarantar 'yan mata # Inganta abinci mai gina jiki na al'umma # Bayar da tallafi ga rawar haihuwa ta mata # Gudanar da [[Ciwon zuciya]] # Rigakafin zazzabin cizon sauro da magani # Binciken [[Tarin fuka|Cutar tarin fuka]] da magani # R&amp;amp;D a cikin fasahar makamashi mai ƙarancin carbon # Filters na yashi don [[Gyaran ruwa|Maganin ruwa]] na gida # [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]] a yankunan karkara # Canjin kuɗi na yanayi # Tsaro da zaman lafiya a cikin yanayin bayan rikici # Rigakafin haɗakarwar cutar kanjamau # Kamfen ɗin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] # Inganta ikon tiyata a matakin asibiti na gundumar # Karamin kuɗi # Inganta shigar da murhu don yaki da gurɓata iska # Babban madatsar ruwa mai amfani da yawa a Afirka # Bincike da kiyaye motocin diesel # Low sulfur diesel ga motocin tituna na birane # Fasahar sarrafa ƙwayoyin motar diesel # Harajin taba sigari # R&D da rage fitar da carbon dioxide # Rage hayaki na carbon dioxide [[Gary Yohe]], daya daga cikin marubutan takardar dumama ta duniya, daga baya ya zargi Lomborg da "rashin jituwa da ƙaddamarwarmu", ya kara da cewa "a matsayin daya daga cikin marubuta na babban takardar yanayi na Copenhagen Consensus Project, zan iya cewa da tabbaci cewa Lomborg yana kuskuren abubuwan da muka gano saboda ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai mahimmanci". Kåre Fog ya ci gaba da nuna cewa an ragewa fa'idodin rage fitar da hayaki a gaba fiye da kowane ɗayan shawarwari 27, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Index |url=http://www.lomborg-errors.dk/CopCons2008.htm}}</ref> yana mai cewa "don haka akwai dalilin da ya sa batun yanayi koyaushe yake a matsayi na ƙarshe" a cikin nazarin muhalli na Lomborg. A cikin wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa da ta biyo baya game da warware bambance-bambance, Lomborg da Yohe sun amince da cewa "rashin nasara" na shirin rage hayaki na Lomborg "za a iya gano shi zuwa ƙirar da ba ta dace ba". == Shirin Canjin Yanayi == A shekara ta 2009, Copenhagen ta tara kwamitin kwararru musamman don bincika mafita ga canjin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copenhagen Consensus on Climate {{!}} Copenhagen Consensus Center |url=http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus-climate |access-date=2021-01-02 |website=www.copenhagenconsensus.com}}</ref> Wannan tsari yayi kama da yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ta 2004 da 2008, wanda ya shafi takardun kwararru da kwararru suka yi la'akari da kwamitin masana tattalin arziki. Kwamitin ya sanya mafita 15, daga cikinsu saman 5 sune: # Bincike game da farfado da girgije na ruwa (wanda ya haɗa da jiragen ruwa da ke yayyafa ruwan teku cikin girgije don nuna karin hasken rana kuma ta haka ne rage yanayin zafi) # Amsar manufofin da aka jagoranta da fasaha # Bincike game da allurar aerosol ta stratospheric (wanda ya haɗa da allurar sulphur dioxide a cikin sararin samaniya don rage hasken rana) # Bincike game da ajiyar carbon # Shirye-shiryen [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] Amfanin mafita ta lamba 1 ita ce idan binciken ya tabbatar da nasara wannan mafita za a iya tura ta da arha da sauri. Matsalolin da za su iya faruwa sun haɗa da tasirin muhalli misali daga canza yanayin ruwan sama. Matakan da za a yanke hayakin [[Rashin iskar gas|carbon]] da methane, kamar [[harajin carbon]], sun zo kasa da jerin sakamakon, wani bangare saboda za su dauki lokaci mai tsawo don yin tasiri sosai a kan yanayin zafi. == Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen 2004 == Masana tattalin arziki takwas sun hadu da Mayu 24-28, 2004 a wani tebur a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]]. An shirya jerin takardun baya a gaba don taƙaita ilimin yanzu game da tattalin arzikin jin dadin shawarwari 32 ("hanzarin") daga rukunoni 10 ("ƙalubalen"). Ga kowane rukuni, an samar da labarin kimantawa guda ɗaya da masu sukar biyu. Bayan sake dubawa na rufe-kofa na takardun baya, kowannensu daga cikin mahalarta ya ba da fifiko na tattalin arziki ga 17 daga cikin shawarwari (sauran an dauke su ba a kammala su ba). === Masana tattalin arziki === * Jagdish Bhagwati * Robert Fogel * Bruno Frey * Justin Yifu Lin * Douglass ta Arewa * Thomas Schelling * Vernon L. Smith * Nancy Stokey === Ƙalubalen === Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin wuraren ƙalubale 10 da marubucin takarda a kowannensu. A cikin kowane ƙalubale, an bincika damar 3-4 (tambayoyi): [[File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg|thumb|180x180px|Rigakafin yaduwar cutar kanjamau]] * [[Cutar|Cututtukan da ke yaduwa]] ([[Anne Mills]]) * [[Yaƙi|Rikici]] (Paul Collier) * Ilimi (Lant Pritchett) * Rashin kwanciyar hankali na kudi (Barry Eichengreen) * Global Warming wani lokacin ana kiransa canjin yanayi (William R. Cline) * [[Gwamnati]] da cin hanci da rashawa (Susan Rose-Ackerman) * [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] da [[yunwa]] (Jere Behrman) * Yawan jama'a: ƙaura ([[Phillip L. Martin]]) * Tsabtace-tsabtace da [[ruwa]] ([[Frank Rijsberman]]) * Taimako da shingen kasuwanci (Kym Anderson) === Sakamakon === Kwamitin ya amince da kimanta goma sha bakwai daga cikin damar talatin da biyu a cikin bakwai daga cikin ƙalubalen goma. An kara rarraba damar da aka kiyasta zuwa kungiyoyi huɗu: Very Good, Good, Fair da Bad; duk sakamakon sun dogara ne ta amfani da nazarin farashi-amfanin. An ba da fifiko mafi girma don aiwatar da wasu sabbin matakai don hana yaduwar [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] da cutar kanjamaun daji. Masana tattalin arziki sun kiyasta cewa saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 27 zai iya hana kusan sabbin kamuwa da cuta miliyan 30 a shekarar 2010. An zaɓi manufofi don rage rashin abinci mai gina jiki da yunwa a matsayin fifiko na biyu. Ƙara wadatar micronutrients, musamman rage ƙarancin ƙarfe ta hanyar kayan abinci, an yanke hukunci don samun fa'idodi masu yawa ga farashi, waɗanda aka kiyasta a dala biliyan 12. [[File:AnophelesGambiaemosquito.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|Kula da zazzabin cizon sauro]] Na uku a cikin jerin shi ne 'yancin kasuwanci; masana sun amince da cewa ƙananan farashi na iya samar da fa'idodi masu yawa ga duniya gaba ɗaya da [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. Abu na huɗu da aka gano shine sarrafawa da kuma kula da [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon]] [[sauro]]; an yi la'akari da farashin dala biliyan 13 don samar da fa'idodi masu kyau, musamman idan aka yi amfani da su don maganin sauro mai maganin sinadarai don gadaje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search – International Herald Tribune<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/110312.html |access-date=21 August 2023}}</ref> ==== Daɗi ==== Abu na biyar da aka gano shi ne kara kashe kudi kan bincike kan sabbin fasahohin noma da suka dace da kasashe masu tasowa. Shawarwari uku don inganta tsabtace muhalli da ingancin ruwa ga biliyan daya daga cikin matalauta a duniya sun biyo baya a fifiko (wanda ya kasance na shida zuwa na takwas: ƙananan fasahar ruwa don rayuwa, samar da ruwa da tsabtace mujallar al'umma, da bincike kan yawan ruwa a cikin samar da abinci). Kammalawa wannan rukuni shine aikin 'gwamnati' wanda ya shafi rage farashin fara sabbin kasuwanni. ==== Daidaitaccen ==== Matsayi na goma shine aikin kan rage shingen zuwa ƙaura ga ƙwararrun ma'aikata. Na goma sha ɗaya da na goma sha biyu a cikin jerin sun kasance ayyukan rashin abinci mai gina jiki - inganta abinci mai gina gina jiki na jarirai da yara da rage yaduwar ƙananan nauyin haihuwa. Matsayi na goma sha uku shine shirin don haɓaka ayyukan kiwon lafiya na asali don yaki da cututtuka. ==== Talakawa ==== Matsayi na goma sha huɗu zuwa goma sha bakwai sune: aikin ƙaura (shirye-shiryen ma'aikacin baƙi ga marasa ƙwarewa), wanda aka ɗauka don hana haɗin kai; da ayyukan uku da ke [[Rage canjin yanayi|magance canjin yanayi]] (hawancin harajin carbon, [[Yarjejeniyar Kyoto]] da [[Harajin carbon|harajin carbon mai haɗari]]), wanda kwamitin ya yanke hukunci ya zama mafi ƙarancin ƙimar ƙimar shawarwarin. === Rashin dumamar yanayi === Kwamitin ya gano cewa dukkan manufofi uku na yanayi da aka gabatar suna da "kayan da za su iya wuce fa'idodi". Ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa "dole ne a magance dumamar yanayi, amma ya amince da cewa hanyoyin da suka danganci sauyawa zuwa ga ƙananan hayaki na carbon suna da tsada sosai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV/AIDS, Hunger, Free Trade and Malaria Top Experts’ List |url=http://copenhagenconsensus.com/sites/default/files/CC04-final_result.pdf |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=copenhagenconsensus.com}}</ref> Game da kimiyya na dumamar yanayi, takarda da Cline ya gabatar ya dogara da tsarin da Kwamitin Gwamnati ya kafa kan Canjin Yanayi, kuma ya yarda da ra'ayi na yarjejeniya game da dumamar yanayi cewa hayakin gas daga ayyukan ɗan adam shine babban dalilin dumamar yanayi. Cline ya dogara da nazarin bincike daban-daban da aka buga a fagen tattalin arziki kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya kwatanta ƙididdigar farashin manufofi na ragewa da ake tsammani raguwa a cikin lalacewar dumamar duniya. Cline ya yi amfani da ragi na 1.5%. (Taƙaitaccen bayani na Cline yana kan shafin yanar gizon aikin <ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web |title=Climate Change & Energy |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/research-topic/climate-change-energy |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref>) Ya tabbatar da zaɓin sa na ragi a kan tushen "rashin kuɗi na amfani", wato akwai sifili game da fifiko tsakanin zamani da na gaba (duba fifiko na lokaci). Bugu da ƙari, Cline ya tsawaita lokacin binciken zuwa shekaru ɗari uku a nan gaba. Saboda lalacewar da ake tsammani na dumamar duniya ya zama mafi bayyane fiye da ƙarni na yanzu (s), wannan zaɓin yana da tasirin ƙara farashin darajar yanzu na lalacewar dumamar duniya da kuma fa'idar manufofin ragewa. == Rashin amincewa == Membobin kwamitin ciki har da Thomas Schelling da ɗaya daga cikin marubutan takarda guda biyu Robert O. Mendelsohn (duka abokan adawar yarjejeniyar Kyoto) sun soki Cline, galibi kan batun rangwamen kuɗi. (Dubi "Maganar adawa da takarda a kan Canjin Yanayi" <ref name="autogenerated3" />) Mendelsohn, musamman, yana nuna matsayin Cline, ya ce "[i]f muna amfani da babban ragi, za a hukunta su a matsayin ƙananan sakamako" kuma ya kira shi "tunanin zagaye, ba hujja ba". Cline ya amsa wannan ta hanyar jayayya cewa babu wani dalili na bayyane don amfani da babban ragi kawai saboda wannan shine abin da ake yawan yi a cikin nazarin tattalin arziki. A wasu kalmomi, ya kamata a bi da canjin yanayi daban daga wasu matsalolin da ke gabatowa. The Economist ya nakalto Mendelsohn kamar yadda ya damu da cewa "an kafa canjin yanayi don kasawa". Bugu da ƙari, Mendelsohn ya yi jayayya cewa ƙididdigar lalacewar Cline ta wuce gona da iri. Da yake ambaton labarai daban-daban na baya-bayan nan, gami da wasu nasa, ya bayyana cewa "[a] jerin karatu kan tasirin canjin yanayi sun nuna cewa tsofaffin wallafe-wallafen sun wuce gona da iri lalacewar yanayi ta hanyar rashin ba da izini ga daidaitawa da kuma amfanin yanayi. " Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ta 2004 ta jawo hankalin zargi daban-daban: === Kusanci da ake zargi da nuna bambanci === Rahoton 2004, musamman ma kammalawa game da canjin yanayi, an soki shi daga bangarori daban-daban. Hanyar da aka karɓa don saita fifiko ta soki Jeffrey Sachs, masanin tattalin arziki na Amurka kuma mai ba da shawara game da yarjejeniyar Kyoto <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachs |first=Jeffrey D. |date=21 November 2005 |title=Changing Climate Change &#124; by Jeffrey D. Sachs |url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/changing-climate-change |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Project Syndicate}}</ref> da kuma kara taimakon ci gaba, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin nazari bai dace ba kuma yana da son zuciya kuma aikin "ya kasa tattara ƙungiyar ƙwararru wacce za ta iya ganowa da kuma sadarwa da yarjejeniyar ƙwararru ta gaskiya game da kewayon batutuwan da ake la'akari da su".<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite journal |last=Sachs |first=Jeffrey D. |date=21 August 2004 |title=Seeking a global solution |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/430725a |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=7001 |pages=725–726 |doi=10.1038/430725a |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 August 2023 |via=www.nature.com}}</ref> Tom Burke, tsohon darektan Friends of the Earth, ya ki amincewa da duk tsarin aikin, yana jayayya cewa yin amfani da bincike na farashi-amfanin a hanyar da kwamitin Copenhagen ya yi shine "tattalin arzikin banza". John Quiggin, farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki na Australiya, ya yi sharhi cewa aikin ya haɗu da "babban gudummawa ga fahimtarmu game da muhimman batutuwan da ke fuskantar duniya" da kuma "aikin farfaganda na siyasa" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa zaɓin membobin kwamitin ya karkata ga ƙaddamarwar da Lomborg ya goyi bayan a baya.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{Cite web |last=Quiggin |first=John |date=20 January 2005 |title=Copenhagen review |url=https://johnquiggin.com/2005/01/21/copenhagen-review/ |access-date=21 August 2023}}</ref> Quiggin ya lura cewa Lomborg ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa mai rikitarwa The Skeptical Environmentalist cewa albarkatun da aka ware don rage dumamar duniya za a yi amfani da su don inganta ingancin ruwa da tsabta, sabili da haka ana ganin an riga an yanke hukunci kan batutuwan. A karkashin taken "Tambayar da ba daidai ba", Sachs ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa: "An nemi kwamitin da ya tsara yarjejeniyar Copenhagen da ya ware ƙarin dala biliyan 50 a cikin kashewa daga kasashe masu arziki, wanda aka rarraba a cikin shekaru biyar, don magance manyan matsalolin duniya. Wannan mummunan tushe ne don yanke shawara da kuma sanar da jama'a. Ta hanyar zabar irin wannan ƙananan adadin - karamin ɓangaren cututtukan duniya - aikin ya fi son takamaiman tsarin tsada a kan ayyukan kiwon lafiya na ƙarshe, mafi girma. A mayar da martani Lomborg ya yi jayayya cewa dala biliyan 50 shine "misali mai kyau amma mai kyau na ainihin kashe kudi"."Kwarewa ta nuna cewa alkawura da ainihin kashewa abubuwa ne daban-daban. A cikin 1970 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya kanta aikin ninka sau biyu taimakon ci gaba. Tun daga wannan lokacin kashi ya ragu". "Amma ko da Sachs ko wasu zasu iya tara fiye da dala biliyan 50 a cikin shekaru 4 masu zuwa, jerin abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na Copenhagen Consensus har yanzu zasu nuna mana inda ya kamata a saka hannun jari da farko. "<ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web |title=Outcome |url=https://copenhagenconsensus.com/copenhagen-consensus/outcome |access-date=21 August 2023 |website=Copenhagen Consensus}}</ref> Thomas Schelling, daya daga cikin masana kwamitin kwamitin kwaminisanci na Copenhagen, daga baya ya nisanta kansa daga hanyar da aka fassara sakamakon kwaminisancin a cikin muhawara mai zurfi, yana jayayya cewa yana yaudara a sanya canjin yanayi a kasan jerin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci. An gabatar da membobin kwamitin yarjejeniya tare da wata shawara mai ban mamaki don magance canjin yanayi. Idan aka ba da damar, Schelling zai sanya wani tsari mai ladabi a cikin jerin. Masanin tattalin arziki na Yale Robert O. Mendelsohn shine mai sukar hukuma game da shawarar canjin yanayi a lokacin Yarjejeniyar. Ya yi tunanin cewa tayin ya fita daga al'ada kuma za a iya ƙi shi ne kawai. Mendelsohn ya damu da cewa an kafa canjin yanayi don kasawa. Michael Grubb, masanin tattalin arziki kuma marubucin jagora ga rahotanni da yawa na [[Kungiyar gwamnatoci a kan Canjin Yanayi|IPCC]], ya yi sharhi game da Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen, yana rubuta: <ref name="grubbm">{{Cite web |last=Grubb, M. |date=9 March 2005 |title=House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs Minutes of Evidence. Memorandum by Professor Michael Grubb, Cambridge University, Imperial College, and the Carbon Trust. |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/5031503.htm#n3 |access-date=2009-02-07 |publisher=UK Parliament website}}</ref><blockquote>Gwadawa da bayyana manufofin yanayi a matsayin cinikayya game da taimakon kasashen waje don haka zaɓi ne na tilasta wanda ba shi da alaƙa da gaskiyar. Babu wata gwamnati da ke ba da shawarar cewa farashin da ke tattare da, alal misali, tsarin kasuwancin hayaki, ya kamata a cire shi daga kasafin kudin taimakon kasashen waje. Wannan hanyar gabatar da tambayar ba ta dace da halin kirki ba kuma ba ta da mahimmanci ga ƙaddamar da manufofin rage sauyin yanayi na ainihi.</blockquote> === Membobin kwamitin === Quiggin ya yi jayayya cewa mambobin kwamitin 2004, wanda Lomborg ya zaba, sun kasance "yawanci zuwa dama kuma, har zuwa inda suka bayyana ra'ayoyi, su kasance abokan adawar Kyoto".<ref name="autogenerated4" />Sachs ya kuma lura cewa mambobin kwamitin ba su da hannu sosai a cikin batutuwan tattalin arzikin ci gaba kuma ba za su iya kaiwa ga yanke shawara mai amfani a lokacin da suke da shi ba.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Da yake tsokaci game da Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ta 2004, [[Climatology|masanin yanayin yanayi]] kuma marubucin IPCC Stephen Schneider ya soki Lomborg don gayyatar masana tattalin arziki kawai su shiga: <ref name="schneiders">{{Cite web |last=Schneider, S. |date=n.d. |title=Climate Science: Contrarians. |url=http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Climate/Climate_Science/CliSciFrameset.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511185204/http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Climate/Climate_Science/CliSciFrameset.html |archive-date=2008-05-11 |access-date=2009-02-07 |publisher=Stephen Schneider's website}}</ref><blockquote>Don cimma yarjejeniya ta gaskiya, ina tsammanin Lomborg zai gayyaci masana kimiyyar muhalli, masana kimiyyyar zamantakewa da ke damuwa da adalci da kuma yadda sauye-sauyen sauyin yanayi da manufofi ke rarraba ba daidai ba, masana falsafa waɗanda zasu iya kalubalanci tsarin tattalin arziki na "dalar daya, kuri'a daya" a cikin nazarin farashi da masana tattalin arziki suka inganta, da masana kimiyyoyin yanayi waɗanda zasu iya nuna cewa Lomborg zai sami sakamako kaɗan kawai ba kimiyya ba.</blockquote>Lomborg ya kalubalanci zargi game da membobin kwamitin ta hanyar bayyana cewa "Sachs ya raina 'ƙungiyar mafarki' ta yarjejeniya saboda ta kunshi masana tattalin arziki ne kawai. Amma wannan shine ainihin ma'anar aikin. Masana tattalin arziki suna da ƙwarewa a cikin fifiko na tattalin arziki. Su ne kuma ba masana yanayin yanayi ko masanan zazzabin cizon sauro waɗanda zasu iya ba da fifiko tsakanin yaƙi da dumamar duniya ko cututtukan cututtukatattun cututtukani".<ref name="autogenerated2" /> == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karantawa == *   *   *   * [Hotuna a shafi na 12 ga watan Agusta 2004]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081117201736/http://www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu/sitefiles/File/about/director/documents/nature081204.pdf Neman mafita ta duniya. Yanayi 430:725-726] * Lind, Robert C. (1982) (ed.): Ragewa don lokaci da haɗari a cikin manufofin makamashi. 468 pp. An buga ta Resources for the Future. inc., Washington DC * Lomborg, Bjorn (2013). ''Yadda za a kashe dala biliyan 75 don sanya duniya wuri mafi kyau. ''Cibiyar Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ce ta buga shi. {{ISBN|978-1-940-00300-9}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/ Shafin yanar gizon Copenhagen Consensus] * [https://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=2592716 Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen] Shafin gida na Economist don aikin] * [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Copenhagen_Consensus SourceWatch shigarwa a kan Copenhagen Consensus] * Rikicin Duniya, Maganin Duniya Bayani na jawabin Lomborg a Majalisar Carnegie. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191016070416/http://info.worldbank.org/etools/bspan/presentationView.asp?EID=648&PID=1318 Za a iya ba da fifiko ga ci gaba?].Gabatarwa ta Bjorn Lomborg yana bayanin tsarin Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ga ma'aikatan [[Bankin Duniya]] a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2004. Masu tattaunawar sun haɗa da Robert Watson, Babban Masanin Kimiyya da Babban Mai ba da shawara a Bankin Duniya na Muhalli da Ci Gaban Jama'a, da Shahid Yusuf, Mai ba da Shawara kan Tattalin Arziki, Kungiyar Bincike ta DEC. * Rashin amincewa: [https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,3604,1334209,00.html Tom Burke: Wannan ba shakku ba ne ko kimiyya - kawai wauta: Me ya sa aikin Bjorn Lomborg akan canjin yanayi ya ɗauki nauyi?] ''The Guardian'', 23 ga Oktoba 2004: ("Binciken farashi na iya taimaka maka mu zaɓi hanyoyi daban-daban zuwa burin da kuka amince da shi, amma ba zai iya taimaka maka zaɓar burin ba. Don haka muna da siyasa.") * [http://www.lomborg-errors.dk/CopCons.htm Me ba daidai ba ne game da Yarjejeniyar Copenhagen?] a shafin yanar gizon Lomborg-kuskuren. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jqi0qqm5x6qp5im957dbfgijoeq9drg 0 109092 964580 737455 2026-10-08T03:33:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_ESP_1991–2020.svg|thumb|450x450px|[[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Nau'ikan yanayi na Köppen]] na Spain]] '''Yanayin Spain ya bambanta sosai kuma ya bambanta sosai a cikin yankuna daban-daban na ƙasar.  A gaskiya ma, a wasu lokuta ana kwatanta Spain a matsayin ƙasa mafi bambancin yanayi a Turai] kuma tana da yanayin Köppen 13 daban-daban.'''<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=IBERIAN CLIMATE ATLAS |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/publicaciones/Atlas-climatologico/Atlas.pdf |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=www.aemet.es}}</ref> .<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |title=MACARONESIAN CLIMATE ATLAS |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/2Atlas_climatologico/Atlas_Clima_Macaronesia___Baja.pdf |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=www.aemet.es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Spain Geography and Climate {{!}} WorkingAbroad |url=https://www.workingabroad.com/travel/spain-geography-and-climate/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Working Abroad |language=en}}</ref> Yanayi huɗu mafi rinjaye a cikin ƙasar sun haɗa da: Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csa''), yanayin zafi na lokacin bazara na Bahar Maliya (''Csb''), yanayin tsaka-tsaki (''BSk'') da Yanayin teku (''Cfb''). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Evolucion de los climas de Koppen en España: 1951-2020 |url=https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> Matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ƙasa ya bambanta daga ƙasa da {{Convert|2.5|C|F}} ° C (36.5 ° F) a arewacin Pyrenees, kusa da iyakar da Faransa, zuwa fiye da {{Convert|20|C|F}} ° C (68 ° F). a kananan yankuna na bakin tekun Bahar Rum a lardunan Almeria, Granada da Malaga, sun kai {{Convert|20.6|C|F}} ° C (69.1 ° F) a Rincón de la Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AEMET standard mean annual T (full resolution map) |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/api-eltiempo/climatologicos/imagen-valores/ttmwww/vn8110ttmwww13p_20170512.tif |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Valores climatológicos normales - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es}}</ref> Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga fiye da 2,200 millimeters (87 in) a arewa maso yammacin Galicia da Pyrenees kusa da San Sebastian zuwa ƙasa da 156 millimeters (6.1 in) a kudu maso gabashin Spain a Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Valores climatológicos normales - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es}}</ref> [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]], matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya bambanta daga ƙasa da {{Convert|10|C|F}} ° C (50 ° F) mafi girman yankin Santa Cruz na Tenerife zuwa sama da {{Convert|21.5|C|F}} ° C (70.7 ° F) akan ƙananan yankuna na Santa Cruz de tenerife, yayin da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara- shekara-sheko ya kasance daga sama da millimeters 1,000 (39 in) a kan mafi girman tsawo na La Palma zuwa ƙasa da millimetres (3.9 in) cikin sassa na Lanzarote da Fuerteventura.<ref name=":0"/> Spain, kamar sauran ƙasashe na Bahar Rum, tana da rauni ga canjin yanayi, tare da haɗarin haɗarin zafi da yanayin bushe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate change in the Mediterranean {{!}} UNEPMAP |url=https://www.unep.org/unepmap/resources/factsheets/climate-change |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=www.unep.org}}</ref> == Yankunan == Za'a iya rarrabe manyan yankuna huɗu na yanayi, bisa ga rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen-Geiger na ƙasar da yanayin orographic: <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated – (see p.3) |url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_free/55034.pdf |access-date=2011-04-30}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Map of Koppen – Geiger Climate Classification |url=http://www.city-data.com/forum/attachments/weather/56180d1263187925-ultimate-climate-poll-koppen-climate-classification-kottek_et_al_2006.gif |access-date=2013-09-08 |publisher=City-data.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723083834/http://www.city-data.com/forum/attachments/weather/56180d1263187925-ultimate-climate-poll-koppen-climate-classification-kottek_et_al_2006.gif |archive-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peel, M. C. |last2=Finlayson, B. L. |last3=McMahon, T. A |title=World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/K%C3%B6ppen_World_Map_%28retouched_version%29.png |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430154838/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Koppen_World_Map.png |archive-date=2011-04-30 |access-date=2013-01-01 |publisher=The University of Melbourne}}</ref> * Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csa'') wanda kuma ke da busasshiyar zafi / zafi da sanyi zuwa sanyi da sanyi. Dangane da [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen]], wannan yanayi ya fi rinjaye a Yankin Iberian, musamman iri-iri tare da fari na rani, yana rufe duk sai dai arewacin arewacin ƙasar inda yanayin Oceanic ya fi yawa. Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum ya rufe yankunan bakin teku (ban da arewacin Atlantic da kudu maso gabashin Bahar Rum), kogin Guadalquivir da ƙananan kogin Tagus da Guadiana zuwa yammacin ƙasar. Har ila yau, ya kai ga wasu sassan cikin yankin Valencian, Castilla-La-Mancha da [[Katalunya|Catalonia]].<ref name=":2"/> * Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csb'') wanda ya fi yawa a wasu sassan arewa maso yammacin Spain kuma galibi a cikin ƙasa a tsakiyar arewacin Spain a tsawo sama da 900-1000 masl. * Yanayin tsaka-tsaki (''BSh'' da ''BSk'') ya fi yawa a yankin kudu maso gabashin ƙasar (lardin Almeria a Gabashin Andalusia, yankin Murcia da lardin Alicante a Kudancin Valencia) kuma a tsakiyar tsakiyar kwarin Ebro zuwa arewa maso gabas (lardin Zaragoza), ya kai har zuwa yammacin Navarre. Har ila yau, yana cikin manyan yankuna na tsakiya na tebur (da farko a Madrid da yankin La Mancha wanda ya haɗa da sassan lardunan Cuenca, Guadalajara, da Toledo) da wasu yankuna mafi bushewa na Extremadura. Ya bambanta da yanayin Bahar Rum, lokacin rana yana ci gaba bayan ƙarshen rani kuma ciyayi ba su da yawa. * Yanayin teku (''Cfb'') yana cikin arewacin ƙasar, musamman a yankunan [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria, da Navarre. Wannan yankin yana da dusar ƙanƙara a cikin watanni na hunturu. Baya ga manyan yankuna huɗu na yanayi, ana iya samun wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci, kamar [[Yanayin zafi]] a manyan yankuna a arewacin rabin Catalonia da ke sauka zuwa Barcelona, lardin Huesca da arewacin Navarre. Yanayin zafi na rani (''Dfb'') wanda za'a iya samunsa a wurare da yawa a arewa maso gabashin Spain, a yankunan da suka fara da tsawo sama da 1000-1100 masl. Hakanan ana iya samun sa a wasu yankuna a cikin Dutsen Cantabrian da kuma mafi girman yankuna na Sistema Ibérico a tsakiyar gabashin Spain. Yanayin zafi mai bushewa a duk faɗin Spain a cikin mafi girman yankuna (musamman a cikin Sierra Nevada da mafi girman yankunan a tsakiyar arewacin Spain), [[Yanayin Alpine]] da [[Yanayi na Subarctic|Yanayin Subarctic]] a cikin manyan yankuna na tsaunuka daban-daban na arewacin Spain (musamman Dutsen Cantabrian da Pyrenees) da kuma Yanayin hamada mai zafi a kudu maso gabashin gabar teku, a lardunan Almeria da Murcia. Za'a iya samun yanayin hamada mai zafi da yanayin hamada a cikin tsibirin Canary, musamman a tsibirin Lanzarote da Fuerteventura, amma kuma a yankunan bakin teku na Gran Canaria da kudancin Santa Cruz de Tenerife. A kan sauran tsibirai, wannan yanayin ma yana nan, amma a cikin karamin yanki. A yankunan bakin teku na Tsibirin Canary, akwai wasu yankuna waɗanda yanayin zafi ke rinjayar su, kamar yadda matsakaicin zafin jiki a cikin watan sanyi ya fi sama da {{Convert|18|C|F}} ° C (64 ° F). <ref name=":0"/> === Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum === Ana samun yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum (''Csa'') a sassa da yawa na bakin tekun Bahar Rum na Spain, daga iyaka da [[Portugal]] zuwa tsakiyar lardin [[Granada]]. Sa'an nan kuma ya fara a Calpe, kuma ya tafi kan iyaka da [[Faransa]] (tare da wasu banbanci kamar birnin [[Valencia]]). Har ila yau, ya kai cikin ƙasa a Andalusia da Extremadura . Ana nuna shi da zafi, lokacin rani mai bushe da kuma hunturu mai sauƙi tare da sanyi mai yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.jardinerosenaccion.es/images/editor/mapa_climatico_Spain.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113014148/http://www.jardinerosenaccion.es/images/editor/mapa_climatico_Spain.jpg |archive-date=2016-01-13 |access-date=2016-11-10}}</ref> Lokacin bazara yana da zafi, hunturu yana da sauƙi kuma mafi yawan ruwan sama yana faɗuwa a cikin kaka. Misalan biranen da ke da yanayin Csa sune [[Malaga|Málaga]], [[Barcelona]], [[Palma de Mayorka|Palma]] ko [[Sevilla|Seville]]. {{Weather box}} === Yanayin zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum === The ''Csb'' warm-summer Mediterranean climate is found in parts of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and the western areas of Castilla y Leon. Coastal Mediterranean region is marked by Leveche winds: hot, dry, easterly or southeasterly air currents that originate over North Africa. Periods of these winds, which sometimes carry fine [[Sahara|Saharan]] dust, are more common in spring and are associated with a sudden, usually short-lived, increase in temperature. A cooler easterly wind, the Levante, funnels between the Sistema Penibético and the Atlas Mountains of [[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]]. These easterly winds are the ones which most influence the Mediterranean climate.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> The most populous city with Csb climate in Spain is Vigo. Other cities with this climate are Ávila, León and Salamanca. Ana nuna shi ta hanyar ''Yankin'' zafi na shekara-shekara tare da watanni masu bushewa, sau da yawa yana haifar da yanayin fari mai matsakaici tare da akalla wata ɗaya a kowace shekara yawanci yin rikodin ƙasa da {{Convert|40|mm|in|1}} in). Wannan halayyar ce da ke rarrabe Galicia daga yanayin Cfb na yau da kullun. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya fi na yankunan gabas da na kudu, yawanci daga 800 zuwa 2,000 in). <ref name="Aemet.es">{{Cite web |title=Valores climatológicos normales: Galicia – Agencia Estatal de Meteorología – AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?k=gal |access-date=2013-09-08 |publisher=Aemet.es |language=es}}</ref> Ba duk Galicia ba ne ke da yanayin Csb, yawancin tsaunuka na arewa da na tsakiya suna da Cfb na teku. Wasu kwari a kudu an rarraba su a matsayin Hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa), kamar comarca na O Condado, birnin Ourense ko O Ribeiro . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Valores Climatológicos Normales. Murcia – Alcantarilla / Aeropuerto |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/elclima/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=7228&k=mur |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091214172509/http://www.aemet.es/es/elclima/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=7228&k=mur |archive-date=December 14, 2009 |access-date=20 September 2020 |website=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología}}</ref> A Arewa maso Yammacin Castile, ana rarraba yanayin a matsayin Csb saboda yanayin zafi na lokacin rani ya fi sanyi saboda tsawo.{{Weather box}} === Yanayin yanayi na teku === Yanayin teku yana mamaye daga Pyrenees zuwa Galicia, yankin da wani lokaci ake kira "Green Spain", wanda ke da yanayin sanyi mai laushi da lokacin zafi.  Yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayin iskar Tekun Atlantika ne wanda tsaunin da ke kewaye da gabar Tekun Atlantika ya kama danshi.  Saboda tasirin Foehn, gangaren kudanci sun fada cikin yankin inuwar ruwan sama don haka Green Spain ta bambanta sosai da sauran Spain.  Ruwan sama gabaɗaya yana da yawa, yana wuce 1,000 mm (39.4 in) kuma yana bazuwa daidai gwargwado a cikin shekara, tare da mafi bushewar watan sama da 30 mm (1.2 in), wanda shine ƙaramin ma'auni na yanayin teku bisa ga Köppen.  Kodayake Köppen a hukumance ya iyakance yankin teku zuwa Asturias da yankin Basque Country, wasu mawallafa irin su Trewartha sun gwammace su tsawaita wannan yanki na yanayi zuwa yankin arewa-maso-yamma na gabar teku zuwa Galicia, saboda matsakaicin yanayin zafi. Yanayin zafi ya bambanta kadan, duka a rana da kuma yanayi, kuma matsakaicin ya kasance daga {{Convert|9|C|F|1}} ° C (48.2 ° F) a watan Janairu zuwa {{Convert|21|C|F|1}} ° C (69.8 ° F) A watan Yuli. Sakamakon matsakaici na teku ba su da yawa a cikin ƙasa, inda yanayin zafi ya fi tsananin waɗanda ke bakin teku. Tsakanin Tekun Atlantika yana da tasiri a kan matakan hazo, don haka akwai karancin ruwan sama a gabas fiye da yamma. Lokacin kaka (Oktoba zuwa Disamba) shine lokacin da ya fi ruwan sama, yayin da Yuli shine watan da ya fi bushewa. Babban danshi da iskar da ke kan iyaka suna yin hazo da hazo a arewa maso yammacin gabar teku; wannan abin da ke faruwa ba ya faruwa akai-akai a cikin ƙasa saboda duwatsu suna samar da shingen ga danshi na teku.{{Weather box}} === Yanayin zafi mai zafi === [[Yanayin zafi mai zafi]] yana cikin manyan yankuna na arewa maso gabashin Spain, galibi a arewacin rabin Catalonia da lardin Huesca. Ana kuma samun wannan yanayin a arewacin Navarra da yankunan arewacin lardin Guadalajara. Yanayin sau da yawa yana faruwa a cikin yankin canji tsakanin yanayin teku da ke arewa da yanayin Bahar Rum da ke kudu. Birni mafi girma tare da wannan yanayi a Spain shine [[Girona]] . Wannan nau'in yanayi na yanayi mai zafi yana da kyau ga yanayin yanayi mai zafi na al'ada , tare da rashin kasancewar yanayin shigar dumi, iska mai laushi a lokacin rani yana haifar da tsawa mai raɗaɗi amma duk da haka Köppen an rarraba shi a matsayin danshi subtropical. {{Excerpt|Climate change in Spain}} === Yanayin yanayi mai tsaka-tsaki === Yanayin hamada da Yanayin tsaunuka (BSh da BSk a cikin rarraba yanayin Köppen) sun fi yawa a kudu maso gabashin Spain (wanda ya rufe mafi yawan lardunan Alicante, Murcia da Almería), da kuma wasu sassan kwarin Ebro. Har ila yau, yana nan a wasu sassan cibiyar ([[Madrid]], [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], Ciudad Real da lardunan Albacete), kudu da yammacin ƙasar wanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin yanayin Bahar Rum da yanayin tsaka-tsaki. Yana da zafi sosai a lokacin rani (zafin jiki na iya wuce {{Convert|40|°C|°F}} ° C (104 ° F)) kuma fari yawanci yakan kai ga kaka. Ruwan sama a waɗannan yankuna yawanci yana tsakanin 200 mm da 500 mm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Valores climatológicos normales - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es}}</ref> === Yanayin hamada === Yanayin hamada ya wanzu a wasu yankuna masu ruwan sama mai yawa na kudu maso gabashin Spain da kuma sassa da yawa na [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]]. ƙasar Spain, ya bayyana galibi a Almería, tare da birnin Almería da ke kan iyaka da Yanayin hamada mai zafi ([[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]]: ''BWh'') kamar yadda matsakaicin zafin jiki shine {{Convert|19.1|C|F}} ° C (66.4 ° F) kuma matsakaicin ruwan sama kusan 200mm ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Almería Aeropuerto: Almería Aeropuerto - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |website=www.aemet.es}}</ref> Wannan yanki ya kai ga kwarin kogin Andarax da Almanzora da kuma Gidan shakatawa na Cabo de Gata-Níjar, wanda kuma aka sani da samun yanayin hamada mai zafi (Köppen: ''BWh''), tare da adadin hazo na {{Convert|156|mm|in|1}} in) a kowace shekara wanda aka ruwaito shi ne wuri mafi bushe a [[Turai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1987 |title=LOS CLIMAS SECOS DE ESPAÑA SEGUN EL SISTEMA DE KOPPEN |url=https://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/2278/1/105410.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=digitum.um.es |format=PDF |archive-date=2016-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110105759/https://digitum.um.es/xmlui/bitstream/10201/2278/1/105410.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=@NatGeoES |date=2020-05-25 |title=¿A dónde va nuestra agua? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.es/a-donde-va-nuestra-agua |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=National Geographic |language=es }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A zahiri, lardunan Almeria, Murcia da Alicante sune kawai yankuna a Turai a cikin yankin yanayin hamada mai zafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Valores climatológicos normales - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es}}</ref> Yanayin hamada ya wanzu a wasu yankuna na kudu maso gabas, kamar Tabernas Desert . Har ila yau, ya wanzu a yankunan Murcia da takamaiman wurare a cikin lardin Alicante.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBERIAN CLIMATE ATLAS |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/divulgacion/publicaciones/Atlas-climatologico/Atlas.pdf |access-date=2020-08-17 |website=www.aemet.es}}</ref> Baya ga manyan yankuna uku na yanayi da ke sama, akwai wasu nau'ikan yanayi guda huɗu a Spain: * Yanayin tsaunuka yana nan a cikin Picos de Europa, Sistema Central, Sistema Ibérico, Pyrenees da Saliyo Nevada, waɗanda suka cancanta a matsayin yanayin tsaunuka, manyan tsaunukan Spain. Yankunan ƙanƙanta na tsibirin Canary suna da tasirin yanayi na wurare masu zafi dangane da yanayin zafi, wannan yana da sauƙi da kwanciyar hankali (18 zuwa 26 °C ko 64 zuwa 79 °F) a duk shekara.  Yawancin tsibiran suna da yanayin hamada mai zafi ko yanayin hamada mai zafi, kuma wuraren da ke ƙasa da ƙasa suna da yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi, kamar garuruwan Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria ko La Palma.  Dangane da hazo, tsibiran gabas suna da bushewa yayin da na yammacin duniya ke da ruwa mai tsafta kuma suna samun karin ruwan sama, tare da wasu wurare masu jika sosai a tsaunukan La Gomera, La Palma da Tenerife, gida ne ga dajin gajimare da aka fi sani da laurisilva.  Tsibiran gabas suna da busassun yanayi tare da yanayin Saharar da Tekun Atlantika ke daidaitawa Yankin kudancin Spain (Málaga da Granada's coastal strip) suna da hunturu mafi zafi a duk faɗin [[Turai]], tare da rana mai zafi sosai kuma mafi yawan kwanakin zafi tare da rashin sanyi na hunturu wanda ke ba da damar noman 'ya'yan itace na wurare masu zafi kamar mango, [[Gwanda|papaya]], cherimoya, Pitaya da carambola, da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2, 2011 |title=A pedir de boca - Frutas tropicales Málaga - RTVE.es |url=https://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/a-pedir-de-boca/pedir-boca-frutas-tropicales-malaga/706987/ |via=www.rtve.es}}</ref> Lokacin hunturu mai kyau, tare da mafi ƙarancin yanayin zafi na dare a cikin Janairu da ba ya faɗi ƙasa da 5 ° C (46 ° F) saboda yanayin microclimate da tsaunukan Sierra Nevada suka kirkira zuwa arewacin wannan bakin teku, yana hana iska mai sanyi daga isa yankin.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Kashi na yanayin yanayi da bambancin == A cewar AEMET, yanayin a Spain ya bambanta sosai, saboda yanayin da ya bambanta sosai. Gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan yanayi 13 na Köppen a Spain, tare da nau'in tundra na polar (ET) ya ƙare daga lokacin 1981-2010. Waɗannan su ne yanayin da ake samu a mafi yawan Spain: Yanayin Rum (Cs): Ya mamaye ƙasar kuma ya mamaye kusan kashi 60.2% na ƙasar.  Yana da yanayin bushewa (dumi ko zafi) lokacin rani da sanyin sanyi, damina.  Lokacin zafi mai zafi (Csa) ya fi girma idan aka kwatanta da zafi mai zafi (Csb). Sauyin yanayi mai bushewa (Bs): Yana cikin wani muhimmin yanki, yana mamaye kusan kashi 21.3% na ƙasar.  Tana da rinjaye a kudu maso gabas, amma kuma a wani yanki mai mahimmanci na cikin kasar, kamar Meseta Central.  Ƙarƙashin sanyi (BSk) ya fi girma fiye da zafi mai zafi (BSh).  Duk da haka, zafi mai zafi har yanzu yana mamaye fiye da 1% na yankin, wanda yake da mahimmanci idan aka kwatanta da yanayin nahiyar da ke mamaye ƙaramin kashi.  Spain ce ke da mafi girman yankunan da ba shi da ciyayi a nahiyar Turai. Yanayin yanayin zafi ba tare da lokacin rani ba (Cf): Yanayin teku (Cfb) da yanayin zafi mai zafi (Cfa) suma sun mamaye wani yanki mai mahimmanci, kodayake a cikin ƙaramin kaso.  Kusan 17.4% yana da yanayin Cf, tare da yanayin teku yana lissafin kusan 13% kuma yanayin yanayi mai sanyi yana lissafin kusan 4.4%.  Yana da rinjaye a arewacin Spain, tare da sanyi mai laushi da lokacin zafi (ko zafi a yanayin Cfa) kuma ana ruwan sama a duk shekara. * Baya ga waɗannan, Yanayin yanayi na nahiyar tare da bushewar rani ''Dsa'', ''Dsb'', ''Dsc'' kuma babu lokacin bushe ''Dfb'' da ''Dfc'' suma suna nan. Yanayin hamada mai zafi (''BWh'') da Yanayin hamada mai sanyi (''BWk'') sun mamaye kusan 0.3% na yankin kuma suna nan ne kawai a kudu maso gabashin kasar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Evolucion de los climas de Koppen en España: 1951-2020 |url=https://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/NT_37_AEMET/NT_37_AEMET.pdf |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> === Tsibirin Canary === A cikin [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]], yanayin busasshiyar yanayi da tsaka-tsaki sun fi yawa, amma kuma akwai wani muhimmin bangare tare da yanayin Bahar Rum: * Yanayin hamada (''BW''): Yana da kusan kashi 48.1% na yankin, tare da zafi mai zafi (''BWh'') yana da yawa fiye da sanyi mai sanyi (''BWk''). * Yanayin tsaka-tsaki (Bs): Yana da kusan 21.4%, tare da zafi mai tsaka-tsakin (''BSh'') yana da yawa fiye da sanyi mai tsaka-taki (''BSk''). * Yanayin Bahar Rum (Cs): Yana da kusan 30.5%, tare da zafi na lokacin rani na Bahar Rum ya fi girma fiye da zafi na Bahar Ruwa (Csa). Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan yankuna waɗanda ke da yanayin busassun lokacin rani (''Ds''). <ref name=":1"/> Wani yanki mai iyaka, wanda yake daidai a gabashin gabar tekun La Palma ana iya kwatanta shi da kusancin kan iyaka da yanayin yanayi mai bushe da bushewa tare da lokacin rani da aka samu a lokacin manyan watannin rana (As), idan aka ba da ma'aunin zafin jiki na watan mafi sanyi na shekara gabaɗaya a ko dan kadan sama da 18 ° C a matakin teku, da matsakaicin adadin yawan hazo na shekara a cikin yanayin yanayi mara bushewa ta ma'anar Köp. == Canjin yanayi == {{Excerpt|Climate change in Spain}} == Matsakaicin zafin jiki ga biranen da ba na Mutanen Espanya ba == === Atlantic (Arewa) Spain === {| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align: center;" |+Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun don biranen da aka zaɓa a cikin Atlantic Spain <ref name="Spanish Climate Normals or Averages">{{Cite web |title=Standard Climate Values, Spain |url=http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos |access-date=March 2, 2015 |publisher=Aemet.es}}</ref> !Wurin da yake !Lokacin sanyi<br /> !Afrilu !Watan da ya fi zafi<br /> !Oktoba |- | style="text-align: left;" |A Coruña |{{Convert|13.5|/|8.1|C}} |{{Convert|16.2|/|9.9|C}} | bgcolor="#e0ffff" |{{Convert|22.8|/|16.4|C}} |{{Convert|19.1|/|13.0|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Bilbao]] |{{Convert|13.4|/|5.1|C}} |{{Convert|17.6|/|7.6|C}} |{{Convert|26.0|/|15.7|C}} |{{Convert|21.4|/|11.4|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Gijón |{{Convert|13.1|/|4.7|C}} |{{Convert|15.6|/|8.1|C}} |{{Convert|23.2|/|16.2|C}} |{{Convert|19.0|/|11.0|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Oviedo |{{Convert|12.0|/|4.6|C}} |{{Convert|15.7|/|6.8|C}} | bgcolor="#40e0d0" |{{Convert|23.3|/|14.8|C}} |{{Convert|18.7|/|10.4|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Santander |{{Convert|13.6|/|5.8|C}} |{{Convert|16.6|/|8.3|C}} |{{Convert|24.2|/|16.4|C}} |{{Convert|20.3|/|11.8|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Vigo |{{Convert|11.9|/|5.4|C}} |{{Convert|16.6|/|8.2|C}} |{{Convert|24.7|/|15.0|C}} |{{Convert|18.8|/|11.2|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Vitoria |{{Convert|8.7|/|1.2|C}} |{{Convert|15.4|/|4.1|C}} | bgcolor="#afeeee" |{{Convert|25.9|/|12.5|C}} |{{Convert|18.3|/|7.5|C}} |} === Yankin Spain === {| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align: center;" |+Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ga biranen da aka zaɓa a cikin Continental Spain <ref name="Spanish Climate Normals or Averages"/> !Wurin da yake !Lokacin sanyi<br /> !Afrilu !Watan da ya fi zafi<br /> !Oktoba |- | style="text-align: left;" |Albacete |{{Convert|10.5|/|-0.2|C}} |{{Convert|18.4|/|5.4|C}} | bgcolor="#ffcccc" |{{Convert|33.2|/|16.9|C}} |{{Convert|24.9|/|14.5|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Córdoba |{{Convert|14.9|/|3.6|C}} |{{Convert|22.8|/|9.3|C}} | bgcolor="#ff2220" |{{Convert|36.9|/|19.0|C}} |{{Convert|25.1|/|13.0|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Madrid]] |{{Convert|9.8|/|2.7|C}} |{{Convert|18.2|/|7.7|C}} |{{Convert|32.1|/|19.0|C}} |{{Convert|19.4|/|10.7|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Murcia |{{Convert|16.6|/|4.7|C}} |{{Convert|23.3|/|9.7|C}} | bgcolor="#ffcccc" |{{Convert|34.2|/|20.9|C}} |{{Convert|25.6|/|13.9|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Sevilla|Seville]] |{{Convert|16.0|/|5.7|C}} |{{Convert|23.4|/|11.1|C}} | bgcolor="#ffcccc" |{{Convert|36.0|/|20.3|C}} |{{Convert|26.0|/|14.4|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Valladolid |{{Convert|8.2|/|0.2|C}} |{{Convert|16.9|/|4.6|C}} |{{Convert|30.7|/|14.0|C}} |{{Convert|18.9|/|7.6|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Zaragoza]] |{{Convert|10.5|/|2.7|C}} |{{Convert|19.6|/|7.9|C}} |{{Convert|32.4|/|18.3|C}} |{{Convert|21.4|/|11.0|C}} |} === Bahar Rum Spain === {| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align: center;" |+Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ga biranen da aka zaɓa a cikin Bahar Rum Spain <ref name="Spanish Climate Normals or Averages"/> !Wurin da yake !Lokacin sanyi<br /> !Afrilu !Watan da ya fi zafi<br /> !Oktoba |- | style="text-align: left;" |Alicante |{{Convert|17.0|/|6.7|C}} |{{Convert|21.3|/|10.9|C}} |{{Convert|30.8|/|21.5|C}} |{{Convert|24.9|/|14.9|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Almería |{{Convert|16.9|/|8.3|C}} |{{Convert|21.4|/|12.5|C}} |{{Convert|31.0|/|22.4|C}} |{{Convert|24.5|/|16.3|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Barcelona]] |{{Convert|14.8|/|8.8|C}} |{{Convert|19.1|/|12.5|C}} |{{Convert|29.0|/|23.1|C}} |{{Convert|22.5|/|16.5|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Castellón |{{Convert|15.3|/|5.8|C}} |{{Convert|20.5|/|10.3|C}} |{{Convert|30.3|/|20.9|C}} |{{Convert|23.5|/|14.4|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Malaga|Málaga]] |{{Convert|16.8|/|7.4|C}} |{{Convert|21.4|/|11.1|C}} |{{Convert|30.8|/|21.1|C}} |{{Convert|24.1|/|15.0|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Valencia]] |{{Convert|16.4|/|7.1|C}} |{{Convert|20.8|/|11.5|C}} |{{Convert|30.2|/|21.9|C}} |{{Convert|24.4|/|15.2|C}} |} == Matsakaicin zafin jiki ga biranen da ba na Mutanen Espanya ba == {| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align: center;" |+Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ga biranen da aka zaɓa a cikin Canaries <ref name="Spanish Climate Normals or Averages"/> !Wurin da yake !Lokacin sanyi<br /> !Afrilu !Watan da ya fi zafi<br /> !Oktoba |- | style="text-align: left;" |Filin jirgin saman El Hierro |{{Convert|20.8|/|16.4|C}} |{{Convert|21.6|/|17.0|C}} |{{Convert|26.5|/|21.7|C}} |{{Convert|25.6|/|20.9|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Babban Canaria |{{Convert|20.8|/|15.0|C}} |{{Convert|22.6|/|16.2|C}} |{{Convert|27.5|/|21.6|C}} |{{Convert|26.2|/|20.1|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Laguna |{{Convert|16.0|/|10.2|C}} |{{Convert|18.5|/|10.9|C}} |{{Convert|25.7|/|16.6|C}} |{{Convert|22.5|/|15.2|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Cancajos |{{Convert|20.7|/|15.3|C}} |{{Convert|21.6|/|16.2|C}} |{{Convert|26.6|/|21.3|C}} |{{Convert|25.5|/|20.2|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Santa Cruz |{{Convert|21.0|/|15.4|C}} |{{Convert|22.7|/|16.5|C}} |{{Convert|29.0|/|21.9|C}} |{{Convert|26.3|/|20.3|C}} |} {| class="wikitable sortable nowrap" style="text-align: center;" |+Matsakaicin matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ga biranen da aka zaɓa a cikin Tsibirin Balearic <ref name="Spanish Climate Normals or Averages"/> !Wurin da yake !Lokacin sanyi<br /> !Afrilu !Watan da ya fi zafi<br /> !Oktoba |- | style="text-align: left;" |Ibiza |{{Convert|15.7|/|8.1|C}} |{{Convert|19.7|/|11.4|C}} |{{Convert|30.3|/|22.2|C}} |{{Convert|24.0|/|16.5|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |[[Palma de Mayorka|Palma]] |{{Convert|15.4|/|8.3|C}} |{{Convert|19.2|/|11.7|C}} |{{Convert|29.8|/|22.5|C}} |{{Convert|23.7|/|16.6|C}} |- | style="text-align: left;" |Filin jirgin saman Menorca |{{Convert|14.2|/|7.4|C}} |{{Convert|18.0|/|10.6|C}} |{{Convert|29.2|/|21.5|C}} |{{Convert|22.7|/|16.1|C}} |- |} == Rubuce-rubucen zafin jiki mai tsanani a cikin biranen da aka zaɓa == A duk faɗin ƙasar, mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki da aka taɓa bayar da rahoton a Spain shine -32.0 ° C (-25.6 ° F) a Estany Gento, Lardin Lleida a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1956; <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-08 |title=El récord de frío de -34º C no será reconocido por la agencia de meteorología |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/natural/20210108/6173987/record-frio-34o-c-sera-reconocido-agencia-meteorologia.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref> kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an rubuta ƙananan zafin jiki ta tashoshin da ba na AEMET ba, mafi ƙasƙanci shine -35.8 ° C (-32.4 ° F) A Vega de Liordes, a cikin Picos de Europa. Sabanin haka, mafi girma, a hukumance, shine {{Convert|47.6|C|F}} ° C (117.7 ° F) a La Rambla, Cordoba a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moya |first=Miguel |date=2022-08-02 |title=La AEMET "corrige" la máxima absoluta de España (que sigue estando en la provincia de Córdoba) |url=https://cordopolis.eldiario.es/el-tiempo/climatologia/aemet-corrige-maxima-absoluta-espana-sigue-estando-provincia-cordoba_1_9211955.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Cordópolis |language=es}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Wurin da yake ! style="text-align:center;" |Rubuce-rubuce masu yawa ! style="text-align:center;" |Rubuce-rubuce |- !Bahar Rum ! ! |- |La Rambla, lardin Cordoba <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moya |first=Miguel |date=2022-08-02 |title=La AEMET "corrige" la máxima absoluta de España (que sigue estando en la provincia de Córdoba) |url=https://cordopolis.eldiario.es/el-tiempo/climatologia/aemet-corrige-maxima-absoluta-espana-sigue-estando-provincia-cordoba_1_9211955.html |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Cordópolis |language=es}}</ref> |{{Convert|47.6|C|F|1}} | rowspan="2" | - |- |Montoro, Córdoba <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moya |first=Miguel |date=2022-08-02 |title=La AEMET "corrige" la máxima absoluta de España (que sigue estando en la provincia de Córdoba) |url=https://cordopolis.eldiario.es/el-tiempo/climatologia/aemet-corrige-maxima-absoluta-espana-sigue-estando-provincia-cordoba_1_9211955.html |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=Cordópolis |language=es}}</ref> |{{Convert|47.4|C}} |- |Cordoba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and weather of Cordoba |url=http://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/cordoba_climate.htm |website=IberiaNature |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2024-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414003046/https://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/cordoba_climate.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{Convert|46.9|C|}} |{{Convert|-8.2|C}} |- |Seville <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and weather of Sevilla |url=http://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/sevilla_climate.htm |website=IberiaNature |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2024-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414024804/https://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/sevilla_climate.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{Convert|46.6|C}} |{{Convert|-5.5|C}} |- |Granada <ref>{{Cite web |title=Granada Aeropuerto - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=5530E&datos=det&x=5530E&m=13&v=TMX |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> |{{Convert|46|C}} |{{Convert|-14.2|C}} |- |Málaga <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and weather of Malaga |url=http://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/malaga_climate.htm |website=IberiaNature |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213074846/http://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/malaga_climate.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{Convert|44.2|C}} | align="center" |{{Convert|-3.8|C|F}} |- !Yankin nahiyar ! ! |- |Zaragoza <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate and weather of Zaragoza |url=http://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/zaragoza_climate.htm |website=IberiaNature |access-date=2025-07-30 |archive-date=2024-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414024746/https://www.iberianature.com/material/Spain_climate/zaragoza_climate.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{Convert|44.5|C}} |{{Convert|-14|C}} |- |Albacete <ref>{{Cite web |title=Albacete - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=clm&l=8178D&datos=det&x=8178D&m=13&v=TMX |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> | align="center" |{{Convert|42.7|C|F}} |{{Convert|-24.0|C}} |- |Teruel <ref>{{Cite web |title=Teruel - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=arn&l=8368U&datos=det |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> |{{Convert|41.3|C}} |{{Convert|-21|C}} |- |Valladolid <ref>{{Cite web |title=Valladolid - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=cle&l=2422&datos=det |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> |{{Convert|41.1|C}} |{{Convert|-11.5|C}} |- !Arewacin Atlantic ! ! |- |Ourense <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ourense - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=gal&l=1690A&datos=det |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> |{{Convert|44.1|C}} | rowspan="2" |{{Convert|-8.6|C}} |- |Bilbao <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilbao Aeropuerto - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=pva&l=1082&datos=det |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> |{{Convert|44|C}} |- |A Coruña <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010) |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010 |website=AEMET}}</ref> |{{Convert|39.6|C}} |{{Convert|-3.0|C}} |- |Oviedo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oviedo - Valores Extremos |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos?w=0&k=ast&l=1249I&datos=det |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=[[Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia]]}}</ref> |{{Convert|39|C}} |{{Convert|-6.0|C}} |- |Vigo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guía resumida del clima en España (1981-2010) |url=http://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/guia_resumida_2010 |website=AEMET}}</ref> |{{Convert|40.8|C}} |{{Convert|-5.0|C}} |} == Yanayin zafi na teku == {| class="wikitable" |+[[Barcelona]] !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba !Shekara |- | {{average temperature table/color|13|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|13|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|13|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|13|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|13|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|13|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|14|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|17|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|20|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|23|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|25|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|25|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|23|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|20|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|17|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|15|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}} |} {| class="wikitable" |+[[Valencia]] !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba !Shekara |- | {{average temperature table/color|14|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|13|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|13|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|13|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|13|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|15|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|17|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|21|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|24|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|26|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|26|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|24|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|21|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|15|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18.5|°C|°F|abbr=on}} |} {| class="wikitable" |+Alicante !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba !Shekara |- | {{average temperature table/color|14|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|14|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|14|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|15|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|17|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|21|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|24|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|25|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|25|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|24|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|21|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|16|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18.6|°C|°F|abbr=on}} |} {| class="wikitable" |+Yankin [[Gibraltar]] / Algeciras !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba !Shekara |- | {{average temperature table/color|16|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|15|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|15|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|16|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|16|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|16|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|17|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|19|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|22|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|22|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|22|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|20|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|17|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|17|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|18|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|18.4|°C|°F|abbr=on}} |} {| class="wikitable" |+Las Palmas !Jan !Fabrairu !Tekun !Afrilu !Mayu !Yuni !Yuli !Aug !Satumba !Oktoba !Nuwamba !Disamba !Shekara |- | {{average temperature table/color|19|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|19|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|19|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|19|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|19|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|20|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|21|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|21|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|22|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|23|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|23|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|23|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|23|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|22|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|22|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|20|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|20|°C|°F|abbr=on}} | {{average temperature table/color|20|C|palette=cool}} |{{convert|20.9|°C|°F|abbr=on}} |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bgbohn79xcavnkkwde5sv3i6vv7risz 0 109799 964573 899054 2026-10-08T01:35:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Wutar Yellowstone ta 1988''' gaba ɗaya ta zama babbar gobarar daji a tarihin da aka rubuta na Yellowstone National Park a Amurka. Farawa kamar ƙananan gobara, harshen wuta da sauri ya bazu daga iko saboda yanayin fari da karuwar iskõki, ya haɗu cikin manyan gobara da yawa waɗanda suka ƙone watanni da yawa. Wutar ta kusan lalata manyan wuraren baƙi guda biyu kuma, a ranar 8 ga Satumba, 1988, an rufe duk wurin shakatawa ga duk ma'aikatan da ba na gaggawa ba a karo na farko a tarihinta.<ref name="Schullery">{{Cite journal |last=Schullery |first=Paul |year=1989 |title=Yellowstone fires: a preliminary report |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_northwest-science_1989-02_63_1/page/44 |journal=Northwest Science |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=44–54}}</ref> Sai kawai zuwan yanayi mai sanyi da danshi a ƙarshen kaka ya kawo ƙarshen gobarar. Jimlar kadada 793,880 (3, ), ko kashi 36 cikin dari na wurin shakatawa, sun ƙone a matakai daban-daban na tsanani.<ref name="1988 fires">{{Cite web |title=1988 Fires |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/1988-fires.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221012222351/https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/1988-fires.htm |archive-date=12 October 2022 |access-date=February 16, 2022 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>&nbsp; A saman kokarin kashe gobara, an sanya masu kashe gobara sama da 9,000 a cikin gobarar a cikin wurin shakatawa, tare da taimakon jirage masu saukar ungulu da jirgin sama masu fuka-fuki waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don ruwa da raguwar wuta. Tare da gobarar da ke faruwa a ko'ina cikin Babban Yanayin Yanayi na Yellowstone da sauran yankuna a yammacin Amurka, matakan ma'aikata na National Park Service da sauran hukumomin kula da ƙasa ba su isa ga halin da ake ciki ba; an kawo ma'aikatan soja na Amurka sama da 4,000 nan da nan don taimakawa wajen kokarin kashe gobarar daji. Kokarin kashe gobara ya kashe dala miliyan 120 ($ 320 miliyan a 2024). An rage asarar tsarin ta hanyar mayar da hankali ga kokarin kashe gobara kusa da manyan wuraren baƙi, kuma a ƙarshe ya kai dala miliyan 3.28 ($ miliyan 9 tun daga 2024). <ref name="questions">{{Cite web |date=January 25, 1989 |title=The Greater Yellowstone Fires of 1988 |url=http://npshistory.com/publications/yell/1988-fire-qa.pdf |access-date=June 13, 2022 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Babu masu kashe gobara da suka mutu yayin da suke yaki da gobarar Yellowstone, kodayake akwai mutuwar wuta guda biyu a waje da wurin shakatawa.&nbsp;&nbsp; Kafin ƙarshen shekarun 1960, an yi imanin cewa gobara tana da lahani ga wuraren shakatawa da gandun daji, kuma manufofin gudanarwa an yi niyya ne don murkushe gobara da sauri. Koyaya, yayin da rawar da wuta ke takawa a cikin muhalli ya zama mafi kyau a cikin shekarun da suka gabata kafin 1988, an karɓi manufofin ba da izinin gobarar halitta su ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafawa, wanda ya tabbatar da nasara sosai wajen rage yankin da aka rasa kowace shekara ga gobarar daji. Sabanin haka, a cikin 1988, Yellowstone ya wuce gona da iri don babban wuta, kuma, a cikin lokacin rani mai bushewa, ƙananan gobara "mai sarrafawa" sun haɗu. Wutar ta ƙone a hankali, tana tsalle daga wannan yanki zuwa wani, tana barin wuraren da ba a taɓa su ba. Wutar da ta yi tsanani ta mamaye wasu yankuna, ta ƙone duk abin da ke cikin hanyoyin su. Miliyoyin itatuwa da tsire-tsire masu yawa sun mutu sakamakon gobarar daji, kuma wasu yankuna sun bar suna da duhu da mutuwa. Koyaya, fiye da rabin wuraren da abin ya shafa sun ƙone ta hanyar gobarar ƙasa, wanda ya yi ƙarancin lalacewa ga nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu ƙarfi. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan gobarar ta ƙare, nau'ikan shuke-shuke da bishiyoyi da sauri sun sake kafa kansu, kuma sake farfado da shuke-tsire na asali ya yi nasara sosai. Wutar Yellowstone ta 1988 ba a taɓa gani ba a tarihin National Park Service kuma ta haifar da tambayoyi da yawa game da manufofin kula da wuta. Bayanan kafofin watsa labarai na rashin kulawa sau da yawa suna da ban sha'awa kuma ba daidai ba ne, wani lokacin ba daidai ba suna bayar da rahoto ko nuna cewa ana lalata mafi yawan wurin shakatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Mailing Address: PO Box 168 Yellowstone National |last2=Us |first2=WY 82190-0168 Phone: 307-344-7381 Contact |title=1988 Wildfires in Yellowstone: Lasting Environmental Impacts and Changes to Wildfire Management Policy - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/blogs/1988-wildfires-in-yellowstone-lasting-environmental-impacts-and-changes-to-wildfire-management-policy.htm |access-date=2025-01-19 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai raguwar wucin gadi a cikin ingancin iska a lokacin gobarar, ba a rubuta wani mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci a cikin yanayin halittu ba kuma, sabanin rahotanni na farko, ƙananan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun mutu ta hanyar gobarar, kodayake an sami raguwa a cikin adadin Moose. == Ci gaban manufofin kula da wuta a Amurka ==   [[Fayil:Yellowstone_fire_1953.jpg|alt=Firefighter walks towards a distant fire in 1953|thumb|1953: wani mai kashe gobara ya yi tafiya zuwa wuta mai nisa]] A gabashin Amurka, fari da ruwan sama mai yawa, gobarar daji suna da ƙananan kuma ba su da haɗari sosai ga rayuwa da dukiya. Yayin da fararen ƙauyuka suka ci gaba da yamma zuwa wuraren da suka bushe, an haɗu da manyan gobara na farko. Wutar da ke kan Great Plains da gobarar daji a cikin Rocky Mountains sun fi girma kuma sun fi lalacewa fiye da gabas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2022 |title=Wildfire Statistics |url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/IF10244.pdf |access-date=August 27, 2022 |website=Congressional Research Service |publisher=U.S. Congress}}</ref> Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru na wuta a cikin shekaru sun yi tasiri sosai ga manufofin kula da wuta.<ref name="1988 fires"/> Mafi munin asarar rayuka a tarihin Amurka saboda gobarar daji ya faru ne a 1871 lokacin da Wutar Peshtigo ta mamaye [[Wisconsin]], ta kashe fiye da mutane 1,.<ref name="Peshtigo">{{Cite web |title=The Peshtigo Fire |url=https://www.weather.gov/grb/peshtigofire |access-date=February 23, 2022 |website=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |publisher=National Weather Service}}</ref> Wutar Santiago Canyon ta 1889 a [[California]] kuma musamman Babban Wutar 1910 a [[Montana]] da [[Idaho]] sun ba da gudummawa ga falsafar cewa wuta haɗari ce da ake buƙatar murkushewa.<ref name="Aplet">{{Cite journal |last=Aplet |first=Gregory H. |date=April 2006 |title=Evolution of Wilderness Fire Policy |url=https://ijw.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/12/Apr-2006-IW-vol-12-no-1small.pdf |journal=International Journal of Wilderness |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=9–13 |access-date=February 23, 2022}}</ref> Babban Wutar ta 1910 ta ƙone kadada 3,000,000 (12,000 ), ta lalata al'ummomi da yawa, kuma ta kashe mutane 86; wannan taron ya sa hukumomin kula da ƙasa daban-daban su jaddada murkushe gobarar daji.<ref name="1910 Fire">{{Cite web |title=The Great Fire of 1910 |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5444731.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805000323/http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5444731.pdf |archive-date=August 5, 2016 |access-date=February 23, 2022 |website=United States Department of Agriculture |publisher=United States Forest Service}}</ref> Kafin shekarun 1960, hukumomin ƙasa na Gwamnatin Amurka, gami da Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa, gabaɗaya sun bi manufofin kula da gobara da Hukumar Kula Da dazuzzuka ta Amurka ta kafa, wanda ke kula da mafi yawan gandun daji na ƙasar. Wannan manufar ita ce ta hana duk gobarar daji.<ref name="Wagtendonk">{{Cite journal |last=van Wagtendonk |first=Jan W. |date=December 1, 2007 |title=The History and Evolution of Wildland Fire Use |journal=Fire Ecology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=3–17 |bibcode=2007FiEco...3b...3V |doi=10.4996/fireecology.0302003 |s2cid=85841606 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kafin tsakiyar karni na 20, yawancin masu kula da gandun daji sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a danne gobara a kowane lokaci. <ref name="NRDC">{{Cite web |date=May 2003 |title=Wildfires in Western Forests |url=http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/pfires.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806021315/http://www.nrdc.org/land/forests/pfires.asp |archive-date=August 6, 2007 |access-date=February 23, 2022 |publisher=Natural Resources Defense Council}}</ref> A shekara ta 1935, manufofin kula da kashe gobara na Ma'aikatar gandun daji ta Amurka ta nuna cewa za a kashe duk wutar daji da 10.&nbsp;na safe bayan an fara ganin su. <ref name="policy">{{Cite web |date=January 2001 |title=Evolution of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy |url=https://www.nifc.gov/sites/default/files/policies/FederalWildlandFireManagementPolicy.pdf |access-date=February 23, 2022 |website=Review and Update of the 1995 Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy January 2001 |publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service}}</ref> An kafa ma'aikatan kashe gobara a ko'ina cikin filaye na jama'a kuma gabaɗaya samari suna aiki a lokacin lokutan gobara. A shekara ta 1940, ma'aikatan kashe gobara da aka fi sani da smokejumpers za su kwashe daga cikin jiragen sama don kashe wuta a wurare masu nisa. A farkon yakin duniya na biyu, an gina sama da hasumiya 8,000 na binciken wuta a Amurka. Kodayake da yawa sun rushe saboda karuwar amfani da jiragen sama don tabo wuta, har yanzu ana amfani da biyu a kowace shekara a Yellowstone. <ref name="lookouts2">{{Cite web |title=Wildland Fire Program |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/management/wildland-fire-program.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302052857/http://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/management/wildland-fire-program.htm |archive-date=March 2, 2015 |access-date=February 23, 2022 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ƙoƙarin kashe gobara ya yi nasara sosai, tare da rage yankin da wutar daji ta ƙone daga matsakaicin {{Convert|30000000|acre|km2}} a cikin shekarun 1930, zuwa tsakanin {{Convert|2000000|acre|km2}} da {{Convert|5000000|acre|km2}} a shekarun 1960 <ref name="NRDC" /> Bukatar katako a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu ya kasance mai girma kuma an yi la'akari da gobarar da ta lalata katako. A cikin 1944, Hukumar Kula da daji ta Amurka ta kirkiro wani kamfen na talla don taimakawa wajen ilimantar da jama'a cewa duk gobara na da illa, ta yin amfani da baƙar fata mai suna Smokey Bear . Har yanzu ana iya ganin wannan ƙaƙƙarfan beyar kashe gobara a kan fastoci masu ɗauke da jumla mai taken "Ku kaɗai za ku iya hana gobarar daji". <ref name="Smokey">{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2005 |title=The Story of Smokey Bear |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/features/story-smokey-bear |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630012858/https://www.fs.usda.gov/features/story-smokey-bear |archive-date=June 30, 2020 |access-date=February 23, 2022 |publisher=U.S. Forest Service}}</ref> Fastocin farko na Smokey Bear sun yaudari jama'a da yarda cewa gobarar daji ta yamma galibi ta mutane ne ke haddasawa. Koyaya, a cikin Yellowstone, 78&nbsp;Kashi na gobara na faruwa ne ta hanyar walƙiya, yayin da 22 kacal&nbsp;kashi dari na mutane ne. <ref name="wildfire">{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2007 |title=Fire |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/fire.htm |access-date=March 6, 2022 |website=Nature |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Koyaya, wasu masu bincike a cikin karni na 20 sun yi jayayya cewa ya kamata a canza wannan manufofin, a kan dalilin cewa gobarar daji ta tsabtace shuke-shuke da matattu, suna ba da damar nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu mahimmanci na tattalin arziki su girma tare da ƙarancin gasa don abubuwan gina jiki. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka galibi suna ƙone gandun daji don rage yawan girma da kuma ƙara wuraren ciyawa ga manyan dabbobi masu cin nama kamar bison da elk.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Gerald W. |date=Summer 2000 |title=Introduction to Aboriginal Fire Use in North America |url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/legacy_files/fire-management-today/060-3_0.pdf |journal=Fire Management Today |publisher=USDA Forest Service |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=8–12 |access-date=March 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knapp |first=Eric E. |last2=Varner |first2=Morgan |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Prescribed fire in North American forests and woodlands: history, current practice, and challenges |url=https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1890/120329 |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |volume=11 |issue=s1 |doi=10.1890/120329 |url-access=subscription |access-date=March 6, 2022}}</ref> Tun a farkon 1924, masashi muhalli Aldo Leopold ya yi jayayya cewa gobarar daji tana da fa'ida ga yanayin halittu, kuma ya zama dole don yaduwa halitta na bishiyoyi da nau'ikan shuke-shuke da yawa. A cikin shekaru 40 masu zuwa, karuwar yawan masu kula da gandun daji da masu ilimin muhalli sun yarda game da fa'idodin gobarar daji ga yanayin halittu. A cikin 1963, wani rukuni na masu ilimin muhalli da National Park Service ta tuntubi sun fitar da Rahoton Leopold, wanda aka fi sani da Gudanar da namun daji a cikin Gidan shakatawa na kasa, suna ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ba da izinin gobarar daji su ƙone lokaci-lokaci don dawo da ma'aunin muhalli a cikin wuraren shakatawa.<ref name="Leopold">{{Cite web |last=Leopold |first=A.S. |last2=Cain |first2=S.A |last3=Cottam |first3=C.M. |last4=Gabrielson |first4=I.N. |last5=Kimball |first5=T.L. |date=March 4, 1963 |title=Wildlife Management in the National Parks: The Leopold Report |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/leopold/leopold6.htm |access-date=March 6, 2022 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Dokar Wilderness ta 1964 ta taimaka wajen magance rawar da wuta ke takawa a matsayin wani bangare na yanayin halittu.<ref name="Aplet"/> A shekara ta 1968, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta daidaita manufofin kula da gobara wanda ya nuna sabon bincike. Sabis ɗin ya ƙayyade cewa gobarar da ta fara ta halitta (ta hanyar walƙiya) za a ba da izinin ƙonewa idan sun haifar da ƙaramin haɗari ga rayuwar ɗan adam da dukiya. Har ila yau, sabis ɗin ya ba da umarnin cewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka tsara, za a saita ƙonewar da aka sarrafa da gangan don maido da daidaituwa ga yanayin halittu.<ref name="policy"/> Daga 197, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta fara ba da izinin gobarar halitta a Yellowstone don ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafawa. Wutar irin wannan ana kiranta da wuta ta halitta. Tsakanin 197 da 1987, jimlar gobarar halitta 235 da aka tsara sun ƙone karamin kadada 33,759 (137 ) a ƙarƙashin umarnin sabon manufofin.<ref name="Fire management">{{Cite web |title=Fire Management |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/management/fire-management.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522061532/https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/management/fire-management.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2019 |access-date=March 6, 2022 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Daga cikin wadannan, 15 ne kawai suka bazu zuwa fiye da kadada 100 (0.4 km2). <ref name="wildfire"/> Shekaru biyar kafin 1988 sun fi na al'ada kuma wannan na iya rage yankin gobarar a wannan lokacin.<ref name="Fire management" /> == Abubuwan da ke haifar da gobarar == [[Fayil:Lodgepole_pine_forest_1965.jpg|alt=Lodgepole pine forest in 1965 with numerous dead trees on the ground|thumb|Kyakkyawan gandun daji na Yellowstone lodgepole pine a cikin shekara ta 1965]] Adana rikodin wuta a Yellowstone ya fara ne a 1931, lokacin da Heart Lake Fire ya ƙone kadada 18,000 (73 ). Duk da karamin girmansa, ita ce babbar wuta a lokacin da aka kirkiro wurin shakatawa har zuwa 1988. Bincike ya nuna cewa manyan gobara biyu ko uku ne kawai ke faruwa a kan Yellowstone Plateau a kowace shekara 1,000.<ref name="Franke1">{{Cite web |last=Franke |first=Mary Ann |year=2000 |title=The Role of Fire in Yellowstone |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/full-2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829220827/http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/full-2.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2008 |access-date=March 13, 2022 |website=Yellowstone in the Afterglow |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>[] Babban gobarar Yellowstone da ta gabata ta kasance a farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 18, tun kafin zuwan masu binciken fararen fata.<ref name="Franke2">{{Cite web |last=Franke |first=Mary Ann |year=2000 |title=The Summer of 1988 |url=http://npshistory.com/publications/yell/afterglow.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413194755/http://npshistory.com/publications/yell/afterglow.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2016 |access-date=March 13, 2022 |website=Yellowstone in the Afterglow |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> {{Rp|9}}&nbsp; Gidajen Yellowstone sun mamaye itacen pine kuma daga ƙarshe wasu nau'ikan bishiyoyi sun maye gurbin su bayan shekaru 80 zuwa 100 yayin da gandun daji ya girma.<ref name="lodgepole2">{{Cite web |last=Lotan |first=James E. |title=Lodgepole Pine |url=https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_1/pinus/contorta.htm |access-date=March 13, 2022 |website=Pinus contorta |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319213912/https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_1/pinus/contorta.htm |archive-date=March 19, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A Yellowstone, wani ɗan gajeren lokacin girma saboda tsawo mai tsawo da ƙasa mara kyau yana ba da damar itacen pine ya kai shekaru ɗari uku kafin wasu bishiyoyi kamar [[Engelmann spruce]] da subalpine fir su kafa.<ref name="lodgepole2" /> Gidajen da aka samo a ko'ina cikin ƙasar Yellowstone Plateau suna girma a cikin ɗakunan da ba a katse su ba waɗanda ke da irin waɗannan shekaru a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake itatuwan da aka saba samu a cikin gandun daji masu girma suna faruwa, ba a samun su a manyan wuraren kamar yadda yake a wasu gandun daji a cikin Dutsen Rocky. A cikin shekarun 1980s, yawancin gandun daji na lodgepole pine a Yellowstone sun kasance tsakanin shekaru 200 zuwa 250 kuma suna gabatowa ƙarshen rayuwarsu.<ref name="Franke22">{{Cite web |last=Franke |first=Mary Ann |year=2000 |title=The Summer of 1988 |url=http://npshistory.com/publications/yell/afterglow.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413194755/http://npshistory.com/publications/yell/afterglow.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2016 |access-date=March 13, 2022 |website=Yellowstone in the Afterglow |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Kwararrun dutsen pine sun sashi itatuwa da yawa a cikin Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 1980. Wannan ya haifar da gandun daji mai banbanci wanda tsofaffin bishiyoyi masu tsira suka haɗu da ƙananan bishiyoyi na shekaru daban-daban. Wannan tsari mai haɗuwa na iya samar da man fetur wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga gobarar.<ref name="Lynch">{{Cite journal |last=Lynch |first=Heather |last2=Renkin, Roy A. |last3=Crabtree, Robert L. |last4=Moorcroft, Paul R. |date=January 19, 2007 |title=The Influence of Previous Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) Activity on the 1988 Yellowstone Fires |url=https://www.nrfirescience.org/sites/default/files/InfluenceOfPreviousMountainPineBeetle1988YellowstoneFires.pdf |journal=Ecosystems |volume=2006 |issue=9 |pages=1318–1327 |access-date=March 13, 2022}}</ref> Bugu da kari, lokacin hunturu na 1987-1988 ya bushe fiye da yadda aka saba, tare da Babban Yankin Yankin Yammacin Yammacin Yellowstone yana karɓar kashi 31 cikin 100 na dusar ƙanƙara na yau da kullun.<ref name="Franke2"/> Koyaya, Afrilu da Mayu 1988 sun kasance da rigar sosai kuma yawan danshi ya taimaka sosai ga ciyawa da ci gaban ƙasa. A watan Yuni, ruwan sama ya tsaya kuma an rubuta kadan a duk Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem na watanni hudu masu zuwa. A watan Yuli, fari mafi muni a tarihin Yellowstone National Park ya fara. Ciyawa da tsire-tsire waɗanda suka girma sosai a farkon lokacin rani nan da nan suka juya zuwa busassun tinder. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya ci gaba da raguwa, ya bushe gandun daji. Abubuwan da ke cikin man fetur a cikin matattu da faduwar katako an rubuta su a matsayin ƙasa da 5%. A tsakiyar watan Agusta, matakan zafi sun kasance ƙasa da 20% kuma an rubuta su a matsayin ƙasa da 6% a wani lokaci.<ref name="Franke2" /> Don kara rashin ruwan sama, yawancin ƙasar Yellowstone duwatsu ne na dutsen wuta da ƙasa waɗanda ke da ƙarancin riƙewar danshi.<ref name="Franke1"/> Jerin guguwa mai karfi amma bushe ya haifar da yaduwar gobara da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Monica |date=August 28, 2018 |title=Here's how forests rebounded from Yellowstone's epic 1988 fires – and why that could be harder in the future |url=https://theconversation.com/heres-how-forests-rebounded-from-yellowstones-epic-1988-fires-and-why-that-could-be-harder-in-the-future-101495 |access-date=March 13, 2022 |publisher=The Conversation}}</ref>&nbsp; Man fetur da aka tara, tsoffin gandun daji, da yanayin da ba a ragu ba kuma yanayin bushewa na musamman ya haifar da matsala ga Yellowstone. Koyaya, masu kula da gandun daji da masu ilimin muhalli na wuta sun yi hasashen lokacin wuta na yau da kullun don Babban Yanayin Yanayi kuma suna tsammanin ruwan sama na yau da kullum a watan Yuli." 2-1 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] Tarihi ya ba da wata hujja da za ta ba da shawarar cewa 1988 zai kasance daban daga shekaru 100 da suka gabata da wurin shakatawa ya wanzu. Amma, yayin da manyan gobara suka fara tashi a duk yankin Rocky Mountain, kafofin watsa labarai sun fara lura. An fara ƙananan gobara ashirin a Yellowstone a watan Yuli kuma daga cikin su, goma sha ɗaya sun fita da kansu. Sauran an saka idanu sosai daidai da manufofin wuta na halitta. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuli, gobara a duk fadin Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem ta ƙone kadada 8,500 (34 ) kuma kodayake wannan ba ya zama na yau da kullun, kafofin watsa labarai sun mai da hankali kan gobarar da ke gudana a duk yammacin Amurka sun rinjayi shawarar da jami'an wurin shakatawa suka yanke don fara kokarin kashe gobara a ranar 15 ga Yuli. A cikin mako guda na kokarin da aka fara, gobarar ta bazu ta hada da kusan kadada 100,000 (400 km2) a filin shakatawa kadai.<ref name="wildfire"/>&nbsp; == Manyan gobara a Yellowstone a cikin 1988 == [[Fayil:Firefighting_at_Norris_8.20.1988.jpg|alt=Firefighter sprays water on a fire at Norris in near darkness on Black Saturday|thumb|Rashin kashe gobara a Norris a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, 1988, ranar da daga baya aka kira "Black Asabar" saboda yawan ƙasar da aka ƙone da kuma hayaki mai yawa wanda ya juya rana zuwa dare a wasu wurare]] Kusan gobara daban-daban sun fara a Yellowstone da kewayen gandun daji na kasa tsakanin Yuni da Agusta. Bakwai daga cikinsu suna da alhakin kashi 95% na jimlar yankin da aka ƙone.<ref name="Schullery2">{{Cite journal |last=Schullery |first=Paul |date=November 1989 |title=The Fires and Fire Policy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_1989-11_39_10/page/686 |journal=BioScience |volume=39 |issue=10 |pages=686–694 |doi=10.2307/1310999 |jstor=1310999}}</ref> A ƙarshen watan Yuli, Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa da sauran hukumomi sun tattara ma'aikatan da ke akwai, kuma duk da haka gobarar ta ci gaba da fadada. Ƙananan gobara sun ƙone juna, wanda guguwa mai bushewa ta haifar da iska mai ƙarfi da walƙiya mai bushe amma babu ruwan sama. A ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, ranar da ta fi muni da gobarar kuma daga baya aka kira "Black Asabar", an cinye fiye da kadada 150,000 (610 ) a lokacin daya daga cikin manyan gobara. Ash daga gobarar a ko'ina cikin wurin shakatawa ya yi nisa har zuwa Billings, Montana, mil 60 (97 zuwa arewa maso gabas.<ref name="Franke2"/> wuta da iska ke motsawa ta tsallake hanyoyi da layin wuta, kuma gawayi masu cin wuta sun haifar da tabo mai nisa, suna fara sabbin gobara mil (1.6 ko fiye a gaban manyan wuraren wuta. Wutar ƙasa ta tsere da tsani na man fetur zuwa gandun daji kuma ta zama gobarar kambi tare da harshen wuta sama da {{Convert|200|ft}} m) tsawo. A duk lokacin rani, gobara ta yi gagarumin ci gaba na mil 5 zuwa 10 (8.0 zuwa 16.1 a rana, kuma har ma akwai lokutan da aka rubuta fiye da mil 2 (3.2 km) a cikin awa daya.<ref name="disaster">{{Cite web |title=Yellowstone and the Politics of Disaster |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/fire/upload/wildland-fire-history.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2022 |website=A Test of Adversity and Strength: Wildland Fire in the National Park System |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>&nbsp; === Rashin wuta na Snake River === Wani babban rukuni na gobara an san shi da Snake River Complex . Wadannan gobarar sun kasance a kudancin wurin shakatawa, a yankin ruwa na Yellowstone da Snake Rivers. Wutar da ta fi girma a cikin rukuni ita ce Wutar Shoshone wacce aka fara da walƙiya a ranar 23 ga Yuni. Manufar ƙonewa ta halitta har yanzu tana aiki, kuma da farko, ba a yi ƙoƙari don murkushe wannan wuta ba. Ya ƙone tare da ɗan motsi na makonni da yawa, sannan da sauri ya fara fadada zuwa arewa maso gabas a ranar 20 ga Yuli.<ref name="Rothermel">{{Cite journal |last=Rothermel |first=Richard |last2=Hartford, Roberta |last3=Chase, Carolyn |date=January 1994 |title=Fire Growth Maps for the 1988 Greater Yellowstone Area Fires |url=https://research.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/24640 |format=PDF |journal=Gen. Tech. Rep. Int-304. Ogden, Ut: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 64 P |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |volume=304 |doi=10.2737/INT-GTR-304 |access-date=March 27, 2022 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ground_fire_at_Grant_Village_2.jpg|alt=At Grant Village fire is shown spreading from the forest floor up into the tree canopy leading to crown fires|left|thumb|Wutar ƙasa a ƙauyen Grant da sauri ta hau itatuwa a cikin rufin kuma ta zama gobarar kambi.]] Jar wuta ta fara kusa da tafkin Lewis a ranar 1 ga Yuli, kuma kamar Wutar Shoshone, ta ci gaba kaɗan na makonni da yawa. Daga nan sai gobarar ta tashi zuwa arewa maso gabas ranar 19 ga watan Yuli kuma ta hade da gobarar Shoshone a watan Agusta. Yayin da waɗannan gobara biyu suka ci gaba zuwa yankin Grant Village, an ba da umarnin ƙaura don haka ma'aikatan kashe gobara su mai da hankali kan kariyar tsari. A tsakiyar babban gandun daji na lodgepole pine, rukunin Grant Village shine babban yankin yawon buɗe ido na farko da ya yi tasiri a wannan lokacin. An lalata wasu ƙananan gine-gine da wasu rukunin sansanin sansanin. Rukunin kogin maciji na gobara a ƙarshe sun haɗa da Ja, Shoshone, da sauran gobara masu yawa. <ref name="Rothermel"/> Wutar Mink ta fara ne a cikin gandun daji na Bridger-Teton daga walƙiya a ranar 11 ga Yuli, kuma ta ƙone arewa bayan kwarin Kogin Yellowstone, bayan da masu kashe gobara suka tilasta wutar daga ƙasashe masu zaman kansu. Wutar Mink a ƙarshe ta ƙone sassan da ke cikin wurin shakatawa bayan 23 ga Yuli amma ana ganin ba ta da haɗari tunda tana cikin wani yanki mai nisa na wurin shakatawa. <ref name="Rothermel" /> Wuta ta uku mafi girma na Complex River Snake ita ce Wutar Huck, wacce ta fara bayan bishiya ta fado kan layin wutar lantarki a ranar 20 ga Agusta kusa da Flagg Ranch . Wannan wuta ta <ref name="Franke2"/> farko a cikin John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway, ketare iyakar Yellowstone ta kudu ranar <ref name="Schullery"/> Agusta {{Convert|172000|acre|km2|0}} kafin ya ƙare a tsakiyar Satumba. <ref name="Franke2" /> Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a wannan rukunin gobara ya faru ne a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta lokacin da wata mummunar gobara ta mamaye [[Lewis River Canyon|kogin Lewis Canyon]], wanda iskar {{Convert|60|mph}} da gudu zuwa {{Convert|80|mph}} . === Wutar Clover === Wutar Mist ta fara ne a ranar 9 ga Yuli, a gabashin wurin shakatawa a cikin Absaroka Range. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Wutar Clover ta fara a wannan yankin kuma gobarar ta haɗu kuma an sake masa suna Wutar Clovers Mist a ranar ga Yuli. Kashewa a cikin ƙasa mai tsawo, wannan wuta tana da wuyar yaƙi kuma a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, wutar ta ci gaba daga kudu zuwa ƙaramin garin Cooke City, Montana kuma ta ci gaba da barazana ga garin na makonni da yawa.<ref name="Rothermel"/> Wutar Clover Mist ta cinye fiye da kadada 140,000 (567 ). <ref name="Schullery"/> === Storm Creek, Hellroaring, da wuta ta Fan === Wutar Storm Creek ta fara ne a ranar 14 ga Yuni, da kyau a arewacin wurin shakatawa a cikin Absaroka-Beartooth Wilderness, kuma kusan watanni biyu ya zama kamar ba ya haifar da barazana ga Yellowstone. Sa'an nan, a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta, gobarar ta yi saurin zuwa kudu kuma ta yi barazana ga garin Cooke City, a wannan lokacin daga arewa. Kokarin da aka yi na murkushe wuta mai zurfi da kuma sanya wuta don ƙoƙarin kashe gobarar mai kusan ya haifar da bala'i lokacin da canjin da ba zato ba tsammani a cikin iska ya kawo gobarar zuwa cikin yadudduka ɗari na sassa na garin, ya tilasta kwashewa a ranar 6 ga Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 5, 2013 |title=Flames tower over Cooke City during the Yellowstone National Park fires |url=https://missoulian.com/flames-tower-over-cooke-city-during-the-yellowstone-national-park-fires/image_8face95a-fdde-11e2-82d4-0019bb2963f4.html |access-date=March 27, 2022 |publisher=Missoulian}}</ref> Wutar Storm Creek ta ƙone fiye da kadada 143,000.<ref name="Rothermel"/> Sauran babbar gobarar da ke arewacin wurin shakatawa ita ce Wutar Hellroaring . An fara shi a cikin gandun daji na Gallatin a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta daga gawayi daga wuta da ba a kula da ita ba, gobarar da farko ta koma arewa, amma sai ta juya bayan 'yan kwanaki kuma ta koma kudu, tana barazanar yankin kusa da Tower Junction.<ref name="Rothermel"/> Daga ƙarshe ya ƙone kadada 101,996.<ref name="Rothermel" /> [[Fayil:Yellowstone_fires_1988_bc.gif|thumb|Juyin halitta na gobara.]] [[Fayil:Firelegend.png|alt=Animated GIF showing how the fires progressed from July to October 1988|thumb|Ci gaban gobara daban-daban a yankin Greater Yellowstone, Yuli zuwa Oktoba 1988.]] A arewa maso yamma, Wutar Fan ta fara ne a ranar 25 ga Yuni, kuma an fara la'akari da barazana ga garin Gardiner, Montana, a waje da ƙofar arewacin wurin shakatawa. Ya kasance mafi nasara a cikin dukkan gobarar 1988. Kodayake ba a hana wutar ba har tsawon watanni, a tsakiyar watan Agusta, ba a sake la'akari da ita barazana ga rayuka da dukiya ba.<ref name="Rothermel"/> Wutar Fan ta ƙone kadada 27,346 gabaɗaya.<ref name="Rothermel" /> === Wutar Arewacin Fork === Wutar da ta fi girma a wurin shakatawa ita ce Wutar Arewacin Fork, duka dangane da lalacewar gine-gine da yankin da aka ƙone. Wutar ta fara ne a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli, lokacin da wani mutum mai yankan katako ya zubar da sigari a cikin gandun daji na Caribou-Targhee a waje da iyakar yammacin wurin shakatawa.<ref name="cdc">{{Cite web |last=Reh |first=Christopher |last2=Scott Deitchman |date=February 1992 |title=Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 88-320 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/hhe/reports/pdfs/1988-0320-2176.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2022 |website=HETA 88-320-2176 |publisher=National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health}}</ref><ref name="questions"/> Wutar Arewacin Fork ita ce kawai babbar gobara da aka yi tun daga farko tun lokacin da ta fara bayan an dakatar da manufofin wuta a ranar 15 ga Yuli.<ref name="disaster"/> Wutar ta bazu zuwa arewa maso gabas kuma a ƙarshen mako na farko na watan Agusta, tana barazana ga Madison Junction da wuraren sansanin da ke kusa. Wutar ta tashi zuwa Norris Junction a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta. Masu kashe gobara a can sun yi amfani da ruwa da kumfa don hana wutar cinye gine-ginen. Wutar ta ci gaba da ci gaba zuwa gabas tare da Yellowstone Plateau, kuma a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, ta kai wuraren baƙi a Canyon, inda hukumomin kula da ƙasa da sojojin Amurka suka yi kokari sosai don kare gine-gine. Yankin gabas na wuta ya kwanta na kwanaki da yawa, sannan iskõki masu saukowa daga Yellowstone Plateau suka tilasta harshen wuta tare da gefen yammacin wuta zuwa garin West Yellowstone, Montana . <ref name="Rothermel"/> A can, 'yan ƙasa masu zaman kansu sun taimaka wa ma'aikatan da aka ba su don tsoma daruruwan kadada na gandun daji don kare garin da kuma tashar wutar lantarki. Wutar ta ƙone wani bangare mai yawa na gandun daji tare da kwarin Kogin Madison.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davy |first=Liz |last2=Nelson |first2=Paula |last3=Ward |first3=Matthew |date=December 13, 2018 |title=Unsung Heroes of the 1988 Yellowstone Fires: Church Leaders and Farmers |url=https://fireadaptednetwork.org/unsung-heroes-of-the-1988-yellowstone-fires-church-leaders-and-farmers/ |access-date=March 27, 2022 |publisher=Fire Adapted Communities}}</ref> Tsakanin Satumba 5 da 7, wani busassun gaba ya tura harshen wuta tare da sashin kudancin Arewacin Fork Fire zuwa babban tsohuwar baƙo mai aminci kusa da Upper Geyser Basin . <ref name="Rothermel"/> An umarci duk ma'aikatan da ba na gaggawa ba a kwashe su; duk da haka, batutuwan siyasa sun rinjayi umarnin gudanar da National Park Service ba a rufe ginin gaba ɗaya ga masu yawon bude ido masu shigowa ba, tare da wasu baƙi har yanzu suna isa Old Faithful ba da daɗewa ba kafin mummunan wuta ya faru da tsakar rana. Wani bama-bamai na sama tare da tankunan iska da ke sauke wuta ya gaza.<ref name="disaster"/> Masu kashe gobara sun mai da hankali kan kariya ta tsari, musamman wadanda ke da muhimmancin tarihi kamar Old Faithful Inn, ta amfani da injunan wuta da tsarin famfo na ruwa don kiyaye rufin da sauran farfajiyar gine-ginen. Masu kashe gobara 1,200 ciki har da ma'aikatan soja 120 sun haƙa layin wuta kuma sun share bishiyoyi kusa da gine-gine. Iska ta kai har zuwa mil 80 a kowace awa (130 km / h) yayin da wuta ta kusanci daga yamma.<ref name="Barker1">{{Cite web |last=Barker |first=Rocky |date=Spring 2006 |title=Under Fire |url=http://www.fseee.org/forestmag/0802bark.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928210800/http://www.fseee.org/forestmag/0802bark.shtml |archive-date=September 28, 2007 |access-date=March 27, 2022 |publisher=Forest Magazine}}</ref> [[Fayil:Crown_fire_Old_Faithful.jpg|alt=North Fork fire is seen spreading towards buildings in the Old Faithful area on September 7. 1988|left|thumb|Wutar Arewacin Fork ta kusanci Old Faithful a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 1988.]] Gobarar ta bazu zuwa sassan dazuzzukan da ke kusa, amma gaba daya nesa ba kusa ba daga manyan gine-gine, amma kananan gine-gine 19 sun lalace sannan kuma an samu barna mai yawa a wani tsohon dakin kwanan dalibai. Gobarar ta yi tsanani matuka, ta yadda motocin da aka bari a kusa da gobarar suka narkar da ƙafafunsu, da farfasa gilashin gilashi, da kuma kona fenti. <ref name="disaster2">{{Cite web |title=Yellowstone and the Politics of Disaster |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/fire/upload/wildland-fire-history.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2022 |website=A Test of Adversity and Strength: Wildland Fire in the National Park System |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Ko da yake mafi yawan Old Faithful hadaddun da aka kare, da wurin shakatawa sabis ya yanke shawarar cewa a karon farko, dukan wurin shakatawa za a rufe ga wadanda ba gaggawa ma'aikatan a ranar Satumba 8. Da dare na 9th da safe na Satumba 10, da Arewa Fork Wuta tsalle a fireline tare da ta arewa maso gabas flank da kuma kusanci [[Fort Yellowstone|Mammoth Hot Springs]] inda wani babban taro na tarihi da aka located a cikin tarihi. Ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara sun isa kan lokaci don rage wutar kafin su yi barazana ga rukunin. A lokacin da gobarar Arewa ta mutu a ƙarshe, ita ce ke da alhakin kashi 60% na yankin da ya kone a cikin wurin shakatawa; fiye da {{Convert|400000|acre|km2}} . <ref name="Schullery3">{{Cite journal |last=Schullery |first=Paul |year=1989 |title=Yellowstone fires: a preliminary report |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_northwest-science_1989-02_63_1/page/44 |journal=Northwest Science |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=44–54}}</ref> == Tasirin da aka samu a wurin shakatawa == === Shuke-shuke da namun daji === [[Fayil:Burn_area_in_Yellowstone_National_Park.JPG|alt=An image from 2006 of a burned area shows new tree saplings as well as still standing dead trees burned by the fires nearly twenty years earlier|thumb|A cikin wannan hoton na shekara ta 2006, matattu har yanzu suna tsaye kusan shekaru 20 bayan gobarar, amma itatuwan lodgepole suna bunƙasa a cikin gandun daji.]] Tasirin gobarar a Yellowstone ya bambanta sosai. A cikin iyakar wuta, manyan gandun daji ba su taɓa su ba.<ref name="Knight">{{Cite journal |last=Knight |first=Dennis H. |last2=Linda L. Wallace |date=November 1989 |title=The Yellowstone Fires: Issues in Landscape Ecology |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_1989-11_39_10/page/700 |journal=BioScience |volume=39 |issue=10 |pages=700–706 |doi=10.2307/1311001 |jstor=1311001}}</ref> Akwai manyan nau'ikan konewa guda uku. Daga ra'ayi mai kyau, gobarar da ta fi lalacewa ita ce gobarar kambi wanda a wurare da yawa ya shafe dukkan gandun daji. Wutar Crown ta kai kusan kashi 41 cikin dari na duk yankin da ya kone.<ref name="Franke4">{{Cite web |last=Franke |first=May Ann |year=2000 |title=Changes in the Landscape |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/full-2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829220827/http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/full-2.pdf |archive-date=August 29, 2008 |access-date=April 18, 2022 |website=Yellowstone in the Afterglow |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Wutar da aka haɗu ta ƙone rufin da ciyayi a ƙasa, ko kuma ta ƙone ɗaya ko ɗayan yayin da suke yaduwa cikin gandun daji. Wutar ƙasa ta bazu a hankali tare da ƙasa, tana cinye ƙananan tsire-tsire da kayan shuke-shuke; wasu gobarar ƙasa sun ƙone tsawon lokaci da ƙarfi, suna ba da gudummawa ga asarar bishiyoyi da yawa waɗanda ba a taɓa ƙone rufin su kai tsaye ba.<ref name="Franke4" />&nbsp; Farfadowa daga gobarar ya fara kusan nan take, tare da tsire-tsire kamar su fireweed da suka bayyana a cikin 'yan kwanaki bayan gobara ta wuce. Duk da yake gandun daji na ƙasa da ke kewaye da su sun sake dasa su har ma da watsar da iri ta jirgin sama, sake farfadowa a Yellowstone gabaɗaya ya cika sosai har ma ba a yi ƙoƙarin sake dasa su ba.<ref name="Franke4"/> Kodayake wasu ƙananan tsire-tsire ba su sake ɗaukar wuraren zama na kafin wuta ba, yawancin sun yi, kuma yawancin tsire-shuke sun sake tashi daga tsire-tire da ke akwai waɗanda suka tsira daga zafi daga gobarar. Akwai tarin furanni a wuraren da aka ƙone, musamman tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa biyar bayan gobarar.<ref name="Romme2">{{Cite journal |last=Romme |first=William H. |last2=Laura Bohland |last3=Cynthia Persichetty |last4=Tanya Caruso |date=November 1995 |title=Germination Ecology of Some Common Forest Herbs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, U.S.A. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_arctic-antarctic-and-alpine-research_1995-11_27_4/page/407 |journal=Arctic and Alpine Research |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=407–412 |doi=10.2307/1552034 |jstor=1552034}}</ref>&nbsp; [[Fayil:Elk_in_burned_area.jpg|alt=A bull elk wanders in a completely burned area after the fires|left|thumb|Kwararrun bijimi a yankin da aka ƙone kwanan nan]] Tsuntsaye ba su da nisa don tafiya, har ma a wuraren da aka ƙone sosai. Yawancin gandun daji da aka fi ƙonewa sun kasance a cikin 160 zuwa 650 feet (49 zuwa 198 na wuraren da ba su da tasiri. Duk da haka, yawancin sake farfadowa na tsire-tsire da bishiyoyi sun fito ne daga tushe na yanzu, ko dai a sama ko a ƙasa. Lodgepole pine gabaɗaya ba sa warwatsa tsaba fiye da ƙafa 200 (61 , don haka warwatsa iri daga ƙananan ɓangarorin da aka ƙone a bayyane yake ba shi da tasiri sosai a wuraren da suka ƙone sosai.<ref name="Franke4"/> A yankunan da suka fuskanci cikakkiyar ƙonewa, matsakaicin zurfin ƙasa mai ƙonewa ya kasance kusan rabin inci (14 mm), don haka ƙananan tushen, har ma da ciyawa, wuta ta kashe su. Wannan ya ba da damar sake farfadowa cikin sauri a duk yanayin halittu.<ref name="Turner2">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Monica |last2=Romme, William H |last3=Tinker, Daniel B |year=2003 |title=Surprises and lessons from the 1988 Yellowstone fires |url=http://tiee.ecoed.net/vol/v3/issues/frontier_sets/yellowstone/pdf/Frontiers%5BTurner%5D.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |volume=1 |issue=7 |pages=351–358 |doi=10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0351:SALFTY]2.0.CO;2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810191055/http://tiee.ecoed.net/vol/v3/issues/frontier_sets/yellowstone/pdf/Frontiers%5BTurner%5D.pdf |archive-date=August 10, 2007 |access-date=April 18, 2022}}</ref>&nbsp; Itacen da ya fi girma a Yellowstone, itacen pine, ya yi mummunar lalacewa daga gobarar, sai dai a wuraren da zafi da harshen wuta suka kasance masu sauƙi. Farin lodgepole yana da Serotinus kuma sau da yawa yana samar da ƙwayoyin pine waɗanda ke kasancewa a rufe kuma ba za su watsar da tsaba ba sai dai idan an sanya su a wuta. Binciken makircin gwaji da aka kafa bayan gobarar ya nuna cewa mafi kyawun watsa iri ya faru ne a yankunan da suka fuskanci mummunan gobarar ƙasa, kuma cewa watsawar iri ya fi ƙasa a yankunan waɗanda ke da ƙananan ƙonewa.<ref name="Turner2"/> Yankunan da ke da gobarar kambi wani lokacin suna da mafi girman farfadowa na lodgepole pine bayan shekaru 5.<ref name="Turner">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Monica |last2=William W. Hargrove |last3=Robert H. Gardner |last4=William H. Romme |date=November 1994 |title=Effects of Fire on Landscape Heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming |journal=Journal of Vegetation Science |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=731–742 |bibcode=1994JVegS...5..731T |doi=10.2307/3235886 |jstor=3235886 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, yawan sake farfadowa na lodgepole bai kasance daidai ba, tare da wasu yankuna suna ganin yawan sabbin ci gaba yayin da wasu yankunan suna da ƙasa. Tsayawa na matattu lodgepole da gobarar ta kashe na iya ci gaba da shekaru da yawa, tashi sama da sabon girma da samar da mazaunin tsuntsaye da sauran namun daji.<ref name="Franke4"/>&nbsp; Aspen ya zama yadu bayan gobarar, yana mamaye yankunan da conifers suka mamaye. An yi imanin cewa aspen ya sake farfadowa ta hanyar tsiro daga tushen da ke akwai maimakon ta hanyar watsa iri. Koyaya, tsiro na aspen ya bayyana shekaru biyu bayan gobarar har zuwa kilomita 9 (14 daga itatuwan aspen mafi kusa da aka sani. Aspen shine abincin da aka fi so ga elk kuma yawancin sabbin aspen saboda haka ƙananan ne, sai dai a wuraren da suka fi wuya ga elk su isa.<ref name="Turner2"/> Sake farfado da aspen bayan gobarar ya bambanta da abubuwan da suka faru kafin gobara, kamar yadda aspen ya kasance da ƙarancin gaske a cikin wurin shakatawa.<ref name="Franke4"/> Wani abu ba shi da alaƙa, maido da kyarketai zuwa Yellowstone National Park tun daga 1995 na iya samun tasiri mai kyau a kan makomar aspen a cikin wurin shakatawa saboda raguwar yawan elk saboda farautar da kyarkewa da sauran masu cin nama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klaptosky |first=John |date=May 16, 2019 |title=The Plight of Aspen: Emerging as a Beneficiary of Wolf Restoration on Yellowstone's Northern Range |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-plight-of-aspen.htm |access-date=August 28, 2022 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Sabanin rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai da hasashe a lokacin, gobarar ta kashe dabbobi kaɗan na wurin shakatawa - binciken ya nuna cewa kimanin 345 elk (na kimanin 40,000-50,000), 36 mule deer, 12 moose, 6 black bears, da 9 bison sun mutu.<ref name="wildfire"/><ref name="Singer">{{Cite journal |last=Singer |first=Francis |last2=William Schreier |last3=Jill Oppenheim |last4=Edward O. Garton |date=November 1989 |title=Drought, Fires, and Large Mammals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bioscience_1989-11_39_10/page/716 |journal=BioScience |volume=39 |issue=10 |pages=716–722 |doi=10.2307/1311003 |jstor=1311003}}</ref> Daga cikin grizzlies 21 da aka yi amfani da su a rediyo kuma suna da gidaje inda gobarar ta faru, an yi imanin cewa daya ne kawai ya ɓace. An lura da Grizzlies a wuraren da aka ƙone sau da yawa fiye da wuraren da ba a ƙone su ba a shekara mai zuwa, suna cin abinci a kan yaduwar tushen da ganye da kuma tururuwa waɗanda suka bunƙasa saboda duk itacen da ya mutu.<ref name="grizzly">{{Cite web |title=Ecological Consequences of Fire |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/ecological-consequences-of-fire.htm |access-date=April 18, 2022 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> Moose ya kasance yana raguwa a sassan arewacin wurin shakatawa tun daga shekarun 1960, amma raguwar ta zama a bayyane bayan gobarar. Da zarar an ƙidaya kusan 1,000, zuwa 2020 an yi imanin ƙasa da 200 suna zaune a wurin shakatawa.<ref name="moose">{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Moose |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/moose.htm |access-date=September 7, 2022 |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref> An danganta wannan ga asarar gandun daji masu yawa waɗanda ƙananan nau'ikan moose da ke zaune a wurin shakatawa suka fi so.<ref name="moose" /> Ba kamar elk ba, waɗanda galibi makiyaya ne kuma suna cin ciyawa, moose sun fi zama masu bincike, suna cinye ainihin tushen abinci na katako, musamman willow da subalpine fir, waɗanda kuma wuta ta rage su. Dukkanin ungulates sun sami babban mutuwar farko a cikin hunturu bayan gobarar, amma wannan an danganta shi da matsanancin hunturu fiye da gobarar kanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gabbert |first=Bill |date=October 30, 2018 |title=Has Yellowstone "recovered" from the 1988 wildfires? |url=https://wildfiretoday.com/2018/10/30/has-yellowstone-recovered-from-the-1988-wildfires/ |access-date=September 7, 2022 |publisher=Wildfire Today }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Koyaya, yawan moose, ba kamar sauran ungulates ba, ba su sake dawowa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa ba.<ref name="moose" /> Rukunin mai yiwuwa sun sami mafi girman mutuwar dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa ba kawai saboda zafi da hayaki ba za su iya tserewa cikin sauƙi ba, har ma saboda raguwar murfin gandun daji, yana ba da damar masu cin nama da ƙarancin wahalar ganin su.<ref name="Stone">{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=Richard |date=June 1998 |title=Yellowstone Rising Again From Ashes of Devastating Fires |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1998-06-05_280_5369/page/1527 |journal=Science |volume=280 |issue=5369 |pages=1527–1528 |doi=10.1126/science.280.5369.1527 |s2cid=129065671}}</ref> Kimanin kifaye 100 da suka mutu an bayar da rahoton su a cikin koguna biyu bayan an zubar da mai hana wuta ba da gangan ba. Baya ga raguwar wucin gadi a cikin wasu nau'ikan kwari na ruwa, ba a lura da tasirin dogon lokaci a rayuwar ruwa a kowane kogin ko tabkuna na Yellowstone ba.<ref name="Franke6">{{Cite web |last=Franke |first=Mary Ann |year=2000 |title=Watershed and Stream Dynamics |url=https://npshistory.com/publications/yell/afterglow.pdf |access-date=July 2, 2025 |website=Yellowstone in the Afterglow |publisher=National Park Service}}</ref>  {{Clear}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c756qz1widp5iqhh1qdppu951xrccc5 0 110133 964372 822723 2026-10-07T15:22:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Theda Nelson Clarke</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Theda Rose Nelson <ref name="Legacy"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="156">[http://www.legacy.com/Obituaries.asp?Page=LifeStory&PersonId=146673551 "Patrick Clarke Obituary"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="157">''Legacy''<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="158"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2016</span>.</span></cite></ref></div> <div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]]</div><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ya mutu | class="infobox-data" |Oktoba 8, 2011 <span style="display:none">(2011-10-08)</span> (shekaru 87) <ref name="JFAMR #31"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.jfamr.org/doc/arlo.html "Interview of Fritz Arlo Looking Cloud"]. </cite></ref> Crawford, Nebraska&nbsp;<br /><div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">[[Nebraska]]" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Crawford, Nebraska">Crawford, Nebraska</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Wurin hutawa | class="infobox-data label" |Kabari na Crawford |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙasar | class="infobox-data category" |[[Native Americans in the United States|Indiyawan Amurka]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data role" |Mai fafutuka, mai ba da rahoto na FBI |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shekaru masu aiki&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1973–2011 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙungiya (s) | class="infobox-data org" |[[American Indian Movement|Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] PIE Patrol <ref name="Indian Country News"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php/news/investigations/286-aquash-peltier-timeline-1975-2010/2101-annie-mae-timeline-i-wounded-knee "Annie Mae Timeline I - Wounded Knee"]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. </cite></ref><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An san shi da&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Mai shiga cikin kisan gillar AIM Activist [[Anna Mae Aquash]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Matar (s) | class="infobox-data" |Edward Lamar Clarke (tsohon mijin) Julian Pokrywka (tsohon mijinta) <ref name="Genealogy"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~larrimore/akc10_12.htm "Chapter X"]. </cite></ref><ref name="ICTMN"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.indiancountrynews.com/index.php/investigations/286-aquash-peltier/aquash-peltier-timeline-1975-2010/30-annie-mae-timeline-iii-fugitives-at-port-madison-washington "Annie Mae Timeline III - Fugitives at Port Madison, Washington"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920120956/https://www.indiancountrynews.com/index.php/investigations/286-aquash-peltier/aquash-peltier-timeline-1975-2010/30-annie-mae-timeline-iii-fugitives-at-port-madison-washington |date=2021-09-20 }}. </cite></ref><ref name="JFAMR Testimony"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.jfamr.org/doc/troytest.html "Testimony of Troy Lynn Yellow Wood in the Trial of Arlo Looking Cloud February, 2004"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Graham Defense Committee Transcript"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.grahamdefense.org/200402cloud-transcript/236-250.htm "PAGES 236 to 250"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Graham Defense Committee Court Documents"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.grahamdefense.org/courtdocs/705.pdf "United States District Court District of South Dakota Western Division"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite></ref><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yara | class="infobox-data" |Edward "Chip" Samuel Clarke (ɗan) Ida Rose Clarke (ɗan" Michael Patrick Clarke (ɗan") <ref name="Genealogy" /><ref name="RCJ"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/obituaries-for-wednesday-november/article_cff2a104-f20a-11df-a032-001cc4c002e0.html "Patrick Michael Clarke"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228121930/https://rapidcityjournal.com/news/obituaries-for-wednesday-november/article_cff2a104-f20a-11df-a032-001cc4c002e0.html |date=2024-12-28 }}. </cite></ref><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Dangi | class="infobox-data" |Russell Means (ɗan'uwan halitta) Troy Lynn Yellow Wood-Williams (ɗan'uwar halitta) <ref name="JFAMR Testimony" /><ref name="Portland Indy Media"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2006/01/332485.shtml "Wanna see an FBI Informant?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072649/http://portland.indymedia.org/en/2006/01/332485.shtml |date=2018-11-21 }}<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite></ref><ref name="Indianz #03"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[http://www.indianz.com/News/2013/009848.asp "John Trimbach: Even more distortions of Wounded Knee '73"]. </cite></ref><ref name="LookingBackWoman"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://lookingbackwoman.wordpress.com/2011/05/27/interest-in-further-american-indian-movement-hiarchy-members-indictments-for-murder-voiced/ "Interest In Further American Indian Movement Hiarchy & Members Indictments For Murder Voiced"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Rezinate"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://rezinate.wordpress.com/tag/theda-nelson-clark/ "Interest In Further American Indian Movement Hiarchy & Members Indictments For Murder Voiced"]. </cite></ref><br /> |} '''Theda Nelson Clarke''', an haife ta '''Theda Rose Nelson''' (1924-2011), 'yar asalin ƙasar Amirka ce. Wataƙila an fi saninta da sa hannu a cikin abin da ya faru na Wounded Knee tare da kisan dan gwagwarmayar Indiyawan Amurka [[Anna Mae Aquash]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Clarke a matsayin Theda Rose Nelson a shekara ta 1924. Dangane da bayanan ƙididdigar jama'a, an haifi Theda R. Nelson a jihar [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]].<ref name="Search Ancestry">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=1940 United States Federal Census |url=http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?gl=allgs&gsfn=Theda%20S&gsln=Nelson&gss=seo&ghc=20 |access-date=August 18, 2016 |website=Search Ancestry}}</ref><ref name="Archives">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=May 23, 2016 |title=Theda R. Nelson in the 1940 Census |url=http://www.archives.com/1940-census/theda-nelson-ne-37903796 |access-date=August 18, 2016 |website=Archives}}</ref> Clarke ya kuma zauna a Scottsbluff, [[Nebraska]] a lokacin, kuma ya kasance matar babban tiyóšpaye (iyali), <ref name="Indianz #0">{{Cite web |last=Chasing Hawk |first=Ernestine |date=April 15, 2016 |title=Ernestine Chasing Hawk: Jealousy played role in Anna Mae's death |url=http://www.indianz.com/News/2016/020998.asp |access-date=August 18, 2016 |website=Indianz}}</ref> wanda ya sa mutane da yawa a cikin al'umma suka nada ta 'inna' da 'auntie', ciki har da Troy Lynn Yellow Wood <ref name="Indianz #0" /> da kuma abokin gaba a kisan [[Anna Mae Aquash]], John Graham . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;&#x5D;</sup> Theda Nelson Clarke mahaifiyarta ce (ko wannan alaƙar iyali ta halitta ce ko kuma an karbe ta ba a san ta ba) ga [[Darlene Ka-Mook Nichols|Darlene Nichols]] (wanda Nichols ya girma tare da shi), <ref name="Indianz #002">{{Cite web |last=Chasing Hawk |first=Ernestine |date=May 23, 2016 |title=Ernestine Chasing Hawk: A vendetta in the death of Anna Mae |url=http://www.indianz.com/News/2016/05/23/ernestine-chasing-hawk-a-vendetta-in-the.asp?print=1 |access-date=August 18, 2016 |website=Indianz}}</ref> muhimmiyar shaida ce a cikin gwajin kisan Arlo Looking Cloud da [[John Graham (Canadian activist)|John Graham]] saboda rawar da suka taka a kisan mai fafutukar [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]] [[Anna Mae Aquash|Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash]] . A farkon shekarun 1940, Clarke ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Indiya ta St. Francis a St. Francis, [[South Dakota|Dakota ta Kudu]]. <ref name="Boston Globe">{{Cite web |last=Lammers |first=Dirk |date=October 12, 2011 |title=Theda Clarke, suspected in killing of fellow activist |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/obituaries/2011/10/11/theda-clarke-suspected-killing-fellow-activist/WZGNZBjlwVd1bPj9ny3OqN/story.html |access-date=August 18, 2016 |website=[[The Boston Globe]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Theda Rose Nelson daga ƙarshe ta auri Edward Lamar Clarke, kuma suna da 'ya'ya uku tare da shi: Edward "Chip" Samuel Clarke (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1962), Ida Rose Clarke (an kafa shi a ranar 22 ga Disamba, 1963) da Patrick Michael Clarke (an zabe shi a ranar 6 ga Satumba), Theda da Edward sun sake aure.<ref name="Genealogy" /> Clarke kuma ta auri Julian Pokrywka, kodayake ba a bayyana cewa sun yi aure a lokacin mutuwarsu ba. == Yunkurin fafutuka == Clark ta kasance memba na Pie Patrol, ƙungiyar mata masu aiki a cikin [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka|AIM]], wanda ya ƙunshi Madonna Gilbert, Lorelei DeCora, <ref name="Brecht Forum">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=April 21, 2007 |title=An Evening with Madonna Thunderhawk A Fundraising Event for the Lakota People's Law Project |url=http://brechtforum.org/civicrm/event/info?id=11927&reset=1 |access-date=October 26, 2014 |website=Brecht Forum |archive-date=October 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026210736/http://brechtforum.org/civicrm/event/info?id=11927&reset=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thelma Rios-Conroy, da sauran mata a cikin ƙungiyar AIM. <ref name="Dick Shovel #2">{{Cite web |last=O'Driscoll |first=Patrick |date=January 1997 |title=Annie Mae Pictou Aquash Time Line An Investigation by News From Indian Country |url=http://www.dickshovel.com/time.html |access-date=October 26, 2014 |website=Dick Shovel}}</ref> da Lorelei DeCora Ma'ana.<ref name="Brecht Forum" /> [[Maryamu Mai Ƙarfi|Mary Crow Dog]] (née Moore), matar [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|Mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama]] Leonard Crow Dog, wacce ita ma ta kasance a lokacin da aka kewaye ta Wounded Knee, ta kira Pie Patrol a matsayin "mata masu magana da baki, kafofin watsa labarai da ke sane da kuma rungumar haske," wadanda ke son kyamara kuma sun dauki yabo ga abin da matan AIM ke yi a bayan fage. == Tarihin Shari'a == === Kisan Anna Mae Aquash === [[Anna Mae Aquash|Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash]] mace ce mai fafutuka a cikin rukunin [[Ƙungiyar Indiyawan Amurka]] . A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 1975, an tura Aquash da karfi zuwa Rosebud Indian Reservation inda magoya bayan AIM suka ki ba ta gida.<ref name="JFAMR Timeline">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Friday, December 12, 1975 |url=http://jfamr.org/trialtime.html |access-date=August 17, 2016 |website=JFAMR}}</ref> Looking Cloud daga baya ya shaida cewa an ba Clarke umarni don a kawar da Anna Mae.<ref name="Dick Shovel #1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Open Letter to John Boy Patton |url=http://www.dickshovel.com/bra2.html |access-date=August 18, 2016 |website=Dick Shovel}}</ref> Looking Cloud, tare da Theda Nelson Clarke da John 'John Boy Patton' Graham, sun tilasta wa Aquash cikin bayan mota kuma suka kai ta wani ɓangare mai nisa na Pine Ridge Indian Reservation. Clarke ta tuka daga [[Colorado]]" id="mwyA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado zuwa wurin harbi a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation a cikin ja Pinto.<ref name="New York Times">{{Cite web |last=Konigsberg |first=Eric |date=July 28, 2008 |title=Why Killed Anna Mae? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/27/magazine/who-killed-anna-mae.html?_r=0 |access-date=August 18, 2016 |website=New York Times}}</ref><ref name="Oneida Eye">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 4, 2013 |title=Knowledge, Honesty & Courage vs. AIM & Greg Matson |url=http://oneidaeye.com/2013/10/04/knowledge-honesty-courage-vs-aim-greg-matson/ |access-date=August 18, 2016 |website=Oneida Eye}}</ref> An harbe Aquash a matsayin kisa a bayan kai kuma an bar shi ya mutu.<ref name="Legend of Pine Ridge">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 28, 2008 |title=Why Was Anna Mae Aquash Really Murdered? |url=http://legendofpineridge.blogspot.com/2008/07/why-was-anna-mae-aquash-really-murdered.html |access-date=August 16, 2016 |website=Legend of Pine Ridge}}</ref> An gano jikinta a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1976 a Pine Ridge Indian Reservation a kasan wani kwari da ke kusa da wata babbar hanya mai nisa. <ref name="Huffington Post">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 27, 2007 |title=What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tim-giago/what-is-the-truth-about-t_b_62521.html |access-date=August 16, 2016 |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref><ref name="First Nation's Drums">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 26, 2000 |title=What is the Truth About the Murder of Anna Mae? |url=http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/2000/12/murder-of-anna-mae-aquash-unsolved-after-23-years/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717020733/http://firstnationsdrum.com/2000/12/murder-of-anna-mae-aquash-unsolved-after-23-years/ |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |access-date=August 16, 2016 |website=First Nation's Drums}}</ref> An bayyana cewa an kashe Aquash ta hanyar amfani da bindiga, yayin da binciken gawa ya nuna cewa an matse bakin bindigar a bayan wuyanta.<ref name="Mail Archives">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 7, 1999 |title=NATIVE_NEWS: ANNA MAE: A Badlands trail of secrets and murder |url=https://www.mail-archive.com/nativenews@mlists.net/msg03815.html |access-date=August 16, 2016 |website=Mail Archives}}</ref> Rahoton mai binciken ya nuna cewa ban da mummunan raunin bindiga, fallasawa ya ba da gudummawa ga mutuwar Aquash.<ref name="Occupirate">{{Cite web |last=Sparrow |first=CJ |date=June 22, 2013 |title=Who killed Anna Mae Aquash and who cares anyway? |url=http://occupirate.blogspot.com/2013/06/who-killed-anna-mae-aquash-and-who.html |access-date=August 16, 2016 |website=Occupirate}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Clarke ta mutu a ranar 8 ga Oktoba, 2011, tana da shekaru 87 a gidan kula da tsofaffi a [[Nebraska]]" id="mw6w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Crawford, Nebraska">Crawford, Nebraska . <ref name="Indianz #0"/> Tsohon mijinta, Edward Lamar Clarke, da 'ya'yanta biyu, Edward Lmar Clarke da Ida Rose Clarke ne suka mutu. == Kyauta == Ɗanta kawai da ya tsira shine Edward "Chip" Samuel Clarke . A watan Disamba, an yanke hukuncin cewa Clarke ya cancanci yin shaida a Shari'a John Graham. Amma ta yi amfani da haƙƙinta na Kwaskwarima na Biyar don kada ta zargi kanta a gaban juriya kuma ta jinkirta zaɓin yin shaida a ƙarƙashin kariya.<ref name="Boston Globe"/><ref name="CBC">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 11, 2011 |title=U.S. woman suspected in Pictou-Aquash murder dies |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/u-s-woman-suspected-in-pictou-aquash-murder-dies-1.1073077 |access-date=August 18, 2016 |website=Occupirate}}</ref><ref name="Native Times">{{Cite web |last=Lammers |first=Dirk |date=October 11, 2011 |title=Former AIM activist Theda Clarke dies |url=http://nativetimes.com/index.php/life/people/6168-former-aim-activist-theda-clarke-dies |access-date=August 18, 2016 |website=Occupirate}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] st98yzd4t9i021hpwmvcw053xr4t4ky 0 110641 964721 703867 2026-10-08T11:25:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Ƙungiyar Warkar da Makarantar 'Yan asalin Amurka ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Kafawa | class="infobox-data note" |2012<span class="noprint">; Shekaru 13 da suka gabata&#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2012</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Manufar | class="infobox-data" |Don bin gaskiya, warkarwa, da sulhu don magance ciwo da ke gudana tsakanin tsararraki daga manufofin Makarantar Kula da Indiya ta Amurka da kuma tallafawa warkarwa da ke jagorantar al'umma |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Hedikwatar | class="infobox-data" |[[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], [[United States|Amurka]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |[https://boardingschoolhealing.org/ boardingschoolhealing.org] |} The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition (NABS) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kirkira a watan Yunin 2012. Ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi sama da tamanin waɗanda aka keɓe don warkar da al'ummomin 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka waɗanda makarantun Indiya suka shafa a Amurka. <ref name="bsh">{{Cite web |title=Secretary Haaland Announces Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative |url=https://boardingschoolhealing.org/about-us/ |website=boardingschoolhealing.org |publisher=National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2018 |title=National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition |url=https://nationalnonprofits.org/nonprofit-organizations/national-native-american-boarding-school-healing-coalition/minneapolis-mn |website=nationalnonprofits.org |publisher=National Nonprofits}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition |url=https://jobs.minnesotanonprofits.org/company/national-native-american-boarding-school-healing-coalition-2288 |website=obs.minnesotanonprofits.org |publisher=Minnesota Council of nonprofits}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tunanin NABS ya fito ne daga wani taron da aka gudanar a shekarar 2011. Wadanda suka halarci taron sun yanke shawarar cewa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] tana buƙatar wata kungiya don wayar da kan jama'a game da mummunan tasirin makarantun kwana waɗanda suka zalunta al'ummomin 'yan asalin Amurka bayan an kafa su a ƙarƙashin Dokar Asusun Civilization. Bincike ya sami cin zarafi mai yawa a makarantu da yawa, waɗanda ke aikata kisan kare dangi na al'adu yadda ya kamata. NABS da farko ta kasance mai ba da gudummawa a ƙarƙashin Asusun Kare Hakkin 'Yan asalin Amurka (NARF) amma ta sami' yancin kai a shekarar 2015. <ref name="bsh"/> == Gudanarwa == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, NABS, dangane da wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin 'yan asalin Amurka da [[Majalisar Yarjejeniyar Indiya ta Duniya]] ke jagoranta, ta gabatar da da'awar tare da Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] kan Kashewa ko Rashin son rai game da yara 'yan asalin da suka ɓace yayin halartar Makarantun kwana na Indiyawan Amurka. A watan da ya biyo baya, NABS da sauran kungiyoyi sun ba da shaida a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma sun bukaci Majalisar Dinkinobho ta karfafa Amurka da ta bincika da kuma rubuta abubuwan da suka faru na yaran da suka ɓace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=COALITION SEEKS ANSWERS ABOUT CHILDREN WHO WENT MISSING AT U.S. INDIAN BOARDING SCHOOL VIA UNITED NATIONS WORKING GROUP ON ENFORCED AND INVOLUNTARY DISAPPEARANCES |url=https://www.iitc.org/coalition-files-submission-at-un-on-missing-american-indian-and-alaskan-native-children/ |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=iitc.org |publisher=International Indian Treaty Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UN FILING ON MISSING CHILDREN |url=https://boardingschoolhealing.org/advocacy/un-filing-on-missing-children/ |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=boardingschoolhealing.org |publisher=National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen dabarun == A watan Janairun 2020, NABS ta ba da sanarwar cikakken shirin dabarun da za a gudanar a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa (wanda ya ƙare a 2030.) Shirin ya ba da shawarar fannoni huɗu na aiki: "kafa gaskiyar ƙasa da cibiyar warkarwa, haɓaka tsarin karatu, samar da jerin shirye-shirye, ƙirƙirar tarihin dijital na ƙasa, da kuma bayar da bayanan manufofi waɗanda ke tallafawa aikin kabilun da sauran hukumomin da ke da alaƙa da makarantun kwana. " <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=NATIONAL NATIVE AMERICAN BOARDING SCHOOL HEALING COALITION ANNOUNCES TEN-YEAR STRATEGIC PLAN AND RECEIVES $10M GRANT |url=https://boardingschoolhealing.org/strategic-plan-and-10m-grant/ |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=boardingschoolhealing.org |publisher=National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition}}</ref> An ba da shirin dabarun ta hanyar gudummawar dala miliyan 10 daga Asusun Kendeda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition Announces 10-Year Strategic Plan; Receives $10M Grant |url=https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/national-native-american-boarding-school-healing-coalition-announces-10-year-strategic-plan-receives-10m-grant |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=ativenewsonline.net |publisher=Native News Online}}</ref> Sauran manufofi na dabarun da NABS ta yi ciki har da shigar da al'ummar 'yan asalin Amurka cikin tattaunawa tare da gwamnatocin gida da na ƙasa, da kuma ba da shawara ga manufofi don yin rikodin tarihin makarantun kwana na' yan asalin Amurka da tasirin su akan al'ummomin' yan asalin ƙasar Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2013 |title=The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition |url=https://www.fgcquaker.org/system/files/cloud_attachments/Indian_Boarding_School_Healing_Coalition-5-24-13.pdf |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=fgcquaker.org |publisher=Friends General Conference |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626223851/https://www.fgcquaker.org/system/files/cloud_attachments/Indian_Boarding_School_Healing_Coalition-5-24-13.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> NABS kuma tana neman shiga majami'u don ɗaukar alhakin rawar da suka taka a kisan kare dangi na al'adun 'yan asalin Amurka, da kisan kare kare dangi ga' ya'yan asalin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2013 |title=The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition |url=https://www.fgcquaker.org/system/files/cloud_attachments/Indian_Boarding_School_Healing_Coalition-5-24-13.pdf |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=fgcquaker.org |publisher=Friends General Conference |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626223851/https://www.fgcquaker.org/system/files/cloud_attachments/Indian_Boarding_School_Healing_Coalition-5-24-13.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FOR CHURCHES |url=https://boardingschoolhealing.org/healing/for-churches/ |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=boardingschoolhealing.org |publisher=National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626215450/https://boardingschoolhealing.org/healing/for-churches/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 2020, don mayar da martani ga annobar COVID-19, NABS ta yi aiki tare da masu sa kai daga kabilar Tulalip a jihar [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] don ƙirƙirar kunshin kulawa ga dattawan Indiyawan Amurka waɗanda suka tsira daga tsarin Makarantun kwana na Indiyawan Amurka. '''Muna son ka!''' aikin ya aika da kunshin kulawa 1,000 ga dattawa ko zuriyarsu kai tsaye sama da shekaru 60. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2020 |title=Boarding school survivors, their descendants eligible for care packages |url=https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/services/boarding-school-survivors-their-descendants-eligible-for-care-packages/article_7e267a14-1e80-5ac3-a5cd-5f4ec7526bf1.html |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=cherokeephoenix.org |publisher=Cherokee Phoenix |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626205030/https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/services/boarding-school-survivors-their-descendants-eligible-for-care-packages/article_7e267a14-1e80-5ac3-a5cd-5f4ec7526bf1.html |archive-date=26 June 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2020 |title=descendants will receive elder care packages from the National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition |url=https://indiancountrytoday.com/the-press-pool/survivors-of-indian-boarding-schools-and-their-descendants-will-receive-elder-care-packages-from-the-national-native-american-boarding-school-healing-coalition?redir=1 |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=indiancountrytoday.com |publisher=Indian Country Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2020 |title=National Native American Boarding School Coalition to Distribute Care Packages to Boarding School Survivors |url=https://nativenewsonline.net/currents/national-native-american-boarding-school-coalition-to-distribute-care-packages-to-boarding-school-survivors |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=nativenewsonline.net |publisher=Native News Online}}</ref> Deborah Parker (Tulalip) ta ba da shawarar aikin kunshin kulawa. Kowane akwati yana dauke da abubuwa da kamfanonin 'yan asalin Amurka suka samar, kuma sun haɗa da abin rufe fuska na N95, kayan aiki, jaka na magani, da littattafan launi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalliber |first=Kim |date=17 September 2020 |title=We Love You Care Packages |url=https://www.tulalipnews.com/wp/2020/09/17/we-love-you-care-packages/ |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=tulalipnews.com |publisher=Tulalip News}}</ref> NABS ta kuma yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Indiya don ƙirƙirar "tsarin darussan 12" wanda ke da niyya ga tasirin lalacewa na dogon lokaci wanda ya samo asali daga Kisan kare dangi da makarantun kwana suka aikata. Shirin an tsara shi ne ga malamai, dalibai, da membobin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educator Professional Development: Recognizing Boarding School Era Historical Trauma |url=https://www.niea.org/boarding-school-healing-curriculum |access-date=26 June 2021 |website=www.niea.org |publisher=National Indian Education Association |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626205030/https://www.niea.org/boarding-school-healing-curriculum |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Yunin 2021, Christine Diindiisi McCleave, Babban Darakta na NABS, ya ba da sanarwar goyon baya ga Shirin Makarantar Kula da Makarantar Indiya ta Tarayya, wanda zai bincika bayanan don tantancewa da kuma rubuta sanannun makarantun kwana. Hakanan zai yi ƙoƙari ya tantance ko akwai ragowar yara da ba a san su ba da aka binne a filin irin waɗannan makarantu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hauser,Grullón Paz |first=Christine,Isabella |date=23 June 2021 |title=U.S. to Search Former Native American Schools for Children's Remains |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/23/us/indigenous-children-indian-civilization-act-1819.html?action=click&module=In%20Other%20News&pgtype=Homepage |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=25 June 2021 |title=NABS SUPPORTS FEDERAL INDIAN BOARDING SCHOOL INVESTIGATION AND CALLS FOR A CONGRESSIONAL TRUTH COMMISSION |url=https://boardingschoolhealing.org/nabs-supports-federal-indian-boarding-school-investigation-and-calls-for-a-congressional-truth-commission/ |publisher=National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} la707iri4nco8zh6pcyd9wj6rlj4rhk 0 110862 964726 690456 2026-10-08T11:43:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox organization|name=Tribal Alliance Against Frauds|type=[[501(c)(3) organization|501(c)(3)]] [[nonprofit organization]]|headquarters=[[North Carolina]], US|product=|revenue=|owner=|dissolved=}} Tribal Alliance Against Frauds (TAAF) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a Amurka wacce aka sadaukar da ita don fallasa mutane da kungiyoyin da suka yi ikirarin cewa su Indiya ne na Amurka, da kuma ilimantar da jama'a game da cutar ga mutanen Indiyawan Amurka da kuma ikon mallakar da ya haifar da zamba. Kungiyar tana daukar ma'aikata masu inganci a cikin asalin Indiyawan Amurka don gudanar da bincike na asali na mutanen da suka amfana daga ikirarin zamba na al'adun Indiyawan Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2023 |title=Professor's ancestral claims fall under scrutiny |url=https://democratherald.com/professors-ancestral-claims-fall-under-scrutiny/article_2e88390d-4ac1-53e5-8372-54760b984031.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |publisher=[[Albany Democrat-Herald]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105141925/https://democratherald.com/professors-ancestral-claims-fall-under-scrutiny/article_2e88390d-4ac1-53e5-8372-54760b984031.html |archive-date=2024-01-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Game da == TAAF tana zaune ne a jiki a Cherokee, North Carolina, a kan iyakar Qualla na Gabashin Gabashin Indiyawan Cherokee (EBCI). TAAF ba shirin kabilanci ba ne, kuma EBCI ko wani kabilanci ya amince da shi. Kungiyar tsaro ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke amfani da hanyoyin fallasawa. An kafa TAAF a watan Mayu 2022 kuma "yana jagorantar gwagwarmaya a duk fadin kasar da mutanen da ta yi imanin cewa suna da'awar zama 'yan asalin ƙasar", in ji mujallar Bill Donahue. A cewar shafin yanar gizon kungiyar, aikin su shine bincika da kuma fallasa mutanen da ba 'yan Indiyawan Amurka ba waɗanda "ba daidai ba ne ke wakiltar al'adun Indiyawan Amurka, tarihi, da ayyukan ruhaniya da / ko kuma ba daidai ba da'awar asalin Indiyawan Amurka a matsayin mutane don riba ko daraja". Mutanen da suka yi ikirarin cewa su Indiyawa ne na Amurka galibi ana kiransu "Pretendians". Kungiyar tana gudanar da bincike mai tsawo da cikakken bayani, ta amfani da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun waɗanda ƙwararrun ne a cikin asalin Indiyawan Amurka. Lianna Costantino, 'yar asalin Ƙasar Cherokee, ita ce co-kafa kungiyar kuma babban darakta. TAAF ba ta fallasa mutanen da suka yi imani da ƙarya cewa suna da al'adun Indiyawan Amurka bisa ga "al'adun iyali marasa tushe", sai dai idan sun amfana daga waɗannan ikirarin ƙarya ko kuma sun cutar da Indiyawan Amurka. Mutanen da ke karkashin bincike TAAF ta fara tuntuɓar su don ba su damar bayyana ko tabbatar da ikirarin al'adun Indiyawan Amurka. Baya ga binciken da aka buga, TAAF ta kuma ci gaba da jerin daruruwan da ake zargi da "Pretendians" waɗanda ke cikin binciken.<ref name="Daily Beast">{{Cite web |title=The Native American Activists Exposing Celebrity 'Race-Fakers' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-native-american-activists-exposing-celebrity-race-fakers |access-date=2023-01-05 |publisher=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref> === Bincike === TAAF ta wallafa wasu bincike da yawa game da sanannun mutane waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin kakanninmu. A watan Maris, 2023, TAAF ta ba da rahoton da aka yada sosai cewa Heather Rae, wanda aka sani da babban furodusa a cikin 'yan Indiyawan Amurka a Hollywood, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya fito ne daga Zuriyar Cherokee. TAAF ta yi kira ga Rae ta yi murabus daga matsayinta a kungiyoyin Indiyawan Amurka. A mayar da martani, Rae ta bayyana a cikin wata hira da Hollywood Reporter cewa "ta fara duba tarihin iyalina cikin hanya mai zurfi" kuma "har yanzu tana cikin wannan tsari, don haka shekaru da yawa na bayyana a matsayin abokin tarayya".<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2023 |title=Producer Heather Rae Addresses Native Heritage Controversy: "For Several Years I Have Identified as an Ally" (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/producer-heather-rae-responds-native-identity-controversy-1235365089/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |publisher=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2023, TAAF ta buga binciken da suka yi cewa marubucin Erika T. Wurth ya yi ikirarin cewa kakannin [[Apache]], [[Chickasaw]], da Cherokee sun yi ƙarya kuma sun bayyana cewa Wurth ta ƙirƙiri asalin Indiyawan Amurka don "amfani na mutum". Rahoton TAAF ya bayyana cewa "Iyalin Wurth sun kasance fararen mazauna" kuma "Babu wani ba ne na Indiyawan Amurka". A mayar da martani, wakilin wallafe-wallafen Wurth ya yi zargin cewa TAAF tana amfani da "kayan aiki na magudi da tsanantawa mara ma'ana ga 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka".<ref name="Daily Beast2">{{Cite web |title=The Native American Activists Exposing Celebrity 'Race-Fakers' |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-native-american-activists-exposing-celebrity-race-fakers |access-date=2023-01-05 |publisher=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023, TAAF ta wallafa binciken da ke zargin cewa Qwo-Li Driskill (an haife shi Paul Edward Driskill), mataimakin farfesa na mata, nazarin jinsi da jima'i da nazarin jinsi a [[Oregon State University|Jami'ar Jihar Oregon]], ya yi ikirarin cewa shi na [[Osage Nation|Osage]] ne, [[Lenape]], [[Lumbee]], da kuma al'adun Cherokee. Driskill ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi dan asalin Indiyawan Amurka ne wanda ba a yi rajista ba, amma rahoton TAAF ya kammala cewa Driskill ba shi da asalin Indiyawan Amirka. TAAF ta nemi OSU ta kashe Driskill sai dai idan Driskill ya nemi gafara a bainar jama'a. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2024, Driskill ba ta aiki a OSU. A watan Yulin 2025, TAAF ta yi bincike kan asalin [[Kali Reis]], memba na [[Seaconke Wampanoag Tribe|Ƙabilar Seaconke Wampanoag]] da ba a san ta ba, ta koma ga kakanninta na shida amma "ba ta sami alamar asalin Indiyawan Amurka ba," a cewar Lianna Costantino . == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5jp8uhyonkcl4pi9qw3id5srayqg0st 0 111527 964594 715710 2026-10-08T05:11:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Yarjejeniyar bawa ta Lynch ita ce yarinya ta bawa ta ƙarni na 19, ko kurkuku na bawa, a birnin Saint Louis, Missouri, [[Amurka]], wanda ke riƙe da bayi maza, mata, da yara yayin da suke jiran a sayar da su. Bernard M. Lynch, sanannen ɗan kasuwa na bawa na Saint Louis, ya mallaki alkalami na bawa. Lynch ya yi amfani da alkawarin bawa a wannan wurin daga 1859 <ref>https://www.nps.gov/jeff/learn/historyculture/slave-sales.htm</ref> har sai Sojojin Amurka suka kwace shi a 1861. Ginin ya kasance a kusurwar Fifth da Myrtle Streets a Saint Louis, wanda ya sanya shi a cikin wannan yanki kamar yawancin kamfanonin kasuwanci na birnin da gine-ginen gwamnati. A halin yanzu, Filin wasa na Busch da ƙauyen St. Louis Ballpark sun mamaye shafin inda alkawarin bawa na Lynch ya taɓa tsayawa.<ref>https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/mayor/news/on-the-map-lynchs-slave-pens.cfm</ref> ==Tarihi== An haifi Bernard M. Lynch a [[Maryland]] a cikin shekara ta 1814. Bayan ya koma Saint Louis, Lynch ya tara dukiya daga shiga cikin kamfanoni da yawa da suka shafi Cinikin bayi na cikin gida a Amurka. Wadannan kokarin sun hada da amma ba a iyakance su ba don gudanar da alkawarin bawa a titunan Fifth da Myrtle da kuma wani kurkuku da ke kusa da Locust Street tsakanin tituna na huɗu da na biyar, inda ya kuma sayar da bayi. Dangane da Ƙididdigar 1860, dukiyar Lynch ta kasance mai daraja a $ 38,700 (daidai da $ 1,354,000 ). <ref>https://www.stlouis-mo.gov/government/departments/mayor/news/on-the-map-lynchs-slave-pens.cfm</ref> Shirin bawa daga ƙididdigar 1860 ya kuma rubuta cewa Lynch ya mallaki bayi uku: mace mai shekaru talatin da biyar, yarinya mai shekaru goma sha shida, da yaro mai shekaru tara. Kowane mutum da aka bautar an kuma bayyana shi a matsayin "Mulatto". Baya ga tsare bayi da ke jiran siyarwa a cikin gidan bawa, Lynch ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da bayi da Mai kama bawa. A cikin hulɗarsa da Henry Shaw, wanda ya kafa Gidan Aljanna na Missouri, Lynch ya yi aiki a cikin dukkan ayyukansa guda uku: mai kula da gidan yari, ɗan kasuwa, da mai kamawa. Lynch ya zargi Shaw da kamawa da kama wata mace mai bautar da Shaw mai suna Esther. Lynch ya kuma caje Shaw don shiga Esther da wani bawa a cikin gidansa. Lynch daga baya ya sayar da Esther a madadin Shaw ga wani bawa da ke zaune a Mississippi.<ref>https://www.mobot.org/mobot/archives/image.asp?filename=PHO2020-0043.tif&returnto=/mobot/archives/results.asp</ref> Duk da yake yana da wahala a san sau da yawa Lynch ya kama, ya ɗaure, kuma ya sayar da wannan bawa kamar yadda ya yi da Esther, jerin dokoki don alkalami na bawa wanda Lynch ya rubuta a 1858 ya nuna cewa ya yi kowane ɗayan waɗannan ayyukan kuma ya amfana daga samar da su a wasu lokuta. A cikin jerin, Lynch ya saita farashin don allon da siyar da bayi a 37 1⁄2 cents kowace rana da 2 1⁄2 percent na farashin siyarwa, bi da bi.<ref>https://news.stlpublicradio.org/show/st-louis-on-the-air/2017-10-18/curious-louis-uncovering-what-remains-of-st-louis-slave-trading-past</ref> Kasuwancin Lynch ya zama mai fa'ida sosai cewa a shekara ta 1859 ya rasa sarari don gudanar da ayyukansa kawai daga cikin ginin a kan Locust Street, kuma ya sayi ƙarin gini a Fifth da Myrtle Streets don tallafawa kasuwancinsa. ==Bayanan Yarjejeniyar Bawa== Bayan Lynch ya sayi ginin a titunan Fifth da Myrtle, sai ya sanya sanduna a kan windows ban da sauran matakan tsaro kamar makullin don ya iya amfani da shi a matsayin wani ɗayan alkalami na bawa. Yarjejeniyar bawa ta Lynch ta kunshi akalla sel huɗu a matakin ginshiki. Kowane ɗayan tantanin an yi shi da bangon tubali. Abinda kawai ke buɗewa a cikin sel shine sarari mai kama da ƙofar tare da bangon gaba don mutane su shiga da fita. Bayani mafi zurfi na jiki game da alkawarin bawa yana da ƙalubale don samarwa saboda akwai ƙananan tushe daga lokacin da kayan aikin ke aiki wanda ya bayyana yanayin alkawarin bawa na Lynch. Bugu da ƙari, ba a gudanar da binciken archaeological na alkawarin bawa ba kafin a lalata shi yayin kirkirar Filin wasa na Busch a 1963. Ɗaya daga cikin takardun da suka wanzu game da yanayin da ke cikin alkawarin bawa daga lokacin da ya kasance shi ne jerin dokokin da Lynch ya rubuta. Jerin dokoki bakwai an rubuta su ne a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1858. Yawancin dokoki da aka lissafa a cikin takardar sun mallaki tsammanin masu mallakar bayi da aka tsare a gidan bawa na Lynch. Wadannan dokoki sun bayyana farashin da haɗarin da bayi suka samu ta hanyar sanya mutanen da suka bautar a cikin gidan bawa kuma, sabili da haka, a ƙarƙashin kulawar Lynch. Lynch ya haɗa da manufofi biyu don kula da bayi a cikin alkawarin bayi. Ya tabbatar wa bayi cewa zai yi ƙoƙari ya hana "tserewa ko haɗari" tsakanin bayi a cikin alkalami. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa zai ba da "kariya iri ɗaya" ga mutanen da ya tsare a matsayin mutanen da ya bautar. Wani labarin da ke kwatanta yanayin da ke cikin alkawarin bawa an samo shi a cikin "The Story of a Border City During the Civil War", littafin da masanin tauhidi Galusha Anderson ya rubuta. A cikin littafinsa, Anderson ya bayyana ziyarar da shi da wasu abokan aikinsa daga Ƙungiyar Kirista ta Matasa suka ɗauka a 1859 zuwa gidan bayi na Lynch a Fifth da Myrtle Streets da Locust Street. Anderson ya kiyasta cewa mafi yawan bayi a cikin gidan bawa a Fifth da Myrtle suna tsakanin shekaru biyar zuwa goma sha shida. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma tsare wasu daga cikin uwayen yaran bayi a cikin gidan bawa. Wani mutum da ba a san sunansa ba ne ya tsare alkalami wanda "ya kare rabuwar iyalai ta hanyar sayar da bayi. " Anderson ya kuma ba da rahoton sayar da wani yaro da ya shaida a gidan bawa jim kadan bayan ya ziyarci abokan aikinsa daga Ƙungiyar Kirista ta Matasa.[2] Yaron, wanda Anderson ya yi imanin yana da shekaru goma, ya yi kuka sosai lokacin da aka ɗauke shi daga alkalami har baiwar da ta sayi shi ya dawo ya sayi mahaifiyar yaron a ƙoƙarin rage bakin ciki na yaron. Anderson ya ba da rahoton cewa daga baya aka mayar da mahaifiyar zuwa gidan bawa da zarar bawa ya sami nasarar kai yaron gidansa. Ginin ya daina amfani da shi azaman gidan bawa a watan Satumba na shekara ta 1861. Lynch ya tsere daga Missouri a farkon yakin basasa, ya zauna a Mississippi. ==Kurkukun Myrtle Street== A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Amurka, Sojojin Amurka, waɗanda Dokar Conquisation ta 1861 ta ba su iko, sun karɓi ginin da ya taɓa riƙe alkawarin bawa na Lynch. An sake sunan ginin da sunan gidan yarin Myrtle Street . A matsayin kurkuku da Sojoji ke sarrafawa, an tsare sojoji a ciki. Ba kamar sauran kurkuku na soja ba, fararen hula da suka goyi bayan Confederacy da Sojojin Amurka suma an tsare su a gidan yarin Myrtle Street . Tsarin sake amfani da tsoffin fursunonin bayi da kurkuku na bayi a lokacin yakin basasa ba sabon abu ba ne. Kamar yadda aka sauya gidan yarin bautar Lynch zuwa kurkuku da Sojojin Amurka ke amfani da shi, wasu gidan yarin bayi da kasuwanni a kudancin Amurka Sojojin US sun mallaki su don zama kurkuku ga sojojin Confederate da sansanonin smuggling. Tsohon bayi sun kuma yi amfani da takardun bayi da kasuwanni a matsayin wuraren ibada da makarantun. Yankunan da aka taɓa amfani da su don sayar da mutanen Afirka ga wasu mutane daga baya mutanen da suka kasance bayi sun yi amfani da su wajen yin bikin da kuma yin aiki akan 'yancin su. Mutane da yawa da suka kasance bayi da abokansu sun lura da wannan canji kuma sun kalli shi a matsayin wani nau'i na adalci na Allah.<ref>https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-emancipation-finally-came-slave-markets-took-redemptive-purpose-180968260/</ref> ==Bikin Tunawa== Sashen Matasa na Kamfanin Kasuwanci ya shigar da bikin tunawa na farko na jama'a na alkawarin bawa na Lynch da Kurkukun Myrtle Street. A cikin shekarun 1920, kungiyar ta kafa Kwamitin Tarihi wanda ya bincika kuma ya zaɓi wuraren da za su isar da muhimmancin tarihin St. Louis da ƙarfafa yawon bude ido a cikin birni. A shekara ta 1944, kwamitin ya ba da gudummawa ga alamomi 126 ga shimfidar wuri na St. Louis. Alamomi huɗu, gami da alamar tunawa da alkalami na bawa da gidan yarin soja, "a bayyane ya yi nuni da tarihin Afirka ta Amirka. " Alamar da ake nufi don nuna shafin da alkalami ya kasance kamar garkuwar kuma yana nuna rubutun baki a kan fararen bango. Rubutun bayanin a kan alamar ya karanta: "A nan ne Lynch Slave Pens da Prison. Wannan yana daya daga cikin mahimman kasuwannin bayi. An sayar da bawa na ƙarshe a nan a 1861. A farkon yakin basasa an sami kurkuku na tarayya a nan. " A shekara ta 1971, yawancin alamun da Kwamitin Tarihin ya shigar ba su kasance a wuraren da suka yi alama ba Duk da yake an maye gurbin wasu alamomi, alamar tunawa da alkawarin bawa ba ta kasance ba. Lokacin da aka fara gini a filin wasa na Busch, wasu masana tarihi da sauran malamai sun nuna damuwa game da rashin bincike da tunawa da alkawarin bawa a shafin. Wani mai magana da yawun St. Louis Cardinals ya kalubalanci da'awar cewa kungiyar ta yi watsi da tarihi, yana mai cewa, "Kadinals suna gina tarihi a yanzu. " Wasu masana tarihi suna jayayya cewa ci gaba da rashin amincewa da alkalami na bawa a shafin yana "bar rauni a cikin tunawa da kuma fahimtar rashin adalci da suka gina birnin kuma suna ci gaba da tsara shi. " A cikin 2019 masanin tarihi Anne C. Bailey ya yi jayayya cewa sanya alamun waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon "zai taimaka wajen warkar da duk abin da shi".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thesouthern.com/sports/stadium-construction-upsets-historians/article_8a39d903-bb29-591d-9886-6da49f8c853b.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126182019/https://thesouthern.com/sports/stadium-construction-upsets-historians/article_8a39d903-bb29-591d-9886-6da49f8c853b.html |archive-date=2025-01-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/12/magazine/1619-project-slave-auction-sites.html</ref> Sauran alkalami da alamun bayi da aka gano an canza su zuwa gidajen tarihi da aka keɓe ga tarihin Afirka ta Amirka. ==Dubi kuma== Shockoe Bottom Kurkukun [[Lumpkin]] Kurkukun Bawa na Bruin Jerin 'yan kasuwa na Amurka Kasuwancin bayi da kurkuku a Amurka ==Manzarta== 2dpyhsrom8ti0erddga7ye64dpl0nwt 0 111772 964611 890444 2026-10-08T06:12:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Taking Children Seriously ('''TCS''') bincike ne na iyaye da falsafar ilimi wanda babban ra'ayinsa shine cewa yara mutane ne masu cike. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Sarah Fitz-Claridge ce ta yi tunanin TCS tsakanin 1988 da 1989, kuma daga baya ta girma cikin jerin wasiku na kan layi a kusa da 1992. TCS ya fara ne da lura cewa yawancin hulɗar gargajiya tsakanin manya da matasa sun dogara ne akan [[Coercion|tilasta]]. Maimakon kallon wasu tushen ra'ayoyi - kamar ra'ayoyin iyaye - kamar suna da iko, Ɗauki Yara Yana ɗaukar ci gaban ilimi da muhimmanci, wanda ke nufin gasa kyauta na ra'ayoyinsu ba tare da la'akari da tushe ba. Tsarin TCS na iyaye da ilimi yana kallon tilastawa a matsayin keta nufin yaro, kuma ya ƙi iyaye ko malami "hadaya" a matsayin keta son rai na babba. TCS ya bayyana tilastawa a matsayin: "haɗe-haɗe sau biyu - sanya wasu a cikin yanayin da ba a yi nasara ba - ta amfani da basirar ku don hana a warware matsalolin. Hukuma. Yin hulɗa a matsayin matsayi. Dubi ƙasa. " TCS yana ba da shawarar cewa iyaye da yara suna aiki da ƙira don neman mafita ba tare da karfi ko sulhu ba. Falsafar TCS ta sanar da ilimin Karl Popper da David Deutsch, masanin kimiyyar lissafi a [[Jami'ar Oxford]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.takingchildrenseriously.com Shafin yanar gizon da ke ɗauke da yara masu tsanani] * [http://www.utne.com/2003-11-01/Free-to-Be-Me.aspx An sake buga shi] a cikin Utne Reader{{Cite journal |title=Brain Child Mag Homepage |url=http://www.brainchildmag.com/ |journal=Brain, Child Magazine |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=Winter 2003 |access-date=2008-11-11}}''[[Utne Reader|Mai Karɓar Kyauta]]'' * {{Cite web |date=2008-11-11 |title=Pedagogy > Taking Children Seriously |url=http://www.k12academics.com/taking_children_seriously.htm |access-date=11 November 2008 |publisher=K12 Academics |archive-date=2008-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908044213/http://k12academics.com/taking_children_seriously.htm |url-status=dead }} * "Mutanen dole ne su fara ɗaukar yara da muhimmanci". Lokaci na Kwalejin. 2022-09-13. An samo shi a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2022. *{{Cite web |date=2022-09-13 |title=People must start taking children seriously |url=http://www.collegiatetimes.com/opinion/people-must-start-taking-children-seriously/article_4acddb14-3213-11ed-8c32-8bba4773f752.html |access-date=13 September 2022 |publisher=Collegiate Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913141824/http://www.collegiatetimes.com/opinion/people-must-start-taking-children-seriously/article_4acddb14-3213-11ed-8c32-8bba4773f752.html |archive-date=2022-09-13 |url-status=dead}} i6t62mbfe9chyvz14aytd3u8rf3sqan 0 113737 964344 698562 2026-10-07T13:51:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taɓawa ta tilasta''', a ƙarƙashin dokar [[New York (jiha)|Jihar New York]], laifi ne na jima'i.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=2022 New York Laws: Penal: Part 3 - Specific Offenses: Title H - Offenses Against the Person Involving Physical Injury, Sexual Conduct, Restraint and Intimidation: Article 130 - Sex Offenses: 130.52 - Forcible Touching. |url=https://law.justia.com/codes/new-york/2022/pen/part-3/title-h/article-130/130-52/ |website=Justia Law}}</ref> Mutumin da aka same shi da laifi za a iya yanke masa hukuncin har zuwa shekara guda a kurkuku, har zuwa shekaru uku na gwaji, ana iya buƙatar yin rajista a matsayin Mai aikata laifuka na jima'i, kuma ana iya umarnin ya bi umarnin kariya. Mutum yana da laifi na tilasta taɓawa a Jihar New York, a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shari'a ta NY § 130.52 (2022), lokacin da irin wannan mutumin "da gangan, kuma ba tare da wata manufa ba: 1. tilasta ta taɓa jima'i ko wasu ɓangarorin kusanci na wani mutum don manufar ƙasƙantar da ko cin zarafin irin wannan mutum, ko don manufar gamsar da sha'awar jima'i ta mai wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar ikon yin jima'i don manufar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma da niyyar yin amfani da irin wannan fasinja na gwamnati ne, ko kuma aikinsa, New York mai zaman kansa.<ref name="auto12">{{Cite web |title=2022 New York Laws: Penal: Part 3 - Specific Offenses: Title H - Offenses Against the Person Involving Physical Injury, Sexual Conduct, Restraint and Intimidation: Article 130 - Sex Offenses: 130.52 - Forcible Touching. |url=https://law.justia.com/codes/new-york/2022/pen/part-3/title-h/article-130/130-52/ |website=Justia Law}}</ref> == Tarihi == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York ta kirkiro laifin aikata laifuka na taɓawa da karfi a cikin Dokar Gyara Harin Jima'i ta 2000, don mayar da martani ga jerin hare-haren jima'i da suka faru a Central Park a Birnin New York, gami da hare-harun Puerto Rican Day Parade a watan Yunin 2000, inda kungiyoyin maza suka kai hari da yawa kuma suka buge su a Central Park. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Ashford |first=Grace |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Why It Might Be Difficult to Convict Andrew Cuomo of Forcible Touching; Will a relatively new misdemeanor sex charge, crafted to prosecute stranger gropings, lead to a conviction of a former governor? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/nyregion/andrew-cuomo-charges-case.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A baya, an gurfanar da wadanda ake zargi da Cin zarafin jima'i a karkashin dokar cin zarafin mata tare da matsakaicin hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na kwanaki 90.<ref name="auto" /> A karkashin sabon dokar, ana iya yanke wa mutanen da aka yanke musu hukuncin taɓawa da karfi har zuwa shekara guda a kurkuku.<ref name="auto" /> == Shahararrun lokuta == A watan Oktoba 2020, wani juri a Kotun Gundumar Suffolk County ya sami Rev. Thomas Humphrey, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin minista a Grace Community Church kuma ya watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo daga Hollywood Baptist Church, duka biyu a Arewacin Amityville, da laifin taɓawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carolyn James |date=October 29, 2020 |title=Jury finds NA church Elder guilty of forcible touching; case brought against him by Deer Park woman |url=https://www.babylonbeacon.com/articles/jury-finds-na-church-elder-guilty-of-forcible-touching-case-brought-against-him-by-deer-park-woman/ |website=Babylon Beacon |access-date=August 12, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208064740/https://www.babylonbeacon.com/articles/jury-finds-na-church-elder-guilty-of-forcible-touching-case-brought-against-him-by-deer-park-woman/ |archive-date=December 8, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2, 2019 |title=North Amityville minister charged with forcible touching |url=https://www.amityvillerecord.com/articles/north-amityville-minister-charged-with-forcible-touching/ |website=Amityville Record |access-date=August 12, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208063607/https://www.amityvillerecord.com/articles/north-amityville-minister-charged-with-forcible-touching/ |archive-date=December 8, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=''People v Humphrey (Thomas)'', NY Slip Op 51380(U), Appellate Term, Second Department |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/appellate-term-second-department/2023/2023-ny-slip-op-51380-u.html |website=Justia Law}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Cuban Gooding ya yi ikirarin laifi a Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta New York don tilasta taɓa wata mace a gidan wasan dare na LAVO na Birnin New York a shekarar 2018. <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2022 |title=Actor Cuba Gooding Jr. pleads guilty to forcibly touching woman at NY nightclub |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2022/04/13/cuba-gooding-jr-pleads-guilty-forcible-touching-trial/7309468001/ |website=USA TODAY}}</ref> Ya yarda a kotu cewa ya "susa wa mai ba da abinci a bakinta" ba tare da izini a gidan wasan dare ba.<ref name="auto3" /> Ya shiga yarjejeniyar neman gafara wanda idan ya ci gaba da ba da shawara kan barasa da halayyar watanni shida, zai iya janye rokonsa kuma ya nemi laifi na cin zarafi, ƙaramin laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moreau |first=Jordan |date=April 13, 2022 |title=Cuba Gooding Jr. Pleads Guilty to Forcible Touching |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/cuba-gooding-jr-guilty-forcible-touching-1235232125/ |website=Variety}}</ref><ref name="auto3" /> Idan bai bi yarjejeniyar ba, zai fuskanci har zuwa shekara guda a kurkuku.<ref name="auto3" /> A cikin 2023, a cikin shari'ar Carroll v. Trump, an tuhumi tsohon shugaban Amurka [[Donald Trump]] da, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, taɓawa ta tilasta kuma E. Jean Carroll ya gurfanar da shi don batir na farar hula.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |last=Fadulu |first=Lola |date=May 9, 2023 |title=New York law gave jurors three types of battery to consider in the Trump case. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/09/nyregion/jury-trump-carroll-verdict-options.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Kotun ta dauki Trump da alhakin cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin Carroll, kuma ta ba ta dala miliyan 5. <ref name="auto5" /> Saboda juriya ta gano cewa Trump ya aikata babban laifi na cin zarafin jima'i, ba a buƙaci bayar da wani bincike daban game da taɓawa ta tilasta ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 9, 2023 |title=Read the Completed Jury Verdict Form in the Trump-Carroll Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/05/09/nyregion/trump-liable-verdict-form-jury.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, an kama [[Ivan Lee]], tsohon dan wasan Olympics, jami'in 'yan sanda, kocin kwaleji, kuma shugaban [[USA Fencing|Amurka Fencing]], a Brooklyn . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Josh Peter |date=February 28, 2024 |title=Ex-US Olympic fencer Ivan Lee arrested on forcible touching, sexual abuse, harassment charges |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2024/02/28/ivan-lee-arrested-facing-forcible-touching-sexual-abuse-harassment-charges/72783101007/ |website=USA TODAY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pena |first=Rafael |date=February 29, 2024 |title=Former US Olympic Fencer Ivan Lee Arrested on Charges Of Sexual Abuse |url=https://www.blackenterprise.com/former-us-olympic-fencer-ivan-lee-arrested-on-charges-of-sexual-abuse/ |website=Black Enterprise}}</ref> Ya yi ikirarin laifi a wannan watan Satumba a [[Kings County Criminal Court|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Kings County]] a Brooklyn don tilasta wa mutane su taɓa juna, da kuma cin zarafi a cikin digiri na biyu na jiki, na wata budurwa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2024, Lee ya kuma yi ikirarin aikata laifi game da abin da ya faru na biyu, da sassan da ke da alaƙa da karfi da kuma cin zarafin jima'i a mataki na uku, a wannan yanayin a [[New York district courts|Kotun Gundumar Nassau]] County a New York.<ref name="dec2" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bgf5cc1ncs0ihhj7mszixd6tgm6cbj2 0 114124 964673 959614 2026-10-08T09:12:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964673 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Zubar da ciki a Kanada''' doka ce a duk lokacin da mace take da ciki kuma ana tallafawa ta jama'a a matsayin hanyar kiwon lafiya a ƙarƙashin tasirin da ''[[Canada Health Act|Dokar Lafiya ta Kanada]]'' da tsarin kiwon lafiya na lardin. Koyaya, samun damar zuwa ayyuka da albarkatu ya bambanta da yanki.<ref name="Sethna Doull 2013 pp. 52–622">{{Cite journal |last=Sethna |first=Christabelle |last2=Doull |first2=Marion |year=2013 |title=Spatial disparities and travel to freestanding abortion clinics in Canada |journal=Women's Studies International Forum |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=38 |pages=52–62 |doi=10.1016/j.wsif.2013.02.001 |issn=0277-5395}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai wasu ƙuntatawa, <ref name="StrachanPoloni-Staudinger20192" /> Kanada tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kalilan da ba su da ƙuntatawa game da zubar da ciki. Zubar da ciki yana ƙarƙashin ka'idojin kula da kiwon lafiya na lardin da jagororin likitoci. Babu wani iko da ke ba da zubar da ciki a kan buƙata a makonni 24 da kuma bayan haka, kodayake akwai banbanci ga wasu matsalolin kiwon lafiya.<ref name="auto13">{{Cite web |title=Abortion Coverage by Region |url=https://nafcanada.org/abortion-coverage-region/ |website=National Abortion Federation Canada |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307201451/https://nafcanada.org/abortion-coverage-region/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Action3">{{Cite web |title=Access at a Glance: Abortion Services in Canada &#124; Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights |url=https://www.actioncanadashr.org/resources/factsheets-guidelines/2019-09-19-access-glance-abortion-services-canada |publisher=Action Canada for Sexual Health & Rights |quote=While abortions after 20 weeks are statistically very rare (<2.5% of all abortions), there are people in Canada who require abortion beyond 20 weeks for serious and important reasons. There are only three service locations in Canada that offer abortion up to 23 weeks and 6 days (one in British Columbia, one in Southern Ontario, and one in Quebec). No providers in Canada offer abortion care beyond 23 weeks and 6 days.}}</ref> An haramta shi a 1869, zubar da ciki zai kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin [[Canadian law|Dokar Kanada]] na shekaru 100 masu zuwa.<ref name="Bromley20122">{{Cite book}}</ref> A shekara ta 1969, ''[[Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69|Dokar Kwaskwarimar Shari'a, 1968-69]]'' ta halatta zubar da ciki na warkewa, muddin kwamitin likitoci sun tabbatar da cewa ci gaba da ciki zai iya sanya rayuwar mace ko lafiyarta cikin haɗari. A shekara ta 1988, [[Supreme Court of Canada|Kotun Koli ta Kanada]] ta yanke hukunci a cikin R. v. Morgentaler cewa dokar da ke akwai ba ta dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba, kuma ta soke Dokar 1969. Hukuncin ya gano cewa dokar zubar da ciki ta 1969 ta keta haƙƙin mace ga "rayuwa, 'yanci da tsaron mutum" wanda aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 7 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da aka kafa a 1982. A Kanada, duk tiyatar zubar da ciki ana yin ta likita, tare da [[Nurse practitioners|masu aikin jinya]], [[Pharmacists|masu harhada magunguna]] da [[Midwives|ungozoma]] suna iya ba da magunguna don [[Medical abortion|zubar da ciki na marasa lafiya]] a cikin makonni tara (63 days) na [[Gestational age (obstetrics)|ciki]] . <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Love4Life, Methods |url=https://love4life.ca/methods/}}</ref> <ref name="nine2">{{Cite journal |last=Dunn |first=Sheila |last2=Brooks |first2=Melissa |year=2018 |title=Mifepristone |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=190 |issue=22 |pages=E688 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.180047 |issn=0820-3946 |pmc=5988520 |pmid=29866894}}</ref> Kanada tana da ingantaccen adadin zubar da ciki tun lokacin yanke hukunci; Adadin da aka rubuta <ref name="Canadian Institute for Health Information2">{{Cite web |last=Canadian Institute for Health Information |title=Induced Abortions Reported in Canada in 2020 |url=https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/induced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2020-en.xlsx}}</ref> ciki a cikin mata 1000 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2010-10-25 |title=Pregnancy outcomes (live births, induced abortions, and fetal loss) |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1310016701 |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> haihuwa (15 &#x2013; 44) ya kasance 10.2 a cikin 1974, wanda ya tashi zuwa 16.4 abortions ga mata dubu a 1997, kuma ya ragu <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Dorothy |last2=Norman |first2=Wendy V. |year=2020 |title=When there are no abortion laws: A case study of Canada |url=https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/4654994/20/When-there-are-no-abortion-laws.pdf |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=62 |pages=49–62 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.05.010 |pmid=31281015 |s2cid=181481915}}</ref> abortions ga mata 1000 a cikin 2020. asibitocin zubar da ciki da asibitoci suka ruwaito. Ba sa lissafin zubar da ciki da ba a ba da rahoto ba a cikin waɗannan wuraren ko ƙidaya zubar da ciki da aka jawo ta hanyar magungunan magani irin su [[mifepristone]] da [[misoprostol]] da aka sha a gida, don haka waɗannan ƙimar zubar da ciki a hukumance ba su san ainihin adadin zubar da ciki ba. <ref name="Canadian Institute for Health Information2" /> Duk da haka, Kanada tana da ƙarancin [[List of countries by abortion statistics|zubar da ciki]] gaba ɗaya idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe, tare da kusan zubar da ciki 74,000 da aka ruwaito a cikin 2020. Kusan rabin zubar da ciki yana faruwa a tsakanin mata masu shekaru 18 zuwa 29 shekaru kuma ana yin kusan 90% na zubar da ciki a cikin farkon watanni uku (makonni 12). <ref name="Stats20172">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Statistics - Abortion in Canada |url=https://www.arcc-cdac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/statistics-abortion-in-canada.pdf |website=Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada - Statistics Canada}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin Farko === [[Fayil:Portrait_of_Emily_Stowe.jpg|thumb|[[Emily Stowe|Emily Howard Stowe]] ita ce likitan mata na farko da ta yi aiki a Kanada, likitan mata ta biyu da ke da lasisi a Kanada kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata da kuma 'yancin mata.]] A cikin ƙarni na goma sha takwas da farkon ƙarni na sha tara, [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki]] kafin "quickening" (makonni 15-20 ) doka ce a cikin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka. <ref name="Saurette Gordon 2016 p. 95" /> Koyaya, yayin da ƙarni ya ci gaba, Ƙasar Ingila ta fara ba da dokoki waɗanda suka haifar da laifuka masu laifi da suka shafi zubar da ciki, kamar Dokar Harbi ko Sanyawa ta 1803, wanda ya sa yin ko ƙoƙarin yin aikin da ke hanzarta zubar da cikin ciki ya zama laifin kisa. Wannan ya biyo baya a cikin 1837 ta hanyar Dokar Laifuka a kan Mutum 1837, wanda ya cire sashi na hukuncin kisa, yayin da yake sanya sayen duk wani zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba. Yankunan Burtaniya na Arewacin Amurka sun bi misalin Burtaniya kuma sun fara takaita haƙƙin zubar da ciki.<ref name="Paterson2014" /> An haramta zubar da ciki a Kanada a 1869, shekaru biyu bayan kafa kasar.<ref name="Paterson2014" /> An ci gaba da wannan haramcin a cikin Dokar Laifuka har zuwa 1969. Duk wanda ya yi zubar da ciki ga mace yana da alhakin ɗaurin rai da rai, yayin da mace da ta yi zubar a ciki ga kanta tana da alhakina ɗaurin rai na shekaru biyu. Kamar yadda yake a wasu ƙasashe, har yanzu ana yin zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma wasu shari'o'in sun zargi cewa wannan ya haifar da mutuwar mata. Shari'ar zubar da ciki ta Emily Stowe (1879) misali ne na farko.<ref>Constance B. Backhouse, "The Celebrated Abortion Trial of Dr. Emily Stowe, Toronto, 1879", ''Canadian Bulletin of Medical History/{{Lang|fr|Bulletin canadien d'histoire de la médecine}}'', Volume 8: 1991, pages 159–187.</ref> Wani irin wannan shari'ar, ''Azoulay v. Sarauniya'', ya kai Kotun Koli a shekarar 1952. A lokuta biyu, an wanke mai ba da zubar da ciki da alhakin mutuwar matar. Mai fafutukar kare hakkin zubar da ciki Marilyn Wilson, tsohon darakta na kungiyar kare hakkin zub da ciki ta Kanada, ya ce, " zubar da cikin ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba ya zama ruwan dare, amma sau da yawa na rashin tsaro. Mata da yawa a kowace shekara sun mutu daga zubar da zubar da jini. " === 'Yanci da dokokin zubar da ciki === ==== Babban mai binciken shari'a Shulman ==== Yunkurin da za a sauƙaƙe dokokin [[Unsafe abortion|zubar da ciki]] na Kanada ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1960. Tsohon Babban Mai Shari'a na [[Ontario]] [[Morton Shulman]] ya tuna cewa a cikin shekarun sittin, ana iya yin zubar da ciki bisa doka kawai don ceton rayuwar matar, don haka kusan babu zubar da cikin doka. Ya bayyana cewa an aika da 'ya'ya mata masu juna biyu na masu arziki ga likitoci masu aminci waɗanda suka zubar da ciki don kuɗi. Ya kiyasta cewa waɗannan likitocin suna zubar da ciki ashirin zuwa talatin a kowane mako. Mata da ba su da wadata an bar su zubar da ciki a kansu ko zuwa abin da ya kira "mai zubar da jini". Hanyarsu ta kasance tana jefa [[Lysol]] cikin mahaifar mace. Yawan mace-mace ya yi yawa kuma yawan kamuwa da cuta ya wuce 50%. Ya kara da cewa, "A lokacin da na zama Babban Mai Shari'a, na sami mummunar gogewa na ganin gawarwakin wasu matasan mata da suka mutu sakamakon waɗannan zubar da ciki. " Shulman ya yanke shawarar yada mutuwar daga zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ya umarci masu binciken sa da su kira binciken jama'a game da kowane mutuwar zubar da ciki.<ref name="Gazdar2016" /> Ya bayyana wani lamari da ya yi imanin cewa shi ne canji, na Lottie Leanne Clarke mai shekaru 34, mahaifiyar yara uku, wacce ta mutu daga kamuwa da cuta mai yawa a 1964 bayan zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba duk da maganin likita da maganin rigakafi. A binciken da aka yi game da mutuwarta, juriya ta ba da shawarar cewa a sake duba dokokin game da zubar da ciki na warkarwa. Shulman ya kara da cewa kwamitin gwamnatin tarayya ya kamata ya sake duba batun zubar da ciki da doka. Jaridu sun buga editoci da ke ba da shawarar sake fasalin dokar zubar da ciki. A cikin 1965, Ministan Shari'a, Guy Favreau, ya rubuta wa Shulman cewa za a yi la'akari da shawarar a cikin shirin don gyara Dokar Laifuka. Canjin da aka yi a ƙarshe ya bi shawarwarin juriya. ==== Rashin aikata laifuka ==== A shekara ta 1967, Ministan Shari'a Pierre Trudeau ya gabatar da lissafin da ya haɗa da gyare-gyare ga tanadin Dokar Laifuka wanda ya hana zubar da ciki. Kudin, wanda aka sani da ''Dokar Kwaskwarimar Shari'a, 1968-69'', ya ci gaba da haramtacciyar haramtacciya kan zubar da ciki, tare da yiwuwar hukuncin rai da rai. Koyaya, lissafin ya kasance banda ga zubar da ciki da aka yi a asibiti tare da amincewar kwamitin maganin zubar da cikin asibiti guda uku. Kwamitin zai tabbatar da cewa ciki zai iya yin barazana ga rayuwar ko lafiyar mace mai ciki. Ba a bayyana kalmar kiwon lafiya ba, kuma kwamitocin zubar da ciki na warkarwa suna da 'yanci su bunkasa ra'ayoyinsu game da lokacin da yiwuwar haɗari ga "lafiya" (wanda zai iya haɗawa da lafiyar hankali) zai tabbatar da zubar da cikin ciki na warkewa.<ref name="MorganDavies2008" /> Wannan lissafin kuma ya halatta luwadi da [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana daukar ciki]], kuma zai zama batun daya daga cikin shahararrun abubuwan da Trudeau ya ambata: "Jam'ar ba ta da kasuwanci a cikin ɗakunan kwana na al'umma. " Lokacin da ya gabatar da lissafin a 1967, Trudeau ya kasance Ministan Shari'a a gwamnatin Firayim Minista Lester Pearson . A shekara ta 1968, Pearson ya yi ritaya kuma Trudeau ya gaji shi a matsayin Firayim Minista. Kudin bai wuce ba kafin zaben 1968, amma John Turner, Ministan Shari'a a gwamnatin Trudeau ya sake gabatar da shi. Majalisar ta zartar da lissafin a shekarar 1969. A cikin sake fasalin dokar tarayya ta 1970, an sake sanya lambobin tanadin a matsayin s. 251 na Dokar Laifuka. ==== Rahoton Badgley ==== A shekara ta 1975, an nada kwamitin kan Operation of the Abortion Law "don gudanar da bincike don tantance ko hanyar da aka bayar a cikin Dokar Laifuka don samun zubar da ciki na warkewa [yana] aiki daidai a duk faɗin Kanada", da kuma ba da shawarwari "a kan aikin wannan doka maimakon shawarwari game da manufofin da ke tattare da ita".[was] Kwamitin, wanda aka fi sani da Kwamitin Badgley bayan Shugabansa, Dokta Robin F. Badgley, <ref>{{Cite web |title=ROBIN BADGLEY Obituary - (2012) - Toronto Star |url=https://www.legacy.com/amp/obituaries/thestar/157302950 |website=www.legacy.com}}</ref> ya ruwaito a watan Janairun 1977. Ya gano, a sauƙaƙe, cewa "hanyar da aka tsara don aiki na Dokar zubar da ciki ba sa aiki daidai a duk faɗin Kanada". A wani bangare mai yawa, wannan saboda manufar dokar ba ta bayyana ba kuma ba a yarda da ita ba. Samun damar zubar da ciki kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Dokar Laifuka ba ta samuwa ga mata da yawa saboda bambancin rarraba asibitoci da likitoci, da kuma ko an kafa Kwamitin zubar da cikin Magunguna da kuma fassarar likitoci na "lafiya" ga mata, shekarun yarda, da bukatun sanarwar iyaye. Rahoton ya ba da shawarar ingantaccen shirin iyali don rage yawan ciki da ba a so, amma babban ƙarshen su shine cewa ba a ba da sabis na zubar da ciki kamar yadda ake buƙata. === Matsalolin samun dama kafin a kawar da shi === A shekara ta 1982, an zubar da ciki na doka 66,319 a Kanada. Fassarar dokar 1969 ta bambanta sosai tsakanin likitoci da asibitoci, wanda ya haifar da samun dama mara kyau. Matsayin shine lafiyar jiki ko tunanin mace, wanda Kwamitin Magunguna na Asibiti zai yanke shawara. Koyaya, babu abin da ake buƙata don asibiti ya sami TAC don kimanta mata. Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na asibitoci ne kawai ke da ɗaya. Wasu kwamitocin sun dauki matsayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi kuma sun ba da izinin yawancin buƙatun, yayin da wasu suka toshe kusan dukkanin buƙatun. Samun damar zubar da ciki na doka ya kasance mai sauƙi a manyan birane, amma ya fi wuya a waje da manyan birane. A lardin Prince Edward Island, an rufe kwamitin zubar da ciki na Therapeutic, kuma babu zubar da cikin doka a lardin bayan 1982. Kwamitin zubar da ciki na warkewa sau da yawa yakan ɗauki kwanaki ko makonni don yanke shawara, yana tura ciki fiye da yadda zai kasance. Kwamitin bai ga matan ba, kuma ba su da damar daukaka kara a yanke shawara. Masu ba da shawara game da haƙƙin zubar da ciki sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata mace ta yi zabin, maimakon kwamitin likitoci. Saboda rashin kayan aiki a kananan larduna da yankunan karkara, ana tilasta mata zuwa manyan birane a kan kudin kansu. A Newfoundland, akwai likitan mata guda daya da ya yi zubar da ciki. Mata da yawa sun sayi tikitin jirgin sama mai tsada zuwa Toronto ko Montreal don samun zubar da ciki. Sauran mata sun zaɓi tafiya zuwa Amurka, inda zubar da ciki ya zama samuwa a asibitoci masu zaman kansu da yawa bayan shawarar Roe v. Wade a 1973. A shekara ta 1982, mata 4,311 na Kanada sun yi tafiya zuwa Amurka don zubar da ciki. === Kalubale na kundin tsarin mulki ga dokar zubar da ciki === [[Fayil:Henry_Morgentaler_(2005).png|thumb|Dokta Henry Morgentaler likita ne mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin zubar da ciki wanda ya yi yaƙi da yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa na shari'a da nufin fadada haƙƙin zub da ciki.]] A cikin rashin bin doka, Dokta Henry Morgentaler ya fara yin zubar da ciki a asibitin sa a Montreal ba tare da amincewar kwamitin zubar da cikin ciki ba. Ya kalubalanci tsarin mulki na dokar zubar da ciki a lokuta biyu daban-daban. Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yi watsi da kalubalen kundin tsarin mulki na farko a 1975, wanda aka kawo a karkashin rarraba iko da ''Dokar 'Yancin Kanada'', amma a cikin 1988, Kotun Kolai ta ba da izinin kalubalensa na biyu, wanda aka kawo karkashin Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin da' Yanci ta Kanada. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa dokar zubar da ciki ba ta aiki. Morgentaler daga ƙarshe ya kawo ƙalubalen tsarin mulki na uku, ga dokar lardin da ke hana samun damar zubar da ciki. Ya yi nasara a wannan ƙalubalen. Gwagwarmayar Morgentaler ta haifar da yunkurin kasa da kasa don sake fasalin dokokin zubar da ciki na Kanada. A shekara ta 1970, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Abortion Caravan, mata 35 sun ɗaure kansu a cikin gidan majalisa a cikin House of Commons, rufe majalisar a karo na farko a tarihin Kanada. ==== Kalubale na farko na Morgentaler: 1975 ==== A cikin 1973, Morgentaler ya bayyana a fili cewa ya yi zubar da ciki 5,000 ba tare da izinin kwamitocin likitoci uku ba, har ma ya kai ga yin bidiyon kansa yana yin aiki. Ofishin masu gabatar da kara na Quebec ya gurfanar da Morgentaler sau uku, kuma a kowane lokaci juriya sun ki yanke masa hukunci duk da yarda da shi cewa ya yi zubar da ciki da yawa. Crown ta daukaka kara ga wankewa na farko. A shekara ta 1974, Kotun daukaka kara ta Quebec ta soke hukuncin juri na wankewa a shari'ar farko, ta maye gurbin hukuncin laifi, kuma ta mayar da batun ga alƙalin shari'ar don yanke hukunci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Regina v. Morgentaler (No. 5)'', 1974 CanLII 1369 (QC CA). |url=https://www.canlii.org/en/qc/qcca/doc/1974/1974canlii1369/1974canlii1369.html}}</ref> Morgentaler ya yi kira ga Kotun Koli ta Kanada a kan dalilai da yawa, yana jayayya cewa: * tanadin Dokar Laifuka bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba a karkashin rarraba iko; * tanadin bai yi aiki ba a karkashin ''Dokar 'Yancin Kanada''; * Kotun daukaka kara ba ta da ikon soke hukuncin juriya na wankewa. * karewa na bukata yana samuwa; * s. 45 na Dokar Laifuka, wanda ya ba da cewa likitan likita ba shi da alhakin aikata laifuka don yin aikin tiyata, yana samuwa a matsayin kariya. A shekara ta 1975, Kotun Koli ta yi watsi da roko ta hanyar yanke shawara ta 6-3: Morgentaler v The Queen . Kotun ta yarda cewa tanadin doka ce mai aikata laifuka, sabili da haka a cikin ikon kundin tsarin mulki na Majalisar Tarayya; bai shiga cikin ikon lardin kan kiwon lafiya ba. Kotun ta kuma yanke hukunci tare da cewa dokar ba ta keta ''Dokar 'Yancin Kanada'' ba. Kotun ta ba da waɗannan hukunce-hukuncen daga benci, tare da rubuce-rubuce game da waɗannan batutuwa daga baya da Babban Alkalin Laskin ya bayar. Koyaya, Kotun ta raba 6-3 a kan batutuwan da suka shafi buƙata da s. 45 na Dokar Laifuka, wanda ya ba da cewa likitan likita wanda ya yi tiyata bisa ga ƙa'idodin kiwon lafiya masu ma'ana ba shi da kariya daga alhakin aikata laifuka: * Mambobin Kotun guda shida, saboda dalilan da Mai Shari'a Pigeon ya rubuta, sun yanke hukuncin cewa tanadin Dokar Laifuka game da roko na Crown ya ba da izinin Kotun daukaka kara don maye gurbin hukuncin da aka yanke. * Har ila yau, mambobi shida sun gudanar, saboda dalilan da Mai Shari'a Pigeon da Mai Shariʼa Dickson suka bayar, cewa karewar da ake bukata da s. 45 ba su shafi laifin aikata laifuka na samun zubar da ciki ba. * A cikin rashin amincewa, mambobi uku na Kotun, saboda dalilan da Babban Alkalin Laskin ya rubuta, za su yi la'akari da cewa karewa na bukata da s. 45 suna samuwa sabili da haka juriya ta yi la'adi. A sakamakon haka, Kotun Koli ta amince da hukuncin da Kotun daukaka kara ta shigar kuma ta tura batun ga alƙalin shari'a don yanke hukunci. Alkalin shari'ar ya yanke hukuncin watanni goma sha takwas a kurkuku. Rashin amincewar jama'a game da shawarar ya sa gwamnatin tarayya ta gabatar da gyare-gyare ga Dokar Laifuka (wanda aka fi sani da Morgentaler Amendment) wanda ya cire ikon kotunan daukaka kara don maye gurbin hukunci ga hukuncin juri na wankewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A crusader's legacy: How Henry Morgentaler changed Canada's laws |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/a-crusader-s-legacy-how-henry-morgentaler-changed-canada-s-laws-1.1369361 |website=cbc.ca}}</ref> Bayan da aka wanke juri na uku, gwamnatin Quebec ta bayyana cewa dokar ba za a iya aiwatar da ita ba kuma ba a kawo karin tuhuma ba. ==== Ƙalubalen Morgentaler na biyu: 1988 ==== Bayan da aka sake shi daga kurkuku a Quebec, Morgentaler ya yanke shawarar kalubalantar dokar zubar da ciki ta tarayya a wasu larduna. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, ya buɗe kuma ya gudanar da asibitocin zubar da ciki masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin ƙasar a keta doka kai tsaye. Bayan da aka wanke shi na huɗu a shekarar 1984, gwamnatin Ontario ta daukaka kara kan shawarar. Kotun daukaka kara ta Ontario ta ware wankewar kuma ta ba da umarnin sake shari'a. Morgentaler, bi da bi, ya yi kira ga Kotun Koli ta Kanada. A cikin wani yanke shawara mai mahimmanci, Kotun Koli ta ayyana a cikin 1988 cewa duk dokar zubar da ciki ta kasar ba ta dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba: R. v. Morgentaler . Ta hanyar yanke shawara 5-2, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa sashi na 251 na Dokar Laifuka ba shi da ƙarfi ko tasiri saboda ya keta sashi na 7 na ''Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da' Yanci''. Sashe na 7 ya bayyana cewa: "Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin rayuwa,' yanci, da kuma tsaron mutum, da kuma' yancin da ba a hana shi ba, sai dai bisa ga ka'idodin adalci na asali. " Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya tabbatar da keta doka ba a karkashin, wanda a wasu lokuta yana bawa gwamnati damar samar da hujja mai ma'ana ga keta doka. Babu wani hukunci mai yawa. Babban Alkalin Dickson, Alkalin Beetz, da Alkalin Wilson duk sun rubuta yanke shawara inda suka gano cewa dokar ba ta dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba, amma saboda dalilai daban-daban na goyon baya. Mai shari'a McIntyre ya rubuta ra'ayi mai banbanci. Babban Alkalin Dickson ya yi ikirarin cewa "[f]orcing a mace, ta hanyar barazanar hukunci na laifi, don ɗaukar tayin zuwa ga lokaci sai dai idan ta cika wasu ka'idojin da ba su da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci da burinta" ya keta haƙƙin mace ga tsaro na mutum, kamar yadda s. 7 na ''Yarjejeniya'' ta kare. Mai shari'a Wilson ya gano cewa dokar "ta tabbatar da cewa ikon mace na haifuwa shine ya kasance ƙarƙashin, ba ga ikonta ba, amma ga na jihar" wanda hakan ya keta haƙƙin tsaro na mutum. Bayan sun gano cewa dokar ta keta haƙƙin tsaro na mutum, yawancin sun yi la'akari da ko wannan keta doka ta dace da ka'idodin adalci na asali, wanda shine reshe na biyu na s. 7 na ''Yarjejeniya''. Alƙalai a cikin mafi rinjaye sun amince da cewa buƙatun tsari don samun zubar da ciki, kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin doka, sun kasance da matsala sosai. Asibitoci ne kawai da aka amince da su ko kuma aka amince da shi za su iya yin zubar da ciki, wanda ya sanya shingen ga samun dama a cikin gida. Dokar ta kuma bayyana cewa ana buƙatar mata da ke son zubar da ciki don samun amincewa daga "kwamitin zubar da cikin ciki" a asibiti. Kwamitin ya kunshi akalla likitoci uku da kwamitin mambobin asibitin ya nada, kuma bai haɗa da likitan da zai aiwatar da aikin ba. Kotun ta gano cewa abin da kwamitin ke buƙata ya yi kuskure sosai, a wani bangare saboda jinkirin da kwamitocin suka haifar kuma a asibitoci da yawa, kwamitocin kwamitoci ne kawai a kan takarda kuma ba su amince da zubar da ciki ba. Babban Mai Shari'a Dickson ya yi ikirarin cewa "tsarin - tsarin da ke tsara damar yin amfani da zubar da ciki na warkarwa - a bayyane yake ba daidai ba ne. Ya ƙunshi shingen da yawa ga aikinsa wanda tsaron da ya kirkira zai kasance a cikin yanayi da yawa ba zai kasance ga mata waɗanda za su fi cancanta ba... " Shingen da aka lura sun haɗa da rashin asibitoci tare da kwamitoci, likitoci waɗanda ba sa son tura al'amuran zuwa kwamitoci ba, rashin daidaitattun ma'amuran ma'anar "lafiya" wanda ke haifar da ka'idojin da rashin daidaituwa tsakanin kwamitoci tsakanin kwamitocin ƙasa da bambancin kuɗi a magani. Ya kammala cewa tanadin ya saba wa ka'idodin adalci na asali. Yawancin kotun da ke Morgentaler ba su ga ya zama dole a yi la'akari da ko akwai hakki mai mahimmanci ga zubar da ciki a karkashin Sashe na 7. Mai shari'a Wilson yana da ra'ayin cewa irin wannan haƙƙin ya wanzu, amma sauran alƙalai a cikin mafi rinjaye sun yanke shawara a kan dalilai na tsari, dangane da rashin isasshen a cikin tsarin kwamitin. === Kokarin sabuwar doka === Bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli na 1988, gwamnatin Mulroney ta yi ƙoƙari sau biyu don aiwatar da sabuwar dokar zubar da ciki. A cikin bazara na shekara ta 1988, gwamnati ta fara ƙoƙarin neman mafita ta sulhu wacce za ta ba da sauƙin samun zubar da ciki a farkon matakan ciki da kuma aikata laifuka na ƙarshen lokaci. An kayar da motsi a cikin House of Commons 147 zuwa 76, wanda 'yan majalisa biyu suka kada kuri'a a kan su wadanda suka yi adawa da sauƙin samun zubar da ciki da wadanda suka yi tsayayya da ƙara duk dokokin zubar da cikin Dokar Laifuka. Hukuncin Kotun Koli ya zama muhimmiyar matsala a Zaben tarayya na 1988 daga baya a wannan faduwar. Dukkanin jam'iyyun Progressive Conservative da Liberal sun rabu sosai a kan batun kuma babu wata jam'iyya da ta gabatar da wani dandamali a kan batun zubar da ciki. Firayim Minista [[Brian Mulroney]] ya bayyana cewa yana adawa da " zubar da ciki a kan buƙata", amma bai ba da cikakkun bayanai game da abin da hakan ke nufi bisa doka ba. Shugaban Liberal John Turner ya bayyana cewa ya kamata a ba 'yan majalisa damar jefa kuri'a kan lamirinsu, amma ya ki ba da ra'ayinsa game da batun. Shugaban NDP Ed Broadbent yana da matsayi mai ƙarfi cewa zubar da ciki lamari ne na kiwon lafiya, ba mai laifi ba, kuma ya kamata a bar shi ga mace da likitanta. An dawo da gwamnatin Mulroney a zaben 1988. <blockquote>Don dalilanmu, kodayake ba a ayyana lissafin ba, Bill C-43 shine, a cikin tunanin jama'a da kuma a cikin tunanin mata, yanzu doka. A zahiri, yayin da muke rawa a kan wani fil kuma muna ƙidaya kanmu a matsayin mala'iku, wata mace a Toronto ta mutu - ta zubar da jini har ta mutu - makonni uku da suka gabata. Sunan ta Yvonne Jurewicz ne, tana da shekaru 20 kuma mai yiwuwa tana jin tsoron zuwa likita kuma tana jin tsoron je asibiti bayan ta yi ƙoƙarin zubar da ciki. Wannan shi ne abin bakin ciki na Bill C-43. Yayinda muke muhawara game da ƙananan batutuwa na ko Mataimakin Gwamna ko Gwamna Janar na Kanada ya karbe shi, mun san cewa matasan mata a wannan ƙasar suna cikin ra'ayi za a dauke su masu laifi idan sun bayyana a cikin zubar da jini a cikin ɗakin gaggawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hansard -- Tuesday, June 26, 1990 -- Morning Sitting |url=https://www.leg.bc.ca/content/Hansard/34th4th/34p_04s_900626a.htm#10573 |access-date=14 July 2019 |website=Legislative Assembly of British Columbia |publisher=Hansard Services |archive-date=17 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117083314/https://www.leg.bc.ca/content/Hansard/34th4th/34p_04s_900626a.htm#10573 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>Jam'iyyar Reform Party MP Deborah Gray, wanda ya goyi bayan lissafin, ya musanta cewa wannan mutuwa, mutuwar farko da aka sani daga zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin Ontario a cikin shekaru ashirin, na iya samun wani abu da ya shafi tallace-tallace da ke kewaye da Bill C-43. Amma a cikin Ontario haɗin. Richard Johnston, MPP ya ba da shawara ga Firayim Minista David Peterson cewa Ontario ta sanar da cewa ba za ta fara wani shari'a na uku a kan mata ko likitoci ba, don hana duk wani bala'i da kuma tabbatar da likitoci cewa za su iya ci gaba da ba da sabis ga matan Ontario. <ref name="ont-hansard1"> {{Cite web |date=June 13, 1990 |title=Ontario Hansard, 13 June 1990, Oral Questions, ''Abortion'' |url=http://hansardindex.ontla.on.ca/hansardECAT/34-2/L046_90-4.htm |access-date=2012-12-14 |publisher=Ontario Hansard}} </ref> Bayan 'yan watanni, lissafin ya gaza a Majalisar Dattijai a kan kuri'un taye. A karkashin ka'idojin Kundin Tsarin Mulki a Sashe na 36 na Dokar Kundin Tsarin Duniya, 1867, taye yana nufin an kayar da matakin. Rashin nasarar ya kasance ba zato ba tsammani tun lokacin da shine karo na farko tun daga 1941 cewa Majalisar Dattijai, wanda aka nada mambobinta, ta kayar da dokar da majalisar ta zartar. Eike-Henner Kluge, darektan kwamitin ka'idojin Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kanada da harkokin shari'a, ya ga cewa lissafin ya yi kuskure. Kluge ya tsara wani bincike ga kwamitin Majalisar Dattijai game da Bill C-43 kuma gabatarwarsa na iya canza kuri'u biyu don canzawa wanda ya haifar da kuri'un da suka haifar da Majalisar Dattijan ba ta wuce Bill C-43.<sup>[5]</sup> A sakamakon jayayya da ke kewaye da wucewar Harajin Kayayyaki da Ayyuka gwamnatin Progressive Conservative ba ta so ta tayar da takarar nufin tare da Majalisar Dattijai kuma ta sanar da cewa ba za ta sake gabatar da dokar ba. Gaskiyar cewa babu wata gwamnati da ta biyo baya da ta sake ziyartar wannan shawarar ta haifar da halin da Kanada ke ciki ba tare da dokar zubar da ciki ba. Yanzu ana bi da zubar da ciki kamar kowane tsarin kiwon lafiya, wanda ke karkashin dokokin lardin da na kiwon lafiya. === Daga baya shari'o'in da suka shafi zubar da ciki === Kotun da ke Morgentaler ba ta yi la'akari da tambayar ko an haɗa waɗanda ba a haifa ba a cikin "kowane mutum" wanda ke da 'yancin rayuwa. A wannan lokacin, wani shari'a a gaban kotuna zai tayar da wannan batun; Joe Borowski, tsohon memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta Manitoba ne ya kawo shi. Koyaya, bayan yanke shawara na Morgentaler, Kotun Koli ta yanke shawara, a cikin Borowski v Canada (AG), cewa shari'arsa ba ta da tabbas tun lokacin da Morgentaler ya rushe tanadin da Borowski ke kalubalantar. Ƙarin shari'o'i biyu, ''Tremblay v. Daigle'' da R. v. Sullivan, sun dogara da mulkin da aka haifa da rai, wanda aka gada daga dokar Ingila, don tantance cewa tayin ba mutum ba ne: Ba za a iya tuhumar Sullivan da kisan tayin ba kuma Tremblay ba zai iya neman tsayawa a kotu a matsayin mai kula da tayin ba. Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta 1989 na ''Tremblay da Daigle'' <ref name="Tremblay" /> tana ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'in da aka fi yadawa game da zubar da ciki a Kanada bayan Kotun Kolai ta Kanada ta soke dokar hana zubar da jini. Tsohon saurayin Daigle ya sami umarni na hana ta zubar da ciki. Yayinda aka bayar da umarnin hanawa a [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], yana ƙuntata doka a duk faɗin Kanada. Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukuncin cewa mace ce kawai za ta iya yin zabi; mutumin ba shi da wata magana ta doka a cikin zaɓin mace na dakatar da ciki ko ɗaukar shi zuwa kammala. ''Daigle'' ta riga ta zubar da ciki a karo na biyu kafin Kotun ta yanke hukunci a kan shari'arta. Duk da yake an yi saurin bin shari'ar, ci gaban ya kasance mai jinkiri sosai cewa ''Daigle'' zai kasance a cikin watanni uku da ta jira a ba da hukuncin. Daigle ya zubar da ciki a Amurka yayin da shari'ar ta kasance a gaban Kotun Koli ta Kanada. Ba a bayyana wannan ba har sai bayan hukuncin, kodayake ba abin mamaki ba ne. Wannan ya bambanta da shari'ar Roe v. Wade a Amurka inda Roe ta dauki ciki har zuwa lokacin. Wannan shari'ar, duk da haka, ta bambanta da shari'ar Tremblay v. Daigle a cikin cewa game da ko zubar da ciki doka ce. A cikin shari'ar Tremblay v. Daigle, tambayar ita ce ko abokin tarayya na namiji yana da magana game da ko mace za ta iya samun hukuncin zubar da ciki. Ƙarin shari'o'i biyu sun magance "sha'awar tayin". A cikin Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v. Dobson, wani kakan ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi aiki a madadin yaron da aka haifa tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda ake zaton ya haifar da hatsarin mota wanda mahaifiyar ita ce direba. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya kai karar mahaifiyar da rashin kulawa a tuki. Mahaifiyar ta goyi bayan karar da ta yi nasara saboda hakan zai ba ta kudade don tayar da ɗanta mai nakasa; kamfanin inshorar ta yana kare karar ta hanyar maye gurbin. Da yake ambaton shari'ar <nowiki><i id="mwAig">Kamloops v. Nielsen</i></nowiki>, Kotun ta yanke shawarar cewa kotuna ba za su iya sanya nauyin kulawa ga mace mai ciki ga tayin ba saboda zai tsoma baki tare da aiwatar da hakkokinta na cin gashin kansa a lokacin daukar ciki kuma ya fuskanci wahala wajen bayyana ma'auni na kulawa a cikin ciki. Majalisar dokoki ce kawai za ta iya yin hakan. A cikin Winnipeg Child & Family Services (Northwest Area) v. G. (D.F.), Kotun Koli ta yanke shawarar cewa mace mai ciki da ke shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ba za a iya yin amfani da ita don magani ba. === Shari'ar shari'a === * Shari'ar zubar da ciki ta Emily Stowe (1879) * Eastview Nazarin Kula da Haihuwa (1936) * ''Azoulay v. Sarauniya'' (1952) * ''Morgentaler v. Sarauniya'' (1976) * R. v. Morgentaler (1988) * Borowski v Kanada (AG) (1989) * ''Tremblay v. Daigle'' (1989) * R. v. Morgentaler (1993) {{Abortion map of Canada}}Ana ba da zubar da ciki na likita da ba na mamayewa ba a Kanada bisa buƙata don kowane dalili, suna da sirri ga kowane zamani kuma Medicare ne ke tallafawa; ga waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin tsare-tsaren kula da lafiya na lardin / yanki (dangane da lardin ko yankin, wannan koyaushe ya haɗa da 'yan ƙasar Kanada da mazauna dindindin, amma yana iya bambanta akan haɗa ɗaliban ƙasa da ƙasa, ma'aikata, da mutane masu kariya ko masu neman' yan gudun hijira). Ga wadanda ba a rufe su da shirin kula da lafiya ba (misali Amurkawa a jihohin da suka haramta zubar da ciki bayan yanke shawara a ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization''), gwamnatin tarayya ta yi alkawarin barin su samun zubar da jini a Kanada ba tare da hani ba. Koyaya, wannan zai dogara da iya biyan kuɗin tafiye-tafiye da kuma hanyar da kansu. A cikin ƙasa, zubar da ciki doka ce ta cikin watanni tara (makonni 40) na ciki, <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |title=Love4Life, Methods |url=https://love4life.ca/methods/}}</ref> duk da haka babu wani mai ba da kulawa a Kanada da ke ba da kulawa fiye da makonni 23 da kwanaki 6. <ref name="Action2">{{Cite web |title=Access at a Glance: Abortion Services in Canada &#124; Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights |url=https://www.actioncanadashr.org/resources/factsheets-guidelines/2019-09-19-access-glance-abortion-services-canada |publisher=Action Canada for Sexual Health & Rights |quote=While abortions after 20 weeks are statistically very rare (<2.5% of all abortions), there are people in Canada who require abortion beyond 20 weeks for serious and important reasons. There are only three service locations in Canada that offer abortion up to 23 weeks and 6 days (one in British Columbia, one in Southern Ontario, and one in Quebec). No providers in Canada offer abortion care beyond 23 weeks and 6 days.}}</ref> Ƙuntatawa sun dogara ne akan jagororin likitanci na ƙwararru, albarkatun da ke akwai (kayan aiki, ma'aikatan da aka horar) da kuma umarnin kayan aiki na mutum yana ba da damar yin amfani da kowane nau'in sabis ya bambanta ta yanki a cikin kowane lardin da yankin.<ref name="Action2" /><ref name="Clinics2">{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Joyce |title=List of Abortion Clinics in Canada (and some hospitals) |url=https://www.arcc-cdac.ca/clinics/ |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada |language=en-CA}} [https://www.arcc-cdac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/list-abortion-clinics-canada.pdf PDF]</ref><ref name="auto12">{{Cite web |title=Abortion Coverage by Region |url=https://nafcanada.org/abortion-coverage-region/ |website=National Abortion Federation Canada |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307201451/https://nafcanada.org/abortion-coverage-region/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kowace lardin da yanki suna tsarawa da kuma tallafawa tsarin kiwon lafiya na kansu. Gwamnatin tarayya tana ba da kuɗi ga kowane lardin da yanki, idan sun bi bukatun ''Dokar Lafiya ta Kanada''. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan buƙatu shine cikakke, wanda ke nufin cewa duk ayyukan kiwon lafiya da Dokar ta ƙayyade dole ne a rufe su da tsarin kiwon lafiya na lardin ko yanki don wannan lardin ko yankin don karɓar kudaden tarayya. Ba a ambaci zubar da ciki a cikin ''Dokar Lafiya ta Kanada'' ba. An haɗa shi kawai a cikin ma'anar "hidimomin kiwon lafiya masu inshora", kamar sauran hanyoyin kiwon lafiya da tiyata. Kashi ɗaya bisa uku na asibitoci suna yin zubar da ciki ta hanyar tiyata, kuma waɗannan suna yin kashi biyu bisa uku na zubar da cikin gida a cikin ƙasar. Sauran zubar da ciki na tiyata ana yin su ne ta asibitocin jama'a da masu zaman kansu.<ref name="Act">{{Cite web |title=The Canada Health Act: An Overview |url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications/201954E?#a3-1 |website=lop.parl.ca}}</ref> Ana samun zubar da ciki na likita a Kanada ta amfani da magunguna kamar methotrexate, misoprostol, ko mifepristone.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Love4Life, Methods |url=https://love4life.ca/methods/}}</ref><ref name="nine">{{Cite journal |last=Dunn |first=Sheila |last2=Brooks |first2=Melissa |year=2018 |title=Mifepristone |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=190 |issue=22 |pages=E688 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.180047 |issn=0820-3946 |pmc=5988520 |pmid=29866894}}</ref> Mifepristone da aka yi amfani da shi a hade tare da misoprostol (sunan alama Mifegymiso) an amince da shi don amfani a Kanada lokacin da likita ya tsara shi a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 2015 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2015 |title=RU-486 abortion pill approved by Health Canada |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/ru-486-abortion-pill-approved-by-health-canada-1.3173515 |publisher=CBC News}}</ref> A cikin 2017 amincewar ta fadada don haɗawa da ƙwarewar ba da umarni ga masu aikin jinya, masu haihuwa da likitan magani bisa ga ka'idojin lardin, kuma likitocin magunguna na iya ba da shi kai tsaye ga mai haƙuri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ubelacker |first=Sheryl |date=November 7, 2017 |title=Health Canada eases restrictions on abortion pill Mifegymiso |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/article/health-canada-eases-restrictions-on-abortion-pill-mifegymiso/ |website=CTVNews}}</ref><ref name="nine" /> Ana ba da bayanai a duk faɗin ƙasa ta ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari kamar su Ƙungiyar 'Yancin zubar da ciki ta Kanada da Ƙungiyar' Yancin zubar ciki ta Kasa waɗanda ke kula da cikakken jerin sunayen asibitocin zubar jini ta lardin da kuma iyakar lokacin daukar ciki wanda asibitin zai samar da nau'ikan zubar da jini har zuwa.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Abortion Coverage by Region |url=https://nafcanada.org/abortion-coverage-region/ |website=National Abortion Federation Canada |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307201451/https://nafcanada.org/abortion-coverage-region/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Clinics">{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Joyce |title=List of Abortion Clinics in Canada (and some hospitals) |url=https://www.arcc-cdac.ca/clinics/ |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=Abortion Rights Coalition of Canada |language=en-CA}} [https://www.arcc-cdac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/list-abortion-clinics-canada.pdf PDF]</ref> Wadannan shafukan kuma suna ba da bayani game da yadda za a sami magunguna da suka shafi zubar da ciki na likita, yadda za a samu tallafin kuɗi don kuɗin tafiye-tafiye / masauki, kayan magani, kula da yara da sauran buƙatu daban-daban.<ref name="Clinics"/><ref name="auto1" /> === Samun dama ta lardin da yankin === {{Sticky header}} {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header-multi" style="margin:1em auto;" |+ class="nowrap" |Babu dokar zubar da ciki a Kanada, amma ka'idojin kiwon lafiya na lardin da na yanki da kuma kungiyoyin kwararru sun ƙuntata hanyar zuwa dalilai daban-daban ko iyakokin ciki. Har ila yau, akwai bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin yankunan karkara da birane don samun zubar da ciki.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="Action">{{Cite web |title=Access at a Glance: Abortion Services in Canada &#124; Action Canada for Sexual Health and Rights |url=https://www.actioncanadashr.org/resources/factsheets-guidelines/2019-09-19-access-glance-abortion-services-canada |publisher=Action Canada for Sexual Health & Rights |quote=While abortions after 20 weeks are statistically very rare (<2.5% of all abortions), there are people in Canada who require abortion beyond 20 weeks for serious and important reasons. There are only three service locations in Canada that offer abortion up to 23 weeks and 6 days (one in British Columbia, one in Southern Ontario, and one in Quebec). No providers in Canada offer abortion care beyond 23 weeks and 6 days.}}</ref><br /><br /> !Yankin !Ƙayyadaddun ciki <ref name="Action" /> !# na masu samarwa <ref name="Action" /> !Bayani |- |{{Flag|Alberta}}|| {{Yes|20 weeks}} |5 |Lardin yana da sabis na zubar da ciki a Edmonton da Calgary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abortion Services |url=https://www.albertahealthservices.ca/info/page14011.aspx |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=Alberta Health Services |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba da duk ayyukan zubar da ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abortion |url=https://myhealth.alberta.ca:443/Health/pages/conditions.aspx?Hwid=tw1040 |website=myhealth.alberta.ca}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|British Columbia}}|| {{Yes|23 weeks and 6 days}} |24 |Dokar Samun Ayyukan zubar da ciki ce ke mulkin lardin, wanda ke iyakance zanga-zangar siyasa a waje da wuraren samar da zubar da jini, ofisoshin likita, da gidajen likita don saita nisa. Asibitin Mata da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta BC na iya samar da zubar da ciki a Vancouver har zuwa mako na 25 na ciki (Shirin CARE). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abortion Services |url=http://www.bcwomens.ca/health-info/sexual-reproductive-health/abortion-services |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=www.bcwomens.ca |language=en-CA}}</ref> Akwai asibitoci shida na zubar da ciki a duk fadin lardin da za a iya samun dama ba tare da tura likita ba kuma sama da asibitocin 30 da ake buƙata don yin zubar da jini tare da tura likitan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PRO-CHOICE ACTION NETWORK |url=https://www.prochoiceactionnetwork-canada.org/abortioninfo/bc.shtml#hospitals |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=www.prochoiceactionnetwork-canada.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abortion |url=https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/tw1040 |website=HealthLink BC |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027012424/https://healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/tw1040 |archive-date=2021-10-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Manitoba}}|| {{Yes|19 weeks and 6 days}} |4 |Lardin yana da iyakantaccen damar ga waɗanda ke cikin yankunan karkara. Ana samun burin ko hanyoyin tiyata har zuwa makonni 19 da kwanaki 6. zubar da ciki na likita har zuwa makonni 9.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abortion &#124; Women's Health Clinic |url=https://womenshealthclinic.org/what-we-do/abortion/ |access-date=2025-08-16 |archive-date=2023-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926131915/https://womenshealthclinic.org/what-we-do/abortion/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Flag|New Brunswick}}|| {{Yes|16 weeks}} |5 |New Brunswick ba ta amfani da kudaden jama'a don biyan sabis na zubar da ciki a waje da saitunan asibiti. Wannan yana nufin cewa zubar da ciki da aka bayar a asibitoci ba gwamnati ce ke tallafawa ba. |- |{{Flag|Newfoundland and Labrador}}|| {{Yes|15 weeks}} |4 |Planned Parenthood Newfoundland da Labrador ita ce kawai asibitin kiwon lafiyar jima'i a lardin. <ref name="auto1" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Clinics |url=https://www.plannedparenthoodnlshc.com/clinics.html |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=Planned Parenthood - NL Sexual Health Centre |language=en}}</ref> Cikakken sabis na doula.<ref name="Clinics"/> |- |{{Flag|Northwest Territories}}|| {{Yes|19 weeks and 6 days}} |1 |Zaɓuɓɓukan Arewa don Mata (an taƙaita shi kamar NOW) yana ba da sabis na zubar da ciki na likita da na tiyata a Yankin Arewa maso Yamma da Nunavut .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Options for Women (NOW) |url=https://www.nthssa.ca/en/services/northern-options-women-now |access-date=2020-10-16 |publisher=Northwest Territories Health and Social Services Authority |language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Nova Scotia}}|| {{Yes|16 weeks}} |11 |A Nova Scotia, akwai asibitin zubar da ciki a Halifax ko kuma wani da ke buƙatar zubar da zubar da cikin ciki na iya kiran taimakon zubar da jini don wasu zaɓuɓɓuka a ko'ina cikin lardin wanda zai iya zama kusa da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova Scotia Women's Choice Clinic {{!}} Nova Scotia Health Authority |url=http://www.nshealth.ca/abortion |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=www.nshealth.ca}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Nunavut}}|| {{Yes|12 weeks}} |2 |Dole ne a yi dukkan zubar da ciki a asibiti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abortion &#124; IRespectMyself |url=https://www.irespectmyself.ca/en/having-sex/pregnancy/abortion |website=www.irespectmyself.ca}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Ontario}}|| {{Yes|23 weeks and 6 days}} |38 |Tsoron da tsangwama tare da marasa lafiya ko masu samarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin "yanki masu aminci" a kusa da asibitocin da ke ba da zubar da ciki da sauran wuraren kiwon lafiya masu neman; ofisoshi (a kan buƙata) na samar da likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya, magunguna da wasu masu samarwa; da gidajen masu samarwa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Samun Tsaro ga Ayyukan zubar da Riki, 2017. Akwai yankuna tara a Ontario inda zubar da ciki ke samuwa tare da cikakkun sabis na doula. <ref name="auto1" /> <ref name="Clinics" /> |- |{{Flag|Prince Edward Island}}|| {{Yes|12 weeks and 6 days}} |1 |Tsibirin Prince Edward yana ba da zubar da ciki a lardin har zuwa makonni 12 da kwanaki 6 masu ciki. Bayan wannan iyaka, dole ne a yi zubar da ciki na waje daga lardin. Dole ne a sami turawa ta hanyar likitan PEI kafin kowane hanyar tiyata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-31 |title=Abortion Services |url=https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/health-pei/abortion-services |access-date=2020-10-16 |website=www.princeedwardisland.ca}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Quebec}}|| {{Yes|23 weeks and 6 days}} |49 |Lardin yana da zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don samun damar zubar da ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abortion services |url=https://www.quebec.ca/en/health/health-system-and-services/service-organization/abortion-services/ |website=www.quebec.ca}}</ref> A tarihi, zubar da ciki na ƙarshen lokaci (fiye da makonni 30) dole ne a yi a Amurka tare da duk kuɗin da gwamnatin Quebec ta biya. Wannan ya canza a cikin 2020 saboda ƙuntatawar tafiye-tafiye na COVID.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 3, 2021 |title=Des avortements tardifs faits au Québec à cause de la COVID |url=https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2021/08/03/des-avortements-tardifs-faits-au-quebec-a-cause-de-la-covid}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Saskatchewan}}|| {{Yes|18 weeks and 6 days}} |3 |Ƙananan albarkatun da ke samuwa ga waɗanda ke cikin ƙauyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abortion Services |url=http://www.rqhealth.ca/department/womens-health-centre/abortion-services |website=www.rqhealth.ca}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Yukon}}|| {{Yes|12 weeks and 6 days}} |1 |Babban Asibitin Whitehorse shine wuri guda a Yukon don zubar da ciki na likita da na farko. <ref name="auto1" /> <ref name="Clinics" /> |} == Siyasa == Ya zuwa 2024, duk jam'iyyun siyasa da ke wakiltar tarayya a Kanada, da kuma shugabannin su, suna tallafawa ci gaba da samun damar zubar da ciki ta doka a Kanada. Duk da yake zaɓaɓɓun mambobi na Bloc Québécois, New Democratic Party, Liberal Party of Canada, da Green Party of Canada kusan duk duniya suna goyon bayan haƙƙin zubar da ciki kuma ana sa ran duk waɗannan 'yan majalisa na jam'iyyun su jefa kuri'a a kan duk wani Bill wanda zai ƙuntata ko iyakance haƙƙin zub da ciki ta kowace hanya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-abortion Candidates need not apply |url=http://news.ca.msn.com/top-stories/anti-abortion-candidates-need-not-apply-in-2015-justin-trudeau-says-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530235918/http://news.ca.msn.com/top-stories/anti-abortion-candidates-need-not-apply-in-2015-justin-trudeau-says-1 |archive-date=May 30, 2014 |access-date=2014-06-28 |publisher=MSN}}</ref> Jam'iyyar Conservative ta Kanada tana da membobin da ke goyon bayan haƙurin zubar da cikin ciki da membobin waɗanda ke adawa da su kuma sun bayyana cewa za a ba su damar jefa kuri'ar da lamirinsu game da kowane zabe game da zubar da zubar. A baya, yawancin mambobin Conservative sun yi adawa da zubar da ciki. Jam'iyyar Conservative ta yi gwagwarmaya da hada manufofin zamantakewar da suka rikice-rikice na jam'iyyun da suka riga ta, jam'iyyar Progressive Conservative Party mai matsakaici da kuma jam'iyyar Canadian Alliance mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda ya haɗu a shekara ta 2003. Yawancin magoya bayan Alliance masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi fushi da yiwuwar Belinda Stronach, wanda ya goyi bayan haƙƙin zubar da ciki, ya lashe Zaben shugabanci a farkon shekara ta 2004, yayin da ya bambanta, wasu magoya bayan Progressive Conservative sun ki amincewa a lokacin zaben tarayya na shekara ta 2004 ga sabon jam'iyyar da aka fahimta ga dokokin da za su hana haƙƙin zub da ciki. A cikin taron manufofi na Maris 2005, a cikin ƙarancin kuri'a, jam'iyyar ta kada kuri'a don kada ta gabatar da doka kan batun zubar da ciki (membobin har yanzu suna iya gabatar da takardun membobin masu zaman kansu kan batun), kodayake ta yi Allah wadai da zubar da zubarwar jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Conservative Party of Canada Policy Declaration |url=https://cpcassets.conservative.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/04094452/d1effca7a5c8818.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511210649/https://cpcassets.conservative.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/04094452/d1effca7a5c8818.pdf |archive-date=May 11, 2021}}</ref> Matsayin jam'iyyar game da zubar da ciki ana jefa kuri'a akai-akai a taron manufofin jam'iyyar. Memba na Conservative Stephen Woodworth ne ya gabatar da motsi na 312 a cikin 2012, yana kira ga kwamitin House of Commons don tantance lokacin da rayuwar ɗan adam ta fara, amma an ci shi 203-91. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2012 |title=Motion 312: How MPs And Ministers Voted |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/09/27/motion-312-votes-conservatives-mps-ministers_n_1918856.html |access-date=2012-10-02 |publisher=The [[Huffington Post]] Canada}}</ref> A cikin 2013, dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Mark [[Warawa]] ya gabatar da wani yunkuri na hukunta nuna bambanci ga mata ta hanyar zubar da ciki na jima'i. A cikin 2021, Conservative Cathay Wagantall ya gabatar da lissafin memba mai zaman kansa wanda zai hana likitan likita yin zubar da ciki na jima'i. Kodayake an kayar da lissafin 248-82, yawancin 'yan majalisa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun kada kuri'a don amincewa da lissafin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Stephanie |date=2021-06-02 |title=Majority of Conservative MPs vote in favour of defeated sex-selective abortion bill |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/article/majority-of-conservative-mps-vote-in-favour-of-defeated-sex-selective-abortion-bill/ |access-date=2021-12-22 |website=CTVNews |language=en}}</ref> Har zuwa kwanan nan, Jam'iyyar Liberal tana da 'yan majalisa masu adawa da zubar da ciki, kamar su Liberal MP Paul Steckle ya gabatar da lissafin da zai sanya zubar da cikin ciki bayan makonni 20 na ciki ya zama laifi a watan Yunin shekara ta 2006. Shugaban Liberal na yanzu [[Justin Trudeau]] ya buƙaci cewa duk 'yan takarar jam'iyyar Liberal za su jefa kuri'a bisa ga manufofin' yancin zubar da ciki na jam'iyyar tun lokacin da ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar liberal a shekarar 2013. Kodayake batun haƙƙin zubar da ciki ya fito daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin zaɓen tarayya a matsayin batun matsala, ana ɗaukar batun a matsayin ƙananan fifiko ga yawancin 'yan Kanada. Jam'iyyar Christian Heritage Party of Canada ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita ce kawai jam'iyyar siyasa ta tarayya da ke adawa da zubar da ciki a Kanada kuma tana goyon bayan haramtacciyar haramtacciya a Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pro-Life |first=Vote |title=Vote Pro-Life |url=https://www.voteprolife.ca/party-policy-comparison/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=www.voteprolife.ca |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=Christian Heritage Party highlights abortion issue |url=https://www.westernwheel.ca/local-news/christian-heritage-party-highlights-abortion-issue-1530920 |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Western Wheel |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, ba su taɓa samun memba da aka zaba a majalisa ba kuma sun ci kusan 0.05% kawai na kuri'un a Zaben tarayya na Kanada na 2021. Jam'iyyar Jama'a ta Kanada ta goyi bayan haramta zubar da ciki a Kanada bayan makonni 24 na ciki, tare da banbanci ga lokuta inda rayuwar mutum mai ciki ke cikin haɗari, mummunar matsalar tayin, kuma lokacin da ciki ya kasance sakamakon fyade. A cikin 2025, jam'iyyar ta ci gaba da tallafawa manyan ƙuntatawa na zubar da ciki bayan farkon watanni uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-16 |title=PPC Leader Maxime Bernier pitches Red Deer conservatives |url=https://www.reddeeradvocate.com/home/ppc-leader-maxime-bernier-pitches-red-deer-conservatives-7949957 |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Red Deer Advocate |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2012, mai zanga-zangar adawa da zubar da ciki Patricia Maloney ta nuna damuwa game da shari'o'i 491 na zubar da zubar tsakanin 2000 da 2009. Binciken da aka ruwaito ga Statistics Canada bai haɗa da cikakken bayani game da tsawon lokacin da kowane tayin ya tsira bayan an cire shi ba ko kuma yawan da za a iya adanawa. Kanada, ba kamar Amurka ba, ba ta da wata doka da ke tabbatarwa ko ƙin haƙƙin doka na jariri wanda ya tsira daga zubar da ciki. A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, 'yan majalisa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya Wladyslaw Lizon, Leon Benoit, da Maurice Vellacott sun rubuta wasika suna neman RCMP su bincika yawan zubar da ciki 491 da suka cika ma'anar kisan kai da aka tsara a cikin Dokar Laifuka.<ref name="cbc" /><ref name="national-post" /> Lokacin da CBC da The Canadian Press suka yi amfani da kalmar nan "bincika duk zubar da ciki da aka yi bayan makonni 19 na ciki", Vellacott ya zargi kafofin watsa labarai da bayar da rahoto na ƙarya kuma ya yarda cewa zubar da cikin ciki a Kanada cikakke ne.<ref name="vellacott">{{Cite web |last=Vellacott |first=Maurice |date=January 23, 2013 |title=Letter to RCMP commissioner to investigate born alive babies |url=http://www.leonbenoit.ca/media/Letter%20to%20RCMP%20commissioner%20to%20investigate%20born%20alive%20babies+Correction.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006040739/http://leonbenoit.ca/media/Letter%20to%20RCMP%20commissioner%20to%20investigate%20born%20alive%20babies+Correction.pdf |archive-date=October 6, 2013 |access-date=2013-05-30}}</ref> An gyara labarin CBC / Canadian Press daga baya.<ref name="cbc">{{Cite web |last=The Canadian Press |date=January 31, 2013 |title=Investigate some abortions as homicides, Tory MPS ask RCMP |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/investigate-some-abortions-as-homicides-tory-mps-ask-rcmp-1.1322173 |access-date=2013-05-26 |publisher=CBC}}</ref> Wannan yunkuri ya sami amincewa daga Dokta Eike-Henner Kluge, tsohon darektan ka'idoji da harkokin shari'a na Kungiyar Likitocin Kanada, wanda ya ce ya kamata likitoci su "yi mafi kyawun abin da zai iya don abin da ke yanzu mutum a idanun doka". Koyaya, Dokta Douglas Black, shugaban Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, ya ce halin da ake ciki ba na kisan kai ba ne, amma yana barin tayin "ya wuce, dangane da abin da yanayin yake, wani lokacin a hannun mahaifiyarsu".<ref name="national-post">{{Cite web |last=Tristin |first=Hopper |date=February 1, 2013 |title=Birth of a legal quandry[sic]: Live-birth abortions a perilous grey zone in Canada's criminal code |url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/02/01/born-alive-dead-in-moments-grey-zone-of-live-birth-abortions-a-deep-divide-between-mps-and-physicians/ |access-date=2013-05-26 |publisher=[[The National Post]]}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Binciken ra'ayi == * A cikin binciken EKOS na Maris na 2010, yawancin 'yan Kanada (52%) sun bayyana kansu a matsayin "masu goyon bayan zabi" yayin da sama da ɗaya cikin huɗu (27%) suka bayyana kansu a kas "masu bin rayuwa". Daya daga cikin masu amsawa goma (10%) sun bayyana kansu a matsayin "mai ba da shawara" ko "mai ba tare da rai ba", kuma 11% ba su amsa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EKOS Research Associates |date=April 1, 2010 |title=Canadians Decisively Pro-Choice on Abortion |url=http://www.ekospolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/full_report_april_11.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415023745/http://www.ekospolitics.com/wp-content/uploads/full_report_april_11.pdf |archive-date=April 15, 2010 |access-date=2010-05-03}}</ref> * A cikin binciken IPSOS da aka gudanar a cikin 2017, kashi 77% sun ce ya kamata a ba da izinin zubar da ciki, wanda ya fi matsakaicin duniya na kashi 71% .<ref name="Ispos2017">{{Cite web |title=Majority Continue to Support (77%) Abortion in Canada, But Behind Sweden (87%), Belgium (87%) and France (86%) |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-ca/news-polls/majority-continue-support-abortion-canada |access-date=2020-04-04 |website=Ipsos |language=en-ca}}</ref> Yawancin 'yan Kanada (53%) sun ce ya kamata a ba da izinin zubar da ciki a duk lokacin da mace ta yanke shawarar zubar da zubar da jini, yayin da 24% suka fi son samun dama a wasu yanayi kawai, kamar lokacin da aka yi wa mace fyade.<ref name="Ispos2017" /> Ƙarin kashi 7% sun yi imanin cewa ya kamata a ba da izinin zubar da ciki ne kawai lokacin da rayuwar mace ke cikin haɗari, kuma kashi 5% sun yi iminin cewa ya kamata hanyar ta zama ba bisa ka'ida ba a kowane yanayi; 11% sun ce ba su da tabbas.<ref name="Ispos2017" /> * A cikin binciken DART & Maru / Blue Voice Canada na 2020, kashi 75% na 'yan Kanada sun ce sun "santa" da manufofin zubar da ciki na Kanada kuma kashi 25% ba su gamsu ba. An sami gamsuwa mafi ƙarfi a Quebec (85%), sannan British Columbia (75%), Ontario (72%), Alberta (70%), Atlantic Canada (68%), da Manitoba da Saskatchewan (70%). <ref name="DART2020">{{Cite web |last=DART & Maru/Blue |date=February 1, 2020 |title=Abortion: A Canadian Public Perspective After Three Decades. A DART & Maru/Blue Voice Canada Pol |url=https://dartincom.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/PostMedia-Abortion-Feb-F-1-2020.pdf |access-date=31 August 2020 |publisher=DART Insight and Communications |archive-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014171724/https://dartincom.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/PostMedia-Abortion-Feb-F-1-2020.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Satisfaction tare da manufofin Kanada sun kasance kusan iri ɗaya a tsakanin jinsi da shekaru, tare da ɗan fi dacewa tsakanin 'yan Kanada masu matsakaicin kuɗi idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ke samun ƙasa da CDN $ 50,000 (78% vs. 74%). <ref name="DART2020" /> A cikin zaben, kashi 71% na 'yan Kanada sun ce bai kamata gwamnati ta sake bude batun ba, kuma kashi 10% ne kawai suka ce ya kamata su sake bude shi; kashi 8% sun nuna rashin kulawa.<ref name="DART2020" /> Mutanen Kanada sun kusan raba daidai game da ko sun yi tunanin cewa gwamnati ya kamata ma tattauna samar da tsarin tsari don zubar da ciki.<ref name="DART2020" /> Kashi 70% na 'yan Kanada sun ce sun sami zubar da ciki mai karɓa, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 10% waɗanda suka sami ba a yarda da shi ba; kashi 11% sun ce ba su da hankali, kuma kashi 10% sun ce ba a sani ba.<ref name="DART2020" /> * A cikin binciken IPSOS na 2020, goyon baya ga haƙƙin zubar da ciki ya ɗan fi ƙarfin 2017: 59% na 'yan Kanada sun ce ya kamata a ba da izinin zubar da cikin ciki a duk lokacin da mace ke son ɗaya, tare da 18% suna cewa ya kamata a yarda da shi ne kawai a ƙarƙashin iyakantaccen yanayi (kamar bayan fyade), kuma 6% suna cewa ya zama doka ne kawai idan rayuwar mahaifiyar tana cikin haɗari; kawai 4% sun ce bai kamata ya zama doka ba a kowane yanayi, yayin da 13% ko dai sun ce ba su san ko kuma sun fi son kada su bayyana ra'ayi.<ref name="IPSOS2020">{{Cite web |last=Ipsos |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Globally, seven in ten adults favor allowing abortion |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en/globally-seven-ten-adults-favor-allowing-abortion |access-date=31 August 2020 |publisher=IPSOS}}</ref> * Wani bincike na 2022 da Research Co ta yi ya gano cewa kashi 44% na 'yan Kanada sun yi imanin cewa zubar da ciki ya kamata ya zama doka a kowane yanayi, kashi 37% suna tunanin cewa zubar ciki ya kamata ta zama doka ne kawai a wasu yanayi, kuma kashi 10% suna tunanin cewa ya kamata zubar da cikin gida ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba a kowane yanayi. Taimako ga zubar da ciki na doka a kowane yanayi ya kasance mafi girma a Quebec (50%), sannan Saskatchewan da Manitoba (47%), British Columbia (46%), lardunan Maritime (43%), Alberta (40%), da Ontario (39%). Taimako ga zubar da ciki na doka a kowane yanayi ya kasance mafi girma tsakanin masu jefa kuri'a na NDP (57%), sannan masu jefa kuriʼa na Liberal (48%), da masu jefa kuri" na Conservative (32%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canseco |first=Mario |date=2022-05-09 |title=Most Canadians Reluctant to Re-Open Debate on Abortion |url=https://researchco.ca/2022/05/09/abortion-canada/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Research Co. |language=en-US}}</ref> * Wani binciken da Cibiyar Angus Reid ta yi a shekarar 2022 ya gano cewa kashi 52% na 'yan Kanada sun bayyana kansu a matsayin masu goyon bayan zabi gaba daya, yayin da kashi 8% suka bayyana kansu a matsayinsu na masu goyon bayan rayuwa gaba daya, kuma kashi 41% sun bayyana kansu kamar suna cikin wani wuri tsakanin wadannan mukamai biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korzinski |first=David |date=2022-11-24 |title='Pro-Choice' or 'Pro-Life'? In a debate often lacking nuance, 41% of Canadians are 'somewhere in between' |url=https://angusreid.org/abortion-canada-faith-pro-choice-pro-life/ |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Angus Reid Institute |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yunkurin kare hakkin zubar da ciki == [[Ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki|yunkurin kare hakkin zubar da ciki]] a Kanada yana mai da hankali kan kafa zubar da cikin ciki a matsayin wani bangare na shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na lardin, don tabbatar da cewa yana samuwa a duk yankuna, musamman ga waɗanda ba za su iya biyan shi ba. Dokta Henry Morgentaler an gan shi a ko'ina a matsayin mutum daya da ke wakiltar ƙungiyar kare hakkin zubar da ciki ta Kanada, amma kungiyoyi irin su Canadian Abortion Rights Action League (CARAL), Canadians for Choice, da Pro-Choice Action Network suma sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaba da ƙungiyar kare hakkin fitar da ciki a Kanada. CARAL ta ninka, kuma an maye gurbin ta da Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Zubar da Ciki ta Kanada, wanda ke mai da hankali kan manufofin da aka ambata a sama. Kungiyoyin [[Feminism|Mata]] ko masu goyon bayan mata suma suna ba da gudummawa don inganta tsarin haƙƙin zubar da ciki. Kamfanin Kanada na Planned Parenthood, wanda yanzu aka sani da Tarayyar Kanada don Kiwon Lafiyar Jima'i, yana kuma goyon bayan haƙƙin zubar da ciki, kuma yayin da yake magana da mata masu juna biyu ga masu samar da zubar da zubar, ba shi da tarihi (ba kamar takwaransa na Amurka ba) na shiga cikin shari'a mai yawa don tallafawa zubar da cikin ciki. == Yunkurin adawa da zubar da ciki == [[Fayil:Anti-abortion_ad_on_truck._Vancouver.jpg|thumb|Tallace-tallace na adawa da zubar da ciki a kan babbar mota a [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]]]] Yunkurin adawa da zubar da ciki, wanda ke nuna kansa a matsayin yunkurin kare rayuwa, bai yarda da rashin ƙuntatawa na doka game da zubar ciki a Kanada da kuma zubar da cikin ciki da shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na lardin ke tallafawa ba, <ref>{{Cite web |title=CLCNS.com |url=http://www.clcns.com/taxfunding.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926170654/http://www.clcns.com/taxfunding.htm |archive-date=September 26, 2008 |access-date=2011-03-10 |publisher=CLCNS.com}}</ref> koda kuwa zubar da jini ba don dalilai na warkewa ba ne. Dalilin kiwon lafiya don samun zubar da ciki ba a buƙatar shi a Kanada tun lokacin da Kotun Koli ta yanke shawara a shekarar 1988 ta gano cewa tanadin zubar da cikin ciki na Dokar Laifuka ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2009 |title=Therapeutic Abortion Survey 2006 |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=3209&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2#1 |access-date=2011-03-10 |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abortionincanada.ca |url=http://www.abortionincanada.ca/funding/index.html#medicallynecessary |access-date=2011-03-10 |publisher=Abortionincanada.ca |archive-date=2011-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310130207/http://www.abortionincanada.ca/funding/index.html#medicallynecessary |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yunkurin adawa da zubar da ciki a Kanada yana wakiltar [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]], Prolife Alberta, <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2015 |title=Home |url=https://prolifealberta.com/about/ |website=Prolife Alberta}}</ref> The Wilberforce Project, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sites For Life - www.sitesforlife.com |title=Albertaprolife.com |url=http://www.albertaprolife.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203104403/http://www.albertaprolife.com/ |archive-date=February 3, 2011 |access-date=2011-03-10 |publisher=Albertaprolife.com}}</ref> Campaign Life Coalition, REAL Women of Canada, We Need A Law, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://weneedalaw.ca/ |website=We Need A Law}}</ref> Abortion in Canada, <ref>{{Cite web |title=AbortionInCanada.ca |url=http://www.abortionincanada.ca/ |access-date=2011-03-10 |publisher=AbortionInCanada.ca |archive-date=2011-03-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309054433/http://www.abortionincanada.ca/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Action Life ([[Ottawa]]), Inc., <ref>{{Cite web |title=Actionlife.org |url=http://www.actionlife.org/ |access-date=2011-03-10 |publisher=Actionlife.org}}</ref> da sauran kungiyoyi. Rallies na adawa da zubar da ciki ko Marches for Life suna faruwa a kowace shekara a Ottawa da wasu manyan biranen larduna, suna jawo dubban mutane, kodayake an soke yawancin waɗannan tafiye-tafiye saboda annobar COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-10 |title=Thousands attend March for Life downtown |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/ottawa/article/thousands-attend-march-for-life-downtown/ |access-date=2021-12-22 |website=Ottawa |language=en}}</ref> == Rikicin ga masu samar da zubar da ciki == * A shekara ta 1983, wani mutum da ke amfani da kayan lambu ya kai wa Henry Morgentaler hari; mai fafutukar kare mata Judy Rebick, wacce ke tsaye a kusa da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2008 |title=Vueweekly.com |url=http://www.vueweekly.com/article.php?id=7735 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104135312/http://vueweekly.com/article.php?id=7735 |archive-date=January 4, 2010 |access-date=2011-03-10 |publisher=Vueweekly.com}}</ref> * A shekara ta 1992, asibitin Morgentaler na [[Toronto]] ya cika da wuta kuma ya sami mummunar lalacewa. Wannan taron ya faru da dare, don haka babu wanda ya ji rauni, kodayake wani kantin sayar da littattafai da ke kusa ya lalace. An sauya nadin zuwa wani asibiti a Toronto kuma ba a hana zubar da ciki ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2009 |title=CBC.ca |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/abortion-rights-significant-moments-in-canadian-history-1.787212 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120045649/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/01/13/f-abortion-timeline.html |archive-date=January 20, 2009 |access-date=2011-03-10 |publisher=CBC.ca}}</ref> * A ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 1994, an harbe likitan [[Vancouver]] Garson Romalis a kafa. * A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1995, an harbe Dokta Hugh Short na Ancaster, Ontario, a wuyan hannu.<ref name="rt" /> * A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1997, an harbe Dokta Jack Fainman na [[Winnipeg]] a kafada.<ref name="rt" /> * A ranar 11 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2000, wani dan takara da ba a san shi ba ya soke Dr. Garson Romalis a cikin ɗakin dakinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2000 |title=AMERICAS &#124; Canada abortion doctor stabbed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/831489.stm |access-date=2011-03-10 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7xkppwcx4xho00zvlq6thble1f6b1r0 0 117421 964479 719887 2026-10-07T21:05:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adams Ibrahim Adebola''' (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1988), wanda aka fi sani da '''VJ Adams''', ɗan wasan bidiyo ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], mai gabatar da talabijin, ɗan kasuwa, mawaƙi kuma mai gabatar da zartarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sam Anokam |date=13 March 2014 |title=Unveiling Nigeria's Top Media Personalities |url=http://www.connectnigeria.com/articles/2014/03/13/unveiling-nigerias-top-media-personalities/ |access-date=17 August 2015 |publisher=Connect Nigeria |archive-date=13 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813143923/http://connectnigeria.com/articles/2014/03/13/unveiling-nigerias-top-media-personalities/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tafiyarsa ta fito ne bayan yayi takara a fitowar Next Movie Star West Africa ta 2008. Adams mai gabatarwa ne a gidan talabijin na Soundcity, Tashar kiɗa ta Najeriya da ke [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson Bassey |date=18 January 2013 |title=Soundcity VJ, Adams launches reality video series, Adams After Hours |url=http://www.talkmuzik.com/soundcity-vj-adams-launches-reality-video-series-adams-after-hours/ |access-date=17 August 2015 |publisher=Talk Muzik |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094918/http://talkmuzik.com/soundcity-vj-adams-launches-reality-video-series-adams-after-hours/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya haɗu da jan kafet na hukuma a 8th Africa Movie Academy Awards tare da 'yar wasan Nollywood [[Alex Okoroji]] kuma ya haɗu da fitowar 2014 na bikin City People Entertainment Awards wanda aka gudanar a Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2014 |title=Complete Full Lists of Winners for City People Entertainment Awards 2014 |url=http://www.gistyinka.net/complete-full-lists-winners-city-people-entertainment-awards-2014/ |access-date=17 August 2015 |publisher=Gist Yinka}}</ref> == Girma da ilimi == Adams 'dan asalin [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]] ce.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=16 June 2014 |title=SoundCity Presenter, VJ Adams: "I Work All The Time, I Don't Have A Social Life" |url=http://www.citypeoplegroup.org/i/soundcity-presenter-vj-adams-i-work-all-the-time-i-dont-have-a-social-life/ |access-date=17 August 2015 |publisher=City People |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204352/http://www.citypeoplegroup.org/i/soundcity-presenter-vj-adams-i-work-all-the-time-i-dont-have-a-social-life/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa na asali da na sakandare a Makarantar Yara ta Teammate, Isolo da Kwalejin Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Jihar Legas, [[Ikorodu]] bi da bi kafin ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] inda ya yi karatun Injiniyanci. Yana da takardar shaidar aikin jarida bayan ya sami horo a aikin jarida a Kwalejin BBC, wani bangare na ilimi na [[BBC|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Damilola Adekoya |title=I LOVE FLASHY COLOURS, NO SKINNY JEANS FOR ME, PLS' ---ADEBOLA ADAMS |url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/5823/11/i-love-flashy-colours-no-skinny-jeans-for-me-pls-a.html |access-date=17 August 2015 |publisher=Nigeria Films |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222104105/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/news/5823/11/i-love-flashy-colours-no-skinny-jeans-for-me-pls-a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Mai gabatar da talabijin === Bayan yayi takara a wasan kwaikwayo na Next Movie Star na 2008, an sanya Adams a matsayin jagora na Excite a ''Talabijin'' a 2009 har zuwa 2010 lokacin da ya yi murabus. A ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010, ya shiga Consolidated Media Associates, wani kamfani na kafofin watsa labarai wanda ke nuna shirye-shiryen talabijin ciki har da ''Soundcity TV'', Spice TV, ''ONTV'', Televista da ''VillageSquare TV''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soundcity VJ, Adams launches reality video series, Adams After Hours |url=http://www.talkmuzik.com/soundcity-vj-adams-launches-reality-video-series-adams-after-hours/ |access-date=17 August 2015 |publisher=Talk Muzik |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094918/http://talkmuzik.com/soundcity-vj-adams-launches-reality-video-series-adams-after-hours/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2022 an sanar dashi mai karɓar bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon De9jaspirit Talent Hunt wanda aka watsa a kan Soundcity da Wazobia Tv. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-20 |title=V.J Adams set to anchor De9jaspirit Talent Hunt Season 2. |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/vj-adams-set-to-anchor-de9jaspirit-talent-hunt-season-2/vqvkkrj |access-date=2023-06-05 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Ya kuma dauki bakuncin Naija Star Search wanda aka watsa akan StarTimes. === Waƙoƙi === Adams yayi aiki da [[Ice Prince]], Sound Sultan, da Splash lokacin da suka Saki Waqa "Winner".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kombo |date=28 August 2013 |title=VJ Adams – Winner [Video Download] ft Ice Prince, Sound Sultan, Pheel & Splash |url=http://www.naijabambam.com/vj-adams-winner-video-download-ft-ice-prince-sound-sultan-pheel-splash/ |access-date=17 August 2015 |publisher=Naija Bambam |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331205836/http://naijabambam.com/vj-adams-winner-video-download-ft-ice-prince-sound-sultan-pheel-splash/ |archive-date=31 March 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a 2 February 2014, inda ya sakaHarrySong a waqar shi mai suna "Whazup", waqar da ya samu karbuwa da kyakyawan sako daga mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Funke Iwin |date=4 February 2014 |title=VJ Adams – Whazup f. Harrysong |url=http://www.tooxclusive.com/downloadmp3/vj-adams-whazup-ft-harry-song/ |access-date=17 August 2015 |publisher=tooXclusive |archive-date=28 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728071759/http://tooxclusive.com/downloadmp3/vj-adams-whazup-ft-harry-song/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a albam dinshi na farko,{{When|date=August 2022}} Yayi aiki da Oritse Femi, [[Chidinma]], M.I, [[Wasiu Alabi Pasuma|Pasuma]], da Reminisce. Adenekan Mayowa ne ke sarrafa shi. == Manazarta ==  {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] 3axkjmvsc13dkqgai2qcj8ni1jggl19 0 125442 964338 754417 2026-10-07T13:36:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964338 wikitext text/x-wiki    Wani nau'i na sukar zane-zane, '''sukar wallafe-wallafen''' ko karatun wallafe-walfe shine nazarin, kimantawa, da fassarar wallafe- wallafe-finai. Sau da yawa ka'idar wallafe-wallafen ta zamani tana rinjayar ka'idar adabi, wanda shine nazarin falsafar manufofi da hanyoyin wallafe-wallo. Kodayake ayyukan biyu suna da alaƙa sosai, masu sukar adabi ba koyaushe ba ne, kuma ba koyaushe ba, masu ra'ayi. Ko ya kamata a dauki zargi na wallafe-wallafen a matsayin wani bangare na bincike daga ka'idar wallafe-walfen lamari ne na wasu rikice-rikice. Misali, The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism ba ya nuna bambanci tsakanin ka'idar wallafe-wallafen da sukar wallafe-walfinai, kuma kusan koyaushe yana amfani da kalmomin tare don bayyana wannan ra'ayi. Wasu masu sukar suna la'akari da sukar wallafe-wallafen aikace-aikacen ka'idar wallafe-walfe, saboda sukar koyaushe tana hulɗa kai tsaye da wasu ayyukan wallafe- wallafe-finai, yayin da ka'idar na iya zama mafi yawanci ko abstract.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bhagat |first=Mahesh Kumar |date=2024-01-01 |title=Understanding theory, literary theory and literary criticism |url=https://www.englishjournal.net/archives/2024.v6.i1.B.161/understanding-theory-literary-theory-and-literary-criticism |journal=International Journal of Research in English |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=62–64 |doi=10.33545/26648717.2024.v6.i1b.161 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sau da yawa ana buga sukar wallafe-wallafen a cikin rubutun ko nau'in littafi. Masu sukar adabi na ilimi suna koyarwa a cikin sassan adabi kuma suna bugawa a cikin mujallu na ilimi, kuma shahararrun masu sukar suna buga sake dubawa a cikin jaridu masu yawa kamar The Times Literary Supplement, The New York Times Book Review, The Nework Review of Books, London Review of Books. == Tarihi == === Tattaunawar gargajiya da na zamani === Ana zaton sukar wallafe-wallafen ta wanzu tun daga zamanin gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A cikin karni na 4 BC [[Aristotle]] ya rubuta Poetics, nau'i da bayani tare da fahimtar siffofin wallafe-wallafen tare da takamaiman zargi da yawa na ayyukan fasaha na zamani. Poetics sun haɓaka a karo na farko ra'ayoyin mimesis da catharsis, waɗanda har yanzu suna da mahimmanci a cikin karatun wallafe-wallo. Daga baya zargi na gargajiya da na zamani sau da yawa ya mai da hankali kan matani na addini, kuma al'adun addini da yawa na hermeneutics da fassarar rubutu sun sami tasiri mai zurfi akan nazarin matani na duniya. Wannan shi ne musamman ga al'adun wallafe-wallafen addinan Ibrahim guda uku: wallafe-walfen Yahudawa, wallafe- wallafe-xallafen Kirista da wallafe-kashen Islama. An kuma yi amfani da sukar wallafe-wallafen a wasu nau'ikan wallafe-finai na Larabci na zamani da Waƙoƙin Larabci daga karni na 9, musamman ta Al-Jahiz a cikin ''al-Bayan wa-'l-tabyin'' da ''al-Hayawan'', da kuma Abdullah ibn al-Mu'tazz a cikin ''Kitab al-Badi'' . === Tattaunawar Renaissance === Tattaunawar wallafe-wallafen [[Renaissance]] ta haɓaka ra'ayoyin gargajiya na hadin kan tsari da abun ciki a cikin wallafe-walfinai na wallafe-finai, suna shelar wallafe- wallafe-rubuce a matsayin tsakiya ga al'adu, suna ba da mawaƙa da marubucin tare da adana doguwar al'adun wallafe-kashen. Haihuwar zargi na Renaissance ya kasance a cikin 1498, tare da dawo da matani na gargajiya, musamman, fassarar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] na Giorgio Valla na [[Aristotle]]'s Poetics . Ayyukan Aristotle, musamman Poetics, shine mafi mahimmancin tasiri a kan sukar adabi har zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha takwas. Lodovico Castelvetro na ɗaya daga cikin masu sukar Renaissance masu tasiri waɗanda suka rubuta sharhi game da Poetics na Aristotle a cikin 1570. === Tattaunawar Baroque === Karni na goma sha bakwai ya ga rikici na farko a cikin zamani na ka'idojin ƙwarewa da aka gada daga zamanin d ̄ a, kamar daidaito, jituwa, hadin kai, ladabi, wanda ya daɗe yana mulki, tabbatarwa, da kuma daidaita tunanin Yammacin Turai game da ayyukan fasaha. Kodayake Classicism ya yi nisa da kasancewa a matsayin al'adun al'adu, za a kalubalanci shi a hankali ta hanyar ƙungiyar abokin hamayya, wato Baroque, wanda ya fi son masu laifi da matsananci, ba tare da yin ikirarin hadin kai, jituwa, ko ladabi wanda ake zaton ya bambanta yanayi da mafi girman mai koyi da shi, wato tsohuwar fasaha ba. Muhimman ra'ayoyin [[Baroque]] aesthetic, kamar su "conceit' (concetto), "wit" (acutezza, ''Ingegno''), da "wonder" (meraviglia), ba a ci gaba da su a cikin ka'idar wallafe-wallafen ba har sai da aka buga Il ''Cannocchiale aristotelico'' (The Aristotelian Telescope) na Emanuele Tesauro a cikin 1654. Wannan rubutun mai mahimmanci - wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar Giambattista Marino's epic ''Adone'' da aikin masanin falsafar Jesuit na Mutanen Espanya Baltasar Gracián - ya haɓaka ka'idar kwatanci a matsayin harshen duniya na hotuna kuma a matsayin babban aikin ilimi, a lokaci guda dabara da kuma hanyar da ta dace don samun damar gaskiya. [[Fayil:Samuel_Johnson_by_Joshua_Reynolds_2.jpg|thumb|Samuel Johnson, daya daga cikin marubuta da masu sukar da suka fi tasiri a karni na 18. Dubi: Shawarwarin wallafe-wallafen Samuel Johnson.]] A cikin lokacin Haskakawa (1700s-1800s), sukar wallafe-wallafen ya zama sananne. A wannan lokacin yawan [[Ilimin karatu|karatu da rubutu]] ya fara tashi a cikin jama'a; ba a karantawa na musamman ga masu arziki ko malamai ba. Tare da hauhawar jama'a masu karatu, saurin bugawa da kasuwanci na wallafe-wallafen, zargi ya tashi. Ba a sake kallon karatu kawai a matsayin ilimi ko kuma a matsayin tushen addini mai tsarki; wani nau'i ne na nishaɗi. Karyataccen wallafe-wallafen ya rinjayi dabi'u da rubuce-rubuce na salo, gami da bayyane, ƙarfin zuciya, rubuce-rice daidai da ka'idojin rikice-rikice na imanin addini na marubucin. An buga waɗannan bita masu mahimmanci a cikin mujallu da yawa, jaridu, da mujallu. Kasuwancin wallafe-wallafen da samar da shi da yawa yana da lahani. Kasuwar wallafe-wallafen da ke tasowa, wacce ake sa ran za ta ilimantar da jama'a kuma ta nisanta su daga camfi da nuna bambanci, ta kara karkatar da ikon masu fafutukar haskakawa don haka kasuwancin haskakawa ya zama kasuwanci tare da haskakawa. Wannan ci gaba - musamman na fitowar wallafe-wallafen nishaɗi - an magance shi ta hanyar karuwar zargi.<ref name=":0" /> Ayyuka da yawa na Jonathan Swift, alal misali, an soki su ciki har da littafinsa Gulliver's Travels, wanda wani mai sukar ya bayyana a matsayin "labari mai banƙyama na Yahoos". Yunkurin Romantic na Burtaniya na farkon karni na sha tara ya gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyin kyawawan ra'ayoyi ga karatun wallafe-wallafen, gami da ra'ayin cewa abin da ke cikin wallafe-walfinai ba koyaushe yake buƙatar zama [[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|kyakkyawa]], mai daraja, ko cikakke, amma wannan wallafe- wallafe-xinai da kansa na iya haskakawa da ƙarawa ga ilimin batun gama gari zuwa matakin mai girma. Romanticism na Jamus, wanda ya biyo baya bayan ƙarshen ci gaban classicism na Jamusancin, ya jaddada fahimta da kyakkyawa na raguwa wanda zai iya bayyana da ban mamaki ga mai karatu na wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi, kuma ya kimanta ''Witz'' - wato, "hasara" ko "humor" na wani nau'i - mafi girma fiye da Romanticism mai tsanani na Anglophone. Ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara ya kawo shahara ga marubutan da aka fi sani da sukar adabi fiye da aikin adabi, kamar Matthew Arnold . === Sabon zargi === Duk da haka mahimmancin duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyi masu kyau sun kasance a matsayin abubuwan da suka gabata, ra'ayoyin yanzu game da sukar wallafe-wallafen sun samo asali ne kusan gaba ɗaya daga sabon shugabanci da aka ɗauka a farkon karni na ashirin. A farkon karni makarantar zargi da aka sani da Russian Formalism, kuma dan kadan daga baya New Criticism a Burtaniya da Amurka, sun mamaye nazarin da tattaunawar adabi a duniyar Turanci. Dukkanin makarantun sun jaddada karatun matani, suna ɗaukaka shi sama da tattaunawar gaba ɗaya da hasashe game da ko dai niyyar marubuci [undefined] (don faɗi komai game da ilimin halayyar marubucin ko tarihin rayuwa, wanda ya zama kusan batutuwa masu banƙyama) ko amsar mai karatu: [undefined] tare da aka sani da kuskuren Wimsatt da Beardsley na gangan da kuskurensa. [1][2] Wannan jaddadawa kan tsari da kuma kula da "kalmomi da kansu" ya ci gaba, bayan raguwar waɗannan mahimman koyarwar kansu. === Ka'idar === A shekara ta 1957 Northrop Frye ya buga wani muhimmin Anatomy of Criticism . A cikin ayyukansa Frye ya lura cewa wasu masu sukar suna rungumar akidar, da kuma yin hukunci da wallafe-wallafen bisa ga bin irin wannan akidar. Wannan ra'ayi ne mai tasiri sosai tsakanin masu tunani masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na zamani. E. Michael Jones, alal misali, ya yi jayayya a cikin Degenerate Moderns cewa Stanley Fish ya rinjayi kansa na zina don ƙin litattafan gargajiya waɗanda suka hukunta zina. Jürgen Habermas, a cikin Erkenntnis und Interesse [1968] (''Ilimi da Sha'awar Dan Adam''), ya bayyana ka'idar mahimmancin wallafe-wallafen a cikin karatun wallafe-walfinai a matsayin nau'i na hermeneutics: ilimi ta hanyar fassara don fahimtar ma'anar matani na ɗan adam da maganganun alama - gami da fassarar matani waɗanda kansu ke fassara wasu matani.{{Spaced en dash}} [[Fayil:Ferdinand_de_Saussure_by_Jullien_Restored.png|thumb|Ka'idodin Ferdinand de Saussure na ilimin harshe da semiotics sun kasance masu tasiri wajen bunkasa tsarin tsarin ga sukar adabi.]] A cikin tsarin wallafe-wallafen Burtaniya da Amurka, Sabon Kotu ya kasance mafi rinjaye har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960. A wannan lokacin sassan wallafe-wallafen jami'o'in Anglo-American sun fara shaida hauhawar ka'idar wallafe-wallo ta falsafa, wanda ya rinjayi Tsarin tsari, sannan post-structuralism, da sauran nau'ikan Falsafar nahiyar. Ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1990 lokacin da sha'awar "ra'ayi" ta kai kololuwa. Yawancin masu sukar daga baya, kodayake babu shakka har yanzu suna da tasiri daga aikin ka'idoji, sun kasance da jin daɗi kawai suna fassara wallafe-wallafen maimakon rubuta a bayyane game da hanyar da tunanin falsafa. === Yanayin yanzu === A yau, hanyoyin da suka danganci ka'idar wallafe-wallafen da Falsafar nahiyar sun fi kasancewa tare a cikin sassan wallafe-walfen jami'a, yayin da hanyoyin al'ada, wasu sun sanar da Sabbin Masu sukar, suma suna ci gaba da aiki. Rashin jituwa game da manufofi da hanyoyin sukar adabi, wanda ya nuna bangarorin biyu da masu sukar suka dauka a lokacin "tashi" ka'idar, sun ƙi. Wasu masu sukar suna aiki da yawa tare da matani na ka'idoji, yayin da wasu ke karanta wallafe-wallafen gargajiya; sha'awar litattafan wallafe-walfinai har yanzu suna da yawa, amma yawancin masu sukar suna da sha'awar matani marasa al'ada da wallafe-rikicen mata, kamar yadda wasu mujallu na ilimi kamar Contemporary Women's Writing, <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> yayin da wasu masu sukar suka rinjayi litattafai masu ban sha'awa kamar littattafan ban dariya ko fiction. Masu sukar muhalli sun jawo alaƙa tsakanin wallafe-wallafen da kimiyyar halitta. Nazarin wallafe-wallafen Darwin yana nazarin wallafe-walfinai a cikin mahallin tasirin juyin halitta akan yanayin ɗan adam. Kuma postcritique ya nemi samar da sabbin hanyoyin karatu da amsawa ga matani na wallafe-wallafen da suka wuce hanyoyin fassarar sukar. Yawancin masu sukar adabi suna aiki a cikin sukar fim ko Nazarin kafofin watsa labarai. === Tarihin littafin === Da yake da alaƙa da wasu nau'ikan sukar wallafe-wallafen, Tarihin littafin wani yanki ne na bincike tsakanin fannoni wanda ya samo asali ne daga hanyoyin wallafe-finai, Tarihin al'adu, tarihin wallafe-wallo, da Ka'idar kafofin watsa labarai. Da farko ya damu da samarwa, yaduwa, da karɓar matani da siffofin kayan su, tarihin littafi yana neman haɗa siffofin rubutu tare da fannonin kayan su. Daga cikin batutuwan da ke cikin tarihin wallafe-wallafen da za a iya ganin tarihin littafi ya haɗu da su sune: ci gaban marubuci a matsayin sana'a, kafa masu sauraro na karatu, ƙuntatawa na tantancewa da haƙƙin mallaka, da tattalin arzikin nau'in wallafe-wallo. === Manyan makarantu na ƙarni na ashirin na bincike mai mahimmanci === ==== Hanyoyin tarihi ==== * Sabon Tarihi ==== Hanyoyin tsari ==== * Tsarin Rasha * Labari * Tsarin tsari * Tsarin bayan tsari * Rashin gina gine-gine * Rubuce-rubucen zamani * [[Postmodernism|Post-modernism]] * Tattaunawar amsar masu karatu * Tattaunawar wallafe-wallafen Semiotic * Sabon zargi * Nazarin jinsi * Hermeneutics ==== Hanyoyin siyasa ==== * Tattaunawar wallafe-wallafen Marxist * Nazarin al'adu * Bayan mulkin mallaka * Tattaunawar adabi na mata * Rashin amincewa da muhalli ==== Hanyoyin tunani ==== * Kyakkyawan sukar wallafe-wallafen * Halin da ake ciki * Tattaunawar wallafe-wallafen psychoanalytic * Sabon Halitta ==== Hanyar launin fata da jima'i ==== * Littattafan Afirka da Amurka * Ka'idar Queer * Ka'idar tseren tseren * Ka'idar tasiri * Nazarin nakasassu  === Lokaci na gargajiya da na zamani ===   * Lodovico Castelvetro: Waƙoƙin Aristotle An fassara su kuma An bayyana su''na Aristotle An fassara shi kuma An bayyana shi'' * Philip Sidney: neman gafara ga waka''Neman gafara ga Waƙoƙi'' * Jacopo Mazzoni: A kan Tsaron Comedy na Dante''A kan Tsaro na Comedy na Dante'' * Torquato Tasso: Magana a kan Waƙar Jarumi''Jawabai a kan Waƙar Jarumi'' * Francis Bacon: ''Ci gaban Ilimi'' * Henry Reynolds: Tarihi''Labaran Labarai'' * John Mandaville: An rubuta shi a tsakiyar karni na 14 - mai yiwuwa ne ta hanyar likitan Faransa''An kirkiro shi a tsakiyar karni na 14 - mai yiwuwa ne ta likitan Faransa{{Spaced en dash}}'' === Lokacin haske ===   === Karni na 19 === {{Reflist}} === Karni na 20 ===   == Dubi kuma == * Book review * Comparative literature * Critical lens * Genre studies * History of the book * Literary critics * Literary translation * Philosophy and literature * Poetic tradition * Social criticism * Translation criticism {{Reflist}} * Literary Criticism a cikinEncyclopædia Britannica * Tattaunawar wallafe-wallafen a cikin Dictionary of the History of Ideas''Kalmomin Tarihin Ra'ayoyi'' * {{Cite web |last=Vince Brewton |title=Literary Theory |url=https://iep.utm.edu/literary/ |website=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy}} * {{Cite web |last=José Ángel García Landa |title=A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology |url=https://personal.unizar.es/garciala/bibliography.html |access-date=2025-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906110954/http://www.unizar.es/departamentos/filologia_inglesa/garciala/bibliography.html |archive-date=2008-09-06 |url-status=dead}} * Laburaren Jama'a na Intanet: Tarin Bayani na Littattafai na Yanar Gizo da Bayani * [https://www.tweetspeakpoetry.com/2020/07/21/literary-analysis-is-a-conversation-between-story-and-reader/ Yadda za a yi Binciken Littattafai: Tunanin Gwaje-gwaje Bisa ga Jaridar Yellow Wall] * Kyautar Truman Capote don Masu Kyautar Rubuce-rubuce * Richards, I. A. (1928), Ka'idodin sukar adabi. Amurka: Harcourt, Brace da Kamfanin. {{Criticism}} [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g19ayaeluuom1emnfigzrlr7om50w0l 0 126286 964564 756804 2026-10-08T00:50:47Z Kent Wang 49470 Ƙara sashen hotuna, an fassara daga Fotigal; + {{Wide image}} 964564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Masallacin Jeronimos''' ko '''Masallacin Hieronymites''' (Portuguese: Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, mai suna [muʃˈtɐjɾu ðu (ʒ) ʒɨˈɾɔnimuʃ]) tsohon masallaci ne na Order of Saint Jerome kusa da kogin Tagus a cikin Ikklisiya na Belém, a cikin Lisbon Municipality, Portugal . Ya zama necropolis na daular sarauta ta Portugal ta Aviz a cikin karni na 16 amma an lalata shi a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1833 ta hanyar dokar jihar kuma an canja mallakarsa ga ma'aikatar sadaka, Real Casa Pia de Lisboa . <ref name="Cultura2016">{{Cite web |title=XIX century – Monastery of Jerónimos |url=http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/en/index.php?s=white&pid=221&identificador= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402221310/http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/en/index.php?s=white&pid=221&identificador= |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=6 January 2017 |website=mosteirojeronimos.pt |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (Portugal)|Portuguese Ministry of Culture]] |language=en}}</ref>{{IPA|pt|muʃˈtɐjɾu ðu(ʒ) ʒɨˈɾɔnimuʃ|pron}}{{IPA|pt|muʃˈtɐjɾu ðu(ʒ) ʒɨˈɾɔnimuʃ|pron}}{{IPA|pt|muʃˈtɐjɾu ðu(ʒ) ʒɨˈɾɔnimuʃ|pron}} Masallacin Jerónimos yana daya daga cikin fitattun misalai na marigayi Gothic Manueline style na gine-gine a Lisbon. An gina shi a farkon shekarun 1500 kusa da wurin kaddamar da tafiyar Vasco da Gama ta farko, kuma gininsa ya sami kuɗin haraji akan ribar shekara-shekara ta Portuguese India Armadas. A cikin 1880, an tura gawar da Gama da na mawaki Luís de Camões (wanda ya yi bikin tafiyar da Gama ta farko a cikin waka mai suna The ''Lusiad'' ta 1572), zuwa sabbin kaburbura da aka sassaƙa a cikin cocin masallacin, kawai 'yan mita daga kaburbura na sarakuna Manuel I da John III, waɗanda da Gama ya yi hidima. A shekara ta 1983, an rarraba Masallacin Jerónimos a matsayin [[Muhimman Guraren Tarihi na Duniya|Gidan Tarihin Duniya]] na [[UNESCO]], tare da Hasumiyar Belém da ke kusa. == Tarihi == Masallacin Jerónimos ya maye gurbin cocin da ke akwai a wannan wuri, wanda aka keɓe ga ''Santa Maria ta Belém'' kuma inda 'yan majami'ar addini na soja suka ba da taimako ga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a cikin hanya.<ref name="MJHistoria16">{{Cite web |year=2011 |editor-last=IGESPAR |title=Séc. XVI |url=http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=219&identificador= |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=IGESPAR-Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico |language=pt}}</ref> Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Praia do Restelo wuri ne mai fa'ida ga masu aikin jirgin ruwa, tare da amintaccen tushe da kariya daga iskõki, waɗanda jiragen ruwa ke shiga bakin Tagus ke nema. An kaddamar da tsarin da ke akwai a kan umarnin Manuel I (1469-1521) a kotunan Montemor o Velho a cikin 1495, a matsayin wurin hutawa na ƙarshe ga membobin Gidan Aviz, a cikin imaninsa cewa mulkin daular Iberian zai yi mulki bayan mutuwarsa. A cikin shekara ta 1496, Sarki Manuel ya nemi izini ga Mai Tsarki don gina gidan ibada a shafin.<ref name="MJHistoria16" /> Hermitage na Restelo (''Ermida do Restelo''), kamar yadda aka sani da cocin, ya riga ya lalace lokacin da Vasco da Gama da mutanensa suka kwashe dare a addu'a a can kafin su tashi a kan tafiyarsu zuwa Indiya a 1497.<ref name="Guia1" /> == Renaissance == Ginin gidan ibada da coci ya fara ne a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1501, kuma an kammala shi shekaru 100 bayan haka.<ref name="MJHistoria16">{{Cite web |year=2011 |editor-last=IGESPAR |title=Séc. XVI |url=http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=219&identificador= |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=IGESPAR-Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico |language=pt}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIGESPAR2011">IGESPAR, ed. (2011). [http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=219&identificador= "Séc. XVI"] (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: IGESPAR-Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Sarki Manuel da farko ya ba da kuɗin aikin tare da kuɗin da aka samu daga ''Vintena da Pimenta'', haraji na kashi 5 kan kasuwanci daga Afirka da Gabas, daidai da kilo 70 (150 na zinariya a kowace shekara, ban da waɗancan harajin da aka tattara akan shigo da albasa, cinnamon da [[Kaninfari|cloves]], wanda ya tafi kai tsaye ga Crown.<ref name="Guia1" /><ref name="MJHistoria16" /> Tare da kwararar irin wannan dukiya, gine-ginen ba su iyakance ga ƙananan tsare-tsare ba, kuma albarkatun da aka riga aka tsara don Masallacin Batalha, gami da Aviz pantheon, an sake tura su zuwa aikin a Belém. Manuel I ya zaɓi tsarin addini na 'yan majami'ar Hieronymite don zama a gidan ibada, wanda aikinsa shine yin addu'a ga ran Sarki na har abada da kuma samar da taimako na ruhaniya ga masu ba da hanya da masu aikin jirgin ruwa waɗanda suka tashi daga tashar jiragen ruwa ta Restelo don gano ƙasashe a duniya.<ref name="MJHistoria16">{{Cite web |year=2011 |editor-last=IGESPAR |title=Séc. XVI |url=http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=219&identificador= |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=IGESPAR-Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico |language=pt}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIGESPAR2011">IGESPAR, ed. (2011). [http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=219&identificador= "Séc. XVI"] (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: IGESPAR-Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> Wannan 'yan majami'a sun yi sama da ƙarni huɗu har zuwa 1833, lokacin da aka rushe umarnin addini kuma aka watsar da gidan ibada.<ref name="Guia1" /><ref name="MJHistoria16" /> === Mulkin === A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1604, Philip na Spain (wanda ya yi mulki bayan Tarayyar Iberiya) ya sanya gidan ibada a matsayin abin tunawa na jana'izar sarauta, yana hana kowa sai dai dangin sarauta da 'yan majami'ar Hieronymite shiga ginin.<ref name="MJHistoria78">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Séc. XVII e Séc. XVIII |url=http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=220 |access-date=25 June 2011 |publisher=IGESPAR–Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico |language=pt}}</ref> An gina sabon ƙofar a cikin 1625, kazalika da ƙofar cloister, gidan masu tsaron ƙofar, matakala da zauren da ke ƙofar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta sama wanda masanin gine-ginen sarauta Teodósio Frias ya tsara kuma mason Diogo Vaz ya kashe shi.<ref name="MJHistoria78" /> A shekara ta 1640, tsohon Bento de Siqueira ya ba da umarnin gina ɗakin karatu na gidan ibada, <ref name="MJHistoria78" /> inda aka ajiye littattafan mallakar Infante Luís (ɗan Sarki Manuel I) da sauransu da ke da alaƙa da tsarin addini.<ref name="MJHistoria78" /> Tare da maido da 'yancin kai na Portugal a shekara ta 1640, gidan ibada ya sake dawo da muhimmancinsa na baya, ya zama wurin binnewa ga masallacin sarauta; a cikin ganuwarsa an binne hudu daga cikin' ya'ya takwas na John IV na Portugal: Infante Teodósio (1634-1653), Infanta Joana (1636-1653), Sarki Afonso VI (1643-1683) da Catarina de Bragança (1638-1705). <ref name="MJHistoria78">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Séc. XVII e Séc. XVIII |url=http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=220 |access-date=25 June 2011 |publisher=IGESPAR–Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico |language=pt}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=220 "Séc. XVII e Séc. XVIII"] (in Portuguese). Lisbon: IGESPAR–Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)]]</ref> A shekara ta 1682 an binne jikin Kadanal Henrique a cikin majami'u na transept.<ref name="MJHistoria78" /> A ranar 29 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1855, an kai gawar Sarki Afonso VI zuwa masallacin sarauta na Gidan Braganza a Masallacin São Vicente de Fora, tare da 'yan uwansa uku da' yar'uwarsa. A shekara ta 1663, Brotherhood of the Senhor dos Passos sun mamaye tsohuwar Chapel na Santo António, wanda aka sake yin ado da rufin zinariya a shekara ta 1669, yayin da aka kammala zane-zane na matakala tare da heraldry na Saint Jerome a shekara ta 1770. <ref name="MJHistoria782">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Séc. XVII e Séc. XVIII |url=http://www.mosteirojeronimos.pt/pt/index.php?s=white&pid=220 |access-date=25 June 2011 |publisher=IGESPAR–Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico |language=pt}}</ref> An kammala [[Retable|retables]] a cikin 1709 da 1711, an gabatar da alfaias masu daraja ga tsarin addini, kuma an sake yin ado da sacristy a cikin 1713.<ref name="MJHistoria782" /> An ba da izini ga mai zane Henrique Ferreira a cikin 1720 don zana [[Kings of Portugal|Sarakuna na Portugal]]: an sanya jerin sarauta a cikin ''Sala dos Reis'' (Hall of the Kings). <ref name="MJHistoria782" /> An kuma ba Henrique Ferreira izinin kammala jerin zane-zanen haihuwar Yesu.<ref name="MJHistoria782" /> == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed"> File:South portal of Mosteiro dos Jerónimos 6171.jpg|Ƙofar kudu File:Monasterio de los Jerónimos, Lisboa, Portugal, 2022-07-24, DD 38-40 HDR.jpg|Cikin coci File:Tomb of Vasco da Gama 8515.jpg|Kabarin Vasco da Gama File:Tomb of Luís de Camões 8508.jpg|Kabarin Luís de Camões File:Views of the cloisters of Mosteiro dos Jerónimos 8498.jpg|Hanyar zagaye ta gidan sufi File:Views of the cloisters of Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, upper floor 8486.jpg|Hanyar zagaye, bene na sama File:Views of the cloisters of Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, ground floor 8500.jpg|Hanyar zagaye, bene na ƙasa File:Lion fountain in the cloisters of Mosteiro dos Jerónimos 8501.jpg|Maɓuɓɓugar zaki a hanyar zagaye </gallery> {{Wide image|Panorama of Jerónimos Monastery (edited).jpg|1800px|Hoton panorama na gidan ibada}} ==manazarta == krmu5ng8w7zsz6wvvzyuhu82ezv4r4x 0 127487 964668 773365 2026-10-08T08:53:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zoe Cunningham''' 'yar kasuwa ce ta Burtaniya kuma mai fafatawa a wasan backgammon. Cunningham tana aiki a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Softwire . Ita mai ba da shawara ce ga mata a cikin kasuwancin da suka shafi fasaha, kuma mai ba da gudummawa ga ginshiƙan kasuwanci a cikin jaridu na Burtaniya. A shekara ta 2010 ta zama Gwarzon Duniya na Mata . == Ayyukan kasuwanci == Cunningham ta kammala karatu a Kwalejin Lissafi a Jami'ar Cambridge . Ita ce Manajan Darakta na Softwire, ta fara ne tare da kamfanin a matsayin mai ba da lambar a shekara ta 2000.<ref name="thirtyfive">{{Cite web |last=Emma De Vita |date=7 July 2013 |title=35 Women Under 35: Meet your next boss |url=http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/features/1189136/35-women-35-meet-next-boss/ |access-date=12 July 2013 |website=Management Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711035023/http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/features/1189136/35-women-35-meet-next-boss/ |archive-date=11 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2013 an zabi ta ne saboda aikinta a Softwire a matsayin Inspiration of the Year a FDM Everywoman in Technology Awards . An kuma sanya mata suna a cikin jerin mata 35 na shekara-shekara da Management Today ta buga. A cikin 2013 ta kafa Ƙungiyar Small Software kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba na taron sadarwar Tech Talkfest na London.<ref name="thirtyfive" /> A shekara ta 2016 an kira Softwire "ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin ci gaban software na Burtaniya".<ref>[https://www.thememo.com/2016/06/16/softwire-boss-it-like-zoe-cunningham-managing-director-softwire-software-developer/]{{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref> An kuma ba ta lambar yabo ta goma ta matasa daga Junior Chamber International London . <ref>{{cite news |date=19 November 2007 |title=Other Sports: Backgammon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/11/19/backgammon_feature.shtml |access-date=25 June 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Computer Weekly ta kira ta tauraro mai tasowa a cikin masana'antar IT ta Burtaniya a cikin mata 25 mafi tasiri a cikin jerin IT na Burtaniya da aka buga a shekarar 2013. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2013 jaridar The Independent ta kira Cunningham a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "Ma'aikaciyar Kasuwanci ta Nan gaba". A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013 ta kasance memba na tawagar injiniya da masana'antu ta Firayim Minista na Burtaniya [[David Cameron]] zuwa kasar Sin. Cunningham mai ba da shawara ne ga mata a cikin fasaha kuma musamman waɗanda suka fara kasuwancin kansu ko kuma suka shiga cikin farawa.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 November 2007 |title=Other Sports: Backgammon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/11/19/backgammon_feature.shtml |access-date=25 June 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ma mai ba da shawara ga kashe SME ta gwamnatin Burtaniya, kuma ta kasance mai sukar karancin kashe kudi na gwamnati wajen taimakawa waɗannan nau'ikan kamfanoni su bunkasa. A kan karamin sikelin, ita ma mai ba da shawara ce ga sadarwar gida tsakanin ƙananan kasuwanci a Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite magazine}}</ref> == Backgammon == Cunningham ita ce ta lashe [[List of world backgammon champions|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 35]] a [[Monte Carlo]] - ban da kasancewa memba na ƙungiyar mafarki ta gasar cin kocin duniya ta 2010. <ref>{{cite news |date=19 November 2007 |title=Other Sports: Backgammon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/11/19/backgammon_feature.shtml |access-date=25 June 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance zakara a gasar cin kofin Mind Sports Olympiad Cambridge ta 2005, kuma ta kasance ta karshe a wasanni biyu na World Series of Backgammon a 2008. Wadannan gasa ba su raba maza da mata zuwa kungiyoyi daban-daban ba, kuma Cunningham ya kasance mai ba da shawara don kada a ba da izinin rabuwa da jinsi a cikin gasa ta duniya. Har ila yau, ita ma mai ba da shawara ce ga yaduwar wasan backgammon da kuma kara yawan shirye-shiryen talabijin game da wasan. == Rubuce-rubuce == A cikin 2014 Cunningham ya fitar da littafin Galvanizing The Geeks: Tips for managing technical people. Cunningham ya kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga mujallar Computer Weekly, da kuma jaridar ''[[The Guardian]]'' da The Huffington Post.<ref>{{cite news |author=Emma de Vita |date=7 July 2013 |title=35 Women Under 35: Coming soon to a hot seat near you |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/Companies/article1283817.ece?CMP=OTH-gnws-standard-2013_07_07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730083729/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/Companies/article1283817.ece?CMP=OTH-gnws-standard-2013_07_07 |archive-date=30 July 2013 |access-date=12 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref> == Rediyo, mataki da talabijin == Cunningham mai gabatar da [[rediyo]] ne kuma DJ. A shekara ta 2013 an zabi ta don kyautar Radio Academy Awards ta Sony Golden Headphones a lokacin shekarar da aka fara kyautar. Tana da wasan kwaikwayo a kan ZoneOneRadio inda take tattauna fasaha, da kuma sabon wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a kan Shoreditch Radio, dukansu ana watsa su daga Burtaniya.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 November 2007 |title=Other Sports: Backgammon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/11/19/backgammon_feature.shtml |access-date=25 June 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Meredith Berman |date=11 February 2013 |title=Female IT champions in the running as FDM everywoman in Technology Awards finalists announced |url=http://www.everywoman.com/resources/article/female-it-champions-running-fdm-everywoman-technology-awards-finalists-announced |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218111742/http://www.everywoman.com/resources/article/female-it-champions-running-fdm-everywoman-technology-awards-finalists-announced |archive-date=18 December 2013 |access-date=11 March 2013 |publisher=[[Everywoman (organisation)|Everywoman]]}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2013 Cunningham ya kasance na biyu a kakar wasa ta farko ta jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na [[BBC]] na Brightest . A cikin 2014-15, Cunningham ya bayyana a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Coders a cikin abubuwan da suka faru da yawa na jerin 10 na Only Connect . <ref>{{cite news |author=Emma de Vita |date=7 July 2013 |title=35 Women Under 35: Coming soon to a hot seat near you |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/Companies/article1283817.ece?CMP=OTH-gnws-standard-2013_07_07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730083729/http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/business/Companies/article1283817.ece?CMP=OTH-gnws-standard-2013_07_07 |archive-date=30 July 2013 |access-date=12 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]]}}</ref> Ta kuma yi wasan kwaikwayo a kan mataki a bukukuwan kamar Brighton Fringe . <ref>[https://www.thememo.com/2016/06/16/softwire-boss-it-like-zoe-cunningham-managing-director-softwire-software-developer/]{{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref> Ta kuma fito a cikin gajeren fim din Symptoms, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Bystanders.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 November 2007 |title=Other Sports: Backgammon |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/11/19/backgammon_feature.shtml |access-date=25 June 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Meredith Berman |date=11 February 2013 |title=Female IT champions in the running as FDM everywoman in Technology Awards finalists announced |url=http://www.everywoman.com/resources/article/female-it-champions-running-fdm-everywoman-technology-awards-finalists-announced |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218111742/http://www.everywoman.com/resources/article/female-it-champions-running-fdm-everywoman-technology-awards-finalists-announced |archive-date=18 December 2013 |access-date=11 March 2013 |publisher=[[Everywoman (organisation)|Everywoman]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jzag32derre6kn8g6qvtlb0f1xwvbx1 0 130971 964365 768731 2026-10-07T14:33:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Theresa Evelyne Leuwsha''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1967) <ref name="view">{{Cite web |title=Tessa Leuwsha |url=https://www.surinameview.com/sranan/literatuur/g-l/tessa-leuwsha/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=Suriname View |language=nl}}</ref> marubuciya ce 'yar ƙasar Surinamese -Holand. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Tessa Leuwsha a [[Amsterdam]], [[Holand|Netherlands]] a matsayin 'yar uba ɗan asalin Afro-Surinam kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar ƙasar Holland ce. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai kula da ƙasa a KLM . <ref> name="schrijversleven">{{Cite web |title=Het Surinaamse schrijversleven van Tessa Leuwsha |url=https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/het-surinaamse-schrijversleven-van-tessa-leuwsha/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=Werkgroep Caraïbische Letteren |language=nl}}</ref> Wata mawallafi ta roƙe ta da ta rubuta jagorar tafiya zuwa Suriname, saboda ana kyautata zaton ƙasar tana da mafi kyawun bami da roti . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tessa Leuwsha |title=Wij hebben helden, wij bestaan! 6de Cola Debrotlezing |url=https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/wij-hebben-helden-wij-bestaan/ |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=Werkgroep Caraïbische Letteren |language=nl}}</ref> Jagorar da aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1997 a matsayin ''Reishandboek Suriname,'' ta yi nasara. Bayan sake bugawa da yawa, an sake sanya mata suna ''Wereldwijzer Suriname.'' <ref> name="view">{{Cite web |title=Tessa Leuwsha |url=https://www.surinameview.com/sranan/literatuur/g-l/tessa-leuwsha/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=Suriname View |language=nl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.surinameview.com/sranan/literatuur/g-l/tessa-leuwsha/ "Tessa Leuwsha"]. ''Suriname View'' (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]</ref> A shekarar 1996, ta ƙaura zuwa [[Suriname]] don zama 'yar jarida mai zaman kanta tana rubutu ga ''Opzij ,'' ''de Volkskrant ,'' da ''De Ware Tijd Literair'' da sauransu. <ref>name="unlimited">{{Cite web |title=Tessa Leuwsha |url=https://www.writersunlimited.nl/en/participant/tessa-leuwsha |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Writers Unlimited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411212749/https://www.writersunlimited.nl/en/participant/tessa-leuwsha |archive-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2005, ta fara rubuta wakokinta na adabi tare da De Parbo-blues, wani labari na tsufa da ke ɗauke da tarihin rayuwarta: wata yarinya daga iyaye daban-daban ta tafi Suriname don gano tarihin mahaifinta wanda ya kwantar masa da hankali game da kewarsa ta hanyar kiɗa da marihuana . An karɓe De Parbo-blues sosai, kuma an zaɓe ta don kyautar ANV Debutants Award . Leuwsha ta fara aiki a Ofishin Jakadancin Holland da ke [[Paramaribo]], <ref>name="unlimited">{{Cite web |title=Tessa Leuwsha |url=https://www.writersunlimited.nl/en/participant/tessa-leuwsha |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Writers Unlimited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411212749/https://www.writersunlimited.nl/en/participant/tessa-leuwsha |archive-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.writersunlimited.nl/en/participant/tessa-leuwsha "Tessa Leuwsha"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114135233/https://www.writersunlimited.nl/en/participant/tessa-leuwsha |date=2025-01-14 }}. ''Writers Unlimited''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> ta ci gaba da aikinta na rubutu tare da ''Solo, een liefde'', <ref>name="view">{{Cite web |title=Tessa Leuwsha |url=https://www.surinameview.com/sranan/literatuur/g-l/tessa-leuwsha/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=Suriname View |language=nl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.surinameview.com/sranan/literatuur/g-l/tessa-leuwsha/ "Tessa Leuwsha"]. ''Suriname View'' (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]</ref> kuma ta ba da gudummawa ga sake buga wani fim ɗin Anton de Kom mai suna ''Wij slaven van Suriname'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tessa Leuwsha |title=Wij hebben helden, wij bestaan! 6de Cola Debrotlezing |url=https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/wij-hebben-helden-wij-bestaan/ |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=Werkgroep Caraïbische Letteren |language=nl}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni ''Frits de Gids,'' wani labari game da masoya da aka kama tsakanin yammacin duniya da al'adun [[Maroons|Maroon]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tessa Leuwsha |title=Wij hebben helden, wij bestaan! 6de Cola Debrotlezing |url=https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/wij-hebben-helden-wij-bestaan/ |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=Werkgroep Caraïbische Letteren |language=nl}}</ref> wanda VPRO Cinema ta fitar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tessa Leuwsha |url=http://tessaleuwsha.com/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=Tessa Leuwsha |language=nl}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Leuwsha ta ba da Lakcocin Cola Debrot na shida wanda aka riga aka yi rikodin kuma aka buga a YouTube saboda annobar COVID-19 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tessa Leuwsha's Debrotlezing op 5 juni online |url=https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/tessa-leuwshas-debrotlezing-op-5-juni-on-line/ |website=Werkgroep Caraïbische Letteren |language=nl}}</ref> A cikin littafinta ''na Plantage Wildlust'' na shekarar 2020, Leuwsha ba ta mayar da hankali kan rashin daidaiton da aka sani kawai kan wani gona a shekarar 1911 ba, har ma da hamayya mai zurfi tsakanin bayi 'yantattu da ma'aikatan kwangila na Indo-Surinamese, da kuma tsarin mulki mai sarkakiya tsakanin mai shi da mai kula da baƙar fata. Ganin cewa mai kula da fim ɗin ya fi wanda ya zo, ya yi tsammanin zai kula da ayyukan yau da kullun, kuma mai shi ya yi amfani da zalunci don mayar da shi matsayinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tessa Leuwsha |title=Wij hebben helden, wij bestaan! 6de Cola Debrotlezing |url=https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/wij-hebben-helden-wij-bestaan/ |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=Werkgroep Caraïbische Letteren |language=nl}}</ref> Staccato Films ta sayi haƙƙin fim ɗin ''Plantage Wildlust'' kuma za a mayar da shi cikakken fim. Leuwsha tana da aure da 'ya'ya biyu. <ref name="schrijversleven">{{Cite web |title=Het Surinaamse schrijversleven van Tessa Leuwsha |url=https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/het-surinaamse-schrijversleven-van-tessa-leuwsha/ |access-date=3 June 2020 |website=Werkgroep Caraïbische Letteren |language=nl}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/het-surinaamse-schrijversleven-van-tessa-leuwsha/ "Het Surinaamse schrijversleven van Tessa Leuwsha"]. ''Werkgroep Caraïbische Letteren'' (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] 28h6glcse1hph0d5praunea4p8wo2ot 0 132487 964664 772195 2026-10-08T08:30:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zdeněk Mácal''' ( ; 8 ga Janairu 1936 - 25 ga Oktoba 2023) madugun wasan kwaikwayo ne na Czech wanda ya yi aiki a ƙasashen waje. Jagoran wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau wanda ya lashe gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa ya bar ƙasarsa ta Czechoslovakia a shekarar 1968 lokacin da Yarjejeniyar Warsaw ta kawo ƙarshen bazarar Prague, ya dawo ne bayan da gurguzu ya ƙare a can. Ya kasance babban madugun wasan kwaikwayo na WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne daga 1970, NDR Orchestra na [[Hanover]], Sydney Symphony Orchestra a 1986, sannan Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra har zuwa 1995, New Jersey Symphony Orchestra daga 1993, kuma a ƙarshe Czech Philharmonic daga 2003 zuwa 2007. Ya jagoranci dukkan manyan ƙungiyar makaɗa ta duniya kuma ya yi fice a rikodin. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan waƙoƙinsa shine kiɗan Czech, gami da kiɗan zamani. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Mácal a Brno kuma ya fara koyon goge tare da mahaifinsa yana da shekaru huɗu. Daga baya ya halarci makarantar koyon kiɗa ta Brno da kuma Kwalejin Kiɗa da Fasaha ta Janáček, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1960 da manyan kyaututtuka. <ref name="LAPhil">{{Cite web |date=March 2000 |title=Zdenek Macal/ conductor |url=https://www.laphil.com/musicdb/artists/3282/zdenek-macal |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=[[Los Angeles Philharmonic]]}}</ref> Ya zama babban jagoran ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Prague Symphony Orchestra kuma ya gudanar da kade-kade da wasan opera na symphonic. Ya lashe gasar gudanarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta 1965 a Besançon, Faransa, da kuma {{Interlanguage link|Dimitri Mitropoulos International Music Competition|de}} ta 1966. a birnin New York, <ref name="BR" /> a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Leonard Bernstein . <ref name="LAPhil" /> Ya bar aiki mai kyau a Czechoslovakia, ya bar ƙasar bayan mamayar da Soviet ta jagoranta a 1968 ta lalata Prague Spring, tare da matarsa da 'yarsa. An gayyace shi don ya jagoranci Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra inda Rafael Kubelík shine babban jagoran gudanarwa, wanda ya nemi ƙaramin abokin aikinsa ya gudanar da kiɗan zamani, gami da farkon wasan kwaikwayo na Eighth Symphony na duniya wanda Jan Kapr ya shirya. Ya yi nasarar fara wasansa na farko a London a Royal Festival Hall a watan Fabrairun 1969 tare da Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Constantin Silvestri a ƙarshe. Waƙar ta haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo na ''Don Quixote'' na Richard Strauss, tare da mai wasan kwaikwayo Paul Tortelier da mai wasan violin [[Mary Samuel]] . Matsayinsa na farko a matsayin babban jagoran gudanarwa a Yamma shine a shekarar 1970 WDR Symphony Orchestra Cologne na tsawon shekaru huɗu, sannan NDR Orchestra na [[Hanover]] . <ref name="LAPhil"/> Mácal ya fara buga wa Amurka wasa tare da Chicago Symphony Orchestra a shekarar 1972. <ref name="LAPhil"/> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha na San Antonio Symphony kuma babban mai shirya bikin kiɗa na Grant Park na Chicago. <ref name="LAPhil" /> Ya jagoranci fiye da ƙungiyar makaɗa 160 a lokacin aikinsa. [[Fayil:North-Hills-News-Record-12-13-1977.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton tallatawa, 1977]] An naɗa Mácal a matsayin babban jagoran ƙungiyar Sydney Symphony Orchestra na tsawon shekaru uku, tun daga kakar wasa ta 1986. [1] Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australiya ya amince tun farko don daidaita kuɗin Mácal don kada canjin kuɗin Ostiraliya ya shafe shi, ko kuma a cikin shirye-shiryen haraji, kuma duk wani asara zai shafi ABC . Jim kaɗan bayan ya karɓi naɗinsa a watan Maris na 1986, ya nemi a sake shi daga kwangilarsa daga ƙarshen shekara ta farko, kuma an amince da hakan. [1] Amma a watan Yuli na 1986, tare da sauran kade-kade biyar na kakarsa ta farko, ya bar ƙasar ba tare da wani bayani ko ma sanar da ABC ba Mácal ya zama darektan kiɗa na Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra a shekarar 1986. <ref name="Higgins">{{Cite web |last=Higgins |first=Jim |date=31 October 2023 |title=Zdenek Macal, who led the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra for a decade, has died |url=https://eu.jsonline.com/story/entertainment/arts/2023/10/30/zdenek-macal-obituary-milwaukee-symphony-orchestra/71378917007/ |access-date=31 October 2023}}</ref> Ya ɗauki wannan ƙungiyar makaɗa a rangadin Gabashin Tekun a shekarar 1989, wanda ya haɗa da wasanni a Cibiyar Kennedy da ke Washington, DC da kuma Carnegie Hall da ke birnin New York. <ref name="Higgins" /> Sun kuma ziyarci Japan a shekarar 1992. <ref name="Higgins" /> Ya yi rikodin Smetana na ''Má vlast'' don Telarc Records a shekarar 1991. <ref name="Muziekweb">{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Zdenek Macal |url=https://www.muziekweb.nl/en/Link/M00000243654/CLASSICAL/Zdenek-M%C3%A1cal?SortField=SCORE&RangeStart=21&RangeEnd=33 |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=[[Muziekweb]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031113810/https://www.muziekweb.nl/en/Link/M00000243654/CLASSICAL/Zdenek-M%C3%A1cal?SortField=SCORE&RangeStart=21&RangeEnd=33 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya jagoranci sabbin kiɗa na Roberto Sierra tsawon shekaru uku yana zama mawaƙi a gidan. Ƙungiyar makaɗa ta buga waƙoƙin symphonies da waƙoƙin sauti da yawa na Antonín Dvořák a lokacin da yake kan mulki. <ref name="Higgins" /> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] ==MANAZARTA=== h9qgpgi77e04xdkc5zs2tqa1k3qn73t 0 134234 964425 817631 2026-10-07T18:59:08Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 964425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ilyas Ghuman''' (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma masanin tauhidi na ƙungiyar Deobandi .{{Efn|{{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد الیاس گھمن}}|translit=Muḥammad Ilyās Ghuman}}}} An haife shi a Sargodha ga dangin Ghuman, Ilyas ya yi karatu a [[Jamia Binoria]] a [[Karachi]] kuma ya kasance almajirin Azizur Rahman Hazarvi . Ghuman gwani ne a {{Transl|ar|[[Ilm al-Kalam]]}} (tauhidin hasashe) kuma masu sha'awarsa sun san shi da {{Transl|ur|Mutakallim-i Islam}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ پاک کہاں ہیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW2MMgcpsf0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} اہل باطل کا گھٹیا ترین سوال - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TicFZK3XX44 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ کہاں ہے - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ-1L2w8f40 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Shi kuma masanin falsafa ne na addini, Sufi, kuma mai muhawara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Wahda tul Wujud {{!}} عقیدہ وحدت الوجود {{!}} Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxXS2CQ-_XQ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=Azizu Rehman Hazarvi's Views Abut Mutakalim Islam{{!}}پیرعزیزالرحمن کی رائے متکلم اسلام کےبارےمیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHrVlMSne80 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} کچھ مناظروں کی کارگزاریاں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYXce_ALM3k |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Teen Talaq debate- Ilyas Ghuman vs Amir Kalim 3/3 [Deoband vs Ahle hadith] - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN8vs3bND34 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Munazra Rafa Yadain Ilyas Ghuman, Asif Ahmed DB VS Umer Siddique, Siddique Raza, Zubair ali zai Part 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V94r_FKF7P4 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Ghuman shine shugaban Markaz Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat a Sargodha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper - مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا 4 سالہ بیٹا انتقال کر گیا |url=https://roznama92news.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%86 |website=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2018 |title=مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا چار سالہ بیٹاعلالت کے بعد انتقال کر گیا |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/03-Jun-2018/791544 |website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref> Ghuman babban masanin tauhidin Hanafi Maturidi ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} جسم جوہر عرض حد ضد اور ند کا معنی - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t41aA1N5q58 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Aqidah Ismat e Ambiya {{!}} Lecture #01 {{!}} عقیدہ عصمت انبیاء - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwMrMLA0o3w&list=PLDzcG2OooZnFKDluUEmPP8kxQuDhc8aAt |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #1 {{!}} حنفیوں کے نزدیک امام سے مراد - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQfd5j2ZkjU&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHaFOqbKp9vr0cNDm5Y10LA |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Ilyas_Ghuman_Addresses_the_2024_International_Islamic_Conference_at_Jamiatul_Falah_Mosque,_Chittagong.jpg|thumb|Ilyas Ghuman Ya yi jawabi a taron Islama na Duniya na 2024 a Masallacin Jamiatul Falah, Bangladesh]] An haifi Ghuman a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu 1969 a gundumar Sargodha. [ana tunani hujja] [citation need] Ya kammala karatun Jamia Binoria. [ana magana] A shekara ta 2005, an kama shi ne saboda zargin da ake yi a kisan gillar Kwamishinan Sashen Sargodha Syed Tajamul Abbas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an sake kama shi da alaƙa da kisan gillar malamin Shia Bashir Husain Bukhari. A shekara ta 2013, 'yan sanda sun kama shi lokacin da yake yawon shakatawa a Kudancin Punjab . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Aziz ur-Rahman Hazarvi ya ba da khilafat dinsa ga Ghuman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, an sake shi daga tsare-tsaren gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, ICTA ta dakatar da Ghuman daga gabatar da wa'azi a Muharram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, ya wallafa wani littafi mai suna ''Mera Pakistan'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == Wasu daga cikin littattafansa sun hada da: * Firqah-yi Ahl-i ḥadīs̲ Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2010, 374 p. Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith.<small>Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith .</small> * ''Firqah-yi Barailviyat Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2012, 617 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Barelvis.</small> * ''Maẓāmīn-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2012, kundin da yawa. <small>A kan batutuwa daban-daban na Islama; koyarwar Islama, tarin labaran da aka buga a cikin mujallu daban-daban.</small> * ''Majālis-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, kundi 2. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * ''Firqah-i Saifiyah kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2013, 252 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Akhundzada Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarak (1925-2010), masanin Barelvi.</small> * ''K̲h̲utāt-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, 3 kundin. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * Yanayi * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. <small>Wa'azin Musulunci game da rayuwar addini na mata Musulmai.</small> * ''Jihād fī sabīlilláh aur iʻtirāẓāt kā ʻilmī jāʼizah'', 2014, 304 p. <small>A kan [[jihadi]].</small> * ''Jī hān̲ Fiqah-i Ḥanafī Qurān va Ḥadīs̲ kā nacoṛ hai'', 2014, 286 p. <small>A kare [[Hanafiyya|Hanafites]] tare da ambaton ra'ayoyinsu na musamman game da fannoni daban-daban na dokar Islama.</small> * Kanz ul-īmān kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2014, 242 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Kanzul Iman ta [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]].</small>. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gsyhe6fcxrls6iae5jloly7bpob230h 964428 964425 2026-10-07T19:00:25Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 964428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ilyas Ghuman''' (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma masanin tauhidi na ƙungiyar Deobandi .{{Efn|{{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد الیاس گھمن}}|translit=Muḥammad Ilyās Ghuman}}}} An haife shi a Sargodha ga dangin Ghuman, Ilyas ya yi karatu a [[Jamia Binoria]] a [[Karachi]] kuma ya kasance almajirin Azizur Rahman Hazarvi . Ghuman gwani ne a {{Transl|ar|[[Ilm al-Kalam]]}} (tauhidin hasashe) kuma masu sha'awarsa sun san shi da {{Transl|ur|Mutakallim-i Islam}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ پاک کہاں ہیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW2MMgcpsf0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} اہل باطل کا گھٹیا ترین سوال - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TicFZK3XX44 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ کہاں ہے - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ-1L2w8f40 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Shi kuma masanin falsafa ne na addini, Sufi, kuma mai muhawara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Wahda tul Wujud {{!}} عقیدہ وحدت الوجود {{!}} Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxXS2CQ-_XQ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=Azizu Rehman Hazarvi's Views Abut Mutakalim Islam{{!}}پیرعزیزالرحمن کی رائے متکلم اسلام کےبارےمیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHrVlMSne80 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} کچھ مناظروں کی کارگزاریاں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYXce_ALM3k |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Teen Talaq debate- Ilyas Ghuman vs Amir Kalim 3/3 [Deoband vs Ahle hadith] - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN8vs3bND34 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Munazra Rafa Yadain Ilyas Ghuman, Asif Ahmed DB VS Umer Siddique, Siddique Raza, Zubair ali zai Part 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V94r_FKF7P4 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Ghuman shine shugaban Markaz Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat a Sargodha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper - مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا 4 سالہ بیٹا انتقال کر گیا |url=https://roznama92news.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%86 |website=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2018 |title=مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا چار سالہ بیٹاعلالت کے بعد انتقال کر گیا |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/03-Jun-2018/791544 |website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref> Ghuman babban masanin tauhidin Hanafi Maturidi ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} جسم جوہر عرض حد ضد اور ند کا معنی - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t41aA1N5q58 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Aqidah Ismat e Ambiya {{!}} Lecture #01 {{!}} عقیدہ عصمت انبیاء - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwMrMLA0o3w&list=PLDzcG2OooZnFKDluUEmPP8kxQuDhc8aAt |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #1 {{!}} حنفیوں کے نزدیک امام سے مراد - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQfd5j2ZkjU&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHaFOqbKp9vr0cNDm5Y10LA |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Ilyas_Ghuman_Addresses_the_2024_International_Islamic_Conference_at_Jamiatul_Falah_Mosque,_Chittagong.jpg|thumb|Ilyas Ghuman Ya yi jawabi a taron Islama na Duniya na 2024 a Masallacin Jamiatul Falah, Bangladesh]] An haifi Ghuman a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1969 a gundumar Sargodha. [ana tunani hujja] [citation need] Ya kammala karatun Jamia Binoria. [ana magana] A shekara ta 2005, an kama shi ne saboda zargin da ake yi a kisan gillar Kwamishinan Sashen Sargodha Syed Tajamul Abbas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an sake kama shi da alaƙa da kisan gillar malamin Shia Bashir Husain Bukhari. A shekara ta 2013, 'yan sanda sun kama shi lokacin da yake yawon shakatawa a Kudancin Punjab . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Aziz ur-Rahman Hazarvi ya ba da khilafat dinsa ga Ghuman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, an sake shi daga tsare-tsaren gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, ICTA ta dakatar da Ghuman daga gabatar da wa'azi a Muharram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, ya wallafa wani littafi mai suna ''Mera Pakistan'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == Wasu daga cikin littattafansa sun hada da: * Firqah-yi Ahl-i ḥadīs̲ Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2010, 374 p. Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith.<small>Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith .</small> * ''Firqah-yi Barailviyat Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2012, 617 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Barelvis.</small> * ''Maẓāmīn-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2012, kundin da yawa. <small>A kan batutuwa daban-daban na Islama; koyarwar Islama, tarin labaran da aka buga a cikin mujallu daban-daban.</small> * ''Majālis-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, kundi 2. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * ''Firqah-i Saifiyah kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2013, 252 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Akhundzada Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarak (1925-2010), masanin Barelvi.</small> * ''K̲h̲utāt-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, 3 kundin. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * Yanayi * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. <small>Wa'azin Musulunci game da rayuwar addini na mata Musulmai.</small> * ''Jihād fī sabīlilláh aur iʻtirāẓāt kā ʻilmī jāʼizah'', 2014, 304 p. <small>A kan [[jihadi]].</small> * ''Jī hān̲ Fiqah-i Ḥanafī Qurān va Ḥadīs̲ kā nacoṛ hai'', 2014, 286 p. <small>A kare [[Hanafiyya|Hanafites]] tare da ambaton ra'ayoyinsu na musamman game da fannoni daban-daban na dokar Islama.</small> * Kanz ul-īmān kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2014, 242 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Kanzul Iman ta [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]].</small>. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] arx6tlh6sen2r3pjxuov1lid32y81xu 964431 964428 2026-10-07T19:02:04Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 964431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ilyas Ghuman''' (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma masanin tauhidi na ƙungiyar Deobandi .{{Efn|{{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد الیاس گھمن}}|translit=Muḥammad Ilyās Ghuman}}}} An haife shi a Sargodha ga dangin Ghuman, Ilyas ya yi karatu a [[Jamia Binoria]] a [[Karachi]] kuma ya kasance almajirin Azizur Rahman Hazarvi . Ghuman gwani ne a {{Transl|ar|[[Ilm al-Kalam]]}} (tauhidin hasashe) kuma masu sha'awarsa sun san shi da {{Transl|ur|Mutakallim-i Islam}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ پاک کہاں ہیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW2MMgcpsf0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} اہل باطل کا گھٹیا ترین سوال - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TicFZK3XX44 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ کہاں ہے - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ-1L2w8f40 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Shi kuma masanin falsafa ne na addini, Sufi, kuma mai muhawara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Wahda tul Wujud {{!}} عقیدہ وحدت الوجود {{!}} Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxXS2CQ-_XQ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=Azizu Rehman Hazarvi's Views Abut Mutakalim Islam{{!}}پیرعزیزالرحمن کی رائے متکلم اسلام کےبارےمیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHrVlMSne80 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} کچھ مناظروں کی کارگزاریاں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYXce_ALM3k |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Teen Talaq debate- Ilyas Ghuman vs Amir Kalim 3/3 [Deoband vs Ahle hadith] - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN8vs3bND34 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Munazra Rafa Yadain Ilyas Ghuman, Asif Ahmed DB VS Umer Siddique, Siddique Raza, Zubair ali zai Part 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V94r_FKF7P4 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Ghuman shine shugaban Markaz Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat a Sargodha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper - مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا 4 سالہ بیٹا انتقال کر گیا |url=https://roznama92news.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%86 |website=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2018 |title=مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا چار سالہ بیٹاعلالت کے بعد انتقال کر گیا |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/03-Jun-2018/791544 |website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref> Ghuman babban masanin tauhidin Hanafi Maturidi ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} جسم جوہر عرض حد ضد اور ند کا معنی - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t41aA1N5q58 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Aqidah Ismat e Ambiya {{!}} Lecture #01 {{!}} عقیدہ عصمت انبیاء - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwMrMLA0o3w&list=PLDzcG2OooZnFKDluUEmPP8kxQuDhc8aAt |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #1 {{!}} حنفیوں کے نزدیک امام سے مراد - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQfd5j2ZkjU&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHaFOqbKp9vr0cNDm5Y10LA |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Ilyas_Ghuman_Addresses_the_2024_International_Islamic_Conference_at_Jamiatul_Falah_Mosque,_Chittagong.jpg|thumb|Ilyas Ghuman Ya yi jawabi a taron Islama na Duniya na 2024 a Masallacin Jamiatul Falah, Bangladesh]] An haifi Ghuman a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1969 a gundumar Sargodha. [ana tunani hujja] [citation need] Ya kammala karatun Jamia Binoria. [ana magana] Acikin shekara ta 2005, an kama shi ne saboda zargin da ake yi a kisan gillar Kwamishinan Sashen Sargodha Syed Tajamul Abbas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an sake kama shi da alaƙa da kisan gillar malamin Shia Bashir Husain Bukhari. A shekara ta 2013, 'yan sanda sun kama shi lokacin da yake yawon shakatawa a Kudancin Punjab . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Aziz ur-Rahman Hazarvi ya ba da khilafat dinsa ga Ghuman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, an sake shi daga tsare-tsaren gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, ICTA ta dakatar da Ghuman daga gabatar da wa'azi a Muharram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, ya wallafa wani littafi mai suna ''Mera Pakistan'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == Wasu daga cikin littattafansa sun hada da: * Firqah-yi Ahl-i ḥadīs̲ Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2010, 374 p. Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith.<small>Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith .</small> * ''Firqah-yi Barailviyat Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2012, 617 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Barelvis.</small> * ''Maẓāmīn-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2012, kundin da yawa. <small>A kan batutuwa daban-daban na Islama; koyarwar Islama, tarin labaran da aka buga a cikin mujallu daban-daban.</small> * ''Majālis-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, kundi 2. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * ''Firqah-i Saifiyah kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2013, 252 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Akhundzada Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarak (1925-2010), masanin Barelvi.</small> * ''K̲h̲utāt-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, 3 kundin. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * Yanayi * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. <small>Wa'azin Musulunci game da rayuwar addini na mata Musulmai.</small> * ''Jihād fī sabīlilláh aur iʻtirāẓāt kā ʻilmī jāʼizah'', 2014, 304 p. <small>A kan [[jihadi]].</small> * ''Jī hān̲ Fiqah-i Ḥanafī Qurān va Ḥadīs̲ kā nacoṛ hai'', 2014, 286 p. <small>A kare [[Hanafiyya|Hanafites]] tare da ambaton ra'ayoyinsu na musamman game da fannoni daban-daban na dokar Islama.</small> * Kanz ul-īmān kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2014, 242 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Kanzul Iman ta [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]].</small>. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] elebhu0eykrryw5x2bqyxuz02zojbg0 964432 964431 2026-10-07T19:03:33Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 964432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ilyas Ghuman''' (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma masanin tauhidi na ƙungiyar Deobandi .{{Efn|{{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد الیاس گھمن}}|translit=Muḥammad Ilyās Ghuman}}}} An haife shi a Sargodha ga dangin Ghuman, Ilyas ya yi karatu a [[Jamia Binoria]] a [[Karachi]] kuma ya kasance almajirin Azizur Rahman Hazarvi . Ghuman gwani ne a {{Transl|ar|[[Ilm al-Kalam]]}} (tauhidin hasashe) kuma masu sha'awarsa sun san shi da {{Transl|ur|Mutakallim-i Islam}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ پاک کہاں ہیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW2MMgcpsf0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} اہل باطل کا گھٹیا ترین سوال - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TicFZK3XX44 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ کہاں ہے - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ-1L2w8f40 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Shi kuma masanin falsafa ne na addini, Sufi, kuma mai muhawara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Wahda tul Wujud {{!}} عقیدہ وحدت الوجود {{!}} Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxXS2CQ-_XQ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=Azizu Rehman Hazarvi's Views Abut Mutakalim Islam{{!}}پیرعزیزالرحمن کی رائے متکلم اسلام کےبارےمیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHrVlMSne80 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} کچھ مناظروں کی کارگزاریاں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYXce_ALM3k |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Teen Talaq debate- Ilyas Ghuman vs Amir Kalim 3/3 [Deoband vs Ahle hadith] - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN8vs3bND34 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Munazra Rafa Yadain Ilyas Ghuman, Asif Ahmed DB VS Umer Siddique, Siddique Raza, Zubair ali zai Part 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V94r_FKF7P4 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Ghuman shine shugaban Markaz Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat a Sargodha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper - مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا 4 سالہ بیٹا انتقال کر گیا |url=https://roznama92news.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%86 |website=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2018 |title=مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا چار سالہ بیٹاعلالت کے بعد انتقال کر گیا |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/03-Jun-2018/791544 |website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref> Ghuman babban masanin tauhidin Hanafi Maturidi ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} جسم جوہر عرض حد ضد اور ند کا معنی - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t41aA1N5q58 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Aqidah Ismat e Ambiya {{!}} Lecture #01 {{!}} عقیدہ عصمت انبیاء - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwMrMLA0o3w&list=PLDzcG2OooZnFKDluUEmPP8kxQuDhc8aAt |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #1 {{!}} حنفیوں کے نزدیک امام سے مراد - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQfd5j2ZkjU&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHaFOqbKp9vr0cNDm5Y10LA |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Ilyas_Ghuman_Addresses_the_2024_International_Islamic_Conference_at_Jamiatul_Falah_Mosque,_Chittagong.jpg|thumb|Ilyas Ghuman Ya yi jawabi a taron Islama na Duniya na 2024 a Masallacin Jamiatul Falah, Bangladesh]] An haifi Ghuman a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1969 a gundumar Sargodha. [ana tunani hujja] [citation need] Ya kammala karatun Jamia Binoria. [ana magana] Acikin shekara ta 2005, an kama shi ne saboda zargin da ake yi a kisan gillar Kwamishinan Sashen Sargodha Syed Tajamul Abbas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an sake kama shi da alaƙa da kisan gillar malamin Shia Bashir Husain Bukhari. A shekara ta 2013, 'yan sanda sun kama shi lokacin da yake yawon shakatawa a Kudancin Punjab . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Aziz ur-Rahman Hazarvi ya ba da khilafat dinsa ga Ghuman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, an sake shi daga tsare-tsaren gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, ICTA ta dakatar da Ghuman daga gabatar da wa'azi a Muharram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Acikin watan Agustan 2018, ya wallafa wani littafi mai suna ''Mera Pakistan'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == Wasu daga cikin littattafansa sun hada da: * Firqah-yi Ahl-i ḥadīs̲ Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2010, 374 p. Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith.<small>Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith .</small> * ''Firqah-yi Barailviyat Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2012, 617 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Barelvis.</small> * ''Maẓāmīn-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2012, kundin da yawa. <small>A kan batutuwa daban-daban na Islama; koyarwar Islama, tarin labaran da aka buga a cikin mujallu daban-daban.</small> * ''Majālis-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, kundi 2. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * ''Firqah-i Saifiyah kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2013, 252 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Akhundzada Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarak (1925-2010), masanin Barelvi.</small> * ''K̲h̲utāt-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, 3 kundin. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * Yanayi * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. <small>Wa'azin Musulunci game da rayuwar addini na mata Musulmai.</small> * ''Jihād fī sabīlilláh aur iʻtirāẓāt kā ʻilmī jāʼizah'', 2014, 304 p. <small>A kan [[jihadi]].</small> * ''Jī hān̲ Fiqah-i Ḥanafī Qurān va Ḥadīs̲ kā nacoṛ hai'', 2014, 286 p. <small>A kare [[Hanafiyya|Hanafites]] tare da ambaton ra'ayoyinsu na musamman game da fannoni daban-daban na dokar Islama.</small> * Kanz ul-īmān kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2014, 242 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Kanzul Iman ta [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]].</small>. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ol97aovgif0vg9nmqrtpjaepspltuae 964433 964432 2026-10-07T19:04:49Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 964433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ilyas Ghuman''' (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma masanin tauhidi na ƙungiyar Deobandi .{{Efn|{{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد الیاس گھمن}}|translit=Muḥammad Ilyās Ghuman}}}} An haife shi a Sargodha ga dangin Ghuman, Ilyas ya yi karatu a [[Jamia Binoria]] a [[Karachi]] kuma ya kasance almajirin Azizur Rahman Hazarvi . Ghuman gwani ne a {{Transl|ar|[[Ilm al-Kalam]]}} (tauhidin hasashe) kuma masu sha'awarsa sun san shi da {{Transl|ur|Mutakallim-i Islam}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ پاک کہاں ہیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW2MMgcpsf0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} اہل باطل کا گھٹیا ترین سوال - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TicFZK3XX44 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ کہاں ہے - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ-1L2w8f40 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Shi kuma masanin falsafa ne na addini, Sufi, kuma mai muhawara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Wahda tul Wujud {{!}} عقیدہ وحدت الوجود {{!}} Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxXS2CQ-_XQ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=Azizu Rehman Hazarvi's Views Abut Mutakalim Islam{{!}}پیرعزیزالرحمن کی رائے متکلم اسلام کےبارےمیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHrVlMSne80 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} کچھ مناظروں کی کارگزاریاں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYXce_ALM3k |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Teen Talaq debate- Ilyas Ghuman vs Amir Kalim 3/3 [Deoband vs Ahle hadith] - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN8vs3bND34 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Munazra Rafa Yadain Ilyas Ghuman, Asif Ahmed DB VS Umer Siddique, Siddique Raza, Zubair ali zai Part 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V94r_FKF7P4 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Ghuman shine shugaban Markaz Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat a Sargodha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper - مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا 4 سالہ بیٹا انتقال کر گیا |url=https://roznama92news.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%86 |website=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2018 |title=مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا چار سالہ بیٹاعلالت کے بعد انتقال کر گیا |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/03-Jun-2018/791544 |website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref> Ghuman babban masanin tauhidin Hanafi Maturidi ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} جسم جوہر عرض حد ضد اور ند کا معنی - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t41aA1N5q58 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Aqidah Ismat e Ambiya {{!}} Lecture #01 {{!}} عقیدہ عصمت انبیاء - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwMrMLA0o3w&list=PLDzcG2OooZnFKDluUEmPP8kxQuDhc8aAt |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #1 {{!}} حنفیوں کے نزدیک امام سے مراد - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQfd5j2ZkjU&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHaFOqbKp9vr0cNDm5Y10LA |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Ilyas_Ghuman_Addresses_the_2024_International_Islamic_Conference_at_Jamiatul_Falah_Mosque,_Chittagong.jpg|thumb|Ilyas Ghuman Ya yi jawabi a taron Islama na Duniya na 2024 a Masallacin Jamiatul Falah, Bangladesh]] An haifi Ghuman a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta cikin 1969 a gundumar Sargodha. [ana tunani hujja] [citation need] Ya kammala karatun Jamia Binoria. [ana magana] Acikin shekara ta 2005, an kama shi ne saboda zargin da ake yi a kisan gillar Kwamishinan Sashen Sargodha Syed Tajamul Abbas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an sake kama shi da alaƙa da kisan gillar malamin Shia Bashir Husain Bukhari. A shekara ta 2013, 'yan sanda sun kama shi lokacin da yake yawon shakatawa a Kudancin Punjab . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Aziz ur-Rahman Hazarvi ya ba da khilafat dinsa ga Ghuman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, an sake shi daga tsare-tsaren gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, ICTA ta dakatar da Ghuman daga gabatar da wa'azi a Muharram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Acikin watan Agustan 2018, ya wallafa wani littafi mai suna ''Mera Pakistan'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == Wasu daga cikin littattafansa sun hada da: * Firqah-yi Ahl-i ḥadīs̲ Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2010, 374 p. Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith.<small>Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith .</small> * ''Firqah-yi Barailviyat Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2012, 617 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Barelvis.</small> * ''Maẓāmīn-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2012, kundin da yawa. <small>A kan batutuwa daban-daban na Islama; koyarwar Islama, tarin labaran da aka buga a cikin mujallu daban-daban.</small> * ''Majālis-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, kundi 2. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * ''Firqah-i Saifiyah kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2013, 252 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Akhundzada Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarak (1925-2010), masanin Barelvi.</small> * ''K̲h̲utāt-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, 3 kundin. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * Yanayi * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. <small>Wa'azin Musulunci game da rayuwar addini na mata Musulmai.</small> * ''Jihād fī sabīlilláh aur iʻtirāẓāt kā ʻilmī jāʼizah'', 2014, 304 p. <small>A kan [[jihadi]].</small> * ''Jī hān̲ Fiqah-i Ḥanafī Qurān va Ḥadīs̲ kā nacoṛ hai'', 2014, 286 p. <small>A kare [[Hanafiyya|Hanafites]] tare da ambaton ra'ayoyinsu na musamman game da fannoni daban-daban na dokar Islama.</small> * Kanz ul-īmān kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2014, 242 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Kanzul Iman ta [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]].</small>. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1j1o7s0586itr5i4v43k0zn76piggey 964435 964433 2026-10-07T19:06:34Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 964435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ilyas Ghuman''' (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma masanin tauhidi na ƙungiyar Deobandi .{{Efn|{{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد الیاس گھمن}}|translit=Muḥammad Ilyās Ghuman}}}} An haife shi a Sargodha ga dangin Ghuman, Ilyas ya yi karatu a [[Jamia Binoria]] a [[Karachi]] kuma ya kasance almajirin Azizur Rahman Hazarvi . Ghuman gwani ne a {{Transl|ar|[[Ilm al-Kalam]]}} (tauhidin hasashe) kuma masu sha'awarsa sun san shi da {{Transl|ur|Mutakallim-i Islam}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ پاک کہاں ہیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW2MMgcpsf0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} اہل باطل کا گھٹیا ترین سوال - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TicFZK3XX44 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ کہاں ہے - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ-1L2w8f40 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Shi kuma masanin falsafa ne na addini, Sufi, kuma mai muhawara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Wahda tul Wujud {{!}} عقیدہ وحدت الوجود {{!}} Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxXS2CQ-_XQ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=Azizu Rehman Hazarvi's Views Abut Mutakalim Islam{{!}}پیرعزیزالرحمن کی رائے متکلم اسلام کےبارےمیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHrVlMSne80 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} کچھ مناظروں کی کارگزاریاں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYXce_ALM3k |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Teen Talaq debate- Ilyas Ghuman vs Amir Kalim 3/3 [Deoband vs Ahle hadith] - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN8vs3bND34 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Munazra Rafa Yadain Ilyas Ghuman, Asif Ahmed DB VS Umer Siddique, Siddique Raza, Zubair ali zai Part 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V94r_FKF7P4 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Ghuman shine shugaban Markaz Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat a Sargodha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper - مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا 4 سالہ بیٹا انتقال کر گیا |url=https://roznama92news.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%86 |website=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2018 |title=مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا چار سالہ بیٹاعلالت کے بعد انتقال کر گیا |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/03-Jun-2018/791544 |website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref> Ghuman babban masanin tauhidin Hanafi Maturidi ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} جسم جوہر عرض حد ضد اور ند کا معنی - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t41aA1N5q58 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Aqidah Ismat e Ambiya {{!}} Lecture #01 {{!}} عقیدہ عصمت انبیاء - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwMrMLA0o3w&list=PLDzcG2OooZnFKDluUEmPP8kxQuDhc8aAt |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #1 {{!}} حنفیوں کے نزدیک امام سے مراد - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQfd5j2ZkjU&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHaFOqbKp9vr0cNDm5Y10LA |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Ilyas_Ghuman_Addresses_the_2024_International_Islamic_Conference_at_Jamiatul_Falah_Mosque,_Chittagong.jpg|thumb|Ilyas Ghuman Ya yi jawabi a taron Islama na Duniya na 2024 a Masallacin Jamiatul Falah, Bangladesh]] An haifi Ghuman a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta cikin 1969 a gundumar Sargodha. [ana tunani hujja] [citation need] Ya kammala karatun Jamia Binoria. [ana magana] Acikin shekara ta 2005, an kama shi ne saboda zargin da ake yi a kisan gillar Kwamishinan Sashen Sargodha Syed Tajamul Abbas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an sake kama shi da alaƙa da kisan gillar malamin Shia Bashir Husain Bukhari. Acikin shekara ta 2013, 'yan sanda sun kama shi lokacin da yake yawon shakatawa a Kudancin Punjab . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A cikin 2014, Aziz ur-Rahman Hazarvi ya ba da khilafat dinsa ga Ghuman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, an sake shi daga tsare-tsaren gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, ICTA ta dakatar da Ghuman daga gabatar da wa'azi a Muharram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Acikin watan Agustan 2018, ya wallafa wani littafi mai suna ''Mera Pakistan'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == Wasu daga cikin littattafansa sun hada da: * Firqah-yi Ahl-i ḥadīs̲ Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2010, 374 p. Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith.<small>Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith .</small> * ''Firqah-yi Barailviyat Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2012, 617 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Barelvis.</small> * ''Maẓāmīn-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2012, kundin da yawa. <small>A kan batutuwa daban-daban na Islama; koyarwar Islama, tarin labaran da aka buga a cikin mujallu daban-daban.</small> * ''Majālis-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, kundi 2. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * ''Firqah-i Saifiyah kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2013, 252 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Akhundzada Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarak (1925-2010), masanin Barelvi.</small> * ''K̲h̲utāt-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, 3 kundin. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * Yanayi * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. <small>Wa'azin Musulunci game da rayuwar addini na mata Musulmai.</small> * ''Jihād fī sabīlilláh aur iʻtirāẓāt kā ʻilmī jāʼizah'', 2014, 304 p. <small>A kan [[jihadi]].</small> * ''Jī hān̲ Fiqah-i Ḥanafī Qurān va Ḥadīs̲ kā nacoṛ hai'', 2014, 286 p. <small>A kare [[Hanafiyya|Hanafites]] tare da ambaton ra'ayoyinsu na musamman game da fannoni daban-daban na dokar Islama.</small> * Kanz ul-īmān kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2014, 242 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Kanzul Iman ta [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]].</small>. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7wpu56wte4l1j9d9qkpd89bck8j1bt9 964437 964435 2026-10-07T19:07:40Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 964437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ilyas Ghuman''' (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma masanin tauhidi na ƙungiyar Deobandi .{{Efn|{{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد الیاس گھمن}}|translit=Muḥammad Ilyās Ghuman}}}} An haife shi a Sargodha ga dangin Ghuman, Ilyas ya yi karatu a [[Jamia Binoria]] a [[Karachi]] kuma ya kasance almajirin Azizur Rahman Hazarvi . Ghuman gwani ne a {{Transl|ar|[[Ilm al-Kalam]]}} (tauhidin hasashe) kuma masu sha'awarsa sun san shi da {{Transl|ur|Mutakallim-i Islam}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ پاک کہاں ہیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW2MMgcpsf0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} اہل باطل کا گھٹیا ترین سوال - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TicFZK3XX44 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ کہاں ہے - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ-1L2w8f40 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Shi kuma masanin falsafa ne na addini, Sufi, kuma mai muhawara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Wahda tul Wujud {{!}} عقیدہ وحدت الوجود {{!}} Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxXS2CQ-_XQ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=Azizu Rehman Hazarvi's Views Abut Mutakalim Islam{{!}}پیرعزیزالرحمن کی رائے متکلم اسلام کےبارےمیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHrVlMSne80 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} کچھ مناظروں کی کارگزاریاں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYXce_ALM3k |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Teen Talaq debate- Ilyas Ghuman vs Amir Kalim 3/3 [Deoband vs Ahle hadith] - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN8vs3bND34 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Munazra Rafa Yadain Ilyas Ghuman, Asif Ahmed DB VS Umer Siddique, Siddique Raza, Zubair ali zai Part 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V94r_FKF7P4 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Ghuman shine shugaban Markaz Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat a Sargodha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper - مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا 4 سالہ بیٹا انتقال کر گیا |url=https://roznama92news.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%86 |website=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2018 |title=مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا چار سالہ بیٹاعلالت کے بعد انتقال کر گیا |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/03-Jun-2018/791544 |website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref> Ghuman babban masanin tauhidin Hanafi Maturidi ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} جسم جوہر عرض حد ضد اور ند کا معنی - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t41aA1N5q58 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Aqidah Ismat e Ambiya {{!}} Lecture #01 {{!}} عقیدہ عصمت انبیاء - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwMrMLA0o3w&list=PLDzcG2OooZnFKDluUEmPP8kxQuDhc8aAt |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #1 {{!}} حنفیوں کے نزدیک امام سے مراد - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQfd5j2ZkjU&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHaFOqbKp9vr0cNDm5Y10LA |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Ilyas_Ghuman_Addresses_the_2024_International_Islamic_Conference_at_Jamiatul_Falah_Mosque,_Chittagong.jpg|thumb|Ilyas Ghuman Ya yi jawabi a taron Islama na Duniya na 2024 a Masallacin Jamiatul Falah, Bangladesh]] An haifi Ghuman a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta cikin 1969 a gundumar Sargodha. [ana tunani hujja] [citation need] Ya kammala karatun Jamia Binoria. [ana magana] Acikin shekara ta 2005, an kama shi ne saboda zargin da ake yi a kisan gillar Kwamishinan Sashen Sargodha Syed Tajamul Abbas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an sake kama shi da alaƙa da kisan gillar malamin Shia Bashir Husain Bukhari. Acikin shekara ta 2013, 'yan sanda sun kama shi lokacin da yake yawon shakatawa a Kudancin Punjab . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Aziz ur-Rahman Hazarvi ya ba da khilafat dinsa ga Ghuman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, an sake shi daga tsare-tsaren gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, ICTA ta dakatar da Ghuman daga gabatar da wa'azi a Muharram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Acikin watan Agustan 2018, ya wallafa wani littafi mai suna ''Mera Pakistan'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == Wasu daga cikin littattafansa sun hada da: * Firqah-yi Ahl-i ḥadīs̲ Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2010, 374 p. Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith.<small>Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith .</small> * ''Firqah-yi Barailviyat Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2012, 617 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Barelvis.</small> * ''Maẓāmīn-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2012, kundin da yawa. <small>A kan batutuwa daban-daban na Islama; koyarwar Islama, tarin labaran da aka buga a cikin mujallu daban-daban.</small> * ''Majālis-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, kundi 2. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * ''Firqah-i Saifiyah kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2013, 252 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Akhundzada Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarak (1925-2010), masanin Barelvi.</small> * ''K̲h̲utāt-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, 3 kundin. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * Yanayi * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. <small>Wa'azin Musulunci game da rayuwar addini na mata Musulmai.</small> * ''Jihād fī sabīlilláh aur iʻtirāẓāt kā ʻilmī jāʼizah'', 2014, 304 p. <small>A kan [[jihadi]].</small> * ''Jī hān̲ Fiqah-i Ḥanafī Qurān va Ḥadīs̲ kā nacoṛ hai'', 2014, 286 p. <small>A kare [[Hanafiyya|Hanafites]] tare da ambaton ra'ayoyinsu na musamman game da fannoni daban-daban na dokar Islama.</small> * Kanz ul-īmān kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2014, 242 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Kanzul Iman ta [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]].</small>. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7s8mc0ctifri8cx0uc37b3ik1n73htp 964438 964437 2026-10-07T19:08:28Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 964438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ilyas Ghuman''' (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma masanin tauhidi na ƙungiyar Deobandi .{{Efn|{{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد الیاس گھمن}}|translit=Muḥammad Ilyās Ghuman}}}} An haife shi a Sargodha ga dangin Ghuman, Ilyas ya yi karatu a [[Jamia Binoria]] a [[Karachi]] kuma ya kasance almajirin Azizur Rahman Hazarvi . Ghuman gwani ne a {{Transl|ar|[[Ilm al-Kalam]]}} (tauhidin hasashe) kuma masu sha'awarsa sun san shi da {{Transl|ur|Mutakallim-i Islam}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ پاک کہاں ہیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW2MMgcpsf0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} اہل باطل کا گھٹیا ترین سوال - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TicFZK3XX44 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ کہاں ہے - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ-1L2w8f40 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Shi kuma masanin falsafa ne na addini, Sufi, kuma mai muhawara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Wahda tul Wujud {{!}} عقیدہ وحدت الوجود {{!}} Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxXS2CQ-_XQ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=Azizu Rehman Hazarvi's Views Abut Mutakalim Islam{{!}}پیرعزیزالرحمن کی رائے متکلم اسلام کےبارےمیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHrVlMSne80 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} کچھ مناظروں کی کارگزاریاں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYXce_ALM3k |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Teen Talaq debate- Ilyas Ghuman vs Amir Kalim 3/3 [Deoband vs Ahle hadith] - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN8vs3bND34 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Munazra Rafa Yadain Ilyas Ghuman, Asif Ahmed DB VS Umer Siddique, Siddique Raza, Zubair ali zai Part 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V94r_FKF7P4 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Ghuman shine shugaban Markaz Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat a Sargodha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper - مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا 4 سالہ بیٹا انتقال کر گیا |url=https://roznama92news.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%86 |website=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2018 |title=مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا چار سالہ بیٹاعلالت کے بعد انتقال کر گیا |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/03-Jun-2018/791544 |website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref> Ghuman babban masanin tauhidin Hanafi Maturidi ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} جسم جوہر عرض حد ضد اور ند کا معنی - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t41aA1N5q58 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Aqidah Ismat e Ambiya {{!}} Lecture #01 {{!}} عقیدہ عصمت انبیاء - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwMrMLA0o3w&list=PLDzcG2OooZnFKDluUEmPP8kxQuDhc8aAt |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #1 {{!}} حنفیوں کے نزدیک امام سے مراد - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQfd5j2ZkjU&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHaFOqbKp9vr0cNDm5Y10LA |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Ilyas_Ghuman_Addresses_the_2024_International_Islamic_Conference_at_Jamiatul_Falah_Mosque,_Chittagong.jpg|thumb|Ilyas Ghuman Ya yi jawabi a taron Islama na Duniya na cikin 2024 a Masallacin Jamiatul Falah, Bangladesh]] An haifi Ghuman a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1969 a gundumar Sargodha. [ana tunani hujja] [citation need] Ya kammala karatun Jamia Binoria. [ana magana] Acikin shekara ta 2005, an kama shi ne saboda zargin da ake yi a kisan gillar Kwamishinan Sashen Sargodha Syed Tajamul Abbas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an sake kama shi da alaƙa da kisan gillar malamin Shia Bashir Husain Bukhari. Acikin shekara ta 2013, 'yan sanda sun kama shi lokacin da yake yawon shakatawa a Kudancin Punjab . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Aziz ur-Rahman Hazarvi ya ba da khilafat dinsa ga Ghuman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2015, an sake shi daga tsare-tsaren gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, ICTA ta dakatar da Ghuman daga gabatar da wa'azi a Muharram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Acikin watan Agustan 2018, ya wallafa wani littafi mai suna ''Mera Pakistan'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == Wasu daga cikin littattafansa sun hada da: * Firqah-yi Ahl-i ḥadīs̲ Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2010, 374 p. Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith.<small>Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith .</small> * ''Firqah-yi Barailviyat Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2012, 617 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Barelvis.</small> * ''Maẓāmīn-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2012, kundin da yawa. <small>A kan batutuwa daban-daban na Islama; koyarwar Islama, tarin labaran da aka buga a cikin mujallu daban-daban.</small> * ''Majālis-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, kundi 2. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * ''Firqah-i Saifiyah kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2013, 252 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Akhundzada Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarak (1925-2010), masanin Barelvi.</small> * ''K̲h̲utāt-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, 3 kundin. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * Yanayi * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. <small>Wa'azin Musulunci game da rayuwar addini na mata Musulmai.</small> * ''Jihād fī sabīlilláh aur iʻtirāẓāt kā ʻilmī jāʼizah'', 2014, 304 p. <small>A kan [[jihadi]].</small> * ''Jī hān̲ Fiqah-i Ḥanafī Qurān va Ḥadīs̲ kā nacoṛ hai'', 2014, 286 p. <small>A kare [[Hanafiyya|Hanafites]] tare da ambaton ra'ayoyinsu na musamman game da fannoni daban-daban na dokar Islama.</small> * Kanz ul-īmān kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2014, 242 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Kanzul Iman ta [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]].</small>. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f9ch73dd8kmk3pebsbf9tl6fgl5njbf 964441 964438 2026-10-07T19:09:33Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 964441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ilyas Ghuman''' (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma masanin tauhidi na ƙungiyar Deobandi .{{Efn|{{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد الیاس گھمن}}|translit=Muḥammad Ilyās Ghuman}}}} An haife shi a Sargodha ga dangin Ghuman, Ilyas ya yi karatu a [[Jamia Binoria]] a [[Karachi]] kuma ya kasance almajirin Azizur Rahman Hazarvi . Ghuman gwani ne a {{Transl|ar|[[Ilm al-Kalam]]}} (tauhidin hasashe) kuma masu sha'awarsa sun san shi da {{Transl|ur|Mutakallim-i Islam}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ پاک کہاں ہیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW2MMgcpsf0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} اہل باطل کا گھٹیا ترین سوال - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TicFZK3XX44 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ کہاں ہے - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ-1L2w8f40 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Shi kuma masanin falsafa ne na addini, Sufi, kuma mai muhawara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Wahda tul Wujud {{!}} عقیدہ وحدت الوجود {{!}} Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxXS2CQ-_XQ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=Azizu Rehman Hazarvi's Views Abut Mutakalim Islam{{!}}پیرعزیزالرحمن کی رائے متکلم اسلام کےبارےمیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHrVlMSne80 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} کچھ مناظروں کی کارگزاریاں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYXce_ALM3k |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Teen Talaq debate- Ilyas Ghuman vs Amir Kalim 3/3 [Deoband vs Ahle hadith] - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN8vs3bND34 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Munazra Rafa Yadain Ilyas Ghuman, Asif Ahmed DB VS Umer Siddique, Siddique Raza, Zubair ali zai Part 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V94r_FKF7P4 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Ghuman shine shugaban Markaz Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat a Sargodha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper - مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا 4 سالہ بیٹا انتقال کر گیا |url=https://roznama92news.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%86 |website=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2018 |title=مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا چار سالہ بیٹاعلالت کے بعد انتقال کر گیا |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/03-Jun-2018/791544 |website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref> Ghuman babban masanin tauhidin Hanafi Maturidi ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} جسم جوہر عرض حد ضد اور ند کا معنی - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t41aA1N5q58 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Aqidah Ismat e Ambiya {{!}} Lecture #01 {{!}} عقیدہ عصمت انبیاء - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwMrMLA0o3w&list=PLDzcG2OooZnFKDluUEmPP8kxQuDhc8aAt |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #1 {{!}} حنفیوں کے نزدیک امام سے مراد - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQfd5j2ZkjU&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHaFOqbKp9vr0cNDm5Y10LA |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Ilyas_Ghuman_Addresses_the_2024_International_Islamic_Conference_at_Jamiatul_Falah_Mosque,_Chittagong.jpg|thumb|Ilyas Ghuman Ya yi jawabi a taron Islama na Duniya na cikin 2024 a Masallacin Jamiatul Falah, Bangladesh]] An haifi Ghuman a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1969 a gundumar Sargodha. [ana tunani hujja] [citation need] Ya kammala karatun Jamia Binoria. [ana magana] Acikin shekara ta 2005, an kama shi ne saboda zargin da ake yi a kisan gillar Kwamishinan Sashen Sargodha Syed Tajamul Abbas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an sake kama shi da alaƙa da kisan gillar malamin Shia Bashir Husain Bukhari. Acikin shekara ta 2013, 'yan sanda sun kama shi lokacin da yake yawon shakatawa a Kudancin Punjab . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Aziz ur-Rahman Hazarvi ya ba da khilafat dinsa ga Ghuman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, an sake shi daga tsare-tsaren gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, ICTA ta dakatar da Ghuman daga gabatar da wa'azi a Muharram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Acikin watan Agustan 2018, ya wallafa wani littafi mai suna ''Mera Pakistan'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == Wasu daga cikin littattafansa sun hada da: * Firqah-yi Ahl-i ḥadīs̲ Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2010, 374 p. Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith.<small>Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith .</small> * ''Firqah-yi Barailviyat Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2012, 617 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Barelvis.</small> * ''Maẓāmīn-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2012, kundin da yawa. <small>A kan batutuwa daban-daban na Islama; koyarwar Islama, tarin labaran da aka buga a cikin mujallu daban-daban.</small> * ''Majālis-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, kundi 2. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * ''Firqah-i Saifiyah kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2013, 252 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Akhundzada Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarak (1925-2010), masanin Barelvi.</small> * ''K̲h̲utāt-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, 3 kundin. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * Yanayi * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. <small>Wa'azin Musulunci game da rayuwar addini na mata Musulmai.</small> * ''Jihād fī sabīlilláh aur iʻtirāẓāt kā ʻilmī jāʼizah'', 2014, 304 p. <small>A kan [[jihadi]].</small> * ''Jī hān̲ Fiqah-i Ḥanafī Qurān va Ḥadīs̲ kā nacoṛ hai'', 2014, 286 p. <small>A kare [[Hanafiyya|Hanafites]] tare da ambaton ra'ayoyinsu na musamman game da fannoni daban-daban na dokar Islama.</small> * Kanz ul-īmān kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2014, 242 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Kanzul Iman ta [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]].</small>. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] h81z7su2c3ypel5nkg6ta5qamdru5hu 964442 964441 2026-10-07T19:10:16Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 964442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muhammad Ilyas Ghuman''' (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) masanin addinin Musulunci ne kuma masanin tauhidi na ƙungiyar Deobandi .{{Efn|{{Langx|ur|{{nastaliq|محمد الیاس گھمن}}|translit=Muḥammad Ilyās Ghuman}}}} An haife shi a Sargodha ga dangin Ghuman, Ilyas ya yi karatu a [[Jamia Binoria]] a [[Karachi]] kuma ya kasance almajirin Azizur Rahman Hazarvi . Ghuman gwani ne a {{Transl|ar|[[Ilm al-Kalam]]}} (tauhidin hasashe) kuma masu sha'awarsa sun san shi da {{Transl|ur|Mutakallim-i Islam}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ پاک کہاں ہیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vW2MMgcpsf0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} اہل باطل کا گھٹیا ترین سوال - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TicFZK3XX44 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #29 {{!}} اللہ کہاں ہے - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJ-1L2w8f40 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Shi kuma masanin falsafa ne na addini, Sufi, kuma mai muhawara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Wahda tul Wujud {{!}} عقیدہ وحدت الوجود {{!}} Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxXS2CQ-_XQ |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2017 |title=Azizu Rehman Hazarvi's Views Abut Mutakalim Islam{{!}}پیرعزیزالرحمن کی رائے متکلم اسلام کےبارےمیں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHrVlMSne80 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2019 |title=Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} کچھ مناظروں کی کارگزاریاں - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nYXce_ALM3k |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Teen Talaq debate- Ilyas Ghuman vs Amir Kalim 3/3 [Deoband vs Ahle hadith] - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN8vs3bND34 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2019 |title=Munazra Rafa Yadain Ilyas Ghuman, Asif Ahmed DB VS Umer Siddique, Siddique Raza, Zubair ali zai Part 1 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V94r_FKF7P4 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Ghuman shine shugaban Markaz Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat a Sargodha . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper - مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا 4 سالہ بیٹا انتقال کر گیا |url=https://roznama92news.com/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3-%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D9%86 |website=Daily 92 Roznama ePaper}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2018 |title=مولانا محمد الیاس گھمن کا چار سالہ بیٹاعلالت کے بعد انتقال کر گیا |url=https://dailypakistan.com.pk/03-Jun-2018/791544 |website=Daily Pakistan}}</ref> Ghuman babban masanin tauhidin Hanafi Maturidi ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=Molana Ilyas Ghuman {{!}} جسم جوہر عرض حد ضد اور ند کا معنی - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t41aA1N5q58 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2020 |title=Aqidah Ismat e Ambiya {{!}} Lecture #01 {{!}} عقیدہ عصمت انبیاء - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwMrMLA0o3w&list=PLDzcG2OooZnFKDluUEmPP8kxQuDhc8aAt |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2019 |title=Al Fiqh ul Akbar {{!}} Clip #1 {{!}} حنفیوں کے نزدیک امام سے مراد - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQfd5j2ZkjU&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHaFOqbKp9vr0cNDm5Y10LA |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == [[Fayil:Ilyas_Ghuman_Addresses_the_2024_International_Islamic_Conference_at_Jamiatul_Falah_Mosque,_Chittagong.jpg|thumb|Ilyas Ghuman Ya yi jawabi a taron Islama na Duniya na cikin 2024 a Masallacin Jamiatul Falah, Bangladesh]] An haifi Ghuman a ranar 12 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1969 a gundumar Sargodha. [ana tunani hujja] [citation need] Ya kammala karatun Jamia Binoria. [ana magana] Acikin shekara ta 2005, an kama shi ne saboda zargin da ake yi a kisan gillar Kwamishinan Sashen Sargodha Syed Tajamul Abbas . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an sake kama shi da alaƙa da kisan gillar malamin Shia Bashir Husain Bukhari. Acikin shekara ta 2013, 'yan sanda sun kama shi lokacin da yake yawon shakatawa a Kudancin Punjab . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, Aziz ur-Rahman Hazarvi ya ba da khilafat dinsa ga Ghuman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, an sake shi daga tsare-tsaren gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2015, ICTA ta dakatar da Ghuman daga gabatar da wa'azi a Muharram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2013 |title=Firqa Ahle Hadees Ka Aqeda Ha Kay Allah Pak Har Jaga Nhi - Molana Ilyas Ghuman - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZZuWiLa5O0 |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> Acikin watan Agustan shekara ta 2018, ya wallafa wani littafi mai suna ''Mera Pakistan'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2018 |title=Less.1 عقیدہ طحاویہ Aqidah Tahawi {{!}} M Ilyas Ghuman 2018 - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xo7rgWmLBPc&list=PLDzcG2OooZnHW2F8uCJypVMFMaiu1eQCP |access-date=2021-01-13 |website=www.youtube.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == Wasu daga cikin littattafansa sun hada da: * Firqah-yi Ahl-i ḥadīs̲ Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2010, 374 p. Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith.<small>Rashin amincewa da Ahl-e Hadith .</small> * ''Firqah-yi Barailviyat Pāk va Hind kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2012, 617 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Barelvis.</small> * ''Maẓāmīn-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2012, kundin da yawa. <small>A kan batutuwa daban-daban na Islama; koyarwar Islama, tarin labaran da aka buga a cikin mujallu daban-daban.</small> * ''Majālis-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, kundi 2. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * ''Firqah-i Saifiyah kā taḥqī jāʼizah'', 2013, 252 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Akhundzada Saif-ur-Rahman Mubarak (1925-2010), masanin Barelvi.</small> * ''K̲h̲utāt-i mutakallim-i Islām'', 2013, 3 kundin. <small>Wa'azi.</small> * Yanayi * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha. <small>Wa'azin Musulunci game da rayuwar addini na mata Musulmai.</small> * ''Jihād fī sabīlilláh aur iʻtirāẓāt kā ʻilmī jāʼizah'', 2014, 304 p. <small>A kan [[jihadi]].</small> * ''Jī hān̲ Fiqah-i Ḥanafī Qurān va Ḥadīs̲ kā nacoṛ hai'', 2014, 286 p. <small>A kare [[Hanafiyya|Hanafites]] tare da ambaton ra'ayoyinsu na musamman game da fannoni daban-daban na dokar Islama.</small> * Kanz ul-īmān kā taḥqī jāʼizah, 2014, 242 p. <small>Rashin amincewa da Kanzul Iman ta [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]].</small>. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Deobandis == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] id5bbubac6d5yfxljwpuecr82496n67 0 136678 964386 802193 2026-10-07T16:09:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Timothy McCarver''' (16 ga Oktoba, 1941 - 16 ga Fabrairu, 2023) ƙwararren mai kama ƙwallon baseball ne na Amurka kuma mai sharhi kan wasanni a talabijin <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-20 |title=The Tim McCarver Show Books and CD - The Tim McCarver Show |url=http://www.timmccarver.com/books-cd/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223819/http://www.timmccarver.com/books-cd/ |archive-date=2018-10-20 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=timmccarver.com}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sings Selections From the Great American Songbook |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/sings-selections-from-the-great-american-songbook-mw0001784212 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=AllMusic}}</ref> Ya buga wasa a Major League Baseball (MLB) daga 1959 zuwa 1980 ga ƙungiyoyi huɗu, inda ya shafe kusan dukkan aikinsa tare da St. Louis Cardinals da Philadelphia Phillies . Ya taɓa yin All-Star sau biyu, ya taimaka wa Cardinals zuwa gasar World Series ta 1964, inda ya yi bugun .478 a cikin Series, gami da bugun gida sau uku a zagaye na goma don lashe Wasan 5. A 1966, ya zama ɗan kama ƙwallon farko tun ƙarni na 19 da ya jagoranci National League (NL) a cikin kwallaye uku da 13. McCarver ya zo na biyu don Kyautar 'Yan Wasan NL Mafi Daraja ta 1967, bayan abokin wasansa [[Orlando Cepeda]], bayan bugun .295 kuma ya jagoranci masu kama ƙwallon NL a cikin adadin taimako da filin wasa . Bayan kakar wasa ta 1969, an sake haɗa shi da ɗan wasan jefa kwallo da abokin wasansa na St. Louis Steve Carlton, wanda ya zama ɗan wasan kama ƙwallonsa na yau da kullun yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe kofuna uku na rukuni daga 1976 zuwa 1978. Bayan ƙara amfani da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan bugun ƙwallo a kakar wasa da ta gabata, a watan Satumba na 1980, McCarver ya zama ɗan wasa na 18 a manyan gasar da ya buga wasa a cikin shekaru arba'in . Bayan aikinsa na wasa, McCarver ya zama mai sharhi kan launuka a talabijin, musamman ga Fox Sports bayan ya yi aiki a wasu gidajen watsa labarai guda uku a baya. Daga ƙarshe ya kafa tarihi ta hanyar kiran jerin wasannin duniya 23 da kuma wasannin All-Star guda 20, inda ya sami kyaututtukan Emmy guda uku a wannan lokacin. A shekarar 2012, an nada McCarver a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Ford C. Frick Award . An shigar da shi cikin zauren watsa shirye-shiryen wasanni a shekarar 2016, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim McCarver at the Sports Broadcasting Hall of Fame |url=https://www.sportsbroadcastinghalloffame.org/inductees/tim-mccarver/ |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=sportsbroadcastinghalloffame.org}}</ref> da kuma zauren shahara na St. Louis Cardinals a shekarar 2017. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi McCarver a [[Memphis, Tennessee]] ga Alice (née Phelan) da Edward McCarver, ɗan shekara huɗu cikin 'ya'ya biyar; yana da 'yan'uwa uku da 'yar'uwa ɗaya. Mahaifinsa Laftanar ɗan sanda ne. Ya halarci makarantu daban-daban, ciki har da Makarantar Sakandare ta 'Yan'uwa ta Christian Brothers inda ya buga ƙwallon baseball, ƙwallon kwando, da ƙwallon ƙafa. An ruwaito cewa, daga cikin darussan da ya ƙware a ciki akwai waƙoƙi, janar-janar [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] da Yaƙin Basasa, waƙoƙin wasan kwaikwayo, da Shakespeare . <ref name="C Appeal">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2023 |title=Tim McCarver |url=https://commercialappeal.com/obituaries/mca068103 |access-date=May 13, 2025 |website=[[The Commercial Appeal]]}}</ref> McCarver ya yaba wa 'yar'uwarsa, Marilyn, saboda taimaka masa. Ta taimaka masa da yin wasa a filin wasa kuma ita ce ta ba shi shawarar ya zama ɗan wasan ƙwallon hannu na hagu. <ref name="sabr">{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Dave |date=February 16, 2023 |title=Tim McCarver |url=https://sabr.org/bioproj/person/tim-mccarver/ |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=Society for American Baseball Research}}</ref> == Sana'ar wasa == === Shekarun farko === McCarver ya ƙi karɓar tallafin karatu na ƙwallon ƙafa a [[Jami'ar Tennessee]] don buga ƙwallon baseball ta ƙwararru. Madadin haka, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar dala $75,000 daga St. Louis Cardinals a shekarar 1959 lokacin yana ɗan shekara 17. Bayan ya buga wasa a ƙananan lig tare da Keokuk Indians da Rochester Red Wings, McCarver ya isa Manyan Leagues a karon farko yana da shekara 17. <ref name="sabr"/> Ya kasance tare da Memphis Chicks a kakar wasa ta 1960, kakar wasa ta 1961 tare da Charleston Charlies, da kuma kakar wasa ta 1962 tare da Atlanta Crackers, inda ya sami ɗan gajeren ci gaba zuwa manyan lig a kakar wasa ta 1960 da 1961. A shekarar 1963, an ƙara masa matsayi zuwa manyan lig har abada. <ref name="sabr" /> === Cardinals na St. Louis === McCarver ya buga wasan gida na zagaye na 10, inda ya lashe Wasan 5 na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 1964 ga Cardinals. A shekarar 1966, an nada McCarver a cikin Kungiyar All-Star, ya zira kwallayen da suka yi nasara a zagaye na 10 na Gasar All-Star ta 1966, kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya jagoranci Gasar National League a cikin kwallaye uku, da kwallaye 13. <ref name="caesar">{{Cite web |last=Caesar |first=Dan |date=March 7, 2014 |title=McCarver completes deal for 30 Cards games on FSM |url=https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/television/dan-caesar/mccarver-completes-deal-for-cards-games-on-fsm/article_21d53048-5c93-556f-bf85-558584fa5cc4.html |access-date=March 10, 2014 |website=STLtoday.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 1967, ya zo na biyu bayan abokin karawarsa [[Orlando Cepeda]] don kyautar 'Yan wasa Mafi Daraja ta National League . McCarver memba ne na ƙungiyoyi biyu na zakarun gasar World Series a St. Louis. Shi ne wanda aka fi so ya kama Bob Gibson mai halin ɗabi'a. McCarver ya ce idan yana da wani wariya wataƙila Gibson ne ya taimaka masa ya shawo kansu. <ref name="Gibson">{{Cite web |last=Italie |first=Hillel |date=February 16, 2023 |title=Tim McCarver, big league catcher, and broadcaster, dies at 81 |url=https://apnews.com/article/tim-mccarver-baseball-dead-58fed2018917409786f551df15a0102e |access-date=February 16, 2023 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> A lokacin da yake St. Louis, ya kuma ƙulla alaƙa da matashin ɗan wasan jefa ƙwallon ƙafa Steve Carlton wanda zai sa ya ci gaba da buga gasar Major Leagues daga baya a aikinsa. A shekarar 1968, McCarver ya kasance mai kama Cardinals yayin da suka lashe gasar NL amma daga ƙarshe Detroit Tigers ta sha kashi a hannunsu a gasar World Series mai wasanni bakwai. === Daga baya aiki === Bayan kakar wasa ta 1969, Cardinals sun sayar da McCarver, Curt Flood, Joe Hoerner, da Byron Browne zuwa Philadelphia Phillies don Dick Allen, Cookie Rojas, da Jerry Johnson . A ranar 14 ga Yuni, 1972, Phillies sun sayar da McCarver zuwa Montreal Expos don John Bateman . Expos sun yi amfani da McCarver a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. Cardinals sun sake siyan McCarver daga Expos don Jorge Roque bayan kakar wasa ta 1972. Boston Red Sox sun sayi McCarver daga Cardinals a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 1974. Red Sox sun saki McCarver a watan Yunin 1975. Ya sanya hannu tare da Phillies mako guda bayan haka. [[Fayil:TimmyMac2017.jpg|right|thumb|McCarver a filin wasa kafin wasan da za a yi a St. Louis da Boston Red Sox, Mayu 2017]] A lokacin da ya fara wasa da Phillies, McCarver ya kama ɗan wasan Rick Wise wanda ba ya buga kwallo a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 1971. <ref name="cbsobit">{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2023 |title=Tim McCarver: Looking back at Phillies career of broadcasting great |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/tim-mccarver-dies-philadelphia-phillies-baseball-mlb/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim McCarver at the Sports Broadcasting Hall of Fame |url=https://www.sportsbroadcastinghalloffame.org/inductees/tim-mccarver/ |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=sportsbroadcastinghalloffame.org}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Phillies sun sayar da Wise ga Cardinals don Steve Carlton, inda suka sake haɗa McCarver da tsohon abokin wasansa. A lokacin kakar wasa ta 1972, Phillies sun sayar da McCarver zuwa Montreal Expos, inda, a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, ya kama na biyu daga cikin 'yan wasan Bill Stoneman biyu da ba sa buga kwallo a tarihin rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tim McCarver at the Sports Broadcasting Hall of Fame |url=https://www.sportsbroadcastinghalloffame.org/inductees/tim-mccarver/ |access-date=October 23, 2022 |website=sportsbroadcastinghalloffame.org}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lbk78g0fbtjywpaam493bz3vy36v8o3 0 140107 964448 792746 2026-10-07T19:46:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Rawar gargajiya ta Turkiyya''' su ne rawar gargajiya ta [[Turkiyya]] . Yayin da take fuskantar tekuna uku, tana ratsa muhimman hanyoyin kasuwanci, Turkiyya tana da al'adu masu sarkakiya, waɗanda ke nuna nau'ikan rawanta. Siffofin rawa mafi rinjaye nau'ikan rawa ne na layi . Akwai nau'ikan rawa daban-daban da ake yi ta hanyoyi daban-daban a Turkiyya. Zeybek, Teke Zortlatması a yankin Aegean, Bar a lardin Erzurum, Halay a tsakiyar, kudu, gabas, da kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, Hora a Thrace, [[Horon]] a yankin gabashin [[Black Sea|Baƙar fata]], rawa na Cokali a [[Konya]] da kewaye, da Lezginka a Kars da Ardahan wasu daga cikin misalan waɗannan da aka fi sani. <ref name=".ncturkishfestival.">{{Cite web |title=TURKISH FOLK DANCES |url=http://www.ncturkishfestival.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=19&Itemid=114 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312043050/http://www.ncturkishfestival.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=19&Itemid=114 |archive-date=12 March 2009 |access-date=29 May 2014 |website=ncturkishfestival}}</ref> == Nau'ikan rawa == == mashaya ==   [[Fayil:Turkish_Folk_Dance_Team.jpg|thumb|Ƙungiyar da ke yin Bar]] Tare da tsarinsu da kuma yadda suke, su ne raye-rayen da ƙungiyoyi ke yi a fili. Gabaɗaya, ana yin su a gabashin Anatolia ( Erzurum, Bayburt, Ağrı, Kars, Artvin da Erzincan larduna). Siffar samuwarsu ita ce ana yin su gefe da gefe, hannu, kafada da hannu. Sandunan mata da maza sun bambanta da juna. Manyan kayan kida na raye-rayen mashaya sune [[davul]] da zurna (bututu mai ban sha'awa). Daga baya, an ƙara clarinet a cikin raye-rayen mashaya na mata. Ma'aunin da aka fi amfani da su a sanduna sune 5 8 da 9 8. Lokaci-lokaci, ma'aunin 6 8 da 12 Ana amfani da 12 Aksak 9 Ana amfani da ma'auni 9 waɗanda su ne mafi kyawun ma'auni, musamman ma, na waƙoƙin gargajiya na Turkiyya tare da tsari daban-daban da ban sha'awa a cikin wannan rawa. Yawanci suna sanya kayan sawa yayin da suke rawa. Kullum suna rawa da alfahari kuma suna juya hannayensu yayin da suke tsalle-tsalle suna rawa. <ref name=".ncturkishfestival."/> == Halay ==   [[Fayil:Şexbizinî.jpg|thumb|Mata suna yin Halay]] Halay kalma ce da ake amfani da ita ga wasu daga cikin raye-rayen gargajiya da ake samu a Turkiyya kuma ana yin su ne a Gabas, Kudu maso Tsakiya, Tsakiya, da Kudu maso Gabashin Turkiyya. Abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan raye-rayen suna da bambanci sosai. Yawancinsu ana yin su ne da haɗin [[davul]] da zurna da kuma kaval (bututun shepherd), sipsi (reed), çığırtma (fife) ko bağlama (kayan kida mai igiyoyi biyu guda uku da aka buga da plectrum) ko kuma a yi su lokacin da ake rera waƙoƙin gargajiya. <ref name=".ncturkishfestival."/> == Horon ==   [[Fayil:Turkey_folk_dance.jpg|thumb|Yara suna yin wasan Horon]] Horon (Girkanci: horos [sunan namiji, siffa ta mufuradi, suna]), wanda ya samo asali daga kalmar Girkanci: choros ( Greek ) ma'ana rawa a cikin [[Girka (ƙasa)|tsohuwar Girka]] da ta zamani, Turkiyya: Horon, salon rawa ne da ake samu a yankin Baƙar Teku, wanda yanzu Turkiyya ta zamani ce. Rawar da ake kira Horon ta samo asali ne daga al'adun Laz na yankin kuma suna da siffar zagaye, kowannensu yana kuma da gajerun matakai daban-daban. Horon asalin rawa ce ta arna ta Laz. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Horon ko kuma rawa mai zagaye rawa ce ta gargajiya ta yankin bakin teku na Bahar Maliya da sassan cikinta. Horon ya bambanta sosai da rawa ta gargajiya a wasu sassan ƙasar tare da tsarin saurin gudu, tsari da ma'auni. Ana yin horon gabaɗaya ta ƙungiyoyi kuma ma'aunin halayensu shine 7 16 Domin waƙoƙinsu suna da sauri sosai, yana da matuƙar wahala a yi su da kowace kayan kida. Saboda wannan dalili, yin su da ganga da zurna ya zama mai amfani. Ana yin waƙoƙin horon da ƙaramin nau'in zurna wanda ake kira 'cura'. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin sassan ciki kayan kida masu busawa kamar bagpipe mey (kuma, ƙaramin zurna) da sauransu. Sauran ma'aunin da aka yi amfani da su sune 2 4, 5 8 da 9 16. <ref name=".ncturkishfestival."/> === Zeybek ===   [[Fayil:Zeybek.jpg|thumb|Yara suna yin wasan Zeybek]] Gabaɗaya, rawan Zeybek suna yaɗuwa a Yammacin Anatolia. Rawar Zeybek ta samo asali ne daga Zeybeks na yankin Aegean. Rawar tana faruwa ne ta hanyar mutum ɗaya ko biyu ko kuma ƙungiyar mutane kuma suna canzawa misali a matsayin 'seymen' a tsakiyar Anatolia. Rawar Zeybek gabaɗaya an kafa ta ne ta 9 Suna da ma'auni 9 kuma suna da nau'ikan saurin gudu kamar jinkirin, jinkirin, sauri da sauri. Rawar zeybek mai jinkiri sosai suna da ma'aunin 9 2, masu jinkiri 9 4 da wasu 9 8. Rawar da ake yi cikin sauri, misali, ana ganin rawar teke (akuya) a Burdur – Ana iya ɗaukar yankin Fethiye a matsayin raye-rayen halin zeybek, suna da ma'aunin gargajiya na 9 16. Akwai wata rawar gargajiya mai suna bengi a yankin zeybek. Ana yin ta ne daban da ta zeybek kuma tana da wani nau'in kiɗa daban kuma mafi kyawun ma'aunin rawar bengi shine 9 8. Musamman a cikin sautin zeybeks a hankali, kayan kida na gargajiya sune haɗin ganguna da zurna. Amfani da ganguna 2 da zurna 2 a hade al'ada ce, aikin ɗaya daga cikin zurnas shine rakiyar waƙa, a wata ma'anar, yana tare da waƙar tare da waƙa ta biyu mai ɗorewa. Baya ga ganguna-zurna, ana amfani da kayan kida mai igiya uku bağlama, reed, bargo mai kauri da sauransu don raye-rayen zeybek masu sauri. Musamman ma, kayan kida na gargajiya na yankin rawa na teke (akuya) shine reed. === Wasu siffofi === [[Fayil:Row_of_Turkish_folk_dancers.jpg|thumb|Tsifteteli/Çiftelli]] [[Fayil:Kafkas_halk_oyunları.jpg|thumb|Lezginka]] * [[Karsilamas]] : (wani nau'in kiɗan aure) da hora (daga tsohuwar hanyar fasahar Girka ta χορεία) nau'in raye-rayen gargajiya tare da tsarin waƙa da rawa mai kyau da kuma tsari mai sauri da ke fuskantar juna da kuma tsarin al'adu daban-daban na yankin kuma ma'aunin da ya fi rinjaye shine 9 8 amma ana amfani da wasu ma'auni. Kayan aikinsu na gargajiya sune ganguna 2 da haɗin zurna 2, mafi kyawun amfani da wannan haɗin ana iya gani a wannan yanki. Ana iya samunsa kamar, Tsifteteli/Çiftelli . * Kasap havasi/ Hasapiko : ma'ana "rawar mahauci" daga harshen Turkish "Manya", rawa ce ta zamani daga [[Istanbul]] da Gabashin Thrace . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trakya Kasap Havası - Türkü Notası |url=http://www.turkuler.com/nota/ezgi_trakya_kasap_havasi.html}}</ref> Rawar ta samo asali ne a [[Daular Rumawa|zamanin Byzantine]] ta hanyar mahauta, waɗanda sojojin Byzantine suka ɗauke su. * Rawar da aka yi da cokali mai kauri : (Rawar da aka yi da cokali mai kauri): waɗannan rawar, gabaɗaya, galibi suna yaɗuwa a yankin Bahar Rum kuma suna da tsari daban-daban tare da aikin shirya su, halayensu na rhythm da na waƙar. Kullum ana yin su da cokali na katako kuma ma'aunin halayen shine 2 4 ko 4 4. Kayan kida da ake amfani da su sune beast bow (daga baya violin), baglama da clarinet, gabaɗaya, ana tare da su da waƙoƙin gargajiya. Dinar wataƙila ita ce mafi shahara a cikin "rawar cokali na katako" * Kolbastı : Kolbastı yana cikin matasa da suka yi fice kuma suka yi fice. * Lezginka : Lezginka ana yinsa ne a Kars da Ardahan . * [[Samah (dance)|Samah]] : Waƙoƙin Samah suna da ma'aunin 5 8, 7 8 da 9 8. Kayan kida na gargajiya sune baglama, baka da sauransu. Babu kayan kida masu ƙarfi. Waƙa ta hanyar waƙa (ba tare da wani kayan kida ba) ita ma ta yaɗu. Samahs mafi haɓaka suna da sassa 3, wato: ağırlama (nishaɗi), yeldirme (saka riga) da koğdurma (korar kaya). * Syrtos : Rawannin da'ira ne na Girka, waɗanda suka samo asali daga tsohuwar Girka, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna Syrtos, daga σύρω, ''syro'', "ja [rawar]" kuma ana iya samun su galibi a yankin Pontus . * Shiksaray : rawa ce ta Turkiyya, wacce ta samo asali daga Yankin Tekun Baƙi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sera-Siksara-Siksaray |url=http://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/gumushane/kulturatlasi/sera-siksara-siksaray}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Al'adun Daular Ottoman * Kiɗan Ottoman * Al'adun Turkiyya * Rawar gargajiya ta 'yan ƙasar Cyprus ta Turkiyya * Al'adun Turkiyya * Rawar al'adun Assuriya * Rawar Kurdawa * [[Armenian dance|Rawar Armeniya]] * Rawar gargajiya ta Girkawa ta Pontic == Manazarta == szatdce0e025ttkn89g4kdcnoc2xkrx 0 140362 964631 794004 2026-10-08T06:46:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964631 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Yusuf Badmus Olarewaju (1957 - 30 Janairu, 2026) [1] ya kasance Mai bincike, mai gudanarwa kuma Farfesa na kimiyya na Alkur'ani a cikin sashin Musulunci, Ma'aikatar Addini, Faculty of Art, Jami'ar Ilorin. [2] == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Badmus Olarewaju a shekara ta 1957 ga dangin Maimasa a Gambari, [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . Ya fara karatunsa na Islama da Larabci a Darul-uluum a [[Ilorin]] a 1971 kuma ya kammala a 1974. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-02-02 |title=Biography of Professor Yusuf Lanre Badmus – National Press UK |url=https://the-national-press-newspaper.co.uk/biography-of-professor-yusuf-lanre-badmus/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Bayero|Jami'ar Bayero ta Kano]], inda ya sami Diploma a Nazarin Musulunci da Larabci a shekarar 1979.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Yusuf Badmus Olarewaju – Department of Religions |url=https://religions.arts.unilorin.edu.ng/staffmember/prof-yusuf-badmus-olarewaju/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami BA a Nazarin Musulunci a 1982 da MA da PhD a Nazarin Islama a 1985 da 1997 daga [[Jami'ar Ilorin]].<ref name=":1" /> Ya kuma sami difloma na digiri na biyu a koyar da Larabci ga masu magana da ba na asali ba a Jami'ar King Saud, [[Riyadh]], a cikin 1990. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Oladosu |first=Rahma |date=2026-02-05 |title=Legacy Beyond NAHCON: Remembering Professor Yusuf Lanre Badmus, by Rahma O. Oladosu |url=https://economicconfidential.com/legacy-nahcon-badmus/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Economi Confidential |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan Ilimi da Gudanarwa == Ya fara aikinsa na ilimi da gudanarwa a shekarar 1991, lokacin da ya shiga Sashen Addini, [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] . Ya yi aiki a matsayin mukaddashin shugaban sashen nazarin addini, Dean na makarantar digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Ilorin, da kuma Darakta, Cibiyar Cibiyoyin da ke da alaƙa.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":1"/> Badmus Olarewaju ya kasance Kwamishinan Tarayya a [[Hukumar Kula da Alhazai ta Najeriya|Hukumar Hajji ta Kasa ta Najeriya]] (NAHCON) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwamitin Hijirah na Kasa, Sashen Jihar Kwara . Ya yi aiki a matsayin Provost na Kwalejin Jihar Kwara na Nazarin Shari'a da Musulunci, Ilorin . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-07 |title=Prof. Yusuf Lanre-Badmus Archives |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/tag/prof-yusuf-lanre-badmus/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance Babban Imam na masallacin Hilal Jummuah a Ilorin.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=highprofile |date=2026-01-30 |title=Professor Badmas Lanre Yusuf Passes Away |url=https://highprofilenews.com.ng/2026/01/30/professor-badmas-lanre-yusuf-passes-away/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=High Profile |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance memba na kwamitin ba da shawara na Ullama ga Sarkin Ilorin kan rikice-rikicen addini da duk wani al'amari da fadar ta gabatar da shi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Time |date=2026-01-31 |title=Ajia Commiserates with Ilorin Emirate, Kwara Over Death of Prof. Yusuf Lanre Badmus - Time Nigeria Magazine |url=https://timenigeria.com/ajia-commiserates-with-ilorin-emirate-kwara-over-death-of-prof-yusuf-lanre-badmus/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=timenigeria.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bolakale |first=Oluwatoyin Luqman |date=2026-01-31 |title=Gobir Mourns Prof. Yusuf Lanre Badmus - |url=https://www.thesatcommedia.com/gobir-mourns-prof-yusuf-lanre-badmus/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Badmus Olarewaju ya mutu a ranar Jumma'a, 30 ga Janairu, 2026, a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] yana da shekaru 69 bayan ɗan gajeren rashin lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gobir Mourns Prof. Yusuf Lanre Badmus |url=https://www.kwarareporters.com.ng/2026/01/gobir-mourns-prof-yusuf-lanre-badmus.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Kwara Reporters}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor AbdulRazaq Mourns Renowned Islamic Scholar Professor Yusuf Lanre Badmus |url=https://www.ilorin.info/fullnews.php?id=37814 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.ilorin.info}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwa 2026]] rkxm9wou4xd6vm0cazr2w40w8e488b8 0 142926 964553 802815 2026-10-07T23:49:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Jianzi_players.jpg|thumb|238x238px|Ɗan wasan da ke gefen dama yana ƙoƙarin ɗaga shuttlecock sama a wasan jianzi .]] [[Sin|Kasar Sin]] tana da dogon tarihi na wasannin gargajiya, wasanni, da motsa jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vic-Liu |date=2019-07-22 |title=16 Unique Traditional Chinese Sports |url=https://letschinese.com/traditional-chinese-sports/ |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Let's Chinese |language=en-US}}</ref> == Wasannin da suka shuɗe == === Chuiwan === Chuiwan wani tsohon wasan kasar Sin ne wanda za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani nau'in wasan golf na farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-06 |title= |url=http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/ASSH%20Bulletins/No%2014/ASSHBulletin14c.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006031420/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/ASSH%20Bulletins/No%2014/ASSHBulletin14c.pdf |archive-date=2013-10-06 |access-date=2022-11-24}}</ref> === Cuju === Cuju wani tsohon wasan kasar Sin ne wanda yayi kama da [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙungiyar]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barr |first=Adam |title=History of Football: Cuju |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/228587-history-of-football-cuju |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Bleacher Report |language=en}}</ref> == Wasannin gargajiya == === Jianzi === A cikin wasan jianzi, 'yan wasa suna ƙoƙarin hana ɗan wasan gudu daga faɗuwa ƙasa ta hanyar buga shi da wani ɓangare na jikinsu banda hannuwansu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tang |first=Ching Yuet |date=27 July 2017 |title=A guide to jianzi, a Chinese game with a shuttlecock (but no racket) |url=https://scroll.in/article/844603/a-guide-to-jianzi-a-chinese-game-with-a-shuttlecock-but-no-racket |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> === Tukunyar jefa kwallo === A cikin tukunyar pitch-pot (wanda aka fi sani da Touhu), 'yan wasa suna ƙoƙarin jefa kibiyoyi a cikin tukunya mai bakin kunkuntar. An bayyana wasan a cikin Littafin Rites, ɗaya daga cikin Five Confucian Classics. A al'ada, tukunyar pitch-pot ana sarrafa ta ne ta hanyar ƙa'idodi da yawa na ɗabi'a, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Littafin Rites, kodayake a zamanin yau wasan yana da sigar da ba ta dace ba. === Sanda na Fure === A cikin sandar fure, 'yan wasa suna yin dabaru daban-daban ta amfani da sandar fure, wanda wani aiki ne na musamman na al'adun kasar Sin. == Bambance-bambancen tag == === Kaza vs gaggafa === === Kama wutsiyar dodon === Duk 'yan wasan suna layi ta hanyar riƙe kugunsu, ɗan wasan a gaba ana kiransa "dragon", ɗan wasan kuma a baya ana kiransa "wutsiya". Manufar dodon shine a yiwa wutsiya alama, yayin da duk sauran 'yan wasa ke da nufin hana hakan ta hanyar motsawa. Dole ne 'yan wasan su ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tsarin layi a duk tsawon wasan, kuma da zarar dodon ya yiwa wutsiya alama, 'yan wasan duk suna matsawa sama wuri ɗaya, tsohon dodon yanzu yana bayan layin. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Chinese Historical & Cultural Project - Traditional Chinese Games |url=https://chcp.org/Games |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=chcp.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-22 |title=Catching the dragon's tail |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/southland-times/news/10403335/Catching-the-dragons-tail |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> === Mage da beraye === Duk 'yan wasan sai biyu kawai suka yi da'ira a kusa da wani ɗan wasa da ake kira "linzami", inda ɗan wasa ɗaya da aka sani da "kyat" ya tsaya a wajen da'irar. 'Yan wasan da ke kewaye suna juyawa a kan linzamin kwamfuta na ɗan lokaci, kuma da zarar sun tsaya, kyanwar tana ƙoƙarin yiwa linzamin alama yayin da 'yan wasan biyu ke shiga da fita daga da'irar, kodayake kyanwar dole ne ta bi hanyar da linzamin kwamfuta ya bi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-07 |title=Here's What Recess Looks Like Around The World |url=https://www.fatherly.com/parenting/recess-around-the-world-photos |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Fatherly |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> == Fagen yaƙi ==   == Wasannin allo ==   === Tafi === Go wasa ne na allo wanda 'yan wasa ke ƙoƙarin kewaye guntun abokan hamayyarsu a kan allo da guntun nasu domin "kama" guntun abokan hamayya. Ɗan wasan da ya kama mafi yawan yankin da ke kan allo shi ne ya lashe wasan. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vincithevin |date=2022-11-23 |title=A Few Chinese Tabletop Games to Learn and Master |url=https://www.thebeijinger.com/blog/2022/04/29/few-chinese-tabletop-games-learn-over-break-or-lockdown |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=www.thebeijinger.com |language=EN}}</ref> === Xiangqi === Xiangqi is a board game with similarities to [[Dara (Chess)|chess]].<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-04 |title=Chess returns to India |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess-returns-to-india |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=Chess News |language=en}}</ref> == Wasannin caca ==   === Pai gow === Pai gow wasa ne na caca da ake yi da dominoes, inda manufarsa ita ce a sami tayal huɗu masu lambobi waɗanda suka haɗu har zuwa tara ko fiye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History Of Pai Gow - Global Casino Guide |url=https://www.globalcasinoguide.com/casino-games/pai-gow/history-of-pai-gow |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=www.globalcasinoguide.com}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> == Tseren kwale-kwale == === Jirgin ruwan dragon === Gasar tseren kwale-kwalen dragon ta wuce shekaru 2,000, inda ko dai mahalarta 10 ko 20 ke ƙoƙarin tuƙa kwale-kwalen dragon cikin sauri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dragon Boat |url=https://www.canoeicf.com/discipline/dragon-boat |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=ICF - Planet Canoe |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124211111/https://www.canoeicf.com/discipline/dragon-boat |archive-date=2022-11-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasannin tsiraru == Wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi (ƙabilu ko yankuna) ne kawai ke yin waɗannan wasannin a ƙasar Sin. === Kwallan lu'u-lu'u ===   Kwallon Pearl wasa ne na Manchu wanda yayi kama da [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] . 'Yan wasa shida daga kowace ƙungiya suna fafatawa a filin wasa mai nisan mita 28x15, inda manufar harin ita ce a harba ƙwallon zuwa ƙaramin raga da ɗaya daga cikin abokan wasansu ke riƙe da shi, yayin da wasu daga cikin masu tsaron baya ke da ƙwallon da za su iya amfani da ita don karkatar da ƙwallon daga raga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Young generations in Ningxia experience traditional ethnic sports - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/22/c_138079271.htm |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pearl Ball: Manchu competition now enjoyed by varied players{{!}}game 2011{{!}}chinadaily.com.cn |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/regional/2011-09/19/content_13761664.htm |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Wasannin gargajiya na Kudancin Asiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] px9mmqb81ks8c7hlsku50ywfbnknug6 0 144797 964678 807789 2026-10-08T09:26:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ágost Fülöp Benárd na Szilvágy''' (3 ga watan Janairun 1880 - 22 ga watan Yunin 1968) ɗan siyasan gurguzu ne na Hungary, diflomasiyya, likita, kuma ɗan jarida.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tarján |first=Tamás M. |date=2018-01-03 |title=1880. január 3: Megszületik Benárd Ágost, a trianoni békediktátum egyik aláírója |url=https://rubicon.hu/kalendarium/1880-januar-3-megszuletik-benard-agost-a-trianoni-bekediktatum-egyik-alairoja |website=Rubicon Online |language=hu}}</ref> Benárd ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Lafiyar Jama'a da Aiki na Masarautar Hungary daga Maris 1920 zuwa Afrilu 1921. Ya kasance daya daga cikin masu sanya hannu biyu na Yarjejeniyar Trianon na Hungary, tare da Alfréd Drasche-Lázár. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Vizi |first=László Tamás |date=2021 |title=The Ideas of Hungarian Politics on Revision in the First Half of the 1920s |url=https://dspace5.zcu.cz/bitstream/11025/44890/1/WBHR_2021_1-29-52.pdf |journal=West Bohemian Historical Review |publisher=University of West Bohemia Press |publication-place=Plzeň |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–48}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ágost Benárd de Szilvágy a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 1880 a [[Budapest]] . <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Vizi |first=László Tamás |date=2018 |editor-last=Lukács |editor-first=István |editor2-last=Majoros |editor2-first=István |title=A trianoni békeszerződés magyar aláírói: Dr. Benárd Ágost és Drasche–Lázár Alfréd |url=https://edit.elte.hu/xmlui/static/pdf-viewer-master/external/pdfjs-2.1.266-dist/web/viewer.html?file=https://edit.elte.hu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10831/39121/26_ViziLT_405-420.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |journal=Közép-Európai Arcképcsarnok |language=hu |publisher=ELTE BTK Új- és Jelenkortörténeti Tanszék |publication-place=Budapest |volume=1 |pages=405–420}}</ref> Iyayensa sune Lajos Benárd (1827-1885) da Emília Gáspár (1838-1907). Mahaifinsa ma'aikaci ne na Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Kasa, kuma an ba shi lakabi mai daraja "de Szilvágy" a 1877, daga garinsu na Szilvágyi .<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date= |title=Benárd Lajos gyászjelentése |url=https://dspace.oszk.hu/handle/20.500.12346/335527?show=full |website=Pannon Digitális Egyesített Archívum |publisher=Országos Széchényi Könyvtár |language=hu}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Benárd ya halarci makarantar motsa jiki ta Piarist a Pest kuma ya kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Budapest a 1905 tare da digiri na likita. Yayinda yake jami'a, ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar siyasa, yana shirya zanga-zangar dalibai bayan Zaben majalisar dokoki na 1905. <ref name=":3"/> == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunsa, Benárd ya fara horo don zama likita a [[Faris|Paris]] da [[Vienna]].<ref name=":0"/> A cikin 1909, kungiyar Inshora ta Ma'aikata ta Hungary ta hayar da shi ya zama likita ga membobin al'umma. A shekara ta 1914, a lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na, Benárd ya shiga cikin Honvéd a matsayin likitan yaki. Ya yi aiki na tsawon watanni hamsin a matsayin likita a fagen fama har zuwa 1917. A watan Nuwamba 1918, Benárd ya fara shirya zanga-zangar da aka yi wa [[Mihály Károlyi]] bayan [[Aster Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin]] Aster . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Tarján |first=Tamás M. |date=2018-01-03 |title=1880. január 3: Megszületik Benárd Ágost, a trianoni békediktátum egyik aláírója |url=https://rubicon.hu/kalendarium/1880-januar-3-megszuletik-benard-agost-a-trianoni-bekediktatum-egyik-alairoja |website=Rubicon Online |language=hu}}</ref> Lokacin da [[First Hungarian Republic|Jamhuriyar Hungary ta farko]] ta rushe a watan Maris na shekara ta 1919, sabuwar gwamnatin [[Hungarian Soviet Republic|Jamhuriyar Soviet ta Hungary]] ta kama Benárd saboda shirya ayyukan adawa da juyin juya hali kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Ranar da za a kashe shi, ya tsere ya gudu zuwa Vienna.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Vizi |first=László Tamás |date=2018 |editor-last=Lukács |editor-first=István |editor2-last=Majoros |editor2-first=István |title=A trianoni békeszerződés magyar aláírói: Dr. Benárd Ágost és Drasche–Lázár Alfréd |url=https://edit.elte.hu/xmlui/static/pdf-viewer-master/external/pdfjs-2.1.266-dist/web/viewer.html?file=https://edit.elte.hu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10831/39121/26_ViziLT_405-420.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |journal=Közép-Európai Arcképcsarnok |language=hu |publisher=ELTE BTK Új- és Jelenkortörténeti Tanszék |publication-place=Budapest |volume=1 |pages=405–420}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] 52nunudww22xj4qnf9w3rezd1klbit5 0 149559 964637 831100 2026-10-08T06:52:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joseph Afusi listenⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1982) shi ne kocin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] na Najeriya kuma tsohon dan wasa, wanda kwanan nan ya kasance Babban kocin Kungiyar Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club ta Bangladesh Premier League . <ref>{{Cite web |last=নিউজ |first=সময় |title=আবারো শেখ জামালে জোসেফ আফুসি {{!}} খেলা |url=https://www.somoynews.tv/news/2022-04-20/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Somoy News |language=bn}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamal to bring back Joseph Afusi |url=https://bangladeshpost.net/posts/jamal-to-bring-back-joseph-afusi-83950 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=bangladeshpost.net |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasa == === Farkon aiki === Ya buga wa Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club, FC Baden, Zug 94, FC Solothurn, Ceahlăul Piatra Neamţ, CS Buftea, da Minerul Lupeni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=J. Afusi |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/afusi-afusi/55529/ |access-date=16 January 2015 |publisher=Soccerway}}</ref> == Daraja == === A matsayin Mai kunnawa === '''FC Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț''': Liga II '''Ƙungiyar II''' * Masu cin nasara (1): 2008-092008–09 '''Kungiyar Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi''' * '''Gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh''' '''(1)''' === A matsayin Manajan === '''Kungiyar Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi''' * '''Gasar Firimiya ta Bangladesh''' '''(2)''' : 2013–14, 2014–15 [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] ==manazarta== oidyhkauvvar3tkoru1baobu314zr94 0 153108 964317 924164 2026-10-07T12:16:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dam din Kholombidzo''', wanda kuma Kholomb Edo Hydroelectric Power Station, wani madatsar ruwa ce da aka tsara {{Convert|200|MW}} a [[Malawi]]. == Wurin da yake == Za a sami tashar wutar lantarki a fadin [[Rafin Shire|Kogin Shire]], a ƙauyen Kholombidzo, [[Blantyre]]_District" id="mwKg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Blantyre District">Gundumar Blantyre, a [[Malawi]]" id="mwKw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Southern Region, Malawi">Yankin Kudancin Malawi. Kholombidzo shine wurin Kholomb Edo Falls (tsohon Murchison Falls), kusa da ƙauyen Chipironje . <ref name="Two">{{Cite web |last=Mapcarta |date=21 April 2018 |title=Murchison Falls, Malawi, Africa |url=https://mapcarta.com/14197162 |access-date=21 April 2018 |publisher=Mapcarta.com}}</ref> Wannan kusan kilomita 52 ne (32 , ta hanyar hanya, arewa maso yammacin Blantyre, babban birnin kudi na Malawi. == Bayani da tarihi == A cikin 2013, Gwamnatin Malawi ta tallata don tayin don gudanar da nazarin yiwuwar tashar wutar lantarki tare da ƙarfin 160-370 megawatts, ta amfani da dala miliyan 2 da Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) ya ba Malawi. <ref name="Four">{{Cite web |last=Hydroworld |date=28 August 2013 |title=Malawi seeks feasibility study of 370MW Kholombidzo Hydro Project |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2013/08/malawi-seeks-feasibility-study-of-370-mw-kholombidzo-hydro-project.html |access-date=21 April 2018 |publisher=Hydroworld.com}}</ref> An ba da kwangilar don nazarin yiwuwar da ƙirar aikin ga COBA, kamfanin injiniya na Portugal. <ref name="Five">{{Cite web |last=Bentley.com |date=2017 |title=Project Profile: Kholombidzo Hydropower Electric Plant |url=https://www.bentley.com/en/project-profiles/2017/coba_kholombidzo-hydropower-electric-plant |access-date=21 April 2018 |publisher=Bentley.com}}</ref> Ana sa ran za a gina shuka a karkashin tsarin haɗin gwiwar jama'a (PPP), tare da Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki Malawi Limited (Egenco), wanda ke wakiltar gwamnati.<ref name="Six">{{Cite web |last=Maravi Post |date=19 November 2016 |title=Malawi to have another hydropower plant |url=https://www.energycentral.com/news/malawi-have-another-hydropower-plant |access-date=21 April 2016 |publisher=Energycentral.com Quoting The Maravi Post |archive-date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422142737/https://www.energycentral.com/news/malawi-have-another-hydropower-plant |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana sa ran za a kwashe wutar lantarki ta hanyar tashar 400kV da ke kusa da ita a Phombeya, <ref name="Eight">{{Cite web |last=US Government |date=22 February 2017 |title=Malawi Country Commercial Guide: Malawi Energy: Kholombidzo Hydroelectric Power Station |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Malawi-Energy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420074514/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Malawi-Energy |archive-date=20 April 2018 |access-date=21 April 2018 |publisher=Department of Commerce, United States Government}}</ref> kimanin kilomita 16.5 (10.3 , ta hanyar hanya, zuwa arewacin Kholombidzo Falls. <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=21 April 2018 |title=Distance between Chipironje, Malawi and Phombeya 132/400kV Substation, M1, Malawi |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Malawi_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Chipironje%2C%20Malawi&toplace=Phombeya%20132%2F400kV%20Substation%2C%20M1%2C%20Malawi&dt1=ChIJz0tWFlHs2BgRcG7DgUHdd2s&dt2=ChIJDUEtmEHA2BgRM9FB4m-BeEQ |access-date=21 April 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> == Gine-gine, tsada da kudade == Binciken yiwuwar ya sanya farashin gini a dala miliyan 435. Matsayin aikin ya haɗa da gina madatsar ruwa, gidan wutar lantarki, tashar, da hanyoyin sabis. Har ila yau, ya haɗa da shigar da turbines huɗu, masu canzawa, janareto, da kuma shimfiɗa layin watsawa. Ana sa ran za a fara ginin a cikin 2018 kuma ya kammala a cikin 2021.<ref name="Six" /> A cikin 2020, an tura farkon ginin zuwa 2021, tare da kammala shirin don 2024.<ref name="9R">{{Cite web |last=Export Credit Norway |date=30 January 2020 |title=Hydropower Annual Market Report Annual Report 2020: Malawi |url=https://www.eksportkreditt.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2020_NORWEP_Hydropower-Annual-Market-Report_V1.2.pdf |access-date=11 July 2020 |publisher=Export Credit Norway |page=14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711112245/https://www.eksportkreditt.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/2020_NORWEP_Hydropower-Annual-Market-Report_V1.2.pdf |archive-date=11 July 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==manazarta== kmraysh4t3vwhedf4mbemm7ls5jdjkb 0 154435 964626 858993 2026-10-08T06:33:10Z Sakai Yayoi 49775 /* Yanayin ƙasa */ 964626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Wide image|Osaka_Dusk_Skyline.png|800px|Osaka city skyline at dusk viewed from the [[Umeda Sky Building]]}}[[Japan]]" Japan">gundumar Osaka (大阪府, Ōsaka-fu; mai suna [oː.sa.ka, oː.sa·ka.] [1]) wani yanki ne na Japan wanda ke cikin Yankin Kansai na [[Honshu]] . Gundumar Osaka tana da yawan mutane 8,778,035 (kamar 1 ga ), kuma tana da yanki na {{Convert|1905|km2|sqmi}} sq mi). Gundumar Osaka tana da iyaka da Gundumar Hyōgo zuwa arewa maso yamma, Gundumar Kyoto zuwa arewa, Gunduma ta Nara zuwa kudu maso gabas, da Gunduma na Wakayama zuwa kudu. [[Osaka]] ita ce babban birni''da kuma'' birni mafi girma a yankin Osaka, kuma birni na uku mafi girma a Japan, tare da wasu manyan biranen da suka hada da Sakai, Higashiōsaka, da Hirakata . <ref>Nussbaum, "Osaka" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 759}}</ref> Gundumar Osaka tana kan iyakar yammacin Tsibirin Kii, ta samar da yammacin budewa zuwa Osaka Bay. Gundumar Osaka ita ce ta uku mafi yawan jama'a, amma ta yankin ƙasa ita ce ta biyu mafi ƙanƙanta; a mazauna 4,600 a kowace murabba'in kilomita (12,000 / sq ita ce ta bobedi mafi yawan jamaʼa, a ƙasa da [[Tokyo]] kawai. Gundumar Osaka tana ɗaya daga cikin "[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= fu_(administrative_division)" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fu (administrative division)">Gundumar birane]" guda biyu na Japan ta amfani da sunan fu (府) maimakon daidaitattun ken don prefectures, tare da Kyoto Prefecture . Gundumar Osaka ta zama cibiyar babban birnin Keihanshin, yanki na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Japan bayan Babban yankin Tokyo kuma ɗayan yankuna masu samar da kayayyaki a duniya ta GDP. == Tarihi == {{Wide image|Osaka_Dusk_Skyline.png|800px|Osaka city skyline at dusk viewed from the [[Umeda Sky Building]]}}  Kafin Maidowar Meiji, yankin zamani na Osaka Prefecture ya rabu tsakanin lardunan Kawachi, Izumi, <ref>{{Cite web |last=大阪府教育委員会 |date=2002-03-29 |title=岸和田城跡 |url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/5073 |access-date=2016-09-02 |website=Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=泉南市教育委員会 |date=1987-09-21 |title=海会寺 |url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/5094 |access-date=2016-09-02 |website=Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da Settsu. <ref>Nussbaum, "Provinces and prefectures" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 780}}</ref> An kirkiro yankin Osaka ne a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1868, a farkon zamanin Meiji.. A lokacin kaddamar da Fuhanken Sanchisei a cikin 1868, lardin ya sami karin karin fu, yana ayyana shi a matsayin lardin. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1956, an mayar da birnin Osaka zuwa wani birni da dokar gwamnati ta ayyana kuma ta haka aka raba shi zuwa unguwanni 24.   Sakai ya zama birni na biyu a cikin lardin da aka ɗaukaka zuwa birni da dokar gwamnati ta ayyana a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2006, kuma an raba shi zuwa gundumomi bakwai..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our City 堺市 |url=https://www.city.sakai.lg.jp/foreign-language/english/visitors/about/ourcity/index.html |access-date=February 8, 2025}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, Fusae Ota ta zama gwamna mace ta farko a Japan lokacin da ta maye gurbin Knock Yokoyama, wanda ya yi murabus bayan an tuhume shi da laifin cin zarafi.  Tōru Hashimoto, wanda a baya ya shahara a matsayin mai ba da shawara a talabijin, an zabe shi a shekara ta 2008 yana da shekaru 38, ya zama gwamna mafi karancin shekaru a Japan.. A ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2018, girgizar kasa ta afku a yankin arewacin lardin. Ya kashe mutane 4 tare da yin barna a fadin Greater Osaka . === Sake tsarawa da aka tsara ===   A shekara ta 2010, an kirkiro kungiyar Maido da Osaka tare da goyon bayan Gwamna Tōru Hashimoto, tare da fatan sake fasalin Osaka Prefecture a cikin Osaka Metropolis da haɗuwa da Birnin Osaka. A cikin zaɓen gida na 2011, ƙungiyar ta sami damar lashe mafi yawan kujerun gundumar kuma an zabi Hashimoto a matsayin magajin garin Osaka. An gudanar da raba gardama kan batun a shekarar 2015 kuma an ci nasara da kashi 50.38% na masu jefa kuri'a da ke adawa da shirin. Zaben raba gardama na biyu a shekarar 2020 ya ki amincewa da kashi 50.6% na masu jefa kuri'a. == Yanayin ƙasa == Gundumar Osaka tana makwabtaka da prefectures na Hyōgo da Kyoto a arewa, Nara a gabas da Wakayama a kudu. Kogin Yodo da Yamato suna gudana ta cikin gundumar. Kafin gina Filin jirgin saman Kansai, Osaka ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a Japan. Tsibirin wucin gadi wanda aka gina filin jirgin sama ya kara isasshen yanki don sanya shi dan kadan ya fi girma fiye da yankin Kagawa. Ya zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 2012, 11% na jimlar yankin ƙasar da aka sanya shi a matsayin wuraren shakatawa na halitta, wato Kongō-Ikoma-Kisen da Meiji no Mori Minō Quasi-National Parks da Hokusetsu da Hannan-Misaki Prefectural Natural Parks . <ref>{{Cite web |title=General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture |url=http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/doc/files/np_6.pdf |access-date=9 August 2012 |publisher=[[Ministry of the Environment (Japan)|Ministry of the Environment]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Map_of_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|thumb|Taswirar Gundumar Osaka Dokar Gwamnati da aka zaba Garin Birni<br />{{Legend0|#BFE|Village}}]] [[Fayil:Osaka_Prefectural_Government_Main_Building_view_from_Osaka_Castle.jpg|thumb|Ofishin Gundumar Osaka]] [[Fayil:Daisenryo Kofun from Sakai City Hall.jpg|thumb|Kabarin Sakai da Daisenryo Kofun MozuDaisenryo Kofun Mozu Kabarin]] [[Fayil:View_of_Takatsuki_city_2.jpg|thumb|Takatsuki]] Tun daga shekara ta 2005, Osaka ta kunshi kananan hukumomi 43, birane 33, garuruwa tara da ƙauyen ɗaya. Ya zuwa 2021, biranen 33 sun haɗa da manyan birane biyu da aka tsara, manyan birane bakwai da birane biyu (na wucin gadi) na musamman (bayan soke doka a cikin 2015, don maye gurbin su da tsarin birni a cikin 2020s). {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Flag, sunan w/o suffix<small>w/o ma'anar</small> ! colspan="3" |Cikakken suna ! rowspan="2" |Gundumar<br />'' (-gun) '' ! rowspan="2" |Yankin (km<sup>2</sup>) ! rowspan="2" |Yawan jama'a ! rowspan="2" |Taswirar ! rowspan="2" |LPE code <small> (w/o pref. [27...],checksum [-x]) <br /></small> <br /> |- !<small>Jafananci</small> !<small>fassarar</small> !<small>[[Turanci|fassarar]]</small> |- |Daitō[[Fayil:Flag_of_Daito,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Gabas |Daitō-shi |Birnin Daitō | - |18.27 |119,329 |[[Fayil:Daito_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |218 |- |Fujidera[[Fayil:Flag_of_Fujiidera,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Garin藤井 |Fujidera-shi |Birnin Fujidera | - |8.89 |65,075 |[[Fayil:Fujiidera_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |226 |- |Habikino[[Fayil:Flag_of_Habikino,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Fetur |Habikino-shi |Birnin Habikino | - |26.44 |113,256 |[[Fayil:Habikino_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |222 |- |Hannan[[Fayil:Flag_of_Hannan,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin阪南 |Hannan-shi |Birnin Hannan | - |36.1 |55,798 |[[Fayil:Hannan_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |232 |- |Higashiōsaka[[Fayil:Flag_of_Higashiosaka,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Gabas ta Tsakiya |Higashi-Ōsaka-shi |Birnin Higashi-Osaka (Gabas ta Osaka) <br /> | - |61.78 |495,011 |[[Fayil:Higashiosaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |227 |- |Hirakata[[Fayil:Flag_of_Hirakata,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Mekace |Hirakata-shi |Birnin Hirakata | - |65.08 |401,449 |[[Fayil:Hirakata_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |210 |- |Ibaraki[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ibaraki,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Tsm |Ibaraki-shi |Birnin Ibaraki | - |76.52 |280,562 |[[Fayil:Ibaraki_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |211 |- |Ikeda[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ikeda,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin池田 |Ikeda-shi |Birnin Ikeda | - |22.09 |103,028 |[[Fayil:Ikeda_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |204 |- |Izumi[[Fayil:Flag_of_Izumi,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Da kuma garin泉 |Izumi-shi |Birnin Izumi | - |84.98 |186,370 |[[Fayil:Izumi_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |219 |- |Izumiōtsu[[Fayil:Flag_of_Izumiōtsu,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin泉大津 |Izumi-Ōtsu-shi |Birnin Izumi-Ōtsu (kamar yadda ya saba da Birnin Ōtsu a Lardin Ōmi) <br /><small> (kamar yadda ya saba da Ōtsu City a lardin Ōmi) </small> | - |13.36 |75,398 |[[Fayil:Izumiotsu_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |206 |- |Izumisano[[Fayil:Flag_of_Izumisano,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin泉佐野 |Izumi-Sano-shi |Birnin Izumi-Sano (kamar yadda ya saba da Birnin Sano a Lardin Shimotsuke) <br /><small> (kamar yadda ya saba da Sano City a Lardin Shimotsuke) </small> | - |55.03 |100,649 |[[Fayil:Izumisano_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |213 |- |Kadoma[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kadoma,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin門真 |Kadoma-shi |Birnin Kadoma | - |12.28 |124,516 |[[Fayil:Kadoma_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |223 |- |Kaizuka[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kaizuka,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Be塚 |Kaizuka-shi |Birnin Kaizuka | - |43.99 |88,345 |[[Fayil:Kaizuka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |208 |- |Kashiwara[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kashiwara_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin柏原 |Kashiwara-shi |Birnin Kashiwara | - |25.39 |76,383 |[[Fayil:Kashiwara_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |221 |- |Katano[[Fayil:Flag_of_Katano,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin交野 |Katano-shi |Birnin Katano | - |25.55 |76,383 |[[Fayil:Katano_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |230 |- |Kawachinagano[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kawachinagano,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Ruwa mai tsawo |Kawachi-Nagano-shi |Birnin Kawachi-Nagano <small> (kamar yadda ya saba da Birnin Nagano a Lardin Shinano) </small> <br /> | - |109.61 |105,872 |[[Fayil:Kawachinagano_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |216 |- |Kishiwada[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kishiwada,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Kogin da kuma garin田 |Kishiwada-shi |Birnin Kishiwada | - |72.68 |197,629 |[[Fayil:Kishiwada_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |202 |- |Matsubara[[Fayil:Flag_of_Matsubara,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Garin松原 |Matsubarashi |Birnin Matsubara | - |16.66 |121,125 |[[Fayil:Matsubara_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |217 |- |Minoh[[Fayil:Flag_of_Minoo,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Siffar birni |Minoo-shi |Birnin Minoo | - |47.84 |134,435 |[[Fayil:Minoh_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |220 |- |Moriguchi[[Fayil:Flag_of_Moriguchi,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Gidan gari |Moriguchi-shi |Birnin Moriguchi | - |12.73 |143,877 |[[Fayil:Moriguchi_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |209 |- |Neyagawa[[Fayil:Flag_of_Neyagawa,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Gidan kwana na Gidan Gidan Gida |Neyagawa-shi |Birnin Neyagawa | - |24.73 |236,758 |[[Fayil:Neyagawa_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |215 |- |[[Osaka]] (babban birni) [[Fayil:Flag_of_Osaka,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin 大阪 |Ōsaka-shi |Birnin Osaka | - |225.21 |2,668,586 |[[Fayil:Osaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |100 |- |Ōsakasayama[[Fayil:Flag_of_Ōsakasayama,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Tsuntsu na Babban阪 |Ōsaka-Sayama-shi |Birnin Osaka-Sayama (kamar yadda ya saba da Birnin Sayama a Saitama) <br /><small> (kamar yadda ya saba da Sayama City a Saitama) </small> | - |11.86 |57,993 |[[Fayil:Osakasayama_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |231 |- |Sakai[[Fayil:Flag_of_Sakai,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Wannan birni |Sakai-shi |Birnin Sakai | - |149.82 |828,741 |[[Fayil:Sakai_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |140 |- |Sennan[[Fayil:Flag_of_Sennan,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin泉南 |Sennan-shi |Birnin Sennan (Sen[shū] Birnin Kudu) <small> (bayan Gundumar Sennan) </small> <br /><br /> | - |48.48 |62,076 |[[Fayil:Sennan_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |228 |- |Settsu[[Fayil:Flag_of_Settsu,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |"Matsayi na津" |Settsu-shi |Birnin Settsu | - |14.88 |85,290 |[[Fayil:Settsu_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |224 |- |Shijōnawate[[Fayil:Flag_of_Shijōnawate,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Taƙaitaccen birni |Shijōnawate-shi |Birnin Shijōnawate | - |18.74 |55,832 |[[Fayil:Shijonawate_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |229 |- |Suita[[Fayil:Flag_of_Suita,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin吹田 |Suita-shi |Birnin Suita | - |36.11 |378,322 |[[Fayil:Suita_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |205 |- |Takaishi[[Fayil:Flag_of_Takaishi,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin 高石 |Takaishi-shi |Birnin Takaishi | - |11.35 |56,583 |[[Fayil:Takaishi_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |225 |- |Takatsuki[[Fayil:Flag_of_Takatsuki,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin Haji |Takatsuki-shi |Birnin Takatsuki | - |105.31 |350,914 |[[Fayil:Takatsuki_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |207 |- |Tondabayashi[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tondabayashi,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin富田林 |Tondabayashi-shi |Birnin Tondabayashi | - |39.66 |112,993 |[[Fayil:Tondabayashi_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |214 |- |Toyonaka[[Fayil:Flag_of_Toyonaka,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |豊 中 gari |Toyonaka-shi |Birnin Toyonaka | - |36.38 |396,014 |[[Fayil:Toyonaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |203 |- |Yao[[Fayil:Flag_of_Yao,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Birnin takwas |Yaoshi |Birnin Yao | - |41.71 |268,013 |[[Fayil:Yao_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |212 |- |Chihayaakasaka[[Fayil:Flag_of_Chihaya-Akasaka,_Ōsaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Garin tsakar tsakar |Chihaya-Akasaka-mura |Garin Chihaya-Akasaka | rowspan="3" |Minamikawachi |37.38 |5,467 |[[Fayil:Chihayaakasaka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |383 |- |Kanan[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kanan,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |河南町 |Kanan-chō |Garin Kanan |25.26 |16,027 |[[Fayil:Kanan_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |382 |- |Taishi[[Fayil:Flag_of_Taishi_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Yarima |Taishi-chō |Garin Taishi |14.17 |13,634 |[[Fayil:Taishi_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |381 |- |Kumatori[[Fayil:Flag_of_Kumatori,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |熊取町 |Kumatori-chō |Garin Kumatori | rowspan="3" |Sennan |17.23 |43,988 |[[Fayil:Kumatori_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |361 |- |Misaki[[Fayil:Flag_of_Misaki,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Sanya gari |Misakichō |Birnin Misaki |49.08 |16,267 |[[Fayil:Misaki_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |366 |- |Tajiri[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tajiri_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Shishai |Tajiri-chō |Garin Tajiri |4.96 |8,377 |[[Fayil:Tajiri_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |362 |- |Hanci[[Fayil:Flag_of_Nose,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |Ƙarshen gari |Hanci-chō |Garin hanci | rowspan="2" |Toyono |98.68 |9,971 |[[Fayil:Nose_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |322 |- |Toyono[[Fayil:Flag_of_Toyono,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |豊能町 |Toyono-chō |Garin Toyono |34.37 |19,519 |[[Fayil:Toyono_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |321 |- |Shimamoto[[Fayil:Flag_of_Shimamoto,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |島本町 |Shimamoto-chō |Garin Shimamoto |Mishima |16.78 |29,970 |[[Fayil:Shimamoto_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |301 |- |Tadaoka[[Fayil:Flag_of_Tadaoka,_Osaka.svg|frameless|25x25px]] |忠岡町 |Tadaoka-chō |Garin Tadaoka |Senboku |4.03 |17,187 |[[Fayil:Tadaoka_in_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|70x70px]] |341 |- !Osaka[[Fayil:Flag_of_Osaka_Prefecture.svg|frameless|25x25px]] !Babban Birnin Osaka !Ōsaka-fu !Gundumar Osaka !- !1,905.14 !8,823,358 |[[Fayil:Map_of_Osaka_Prefecture_Ja.svg|frameless|87x87px]] !000ISO: JP-27<br /> |} === Haɗuwa ===   Bayan sake kunnawar gundumomi na zamani a cikin 1878/79, Osaka, ciki har da Sakai wanda kawai aka haɗa shi cikin Osaka a cikin 1881, ya ƙunshi gundumomi 5 na birni (-ku) da gundumomi 27 na karkara (-gun), ban da gundumomi 15 na lardin Yamato waɗanda daga baya aka raba su da Osaka a cikin lardin Naravid8. na zamani municipalities a 1889, biyar birane gundumomi aka mayar da su biyu gundumomi masu zaman kansu birane: Osaka City da Sakai City, da kuma Osaka ta [karuyuka] gundumomi aka raba zuwa 12 garuruwa da 310 kauyuka. Bayan birnin Osaka ya mamaye yawancin gundumomin da ke kewaye da su a cikin tsaka-tsakin lokaci/Taishō, adadin gundumomi a Osaka sun riga sun ragu zuwa 149 zuwa 1953. Babban haɗin gwiwar Shōwa na 1950s ya rage jimlar zuwa 47 zuwa 1961, gami da birane 26 a lokacin. An kai jimillar 43 na yanzu yayin haɗewar Babban Heisei a cikin 2005. == Tattalin Arziki == [[Fayil:Osaka_umeda06s3200.jpg|right|thumb|Gundumar lu'u-lu'u a Umeda]] [[Fayil:Osaka_Garden_City_Osaka_Japan01-r.jpg|right|thumb|Birnin Gidan Gida na Osaka]] [[Fayil:Osaka_Castle.jpg|thumb|Gidan sarauta na Osaka]] [[Fayil:Osaka_Business_Park,_Southwest_view_from_Osaka_Castle_20250111.jpg|right|thumb|Gidan shakatawa na kasuwanci na Osaka]] [[Fayil:USJ_5years.JPG|thumb|Universal Studios Japan]] [[Fayil:Osaka_Kansai_Int'l_Airport_Terminal1_(17567741930).jpg|right|thumb|Filin jirgin saman Kansai]] [[Fayil:2018_Umeda_Sky_Building.jpg|thumb|Ginin Sama na Umeda]] [[Fayil:Osaka_neon.jpg|thumb|Shahararren talla na mutumin Glico a Dōtonbori (tsakiyar hagu) ]] Babban samfurin lardin Osaka na shekarar kasafin kuɗi na 2004 shine ¥ 38.7 trillion, na biyu bayan Tokyo tare da haɓaka 0.9% daga shekarar da ta gabata. Wannan yana wakiltar kusan kashi 48% na yankin Kinki. Kudaden shiga kowane mutum shine ¥3.0 million, na bakwai a cikin al'umma. Tallace-tallacen kasuwanci a wannan shekarar shine tiriliyan 60.1.<ref name="osakastat">{{Cite web |title=大阪府民経済計算 (Osaka Prefectural Economy based on 93SNA) ''Osaka Prefectural Government'' |url=http://www.pref.osaka.jp/aid/naniwa/naniwa2007/n2007-2-5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614232402/http://www.pref.osaka.jp/aid/naniwa/naniwa2007/n2007-2-5.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2007-06-14 |access-date=2007-03-13 |language=ja}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Shahararrun ƙwararrun masanan lantarki na duniya kamar Panasonic da Sharp suka rufe su, ɗayan ɓangaren tattalin arzikin Osaka na iya kasancewa da ayyukansa na Kananan da Matsakaici (SMEs). Adadin SMEs da ke Osaka a cikin 2006 ya kasance 330,737, wanda ya kai kashi 99.6% na adadin kasuwancin da ke lardin. Yayin da wannan rabo ya yi kama da sauran larduna (matsakaicin a duk faɗin ƙasar ya kasance kashi 99.7%), abin da aka ƙera na SMEs ya kai kashi 65.4% na jimlar a cikin lardin, ƙimar da ta fi na Tokyo 55.5%, ko na Kanagawa 38.4%. Ɗaya daga cikin samfurin Osaka na hidimar jama'a da ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin yanki, tare da ƙoƙarin haɗin gwiwar masana'antu da ilimi, shine SOHLA na Astro-Technology, tare da aikin tauraron dan adam. Tun da farko an fara ne daga taron Higashiosaka na SMEs, Astro-Technology SOHLA ba wai kawai ya girma a cikin yankin Kansai ba amma kuma ya sami goyon baya daga gwamnati, ta hanyar fasaha da tallafin kayan aiki daga Hukumar Binciken Jirgin Sama ta Japan (JAXA), [5] da tallafin kudi daga NEDO.. <ref name="JAXA">{{Cite web |title="Smaller firms build a satellite" ''City of Osaka, Chicago Office'' |url=http://www.osakacity.org/news/newsItem.aspx?news=244 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124433/http://www.osakacity.org/news/newsItem.aspx?news=244 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |access-date=2007-03-14}}</ref><ref name="NEDO">{{Cite web |title="Study of PETSAT" ''NEDO, 2005'' |url=http://www.nedo.go.jp/kibanbu/saitaku/15h/houkokusho/16higasiosaka.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614232331/http://www.nedo.go.jp/kibanbu/saitaku/15h/houkokusho/16higasiosaka.pdf |archive-date=2007-06-14 |access-date=2007-03-14 |language=ja, en}}</ref> Kasuwancin Tsaro na Osaka, wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin abubuwan da aka samo asali kamar Nikkei 225 Futures, yana zaune ne a Osaka. Akwai kamfanonin lantarki, sunadarai, magunguna, masana'antu masu nauyi, abinci, da gidaje da yawa a cikin Osaka Prefecture. === Manyan kamfanoni === === Manyan masana'antu da cibiyoyin bincike === == Yawan jama'a == [[Fayil:Osaka_prefecture_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg|thumb|279x279px|Birnin Osaka yawan jama'a a cikin 2020]] Dangane da Ƙididdigar Jama'a ta 2005 ta Japan, gundumar Osaka tana da yawan mutane 8,817,166, ƙaruwa da 12,085, ko 0.14%, tun daga Ƙididdigat na shekara ta 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Table 1: 大阪府の人口の推移 ( Population Change of Osaka Prefecture) |url=http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/kokucho/gaiyou1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105142219/http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/kokucho/gaiyou1.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=2007-01-05 |access-date=2007-03-13 |publisher=Osaka Prefectural Government |language=ja}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022 wannan lardin yana da kusan mutane 93,000 na Koriya ta Kudu, mafi girma irin wannan lardi a Japan. Birnin Osaka. Ya zuwa 2013 yawancin yaran Koriya ta Arewa suna zuwa makarantun jama'a na Jafananci na yau da kullun, kodayake an buɗe wasu makarantun Koriya ta Chongryon da azuzuwan na 'yan kabilar Koriya a cikin lardin. A lokacin mulkin Japan na Koriya 'yan kabilar Koriya da dama sun zo yankin Osaka don neman aiki. Mutane da yawa daga Jeju sun zo yankin Osaka bayan an buɗe layin jirgin ruwa na 1922 tsakanin Osaka da Jeju. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu Hukumomin Japan sun tilasta wa wasu 'yan kabilar Koriya su ƙaura zuwa yankin Osaka. == Haikali da wuraren ibada == * Shitennō-ji * Kanshin-ji * Sumiyoshi Taisha == Gidajen tarihi == * Gidan Tarihi na Ethnology na Kasa, Japan [http://www.minpaku.ac.jp/english/] * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Tsohon Gidan Gidajen Gidajen Jafananci (Hattori Ryokuchi Park) * [[OSTEC (Osaka Science and Technology Center) Exhibition Hall|OSTEC (Osaka Science and Technology Center) Gidan baje kolin]] * Gidan kayan gargajiya na Japan, Osaka 大阪 Japan民芸館[http://www.mingeikan-osaka.or.jp/ Babban gidan sarauta na Japan] == Ilimi == Makarantun firamare da ƙananan makarantun sakandare na jama'a a cikin gundumar suna gudanar da su ta hanyar kananan hukumomi. Makarantun sakandare na jama'a suna aiki ne daga Hukumar Ilimi ta Osaka. * Jami'ar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Hagoromo (Sakai) * Jami'ar Hannan (Matsubara) * Jami'ar Kansai Gaidai (Hirakata) (Jami'ar Nazarin Kasashen Waje ta Kansai) * Jami'ar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kansai (Hirakata, Osaka) * Jami'ar Kansai (Suita, Takatsuki, birnin Osaka) * Jami'ar Kindai (Higashiosaka) * Jami'ar Osaka (Toyonaka da Suita) * Jami'ar Fasaha ta Osaka (Kanan) * Jami'ar Tattalin Arziki ta Osaka (Osaka) * tsohuwar Jami'ar Nazarin Kasashen Waje ta Osaka (Minoh) * Jami'ar Osaka Kyoiku (Kashiwara) * Jami'ar [[Osaka|Birnin Osaka]] (Birnin Osaka) * Jami'ar Osaka Prefecture (Sakai) * [[Osaka International Educational University|Jami'ar Ilimi ta Duniya ta Osaka]] (Moriguchi) * Jami'ar Lafiya da Kimiyya ta Wasanni ta Osaka (Kumatori) * Jami'ar Kasuwanci ta Osaka (Higashiosaka) * Jami'ar Tattalin Arziki da Shari'a ta Osaka (Yao) * Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Osaka (Toyonaka) * Jami'ar Sadarwar Lantarki ta Osaka (Neyagawa) * Jami'ar Osaka Gakuin (Suita) * Jami'ar Otemon Gakuin (Ibaraki) * Jami'ar Setsunan (Neyagawa) * Jami'ar St Andrews (Jami'ar Momoyama Gakuin) (Izumi) * Jami'ar Taisei Gakuin (Mihara, Sakai) * Jami'ar Tezukayama Gakuin (Ōsakasayama, Sakai) == Gidajen shakatawa == * The Expo Commemoration Park (Suita) held the Expo '70. It is about 260 ha and includes a Japanese garden, National Museum of Art, Osaka, and the amusement park "Expoland". * Hattori Ryokuchi Park (Toyonaka), about 150 ha. * [[Tsurumi Ryokuchi Park]] (Osaka), about 100 ha. The horticulture exposition of Expo '90 was held here. * Nagai Park (Osaka), about 66 ha. The IAAF World Championships in Athletics were held in 2007 at Nagai Stadium in this park. * Osaka Castle Park (Osaka), about 106 ha. * Nakanoshima Park (Osaka), housing the Museum of Oriental Ceramics, public hall, Osaka Prefectural Nakanoshima Library, and the city hall of Osaka. * [[Yamadaike Park]] (Osaka), about 73.7 ha. * Osaka Prefectural Park (Hirakata), operated by Osaka Prefecture.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Jirgin ƙasa === * JR ta Tsakiya ** Tokaido Shinkansen (Shin-Osaka Station) * JR Yamma ** Sanyo Shinkansen (Shin-Osaka Station) ** Layin Loop na Osaka ** Layin Osaka Higashi ** Babban Layin Tokaido *** JR Kyoto Line *** JR Kobe Line ** Layin Gakkentoshi ** Layin Yamatoji ** Layin Hanwa ** JR Tozai Line ** JR Yumesaki Line ** Layin Filin jirgin saman Kansai * Metro na Osaka ** Layin Midosuji ** Layin Tanimachi ** Layin Yotsubashi ** Layin Chuo ** Layin Sennichimae ** Layin Sakaisuji ** Layin Nagahori Tsurumi-ryokuchi ** Layin Imazatosuji * [[Keihan Electric Railway|Jirgin Ruwa na Keihan]] ** Babban Layin Keihan ** Layin Keihan Nakanoshima ** Layin Keihan Katano * [[Kintetsu Corporation|Kintetsu]] ** Layin Osaka ** Layin Nara ** Layin Shigi ** Layin Keihanna ** Layin Minami Osaka ** Layin Domyoji ** Layin Nagano * [[Hankyu Corporation|Hankyu]] ** Layin Hankyu Kyoto ** Layin Hankyu Senri ** Layin Hankyu Takarazuka ** Layin Hankyu Minoo ** Layin Hankyu Kobe * Jirgin Ruwa na Lantarki * Hanshin Electric Railway ** Hanshin Main Line ** Hanshin Namba Line * Jirgin Ruwa na Nankai ** Babban Layin Nankai ** Layin Takashinohama ** Layin Tanagawa ** Jirgin saman ** Layin Koya ** Layin Semboku * Jirgin kasa na Mizuma * Jirgin kasa na Kita-Osaka Kyuko * Jirgin Sama na Osaka * Layin Birnin Nanko Port [[Fayil:Map_of_license_plates_in_Osaka_Japan.svg|thumb|lambobin lasisi guda huɗu a Osaka: 大阪 (Ōsaka) a Arewacin Osaka Tianにわ (Naniwa) a Birnin Osaka, mai suna Naniwa a matsayin babban birnin Imperial a zamanin d ̄ a 和泉 (Izumi) a Kudancin Osaka≈Izumi Lardin + Kudancin Kawachi Ō (Sakai) a Birni Sakai<br />{{Color box|aec7e8}}<br />{{Color box|ffbb78}}<br />{{Color box|98df8a}}<br />{{Color box|ff9896}}]] * Filin jirgin saman kasa da kasa na Osaka - Jiragen cikin gida * Filin jirgin saman Kansai - Jiragen sama na kasa da na cikin gida * [[Shanghai]], China (1980) {{Flagicon|CHN}} * [[East Java|Gabashin Java]], Indonesia (1984) {{Flagicon|IDN}} * [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands (1984) {{Flagicon|NED}} * [[Val-d'Oise]], Faransa (1987) {{Flagicon|FRA}} * [[Queensland]], Ostiraliya (1988) {{Flagicon|AUS}} * Primorsky Krai, Rasha (1992) {{Flagicon|RUS}} * [[California]], Amurka (1994) {{Flagicon|USA}} * [[Lombardy]], Italiya (2002) {{Flagicon|ITA}} * [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]], Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (2002) {{Flagicon|UAE}} * [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh]], Vietnam (2007) {{Flagicon|VIE}} 1drh1hsvjq66fhggbxgodm05e1tqioq 0 160090 964452 870265 2026-10-07T19:57:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964452 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Tyrese John '''Hali'''''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2000) <ref>{{Cite web |title=HALIBURTON Tyrese |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/tyrese-haliburton_1954705 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730141546/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/tyrese-haliburton_1954705 |archive-date=July 30, 2024 |access-date=August 9, 2024 |website=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]]}}</ref> ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na ƙwallon ƙafa na Indiana Pacers na Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Kasa (NBA). An ba shi suna Hali da "'''Haliban'''", <ref name="Chau">{{Cite web |last=Chau |first=Danny |display-authors=etal |date=June 4, 2025 |title=The NBA, Ranked |url=https://nbarankings.theringer.com/rankings |access-date=June 20, 2025 |website=[[The Ringer (website)|The Ringer]]}}</ref> ya kasance NBA All-Star sau biyu kuma sau biyu All-NBA Third Team selection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dennis Jr. |first=David |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Ball Up Top: SGA and J-Dub Takeover in Game 5, Hali Injured, Pacers Cooked? |url=https://andscape.com/features/ball-up-top-sga-and-j-dub-takeover-in-game-5-hali-injured-pacers-cooked/ |access-date=June 19, 2025 |website=[[Andscape]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Price |first=Joe |title=Tyrese Halliburton: Why Are People Calling Pacers Star 'The Haliban?' |url=https://www.complex.com/sports/a/backwoodsaltar/people-referring-to-tyrese-haliburton-as-the-haliban |access-date=June 6, 2025 |website=[[Complex Networks|Complex]] |publisher=Commerce Media Holdings}}</ref> A matsayinsa na [[Freshman|sabon shiga]] wasan [[College basketball|Kwando na kwaleji]] tare da Iowa State Cyclones, Haliburton ya kafa rikodin wasan daya na shirin. Ya sami nasara a matsayin mai karatun biyu kuma an kira shi zuwa kungiyar All-Big 12 Conference ta biyu duk da cewa yana fama da rauni a wuyan hannu. matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin kasuwanci na [[Domantas Sabonis]] . Haliburton daga nan ya sami zabin East All-Star a baya-baya, an kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar All-Star azaman ajiya a [[2023 NBA All-Star Game|2023]] kuma a matsayin mai farawa a [[2024 NBA All-Star Game|2024]]. A shekara ta 2025, ya jagoranci Pacers zuwa wasan karshe na NBA na farko a cikin shekaru 25. A cikin 2019, Haliburton ya taimaka wa Amurka zuwa lambar zinare kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIBA na kasa da shekaru 19 a Heraklion, Girka. Ya kuma kasance a cikin jerin sunayen tawagar kasa da ta lashe zinare a gasar Olympics ta 2024 a Paris. == Rayuwa ta farko da iyali == An haifi Haliburton a ranar tsalle, 29 ga Fabrairu, 2000, a Oshkosh, Wisconsin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyrese Haliburton Bio |url=https://www.nba.com/player/1630169/tyrese-haliburton/bio |access-date=June 11, 2025 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Shi ɗan John ne da Brenda Haliburton . <ref name="TrepelS043025" /> John alƙali kwando ne kuma tsohon kocin kwando na mata yayin da Brenda ta halarci kusan dukkanin wasannin kwando na ɗanta.<ref name="hines">{{Cite web |last=Hines |first=Travis |date=November 4, 2019 |title=Iowa State Men's Basketball: The making of Tyrese Haliburton's basketball spirit |url=https://www.amestrib.com/story/sports/college/basketball/2019/11/04/iowa-state-men-8217-s/2375489007/ |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[Ames Tribune]]}}</ref> Haliburton yana da ƙaramin ɗan'uwa, Marcel, daga auren iyayensa, da 'yan'uwa maza biyu daga auren mahaifiyarsa na baya. Haliburton yana da bambanci biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomy |first=Meenu |date=October 15, 2024 |title=What Is Tyrese Haliburton's Ethnicity? Tracing Pacers Star's Lineage and Family |url=https://www.essentiallysports.com/nba-active-basketball-news-what-is-tyrese-haliburton-s-ethnicity-tracing-indiana-pacers-star-lineage-and-family/ |website=EssentiallySports}}</ref> Mahaifinsa Ba'amurke ne kuma mahaifiyarsa fari ce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2024 |title=Pacers' Tyrese Haliburton Says His Brother Was Called A Racial Slur During A Game |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/indiana-pacers-tyrese-haliburton-racial-slur-game-playoffs-nba_n_662960c0e4b01248ca9bc8ce |website=HuffPost}}</ref> == Ayyukan makarantar sakandare == Haliburton ya buga wasan kwando a makarantar sakandare ta Oshkosh ta Arewa a Oshkesh, Wisconsin . A matsayinsa na dalibi na biyu, an sanya masa suna a kungiyar All-Fox Valley Association (FVA) ta biyu da kuma kungiyar tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 23, 2016 |title=McCabe top player in FVA |url=https://www.postcrescent.com/story/sports/high-school/basketball/2016/03/23/mccabe-leads-fva-basketball-team/82192134/ |access-date=April 29, 2020 |website=[[The Post-Crescent]]}}</ref> A cikin ƙarami lokacinsa, Haliburton ya sami maki 18, shida da kuma sakewa biyar a kowane wasa, yana samun FVA Player of the Year da Wisconsin Basketball Coaches Association (WBCA) Division I All-State tare da tawagarsa da ta kasa da Gasar Jiha.<ref name="usa">{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2019 |title=Tyrese Haliburton |url=https://www.usab.com/basketball/players/mens/h/haliburton-tyrese.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630222552/https://www.usab.com/basketball/players/mens/h/haliburton-tyrese.aspx |archive-date=June 30, 2019 |access-date=June 30, 2019 |publisher=[[USA Basketball]]}}</ref><ref name="wbca">{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2017 |title=WBCA announces Division 1 Boys Basketball All-State Team |url=https://www.wissports.net/news_article/show/771952 |access-date=June 30, 2019 |publisher=Wisconsin Sports Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Steve |date=April 27, 2017 |title=Oshkosh North boys basketball coach Frank Schade retires |url=https://www.thenorthwestern.com/story/sports/high-school/basketball/2017/04/27/schade-steps-down-oshkosh-north/100974318/ |access-date=June 30, 2019 |website=[[Oshkosh Northwestern]]}}</ref> A matsayinsa na [[Steal (basketball)|sata]]-linkid="237" href="./Senior_(education)" id="mwfQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Senior (education)">babba jami'i, Haliburton ya sami maki 22.9, 6.2 ya taimaka, 5.1 rebounds, 3.5 steals da 1.7 blocks a kowane wasa, wanda ya jagoranci Oshkosh North zuwa rikodin 26-1. <ref name="cyclones">{{Cite web |title=Tyrese Haliburton |url=https://cyclones.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=10430 |access-date=June 30, 2019 |publisher=Iowa State Cyclones}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2018, ya zira kwallaye 42 a nasarar da ya samu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Kaukauna da West Virginia Jordan McCabe.<ref name="clark">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Steve |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Haliburton fuels No. 1 Oshkosh North's win over No. 1 Kaukauna in FVA showdown |url=https://www.thenorthwestern.com/story/sports/high-school/basketball/2018/02/16/haliburton-fuels-no-1-oshkosh-norths-win-over-no-1-kaukauna-fva-showdown/345364002/ |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[Oshkosh Northwestern]]}}</ref> Haliburton ya zira kwallaye 31, ciki har da 24 a rabi na biyu, kuma ya harbe 18 daga cikin 18 daga layin jefa kyauta a cikin Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association Division I nasarar gasar zakarun jihar a kan Brookfield East High School, shirinsa na farko na jihar.<ref name="kabelowsky">{{Cite web |last=Kabelowsky |first=Art |date=March 18, 2018 |title=Tyrese Haliburton's second-half free throws lead Oshkosh North past Brookfield East in the WIAA Division 1 boys basketball final |url=https://madison.com/wsj/sports/high-school/basketball/boys/tyrese-haliburton-s-second-half-free-throws-lead-oshkosh-north/article_0793408f-dc12-5a19-b6f9-3122b964cad9.html |access-date=April 30, 2020 |website=[[Wisconsin State Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418003240/https://madison.com/wsj/sports/high-school/basketball/boys/tyrese-haliburton-s-second-half-free-throws-lead-oshkosh-north/article_0793408f-dc12-5a19-b6f9-3122b964cad9.html |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An ba shi suna Oshkosh Northwestern All-Area Player of the Year, Wisconsin Gatorade Player of the year, da kuma FVA co-Player of the Year.<ref name="clark2">{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Steve |date=March 31, 2018 |title=Oshkosh all-area boys basketball: Tyrese Haliburton completes dream season with state title |url=https://www.thenorthwestern.com/story/sports/high-school/2018/03/31/oshkosh-all-area-boys-basketball-tyrese-haliburton-completes-dream-season-state-title/471792002/ |access-date=June 30, 2019 |website=[[Oshkosh Northwestern]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Radcliffe |first=JR |date=March 19, 2018 |title=How will history remember the 2018 Mr. Basketball Decision? |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/communities/southwest/sports/2018/03/19/radcliffe-how-history-remember-2018-mr-basketball-decision/436438002/ |access-date=June 30, 2019 |website=[[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]}}</ref> An zaɓi Haliburton zuwa ƙungiyar WBCA Division I All-State da kuma ƙungiyar farko ta USA Today All-USA Wisconsin . <ref name="cyclones" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2018 |title=WBCA announces Division 1 Boys Basketball All-State Team |url=https://www.wissports.net/news_article/show/898903 |access-date=June 30, 2019 |publisher=Wisconsin Sports Network}}</ref> === Samun ma'aikata === An dauke shi dan wasa mai taurari uku ta hanyar manyan ayyukan daukar ma'aikata, ya himmatu ga buga wasan kwando na kwaleji a Jihar Iowa a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 2017 . <ref name="247sports">{{Cite web |title=Tyrese Haliburton, North, Point Guard |url=https://247sports.com/Player/Tyrese-Haliburton-84658/high-school-146569/ |access-date=June 30, 2019 |publisher=[[247Sports.com|247Sports]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tyrese Haliburton, 2018 Point Guard, Iowa State |url=https://n.rivals.com/content/athletes/tyrese-haliburton-174385?view=pv |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=Rivals.com}}</ref>{{Reflist}} == Ayyukan kwaleji == [[Fayil:Tyrese_Haliburton.jpg|thumb|Haliburton tare da Jihar Iowa a cikin 2019]] {{College Athlete Recruit Start|collapse=no|year=2018|40=no}} {{College Athlete Recruit Entry|recruit=Tyrese Haliburton|position=[[Point guard|PG]]|hometown=[[Oshkosh, WI]]|highschool=[[Oshkosh North High School|Oshkosh North]] (WI)|feet=6|inches=5|weight=170|commitdate=September 18, 2017|scout stars=|rivals stars=3|247 stars=3|espn stars=3|espn grade=78|40=}} {{College Athlete Recruit End|year=2018|rivals ref title=Iowa State 2018 Basketball Commitments|scout ref title=|espn ref title=2018 Iowa State Cyclones Recruiting Class|rivals school=iowastate|scout s=|espn schoolid=66|scout overall=|rivals overall=|247 overall=177|espn overall=|access-date=February 28, 2020|bball=yes|40=}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] mhn31lak6txsdlphx4bjwunouket1ty 0 160278 964620 954041 2026-10-08T06:20:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yoshihiro Kawaoka [[Virologist|Masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta]] ne wanda ke ƙwarewa a cikin nazarin ƙwayoyin cutar [[Influenza|mura]] da [[Ƙwayoyin cuta na Ebola|Ebola]] . Yana da farfesa a fannin ilmin kwayar cuta a Sashen Kimiyya na Pathobiological a [[University of Wisconsin-Madison|Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison]], Amurka, da kuma [[University of Tokyo|Jami'ar Tokyo]], Japan. Bayan annobar kwayar cutar Ebola ta Yammacin Afirka ta 2014, Kawaoka ya yi ƙoƙari ya haɓaka allurar rigakafin Ebola tana aiki tare da Alhaji N'jai, masanin ilimin miyagun ƙwayoyi a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison da ƙungiyarsa mai zaman kanta Project 1808, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project 1808 |url=http://www.project1808.org/ |access-date=2026-06-29 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327104037/http://www.project1808.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gwajin rikice-rikice == Kawaoka ya kirkiro sabon kwayar cuta bisa ga H5N1, wanda ya bayyana wa jama'a a cikin 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-24 |title=Scientists Brace for Media Storm Around Controversial Flu Studies |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-brace-media-storm-around-controversial-flu-studies}}</ref> A halin yanzu, ba a samar da allurar rigakafin da aka sani ba. An dakatar da bincikensa ta hanyar dakatarwar da aka bayar daga gwamnatin Amurka a shekarar 2014. Koyaya, a cikin 2019 an ba shi izinin ci gaba da bincike.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2019 |title=UW-Madison scientist allowed to resume controversial flu research {{!}} Local News {{!}} madison.com |url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/health-med-fit/uw-madison-scientist-allowed-to-resume-controversial-flu-research/article_7778777c-75b8-5da0-beda-3232cb8083ef.html |access-date=29 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008221703/https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/health-med-fit/uw-madison-scientist-allowed-to-resume-controversial-flu-research/article_7778777c-75b8-5da0-beda-3232cb8083ef.html |archive-date=8 October 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-09 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Controversial experiments that could make bird flu more risky poised to resume |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/exclusive-controversial-experiments-make-bird-flu-more-risky-poised-resume}}</ref> Dan Brown ya ambaci gwajin a cikin littafinsa Inferno . == Sanarwa == * 2006 - Kyautar Robert Koch (tare da Peter Palese) * 2011 - Medal tare da Purple Ribbon <ref>{{Cite web |title=各賞受賞一覧 |url=https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ja/research/systems-data/d01_01.html |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=東京大学 |language=ja}}</ref> * 2013 - Mambobin Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka * 2014 - Kyautar Mashahuriyar Injiniya * 2015 - Kyautar Carlos J. Finlay don Microbiology * 2016 - Kyautar Kwalejin Japan * 2018 - Kyautar Sir Michael Stoker <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Michael Stoker Prize & Lecture 2018 |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/news/peopleprojects/headline_603911_en.html}}</ref> * 2022 - Kyautar Kimiyya ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Keio <ref>{{Cite web |title=慶應医学賞受賞者一覧 |url=https://www.ms-fund.keio.ac.jp/prize/list.html |access-date=2022-09-21 |publisher=慶應義塾医学振興基金}}</ref> * 2023 - Mutumin Al'adu <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2023 |title=塩野七生さんら７人文化勲章＝功労者に北大路欣也さんら |url=https://www.arabnews.jp/article/features/article_102804/ |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=Arab News}}</ref> == Littattafan da aka zaɓa == * {{Cite journal |last=Jasenosky |first=Luke D |last2=Neumann |first2=Gabriele |last3=Lukashevich |first3=Igor |last4=Kawaoka |first4=Y |date=2001-06-01 |title=Ebola virus vp40-induced particle formation and association with the lipid bilayer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2001-06_75_11/page/5205 |journal=J Virol |volume=75 |pages=5205–5214 |doi=10.1128/JVI.75.11.5205-5214.2001 |oclc=6965132858 |pmc=114926 |pmid=11333902}} * {{Cite journal |last=Watanabe |first=Tokiko |last2=Watanabe |first2=Shinji |last3=Ito |first3=Hiroshi |last4=Kida |first4=Hiroshi |last5=Kawaoka |first5=Y |date=2001-06-15 |title=Influenza A virus can undergo multiple cycles of replication without m2 ion channel activity |url=http://jairo.nii.ac.jp/0003/00007115 |journal=J Virol |volume=75 |issue=12 |pages=5656–5662 |doi=10.1128/jvi.75.12.5656-5662.2001 |pmc=114278 |pmid=11356973 |access-date=2018-03-26}} * {{Cite journal |last=Schultz-Cherry, S |last2=Dybdahl-Sissoko, N |last3=Neumann, G |last4=Kawaoka, Y |last5=Hinshaw VS |date=2001-09-01 |title=Influenza Virus NS1 Protein Induces Apoptosis in Cultured Cells |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2001-09_75_17/page/7875 |journal=[[Journal of Virology|J Virol]] |volume=75 |issue=17 |pages=7875–7881 |doi=10.1128/jvi.75.17.7875-7881.2001 |issn=0022-538X |oclc=120974346 |pmc=115031 |pmid=11483732 |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Hatta, M |last2=Gao, P |last3=Halfmann, P |last4=Kawaoka, Y |date=2001-09-07 |title=Molecular basis for high virulence of Hong Kong H5N1 influenza A viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2001-09-07_293_5536/page/1838 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=293 |pages=1840–1842 |bibcode=2001Sci...293.1840H |doi=10.1126/science.1062882 |issn=0036-8075 |oclc=95118961 |pmid=11546875 |s2cid=37415902}} * {{Cite journal |last=Goto |first=Hideo |last2=Wells |first2=Krisna |last3=Takada |first3=Ayato |last4=Kawaoka |first4=Y. |date=2001-10-01 |title=Plasminogen-binding activity of neuraminidase determines the pathogenicity of influenza A virus |journal=J Virol |volume=75 |issue=19 |pages=9297–9301 |doi=10.1128/jvi.75.19.9297-9301.2001 |issn=0022-538X |oclc=6965138857 |pmc=114497 |pmid=11533192}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kobasa |first=Darwyn |last2=Wells |first2=Krisna |last3=Kawaoka |first3=Yoshihiro |date=2001-12-01 |title=Amino Acids Responsible for the Absolute Sialidase Activity of the Influenza A Virus Neuraminidase: Relationship to Growth in Duck Intestine |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2001-12_75_23/page/11773 |journal=J Virol |volume=75 |issue=23 |pages=11773–11780 |doi=10.1128/jvi.75.23.11773-11780.2001 |oclc=4639538185 |pmc=114763 |pmid=11689658}}  * {{Cite journal |last=Watanabe |first=Tokiko |last2=Kawaoka |first2=Yoshihiro |date=June 2016 |title=Ebora shukketsu netsu no seiatsu ni mukete : Wakuchin kaihatsu to shierareone de no kenkyu |trans-title=Control of Ebola hemorrhagic fever : vaccine development and our Ebola project in Sierra Leone |journal=Virus |language=ja |volume=66 |pages=53–62 |doi=10.2222/jsv.66.53 |isbn=9781617796203 |issn=0042-6857 |oclc=6807788600 |pmid=28484179 |doi-access=free}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Robert Koch Award lecture: Sabbin yiwuwar yaki da mura An ajiye 2015-09-26 a (3 Nuwamba 2006) {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3gveqgvbz0zyqvpv7hqiqy6iaetoqba 0 161341 964723 894107 2026-10-08T11:33:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar namun daji ta Kanada''' ('''CWF''') ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Kanada da ta sadaukar da kanta ga kiyaye namun daji. == Tarihi da manufa == An kafa Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada (CWF) a shekarar 1961 kuma an ba ta hayar ta a shekarar 1962.<ref name="Canadian Encyclopaedia">{{Cite web |last=Mycio |first=L. |date=2011 |title=The Canadian Encyclopaedia |url=http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-wildlife-federation/ |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |publisher=The Canadian Wildlife Federation |archive-date=October 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007101038/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadian-wildlife-federation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada ta himmatu wajen koyar da wasu su yaba wa duniyar halitta don tabbatar da gadon namun daji masu lafiya da kuma mazauninsu na dindindin.<ref name="Mission">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Mission |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/about-cwf/about-us/mission.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823221808/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/about-cwf/about-us/mission.html |archive-date=2011-08-23 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> Domin cimma waɗannan manufofi, Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada: * Yana sanar da sauran 'yan ƙasar Kanada game da namun daji da kuma wuraren zama na halitta; * Yana haɓaka ayyukan ɗan adam masu alhaki da kiyayewa; da kuma * Yana wakiltar namun daji a kan batutuwan kiyayewa.<ref name="Mission"/> Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada tana da nufin sanar da 'yan ƙasar Kanada, ilmantar da su, da kuma jan hankalin su game da namun daji ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Ta hanyar yin haka, CWF tana fatan zaburar da sauran 'yan ƙasar Kanada su bayar da gudummawa da kuma tallafawa ƙungiyar domin gudanar da shirye-shiryen da ke koyar da 'yan ƙasar Kanada game da namun daji. A ƙarshe, CWF tana da nufin ilmantar da kuma ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalolin da suka shafi namun daji na Kanada da kuma yadda 'yan ƙasar Kanada za su iya taimakawa wajen kiyaye muhallin halitta. == Ilimi == Sashen Ilimi na Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada ya mayar da hankali kan haɗa 'yan ƙasar Kanada da namun daji ta hanyar ci gaba da motsa mahalarta daga wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan namun daji zuwa inda mutane ke ɗaukar alhakin al'ummominsu don zama jakadu na nau'ikan halittu da muhalli. Tun daga shekarar 2014, shirye-shiryen ilimi na CWF sun kai ga mutane sama da 1,500,000 a shirye-shiryen kai tsaye, fuska da fuska. A watan Oktoba na 2025, ƙungiyar da abokan hulɗa a fannin kiyayewa sun ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Ilimi ta Kanada (CCNbE), wani shiri na ƙasa da aka tsara don faɗaɗa ilmantarwa ta hanyar amfani da yanayi a faɗin Kanada. Cibiyar ta mayar da hankali kan tallafawa masu ilimi, ƙarfafa ilimin muhalli, da inganta samun daidaito ga ilimin da ya dogara da yanayi ga 'yan asalin ƙasar, karkara, birane, da sauran al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=CWF and partners launch Canadian Centre for Nature-based Education |url=https://www.thespec.com/globenewswire/cwf-and-partners-launch-canadian-centre-for-nature-based-education/article_fd8187d9-767b-5df9-a1c6-3bc27e21b561.html |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=The Hamilton Spectator via GlobeNewswire |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Shirye-shiryen ilimi na CWF sun haɗa da: === Wuraren Daji === Shirin aikin lambu ga makarantu, wanda ke koyarwa game da ƙirƙirar muhalli ta hanyar aikin lambu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-02 |title=WILD spaces: Connecting urban youth to nature through habitat stewardship in pollinator gardens |url=https://panorama.solutions/en/solution/wild-spaces-connecting-urban-youth-nature-through-habitat-stewardship-pollinator-gardens |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=panorama.solutions |language=en}}</ref> === Ilimin Daji === Shirin haɓaka ƙwarewar malamai, wanda ya haɗa da Project WILD, WILD About Sports (shirin da Damian Foxall ya ƙirƙira don haɗa mahalarta wasanni da duniyar halitta da ɗabi'ar kiyayewa.),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programs - Canadian Wildlife Federation |url=http://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore-our-work/education/programs/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217201308/http://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore-our-work/education/programs/ |archive-date=2015-02-17 |access-date=2015-02-17}}</ref> da kuma ƙasa da sifili (wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kiyaye hunturu).<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILD Education |url=https://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore/wild-education/?src=menu |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=cwf-fcf.org |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128084948/https://cwf-fcf.org/en/explore/wild-education/?src=menu |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Lambu don Namun Daji === Wanda ya haɗa da shirin bayar da takardar shaidar lambu da ilimi don taimaka wa mutane su koyi game da ayyukan lambun da suka dace da namun daji. === DAJI A Waje === Shirin koyon hidima ga yara 'yan shekara 15 zuwa 18 wanda ke ba su damar haɗuwa da duniyar halitta da kuma kawo canji. A shekarar 2021, wannan shirin ya kasance na ƙarshe a gasar Alberta Emerald Awards<ref>{{Cite web |title=WILD Outside Youth Leadership Program with CWF {{!}} Alberta Emerald Foundation |url=https://emeraldfoundation.ca/aef_awards/wild-outside-youth-leadership-program-with-cwf/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=emeraldfoundation.ca}}</ref> da kuma Nature Inspiration Awards <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 Finalists: Nature Inspiration Awards |url=https://nature.ca/en/about-us/museum-corporation/nature-inspiration-awards/2021-finalists |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928162329/https://nature.ca/en/about-us/museum-corporation/nature-inspiration-awards/2021-finalists |archive-date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Canadian Museum of Nature |language=en}}</ref> kuma ya lashe kyautar Calgary Award for Environmental Achievement<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office |first=City Clerk's |title=2020 Calgary Awards recipients |url=https://www.calgary.ca/content/www/en/home/ca/city-clerks/citizen-recognition-protocol/calgary-awards/2020-awards-recipients-bios.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928162319/https://www.calgary.ca/content/www/en/home/ca/city-clerks/citizen-recognition-protocol/calgary-awards/2020-awards-recipients-bios.html |archive-date=2021-09-28 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=www.calgary.ca |language=en}}</ref> da kuma kyautar Saskatchewan Award for the Environmental. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RCE Saskatchewan Recognition Event |url=https://www.rceskrecognitionevent.com/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=RCE Saskatchewan Recognition Event}}</ref> === Hukumar Kare Hakkin Jama'a ta Kanada === Shirin koyon hidima ga yara 'yan shekara 18-30 wanda ya haɗa koyon hidima a fagen aiki da tafiye-tafiyen balaguro na tsawon watanni 8 da matakai uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 24, 2020 |title=Canadian Wildlife Federation expanding programs to engage youth |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/pei-cwf-expanding-programs-jan-2020-1.5439405 |access-date= |website=CBC}}</ref> == Nau'i da Mazauni == Sashen Nau'o'i da Habitat na Ƙungiyar Namun Daji ta Kanada ya fi mai da hankali kan kiyaye dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa da na ƙasa a duk faɗin Kanada. Manyan wuraren da CWF ke sha'awa sune: Kula da Habitat, Kula da Ruwa Mai Daɗi, [[Kiyaye ruwa|Kula da Ruwa]], Nau'o'in da ke Fuskantar Barazana, da Sauyin Yanayi.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation About Us">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=About Us |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/about-cwf/about-us/difference.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823213921/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/about-cwf/about-us/difference.html |archive-date=2011-08-23 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> === Kula da muhalli === Shirin kula da muhalli ya fi mayar da hankali kan ƙirƙirar muhalli da gyara shi a yankunan karkara da birane, tare da ƙarfafa kula da masu filaye masu zaman kansu.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Stewardship">{{Cite web |title=Habitat Stewardship |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/habitat-stewardship/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811230355/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/habitat-stewardship/ |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2011-07-28 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> === Kiyaye ruwan sha mai tsafta === Kanada tana da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu yawa a faɗin ƙasar, ciki har da tafkuna da koguna, waɗanda ke da alhakin kusan kashi 9% na samar da makamashin ruwa mai sabuntawa a duniya. <ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Endangered">{{Cite web |title=Endangered Species |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/endangered-species/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050425/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/endangered-species/ |archive-date=July 26, 2011 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> Wannan yalwar ruwan ruwan kuma yana ɗauke da nau'ikan kifaye da yawa, tsuntsaye, tsuntsayen ruwa, kwari da sauran nau'ikan namun daji. Bincike da wayar da kan jama'a ya mayar da hankali kan manyan fannoni guda huɗu: * Kariya da Gyaran Mahalli; * Nau'in Ruwa Masu Mamayewa; * Kiyaye Yawan Namun Daji na Ruwa Mai Tsami; da kuma * Rage Tasirin Gurɓatar Ruwa ga Namun Daji.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Endangered"/> === Kiyaye ruwa === Kamar yadda Kanada ke da babban bakin teku (234,000)km), wacce ke da iyaka da tekuna uku, ƙungiyar tana aiki tuƙuru don kiyaye lafiyar halittun ruwa. Manyan fannoni da aka mayar da hankali a kansu sun hada da: * Rage tasirin Kamun Kifi akan Namun Dajin Ruwa; * Gurɓatar Ruwa; da kuma * Yankunan da ke Kare Ruwa.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Marine">{{Cite web |title=Marine conservation |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/marine/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050508/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/marine/ |archive-date=July 26, 2011 |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org}}</ref> Kamun kifi fiye da kima babban abu ne mai muhimmanci domin yana da matukar muhimmanci a kiyaye isasshen abinci ga halittun ruwa waɗanda suka dogara da waɗannan wurare don hunturu ko kuma su haifi 'ya'yansu. === Nau'o'in da ke cikin haɗari === Ƙungiyar Namun Daji ta Kanada ta aiwatar da wani Shirin Nau'in Da Ke Fuskantar Barazana don taimakawa wajen kiyaye nau'ikan halittu da ke fuskantar barazana a duk faɗin Kanada. An gudanar da bincike mai zurfi don gano dalilin raguwar yawan namun daji, da kuma hanyar da ta fi dacewa don tabbatar da cewa yawan jama'a zai ƙaru. Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ƙasa da CWF (tare da sauran ƙungiyoyi) sun haɗa iliminsu don samun hanyoyin kiyayewa iri ɗaya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi. Sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da sake dawo da nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazana zuwa mazauninsu na halitta don ƙara yawan jama'a. CWF kuma tana da niyyar yin tasiri ga ƙa'idodin gwamnati game da nau'ikan da ke fuskantar barazanar Barazana don haɓaka tsawon rai na nau'in.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Endangered" /> === Sauyin yanayi === [[Canjin yanayi|Sauyin yanayi]] batu ne na duniya da masu bincike ke ganin zai haifar da mummunan sakamako a nan gaba, amma tasirinsa a yanzu ga namun daji a bayyane yake. Sauye-sauyen da nau'ikan halittu da yawa suka fuskanta don daidaitawa da yanayin da ke canzawa sun haɗa da canza yanayin ƙaura, ƙaura da wuri ko kuma daga baya fiye da yadda aka saba, da kuma canza yanayin lokacin hutu.<ref name="Nature">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=C. D. |last2=Cameron |first2=A. |last3=Green |first3=R. E. |last4=Bakkenes |first4=M. |last5=Beaumont |first5=L. J. |last6=Collingham |first6=Y. C. |last7=Erasmus |first7=B. F. |last8=De Siqueira |first8=M. F. |last9=Grainger |first9=A. |last10=Hannah |first10=L. |last11=Hughes |first11=L. |last12=Huntley |first12=B. |last13=Van Jaarsveld |first13=A. S. |last14=Midgley |first14=G. F. |last15=Miles |first15=L. |year=2004 |title=Nature (2011). Extinction Risk From Climate Change. Retrieved July 19, 2011. |url=https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/733227/Thomas&Cameron_Extinctions_Cover&Article_Nature_2004.pdf |journal=Nature |volume=427 |issue=6970 |pages=145–148 |doi=10.1038/nature02121 |pmid=14712274 |s2cid=969382}}</ref> CWF ta mayar da hankali kan fannoni uku na sauyin yanayi: * Amfani da Gyara da Kiyaye Mahalli don Ajiye Carbon; * Tsarin Daidaita Namun Daji da Sauyin Yanayi; da kuma * Shawarwari don Ƙwararren Manufofin Rage Haɗakar Carbon ga Kanada.<ref name="Canadian Wildlife Federation Climate">{{Cite web |title=Canadian Wildlife Federation (2011). Climate Change. Retrieved July 19, 2011. |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/climate-change/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726050420/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/conservation/climate-change/ |archive-date=July 26, 2011}}</ref> == Littattafai == Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada ta buga '''''Checkerspot''''', wata mujallar [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da ake bugawa sau biyu a shekara. Mujalla ce mai kyauta, wacce aka fara bugawa a watan Mayu na 2007; ta daina samarwa a shekarar 2009 saboda koma bayan tattalin arziki na wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Checkerspot stops production |url=http://www.checkerspotmagazine.ca/EN/about_us/subscribe/subscribe.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406030953/http://www.checkerspotmagazine.ca/EN/about_us/subscribe/subscribe.asp |archive-date=6 April 2009 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=www.checkerspotmagazine.ca}}</ref> An sanya mata suna bayan wani [[Malam buɗe littafi|malam buɗe ido]] wanda aka yi imanin cewa yana da nau'ikan halittu. don ya canza sakamakon [[Canjin yanayi|ɗumamar yanayi]], ''Checkerspot'' ta yi iƙirarin cewa ita jarida ce [[Fitar da sifili|mai ra'ayin mazan jiya game da yanayi]] . CWF ta yi amfani da ''Checkerspot'' don haɓaka fafutuka da haɓaka tattaunawa game da sauyin yanayi. == Masu haɗin gwiwa da abokan hulɗa == Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada tana aiki tare da dukkan matakan Gwamnatin Kanada ban da kasuwanci don cimma burinsu, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙara wayar da kan jama'a game da jin daɗin namun daji a Kanada.<ref name="Partners">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=CWF Education Partners |url=http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/educate/partners/ |access-date=July 19, 2011 |website=www.cwf-fcf.org |publisher=Canadian Wildlife Federation |archive-date=August 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804200717/http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/educate/partners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> CWF tana aiki tare da gwamnatocin larduna da yankuna, hukumomin tarayya, ƙungiyoyi da [[Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada|Muhalli na Kanada]].<ref name="Partners" /> Wasu abokan hulɗa na ƙasa sun haɗa da: [[Ofishin Kula da namun daji na Kanada|Sabis na Kula da Namun Daji na Kanada]], [[Gidajen shakatawa na Kanada|Parks Canada]], [[Royal Botanical Gardens (Ontario)]] da Atlas na Kanada.<ref name="Partners" /> Abokan hulɗa da yawa na CWF suna ba da tallafin kuɗi da taimako da albarkatu don taimakawa kare namun daji. Tallafin kuɗi da albarkatun da waɗannan abokan hulɗa ke bayarwa suna taimakawa wajen ƙara wayar da kan jama'a da kula da kiyaye namun daji a Kanada. A shekarar 2010, Ƙungiyar Kula da Namun Daji ta Kanada ta shirya "Tafiya don Namun Daji" ta farko ta shekara-shekara.<ref name="WFW">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Walk for Wildlife |url=http://donate.cwf-fcf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=nww11_home |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002331/http://donate.cwf-fcf.org/site/PageServer?pagename=nww11_home |archive-date=2011-08-12 |access-date=2011-07-28}}</ref> Wannan tafiya tana gudana ne a lokacin '''Makon Namun Daji na Ƙasa''' (10-16 ga Afrilu). Manufar wannan tafiya ita ce wayar da kan jama'a game da kula da dazuzzuka mai ɗorewa da kiyaye muhalli ga namun daji na Kanada. Tafiya tana yawo a faɗin Kanada, inda al'ummomi ke karɓar bakuncin tarukan gida. Duk wannan za a iya cimma shi saboda yawan abokan hulɗa da masu tallafawa CWF. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3x445eg93mfgztgxckojyfxm7hmmnzm 0 161378 964391 890222 2026-10-07T16:30:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tom Breese''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1991) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke fafatawa a cikin rukunin Matsakaicin nauyi da ƙananan nauyi. Kwararren mai fafatawa tun shekara ta 2010, ya taba fafatawa a gasar Ultimate Fighting Championship, Professional Fighters League (PFL), Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki (KSW), da BAMMA . == Tarihi == An haife Breese a Birmingham ga mahaifin Welsh kuma uwa 'yar Ingila, ya fara horar da MMA yana da shekaru 16. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Breese ya halarci jami'a amma daga baya ya daina zuwa domin neman aiki a fannin fasahar yaƙi iri-iri. [1] A matsayinsa na ɗan kokawa mai nasara kuma mai fafatawa a jiu-jitsu, ya lashe gasar kokawa ta 'yan ƙasa ta 'yan wasa, [1] da kuma kammalawa a matsayi na biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta IBJJF lokacin da yake da bel mai launin shunayya. == Ayyukan zane-zane na mixed == === Farkon aiki === Breese ya tattara tarihin wasansa na 3-0-1 kafin ya fara buga wasa a BAMMA a shekarar 2010. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Breese ya yi yaƙi ne kawai a ƙasarsa ta Ingila kuma ya tara rikodin da ba a ci nasara ba na 7-0 tare da duka sai dai nasara ɗaya da ke zuwa ta hanyar miƙa wuya kafin ya shiga Ultimate Fighting Championship a cikin 2015. <ref name="UFCprofile">{{Cite web |title=Tom Breese – Official UFC Fighter Profile |url=https://www.ufc.com/athlete/tom-breese |access-date=26 February 2016 |publisher=[[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]]}}</ref> === Gasar Gwagwarmaya ta Ƙarshe === Breese ya fara gabatar da kara a kan Luiz Dutra Jr. a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2015 a UFC Fight Night 67 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2015 |title=UFC Fight Night 67 adds two fights, including Ryan Jimmo vs. Francimar Barroso |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2015/04/ufc-fight-night-67-adds-two-fights-including-ryan-jimmo-vs-francimar-barroso |website=[[MMAjunkie.com]]}}</ref> Breese ya lashe yakin ta hanyar TKO a zagaye na farko bayan ya sauke abokin hamayyarsa tare da madaidaiciya hagu kuma ya biyo baya tare da ƙasa da fam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2015 |title=UFC Fight Night 67 results: Tom Breese pounds out Luiz Dutra late in first round |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2015/05/ufc-fight-night-67-results-tom-breese-pounds-out-luiz-dutra-late-in-first-round |access-date=29 October 2015 |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Breese ya fuskanci Cathal Pendred a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2015 a UFC Fight Night 76 . Breese ya mamaye yakin tare da musayar musayar a kan hanyar zuwa wani nasarar TKO a zagaye na farko. A cikin irin wannan salon da ya fara UFC, Breese ya sauke abokin hamayyarsa tare da madaidaiciya hagu kuma ya biyo baya da ƙasa da fam don samun nasarar TKO.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UFC Dublin knockout video: Tom Breese destroys Cathal Pendred in round 1 |url=http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/10/24/9608084/ufc-dublin-knockout-video-tom-breese-destroys-cathal-pendred-mma-news |access-date=29 October 2015 |publisher=bloodyelbow.com |archive-date=26 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026211745/http://www.bloodyelbow.com/2015/10/24/9608084/ufc-dublin-knockout-video-tom-breese-destroys-cathal-pendred-mma-news |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nasarar ta kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta farko ta Performance of the Night.<ref name="ufn76b">{{Cite web |date=25 October 2015 |title=Tom Breese's post-UFC Fight Night 76 plan? Move out of Tristar dorms |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2015/10/tom-breeses-post-ufc-fight-night-76-plan-move-out-of-tristar-dorms |access-date=29 October 2015 |publisher=mmajunkie.com}}</ref> Breese ta fuskanci Keita Nakamura a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2016 a UFC Fight Night 84. Ya lashe yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dave Doyle |date=27 February 2016 |title=UFC Fight Night 84 results: Tom Breese struggles to get past Keita Nakamura |url=http://www.mmafighting.com/2016/2/27/11127324/ufc-fight-night-84-results-tom-breese-struggles-to-get-past-keita |access-date=27 February 2016 |publisher=mmafighting.com}}</ref> Breese ya fuskanci Sean Strickland a ranar 4 ga Yuni 2016 a UFC 199 . Ya rasa yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara ta raba, yana nuna asarar farko a cikin aikin Breese.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2016 |title=UFC 199 results: Sean Strickland edges Tom Breese by split decision |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2016/06/ufc-199-results-sean-strickland-edges-tom-breese-by-split-decision-1 |access-date=5 June 2016 |website=MMAjunkie}}</ref> === Matakan Yaki League === Bayan janyewa daga gwagwarmayarsa ta ƙarshe, an saki Breese daga UFC kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar gwagwarmaya da yawa tare da Levels Fight League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=UFC vet Tom Breese signs with Levels Fight League, headlines March 13 event |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2022/01/mma-news-ufc-veteran-tom-breese-signs-with-levels-fight-league-headlines-march-13-event |access-date=2022-01-27 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> Breese ya fara fafatawa da David Ramirez a LFL 4 a ranar 13 ga Maris 2022. Ya lashe yakin ta hanyar mika wuya saboda tsirara a baya a 1:46 na zagaye na biyu, ya lashe lambar yabo ta LFL a cikin tsari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Breese vs. David Ramires, Levels Fight League 4 {{!}} MMA Bout |url=https://www.tapology.com/fightcenter/bouts/632042-levels-fight-league-4-tom-breese-vs-david-ramirez |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Tapology |language=en}}</ref> Breese ya kare matsayinsa a kan Ahmed Sami a Levels Fight League 5 a ranar 26 ga Yuni 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-06-15 |title=Former UFC Middleweight Tom Breese to Defend Title at Levels Fight League 5 |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/06/15/former-ufc-middleweight-tom-breese-defend-title-levels-fight-league-5/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya lashe gasar kuma ya ci gaba da taken, ya mika Sami a zagaye na biyu ta hanyar guillotine choking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-04 |title=Two Team Renegade fighters crowned World Champions {{!}} MMA UK |url=https://mmauk.net/2022/07/04/two-team-renegade-fighters-crowned-world-champions/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704151226/https://mmauk.net/2022/07/04/two-team-renegade-fighters-crowned-world-champions/ |archive-date=2022-07-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki === Breese ya fara buga wasan farko na KSW a kan Damian Janikowski a ranar 10 ga Satumba 2022, a KSW 74, inda ya ci nasara ta hanyar guillotine a zagaye na biyu, tare da dakatar da wasan bayan mai ba da izini ya yi tunanin cewa Janikowski ya buga lokacin da ya ce bai yi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-10 |title=KSW 74: Kontrowersyjne przerwanie w walce Janikowski vs. Breese - myMMA.pl |url=https://mymma.pl/ksw-74-kontrowersyjne-przerwanie-w-walce-janikowski-vs-breese/ |access-date=2022-09-17 |language=pl-PL}}</ref> A cikin wasan kwaikwayonsa na biyu, Breese ya fuskanci Paweł Pawlak a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2022, a KSW 76: Parnasse vs. Rajewski, ya rasa yakin ta hanyar ƙasa da fam TKO a zagaye na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stachura |first=Bartłomiej |date=13 November 2022 |title=(VIDEO) Znów kontrowersje z Tomem Breese! Paweł Pawlak wygrywa przez techniczny nokaut! |url=https://www.lowking.pl/video-znow-kontrowersje-z-tomem-breese-pawel-pawlak-wygrywa-przez-techniczny-nokaut/ |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=Lowking.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ===manazarta=== 60zklceiauzfc8g324ej7sj746xhuz2 0 162147 964398 961768 2026-10-07T17:00:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tony O'Dell''' (an haife shi da suna Anthony Dell'Aquila; 30 ga Janairu, 1960) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne ɗan Amurka. An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Jimmy, memba na ''Cobra Kai'', a cikin fim ɗin 1984 ''The Karate Kid'', ''The Karate Kid Part II'' (fitowa ta musamman), da kuma kakar wasa ta biyu ta jerin ci gabansa ''Cobra Kai''. Haka kuma an san shi da rawar Alan Pinkard, ɗalibi mai bin salon ''preppy'', a cikin jerin talabijin na [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] ''Head of the Class'' (1986–1991). == Farkon rayuwa da aiki == An haifi O'Dell da suna Anthony Dell'Aquila a Pasadena, [[California]], kuma ya taso a [[Altadena]]. Ya kammala karatu a makarantar sakandaren St. Francis.<ref name="LADN">{{cite news| last1=Delmar| first1=Carie J.| title=His clean cut character is not an act| url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_dat=document_id%3Anews%252F0EF5186E4FF035DD&rft_id=info%3Asid%2Finfoweb.newsbank.com&rft_val_format=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Actx&svc_dat=AWNB&req_dat=0FD52E94025F7DBD| accessdate=2018-02-20| newspaper=[[Los Angeles Daily News]]| date=1988-04-20| page=Z4}}</ref> Fitowarsa ta farko a talabijin ita ce a shirin Halloween na shekarar 1978 na jerin talabijin na [[NBC]] mai suna ''CHiPs'', a cikin shirin mai taken "Trick or Trick". Daga baya ya fito a cikin gajeriyar jerin almara ta kimiyya ta CBS ta shekarar 1985 mai suna ''Otherworld'', inda ya taka rawar Trace Sterling. Daya daga cikin rawar da ya fi daɗewa yana takawa ita ce ta Alan Pinkard, ɗalibin makarantar sakandare, a cikin jerin barkwanci na ABC ''Head of the Class'' (1986–1991). Daga baya ya kuma fito a cikin ''Suddenly Susan'', ''George Lopez'' da ''K.C. Undercover''. A shekarar 1984, ya taka rawar Jimmy, memba na ''Cobra Kai'', a cikin fina-finai biyu na farko na ''The Karate Kid''. Haka kuma ya fito a cikin bidiyon waƙar ''Sweep the Leg'' na ƙungiyar No More Kings a shekarar 2007, inda ya yi kwaikwayon kansa da kuma halin Jimmy daga ''The Karate Kid''.<ref name="musicvideo">{{cite news| url=https://www.gazettetimes.com/blogs/of-being-and-johnny-lawrence-sweep-the-leg/article_25cefe2c-c937-5dd9-8e04-8c92425d0103.html| title=Of Being and Johnny Lawrence (Sweep the Leg)| newspaper=[[Corvallis Gazette-Times]]| date=2018-03-10| last=Frye| first=Cory| accessdate=2018-10-21| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115221342/https://www.gazettetimes.com/blogs/of-being-and-johnny-lawrence-sweep-the-leg/article_25cefe2c-c937-5dd9-8e04-8c92425d0103.html| archive-date=2020-11-15| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="musicvideo2">{{cite news| url=https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/10/karate-kid-billy-zabka-cobra-kai-30th-anniversary| title='Karate Kid' villain Billy Zabka is still best friends with the Cobra Kais| newspaper=[[USA Today]]| date=2014-10-09| last=Strauss| first=Chris| accessdate=2018-10-21}}</ref> O'Dell ya sake taka rawar Jimmy a kakar wasa ta biyu ta jerin yanar gizo ''Cobra Kai'' a shekarar 2019.<ref name=reunion>{{cite web| url=https://www.slashfilm.com/cobra-kai-reunion-episode/| title='Cobra Kai' Season 2: About That 'Karate Kid' Reunion in Episode 6…| accessdate=2019-10-21| last=Topel| first=Fred| date=2019-04-27| website=[[/Film]]}}</ref> == Filmografi == === Fina-finai === *1979 ''Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff'' *1980 ''Falling in Love Again'' *1981 ''Rivals'' *1983 ''Hadley's Rebellion'' *1984 ''The Karate Kid'' *1985 ''Evils of the Night'' *1986 ''Chopping Mall'' *1986 ''The Karate Kid Part II'' === Talabijin === *1978 ''CHiPs'' *1979 ''Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo'' *1980 ''Fridays'' *1980 ''Eight Is Enough'' *1980 ''Family'' *1981 ''Dynasty'' *1981 ''ABC Weekend Specials'' *1982 ''The Scooby & Scrappy-Doo/Puppy Hour'' *1982 ''McClain's Law'' *1983 ''The Puppy's Further Adventures'' *1984 ''Lottery!'' *1985 ''Otherworld'' *1985 ''Simon & Simon'' *1986 ''Airwolf'' *1986–1991 ''Head of the Class'' *1988 ''Murder, She Wrote'' *1996 ''In the House'' *2000 ''Suddenly Susan'' *2002–2003 ''George Lopez'' *2011 ''Shake It Up'' *2015 ''K.C. Undercover'' *2019 ''Cobra Kai'' *2021 ''Sydney to the Max'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|0217251}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Odell, Tony}} t2u5rgx0i6qj51mqoljleygiqeumcqk 0 165534 964659 909156 2026-10-08T07:57:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zagom''' (kuma Zakum, Zagom Kajere, Zagom Gida)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCZOAQAAMAAJ&dq=Zagom+kajere&pg=PA429 |title=Nigeria Postcode Directory: Nigerian Postal Service, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria |date=2003 |publisher=Fomat Press |language=en}}</ref> wani gari ne a Ikulu, Gundumar Fadiya ta [[Zangon Kataf|Yankin Karamar Hukumar Zangon Kataf]], kudanci [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] a yankin Middle Belt na [[Najeriya]] . Lambar gidan waya ta ƙauyen ita ce 802150 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=kaduna postal code according to places |url=https://postalcoder.com/nigeria/kaduna-postal-code |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229044751/https://postalcoder.com/nigeria/kaduna-postal-code |archive-date=2024-02-29 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=postalcoder.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-12-27 |title=Zangon Kataf Postal Codes: Kaduna State / Zip Codes |url=https://showpostcodes.com.ng/zangon-kataf-postal-codes/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=ShowPostCodes |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708104308/https://showpostcodes.com.ng/zangon-kataf-postal-codes/ |archive-date=2025-07-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Zagom tana kusa da ƙauyen Kamantan, da kuma kusa da Kamaru Hausawa .<ref>{{Cite book |last=McKinney |first=Carol V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r3bmEAAAQBAJ&dq=Zagom&pg=PT123 |title=Bajju Christian Conversion in the Middle Belt of Nigeria |date=2019-06-06 |publisher=SIL International |isbn=978-1-55671-444-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Obanure |first=Cyril |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AomAQAAIAAJ&q=Zagom |title=Religion, Violence and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria: Proceedings of 22nd Conference of the Catholic Theological Association of Nigeria (CATHAN) |date=2008 |publisher=Aboki Publishers |isbn=978-978-8098-84-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=State (Nigeria) |first=Kaduna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49suAQAAIAAJ&q=Zagom |title=White Paper on the Report of the Judicial Commission of Inquiry Into the Communal Crisis Between the Bajju and Ikulu Communities at Kamaru in Ikulu Chiefdom |date=2001 |publisher=Kaduna State of Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} lfw1oi6uh5p1magcbfzg0vp8be3loyf 0 165623 964669 910820 2026-10-08T08:56:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Zolani Petelo''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Satumba 1975) ɗan dambe ne ɗan Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya yi gasa daga 1993 zuwa 2005. Ya riƙe kambun ƙaramin nauyi na ƙungiyar dambe ta duniya (IBF) daga 1997 zuwa 2000 kuma ya fafata don lashe kambun ƙaramin nauyi na IBF a 2001. == Sana'ar ƙwararru == Petelo ya zama ƙwararre a shekarar 1993, kuma ya tara tarihin 10-2-2 kafin ya sami bugun farko a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 1997. === Ƙaramin nauyi mai tashi === A matsayinsa na wanda ba shi da ƙarfin hali, Petelo ya zira [[Kisa (dambe)|kwallaye]] a zagaye na huɗu a kan zakaran IBF mini-flyweight, Ratanapol Sor Vorapin, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen nasarorin da zakaran ya samu a wasanni 20 a jere. Petelo ya yi nasarar kare kambunsa sau biyar a kan abokan hamayyarsa Faisol Akbar, Carmelo Caceres, Eric Jamili, Juanito Rubillar, <ref>{{Cite web |title=World title fights 1999 |url=https://premierboxingorganisation.com/world-title-fights-1999 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408054711/https://premierboxingorganisation.com/world-title-fights-1999 |archive-date=8 April 2017 |access-date=2018-05-11 |publisher=Premier Boxing Organisation}}</ref> da Mickey Cantwell . Ya bar kambun a shekarar 2001 domin ya ƙara nauyi. === Nauyin nauyi na ƙaramin nauyi === A ranar 29 ga Satumba 2001, bai yi nasara ba wajen kalubalantar zakaran IBF Junior-flyweight, Ricardo López, wanda ya sha kashi a zagaye na takwas. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2001 |title=Lopez keeps title with eighth-round KO |url=http://www.nwitimes.com/uncategorized/lopez-keeps-title-with-eighth-round-ko/article_70c02e19-51e6-5ffd-a694-bee909495b2e.html |access-date=2018-05-11 |publisher=The Times of Northwest Indiana}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Ritaya === Bayan rashin nasarar da Lopez ya yi, Petelo ya ci gaba da aiki tsawon shekaru uku da rabi da suka biyo baya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2018}} A shekarar 2005, ya koma fagen daga da tsohuwar zakaran IBO Zolile Mbityi, inda ya sha kaye a zaɓen rinjaye na zagaye takwas da aka yi ta fafatawa sosai.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2018}} Bayan ya sha wani rashin nasara a zaɓen da aka yi masa, Petelo ya yi ritaya daga wasan dambe.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2018}} == Tarihin dambe na ƙwararru == {{Boxing record summary}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Result !Record !Opponent !Type !Round, time !Date !Location !Notes |- |24 |{{no2}}Loss |17-5-2 | align="left" |Nkosana Sobethu |UD |8 |17 Dec 2005 | align="left" |{{Small|Orient Theatre, East London, South Africa}} | |- |23 |{{no2}}Loss |17-4-2 | align="left" |Zolile Mbityi |MD |8 |6 May 2005 | align="left" |{{Small|Centenary Hall, Port Elizabeth, South Africa}} | |- |22 |{{no2}}Loss |17-3-2 | align="left" |Ricardo Lopez |KO |8 (12) {{Small|1:32}} |29 Sep 2001 | align="left" |{{Small|[[Madison Square Garden]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]], US}} | align="left" |For IBF junior-flyweight title |- |21 |{{yes2}}Win |17-2-2 | align="left" |Roberto Gomez |PTS |8 |22 Apr 2001 | align="left" |{{Small|Carnival City, [[Brakpan]], South Africa}} | |- |20 |{{yes2}}Win |16-2-2 | align="left" |Mickey Cantwell |TKO |8 (12) |2 Jun 2000 | align="left" |{{Small|Stour Centre, [[Ashford, Kent|Ashford]], South Africa}} | align="left" |Retained IBF mini-flyweight title |- |19 |{{yes2}}Win |15-2-2 | align="left" |Juanito Rubillar |UD |12 |3 Dec 1999 | align="left" |{{Small|Bushfield Leisure Centre, [[Peterborough]], England}} | align="left" |Retained IBF mini-flyweight title |- |18 |{{yes2}}Win |14-2-2 | align="left" |Eric Jamili |KO |1 (12) {{Small|1:21}} |29 May 1999 | align="left" |{{Small|Carousel Casino, Hammanskraal, South Africa}} | align="left" |Retained IBF mini-flyweight title |- |17 |{{yes2}}Win |13-2-2 | align="left" |Carmelo Caceres |TKO |7 (12) |4 Jul 1998 | align="left" |{{Small|Carousel Casino, Hammanskraal, South Africa}} | align="left" |Retained IBF mini-flyweight title |- |16 |{{yes2}}Win |12-2-2 | align="left" |Faisol Akbar |SD |12 |21 Mar 1998 | align="left" |{{Small|Carousel Casino, [[Hammanskraal]], South Africa}} | align="left" |Retained IBF mini-flyweight title |- |15 |{{yes2}}Win |11-2-2 | align="left" |Ratanapol Sor Vorapin |TKO |4 (12) {{Small|2:00}} |27 Dec 1997 | align="left" |{{Small|Provincial Military Stadium, [[Songkhla]], Thailand}} | align="left" |Won IBF mini-flyweight title |- |14 |{{yes2}}Win |10-2-2 | align="left" |Mnyamezeli Shosha |KO |6 (8) |27 Sep 1997 | align="left" |{{Small|Mdantsane Indoor Centre, East London, South Africa}} | |- |13 |{{no2}}Loss |9-2-2 | align="left" |Neo Seboka |PTS |8 |20 Apr 1997 | align="left" |{{Small|Orient Theatre, East London, South Africa}} | |- |12 |{{no2}}Loss |9-1-2 | align="left" |Lindi Memani |KO |10 (12) |19 Oct 1996 | align="left" |{{Small|Orient Theatre, East London, South Africa}} | align="left" |For South African mini-flyweight title |- |11 |{{yes2}}Win |9-0-2 | align="left" |Xola Made |KO |6 (8) |14 Jul 1996 | align="left" |{{Small|Kwazakhele New Daku Hall, Port Elizabeth, South Africa}} | |- |10 |{{yes2}}Win |8-0-2 | align="left" |Mawanda Sineko |PTS |8 |18 Feb 1996 | align="left" |{{Small|Mdantsane Indoor Centre, [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]], South Africa}} | |- |9 |{{yes2}}Win |7-0-2 | align="left" |Kholisile Nyanda |PTS |8 |30 Apr 1995 | align="left" |{{Small|Centenary Hall, New Brighton, Port Elizabeth, South Africa}} | |- |8 |{{yes2}}Win |6-0-2 | align="left" |Xolani Sithhole |KO |2 (6) |7 Aug 1994 | align="left" |{{Small|Kwazakhele New Daku Hall, Port Elizabeth, South Africa}} | |- |7 |{{draw}}Draw |5-0-2 | align="left" |Zolile Ngantweni |PTS |8 |12 Jun 1994 | align="left" |{{Small|Kwazakhele New Daku Hall, Port Elizabeth, South Africa}} | |- |6 |{{draw}}Draw |5-0-1 | align="left" |Fezile Ngalo |PTS |8 |27 Feb 1994 | align="left" |{{Small|Kwazakhele New Daku Hall, Port Elizabeth, South Africa}} | |- |5 |{{yes2}}Win |5–0 | align="left" |Butana Kate |TKO |5 (6) |31 Oct 1993 | align="left" |{{Small|Kwazakhele New Daku Hall, Port Elizabeth, South Africa}} | |- |4 |{{yes2}}Win |4–0 | align="left" |Joseph Nimrod |PTS |6 |5 Sep 1993 | align="left" |{{Small|Iqhayiya Tech School Hall, Port Elizabeth, South Africa}} | |- |3 |{{yes2}}Win |3–0 | align="left" |Goodman Nketyana |{{Abbr|TKO|Technical knockout}} |3 (4) |4 July 1993 | align="left" |{{Small|Iqhayiya Tech School Hall, Port Elizabeth, South Africa}} | |- |2 |{{yes2}}Win |2–0 | align="left" |Sifundo Nyoka |PTS |4 |23 May 1993 | align="left" |{{Small|Iqhayiya Tech School Hall, Port Elizabeth, South Africa}} | |- |1 |{{yes2}}Win |1–0 | align="left" |Xola Made |{{Abbr|PTS|Points decision}} |4 |3 Apr 1993 | align="left" |{{Small|Centenary Hall, [[Port Elizabeth]], South Africa}} | |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] ====manazarta==== r4giqzsk4xjp8rgug45ixq9k0394lm1 0 168008 964579 947359 2026-10-08T02:32:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox musical artist|Name=Climates|image=20180421 Oberhausen Impericon Festival Blood Youth 0083.jpg|image_upright=1.25|caption=Chris Pritchard performing with Blood Youth in 2018|Alias=|Origin=[[Lincoln, England]]|Genre={{flat list| *[[Melodic hardcore]] *{{nowrap|[[post-hardcore]]}} *[[hardcore punk]] *[[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] }}|Years_active=2011–2014|Label=*[[Artery Recordings]]|Current_members=|Past_members=*Wesley Thompson *Sam Bowden *Fil Thorpe Evans *Josh Geeson *Max Dawson *Harley Clifton *Chris Pritchard *Henry Othen *Matt Powells}}Yanayi wani rukuni ne na Burtaniya wanda aka kafa a 2011 a Lincoln, Ingila, ta Wesley Thompson, Sam Bowden, Fil Thorpe Evans, Harley Clifton da Henry Othen. Evans ya tashi a farkon shekarar 2013 don shiga Neck Deep cikakken lokaci, kuma Clifton da Othen dukansu sun tashi a shekarar 2012.<ref name="Last FM – Climates">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2024 |title=Climates music, videos, stats, and photos |url=https://www.last.fm/music/Climates |website=Last.fm}}</ref> Kashe Thompson a shekarar 2014 ya haifar da rabuwar ƙungiyoyi (daga abin da Bowden, Powels, Pritchard da Dawson suka dauki Kaya Tarsus, wanda ya kafa Blood Youth). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Blood Youth – North America &#124; Artery Recordings |url=http://arteryrecordings.com/artists/blood-youth/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916151814/http://arteryrecordings.com/artists/blood-youth/ |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=24 August 2016 |website=Arteryrecordings.com}}</ref> == Hanyar kiɗa == An bayyana salon kiɗa na yanayi a matsayin mai tsananin sauti, <ref name="Rate Your Music – Climates">{{Cite web |title=Climates discography |url=https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/climates |website=RateYourMusic.com}}</ref> <ref name="Hold Up Now – Blood Youth">{{Cite web |title=Hold Up Now – Blood Youth |url=http://holdupnow.com/an-interview-with-blood-youth/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521083404/http://holdupnow.com/an-interview-with-blood-youth/ |archive-date=21 May 2015 |website=Holdupnow.com}}</ref> <ref name="Already Heard – Climates">{{Cite web |title=Already Heard – Climates |url=http://alreadyheard.com/post/108933099072/climates-become-blood-youth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922002235/http://alreadyheard.com/post/108933099072/climates-become-blood-youth |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=24 August 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Last FM – Climates" /> <ref name="Serious Tones – What Means The Most">{{Cite web |title=Protected Blog › Log in |url=https://serioustones.wordpress.com/2012/08/06/climates-what-means-the-most-review/ |website=Serioustones.wordpress.com}}</ref> <ref name="DeeJay – Climates">{{Cite web |last=Teinert |first=Dieter |title=Climates – Body Clocks – STRLP103 |url=https://www.deejay.de/STRLP103_-_Climates_-_Body_Clocks_-_12inch__160844 |website=Deejay.de |access-date=2026-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219124058/https://www.deejay.de/STRLP103_-_Climates_-_Body_Clocks_-_12inch__160844 |archive-date=2025-02-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Sputnik Music – Climates" /> hardcore punk, <ref name="Last FM – Climates" /> [5] [6] post-hardcore, [5] [6] da kuma ƙarfe mai nauyi. [5] [6]<ref name="Metal Gigs – Climates">{{Cite web |title=Climates |url=https://www.metalgigs.co.uk/bands/climates/ |website=Metalgigs.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="Inside Shock – Body Clock">{{Cite web |title=Inside Shock – Body Clock |url=http://www.insideshock.com/#!CLIMATES-announce-debut-album-%E2%80%98Body-Clocks%E2%80%99-and-UK-headline-tour-for-October/c1884/8166AAAB-165F-4DC3-8014-FEC20EF79631 |website=Insideshock.com |access-date=2026-09-10 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173937/http://www.insideshock.com/#!CLIMATES-announce-debut-album-%E2%80%98Body-Clocks%E2%80%99-and-UK-headline-tour-for-October/c1884/8166AAAB-165F-4DC3-8014-FEC20EF79631 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Under The Gun – Climates">{{Cite web |title=Climates Stream New Album, Speak On Wes Thompson's Departure &#124; Under the Gun Review |url=http://underthegunreview.net/2014/11/16/climates-stream-new-album-speak-on-wes-thompsons-departure/ |website=Underthegunreview.net}}</ref><ref name="Alternative Press – Body Clocks">{{Cite web |last=Crane |first=Matt |date=13 November 2014 |title=Climates stream new album, 'Body Clocks,' release statement on singer's departure |url=https://www.altpress.com/features/climates_body_clocks_album_premiere/ |website=Altpress.com}}</ref> Sun ambaci tasirin da suka hada da Counterparts da Alexisonfire . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Stuart |date=6 August 2020 |title=Neck Deep guitarist Sam Bowden: 10 albums that changed my life |url=https://www.musicradar.com/news/neck-deep-guitarist-sam-bowden-10-albums-that-changed-my-life |access-date=20 May 2026 |website=MusicRadar |language=en}}</ref> == Mambobin == === Jerin karshe === * Wesley Thompson - jagora murya (2011-2014) <small>(2011–2014)</small> * Sam Bowden - guitar (2011-2014) <small>(2011–2014)</small> * Max Dawson - guitar (2013-2014) bass <small>(2013)</small> * Chris Pritchard - bass <small>(2013; 2014)</small> * Matt Powels - drums (2012-2014) <small>(2012–2014)</small> === Mambobin da suka gabata === * Fil Thorpe Evans - guitar (2011-2012) <small>(2011–2012)</small> * Josh Geeson - guitar <small>(2013)</small> * Harley Clifton - bass (2011-2012) <small>(2011–2012)</small> * Henry Othen - drums (2011-2012) <small>(2011–2012)</small> {{#tag:timeline| ImageSize = width:900 height:auto barincrement:21 PlotArea = left:100 bottom:80 top:5 right:30 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2011 till:14/12/2014 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy Legend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:3 ScaleMajor = increment:1 start:2011 Colors = id:bars value:gray(0.9) id:vocals value:red legend:Lead_vocals id:guitar value:green legend:Guitar id:bass value:blue legend:Bass id:drums value:orange legend:Drums id:LP value:black legend:Studio_album id:EP value:gray(0.5) legend:EP LineData = at:06/08/2012 color:EP layer:back at:13/10/2014 color:LP layer:back BackgroundColors = bars:bars BarData = bar:Thompson text:"Wesley Thompson" bar:Tarsus text:"Kaya Tarsus bar:Bowden text:"Sam Bowden" bar:Evans text:"Fil Thorpe Evans" bar:Geeson text:"Josh Geeson" bar:Clifton text:"Harley Clifton" bar:Pritchard text:"Chris Pritchard" bar:Dawson text:"Max Dawson" bar:Othen text:"Henry Othen" bar:Powels text:"Matt Powels" PlotData= width:11 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(11,-4) bar:Thompson from:01/01/2011 till:13/11/2014 color:vocals bar:Tarsus from:13/11/2014 till:end color:vocals bar:Bowden from:01/01/2011 till:end color:guitar bar:Evans from:01/01/2011 till:26/01/2013 color:guitar bar:Geeson from:27/01/2013 till:16/10/2013 color:guitar bar:Dawson from:01/06/2013 till:16/10/2013 color:bass bar:Dawson from:17/10/2013 till:14/12/2014 color:guitar bar:Clifton from:01/01/2011 till:01/08/2012 color:bass bar:Pritchard from:26/01/2013 till:31/05/2013 color:bass bar:Pritchard from:14/01/2014 till:end color:bass bar:Othen from:01/01/2011 till:31/08/2012 color:drums bar:Powels from:01/09/2012 till:end color:drums }} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:17em;" |Bayanan kundin ! scope="col" style="width:5em;" |Irin wannan |- ! scope="row" |''Abin da ya fi nufi''<ref name="Bandcamp.com – Climates">{{Cite web |title=Reconcile, by Climates |url=https://climateshc.bandcamp.com/ |website=Climates.bandcamp.com}}</ref> | * An saki shi: 6 ga Agusta 2012 * Alamar: An saki kansa |EP |- ! scope="row" |''Sa'o'in Jiki''<ref name="Rate Your Music – Climates" /> | * An saki shi: 13 ga Oktoba 2014 * Alamar: Ƙananan Tarihin Birni (UK), Rubuce-rubucen Artery (na Duniya) |LP |} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:17em;" |Bayani |- ! scope="row" |"Na jira don fitarwa" <ref name="Bandcamp.com – Climates" /> | * An saki shi: 29 Maris 2012 * Alamar: An saki kansa |- ! scope="row" |"Sakamako" <ref name="Bandcamp.com – Climates" /> | * An saki shi: 26 ga Disamba 2012 * Alamar: An saki kansa |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} cixd65fgo9qg3eomd1qfk29h06ofppu 0 168092 964586 959413 2026-10-08T04:25:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yankunan Babban Tafkin Damuwa sune yankunan da aka tsara a cikin Babban Tafkin da ke nuna mummunar lalacewar muhalli. Akwai jimlar wurare 43 na damuwa a cikin Great Lakes, 26 suna cikin Amurka, 12 a ƙasar Kanada, da biyar da kasashen biyu suka raba. Babban Tafkin, mafi girman tsarin tabkuna na ruwa mai laushi a duniya, Amurka da Kanada ne suka raba su. Sun kai kashi 95% na ruwan sha mai laushi a cikin Amurka mai iyaka kuma suna da mil 10,000 na bakin teku (gami da tashoshin haɗi, ƙasa da tsibirai) - fiye da iyakar Pacific da Atlantic na Amurka da aka haɗa. &nbsp;Tafkunan tsarin sufuri ne da jigilar kaya, da kuma wurin shakatawa. == Bayani game da wani yanki na damuwa == Yankin damuwa dole ne ya sami aƙalla rashin amfani mai amfani wanda ke nufin cewa ya sami canji a cikin sunadarai, jiki, ko amincin halitta na jikin ruwa.Wadannan sun hada da: <ref name="GLIN">{{Cite web |title=Great Lakes Information Network, "Areas of Concern", ''Pollution'', Wastewater and sewage, Contaminated Runoff |url=http://www.great-lakes.net/teach/pollution/aoc/aoc2.html |access-date=2013-07-25 |publisher=Great-lakes.net}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * ƙuntatawa kan kifi da amfani da namun daji * lalata kifi da ɗanɗano na namun daji * lalacewar kifi da yawan namun daji * kumburi na kifi ko wasu nakasa * nakasa na tsuntsaye ko dabba ko matsalolin haifuwa * Rashin lalacewar benthos * ƙuntatawa kan ayyukan dredging * eutrophication ko algae mara kyau * Ƙuntatawa na ruwan sha, ko matsalolin dandano da wari * Rufewar rairayin bakin teku * lalacewar kyawawan abubuwa * ƙarin farashi ga noma ko masana'antu * Rashin lalacewar phytoplankton da zooplankton * asarar kifi da mazaunin namun daji == Yarjejeniyar Ingancin Ruwa ta Great Lakes == Yarjejeniyar Ingancin Ruwa ta Great Lakes (GLWQA) tsakanin ƙasar [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da ƙasar [[Kanada]] ta bayyana Yankunan Damuwa a matsayin "yanki na ƙasa waɗanda suka kasa cika gaba ɗaya ko takamaiman manufofi na yarjejeniyar inda irin wannan gazawar ta haifar ko mai yiwuwa ya haifar da lalacewar amfani mai amfani da ikon yankin don tallafawa rayuwar ruwa".<ref name="GLIN" />Yarjejeniyar Ingancin Ruwa ta Amurka da Kanada tana riƙe da kwamitin da ka'idojin da ke yanke shawarar ko ya kamata a dauki yanki a matsayin yanki na damuwa. Manufar yarjejeniyar ita ce ta dawo da kuma kula da amincin sunadarai, na jiki da na halitta na tsarin halittu na Great Lakes Basin ta hanyar hadin gwiwar da aka yi niyya ga Yankunan Damuwa da aka ambata a sama. Saboda kowace hanyar ruwa tana da halaye na musamman waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga raunin muhalli, an haɓaka Shirin Ayyuka na Magani don gano abubuwan da ke haifar da raunin da za a yi amfani da su don jagorantar ayyukan gida waɗanda za su dawo da hanyoyin ruwa. Manufar kowane Shirin Ayyuka na Magani shine kawo cire hanyar ruwa daga jerin Yankunan Damuwa Tun lokacin da aka fara amfani da shi a shekarar 1972, an yi wa GLWQA gyare-gyare sau da yawa don haɗawa da aikin kariya ga masu damuwa na yanzu. Musamman, sabon gyare-gyare ga yarjejeniyar ya kasance a cikin 2012 inda aka kara matakan kariya don magance batutuwan da suka taso tun bayan gyare-garen karshe a cikin 1987. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement – Binational.net |url=https://binational.net/glwqa-aqegl/ |access-date=2016-11-15 |website=binational.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133105/https://binational.net/glwqa-aqegl/ |archive-date=2016-11-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, wannan gyare-gyare ya haifar da gayyatar ƙarin ƙungiyoyi don shiga cikin kafa manufofi da gyare-rikice. Da farko ana gudanar da shi ta Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka da Muhalli da Canjin Yanayi Kanada, membobin Kwamitin Great Lakes sun kara wakilan 'yan asalin ƙasar da kungiyoyin gwamnati na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Lakes Executive Committee Members – Binational.net |url=https://binational.net/glec-cegl/mem/ |access-date=2016-11-15 |website=binational.net}}</ref> Don haka, kowane nau'i na gyaran gyare-gyare yana la'akari da ra'ayoyin al'ummomin yankin. Wannan hukumar kuma an san ta da Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kasa (BEC), wanda ke haɗuwa aƙalla sau biyu a shekara don kafa fifiko da sake duba ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Joint Commission - The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement review |url=http://www.ijc.org/en/activitiesX/consultations/glwqa/guide_3.php |access-date=2016-11-15 |website=www.ijc.org}}</ref> A karkashin GLWQA, an kafa shirye-shiryen aiki daban-daban don yin niyya ga takamaiman tabkuna. Misali, gyare-gyaren 2012 ya haifar da kirkirar GLWQA Nutrients Annex Subcommittee wanda zai taimaka wajen yin niyya ga furewar algae a Tafkin Erie . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2015 |title=Recommended Binational Phosphorus Targets |url=https://www.epa.gov/glwqa/recommended-binational-phosphorus-targets |access-date=2016-11-15 |website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Janar Lakes wani bangare ne mai ƙarfi na majalisa wanda zai ci gaba da magance abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da dabi'u. == Sauran dokoki da manufofi == Amurka da Kanada da jihohin da ke kan iyaka da Great Lakes duk sun kirkiro dokoki da yawa, manufofi, da kwamitocin don kokarin kiyaye Great Lakes lafiya da rashin gurɓata. A cikin shekara ta 1909, an kafa Yarjejeniyar Ruwa ta Ƙasashen don sarrafa ingancin ruwa a cikin Ruwa na Ƙasashen da ke kan iyaka da Amurka da Kanada. Sun kirkiro Hukumar hadin gwiwa ta kasa da kasa don magance ayyukan sabon yarjejeniyar. Tare da cikar fashewar lamprey na teku a cikin Great Lakes, an kirkiro Hukumar Kifi ta Great Lakes don sarrafa halin da ake ciki. A cikin 1994, an ba da shawarar Yarjejeniyar Ecosystem don Great Lakes- St. Lawrence Basin a matsayin yarjejeniyar bangaskiya mai kyau. Wannan yarjejeniya ce don amfani da yanayin halittu a matsayin hanyar gudanarwa ga Great Lakes. An kafa Yarjejeniyar Ingancin Air don taimakawa kare lafiyar ba kawai yanayin halittu na Great Lakes ba har ma da 'yan ƙasa da ke zaune a kusa da su. Yana iyakance adadin sunadarai masu guba da aka bayar. Wani manufa da aka sanya don mayar da martani ga sunadarai masu guba a yankin Great Lakes ya faru a shekarar 1997. An kirkiro dabarun Toxics na Great Lakes Binational don sarrafa abubuwan guba masu guba waɗanda ke tarawa kamar DDT, PCBs, mercury da dioxins. Wadannan gubobi suna zaune a cikin yanayin halittu na dogon lokaci bayan an fallasa su kuma suna iya haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga shuka da rayuwar dabba."<ref name="GLIN" /> == Barazanar == === Dabbobi masu mamayewa === Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin shine yawan nau'ikan da ba na asali ba waɗanda ke mamaye tabkuna. Kimanin kowane watanni takwas sabon nau'in ya shiga cikin Great Lakes, yana rushe yanayin halittu a yankin.<ref name="INV">{{Cite web |title=Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure Republicans: Home |url=http://transportation.house.gov/hearings/hearingdetail.aspx?NewsID=75 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006210434/http://transportation.house.gov/hearings/hearingdetail.aspx?NewsID=75 |archive-date=2012-10-06 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=transportation.house.gov}}</ref> Sabbin dabbobi ko kwari da ke shiga ko barin tsarin halittu na iya zama kamar lalacewa kamar gurɓataccen yanayi. Babban tushen abinci ga mafi yawan kifi a Tafkin Michigan shine Diporeia shrimp wanda aka rage shi sosai ta hanyar kamuwa da zebra mussels. Diporeia shrimp sun ragu daga sama da 10,000 a kowace murabba'in mita zuwa kusan sifili a kasan tafkin saboda waɗannan zebra mussels. A cikin Tafkin Michigan raguwar lambobi na Diporeia yana da matsananciyar kashi 94% da aka kashe a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Makwabcinta, Tafkin Huron ya ragu da kashi 57% a cikin yawan Diporeia a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata.<ref name="INV" /> Akwai misalai da yawa na wannan matsala a cikin kowane Great Lakes, kuma. Fiye da nau'o'in 180 da ba na asali ba sun lalata Great Lakes. Wasu daga cikin wadannan nau'o'in sun hada da zebra mussel, quagga mussel, zagaye goby, sea lamprey, da alewife. Tsire-tsire masu mamayewa sun haɗa da purple loosestrife da Eurasian watermilfoil . Kazalika da fitar da wuraren zama na jinsunan asali da kuma abincin yanar gizo na yanayin halittu, jinsunan da ke mamayewa suna barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam kuma suna da babban tasiri mara kyau ga tattalin arzikin Great Lakes ta hanyar lalata kamun kifi, masana'antun noma, da yawon bude ido. === Rashin gurɓataccen tushe === [[Gurɓacewar Ruwa|Rashin gurɓataccen tushe]] yana faruwa ne lokacin da gurɓata ya shiga hanyar ruwa kai tsaye. Wannan na iya zama daga irin waɗannan dalilai kamar datti na gari ko ruwan sharar masana'antu da aka zubar cikin hanyoyin ruwa. Kafin aiwatar da Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsabtace ta 1972 a Amurka da makamantansu dokoki a Kanada, birane da garuruwa, masana'antu, gonaki da sauran wurare sun fitar da ruwa mai guba a cikin tabkuna, koguna da sauran hanyoyin ruwa, saboda imanin cewa narkewa a cikin ruwa mai karɓa zai rage duk wani lahani mai yuwuwa. Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa ka'idar narkewa sau da yawa ba daidai ba ne. Bayan shekaru da yawa na zubar da ruwa, hanyoyi da yawa sun gurɓata da sunadarai, [[Ramin hakar ma'adinai|sharar ma'adinai]] da sharar mutum.<ref name="GLIN" /> === Rashin gurɓataccen tushe === [[Gurbataccen yanayi|Rashin gurɓataccen tushe]] shine gurɓatawar da ke faruwa lokacin da rugujewa daga tituna, ciyawa, gonaki, da sauran yankuna ke ɗauke da guba, sunadarai, da ƙasa mai lalacewa zuwa tabkuna, koguna, da teku da ke kusa da su wanda ke haifar da gurɓata da tarawa. An ce gurɓataccen tushen ba shine mafi matsala kuma mafi wuya a juyar da nau'ikan gurɓata saboda yana da wuyar daidaitawa da kuma nuna inda ya samo asali. Masana da yawa sun yarda cewa gurɓataccen tushe shine babbar damuwa da ke fuskantar Great Lakes. Tare da karuwar birane, an dauki nauyin a kan tabkuna a cikin waɗannan yankuna. Tafkunan da suka taɓa samun yanayin halittu masu ɗorewa tare da adadin rayuwar shuke-shuke masu dacewa yanzu suna cike da tsire-tsire da algae masu yawa waɗanda aka ciyar da su ta hanyar taki mai yawa daga ciyawa da gonaki, suna kashe nau'ikan kifi da sauran rayuwar ruwa.<ref name="GLIN" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mdchvhn9ituvt0cakjrvijf8y5bre0l 0 168170 964401 925769 2026-10-07T17:12:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}An kama '''Prashanta Pandey''', mataimakin likita, ba tare da izini ko dalilai da aka ba a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2011 a Rupandehi ba. An kai shi ofishin 'yan sanda na yankin Lumbini kuma an tsare shi a cikin tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an azabtar da shi kuma an tilasta masa ya sanya hannu kan ikirarin cewa yana da hannu a fashewar bam da aka yi a ranar 27 ga watan Maris a shekarar 2011. Shekaru biyu bayan kama shi, a ranar 13 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 2012, kotun Rupandehi ta yanke wa Pandey hukuncin ɗaurin shekara guda, tana mai cewa kodayake Pandey bai shiga cikin dasa bam ba, ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen harin. Ya riga ya shafe lokacin shari'ar kuma an sake shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |date=2018-11-29 |title=Views adopted by the Committee under article 5 (4) of the Optional Protocol, concerning communication No. 2413/2014*,** |url=http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsjvfIjqiI84ZFd1DNP1S9EJpP%2F1%2BapfhkXW%2FfCHsyqI2LvNXVfWaeusSp3rpSkhNe9RjhtcD%2Bh2mcNdUzk4akS%2BCtmmw9zugLPCuzF6nIKJckXdOQw0l7zKAz4prQ1Vcxg%3D%3D |access-date=2023-12-30}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-20 |title=Complaint at UN rights committee against Nepal police |url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2014/02/20/complaint-at-un-rights-committee-against-nepal-police |access-date=2023-12-30 |publisher=The Kathmandu Post}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Written information for the adoption of the List of Issues by the Human Rights Committee with regard to Nepal's Second Periodic Report (CCPR/C/NPL/2) |url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1170009/1930_1385717314_int-ccpr-ngo-npl-14698-e.pdf |access-date=2023-12-30 |publisher=TRIAL}}</ref> == Kotuna da Yaƙe-yaƙe na Shari'a == Ya yi iƙirarin cewa an tilasta masa ya furta cewa yana da hannu a harin bam, kuma ya gabatar da karar a Kotun Koli a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun a shekarar 2013, yana buƙatar bincike da aiki kan batutuwan azabtar da shi da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. A watan Fabrairun a shekara ta 2014, TRIAL, a madadin Prashanta Pandey, ta gabatar da wata sanarwa ga [[Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (HRC)]] yana neman adalci ga zargin Mista Pandey na keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Wannan korafin ya bukaci HRC da ta fitar da wani binciken da ke tabbatar da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma gudanar da bincike mai sauri, cikakke, da kuma mai zaman kansa game da waɗannan laifuka da ake zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-20 |title=NEPAL: A VICTIM OF ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCE AND TORTURE IN TERAI PETITIONS THE UN FOR JUSTICE |url=https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/torture-and-enforced-disppearance-of-prashanta-pandey-v-nepal-in-april-2011/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |publisher=TRIAL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |date=2018-11-29 |title=Views adopted by the Committee under article 5 (4) of the Optional Protocol, concerning communication No. 2413/2014*,** |url=http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsjvfIjqiI84ZFd1DNP1S9EJpP%2F1%2BapfhkXW%2FfCHsyqI2LvNXVfWaeusSp3rpSkhNe9RjhtcD%2Bh2mcNdUzk4akS%2BCtmmw9zugLPCuzF6nIKJckXdOQw0l7zKAz4prQ1Vcxg%3D%3D |access-date=2023-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603054727/https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhsjvfIjqiI84ZFd1DNP1S9EJpP%2F1%2BapfhkXW%2FfCHsyqI2LvNXVfWaeusSp3rpSkhNe9RjhtcD%2Bh2mcNdUzk4akS%2BCtmmw9zugLPCuzF6nIKJckXdOQw0l7zKAz4prQ1Vcxg%3D%3D |archive-date=2023-06-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == seckj1efrpxfqwaqtrphm1zbhqv76c6 0 168427 964720 926597 2026-10-08T11:21:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Kula da Hatsi ta China:''' wanda a da ake kira '''China Grain Reserves Corporation''', '''China Grain Reserve Management Corporation''' ( '''CGRMC''', '''CGR''', '''SINOGRAIN''', wani babban kamfani ne na gwamnati wanda ya kware a cikin hatsi da ajiyar mai, sarrafawa, ciniki, fasahar kere kere, da sabis na sarrafa kayan masarufi. Centralized hatsi da mai ajiye aminci. An kafa shi a shekarar 2000, a da ana kiransa da Ofishin Kula da Hatsi na Jiha daga Maris 1991 zuwa Afrilu 2000. Kamfanin China Grain Reserve Group, wanda hedikwatarsa ke birnin Beijing, ya ƙunshi rassa 23 da kamfanoni 4 mallakar ko kuma waɗanda ake gudanarwa gaba ɗaya a shekarar 2015, tare da gudanar da ayyuka a faɗin ƙasar baki ɗaya. Tana da rumbunan ajiya guda 338 da ke da alaƙa kai tsaye, waɗanda aka ɗora musu alhakin adana tarin hatsi, mai, da auduga da aka tara a tsakiya. Kamfanin Adana Hatsi na Ƙasa na China (CNDC) wata ƙungiya ce mai muhimmanci a fannin hatsi da mai na ƙasar Sin, wadda aka ɗora mata alhakin daidaita kasuwar hatsi ta ƙasar kamar yadda Majalisar Jiha ta Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin ta umarta.[1] [2] [3] == Tarihi == [[File:Wuxing,_Tianjin_-_Nanbeixinzhuangcun_IMG_4760_SinoGrain.jpg|right|thumb|230x230px| Wani rumbun adana hatsi na Sinograin a [[Tianjin]]]] A shekara ta 2000, kasar Sin ta kafa tsarin kula da hatsi a tsaye ga ma'ajiyar hatsi ta tsakiya, wanda ya kai ga kafa kamfanin kula da ma'ajiyar hatsi na kasar Sin a ranar 18 ga watan Mayu, wanda aka dora wa alhakin gudanarwa da kula da wadannan ma'ajiyar. A ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2003, Majalisar Jiha ta fitar tare da aiwatar da "Dokoki kan Gudanar da Ma'ajiyar Hatsi ta Tsakiya" don inganta gudanar da ma'ajiyar hatsi ta tsakiya, tabbatar da daidaiton adadi, inganci mai kyau, da kuma amintaccen ajiya, kare muradun manoma, daidaita kasuwar hatsi, da kuma inganta rawar da ma'ajiyar ke takawa a cikin babban iko na jiha. A wannan shekarar, domin biyan buƙatun kasuwa, SINOGRAIN ta fitar da tan 800,000 na [[Waken suya|waken soya]] na tsakiya zuwa kasuwa.<ref name="r354">{{Cite web |date=2019-10-16 |title=中国人的饭碗端在自己手上 这份责任我们扛！_澎湃号·政务_澎湃新闻-The Paper |url=https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_4691068 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=[[The Paper (newspaper)|The Paper]] |language=zh}}</ref> A shekarar 2005, domin kare muradun manoma da kuma tabbatar da daidaiton kasuwar hatsi, jihar ta amince da dokar mafi ƙarancin farashin siye a manyan yankunan da ke samar da hatsi. Ƙungiyar Kula da Hatsi ta China tana aiki a matsayin babban mai aiwatar da manufofin farashin mafi ƙarancin sayayya, tana kare muradun masu samar da hatsi da kuma tabbatar da daidaiton kasuwar hatsi.<ref name="a163">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=经济日报：中储粮集团公司服务国家粮食宏观调控大局 |url=https://finance.sina.cn/2018-12-19/detail-ihqhqcir8157923.d.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=新浪财经_手机新浪网 |language=zh}}</ref> A shekarar 2007, kasuwar hatsi ta duniya ta fuskanci gagarumin canjin farashi. A ƙarshen shekarar 2007, SINOGRAIN ta fitar da kusan tan miliyan 5 na [[shinkafa]], [[masara]], da [[mai]] da ake ci a kasuwa, wanda hakan ya daidaita farashin. A shekarar 2008, SINOGRAIN ta kafa Kamfanin Kula da Man Fetur da Fats na Ƙasa na China, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan kula da mai, mai, da kuma irin mai. Tun daga shekarar 2008, kamfanin ya fara aiwatar da harajin sayen manufofin masara, waken soya, da kuma amfanin gona. A ranar 12 ga Mayu, bayan [[Girgizar kasa ta Sichuan ta 2008|girgizar ƙasar Sichuan ta 2008]], SINOGRAIN ta aiwatar da matakan gaggawa don raba tan 630,000 na ajiyar hatsi da mai na tsakiya, da kuma tan 14,000 na ajiyar mai na tsakiya.<ref name="s981">{{Cite web |title=目前中储粮成都分公司辖区中央储备粮基本安全 |url=https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-05/14/content_973076.htm |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=中国政府网_中央人民政府门户网站 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227180248/https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2008-05/14/content_973076.htm |archive-date=2024-12-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="y119">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-28 |title=中储粮捐赠3000吨大米今日全部发到灾区群众手中－国务院国有资产监督管理委员会 |url=http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n2588025/n2588124/c4132550/content.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=国务院国有资产监督管理委员会 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228153347/http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n2588025/n2588124/c4132550/content.html |archive-date=2024-12-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, kamfanin ya fitar da tan miliyan 2.5 na shinkafa mai siffar zobe a kasuwa ta hanyar wani tsari na musamman, wanda hakan ke ba da gudummawa ga sarrafa samar da abinci. A shekarar 2010, SINOGRAIN ta aiwatar da dabarun Majalisar Jiha na kula da wadata da kuma daidaita farashi, inda ta fitar da jimillar tan miliyan 83.71 na hatsi da mai a kasuwa don tabbatar da wadatar hatsi, daidaita matakan farashi gaba ɗaya, da kuma sauƙaƙe aiki mai kyau da lafiya na tattalin arzikin ƙasa. A shekarar 2012, Kamfanin Adana Hatsi na Ƙasa na China ya kafa kwamitin gudanarwa.<ref name="y080">{{Cite web |date=2012-04-27 |title=中储粮改制设董事会要盈利赚钱 此前定位非盈利 |url=https://finance.sina.cn/sa/2012-04-27/detail-ikftpnnx8112765.d.html?from=wap |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=新浪财经_手机新浪网 |language=zh}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, SINOGRAIN ta ci gaba da inganta gyare-gyaren da aka yi kan ƙwarewa a fannin aiki da sufuri, inda ta kafa Kamfanin Adana Hatsi da Hatsi na Ƙasa na China (CGCSL) don haɓaka kula da ajiyar kaya da inganta ingancin aiki.<ref name="j332">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-19 |title=经济日报：中储粮集团公司服务国家粮食宏观调控大局－国务院国有资产监督管理委员会 |url=http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n2588025/n2588139/c10045861/content.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=国务院国有资产监督管理委员会 |language=zh}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 2016, bayan amincewar Majalisar Jiha, an haɗa Kamfanin Kula da Auduga na Ƙasa na China zuwa SINOGRAIN kuma ya zama reshen kamfanin na biyu. Sabuwar SINOGRAIN da aka kafa ta ƙunshi rijiyoyin alkama, shinkafa, masara, waken soya, mai da sauran nau'ikan abinci, wanda hakan ya zama babbar cibiyar ajiyar amfanin gona a China.<ref name="x897">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=国资委：中国储备棉管理总公司整体并入中国储备粮管理总公司 |url=https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1566847 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=澎湃新闻 |language=zh}}</ref> <ref name="e746">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=中国储备粮管理总公司与中国储备棉管理总公司实施重组－国务院国有资产监督管理委员会 |url=http://www.sasac.gov.cn/n2588030/n2588924/c4297168/content.html |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=国务院国有资产监督管理委员会 |language=zh}}</ref> == Manazarta == elof2gezg9wvkoxhsy00u8z1nt91hkm 0 168635 964577 959979 2026-10-08T01:54:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Enough Is Enough kungiya ce ta Amurka mai adawa da batsa<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fink |first=Jenni |date=12 April 2019 |title=Nonprofit: Notre Dame Should Ban Porn on Campus WiFi |url=https://www.newsweek.com/after-catholic-university-students-vote-ban-porn-campus-wifi-non-profit-1394768 |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kauffman |first=Gretel |title=Why Starbucks and McDonald's agreed to block Wi-Fi pornography |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2016/0718/Why-Starbucks-and-McDonald-s-agreed-to-block-Wi-Fi-pornography |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=McDonald’s, Starbucks Block Customers From Visiting Porn Sites |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/mcdonalds-starbucks-block-customers-from-visiting-porn-sites/ |publisher=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=Chicago |date=6 December 1992 |title=The Myths About Pornography Get A New Sponsor |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1992/12/06/the-myths-about-pornography-get-a-new-sponsor/ |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wetzstein |first=Cheryl |title=Supreme Court battle over what child pornography viewer owes victim |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/jan/20/supreme-court-battle-over-what-child-porn-viewer-o/ |publisher=The Washington Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Jordan |date=10 October 2016 |title=Non-profit targets 'hardcore Disney-themed porn' |url=https://www.wrtv.com/news/u-s-world/non-profit-wants-aggressive-action-against-hardcore-disney-themed-porn |website=WRTV Indianapolis |language=en |access-date=11 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260508122854/https://www.wrtv.com/news/u-s-world/non-profit-wants-aggressive-action-against-hardcore-disney-themed-porn |archive-date=8 May 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ba tare da riba ba. Yana gudanar da kokarin lobbying a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], kuma ya taka rawar gani a cikin wucewar Dokar Sadarwar Sadarwa ta 1996, Dokar Kare Yara ta Intanet ta 1998, da Dokar Kare Intanet ta Yara ta 2000. Kungiyar ta kasance a cikin [[Virginia|Commonwealth na Virginia]] . Wani lokaci suna kiran kansu a matsayin '''EIE'''. == Kafa da ma'aikata == An kafa Enough Is Enough a cikin 1992 a matsayin wani ɓangare na yunkurin yaki da batsa na Amurka, amma ya canza mayar da hankali a cikin 1994 don fuskantar batsa na kan layi, batsa na yara, cin zarafin yara, da lalata da jima'i.<ref name="eie-hist">{{Cite web |title=History of EIE |url=http://www.enough.org/inside.php?id=MPKJEMRN8 |access-date=September 19, 2010 |publisher=Enough is Enough |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901153455/http://enough.org/inside.php?id=MPKJEMRN8 |archive-date=September 1, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wanda ya kafa kungiyar kuma shugaban farko shi ne [[Dee Jepsen]], matar tsohon Sanata na Amurka daga Iowa Roger Jepsen . Sauran masu haɗin gwiwa sune Sarah Blanken da Monique Nelson . Shugabanta da shugabanta tun 2002 shine Donna Rice Hughes, wanda ya fara shiga kungiyar a 1994 kuma ya kasance mataimakin shugaban tallace-tallace da alakar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donna Rice Hughes, President and Chairman |url=http://www.enough.org/inside.php?tag=8J8WW5894 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027232212/http://enough.org/inside.php?tag=8J8WW5894 |archive-date=October 27, 2010 |access-date=September 19, 2010 |publisher=Enough is Enough}}</ref> A matsayinta na Donna Rice, ta sami kulawa sosai a matsayin "wata mace" a cikin al'amarin Gary Hart Monkey Business a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. <ref name="ap120295" /> A cikin sabon rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai fafutuka, ba ta ɓoye ko inganta tsohuwar saninta ba, <ref name="ap120295" /> amma aikin ya taimaka mata ta shawo kan abubuwan da ta gabata na jima'i. Dan takarar siyasa ta [[Delaware]] ta gaba Christine O'Donnell ta yi aiki ga kungiyar na ɗan lokaci tun daga 1993. == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 1995, Enough Is Enough yana shiga cikin ayyukan matakin al'umma don samun ra'ayinsu game da tasirin batsa a kan al'umma, kamar su kai hari ga mujallu, nuna rashin amincewa da kasuwancin manya, da kuma magana a rediyo da talabijin. Kungiyar ta yi amfani da Majalisa ta Amurka don hada takunkumi game da lalata ta kan layi a cikin Dokar Sadarwar Sadarwa ta 1996 . <ref name="eie-hist" /> Wannan ya haɗa da nuna hotunan Sanatocin Amurka daga Intanet na bautar, dabbobi da lalata da yara waɗanda suke samuwa ga duk masu amfani na kowane zamani. Hamayya da lissafin ya zo da karfi daga ACLU. Sanata James Exon na Nebraska, mai tallafawa matakin, ya yaba wa Jepsen da Hughes da taimakawa wajen samun daidaituwa tsakanin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na Kirista da 'yan Republican masu goyon bayan kasuwanci a kan batun, kungiyoyin da suka kasance suna fada.<ref name="ap120295" /><ref name="nyt112795" /> Hughes ya jaddada cewa "Muna so mu yi duk abin da za mu iya don kare yara daga batsa. Amma muna son lissafin da zai zama na tsarin mulki kuma zai kasance mai tasiri".<ref name="nyt112795" />Haɗin ƙungiyar a Washington ya taimaka wa wannan hadin gwiwar ta yi nasara wajen zartar da dokar, kuma Jepsen da Hughes sun zama sanannun masu fafutuka.<ref name="nyt112795" /> Kungiyar ta gabatar da taƙaitaccen shari'a a cikin Kotun Koli ta kasar Amurka ta 1997 Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union don tabbatar da wannan dokar; Kotun a maimakon haka ta yanke hukunci da manyan sassanta ba bisa ka'ida ba. A shekara ta 1998, Hughes ya zama sanannen mai fafutuka a kan batsa ta yanar gizo.<ref name="sfc110998" /> Steve Case, Shugaba na America Online, ya kira ta "maɓallin murya a cikin muhawara game da yadda za mu fi gina wannan sabon matsakaici kuma mu sanya shi wuri mai aminci ga iyalai," kuma ta sami yabo daga abokan adawar majalisa kamar Wakilin Amurka Christopher Cox da yabo daga mai ba da shawara kan batsa Larry Flynt.<ref name="sfc110998" /> Kungiyar ta yi kira ga Dokar Kare Yara ta Intanet ta 1998, wanda aka yi niyyar maye gurbin waɗancan ɓangarorin aikin da ya gabata da aka ɗauka ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kungiyar da Hughes musamman sun kasance babbar karfi a bayan wucewar ta ƙarshe. Jepsen ya ce a cikin wannan muhawara, "Ba batun Kwaskwarimar Farko ba ne. Yayin da al'adunmu suka zama masu tsananin gaske, an sace yara daga yarantakarsu. "<ref name="spt020399" />Wannan dokar ta kuma shiga cikin matsaloli a kotuna. Enough Is Enough ya kasance daga cikin kungiyoyi da yawa waɗanda suka goyi bayan wani maye gurbin mataki, Dokar Kare Intanet ta Yara ta 2000, wanda ya sami izini kuma daga ƙarshe an tabbatar da shi a kotuna.<ref name="eie-hist" /> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da isar da saƙonta ta hanyar nuna wa mutane wasu daga cikin mafi munin hotuna da aka samu a Intanet. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta fitar da rahoto mai shafi ashirin mai taken "Just Harmless Fun?" wanda ya nuna abin da ta yi imanin cewa mummunan tasirin batsa ne daga ra'ayi na kimiyyar zamantakewa.<ref name="frontline">{{Cite web |title=American porn: Readings and links |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/porn/etc/links.html |access-date=September 19, 2010 |website=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta ba da shawarar iyaye a kan shafukan yanar gizo masu dacewa ga yara da kuma yadda za a nisanta su daga wadanda ba su dace ba.<ref name="frontline" /> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Enough Is Enough ya fitar da tsarin karatun [http://internetsafety101.org/internetsafety101 Tsaro na Intanet 101], wanda ya kunshi jerin koyarwar DVD na kashi 4, littafin aiki da jagorar hanya, littafin Dokokin N" Tools® da gidan yanar gizon. An tsara shi ne don hana laifuka da aka fara a Intanet akan yara ta hanyar ilmantarwa, samar da kayan aiki da kuma karfafa iyaye, malamai da manya masu kulawa don kare yara daga batsa ta kan layi, masu cin zarafin jima'i da masu cin zarafi na yanar gizo, da kuma haɗarin da suka shafi hanyar sadarwar jama'a, caca ta kan layi da na'urorin hannu. Har ila yau, tsarin karatun yana ba da kayan aiki ga manya don aiwatar da ka'idojin tsaro (matakan da ba na fasaha ba) da kayan aikin software (matakan fasaha) a duk na'urorin da matasa ke kunna Intanet.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 2, 2012 |title=PBS airs Enough Is Enough's Internet Safety 101 |url=https://patch.com/virginia/annandale/an--enough-is-enough-airs-internet-safety-101 |access-date= |website=Annandale Patch}}</ref> An fassara jerin DVD zuwa Mutanen Espanya. An sake fasalin jerin koyarwar DVD a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na 3 don PBS wanda ya lashe kyautar Emmy da kuma gabatarwa ta Emmy ga Ms. Hughes a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin wasan kwaikwayon. Yana kan Amazon da Vimeo.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Internet Safety 101 DVD Teaching Series & Rules 'N Tools Booklet DVD |url=https://www.amazon.com/Internet-Safety-Teaching-Rules-Booklet/dp/0578040972/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1519158430&sr=8-3&keywords=internet+safety+101&dpID=51tYS0tMJSL&preST=_SX218_BO1,204,203,200_QL40_&dpSrc=srch |access-date= |website=Amazon.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Internet Safety 101 |url=https://vimeo.com/ondemand/internetsafety101 |access-date= |website=Vimeo}}</ref> == Manazarta == rveqylvbtazqae2kshtdfxfap3p53e1 0 168685 964458 927562 2026-10-07T20:15:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Weather box}} {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Ukmergė</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">City</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div style="border:1;;height:197px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Ukmergė_centre,_May_2023.jpg|263x263px]]</div><div>Pakalnės St. of the Ukmergė Old Town</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div style="border:1;;height:129px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Ukmerges_Sv._apastalu_Petro_ir_Povilo_baznycia.jpg|173x173px]]</div><div>Church of St. Peter and St. Paul</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div style="border:1;;height:129px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity_in_Ukmergė,_Lithuania_in_2008.jpg|129x129px]]</div><div>Church of the Holy Trinity</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div style="border:1;;height:85px;overflow:hidden">[[File:2020,_Ukmergės_piliakalnis_2.JPG|114x114px]]</div><div>Ukmergė Hillfort</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="border:1;;height:85px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Antanas_Smetona_Gymnasium_in_Ukmergė,_Lithuania_in_2014.jpg|145x145px]]</div><div>Antanas Smetona Gymnasium</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:265px;max-width:265px"><div style="border:1;;height:197px;overflow:hidden">[[File:2020._Ukmergės_senamiestis_nuo_piliakalnio.JPG|263x263px]]</div><div>Aerial view of the Ukmergė Old Town</div></div></div></div></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" |<templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/columns/styles.css" /> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[File:Flag_of_Ukmergė.svg|border|100x100px|Flag of Ukmergė]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[File:Ukmergė_COA.svg|100x100px|Coat of arms of Ukmergė]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[File:Ukmergė_logo.svg|120x120px|Official logo of Ukmergė]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Brandmark</div></div></div></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:Lithuania_adm_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Ukmergė is located in Lithuania]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:48.333%;left:63.971%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Ukmergė]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Ukmergė</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Ukmergė</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Coordinates: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ukmerg%C4%97&params=55_15_N_24_45_E_region:LT_type:city(20154) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°15′N</span> <span class="longitude">24°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.250°N 24.750°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">55.250; 24.750</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:9}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ukmerg%C4%97&params=55_15_N_24_45_E_region:LT_type:city(20154) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°15′N</span> <span class="longitude">24°45′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.250°N 24.750°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">55.250; 24.750</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jerin kasashen|Country]] | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Lithuania]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ethnographic<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>region | class="infobox-data" |Aukštaitija |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |County | class="infobox-data" |[[File:Vilnius_County_flag.svg|20x20px]] Vilnius County |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Municipality | class="infobox-data" |Ukmergė district municipality |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Eldership | class="infobox-data" |Ukmergė town eldership |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Babban birni|Capital of]] | class="infobox-data" |Ukmergė district municipality <br /><br /> Ukmergė town eldership<br /><br />Pivonija eldership |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |First mentioned | class="infobox-data" |1333 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Granted city rights | class="infobox-data" |1486 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Total</div> | class="infobox-data" |20.5&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (7.9&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |64&nbsp;m (210&nbsp;ft) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>(2020)</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Total</div> | class="infobox-data" |20,154 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |&nbsp;•&nbsp;Density | class="infobox-data" |983/km<sup>2</sup> (2,550/sq&nbsp;mi) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Demonym(s) | class="infobox-data" |<span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Ukmergian(s)</span></span> ([[Turanci|English]]),<br /><br /> <span title="Lithuanian-language text">''ukmergiečiai''</span> or <span title="Lithuanian-language text">''ukmergiškiai''</span> (Lithuanian) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Time<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>zone | class="infobox-data" |UTC+2 (EET) |- class="mergedrow" t}}</ref An ambaci Ukmergė (Vilkmergė) a karon farko a matsayin matsuguni a shekarar 1333. <ref name="UkmergesIstorijaVle">{{Cite web |last=Miškinis |first=Algimantas |title=Ukmergės istorija |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/ukmerges-istorija/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |language=lt}}</ref> Tsohon Garin Ukmergė ya ƙunshi tsarin tsoffin tituna da murabba'ai, da kuma gine-ginen da aka kiyaye sosai na ƙarni na 19-20, saboda haka an haɗa shi cikin Rijistar Kadarorin Al'adu na Lithuania . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2020 |title=Ukmergės senamiestis |url=https://ukmergeinfo.lt/?ka_pamatyti_dir_ltg=ukmerges-senamiestis |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=Ukmergeinfo.lt |language=lt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukmergės senamiestis |url=https://kvr.kpd.lt/#/static-heritage-detail/B27248E7-1B5F-46CB-BA84-E52CD454A816 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[Department of Cultural Heritage]] |languag == Etymology da sunayen da ba su da bambanci == Birnin ya samo sunansa na asali ''Vilkmergė'' daga {{Interlanguage link|Vilkmergėlė|lt}} Kogi, wanda da farko ake kiransa Vilkmergė kuma ya ɗauki wani ƙaramin tsari bayan ci gaban mazaunin. Ana yawan tunanin cewa ana iya fassara sunan a matsayin "kerkeci", daga haɗin ''Vilkas'' ( kerkeci ) da ''Merga'' (budurwa). Wataƙila tushen sunan mai tushe biyu shine fi'ilin da aka haɗa ''da merg-/merk-'' wanda ke nufin "nutsewa" ko "nutsewa". A cewar tatsuniyar yankin, Vilkmergė yarinya ce da kerkeci ya rene ta, waɗanda suka cike gibin da ke tsakanin dabbobi da mutane, kamar yadda Rudyard Kipling 's Mowgli ya yi. Asalin kalmar "Ukmergė", a akasin haka, ita ce "yarinyar gona" (Lith. ''ūkis'' = gona). Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta yankin ta ɗauki sunan asali, " Vilkmergė Ukmergė " da kuma giyar HBH Vilkmergė mai shahara. Sauran sunayen tarihi na birnin sun hada da Wilkemerge ko Wilkamergen a 1225, Vilkenberge (1333), Wilkinberg (1384, 1455), Vilkomir (1455), Wilkomir (1611), Wilkomirz (1613), Wilkomiria (1766), Ukmerge (190ė (1900); Ūkmergė (1911), Wilkomierz (1918), da Vilkmergė (1919). <ref name="histnames">{{Cite web |title=Jono Deksnio rankraščio "Apgyventų vietų pavadinimų kitimas 13-20 amžiuje" |trans-title=Populated places name changes in 13th-20th centuries 1985 m. (provided by Audris Mockus) |url=http://www.mockus.us/optimum/deksnys/ukmerge.html |website=www.mockus.us}}</ref> === Tarihin farko === [[File:M.K.Radvila_1613_LDK_žemėlapis_Vilkmergės_pavietas.png|left|thumb|155x155px| Wilkomirz powiat in Radziwiłł map (1613)]] [[File:Aerial_view_of_the_city_of_Ukmergė_and_its_hillfort_in_1901.jpg|left|thumb| Ukmergė da sansaninta na tudu a shekarar 1901]] An fara ambaton Ukmergė a shekarar 1225, <ref name="histnames" /> kuma an sanya masa suna a matsayin matsuguni a cikin tarihin Hermann von Wartberge a shekarar 1333. <ref name="mention">{{Cite web |title=Voruta : Lietuvos miestų ir miestelių pirmųjų paminėjimų datos ('Voruta: First mentions and dates of Lithuanian cities and towns') at voruta.lt/archyvas<!-- Bot generated and manually translated title --> |url=http://www.voruta.lt/archyvas/63/895 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506012129/http://www.voruta.lt/ |archive-date=6 May 2017 |access-date=3 November 2009}}</ref> <ref name="UkmergesIstorijaVle" /> Ainihin sansanin soja ne na katako wanda ke tsaye a kan tudu, kusa da mahaɗar Kogin Vilkmergė da Kogin Šventoji . An kai wa Ukmergė hari ta hannun Teutonic Knights da Livonian Order a shekarar 1333, 1365, 1378, 1386, har ma a shekarar 1391, bayan Kiristanci na Lithuania a shekarar 1387. A lokacin harin ƙarshe, an ƙone Ukmergė kurmus kuma dole ne a sake gina shi gaba ɗaya. Yankin ya fara karɓar [[Kiristanci]], tare da sauran Lithuania, a shekara ta 1386. A shekara mai zuwa, a shekara ta 1387, aka gina cocin Katolika na farko, St. Peter da [[Bulus Manzo|St. Paul]] . Yana ɗaya daga cikin majami'un [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] na farko da aka kafa a Lithuania. An bai wa garin haƙƙin birni a wani lokaci bayan Yaƙin Wiłkomierz a shekara ta 1435, kuma rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta tun daga shekara ta 1486 sun kira shi birni. Sarki Sigismund na da ya tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. A lokacin mulkin Poland da Lithuania, birnin ya kasance cibiyar powiat a cikin Vilnius Voivodeship . A shekara ta 1655, sojojin Sweden da na Rasha sun kwace birnin. Saboda waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe marasa ɗorewa, ci gaban Ukmergė ya fuskanci koma-baya da yawa. [[Yahudawa]] sun fara zama a birnin a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17, kuma suka gina majami'a da makabarta. A shekarun 1711 &#x2013; 1712, [[Cutar Bubonic|annobar bubonic]] ta mamaye garin ta kuma yi barna ga al'ummarsa. A lokuta daban-daban, an kafa rundunar sojojin dawaki ta ƙasa ta Lithuania ta 1, rundunar sojojin Vanguard ta Lithuania ta 2 da ta 3 da kuma rundunar sojojin ƙasa ta Lithuania ta 1 a garin. A shekarar 1792, bisa ga shawarar wakilin birnin a babban birnin Sejm, Józef Dominik Kossakowski, Sarki Stanisław August Poniatowski ya sabunta haƙƙoƙin birnin kuma ya ba shi ikon mallakarsa na yanzu. === ƙarni na 18 da 19 === [[File:Daugavpils_St._(now_Vytauto_St.)_in_Ukmergė,_depicted_in_a_postcard_of_the_late_19th_century.jpg|left|thumb| Ukmergė a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19]] A lokacin raba gari na uku na Tarayyar Poland da Lithuania, a shekarar 1795, Rasha ta mamaye garin, ta zama wani ɓangare na Gwamnatin Vilna . A shekarar 1812, Yaƙin Deltuva, tsakanin sojojin Rasha da Faransa, ya faru ba da nisa da Ukmergė ba; sojojin [[Napoleon]] sun kai hari kan garin a lokacin mamayar Faransa a Rasha . A lokacin juyin juya halin watan Nuwamba a shekarar 1831, birnin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a hannun 'yan tawaye na tsawon watanni da dama. A shekarar 1843, garin ya zama wani ɓangare na sabuwar gwamnatin Kovno . A shekarar 1863, birnin ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar da aka yi a watan Janairu a kan Rasha. A shekara ta 1876 aka kafa masana'antar ashana a Ukmergė. A shekara ta 1877, gobara ta sake lalata garin. An haifi Antanas Smetona, shugaban ƙasar Lithuania na gaba, a Užulėnis kusa da Ukmergė, kuma ya yi karatu a makarantar da ke yankin. A shekara ta 1882 aka buɗe gidan buga littattafai. A tsakanin 1899-1902, an hukunta mutane goma sha uku (ciki har da limaman Lithuania guda biyu: Kazimieras Šleivys da Vladislovas Opulskis) saboda rarraba littattafai da aka rubuta da harshen Lithuania a ƙauyukan Ukmergė da kewaye, waɗanda a lokacin aka haramta su ta hanyar haramcin da hukumomin tsara dokokin Rasha suka sanya wa 'yan jarida a Lithuania . <ref name="UM">{{Cite web |last=Ramanauskas |first=Raimundas |title=Atmintinos Ukmergės miesto istorijos datos |url=https://ukmergesmuziejus.lt/atmintinos-ukmerges-miesto-istorijos-datos-raimondo-ramanausko-straipsnis/ |access-date=19 November 2024 |website=Ukmergės muziejus |language=lt}}</ref> Abin da ake kira 'Shari'ar Ukmergė' ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen ɗage dokar hana manema labarai ta Lithuania a shekarar 1904 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'in ƙarshe na irinsa. <ref name="UM" /> === ƙarni na 20 === [[File:Ukmergė_Old_Town,_depicted_in_a_postcard_from_1921.jpg|left|thumb| Tsohon Garin Ukmergė a shekarar 1921]] [[File:1929.V.24._Lietuvos_kariuomenės_1_p._DLK_Gedimino_pulko_rikiuotė_kareivinių_kieme_Ukmergėje.jpg|left|thumb| Faretin Rundunar Sojojin Lithuania ta 1 a Ukmergė, 1929]] A shekarar 1918, bayan Lithuania ta ayyana 'yancin kanta, an sauya sunan birnin daga Vilkmergė zuwa Ukmergė. A shekarar 1919, sojojin Bolshevik suka mamaye birnin a lokacin Yaƙin Lithuania da Soviet, amma ba da daɗewa ba sojojin Lithuania ƙarƙashin jagorancin Jonas Variakojis suka 'yantar da shi. An kama fursunonin Bolshevik sama da ɗari biyar a lokacin Yaƙin Ukmergė. An kafa kamfanin hakar ƙarfe a cikin wannan shekarar. A shekarar 1920, sojojin Lithuania sun dakatar da hare-haren da [[Poland]] ke kai wa sauran yankunan kasar, bayan jerin gwano da aka yi domin kafa iyakoki tsakanin kasashen biyu da aka sake kafawa. An buɗe wani kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki, gidan buga littattafai da kuma wasu ƙananan kasuwanci 120. Birnin yana da jaridu biyar har zuwa shekarar 1939. A shekarar 1930, an gina wani abin tunawa mai suna ''Lituania Restituta'' domin tunawa da shekaru goma na farko na samun 'yancin kai na Lithuania. Wata makarantar sakandare ta Poland ma tana aiki a Ukmergė a lokacin interbellum. A shekarar 1940, bayan mamayar Soviet a Lithuania, an fara korar mutane daga garin. Lokacin da Jamusawa suka kai hari kan Tarayyar Soviet da yankunan da ta mamaye, a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1941, Soviets da suka ja da baya sun ba wa jami'ansu umarni su kashe fursunoni kimanin 120; duk da haka, yawancinsu sun tsere; takwas ne kawai aka azabtar da su har lahira. Bayan mamayar Jamus, ' yan Nazi sun kama tare da kashe kimanin mutane 10,000 na al'ummar [[Yahudawa|Yahudawan]] garin tare da taimakon abokan hulɗar Lithuania. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tsakiyar birnin ya fuskanci mummunan lalacewar bama-bamai. Shekaru da dama bayan dawowar Soviet, mutanen birnin sun shirya kuma sun shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin adawa . An ci gaba da korar al'ummar birnin zuwa Siberia . A shekarar 1950 aka lalata abin tunawa da 'yancin kai na Lithuania. Birnin ya sake gina shi a shekarar 1990, tun kafin a ayyana dawo da 'yancin kai na Lithuania. A kusan shekarar 1964, an gina sansanonin makamai masu linzami guda biyu na Soviet R-12 Dvina (SS-4) a cikin dajin kusa da Ukmergė a ƙarƙashin Nikita Khrushchev . Kowannensu yana da faifan harba makamai guda huɗu a saman, rataye na ƙasa-ƙasa don adana makamai masu linzami da kuma wasu gine-ginen kayan haɗi. An ambaci sansanonin a cikin yarjejeniyar Sojojin Nukiliya na Tsakiyar-Range ta 1987 tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet. Dukansu suna cikin mawuyacin hali a halin yanzu, kuma jama'a suna iya shiga cikin sauƙi. == Yanayi == == Ƙididdige Jama'a == [[File:Ukmergė_Bus_Station_in_2020.jpg|thumb| Babban tashar bas]] A bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2021, yawan jama'ar birnin ya kai 21,258: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gyventojų skaičius |trans-title=Population |url=https://osp.stat.gov.lt/lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?hash=eaab70eb-f564-48f7-b34b-ef4be0c62eec#/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703154037/https://osp.stat.gov.lt/lt/statistiniu-rodikliu-analize?hash=eaab70eb-f564-48f7-b34b-ef4be0c62eec#/ |archive-date=3 July 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=[[State Data Agency of Lithuania]]}}</ref> * 'Yan Lithuania – 93.45% (19,865) * Rashawa – 3.72% (791) * Poles – 0.63% (134) * 'Yan ƙasar Ukraine – 0.35% (76) * 'Yan Belarusiya – 0.30% (63) * Wasu / ba su ƙayyade ba – 1.56% (332) == Mutane masu shahara == [[File:Lithuanian_President_Antanas_Smetona_during_his_visit_to_Ukmergė_in_1933.jpg|thumb| Shugaba Antanas Smetona yayin ziyararsa zuwa Ukmergė a 1933]] [[File:Ukmergė,_senamiestis.JPG|thumb| Tsohon Garin Ukmergė a shekarar 2014]] * Bruno Abakanowicz, masanin lissafin Poland, an haife shi a 1852, Vilkomir (Ukmergė) * [[Rivka Basman Ben-Hayim]], Yiddish mawaki kuma malami a Isra'ila * Alexander Braudo, marubuci kuma mawallafi, an haife shi a shekara ta 1864, a Vilkomir (Ukmergė) * Leib Gurwicz, malamin rabbi kuma malamin Talmud, ya yi karatu a makarantar yeshivah a nan * Yosef Shlomo Kahaneman, rabbi kuma ɗan majalisar Lithuania, ya gina yeshivas, makaranta da gidan marayu a Ukmergė * Moshe Leib Lilienblum, malami kuma marubuci * Ben Shahn, ɗan Amurka mai zane, mai zane-zanen bango, mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a, mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malami, ya rayu a Ukmerge a farkon shekarun 1900. * An haifi Antanas Smetona, shugaban Lithuania daga 1919–1920 da 1926–1940, a kusa kuma ya yi karatu a tsarin makarantun yankin. * Bob Sredersas, mai tattara zane-zane ɗan Lithuania-Australiya ya je makaranta a nan * Vida Vencienė, wacce ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta wasan tsere kan dusar ƙanƙara * Woolf Wess, wanda aka fi sani da William Wess ko William West, wani [[Yahudawa|Bayahude]] [[Anarchism|mai tsattsauran ra'ayi]], mai shirya ƙungiyar ƙwadago, kuma editan jaridar da ke yaren Yiddish mai suna ''Arbeyter Fraynd'' ( ''Abokin Ma'aikata'' ), an haife shi a Ukmergė a shekarar 1861 kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa [[Landan|London]], [[Ingila]], yana mutuwa a can a shekarar 1946. * Stanisław Lech Woronowicz, Masanin lissafin Poland, an haife shi a 1941, Ukmergė * Zigmas Zinkevičius, masanin harshe Lithuania, ya sami karatun farko a Ukmergė == Yawon Bude Ido == Akwai wurare da yawa na yawon bude ido a Ukmergė. Ɗaya daga cikinsu wani ƙaramin mutum-mutumin ɗan kwikwiyo ne da aka yi wa ado da dutse mai suna Dog Keksas, wanda aka samo a Vienuolyno g. 17 (Ukmerge 20114). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dog Keksas |url=https://www.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/ukmerge/dog-keksas-61900934/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119225943/https://www.trip.com/travel-guide/attraction/ukmerge/dog-keksas-61900934/ |archive-date=2024-01-19 |publisher=Trip.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dog Keksas |url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g887218-d17334091-Reviews-Dog_Keksas-Ukmerge_Vilnius_County.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117214855/https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g887218-d17334091-Reviews-Dog_Keksas-Ukmerge_Vilnius_County.html |archive-date=2024-01-17 |publisher=TripAdvisor}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2022 |title=Top 10 Things to do in Ukmerge, Vilnius County |url=https://www.thingstodopost.org/top-10-things-to-do-in-ukmerge-vilnius-county-651103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117214855/https://www.thingstodopost.org/top-10-things-to-do-in-ukmerge-vilnius-county-651103 |archive-date=2024-01-17 |publisher=ThingsToDo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sculpture Dog Muffin |url=https://www.dreamstime.com/sculpture-dog-muffin-amazing-playful-stone-ukmerge-object-small-architecture-ric-richard-%C5%A1irvelis-granite-image240705263 |publisher=DreamsTime}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-28 |title=Naujasis Ukmergės simbolis – šuo Keksas |url=https://www.lrytas.lt/lietuvosdiena/aktualijos/2013/12/28/news/naujasis-ukmerges-simbolis-suo-keksas-4772774 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825032113/https://www.lrytas.lt/lietuvosdiena/aktualijos/2013/12/28/news/naujasis-ukmerges-simbolis-suo-keksas-4772774 |archive-date=2024-08-25 |publisher=Lrytas.lt |language=lt}}</ref> == Garuruwa biyu - birane biyu 'yan'uwa == Ukmergė tagwaye ne da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarptautinis bendradarbiavimas |url=http://www.ukmerge.lt/go.php/lit/Tarptautinis-bendradarbiavimas |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=ukmerge.lt |publisher=Ukmergė |language=lt}}</ref>   == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:Ukmergės_teismas.jpg|alt=Old Court| Tsohon Kotu File:Biblioteka._Ukmergė.JPG|alt=Library| Laburare File:Ukmergės_Šv._Petro_ir_Povilo_bažnyčia.JPG|alt=Church of St. Peter and St. Paul| Cocin St. Peter da St. Paul File:Cemetery_of_Pasile_-_panoramio.jpg|alt=Entrance to the cemetery of Pašilė| Shiga zuwa makabartar Pašilė File:Kryžius_žuvusių_partizanų_bunkerio_vietoje_(1948)_-_panoramio.jpg|alt=Monument for the Lithuanian partisans who died in 1948| Abin tunawa ga 'yan jam'iyyar Lithuania waɗanda suka mutu a shekarar 1948 File:2._Ukmergė,_sentikių_cerkvė.JPG|alt=Church of the Old Believers| Cocin Tsoffin Muminai File:Ukmergė,_kraštotyros_muziejus.JPG|alt=Museum of Local History| Gidan Tarihi na Gida </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tjcg783nqsf2yzjuvwmoi0lb4xflxdp 0 168744 964384 946644 2026-10-07T16:02:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tijen Karaş''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 1975, [[Ankara]]) <ref name="who">{{Cite web |title=Tijen Karaş Kimdir ? |url=http://www.anahaberim.com/haber/2374/tijen-karas-kimdir.html |access-date=16 July 2016 |publisher=Ana Haberim |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202211/http://www.anahaberim.com/haber/2374/tijen-karas-kimdir.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> shi ne mai watsa shirye-shiryen Turkiyya kuma mai ba da labarai, yana aiki ga Kamfanin Rediyo da Talabijin na Turkiyya (TRT). A watan Yulin 2016, ta zama sananniya a lokacin yunkurin juyin mulki, bayan da aka tilasta mata karanta wata sanarwa da sojoji suka rubuta wadanda suka karɓi ginin TRT a [[Ankara]]. == Rayuwa == An haifi Tijen Karaş a ranar 28 ga watan Janairun 1975 a Yenimahalle a [[Ankara]], Turkiyya . <ref name="who" /> Ita ce tsakiyar 'ya'ya mata uku.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tijen KARAŞ |url=https://www.jovenakademi.com/-tijen-karas |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=JOVEN AKADEMİ |language=tr}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Karaş ta kammala karatu a Jami'ar Hacettepe da ke ƙwarewa a fannin zamantakewa.<ref name="who" /> A lokacin da take jami'a, ta fara gabatar da ita a tashar TRT International Avrasya ta Turkiyya.<ref name=":1" /> Ta kuma shirya shafi na "Sanat ve Politika" don Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Turkiyya. A shekara ta 1995 ta yi aiki a C TV, tana gabatar da shirin zane-zane da al'adu da ake kira 'Günce', kuma daga baya ta gabatar da shirye-shiryen kiɗa na kai tsaye a kan TRT .<ref name=":1" /> Shirye-shiryen da Karaş ya gabatar sun hada da Mehmetçikle El Ele, Bayram Özel, Sayısal Gece, Müzik Koridoru, Gençlik ve Yaşam . Shekaru biyar, daga shekara ta 2005, ta gabatar da shirin karshen mako Haber vizi . <ref name=":1" /> A watan Yulin 2016, ta kasance mai ba da labarai na Turkiyya, tana aiki ga Kamfanin Rediyo da Talabijin na Turkiyya (TRT). [1][2] A lokacin yunkurin juyin mulki, an tilasta Karaş ya karanta wata sanarwa da sojoji da ke yunkurin sauya mulki suka rubuta, wadanda suka karɓi ginin TRT a Ankara.[2][3] Bayan hutu a cikin aikinta saboda matsalolin zuciya, Karaş ta ci gaba da aikinta na watsa shirye-shirye a ranar 6 ga Janairun 2020, ta gabatar da shirin Dünya Gündemi . [4] Karaş kuma tana ba da tarurruka a Turkiyya da kuma duniya kan sadarwa da harshe na jiki.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] 2d3jv8i0a4s1u5y4m48r4j3ahi4yn22 0 168758 964689 927804 2026-10-08T10:14:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Darling 58 itace ne na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na Amurka. Shirin Bincike da Maidowa na Chestnut na Amurka ACRRP ne ya kirkiro itacen a Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kayan daji ta Jihar New York SUNY ESF tare da hadin gwiwar Gidauniyar Chestnut ta Amurka TACF <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2023 |title=Darling 58 |url=https://tacf.org/darling-58/ |website=The American Chestnut Foundation}}</ref> don dawo da chestnut na Amurka zuwa gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka. Wadannan bishiyoyi masu ban sha'awa-58 suna fuskantar hari ta hanyar cututtukan chestnut, amma sun tsira. Darling-58 itatuwa sun tsira don isa ga balaga, samar da chestnuts, da yawaita don dawo da itacen chestnut na Amurka zuwa gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |date=October 27, 2020 |title=SUNY-ESF researchers review petition to advance Chestnut tree restoration |url=http://dailyorange.com/2020/10/suny-esf-researchers-review-petition-advance-chestnut-tree-restoration/ |website=The Daily Orange |access-date=September 11, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226092459/https://dailyorange.com/2020/10/suny-esf-researchers-review-petition-advance-chestnut-tree-restoration/ |archive-date=December 26, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Reut">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2021 |title=Scientists Hope Genetic Engineering Can Revive the American Chestnut Tree |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2021-04-22/scientists-hope-genetic-engineering-can-revive-the-american-chestnut-tree |website=www.usnews.com |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Melton |first=Lisa |date=April 1, 2021 |title=GM chestnut, Sierra Club darling |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-00903-w |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=400 |doi=10.1038/s41587-021-00903-w |pmid=33846656 |s2cid=233221423 |url-access=subscription |via=www.nature.com}}</ref> Wani kuskuren da aka yi a farkon shirin kiwo ya haifar da amfani da wani nau'i na daban, Darling 54 a wasu idan ba shuka ba gwajin filin Darling 58 kafin gano kuskuren a watan Oktoba 2023.<ref name="esf23d">{{Cite web |title=ESF Darling Science Update - Dec. 15, 2023 |url=https://www.esf.edu/chestnut/progress-report/2023.php |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.esf.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Todd |first=Roxy |date=8 March 2024 |title=After GMO program hits snag, what's the future of restoring American chestnuts? |url=https://www.alleghenyfront.org/american-chestnut-blight-genetically-modified/ |website=The Allegheny Front}}</ref> Duk da yake Gidauniyar Chestnut ta Amurka ta dakatar da tallafawa ci gaban Darling 58 cultivar a watan Disamba na 2023, a wani bangare saboda kuskuren amfani da Darling 54 a duk kammala gwajin filin, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brindley |first=Hal |date=2023-12-08 |title=Press Release: TACF Discontinues Development of Darling 58 |url=https://tacf.org/tacf-discontinues-development-of-darling-58/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The American Chestnut Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Shirin Bincike da Maidowa na Chestnut na Amurka, wanda ya samo asali daga itacen, ya ci gaba da ci gabanta. ACRRP ta yanke shawarar gina a saman gwajin filin Darling 54 da ke akwai kuma neman karɓar itacen Darling 54 a maimakon haka. Ana sa ran sabunta takarda da ke dauke da jerin gyare-gyaren gwaje-gwaje a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2025.<ref name="esfpr24">{{Cite web |title=Progress Report 2024 |url=https://www.esf.edu/chestnut/progress-report/index.php |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The American Chestnut Research & Restoration Project at ESF |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gabatar da cututtukan chestnut a ƙarshen karni na 19 tare da chestnut na Japan kuma ya kashe itacen chestnut na Amurka da ya taɓa yaduwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ronsheim |first=Margaret L. |date=Feb 2022 |title=Invasive species |journal=AccessScience |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |doi=10.1036/1097-8542.350480}}</ref> An kashe itatuwan da ba a canza su ba daga ƙasa zuwa sama ta hanyar cutar, kuma tsarin tushen ne kawai ya tsira. Tushen sa'an nan kuma ya ci gaba da aikawa da tsiro waɗanda cutar ta sake kai musu hari kuma suka mutu kafin su kai ga balaga, suna maimaita sake zagayowar.<ref name="Reut" /> == Hanyar aiki == Cutar Chestnut tana lalata bishiyoyi ta hanyar samar da oxalic acid, wanda ke rage pH a cikin cambium kuma yana kashe ƙwayoyin shuka. Darling 58 ya kara da kwayar halitta ta oxalate oxidase OxO daga alkama, wanda mai gabatarwa da CaMV 35S ya fitar. Mai gabatar da shi yana ba da damar yin furotin na OxO ta hanyar shuka. Furotin na OxO yana bawa shuka damar karya acid kafin a yi mummunar lalacewa. Ana samun dabarun tsaro iri ɗaya ba kawai a cikin alkama ba, har ma a cikin strawberries, ayaba, oats, sha'ir, da sauran hatsi. Halin juriya yana wucewa ga zuriya. Tsayayyar ba ta dakatar da cutar daga kammala rayuwarta ba.<ref name="t1">{{Cite journal |last=Newhouse |first=Andrew E. |last2=Polin-McGuigan |first2=Linda D. |last3=Baier |first3=Kathleen A. |last4=Valletta |first4=Kristia E.R. |last5=Rottmann |first5=William H. |last6=Tschaplinski |first6=Timothy J. |last7=Maynard |first7=Charles A. |last8=Powell |first8=William A. |date=November 2014 |title=Transgenic American chestnuts show enhanced blight resistance and transmit the trait to T1 progeny |journal=Plant Science |volume=228 |pages=88–97 |bibcode=2014PlnSc.228...88N |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.004 |pmid=25438789 |s2cid=207388855}}</ref> Gwaje-gwaje masu zurfi da aka yi tare da bambancin Darling 58 don tantance tasirinsa akan wasu nau'o'in sun nuna cewa rayuwa, amfani da pollen, da haihuwar ƙudan zuma ba su da tasiri ta hanyar oxalate oxidase a yawan da aka samu a cikin pollen na chestnut na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newhouse |first=Andrew E. |last2=Allwine |first2=Anastasia E. |last3=Oakes |first3=Allison D. |last4=Matthews |first4=Dakota F. |last5=McArt |first5=Scott H. |last6=Powell |first6=William A. |date=10 June 2021 |title=Bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) survival, pollen usage, and reproduction are not affected by oxalate oxidase at realistic concentrations in American chestnut (Castanea dentata) pollen |journal=Transgenic Research |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=751–764 |doi=10.1007/s11248-021-00263-w |pmc=8580921 |pmid=34110572 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kasancewar kwayar halitta ta oxalate oxidase a cikin kwayar halitta na chestnut na Amurka ba ta da tasiri sosai a kan photosynthetic ko ilimin numfashi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Onwumelu |first=Anuli |last2=Powell |first2=William A. |last3=Newhouse |first3=Andrew E. |last4=Evans |first4=Garrett |last5=Hilles |first5=Gwen |last6=Matthews |first6=Dakota F. |last7=Coffey |first7=Vernon |last8=Drake |first8=John E. |date=March 2023 |title=Oxalate oxidase transgene expression in American chestnut leaves has little effect on photosynthetic or respiratory physiology |journal=New Forests |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=233–254 |bibcode=2023NewFo..54..233O |doi=10.1007/s11056-022-09909-x}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cikin 2013, ya ba da rahoton gwaje-gwaje na farko don gabatar da alkama OxO a cikin chestnuts na Amurka. An halicci tsire-tsire masu canzawa tare da masu tallatawa daban-daban guda biyu 35S, VspB. Ana auna matakan OxO daga ganyen shuka. Gwaje-gwaje na kamuwa da cuta a kan ganye da aka yanke sun nuna cewa za'a iya rage girman raunin zuwa kusa ko ƙasa da matakin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na kasar Sin, yana nuna cewa shuka mai tukwane na iya zama mai tsayayya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Bo |last2=Oakes |first2=Allison D. |last3=Newhouse |first3=Andrew E. |last4=Baier |first4=Kathleen M. |last5=Maynard |first5=Charles A. |last6=Powell |first6=William A. |date=31 March 2013 |title=A threshold level of oxalate oxidase transgene expression reduces ''Cryphonectria parasitica''-induced necrosis in a transgenic American chestnut (Castanea dentata) leaf bioassay |journal=Transgenic Research |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=973–982 |bibcode=2013TgRes..22..973Z |doi=10.1007/s11248-013-9708-5 |pmc=3781299 |pmid=23543108}}</ref> A cikin 2014, SUNY ESF ta ba da rahoton cewa taron "Darling4" na transgenic ya haifar da matsakaicin matakin juriya tsakanin Amurka da China. Hakanan an ba da halayen zuwa zuriya.<ref name="t1" /> An samar da layin Darling 58 SX58 kafin 2016. Wani rubutun SUNY-ESF Masters na 2020 ya nuna cewa Darling 58 shine taron transgenic wanda ke samar da mafi girman adadin OxO. A watan Janairun 2020, masu binciken sun gabatar da takardar neman izini don bambancin Darling 58, tare da lokacin sharhi na jama'a wanda ya ƙare a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2020. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, USDA ta fara wani lokacin sharhi na jama'a don amincewar Darling 58.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2022 |title=USDA Seeks Public Input on Draft Environmental Documents for Deregulation of American Chestnut Developed Using Genetic Engineering |url=https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/SA_By_Date/SA-2022/american-chestnut-ge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110172355/https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/newsroom/stakeholder-info/sa_by_date/sa-2022/american-chestnut-ge |archive-date=November 10, 2022}}</ref> A cikin 2022, masana kimiyya na SUNY-ESF sun ba da rahoton cewa wani mai gabatar da kara daban, win3.12 daga katako na gabas, yana ba da damar matakan nuna OxO su kasance ƙasa a cikin yanayin basal, amma suna ƙaruwa a ƙarƙashin rauni ko kamuwa da cuta. Ana sa ran wannan gyare-gyaren ya zama mafi inganci idan aka kwatanta da mai gabatar da CAMV "ko da yaushe" kuma ta haka ne suna da mafi girman kwanciyar hankali a kan tsararraki masu zuwa idan aka kwatanta tare da bambancin Darling 58. A cikin gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gaje, layin win3.12-OxO sun nuna karuwar haƙuri da cuta kamar wanda aka nuna ta hanyar tsayayya da cututtukan kasar Sin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carlson |first=Erik |last2=Stewart |first2=Kristen |last3=Baier |first3=Kathleen |last4=McGuigan |first4=Linda |last5=Culpepper |first5=Tobi |last6=Powell |first6=William |date=March 2022 |title=Pathogen-induced expression of a blight tolerance transgene in American chestnut |journal=Molecular Plant Pathology |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=370–382 |bibcode=2022MolPP..23..370C |doi=10.1111/mpp.13165 |pmc=8828690 |pmid=34841616 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, TACF ta ba da sanarwar cewa suna dakatar da ci gaban Darling 58 saboda sakamakon rashin aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brindley |first=Hal |date=December 8, 2023 |title=Press Release: TACF Discontinues Development of Darling 58 |url=https://tacf.org/tacf-discontinues-development-of-darling-58/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209035918/https://tacf.org/tacf-discontinues-development-of-darling-58/ |archive-date=December 9, 2023 |access-date=December 12, 2023 |website=The American Chestnut Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan mai yiwuwa ne saboda wani bala'i wanda ke haifar da irin wannan nau'in da ake kira Darling 54 da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin gwaje-gwaje; rushewar kwayar halitta ta ''Sal1'' a cikin Darling 54 na iya haifar da mummunar aiki (duba sashi da ke ƙasa). <ref name="esf23d" /> ESF ta yanke shawarar gina a saman gwajin filin Darling 54 da ke akwai kuma neman karɓar itacen Darling 54 a maimakon haka.<ref name="esfpr24" /> SUNY ESF tana ci gaba da neman amincewar tarayya don rarraba tsaba ga jama'a ba tare da goyon bayan TACF ba. === Mai ƙauna 54 === A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, an ba da sanarwar cewa an yi hatsari kuma duk wani abu da aka sani da "Darling 58" a zahiri "Darling 54" ne.<ref name=":0" /> Darling 54 itace ne na transgenic na Amurka wanda aka gyara tare da 35S:OxO. Bambanci tsakanin D58 da D54 shine cewa D54 yana da ginin 35S:OxO da aka saka a cikin jerin lambobin a cikin kwayar halitta. An yi tunanin D58 yana da ginin 35S:OxO a cikin yankin da ba na coding ba na kwayar halitta. Shigarwa a cikin jerin lambobin, ko kwayar halitta, na iya rushewa ko canza Bayyanawar kwayar halitta sabili da haka aikin furotin. Tsarin 35S:OxO yana cikin kwayar halitta ta Sal1 na kwayar halitta na D54.<ref name="esf23d" /> Sal1 yana da alaƙa da damuwa da fari da martani na damuwa a wasu nau'o'in.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Kai Xun |last2=Mabbitt |first2=Peter D. |last3=Phua |first3=Su Yin |last4=Mueller |first4=Jonathan W. |last5=Nisar |first5=Nazia |last6=Gigolashvili |first6=Tamara |last7=Stroeher |first7=Elke |last8=Grassl |first8=Julia |last9=Arlt |first9=Wiebke |last10=Estavillo |first10=Gonzalo M. |last11=Jackson |first11=Colin J. |last12=Pogson |first12=Barry J. |date=2016-08-02 |title=Sensing and signaling of oxidative stress in chloroplasts by inactivation of the SAL1 phosphoadenosine phosphatase |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=113 |issue=31 |pages=E4567-76 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113E4567C |doi=10.1073/pnas.1604936113 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=4978270 |pmid=27432987 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Pip B. |last2=Estavillo |first2=Gonzalo M. |last3=Field |first3=Katie J. |last4=Pornsiriwong |first4=Wannarat |last5=Carroll |first5=Adam J. |last6=Howell |first6=Katharine A. |last7=Woo |first7=Nick S. |last8=Lake |first8=Janice A. |last9=Smith |first9=Steven M. |last10=Harvey Millar |first10=A. |last11=Von Caemmerer |first11=Susanne |last12=Pogson |first12=Barry J. |date=April 2009 |title=The nucleotidase/phosphatase SAL1 is a negative regulator of drought tolerance in Arabidopsis |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03780.x |journal=The Plant Journal |language=en |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=299–317 |bibcode=2009PlJ....58..299W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03780.x |issn=0960-7412 |pmid=19170934 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 21vnjd2oz0uu634pt8fvb6a2m4mtsf5 0 168878 964587 928138 2026-10-08T04:28:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Upper_Missouri_River_Breaks_National_Monument_-_Poster_(13949391536).jpg|thumb| Fosta na Filayen Kare Hakkin Ƙasa na Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument (2014)]] '''Filayen Kare Muhalli na Ƙasa''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Tsarin Kare Muhalli na Ƙasa''', faɗin fili ne mai {{Convert|39.5|e6acre}} tarin filaye a yankuna 904 da gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da su a matsayin manyan duwatsu na Yammacin Amurka . Waɗannan ƙasashe suna wakiltar kashi 15% na {{Convert|258|e6acre}} na ƙasashe wanda Ofishin Gudanar da Filaye (BLM) ke gudanarwa. BLM ita ce babbar manajan filaye ta tarayya kuma tana da alhakin sama da kashi 40% na dukkan filaye na gwamnatin tarayya a ƙasar. Sauran manyan manajojin filaye na gwamnatin tarayya sun haɗa da Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta Amurka (USFS), [[Gidan shakatawa na Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Wuraren Shakatawa ta Ƙasa]] (NPS), da [[Muhallin Kifi da muhallin namun daji na Amurk|Hukumar Kula da Kifi da Namun Daji ta Amurka]] (USFWS). Tsawon shekaru, Ofishin Kula da Filaye ya zama dole ya daidaita tsarin kula da filaye na gwamnati domin ya dace da sauye-sauyen bukatun al'umma. A tarihi, BLM ta mallaki filaye a ƙarƙashin ikonta don amfani da su wajen haƙo ma'adinai, kamar hakar ma'adinai, sare itace, kiwo, da kuma samar da mai da iskar gas. A shekarar 1983, Majalisar Dokoki ta amince da muhimmancin wuraren waha, wurin zama na namun daji, nishaɗi, shimfidar wurare, binciken kimiyya da sauran amfani marasa amfani tare da sanya yankin jeji na farko da BLM ke kula da shi—sashen Bear Trap Canyon na Unguwar Lee Metcalf da ke [[Montana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lee Metcalf Wilderness |url=https://www.blm.gov/visit/lee-metcalf-wilderness |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Bureau of Land Management |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 1996, Shugaba [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] ya jaddada muhimmancin filaye na BLM lokacin da ya kafa tarihi na farko na ƙasa da BLM ta gudanar—Babban Matakala-Escalante National Monument a kudancin Utah. Da wannan da wasu nau'ikan sunaye daban-daban, wani sabon abu ya bayyana wanda zai zama wani ɓangare na yadda hukumar ke kallon ƙasar da take gudanarwa: kare yankuna na musamman inda kiyayewa da dawo da yanayin ƙasa da albarkatun halittu ko na al'adu su ne babban burin. An kafa Hukumar Kula da Filaye ta Ƙasa, wacce aka fi sani da Ƙasashen Kiyaye Ƙasa, a shekara ta 2000 da manufar "kiyaye, karewa, da kuma dawo da waɗannan muhimman wurare na ƙasa waɗanda ke da kyawawan dabi'un al'adu, muhalli, da kimiyya don amfanin tsararraki na yanzu da na gaba." Akwai sharuɗɗa goma sha ɗaya na kiyaye muhalli na tarayya ga rukunin da suka ƙunshi Filayen Kare Muhalli na Ƙasa: ::* Abin Tunawa na Ƙasa ::* Yankin Kare Hakkin Ƙasa ::* Yankin Daji ::* Yankin Nazarin Jeji ::* Kogin Daji da Yanayi na Ƙasa ::* Hanyar Yanayi ta Ƙasa ::* Hanyar Tarihi ta Ƙasa ::* Yankin Gudanar da Haɗin gwiwa da Kariya ::* Wurin Ajiye Daji ::* Wuri Mai Kyau Na Halitta ::* Yankin Yanayi na Ƙasa Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri Tsarin Kare Muhalli a shekarar 2000 ba tare da izinin Majalisa ba, babu tabbacin cewa Tsarin zai kasance na dindindin. An sanya hannu kan Dokar Kare Tsarin Kasa ta Kasa a watan Maris na 2009 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Dokar Kula da Filaye ta Jama'a ta Omnibus ta 2009 . Dokar ta haɗa kan kowace ƙungiya a matsayin tsarin filaye na jama'a, tana kare tsarin da ke cikin doka ta yadda ba zai sake wanzuwa ba bisa ga yardar kowane shugaban ƙasa. Wannan ya zama sabon tsarin filaye na gwamnati na farko da majalisar dokoki ta amince da shi cikin shekaru da dama. Dokar ta kuma ƙara {{Convert|1200000|acre}} na sabbin sunaye ga Tsarin, gami da wani Tarihin Ƙasa, Yankunan Kare Hakkin Ƙasa guda uku, Daji, Kogunan Daji da na Zane-zane da kuma Hanyoyin Zane-zane na Ƙasa. == Jerin Yankunan Kare Muhalli na Ƙasa == Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2026, akwai wurare 31 da jimillar fadin {{Convert|13064883|acre|ha}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Monuments Detail Table |url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/about/maps-data-and-resources/NM-Detail |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Bureau of Land Management |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113043813/https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/about/maps-data-and-resources/NM-Detail |archive-date=2026-01-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Monument !State !Established !BLM/federal area !Non-federal area !Total area |- |Agua Fria |[[Arizona]] |2000 |{{Convert|70980|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|1364|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|72344|acre|ha}} |- |Avi Kwa Ame |[[Nevada]] |2023 |{{Convert|506814|acre|ha}}{{Efn|442,832 acres are managed by the BLM, while the remaining 63,901 acres are managed by the NPS.}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|506814|acre|ha}} |- |Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of Grand Canyon |Arizona |2023 |{{Convert|917618|acre|ha}}{{Efn|529,242 acres are managed by the BLM, while the remaining 388,376 acres are managed by the USFS.}} |{{Convert|42409|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|960027|acre|ha}} |- |Basin and Range |Nevada |2015 |{{Convert|703585|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|4438|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|708023|acre|ha}} |- |Bears Ears |[[Utah]] |2016 |{{Convert|1363948|acre|ha}}{{Efn|1,074,908 acres are managed by the BLM, while the remaining 289,040 acres are managed by the USFS.}} |{{Convert|26911|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|1390859|acre|ha}} |- |Berryessa Snow Mountain |[[California]] |2015 |{{Convert|344476|acre|ha}}{{Efn|147,262 acres are managed by the BLM, while the remaining 197,214 acres are managed by the USFS.}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|344476|acre|ha}} |- |Browns Canyon |[[Colorado]] |2015 |{{Convert|21604|acre|ha}}{{Efn|9,793 acres are managed by the BLM, while the remaining 11,811 acres are managed by the USFS.}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|21604|acre|ha}} |- |California Coastal |California |2000 |{{Convert|8858|acre|ha}}{{Efn|This number includes the [[Piedras Blancas Light Station]] Outstanding Natural Area.}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|8858|acre|ha}} |- |Canyons of the Ancients |Colorado |2000 |{{Convert|176370|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|8630|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|185000|acre|ha}} |- |Carrizo Plain |California |2001 |{{Convert|211045|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|35772|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|246817|acre|ha}} |- |Cascade–Siskiyou |[[Oregon]] |2000 |{{Convert|112928|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|19752|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|132680|acre|ha}} |- |Chuckwalla |California |2025 |{{Convert|624270|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|114923|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|739193|acre|ha}} |- |Craters of the Moon |[[Idaho]] |2000 |{{Convert|738420|acre|ha}}{{Efn|275,076 acres are managed by the BLM, while the remaining 463,344 acres are managed by the NPS.}} |{{Convert|14824|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|753244|acre|ha}} |- |Fort Ord |California |2012 |{{Convert|14658|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|14658|acre|ha}} |- |Gold Butte |Nevada |2016 |{{Convert|296937|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|296937|acre|ha}} |- |Grand Canyon-Parashant |Arizona |2000 |{{Convert|1021030|acre|ha}}{{Efn|812,581 acres are managed by the BLM, while the remaining 208,449 acres are managed by the NPS.}} |{{Convert|27291|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|1048321|acre|ha}} |- |Grand Staircase–Escalante |Utah |1996 |{{Convert|1870000|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|2478|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|1872478|acre|ha}} |- |Ironwood Forest |Arizona |2000 |{{Convert|129055|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|59573|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|188628|acre|ha}} |- |Jurassic |Utah |2019 |{{Convert|850|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|850|acre|ha}} |- |Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks |[[New Mexico]] |2001 |{{Convert|4647|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|757|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|5404|acre|ha}} |- |Mojave Trails |California |2016 |{{Convert|1600000|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|1600000|acre|ha}} |- |Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks |New Mexico |2014 |{{Convert|496529|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|77008|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|573527|acre|ha}} |- |Pompeys Pillar |[[Montana]] |2001 |{{Convert|51|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|51|acre|ha}} |- |Prehistoric Trackways |New Mexico |2009 |{{Convert|5280|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|5280|acre|ha}} |- |Rio Grande del Norte |New Mexico |2013 |{{Convert|242710|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|68020|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|310730|acre|ha}} |- |San Juan Islands |[[Washington (jiha)|Washington]] |2013 |{{Convert|970|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|970|acre|ha}} |- |Sand To Snow |California |2016 |{{Convert|154000|acre|ha}}{{Efn|83,000 acres are managed by the BLM, while the remaining 71,000 acres are managed by the USFS.}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|154000|acre|ha}} |- |Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains |California |2000, 2009 |{{Convert|169096|acre|ha}}{{Efn|98,981 acres are managed by the BLM, while the remaining 70,115 acres are managed by USFS.}} |{{Convert|110926|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|280071|acre|ha}} |- |Sonoran Desert |Arizona |2001 |{{Convert|486400|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|10000|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|496400|acre|ha}} |- |Upper Missouri River Breaks |Montana |2001 |{{Convert|377346|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|120475|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|497821|acre|ha}} |- |Vermilion Cliffs |Arizona |2000 |{{Convert|279566|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|14121|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|293687|acre|ha}} |} === Yankunan kiyayewa na ƙasa (NCAs) === Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2026, akwai shafuka 19 jimilla{{Convert|3870485|acre}} . <ref name="blm2">{{Cite web |title=National Conservation Lands Conservation Areas and Similar Designations |url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/about/maps-data-and-resources/NCAs-and-Similar-Detail |access-date=6 June 2025 |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Land Management}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Conservation Area !State !Established !Federal area !Non-federal area !Total area |- |Beaver Dam Wash |Utah |2009 |{{Convert|63478|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|18619|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|82097|acre|ha}} |- |Black Rock Desert–High Rock Canyon Emigrant Trails |Nevada |2000 |{{Convert|799485|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|17456|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|816941|acre|ha}} |- |Dominguez–Escalante |Colorado |2009 |{{Convert|210149|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|8245|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|218394|acre|ha}} |- |[[Yankin Kare Kasa na El Malpais|El Malpais]] |New Mexico |1987 |{{Convert|227100|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|35000|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|262100|acre|ha}} |- |Fort Stanton–Snowy River Cave |New Mexico |2009 |{{Convert|24876|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|24876|acre|ha}} |- |Gila Box Riparian |Arizona |1990 |{{Convert|21767|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|1720|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|23487|acre|ha}} |- |Gunnison Gorge |Colorado |1999 |{{Convert|63201|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|1823|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|65024|acre|ha}} |- |John Wesley Powell |Utah |2019 |{{Convert|29868|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|29868|acre|ha}} |- |King Range |California |1970 |{{Convert|62562|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|3617|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|66179|acre|ha}} |- |Las Cienegas |Arizona |2000 |{{Convert|41972|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|5307|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|47279|acre|ha}} |- |McInnis Canyons |Colorado |2000 |{{Convert|123460|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|814|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|124274|acre|ha}} |- |[[Numanaa Nobe National Conservation Area|Numanaa Nobe]] |Nevada |2022 |{{Convert|160223|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|160223|acre|ha}} |- |[[Pistone-Black Mountain National Conservation Area|Pistone Black Mouintains]] |Nevada |2022 |{{Convert|3415|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|3415|acre|ha}} |- |Red Cliffs |Utah |2009 |{{Convert|44859|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|16366|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|61225|acre|ha}} |- |[[Yankin Kare Kasa na Red Rock Canyon|Red Rock Canyon]] |Nevada |1990 |{{Convert|196877|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|196877|acre|ha}} |- |San Pedro Riparian |Arizona |1988 |{{Convert|56431|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|56431|acre|ha}} |- |Sloan Canyon |Nevada |2002 |{{Convert|48438|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|48438|acre|ha}} |- |Morley Nelson Snake River Birds of Prey |Idaho |1993 |{{Convert|483700|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|46000|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|529700|acre|ha}} |- |Steese |[[Alaska]] |1980 |{{Convert|1208624|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|0|acre|ha}} |{{Convert|1208624|acre|ha}} |} == Manazarta == pjamj4x36sooj6ck5s9hxt2matewf9t 0 169021 964610 953136 2026-10-08T06:09:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gene targeting kayan aiki ne na [[Biotechnology|biotechnological]] da aka yi amfani da shi don canza jerin DNA na kwayar halitta saboda haka wani nau'i ne na gyaran kwayar halitta. Ya dogara ne akan tsarin gyaran DNA na halitta na gyaran gyare-gyare na homology HDR, gami da sake haɗuwa da homologous. Ana iya amfani da ƙaddamar da kwayoyin halitta don yin nau'ikan gyare-gyaren DNA, daga manyan gyare-shiryen DNA kamar saka dukkan sabbin kwayoyin halitta a cikin kwayar halitta, ta hanyar ƙananan canje-canje ga DNA na yanzu kamar canjin tushe guda ɗaya. Manufar kwayar halitta ta dogara da kasancewar samfurin gyare-gyare don gabatar da gyare-rikicen da aka ayyana zuwa DNA. Mai amfani yawanci masanin kimiyya zai tsara samfurin gyare-gyare don ƙunshe da gyaran da ake so, wanda ke da jerin DNA da suka dace homologous ga yankin DNA wanda mai amfani yake so ya gyara; saboda haka an yi niyya ga wani yanki na genomic. Ta wannan hanyar Gene Targeting ya bambanta da gyaran da aka tsara ta hanyar homology, a lokacin da ake amfani da samfurin gyaran DNA na 'yar'uwar chromatid don gyara DNA da ya lalace yar'uwar' chromatid ita ce kwafin na biyu na kwayar halitta. Canjin jerin DNA a cikin kwayar halitta na iya zama da amfani a cikin yanayin bincike - misali don fahimtar rawar da kwayar halitta ke takawa - da kuma biotechnology, misali don canza halaye na kwayar halitta (misali don inganta shuke-shuke). == Hanyoyi == Don ƙirƙirar kwayar halitta mai manufa, dole ne a gabatar da DNA a cikin sel dinta. Wannan DNA dole ne ya ƙunshi duk sassan da ake buƙata don kammala ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta. A mafi ƙarancin wannan shine samfurin gyaran homology, wanda ke ƙunshe da gyaran da ake so wanda ke da yankuna na DNA homologous kamar yadda aka tsara zuwa yankin da aka yi niyya waɗannan yankuna masu kama da juna ana kiransu "makamai na homology. Sau da yawa ana buƙatar kwayar halitta da / ko alamar zaɓaɓɓu, don taimakawa ganowa da zaɓar sel ko aukuwa inda GT ya faru. Har ila yau, al'ada ce don ƙara yawan GT ta hanyar haifar da raguwa biyu DSB a cikin yankin DNA da aka yi niyya.<ref name="Sanagala_2017">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sanagala R, Moola AK, Bollipo Diana RK |date=December 2017 |title=A review on advanced methods in plant gene targeting |journal=Journal, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=317–321 |doi=10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.07.004 |pmc=6296621 |pmid=30647669}}</ref> Saboda haka kwayoyin halitta da ke ƙunshe da takamaiman-nuclease na sha'awa za a iya canza su tare da samfurin gyare-gyare. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta da ake buƙata don GT ana iya tara su ta hanyar kwayar halitta ta al'ada a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta. An kafa hanyoyin da aka yi niyya don kwayoyin halitta da yawa kuma suna iya bambanta dangane da nau'in da aka yi amfani da su. Don ƙaddamar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin beraye, ana saka DNA a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin al'ada. Kwayoyin da ke da sakawa na iya ba da gudummawa ga nama ta hanyar allurar embryo. A ƙarshe, beraye masu kama da juna inda aka haifi ƙwayoyin da aka gyara sun zama gabobin haihuwa. Bayan wannan mataki duk jikin linzamin kwamfuta ya dogara ne akan kwayar halitta da aka zaɓa. Don ƙaddamar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin moss, ana sanya DNA tare da sabbin protoplasts da polyethylene glycol. Kamar yadda moss ne haploid kwayoyin, <ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=Ralf Reski |vauthors=Reski R |date=February 1998 |title=Development, genetics and molecular biology of mosses. |journal=Botanica Acta |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |bibcode=1998BotAc.111....1R |doi=10.1111/j.1438-8677.1998.tb00670.x}}</ref> ana iya tantance filaments protonema kai tsaye don manufa, ko dai ta hanyar magani tare da maganin rigakafi ko tare da PCR. Na musamman tsakanin [[Shuka|shuke-shuke]], wannan hanya don juyawa kwayoyin halitta yana da inganci kamar yadda yake a cikin [[Yis|yisti]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author-link=Ralf Reski |vauthors=Reski R |date=June 1998 |title=''Physcomitrella'' and ''Arabidopsis'': the David and Goliath of reverse genetics. |journal=Trends in Plant Science |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=209–210 |bibcode=1998TPS.....3..209R |doi=10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01257-6}}</ref> An yi amfani da ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta ga shanu, tumaki, alade da ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa. Za'a iya inganta mitar ƙwayoyin halitta ta hanyar amfani da takamaiman endonucleases irin su Zinc finger nucleases, <ref name="Bibikova2003">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bibikova M, Beumer K, Trautman JK, Carroll D |date=May 2003 |title=Enhancing gene targeting with designed zinc finger nucleases |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2003-05-02_300_5620/page/764 |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5620 |page=764 |doi=10.1126/science.1079512 |pmid=12730594 |s2cid=42087531}}</ref> injiniyan homing endonucleases, <ref name="Grizot2009">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Grizot S, Smith J, Daboussi F, Prieto J, Redondo P, Merino N, Villate M, Thomas S, Lemaire L, Montoya G, Blanco FJ, Pâques F, Duchateau P |date=September 2009 |title=Efficient targeting of a SCID gene by an engineered single-chain homing endonuclease |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=37 |issue=16 |pages=5405–5419 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkp548 |pmc=2760784 |pmid=19584299}}</ref> TALENS, ko mafi Talanci tsarin CRISPR-Cas. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar ga nau'o'in da suka hada da Drosophila melanogaster, <ref name="Bibikova2003" /> taba, [[masara]], <ref name="Cai">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Cai CQ, Doyon Y, Ainley WM, Miller JC, Dekelver RC, Moehle EA, Rock JM, Lee YL, Garrison R, Schulenberg L, Blue R, Worden A, Baker L, Faraji F, Zhang L, Holmes MC, Rebar EJ, Collingwood TN, Rubin-Wilson B, Gregory PD, Urnov FD, Petolino JF |date=April 2009 |title=Targeted transgene integration in plant cells using designed zinc finger nucleases |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |volume=69 |issue=6 |pages=699–709 |bibcode=2009PMolB..69..699C |doi=10.1007/s11103-008-9449-7 |pmid=19112554 |s2cid=6826269}}</ref> ƙwayoyin [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]], <ref name="Townsend2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Townsend JA, Wright DA, Winfrey RJ, Fu F, Maeder ML, Joung JK, Voytas DF |date=May 2009 |title=High-frequency modification of plant genes using engineered zinc-finger nucleases |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-05-21_459_7245/page/442 |journal=Nature |volume=459 |issue=7245 |pages=442–445 |bibcode=2009Natur.459..442T |doi=10.1038/nature07845 |pmc=2743854 |pmid=19404258}}</ref> [[Bera|beraye]] <ref name="Shukla2009">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Shukla VK, Doyon Y, Miller JC, DeKelver RC, Moehle EA, Worden SE, Mitchell JC, Arnold NL, Gopalan S, Meng X, Choi VM, Rock JM, Wu YY, Katibah GE, Zhifang G, McCaskill D, Simpson MA, Blakeslee B, Greenwalt SA, Butler HJ, Hinkley SJ, Zhang L, Rebar EJ, Gregory PD, Urnov FD |date=May 2009 |title=Precise genome modification in the crop species Zea mays using zinc-finger nucleases |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2009-05-21_459_7245/page/437 |journal=Nature |volume=459 |issue=7245 |pages=437–441 |bibcode=2009Natur.459..437S |doi=10.1038/nature07992 |pmid=19404259 |s2cid=4323298}}</ref> da [[Ɓera|beraye]].<ref name="Urnov2005">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Urnov FD, Miller JC, Lee YL, Beausejour CM, Rock JM, Augustus S, Jamieson AC, Porteus MH, Gregory PD, Holmes MC |date=June 2005 |title=Highly efficient endogenous human gene correction using designed zinc-finger nucleases |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-06-02_435_7042/page/646 |journal=Nature |volume=435 |issue=7042 |pages=646–651 |bibcode=2005Natur.435..646U |doi=10.1038/nature03556 |pmid=15806097 |s2cid=4390010}}</ref><ref name="Cui2010">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cui X, Ji D, Fisher DA, Wu Y, Briner DM, Weinstein EJ |date=January 2011 |title=Targeted integration in rat and mouse embryos with zinc-finger nucleases |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-biotechnology_2011-01_29_1/page/64 |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=64–67 |doi=10.1038/nbt.1731 |pmid=21151125 |s2cid=13409267}}</ref><ref name="Cui2010" /> == Kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan injiniyan kwayar halitta == Dangantaka tsakanin niyyar kwayar halitta, gyaran kwayar halitta da gyaran kwaya an tsara shi a cikin zane-zanen Venn da ke ƙasa. Yana nuna yadda 'Jinijin Jini' ya ƙunshi dukkan 3 daga cikin waɗannan dabarun. Gyaran kwayar halitta ana nuna shi ta hanyar yin ƙananan gyare-gyare ga kwayar halitta a takamaiman wuri, sau da yawa bayan yanke yankin DNA da aka yi niyya ta hanyar takamaiman-nuclease irin su CRISPR . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-07 |title=Gene Editing – Digital Media Kit |url=https://www.nih.gov/news-events/gene-editing-digital-press-kit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409062813/https://www.nih.gov/news-events/gene-editing-digital-press-kit |archive-date=April 9, 2019 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=National Institutes of Health (NIH) |language=EN}}</ref> Gyaran kwayar halitta yawanci yana bayyana saka transgene DNA na waje, watau kwayar halitta daga wani nau'i) a cikin wani wuri na bazuwar a cikin kwayar halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are GM crops and how is it done? {{!}} Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/gm-plants/what-is-gm-and-how-is-it-done/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=royalsociety.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How does GM differ from conventional plant breeding? {{!}} Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/gm-plants/how-does-gm-differ-from-conventional-plant-breeding/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=royalsociety.org}}</ref> Gene-targeting wani takamaiman kayan aiki ne na biotechnological wanda zai iya haifar da ƙananan canje-canje ga kwayar halitta a wani takamaicin shafin - a wannan yanayin gyare-gyaren da aka haifar da kwayar halitta zai ƙidaya a matsayin gyaran kwayar halitta.<ref name="Sanagala_2017" /> Koyaya ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta tana iya saka dukkan kwayoyin halitta kamar transgenes a shafin da aka yi niyya idan an haɗa transgene a cikin samfurin gyaran homology wanda ake amfani dashi yayin ƙaddamar da kwayoyin halitta.<ref name="Gene targeting in plants">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Paszkowski J, Baur M, Bogucki A, Potrykus I |date=December 1988 |title=Gene targeting in plants |journal=The EMBO Journal |volume=7 |issue=13 |pages=4021–4026 |doi=10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03295.x |pmc=455109 |pmid=16453864}}</ref><ref name="FAO_2022" /> A irin waɗannan lokuta gyare-gyaren da aka haifar ta hanyar ƙaddamar da kwayoyin halitta, a wasu hukunce-hukunce, za a ɗauka daidai da Canjin Kwayar halitta yayin da shigar da DNA na kasashen waje ya faru. Yin niyya ga kwayoyin halitta shine takamaiman nau'in kayan aikin gyaran kwayoyin halitta. Sauran kayan aikin gyaran kwayar halitta sun haɗa da mutagenesis da aka yi niyya, gyaran tushe da gyare-gyare na farko, dukansu suna haifar da gyare'o'i ga DNA na ciki DNA da ya riga ya kasance a cikin kwayoyin a takamaiman wuri na kwayar halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2022 |title=Synthego {{!}} Full Stack Genome Engineering |url=https://www.synthego.com/blog/genome-editing-techniques |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=www.synthego.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Anzalone_2020">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Anzalone AV, Koblan LW, Liu DR |date=July 2020 |title=Genome editing with CRISPR-Cas nucleases, base editors, transposases and prime editors |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=38 |issue=7 |pages=824–844 |doi=10.1038/s41587-020-0561-9 |pmid=32572269 |s2cid=256820370}}</ref> Wannan takamaiman shafin ko 'daidaita' yanayin gyaran kwayar halitta shine yawanci abin da ke sa gyaran kwaya halitta ya bambanta da 'gyaran kwayar halittar' na gargajiya wanda ke saka transgene a wani wuri mara takamaiman a cikin kwayoyin halitta', kazalika da gyaran kwayin halitta yin ƙananan gyare-gyare ga DNA da ya riga ya kasance a cikin kwayoyi, ayoyi sun haɗa da gyaran kwayoyin halitta 'baƙon' DNA daga wani nau'in halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2022 |title=What is the Difference Between Genetic Engineering and Gene Editing? |url=https://www.isaaa.org/blog/entry/default.asp?BlogDate=5/4/2022 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Science Speaks |publisher=International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-25 |title=Genetic modification FAQs |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/about/dolly/facts/genetic-modification |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The University of Edinburgh |language=en}}</ref> Saboda gyaran kwayar halitta yana yin ƙananan canje-canje ga DNA na endogenous, yawancin maye gurbin da aka kirkira ta hanyar gyaran kwaya halitta na iya faruwa ta hanyar mutagenesis na halitta ko, a cikin mahallin shuke-shuke, ta hanyar haihuwar maye gurbi wanda yake wani ɓangare na kiwo na al'ada idan ya bambanta da saka transgene don ƙirƙirar Kwayar halitta mai canzawa GMO ba zai iya faruwa ta halitta ba. Koyaya, akwai banbanci ga wannan doka ta gaba ɗaya; kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin gabatarwa, GT na iya gabatar da kewayon girman gyare-gyare zuwa DNA; daga ƙananan gyare- gyare-rikice kamar canzawa, sakawa ko share 1 tushe-nau'i, ta hanyar saka jerin DNA masu tsawo, wanda zai iya a ka'idar ya haɗa da saka dukkan transgene. Koyaya, a aikace ana amfani da GT don saka ƙananan jerin. Yankin gyare-gyare da zai yiwu ta hanyar GT na iya sa ya zama ƙalubale don tsarawa duba Dokar. Hanyoyi biyu da aka fi sani da gyaran kwayar halitta sune ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta da ƙaddamar da mutagenesis. Duk da yake ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta ya dogara da Homology Directed Repair HDR wanda ake kira Homologous Recombination, HR)hanyar gyaran DNA, ƙaddamar da mutagenesis yana amfani da Non-Homologous-End-Joining NHEJ na DNA da ya karye. NHEJ hanya ce ta gyaran DNA mai saurin kuskure, ma'ana cewa lokacin da ta gyara DNA da ya lalace zai iya sakawa ko share tushe na DNA, samar da sakawa ko cirewa indels. Mai amfani ba zai iya ƙayyade abin da waɗannan alamun bazuwar za su kasance ba, saboda haka ba za su iya sarrafa ainihin abin da aka yi gyare-gyare a shafin da aka yi niyya ba. Koyaya suna iya sarrafa inda waɗannan gyare-gyare za su faru watau ƙaddamar da shafin da aka yi niyya ta hanyar amfani da takamaiman rukunin yanar gizon a baya Zinc Finger Nucleases & TALENs, yanzu yawanci CRISPR don karya DNA a shafin da aka nufa. An nuna taƙaitaccen kwayar halitta ta hanyar HDR wanda ake kira Homologous Recombination da kuma mutagenesis da aka yi niyya ta hanyar NHEJ a cikin adadi da ke ƙasa. Sabbin dabarun gyaran kwayoyin halitta na gyaran farko da '''gyaran tushe,''' <ref name="Anzalone_2020" /> bisa ga hanyoyin CRISPR-Cas, sune madadin gyaran kwayoyi, wanda kuma zai iya ƙirƙirar gyare-gyaren da aka tsara a wuraren da aka yi niyya. Koyaya kowannensu yana iyakance a cikin tsawon shigar da jerin DNA mai yiwuwa; gyaran tushe yana iyakancewa ga jujjuyawar tushe guda ɗaya yayin da gyare-gyare na farko zai iya saka jerin har zuwa ~ 44bp. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CRISPR 101: Cytosine and Adenine Base Editors |url=https://blog.addgene.org/single-base-editing-with-crispr |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=blog.addgene.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Editing: Adding Precision and Flexibility to CRISPR Editing |url=https://blog.addgene.org/prime-editing-crisp-cas-reverse-transcriptase |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=blog.addgene.org |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Anzalone AV, Randolph PB, Davis JR, Sousa AA, Koblan LW, Levy JM, Chen PJ, Wilson C, Newby GA, Raguram A, Liu DR |date=December 2019 |title=Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7785 |pages=149–157 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..149A |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4 |pmc=6907074 |pmid=31634902}}</ref> Don haka GT ya kasance hanya ta farko ta ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun wuri na dogon jerin DNA don aikin injiniya.   == Kwatanta da kama kwayar halitta == Kwayar halitta ta dogara ne akan sakawa na bazuwar cassette, yayin da kwayar halitta ke sarrafa takamaiman kwayar halitta. Ana iya amfani da cassettes don abubuwa daban-daban yayin da yankunan homology na kwayoyin halitta da aka yi niyya da cassettes suna buƙatar daidaitawa ga kowane kwayar halitta. Wannan ya sa kama kwayar halitta ya fi sauƙi ga manyan ayyukan fiye da niyya. A gefe guda, ana iya amfani da ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta don kwayoyin halitta tare da ƙananan rubutun da ba za a gano su ba a cikin allon tarko. Halin da za a iya kamawa yana ƙaruwa tare da girman Intron, yayin da aka yi niyya da kwayoyin halitta, ƙananan kwayoyin halitta suna da sauƙin canzawa. == Aikace-aikacen == === Aikace-aikacen a cikin tsarin dabbobi masu shayarwa === An haɓaka ƙaddamar da ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin shekarun 1980, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Smithies O, Gregg RG, Boggs SS, Koralewski MA, Kucherlapati RS |date=September 1985 |title=Insertion of DNA sequences into the human chromosomal beta-globin locus by homologous recombination |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1985-09-19_317_6034/page/230 |journal=Nature |volume=317 |issue=6034 |pages=230–234 |bibcode=1985Natur.317..230S |doi=10.1038/317230a0 |pmid=2995814}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doetschman T, Gregg RG, Maeda N, Hooper ML, Melton DW, Thompson S, Smithies O |date=December 1987 |title=Targetted correction of a mutant HPRT gene in mouse embryonic stem cells |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1987-12-10_330_6148/page/576 |journal=Nature |volume=330 |issue=6148 |pages=576–578 |bibcode=1987Natur.330..576D |doi=10.1038/330576a0 |pmid=3683574}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Thomas KR, Capecchi MR |date=November 1987 |title=Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells |url=https://archive.org/details/cell_1987-11-06_51_3/page/503 |journal=Cell |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=503–512 |doi=10.1016/0092-8674(87)90646-5 |pmid=2822260}}</ref> tare da aikace-aikace daban-daban da za a iya yin takamaiman canje-canje a shafin genomic da aka yi niyya, kamar nazarin aikin kwayar halitta ko cututtukan ɗan adam, musamman a cikin samfuran beraye. Lalle ne, an yi amfani da ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta a ko'ina don nazarin cututtukan kwayar halitta ta mutum ta hanyar cirewa knocking out, ko ƙarawa kinocking in takamaiman maye gurbi na sha'awa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Beglopoulos V, Shen J |date=2004-08-01 |title=Gene-targeting technologies for the study of neurological disorders |journal=Neuromolecular Medicine |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=13–30 |doi=10.1385/NMM:6:1:013 |pmid=15781974}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Applications of Xenografting |url=http://www.xenograft.net/applications/ |access-date=15 January 2018 |publisher=Xenograft.net}}</ref> A baya an yi amfani da shi don yin injiniya da samfuran sel na bera, ci gaba a cikin fasahar niyya ta kwayar halitta yana ba da damar sabon nau'ikan cututtukan mutum na isogenic.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jacob HJ, Lazar J, Dwinell MR, Moreno C, Geurts AM |date=December 2010 |title=Gene targeting in the rat: advances and opportunities |journal=Trends in Genetics |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=510–518 |doi=10.1016/j.tig.2010.08.006 |pmc=2991520 |pmid=20869786}}</ref> Wadannan samfurori sune mafi daidaitattun samfurori na in vitro da ake samu ga masu bincike kuma suna sauƙaƙe ci gaban magungunan mutum da kuma ganewar asali, musamman a cikin [[Oncology|ilimin kanjamau]].<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sur S, Pagliarini R, Bunz F, Rago C, Diaz LA, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N |date=March 2009 |title=A panel of isogenic human cancer cells suggests a therapeutic approach for cancers with inactivated p53 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=106 |issue=10 |pages=3964–3969 |bibcode=2009PNAS..106.3964S |doi=10.1073/pnas.0813333106 |pmc=2656188 |pmid=19225112 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma bincika ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta don maganin kwayar halitta zuwa gyara maye gurbin da ke haifar da cuta. Koyaya ƙarancin ingancin isar da na'urorin da ke da niyyar kwayar halitta a cikin sel ya hana wannan, tare da bincike da aka gudanar a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta don ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta don ƙoƙarin magance waɗannan ƙalubalen.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hendrie PC, Russell DW |date=July 2005 |title=Gene targeting with viral vectors |journal=Molecular Therapy |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=9–17 |doi=10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.04.006 |pmid=15932801 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Aikace-aikacen a cikin yisti da moss === Yin niyya na kwayar halitta yana da inganci sosai a cikin yisti, ƙwayoyin cuta da moss amma yana da wuya a cikin eukaryotes mafi girma Saboda haka an yi amfani da ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta a cikin hanyoyin juyawa don nazarin aikin kwayar halitta cikin waɗannan tsarin.<ref name="pmid16282584">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kamisugi Y, Cuming AC, Cove DJ |date=November 2005 |title=Parameters determining the efficiency of gene targeting in the moss Physcomitrella patens |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=33 |issue=19 |pages=e173 |doi=10.1093/nar/gni172 |pmc=1283530 |pmid=16282584}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Langston LD, Symington LS |date=October 2004 |title=Gene targeting in yeast is initiated by two independent strand invasions |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=101 |issue=43 |pages=15392–15397 |bibcode=2004PNAS..10115392L |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403748101 |pmc=524428 |pmid=15489271 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="pmid28633406">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Štafa A, Miklenic MS, Zandona A, Žunar B, Cadež N, Petkovic H, Svetec IK |date=June 2017 |title=In Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene targeting fidelity depends on a transformation method and proportion of the overall length of the transforming and targeted DNA |url= |journal=FEMS Yeast Research |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages= |doi=10.1093/femsyr/fox041 |pmid=28633406 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="academic.oup.com">{{Cite journal |last=Ruff |first=Patrick |last2=Koh |first2=Kyung Duk |last3=Keskin |first3=Havva |last4=Pai |first4=Rekha B. |last5=Storici |first5=Francesca |date=2022 |title=Aptamer-guided gene targeting in yeast and human cells |url=https://academic.oup.com/nar/article/42/7/e61/2438382 |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=e61 |doi=10.1093/nar/gku101 |pmc=3985672 |pmid=24500205 |access-date=2023-07-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Collonnier C, Epert A, Mara K, Maclot F, Guyon-Debast A, Charlot F, White C, Schaefer DG, Nogué F |date=January 2017 |title=CRISPR-Cas9-mediated efficient directed mutagenesis and RAD51-dependent and RAD51-independent gene targeting in the moss Physcomitrella patens |journal=Plant Biotechnology Journal |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=122–131 |doi=10.1111/pbi.12596 |pmc=5253467 |pmid=27368642}}</ref> === Aikace-aikacen a cikin injiniyan kwayar halitta === Gene targeting GT, ko homology-directed repair HDR, ana amfani dashi akai-akai a cikin injiniyan kwayar halitta don saka takamaiman jerin, <ref name="Gene targeting in plants: 25 years">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Puchta H, Fauser F |date=2013 |title=Gene targeting in plants: 25 years later |journal=The International Journal of Developmental Biology |volume=57 |issue=6–8 |pages=629–637 |doi=10.1387/ijdb.130194hp |pmid=24166445 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tare da misali na farko da aka buga na GT a cikin shuke-shuke a cikin shekarun 1980. <ref name="Gene targeting in plants" /> Koyaya, ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta yana da ƙalubale musamman a cikin tsire-tsire masu girma saboda ƙarancin ƙimar Homologous Recombination, ko Homology Directed Repair, a cikin tsirrai masu girma da ƙarancin canji karɓar DNA a yawancin nau'ikan shuke-shuke.<ref name="Chen_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen J, Li S, He Y, Li J, Xia L |date=March 2022 |title=An update on precision genome editing by homology-directed repair in plants |journal=Plant Physiology |volume=188 |issue=4 |pages=1780–1794 |doi=10.1093/plphys/kiac037 |pmc=8968426 |pmid=35238390}}</ref> Koyaya, an yi ƙoƙari sosai don ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin shuke-shuke a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, <ref name="Gene targeting in plants: 25 years" /> <ref name="Chen_2022" /> saboda yana da amfani sosai don gabatar da takamaiman jerin a cikin kwayar halitta don aikin injiniya na shuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Capdeville N, Schindele P, Puchta H |date=February 2023 |title=Getting better all the time - recent progress in the development of CRISPR/Cas-based tools for plant genome engineering |journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology |volume=79 |doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102854 |pmid=36455451}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen H, Neubauer M, Wang JP |date=2022 |title=Enhancing HR Frequency for Precise Genome Editing in Plants |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=13 |bibcode=2022FrPS...1383421C |doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.883421 |pmc=9113527 |pmid=35592579 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban ci gaba ga ƙididdigar ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin tsire-tsire shine shigar da raguwa sau biyu ta hanyar takamaiman nucleases irin su CRISPR, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Sauran dabarun sun haɗa da ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta ta shuka, inda aka saka samfurin gyaran homology a cikin kwayar halitta sannan aka sake shi ta amfani da yanke CRISPR; <ref name="Gene targeting in plants: 25 years" /> haɓakar kwayoyin halitta da ke cikin hanyar haɗuwa ta homologous; raguwar hanyar da ba ta da ƙarewa; 1 ƙaruwar lambobin kwafin samfurin gyarancin homologous. da injiniya Cas don inganta al'adun nama.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fauser F, Roth N, Pacher M, Ilg G, Sánchez-Fernández R, Biesgen C, Puchta H |date=May 2012 |title=In planta gene targeting |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=109 |issue=19 |pages=7535–7540 |bibcode=2012PNAS..109.7535F |doi=10.1073/pnas.1202191109 |pmc=3358861 |pmid=22529367 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen H, Neubauer M, Wang JP |date=2022-05-03 |title=Enhancing HR Frequency for Precise Genome Editing in Plants |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |language=English |volume=13 |bibcode=2022FrPS...1383421C |doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.883421 |pmc=9113527 |pmid=35592579 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schindele P, Puchta H |date=May 2020 |title=Engineering CRISPR/LbCas12a for highly efficient, temperature-tolerant plant gene editing |journal=Plant Biotechnology Journal |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=1118–1120 |bibcode=2020PBioJ..18.1118S |doi=10.1111/pbi.13275 |pmc=7152607 |pmid=31606929}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da wasu daga cikin wadannan hanyoyin don inganta ingancin kwayar halitta a cikin sel masu shayarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lanzov VA |date=October 1999 |title=Gene targeting for gene therapy: prospects |journal=Molecular Genetics and Metabolism |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=276–282 |doi=10.1006/mgme.1999.2910 |pmid=10527679}}</ref> Shuke-shuke da aka yi amfani da su sun hada da Arabidopsis thaliana tsire-tsire da aka fi amfani da su, shinkafa, tumatir, masara, taba da alkama.<ref name="Chen_2022" /> === Ƙalubalen fasaha === Gene targeting yana da babban alkawari don yin manufa, canje-canje na jerin masu amfani ko sakawa a cikin kwayar halitta. Koyaya aikace-aikacensa na farko - ƙirar cututtukan ɗan adam da injiniyan kwayar halitta na shuka - suna hana su ta hanyar ƙarancin ƙwayoyin halitta na homologous idan aka kwatanta da ƙarancin ƙarshe da ba homologous ba a shiga cikin ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa da ƙwayoyin shuke-shuke mafi girma.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tokunaga A, Anai H, Hanada K |date=February 2016 |title=Mechanisms of gene targeting in higher eukaryotes |journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=523–533 |doi=10.1007/s00018-015-2073-1 |pmc=11108335 |pmid=26507245}}</ref> Kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, akwai dabaru da za a iya amfani da su don kara yawan kwayar halitta a cikin shuke-shuke da ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa.<ref name="academic.oup.com" /> Bugu da kari, hanyoyin zaɓe masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke ba da izinin zaɓar ko takamaiman wadatar ƙwayoyin halitta inda aka yi niyyar kwayar halitta na iya ƙara yawan farfadowar ƙwayoyin halittar kwayar halitta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Terada |first=Rie |last2=Johzuka-Hisatomi |first2=Yasuyo |last3=Saitoh |first3=Miho |last4=Asao |first4=Hisayo |last5=Iida |first5=Shigeru |date=2007 |title=Gene Targeting by Homologous Recombination as a Biotechnological Tool for Rice Functional Genomics |journal=Plant Physiology |volume=144 |issue=2 |pages=846–856 |doi=10.1104/pp.107.095992 |pmc=1914187 |pmid=17449652}}</ref> == Kyautar Nobel ta 2007 == Mario R. Capecchi, Martin J. Evans da Oliver Smithies an ba su kyautar Nobel ta 2007 a fannin ilimin lissafi ko magani saboda aikin su a kan "ka'idojin gabatar da takamaiman gyare-gyaren kwayar halitta a cikin beraye ta hanyar amfani da kwayoyin halitta", ko kuma ƙaddamar da kwayar halitta.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Press Release: The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2007/press.html |access-date=2007-10-08}}</ref> == Gudanar da kwayoyin halitta == Kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, Gene Targeting yana da ikon fasaha don ƙirƙirar nau'ikan canje-canje na kwayoyin halitta; daga maye gurbin guda ɗaya zuwa saka jerin abubuwa masu tsawo, gami da yiwuwar transgenes. Wannan yana nufin cewa samfuran ƙwayoyin halitta na iya zama ba za a iya rarrabe su ba daga maye gurbin halitta, ko kuma suna iya zama daidai da GMOs saboda shigar da su na transgene duba zane na Venn a sama. Don haka daidaita samfuran Gene Targeting na iya zama ƙalubale kuma ƙasashe daban-daban sun ɗauki hanyoyi daban-daban ko suna sake nazarin yadda za a yi hakan a matsayin wani ɓangare na sake dubawa mai zurfi a cikin samfuran gyaran kwayar halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Gene Editing Regulation Tracker |url=https://crispr-gene-editing-regs-tracker.geneticliteracyproject.org/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Global Gene Editing Regulation Tracker |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609200225/https://crispr-gene-editing-regs-tracker.geneticliteracyproject.org/ |archive-date=2023-06-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Friedrichs S, Takasu Y, Kearns P, Dagallier B, Oshima R, Schofield J, Moreddu C |date=2019-07-01 |title=An overview of regulatory approaches to genome editing in agriculture |journal=Biotechnology Research and Innovation |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=208–220 |doi=10.1016/j.biori.2019.07.001 |issn=2452-0721 |s2cid=201456122 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rarrabawar da aka karɓa ta raba kwayoyin halitta zuwa nau'o'i 3 na "SDN1-3", yana nufin Site Directed Nucleases kamar CRISPR-Cas waɗanda ake amfani da su don samar da kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan rarrabuwa na SDN na iya jagorantar ka'idojin kasa game da wane aji na SDN za su yi la'akari da su 'GMOs' sabili da haka waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodi masu tsauri.   * SDN1 = kwayoyin da aka kirkira ta hanyar Ƙarshen Ƙarshen Hadin gwiwar SDN-catalysed a cikin DNA. Saboda haka maye gurbin bazuwar ya faru ta hanyar kuskuren NHEJ, kuma ba a yi amfani da samfurin gyare-gyare ba saboda haka ba Gene-Targeting ba ne Sau da yawa suna ƙarƙashin kulawa mai sauƙi saboda rashin amfani da samfurin gyaran DNA da daidaituwa ga dabarun kiwo na al'ada a cikin yanayin kiwo na shuka. * SDN2 = an gabatar da takamaiman maye gurbi ɗaya ko da yawa a cikin kwayar halitta da aka yi niyya a shafin yanar gizon SDN ta hanyar amfani da samfurin gyaran homology saboda haka wannan shine Gene Targeting. * SDN3 = an saka jerin abubuwa masu tsawo a shafin da aka yanke, ta hanyar sake haɗuwa watau Gene Targeting ko ta hanyar NHEJ. "Tsarin dogon lokaci" yawanci yana nufin dukkan kwayoyin halitta kamar masu gabatarwa ko yankunan furotin-coding. Wadannan galibi ana daukar su a matsayin transgenic sabili da haka galibi ana sanya su a matsayin GMO.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt SM, Belisle M, Frommer WB |date=June 2020 |title=The evolving landscape around genome editing in agriculture: Many countries have exempted or move to exempt forms of genome editing from GMO regulation of crop plants |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=21 |issue=6 |doi=10.15252/embr.202050680 |pmc=7271327 |pmid=32431018}}</ref> A tarihi [[Tarayyar Turai]] EU ta yi tsayayya da fasahar gyaran kwayoyin halitta, bisa [[Tsarin taka Tsantsan|Ka'idar kariya]]. A cikin 2018 Kotun Shari'a ta Turai ECJ ta yanke hukuncin cewa ya kamata a dauki amfanin gona da aka tsara gami da amfanin gona mai manufa a matsayin an canza su sabili da haka suna ƙarƙashin Dokar GMO, wanda ke sanya mahimman nauyin sarrafawa akan amfani da GMO. Koyaya wannan shawarar ta karɓa da mummunar al'ummar kimiyya ta Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is EU-SAGE? |url=https://www.eu-sage.eu/index.php/about |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=www.eu-sage.eu}}</ref> A cikin 2021 Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta yi la'akari da cewa dokokin EU na yanzu da ke kula da dabarun gyaran kwayoyin halitta da gyaran kwayoyi (ko NGTs - New Genomic Techniques ba su dace da manufa ba' kuma suna buƙatar daidaitawa don nuna ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EC study on new genomic techniques |url=https://food.ec.europa.eu/plants/genetically-modified-organisms/new-techniques-biotechnology/ec-study-new-genomic-techniques_en |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=food.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2023 Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta wallafa wani tsari na canza dokoki ga wasu samfuran gyaran kwayar halitta don rage bukatun ka'idoji ga kwayoyin halitta da aka haɓaka tare da gyaran kwaya halitta wanda ya ƙunshi canje-canje na kwayar halitta waɗanda zasu iya faruwa ta halitta. == Dubi kuma == * Cre recombinase * Cre-Lox sake haɗuwa * Sake haɗuwa da FLP-FRT * Sake haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta * Canjin cassette na sake haɗawa da recombinase canjin kayan halitta da ya riga ya kasance don "jini na sha'awa") * Tsarin aikin injiniya * Fasahar recombinase ta musamman * Mai karɓar Toll-kamar misali na kwayar halitta da aka yi niyya don bincike * Mus Musculus mace na gida; kwayar halitta ta yau da kullun * Physcomitrella patens tsire-tsire ne kawai wanda ke da niyyar kwayar halitta, tun daga 1998 <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bouché N, Bouchez D |date=April 2001 |title=Arabidopsis gene knockout: phenotypes wanted |journal=Current Opinion in Plant Biology |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=111–117 |bibcode=2001COPB....4..111B |doi=10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00145-X |pmid=11228432}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c6mnniglweniwcf3yffy9id06ghl8bn 0 169291 964681 929421 2026-10-08T09:53:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ƙaramin Switzerland''' ko '''''Schweiz''''' wuri ne mai faɗi, wanda galibi yana da tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka. Wannan kalmar ado ta [[Romanticism|soyayya]] ba ta cikin rukunin yanayi ba ce, amma an yi amfani da ita sosai a ƙarni na 19 don nuna abubuwan ban mamaki na yanayi waɗanda za su burge masu yawon buɗe ido. Tunda ba shi da tabbas tun daga farko, an yi amfani da shi a hankali a rubuce-rubucen tafiye-tafiye don nuna cewa shimfidar wuri tana da wasu siffofi, kodayake a ƙaramin sikelin, waɗanda za su iya tunatar da baƙon [[Switzerland]]. == Tuddan dutse == [[Fayil:Bastei_-_Die_Bastei_vom_Elbe-Aussichtspunkt.jpg|thumb| Bastei, Saxony Switzerland]] [[Fayil:Rochedoetre.jpg|thumb| Dutsen Oëtre, Norman Switzerland]] Asalin kalmar da aka saba amfani da ita an yi amfani da ita ga wurare da dama a Turai, yawancinsu masu magana da Jamusanci ne, da kuma wasu sassan duniya, don jawo hankali ga tsaunukan da suka yi fice, galibi a tsakiyar dazuzzuka masu tsayi. Kwatancen farko na ƙarni na 18 yawanci yana da tsagewar duwatsun Jura da ke kan iyakar Franco-Swiss waɗanda ba su kai tsayin mita 1700 ba. Tarihin Saxony Switzerland ( ''Sächsische Schweiz'' ) a Saxony, Jamus, ya tabbatar da cewa bayanin yanayin ƙasa ''na Schweiz'' ya samo asali ne a can a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. ''Schweiz'' sunan Switzerland ne da ake amfani da shi a Jamusanci. An yi amfani da kalmar duka shi kaɗai kuma tare da ƙarin bayani "ƙanana", misali a cikin taken wata waƙar Jamusanci mai tsawon littafi ta 1820, ''Die kleine Schweiz'' ta Jakob Reiselsberger, wadda ta yaba da yanayin duwatsu na wani yanki na Franconia a Jamus wanda aka sani daga baya da Franconian Switzerland ( ''Fränkische Schweiz'' ). Kalmar ta riga ta kasance ta yaren Turanci a wannan lokacin: a shekarar 1823 wani wakilin ya tabbatar a cikin ''Mujallar The Gentleman'' cewa wani yanki mai tsayi kusa da hanya a wajen Petersfield a kudancin Ingila ƙaramin Switzerland ne. Kalmar kyau, don bayyana kyawawan duwatsu da tsayin daka maimakon tsayi, an kuma yi amfani da ita a wasu harsunan Turai, ciki har da kalmar Faransanci ''Suisse'' . Duwatsu da kuma wuraren daji sun kasance jigo da aka fi so a zane-zanen [[Romanticism|soyayya]] . Wuraren Ingilishi da yawa da aka yaba a cikin adabin talla na ƙarni na 19 a matsayin "ƙaramin Switzerland" sun haɗa da Church Stretton, Whitfield da yankin bakin teku da ke kewaye da tagwayen garuruwan Lynton da Lynmouth na Arewacin Devon . A wasu lokutan ana gina gine-gine irin na Chalet don jaddada ƙananan ikirari na Switzerland, misali a Matlock Bath, wanda (ba a saba gani ba a Ingila) shi ma yana da motar kebul . == Duwatsu == Tun daga farko, sau da yawa ana fahimtar kalmar a matsayin kwatantawa da tsaunukan Alps masu dusar ƙanƙara maimakon Jura. Nassin da ke gaba, wanda ke bayanin Wales, ya bayyana a cikin wani bugu na harshen Ingilishi na Malte-Brun's ''Universal Geography'' na 1831, wanda aka rubuta da Faransanci a 1803-07: Da suke bayanin tsibirin Atlantika na St Helena a cikin ''Sabuwar Tafiya a Duniya'' (1823-26), an fassara Otto von Kotzebue da Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz zuwa Turanci a rubuce: A Amurka, tsaunukan White Mountains na New Hampshire, waɗanda ba da daɗewa ba za su zama ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci na zane-zanen soyayya na Amurka, marubucin tafiye-tafiye Henry Tudor ya kira su ƙaramin Switzerland tun daga 1832. == Lambunan Lakelands == [[Fayil:Plön_Panorama_Ploener_See.jpg|thumb| Tafkin Plön a [[Holstein Switzerland]]]] A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, marubuta da masu tallata yawon buɗe ido za su yaba wa yanayin bazara na dazuzzuka da ƙananan tuddai da aka nuna a cikin tafkuna masu shuɗi kamar ƙaramin Switzerland ko ''Schweiz'' . Duk da cewa amfani da shi a baya ya nuna yanayin haɗari, wannan kalma ce ta kyau. Wannan amfani, wanda aka nuna a yau a cikin sharuɗɗan yanki na hukuma na [[Holstein Switzerland]] ( ''Holsteinische Schweiz'' ) da Mecklenburg Switzerland ( ''Mecklenburgische Schweiz'' ) a Jamus, inda babu tsaunuka ko wuraren da ba a noma ba, yana da wuya a faɗi, amma yana iya nufin manyan wuraren yawon buɗe ido na gefen tafkin Switzerland kamar Zurich, Lucerne ko Interlaken ko kuma zuwa Tafkunan Geneva da Constance. == Sunaye na hukuma == Kalmar ta yi kama da wacce ba ta da tsari tun lokacin da tafiya zuwa Switzerland ta zama mai araha. Zuwa ƙarni na 21, masu lura da al'amura sun saba bayyana mamaki cewa alamar "ƙaramin Switzerland" ta shafi yankuna kamar Suisse Normande, ko kuma ga Holstein Switzerland inda tuddai masu faɗi ba su wuce mita 150 sama da saman tafkin ba. A shekarar 1992, Hukumar Yawon Bude Ido ta Switzerland ta ƙidaya wurare sama da 190 a faɗin duniya waɗanda aƙalla na ɗan lokaci aka sanya wa suna bayan Switzerland, ko dai saboda kamanni mai kama da na al'ada, a cikin barkwanci ko kuma nufin mafakar banki, tsaka-tsakin siyasa ko mazaunin baƙi 'yan ƙasar Switzerland. Ƙasa da wurare 67 a maƙwabciyar Jamus ne Tarayyar ta ce ta ɗauki ƙananan sunaye a Switzerland. Duk da cewa sunan lakabin ya ɓace a wasu wurare, ya ci gaba da zama sunan yanki na hukuma ga yankuna da dama na gudanarwa da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, ciki har da (tare da kwanakin ayyanawa ta doka): * Bohemian Switzerland ( ''České Švýcarsko'', wurin shakatawa, Jamhuriyar Czech, doka mai tasiri 2000) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bohemian Switzerland National Park |url=http://www.ceskesvycarsko.cz/bohemian-switzerland-national-park |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313094031/http://www.ceskesvycarsko.cz/bohemian-switzerland-national-park/ |archive-date=2007-03-13 |website=www.ceskesvycarsko.cz}}</ref> * Bremen Switzerland ( ƙasa mai tsayi a arewacin Bremen, wanda ya kai mita 30; duba ƙasa mai faɗi da aka gina Bremen a kai). * Switzerland ta Franconian (yankin yawon bude ido, Jamus, wacce aka keɓe a 1968) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Naturpark |url=http://www.fsvf.de/?id=58 |access-date=2013-11-27 |publisher=Fsvf.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222858/http://www.fsvf.de/?id=58 |archive-date=2013-12-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Hersbrucker Alb|Hersbruck Switzerland]] ( ''Hersbrucker Schweiz'' ), ƙananan yanki na dutse kusa da Hersbruck, Jamus * Hohburg Switzerland ( ''Hohburger Schweiz'' ), sunan madadin ga Tuddan Hohburg kusa da Leipzig * [[Holstein Switzerland]] ( wurin shakatawa na yanayi, Jamus, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa a 1986) * Kashubian Switzerland (Szwajcaria Kaszubska, Poland) * Kroppach Switzerland, yankin tsaunuka masu duwatsu kusa da Kroppach a Westerwald * Marcher Switzerland ( ''Märkische Schweiz'', wurin shakatawa, Jamus, ta hanyar doka 1990) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-24 |title=Naturpark Märkische Schweiz &#124; LUGV |url=http://www.grossschutzgebiete.brandenburg.de/np_ms/gebiete_01.html |access-date=2013-11-27 |publisher=Grossschutzgebiete.brandenburg.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060620155748/http://www.grossschutzgebiete.brandenburg.de/np_ms/gebiete_01.html |archive-date=2006-06-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Mecklenburg Switzerland (wurin shakatawa na yanayi, Jamus, wanda aka keɓe a 1997) <ref>{{Cite web |title=naturpark-mecklenburgische-schweiz.de |url=http://www.naturpark-mecklenburgische-schweiz.de/ |access-date=2013-11-27 |publisher=naturpark-mecklenburgische-schweiz.de}}</ref> * Rhenish-Hessian Switzerland (yankin shakatawa da kuma filin shakatawa mai kariya a Rhineland-Palatinate ). * Rostock Switzerland (ƙasa mai faɗi na tashar moraine kusa da gabar tekun Baltic a Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ). * Rüdigsdorf Switzerland (tsaunuka da kuma yanayin karst a kudancin [[Harz]], wanda yawancinsu wurin ajiyar yanayi ne) * Ruppin Switzerland (lake da gandun daji a Brandenburg ) * Saxon Switzerland (wurin shakatawa na yanayi, Jamus, wanda aka keɓe a 1990; <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=Kurzportrait des Schutzgebietes |url=http://www.nationalpark-saechsische-schweiz.de/red1/sachsens-nationalpark/kurzportrait/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061130034932/http://www.nationalpark-saechsische-schweiz.de/red1/sachsens-nationalpark/kurzportrait/ |archive-date=2006-11-30 |access-date=2013-11-27 |publisher=Nationalpark-saechsische-schweiz.de}}</ref> yankin ƙaramar hukuma, yanzu yana cikin gundumar Saxon Switzerland-East Ore Mountains ) == Amfani == A Turanci, yawanci ana faɗin "Ƙaramar Switzerland" ba tare da wani takamaiman labari ko ƙarin siffa ba, amma sau da yawa ana amfani da mai gyara genitive idan akwai ƙananan Switzerland da yawa a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, misali Ƙaramar Switzerland ta North Carolina. A cikin harsunan Turai inda Switzerland ta ɗauki wani muhimmin rubutu, ƙananan 'yan Switzerland ma suna yin hakan. Sunayensu na Turanci na iya yin kama da harshen da ake amfani da shi, ana ƙara musu manyan haruffa zuwa haruffan Ingilishi, wani lokacin ana ɗaukar wani takamaiman maƙala ta Turanci, misali Saechsische Schweiz ( ''die Sächsische Schweiz'' ) da Suisse Normande ( ''la Suisse normande'' ). Siffofin Turanci kuma sun yaɗu, misali Holstein Switzerland (Dickinson, 1964), Swiss Franconia (Michelin, 1993), Franconian Switzerland (Fodor, 1962, da Bolt, 2005. <ref>Bolt, Rodney, ''Bavaria'', London, 2005, pp. 203-204, {{ISBN|1-86011-202-1}}.</ref> ) == Manay == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rp3xjzlawsfaj7wz9rx1wkxd2zu75ll 0 169327 964661 929505 2026-10-08T08:16:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zambia Sugar Plc''' ita ce babbar kamfanin kera sukari a [[Zambiya|Zambia]], inda ake fitar da sukari fiye da {{Convert|318,467|tonne|0}} a kowace shekara, tun daga watan Nuwamba na 2018. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=African Financials |date=12 November 2018 |title=Zambia Sugar averages 120 tons cane per hectare in FY`18 |url=https://africanfinancials.com/zambia-sugars-operating-profits-up-to-k388-million-for-fy18/ |access-date=30 May 2020 |publisher=Africanfinancials.com}}</ref> An jera hannun jarin kamfanin a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Lusaka a ƙarƙashin alamar '''ZSUG''' . <ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Illovo Sugar Africa |date=30 October 2019 |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Trading Statement As Of 30 October 2019 |url=https://www.illovosugarafrica.com/UserContent/documents/Zambia-Sugar-Plc-Trading-Statement-30-October-2019.pdf |access-date=30 May 2020 |publisher=Illovo Sugar Africa}}</ref> A cikin shekarar kuɗi da ta ƙare a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2021, samar da sukari ya karu zuwa tan 397,032. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilovo Sugar Africa |date=9 Nov 2021 |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 31 Aug 2021 |url=https://www.illovosugarafrica.com/media/announcement/zambia-sugar-plc-annual-report-31-aug-2021.pdf |access-date=16 Apr 2022 |website=illovosugarafrica.com}}</ref> == Wuri == Hedikwatar kamfanin tana cikin garin Mazabuka, a gundumar Mazabuka, a lardin Kudu, [[Zambiya|Zambia]] . Kamfanin yana da, yana aiki da kuma kula da ''Nakambala Sugar Estates'', wanda ke cikin Nakambala, wani yanki na Mazabuka, kimanin {{Convert|141|km|0}} ta hanya, kudu maso yammacin [[Lusaka]], babban birnin ƙasa kuma birni mafi girma a Zambia. Daidaito na yanki na Nakambala sune: 15°49'58.0"S, 27°46'53.0"E (Latitude:-15.832778; Longitude:27.781389). == Bayani == Ya zuwa ranar 31 ga Disamba 2019, jimillar kadarorin kamfanin shine ZMW:3,949,763,000 (dalar Amurka miliyan 217), tare da hannun jarin masu hannun jari na ZMW:1,412,679,000 (dalar Amurka miliyan 78). <ref name="Data">{{Cite web |last=Zambia Sugar |date=5 November 2019 |title=Abridged Financial Statement for the Year Ended 31 August 2019 |url=https://www.illovosugarafrica.com/About-Us/Zambia/Zambia-Sugar-Plc |access-date=31 May 2020 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Kamfanin Sugar Estate na Nakambala a shekarar 1964 ta hannun Tate &amp;amp; Lyle Limited, a gefen kudu maso gabashin [[Kafue Flats]] da ke Mazabuka . Zuwa shekarar 1968, gonakin sun fara noman rake a {{Convert|1680|ha|acre}}, ta amfani da injin niƙa sukari wanda aka ƙaura daga aikin Tate & Lyle da ya gaza a [[Chirundu, Zambia|Chirundu]] da kuma ruwan ban ruwa daga [[Kogin Kafue]] . Zuwa shekarar 1976, kamfanin yana samar da {{Convert|68000|tonne|0}} na sukari daga {{Convert|6650|ha}} da ake nomawa. Yawan amfanin gona ya karu zuwa sama da {{Convert|90000|tonne|0}} na sukari mai tsafta daga {{Convert|9000|ha|0}} na gonaki, zuwa shekarar 1983. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web |last=Zambia Water Forum |date=2019 |title=Field Trip: Nakambula Sugar Estates |url=https://www.zambiawaterforum.org/index.php/field-trip/85-nakambala-sugar-estates |access-date=30 May 2020 |publisher=Zambiawaterforum.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125045602/https://www.zambiawaterforum.org/index.php/field-trip/85-nakambala-sugar-estates |archive-date=25 January 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1972, kamfanin Zambia Sugar Company Limited, wanda ke gudanar da kadarorin, ya zama na ƙasa kuma Kamfanin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Zambia (wanda a lokacin aka rubuta ''INDECO'' ) ya sami kashi 51 cikin 100 na hannun jarin kamfanin, yayin da Tate da Lyle suka riƙe kashi 49 cikin 100. A shekarar 1975, INDECO ta ƙara hannun jarinta zuwa kashi 75 cikin ɗari, inda Tate da Lyle suka riƙe kashi 11 cikin ɗari, sauran kashi 14 cikin ɗari kuma wasu masu zuba jari masu zaman kansu ne suka karɓe su. A shekarar 1995, Tate & Lyle suka sake sayen kamfanin Zambia Sugar Company Limited, wanda ya ƙara hannun jarinsa zuwa kashi 51 cikin ɗari, Kamfanin Commonwealth Development Corporation (CDC Group) ya karɓi kashi 31 cikin ɗari, sauran kashi 18 cikin ɗari kuma ''Asusun Tallafawa Masu Zaman Kansu na Zambia'' ne ya mallaka. A shekarar 1996, kamfanin ya zuba jarinsa a kasuwar hannayen jari ta Lusaka a matsayin '''Zambia Sugar Plc''' . A shekara ta 2001, Tate da Lyle sun sayar da hannun jarinsu a Zambia Sugar Plc ga Illovo Sugar na [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Illovo ya yi tayin ga masu hannun jari marasa rinjaye, kamar yadda dokar Zambia ta tanada, kuma ya ƙara hannun jarin zuwa kashi 90 cikin ɗari. Zuwa shekarar 2006, yawan samar da sukari ya karu zuwa tan 240,000 a kowace shekara. <ref name="6R" /> Tsakanin 2007 da 2010, kamfanin ya aiwatar da wani babban shirin faɗaɗawa kuma ya ƙara yawan yankin da ake samarwa daga {{Convert|11000|ha|mi2}} zuwa kusan {{Convert|17000|ha|mi2}} na gonakin da aka yi wa ban ruwa. A shekarar 2009, Zambia Sugar Plc ta sami hannun jari a ''Nanga Farms Plc'', wacce ke da gonakin sukari da ke kusa da Nakambala, waɗanda ke da ƙarfin samar da fiye da tan 350,000 na rake a kowace shekara. A wannan shekarar, Illovo ya rage hannun jari zuwa kashi 81.6 cikin ɗari. Kamfanin Illovo Group Holding Limited ya rage hannun jari a Zambia Sugar Plc zuwa kashi 75 cikin 100 a shekarar 2014, domin bin sabbin dokoki a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Lusaka. Ya zuwa ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2022, Zambia Sugar a halin yanzu ita ce ta uku mafi daraja a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Lusaka tare da jarin kasuwa na ZMW biliyan 5.59. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2022 |title=African 'Xchanges |url=https://afx.kwayisi.org/luse/zsug.html |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A shekarar 2013, kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da ''Tsarin Manyonyo Outgrower'', wani shiri na gwamnatin Zambia, wanda gwamnatin Finland da [[Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka|Bankin Raya Afirka]] suka dauki nauyinsa. Ya ƙunshi ƙananan manoma 145 waɗanda ke noma rake a gonakinsu kuma suna sayar da rake ga kamfanin. Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, kamfanin Zambia Sugar Public Limited ya dauki ma'aikata 6,014, wasu daga cikinsu na dindindin ne, wasu na wucin gadi ne, wasu kuma na yanayi ne. <ref name="7R">{{Cite web |last=Zambia Sugar Plc |date=2014 |title=Illovo Zambia Social Economic Impact Assessment |url=https://www.illovosugarafrica.com/UserContent/Documents/Illovo-Zambia-Socio-economic-impact-assessment-12May14.pdf |access-date=30 May 2020 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Public Limited Company}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, kudaden shigar kamfanin sun karu zuwa mafi girman tarihi na ZMW biliyan 4,989, idan aka kwatanta da ZMW biliyan 3,335 da aka samu a shekarar da ta gabata. Kuma bayan shekaru 24 na aiki, Rebecca Katowa ta yi ritaya a matsayin MD Zambia Sugar Plc. Tsohon Manajan Darakta Ubombo Sugar Oswald Magwenzi ne ya gaje shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Illovo Sugar Africa (2021) |date=9 Nov 2021 |title=Ilovo News |url=https://www.illovosugarafrica.com/media/announcement/Zambia-Sugar-Plc-Final-Results-31-Aug-2021.pdf |access-date=16 Apr 2022 |website=illovosugarafrica.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Illovo Sugar Africa |date=5 Nov 2021 |title=Illovo News |url=https://www.illovosugarafrica.com/media/announcement/Zambia-Sugar-Plc-Final-Results-31-Aug-2021.pdf |access-date=16 Apr 2022 |website=illovosugarafrica.com}}</ref> == Mallaka == An jera hannun jarin Zambia Sugar Plc a kasuwar hannayen jari ta Lusaka, inda suke kasuwanci a ƙarƙashin alamar: '''ZSUG''' . Teburin da ke ƙasa yana nuna hannun jarin kamfanin tun daga ranar 31 ga Agusta 2017. <ref name="8R">{{Cite web |last=Zambia Sugar Plc |date=31 October 2017 |title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report for the Period Ending 31 August 2017 |url=https://www.illovosugarafrica.com/About-Us/Zambia/Zambia-Sugar-Plc |access-date=31 May 2020 |publisher=Zambia Sugar Public Limited Company}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 0.5em auto" |+Hannun jarin Zambia Sugar Plc ! Matsayi ! Sunan Mai Shi ! Mallakar Kashi |- | 1 | Kamfanin Illovo Group Holdings Limited |{{Center|76.40}} |- | 2 | Asusun Fansho |{{Center|18.10}} |- | 3 | Kamfanonin [[Zambiya|Zambia]] |{{Center|4.10}} |- | 4 | Mutane 'yan ƙasar Zambiya |{{Center|1.10}} |- | 5 | Mutane Ba 'Yan Zambiya Ba |{{Center|0.20}} |- | 6 | Kamfanonin da ba na Zambia ba |{{Center|0.10}} |- | | '''Jimilla''' |{{Center|'''100.00'''}} |- |} == Duba kuma == * Zambiya Budewar Sukari == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lwjipqbtridjmi9xl3pknsmorf9ct57 0 169527 964627 947692 2026-10-08T06:35:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yuni Oscar''' mace ce ta asalin Australiya ta zuriyar Bunuba, mai fafutukar kare [[Haƙƙoƙin yan asalin ƙasa|Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar]], ma'aikaciyar kiwon lafiya da jin dadin al'umma, fim da gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma tun daga shekara ta 2017 kuma tun daga watan Fabrairun 2022 Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner. An fi saninta da yaki da Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) da kuma aiki don inganta rayuwar mutanen [['Yan asalin Australiya|Aboriginal]] a cikin al'ummomi masu nisa, musamman garin Kimberley (Western Australia) na Fitzroy Crossing . A cikin 2013 an ba Oscar lambar yabo ta Order of Australia don "wani aiki mai ban sha'awa ga al'ummar 'yan asalin Yammacin Australia, musamman ta hanyar shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya da jin dadin jama'a". A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2019 an nada ta a cikin Babban Kungiyar Ba da Shawara don taimakawa wajen tsara Muryar 'yan asalin ƙasar ga gwamnati. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haife ta a Fitzroy Crossing, Yammacin Ostiraliya, Oscar ita ce ta biyu daga cikin 'yan mata uku da maza uku na mahaifiyarta Mona. Mahaifinta na halitta ya kasance manomi ne na shanu na Australiya wanda ta sadu da shi sau ɗaya kawai a matsayin babba. A lokacin da take da shekaru bakwai, hukumomi sun cire Oscar daga kulawar mahaifiyarta kuma sun sanya ta cikin Ofishin Jakadancin United Aborigines a Fitzroy Crossing . Masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje sun gane ta a matsayin yarinya mai basira, daga baya aka tura ta zuwa karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta John Forrest a Perth, kafin ta bar tana da shekaru 16 don komawa Fitzroy Crossing. Oscar ba ta yi tunanin tana iya karatu a matakin sakandare ba, amma ta kammala digiri na farko na kasuwanci a shekara ta 2004 kuma ta fara digiri na PhD a shekara ta 2011 a Jami'ar Notre Dame, Australia. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Oscar |first=June |title=Resume of June Oscar |url=http://alcoholpregnancy.telethonkids.org.au/media/1607663/june-oscar_bio.pdf |access-date=2016-07-12 |website=Telethon Kids Institute |archive-date=2016-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229012422/http://alcoholpregnancy.telethonkids.org.au/media/1607663/june-oscar_bio.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bayan dawowa Fitzroy Crossing, Oscar ta yi aiki a cikin ma'aikatun jin dadin jama'a da kiwon lafiya na jihar, kafin ta zama Jami'in Harkokin Mata na Junjuwa a shekarar 1989. <ref name=":4" /> Daga nan sai ta zama Shugabar Kamfanin Marra Worra [['Yan asalin Australiya|Aboriginal]] Corporation, daya daga cikin tsofaffin cibiyoyin [['Yan asalin Australiya|Aboriginal]] na Ostiraliya, har zuwa 1991, lokacin da aka nada ta Kwamishinan Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander na tsawon shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kovacic, Lemon |first=Loenarda, Barbara |date=2009-01-15 |title=Oscar, June |url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/biogs/AWE1182b.htm |access-date=2016-06-20 |website=The Australian Women's Register}}</ref> Lokacin da take 'yar shekara 29, Oscar ta karɓi kiran waya daga Ministan Harkokin [['Yan asalin Australiya|Aboriginal]] Robert Tickner yana tambayar ta ta shiga Hukumar Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander. Ta rataye wayar saboda ta yi tunanin kiran yaudara ce amma sai ta yanke shawarar kiran shi. A shekara ta 1992, Oscar ta zama Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Mata na Aboriginal na Yammacin Australia, a shekara ta 1997, mataimakin darakta kuma Babban memba na Majalisar Ƙasar Kimberley, a shekara de 2000, Daraktan fina-finai na Bunuba Pty Ltd, kuma a shekara ta 2001, Daraktan Kamfanin shanu na Bunuba. A shekara ta 2007, an zaba ta a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa (Shugaba) na Cibiyar Kula da Mata ta Marninwarntikura (MWRC). <ref name=":4" /> A shekara ta 2009, an nada Oscar a matsayin Babban Mai Bincike na Nazarin Yaduwar Lililwan kan Cutar Alcohol (FASD) da Ciwon Rayuwa ta Farko. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=June Oscar AO [bio] |url=http://www.georgeinstitute.org.au/people/june-oscar-ao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307040037/http://www.georgeinstitute.org.au/people/june-oscar-ao |archive-date=7 March 2016 |access-date=2016-07-07 |website=[[The George Institute for Global Health]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, ta zama Shugabar Cibiyar Harshen Harshen Kimberley, kuma an dauke ta mai karfi don karɓar, haƙƙoƙi, adanawa da inganta Harsunan Aboriginal na Australiya. A cikin wannan shekarar, Oscar ya kuma zama memba na Hukumar Kula da Kasuwancin Yammacin Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=Marninwarntikura Fitzroy Women’s Resource |title=Our Executive Team |url=http://www.mwrc.com.au/pages/our-executives |access-date=2016-07-07 |website=Marninwarntikura Fitzroy Women’s Resource Centre |archive-date=2016-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701144446/http://www.mwrc.com.au/pages/our-executives |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2013, an zabi Oscar a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Derby / West Kimberley Shire, kuma a shekarar 2015, an nada shi memba na kwamitin kimberley Development Commission. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Councillors |url=http://www.sdwk.wa.gov.au/council/councillors.html |access-date=2016-07-12 |website=Shire of Derby / West Kimberley |archive-date=2009-05-18 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090518201738/http://www.sdwk.wa.gov.au/council/councillors.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kimberley Development Commission – Board |url=http://kdc.wa.gov.au/the-commission/kdc-structure/board/ |access-date=2016-07-12 |website=kdc.wa.gov.au |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815131516/http://kdc.wa.gov.au/the-commission/kdc-structure/board |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Matsayi na yanzu === A watan Fabrairun 2017, Babban Lauyan Australia George Brandis ya ba da sanarwar cewa Oscar shine sabon Kwamishinan Adalci na Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander na Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2017 |title=June Oscar AO appointed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner |url=https://ministers.pmc.gov.au/scullion/2017/june-oscar-ao-appointed-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411005602/https://ministers.pmc.gov.au/scullion/2017/june-oscar-ao-appointed-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=2018-12-29 |website=[[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)]]}}</ref> Ministan Harkokin 'yan asalin ƙasar Nigel Scullion ya ce, "Nunawa ta Ms Oscar ta nuna muhimmiyar rawar da mata 'yan asalin ke takawa wajen kawo canjin zamantakewa kuma ina fatan yin aiki tare da ita a nan gaba". Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2022 har yanzu tana cikin wannan matsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=June Oscar AO - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner |url=https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/commission-general/june-oscar-ao-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219025725/https://humanrights.gov.au/our-work/commission-general/june-oscar-ao-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=19 February 2022 |website=Australian Human Rights Commission}}</ref> Ta shiga Quentin Bryce a matsayin mai kula da hadin gwiwa na Gidauniyar Nazarin Indigenous a watan Satumbar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-09-04 |title=June Oscar AO to be Co-Patron |url=https://www.indigenousliteracyfoundation.org.au/news-events/june-oscar-ao-to-be-co-patron |access-date=2021-10-26 |website=Indigenous Literacy Foundation |language=en}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa Oscar zai kasance ɗaya daga cikin mambobi 20 na Babban Kungiyar Ba da Shawara don taimakawa wajen tsara Muryar 'yan asalin ƙasar ga gwamnati da Ken Wyatt, Ministan' yan asalin ƙasar Australiya ya kafa. Wyatt, Marcia Langton da Tom Calma ne ke jagorantar kungiyar.<ref name="sagmem">{{Cite web |date=8 November 2019 |title=Voice Co-Design Senior Advisory Group |url=https://ministers.pmc.gov.au/wyatt/2019/voice-co-design-senior-advisory-group |access-date=1 February 2020 |website=Ministers Media Centre |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201055034/https://ministers.pmc.gov.au/wyatt/2019/voice-co-design-senior-advisory-group |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Remeikis |first=Amy |date=8 November 2019 |title=Chris Kenny added to group working on Indigenous voice to parliament |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/nov/08/chris-kenny-added-to-group-working-on-indigenous-voice-to-parliament |access-date=1 February 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2022 Oscar shine co-shugaban kamfen ɗin Close the Gap, tare da Rod Little . Gina a lokacin da ta kasance Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, Oscar ta kaddamar da Cibiyar Wiyi U Yani Thangani don Shari'ar Jima'i ta Kasashe na Farko a 2024 a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia inda take aiki a matsayin kujera. Cibiyar ta ci gaba da aikin Wiyi Yani U Thangani wanda ya fara a Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Australiya a cikin 2017 don ɗaga muryoyi da haƙƙin mata, 'yan mata da mutane daban-daban na al'umma. == Sake gina al'umma == A watan Maris na shekara ta 2007 Oscar ya zama Shugaba na MWRC a Fitzroy Crossing, wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shirye irin su Baya Gawiy Children and Family Center, The Shelter mata's refuge, shari'a taimako, lambun al'umma, da kuma zamantakewar al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=Marninwarntikura Fitzroy Women’s Resource |title=The Centre |url=http://www.mwrc.com.au/pages/the-centre |access-date=2016-07-07 |website=Marninwarntikura Fitzroy Women’s Resource Centre |archive-date=2016-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630190939/http://www.mwrc.com.au/pages/the-centre |url-status=dead }}</ref> MWRC ta himmatu ga kare lafiyar da jin daɗin yara, kuma tana so ta dakatar da tashin hankali da ke faruwa a cikin al'ummominsu sakamakon shan giya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=Marninwarntikura Fitzroy Women’s Resource |title=Reclaiming Hope |url=http://www.mwrc.com.au/pages/reclaiming-hope |access-date=2016-07-13 |website=Marninwarntikura Fitzroy Women’s Resource Centre |archive-date=2016-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630160854/http://www.mwrc.com.au/pages/reclaiming-hope |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, asibitin Fitzroy Crossing yana kula da kusan mutane 30 zuwa 40 a kowane dare don raunin da ya shafi barasa kuma al'umma tana cikin rikici. A cikin wannan lokacin watanni 12, an yi rikodin jana'iza 55 da kashe-kashen 13 a kwarin Fitzroy, wani gari na kimanin mutane 4000. A cikin birni mai girman [[Perth]], wannan zai kasance daidai da kashe kansa 500 a kowane wata. Dangane da kiran da aka yi daga al'umma, mai binciken shari'a na Yammacin Ostiraliya, Alistair Hope, ya ba da umarnin bincike kan mutuwar mutane 22 da suka mutu a kwanan nan ta hanyar cutar kai a yankin Kimberley. Adadin mutuwar da ta hanyar cutar kai a cikin kwarin Fitzroy ya sami Coroner ya zama mai yawa kuma akwai "haɗin kai tsakanin mutuwa ta hanyar cutar da kai da barasa da amfani da wiwi". [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} Oscar daga nan ta shirya taron shekara-shekara na Mata na Bush na 2007, taron gargajiya na Bunuba, Gooniyandi, [[Harshen Walmajarri|Walmajarri]], Wangkatjunka da Nyikina mata. Sun wakilci wani muhimmin bangare na al'umma kuma sun ba da yardarsu ga MWRC don fara kamfen don iyakance sayar da barasa a kwarin Fitzroy. An kafa wani bangare na al'umma game da rikicin wanda ya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga nasararsa. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} Bayan Taron Bush na Mata, Oscar ya rubuta wa Darakta na lasisin giya (Yammacin Australia) yana neman dakatar da tallace-tallace na watanni 12 na sayar da giya a cikin kwarin. MWRC ta ci gaba da cewa ana buƙatar ƙuntataccen barasa saboda yawan adadin barasa da ƙwayoyin cuta da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi suna faruwa a cikin kwarin, mutane suna cikin halin baƙin ciki da fidda rai kuma mafakar mata ba ta iya jimrewa da yawan mutanen da ke neman kariya daga tashin hankali na gida ba. Yawancin marasa lafiya marasa lafiya suna fama da shan barasa, kuma a asibitin gida kashi 85% na marasa lafiya masu rauni sun sha wahala da barasa kuma kashi 56% na dukkan marasa lafiya suna ƙarƙashin tasirin barasa lokacin da aka shigar da su. Har ma ya zama al'ada ga yara su sha barasa. Yawan laifuka sun haɗa da yawan abubuwan da suka shafi barasa, masu daukar ma'aikata na cikin gida suna da wahalar riƙe ma'aikata, an rage halartar makaranta, kuma yawancin yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru biyar suna da alamun da suka shafi FASD. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2022}} A wannan lokacin, MWRC ta haɗu da shugabannin al'adu na al'umma ta hanyar Kimberley Aboriginal Law and Cultural Center (KALACC), ƙungiyar Aboriginal da ke tallafawa ayyukan gargajiya na kungiyoyin harsuna 30 a cikin Kimberley. Oscar ya bayyana muhimmancin goyon bayansu a cikin kamfen ɗin hana barasa: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gooda |first=Mick |date=2011-01-14 |title=From community crisis to community control in the Fitzroy Valley - Social Justice Report 2010 |url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/chapter-3-community-crisis-community-control-fitzroy-valley-social-justice-report-2010 |access-date=2016-06-20 |website=Chapter 3: From community crisis to community control in the Fitzroy Valley - Social Justice Report 2010 |publisher=Australian Human Rights Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619193628/http://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/chapter-3-community-crisis-community-control-fitzroy-valley-social-justice-report-2010 |archive-date=2016-06-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Cquote|It was really important to let elders know what was happening. We liaised with cultural leaders and elders through KALACC. KALACC helped facilitate approval from elders for the alcohol restrictions. The role of KALACC was critical; it would have been very interesting had they not supported the campaign. The support of KALACC managed some of the forces in the community.}} Yunkurin Oscar don samun goyon bayan Dattawa da shugabannin al'adu ya kasance babban abu ne na shawo kan Darakta na lasisin giya don sanya takunkumin barasa. Wasu bangarorin al'umma sun yi adawa da ƙuntatawa kuma goyon bayan dattawa ya ba da kamfen ɗin MWRC halattaccen da yake buƙata. A fuskar tsananin adawa daga wasu mambobin al'ummarta waɗanda ke da sha'awar sayar da barasa, Oscar ya tsaya tsayin daka. Ta san ƙuntatawa za ta ba mutanenta taimako da ake buƙata sosai daga raunin da rikice-rikice da ya haifar da shan giya. 'Yan sanda na Yammacin Ostiraliya sun goyi bayan yaki da shan giya kuma an kafa haɗin gwiwa. Wannan haɗin gwiwar ta ƙarfafa kamfen ɗin, kodayake bai shafi yadda aka gudanar da shi ba.<ref name=":1" /> Kwamishinan 'yan sanda na Yammacin Australia Karl O'Callaghan ya ce: "Lokacin da na fara hawa zuwa Fitzroy Crossing, ina kallon ƙasa daga iska na ga abin da ya yi kama da emeralds a ƙasa", "Sun zama dubban gwangwani na giya na VB, inda mutane suka zauna kusa da maye.'Yan sanda na Fitzroy Crossing suna ciyar da yawancin lokacinsu a kan laifukan da suka shafi barasa. Lokacin da Oscar ya sami barazanar da tsegumi yayin gudanar da kamfen ɗin, kwamishinan O'Callaghan ya ba ta lambar wayarsa ta sirri kuma ya ce "kira ni a kowane lokaci". [[File:Melanie_Hogan_Tristan.jpg|thumb|''Tristan'' (2011) ya biyo bayan fim din ''Yajilarra'' kuma ya nuna gwagwarmayar wani yaro dan asalin [['Yan asalin Australiya|Aboriginal]] mai shekaru 12 wanda ya sha wahala daga FASD mai tsanani.]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7yl3uu16xile29c7ein5kbgqo8vpi92 0 169535 964628 953241 2026-10-08T06:37:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People ('''MOSOP) ''', kungiya ce ta zamantakewar al'umma da ke wakiltar 'yan asalin Ogoni <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2008 |title=Ogoni |url=http://unpo.org/members/7901 |access-date=13 December 2014 |website=unpo.org |publisher=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization}}</ref> na Jihar Rivers, Najeriya .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) |url=https://www.escr-net.org/member/movement-survival-ogoni-people-mosop |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=ESCR-Net |language=en}}</ref> Ogoni sun yi jayayya cewa Kamfanin Ci gaban Man Fetur na Shell (SPDC) , tare da sauran kamfanonin man fetur da [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin Najeriya]], [[Matsalolin Muhalli a Neja Delta|sun lalata mahallinsu]], sun gurɓata kogun su, kuma ba su ba da fa'idodi don dawo da babbar kudaden shiga na man fetur daga ƙasashensu ba.<ref name="HRW Nigeria95">{{Cite web |date=July 1995 |title=Nigeria, The Ogoni Crisis, Vol. 7, No. 5 |url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1995/Nigeria.htm |access-date=15 December 2014 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref name="Osaghae 1995">{{Cite journal |last=Osaghae |first=Eghosa E. |date=1995 |title=The Ogoni Uprising: Oil Politics, Minority Agitation and the Future of the Nigerian State |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_african-affairs_1995-07_94_376/page/325 |journal=African Affairs |volume=94 |issue=376 |pages=325–344 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098833 |issn=0001-9909 |jstor=723402 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Agbonifo |first=John |date=2009 |title=Oil, Insecurity, and Subversive Patriots in the Niger Delta: The Ogoni as Agent of Revolutionary Change |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45194563 |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=71–106 |issn=8755-3449 |jstor=45194563}}</ref> MOSOP kungiya ce mai wakiltar kimanin 700,000 Ogoni a cikin kamfen ɗin da ba na tashin hankali ba don [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]] a cikin [[Neja Delta|Delta na Nijar]] . <ref name="Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights 24th Session of the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations">{{Cite web |title=Ogoni: Oral Intervention on the Human Rights Situation of States and Territories threatened with Ex |url=http://unpo.org/content/view/5061/236/ |access-date=19 December 2014 |website=unpo.org |publisher=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510175840/https://unpo.org/content/view/5061/236/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="MSOP_About">{{Cite web |title=About Us – Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP) |url=http://www.mosop.org/about_us.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425003431/http://www.mosop.org/about_us.html |archive-date=25 April 2010 |access-date=27 May 2009}}</ref> zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da MOSOP da sauran kungiyoyin 'yan asalin yankin suka jagoranta ta hanyar' 'Yan sanda na Najeriya.<ref name="All for Shell">{{Cite web |last=Andrew Rowell |last2=Stephen Kretzmann |last3=Lowenstein Nigeria Project, Yale Law School |date=1 November 1996 |title=All for Shell: The Ogoni Struggle – A Project Underground Report |url=https://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2006/05/ALL_FOR_SHELL_2005_.pdf |access-date= |website=priceofoil.org}}</ref><ref name="HRW Reports526">{{Cite web |last=Manby |first=Bronwen |date=January 1999 |title=The Price of Oil |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/nigeria/Nigew991-05.htm#P526_156650 |access-date=16 December 2014 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> An kashe dubban Ogoni, an yi musu fyade, an yi wa su duka, an tsare su, ko kuma an tura su gudun hijira.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boele |first=Richard |last2=Fabig |first2=Heike |last3=Wheeler |first3=David |date=2001 |title=Shell, Nigeria and the Ogoni. A study in unsustainable development: I. The story of Shell, Nigeria and the Ogoni people - – environment, economy, relationships: conflict and prospects for resolution 1: Shell, Nigeria and the Ogoni I |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/sd.161 |journal=Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=74–86 |doi=10.1002/sd.161 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A ƙarshe an kawo kalubalen Ogoni ga ikon jihar ta hanyar [[Ogoni Nine|kisan shari'a na shugabannin Ogoni]], gami da mai magana da yawun kuma wanda ya kafa [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]], a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1995.<ref name=":1" /> An gano mai a cikin Delta na Nijar a shekara ta 1957. MOSOP an kafa ta ne a cikin 1990 da Ken Saro-Wiwa da shugabannin Ogoni lokacin da suka gabatar da Dokar Hakkin Ogoni ga gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya da kuma Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yan asalin ƙasar a Geneva. <ref name="Osaghae 1995" /> <ref name="Ogoni Bill of Rights">{{Cite web |title=Ogoni Bill of Rights |url=http://www.ogoniyouthnetwork.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Ogoni-Bill-of-Rights.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013164743/http://www.ogoniyouthnetwork.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Ogoni-Bill-of-Rights.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2017 |access-date=13 December 2014 |website=ogoniyouthnetwork.org |publisher=Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Obi |first=C. I. |last2=Development |first2=UN Research Institute for Social |date=2005 |title=Environmental movements in sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/543873 |language=en}}</ref> zanga-zangar Ogoni a karkashin jagorancin MOSOP wani bangare ne na farko da ba na tashin hankali ba na [[Rikici a yankin Neja Delta|rikici a cikin Delta na Nijar]]. A shekara ta 1994, MOSOP, tare da wanda ya kafa Ken Saro-Wiwa, sun sami lambar yabo ta Right Livelihood saboda jaruntakar da suka yi wajen yin gwagwarmaya ba tare da tashin hankali ba ga 'yancin farar hula, tattalin arziki da muhalli na mutanensu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ken Saro-Wiwa / Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People |url=https://www.rightlivelihoodaward.org/laureates/ken-saro-wiwa-movement-for-the-survival-of-the-ogoni-people/ |access-date=8 January 2020 |website=The Right Livelihood Award |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208050954/https://www.rightlivelihoodaward.org/laureates/ken-saro-wiwa-movement-for-the-survival-of-the-ogoni-people/ |archive-date=8 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == Matsalolin da mutanen Ogoni ke fuskanta sun samo asali ne a zamanin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya: <ref name=":0" /> iyakokin siyasa na Najeriya sune halittar wucin gadi na mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya, tare da sakamakon cewa kusan kabilun 300 sun karfafa cikin ƙasa ɗaya. <ref name="Pipe Dreams">{{Cite web |last=Nixon |first=Rob |date=January 1996 |title=Pipe Dreams: Ken Saro-Wiwa, Environmental Justice, and Micro-Minority Rights |url=http://english.wisc.edu/rdnixon/files/pipe_dreams.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220005732/http://english.wisc.edu/rdnixon/files/pipe_dreams.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2014 |access-date=December 19, 2014 |website=english.widc.edu |publisher=University of Wisconsin-Madison}}</ref> Mutanen Ogoni ƙananan kabilanci ne tare da mutane 500,000 kawai a cikin ƙasa sama da miliyan ɗari biyu. [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]], [[Inyamurai|Ibo]], da [[Hausa–Fulani|Hausa-Fulani]] ne suka mamaye siyasar Najeriya.<ref name="Pipe Dreams" /> Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya a shekarar 1960, kuma tun daga lokacin da yawancin jami'an da ba a zaba ba ne daga wadannan kungiyoyi suka mallake ta. Ogoni ba su da ikon siyasa da kariya ta tsarin mulki don sarrafa ƙasarsu ko dukiyar da aka karɓa daga gare ta.<ref name="Pipe Dreams" /><ref name=":0" /> Sauran kabilun da ke cikin Neja Delta suma kabilun ne.<ref name=":0" /> === Rarraba amfanin mai ba daidai ba === Gwamnatin Najeriya ta dogara ne gaba ɗaya akan fitar da mai, tare da mai yana da kashi 80% na kudaden shiga na gwamnati.<ref name="Nigerian Economy">{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Economy |url=http://nigerianembassy.nu/economy/ |access-date=19 December 2014 |publisher=Embassy of Nigeria, Stockholm Sweden}}</ref> Shell ita ce mafi yawan masu ruwa da tsaki, tana da kashi 47% na masana'antar ƙasa.<ref name="Pipe Dreams" /> Bankin Duniya ya kiyasta cewa amfanin mai yana ƙaruwa zuwa kashi 1% kawai na yawan jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kretzmann |first=Stephen |last2=Noouruddin |first2=Irfan |title=Drilling into Debt – An Investigation into the Relationship Between Debt and Oil |url=http://priceofoil.org/content/uploads/2011/01/DrillingIntoDebt.pdf |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=priceforoil.org |publisher=Oil Change International |ref=Drilling Into Debt}}</ref> Wata hira da aka yi da ita a shekarar 1995 tare da lauya Uche Onyeagocha ta rubuta cewa kungiyoyin 'yan tsiraru wadanda ƙasarsu ta zama tushen sama da kashi 90% na man Najeriya sun yi adawa da tsarin da ake amfani da shi don rarraba kudaden shiga na man fetur, wanda a karkashinsa tarayya, jihohi, da kananan hukumomi suna da kusan cikakken hankali game da rarraba kudurin man fetur.<ref name="HRW Nigeria95" /> A shekara ta 1995, Ogoniland ta dauki bakuncin filayen mai guda shida, masana'antun mai guda biyu, da taki da masana'antun man fetur. MOSOP ya kiyasta cewa an cire man fetur biliyan 30 daga ƙasarsu a cikin shekaru 30 da aka gano, kuma ba su sami fa'idodi ba amma sun ɗauki lalacewar muhalli na samar da man fetur ciki har da zubar da yawa; ƙonewar iskar gas; da zubarwar sharar gida.<ref name="Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights 24th Session of the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations" /><ref name=":0" /> ==== Cin hanci da rashawa ==== Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya na Afirka, Dokta Oby Ezekwesili, ya kiyasta cewa an sace dala biliyan 400 na kudaden shiga na man Najeriya ko kuma ya yi kuskure daga 1960 zuwa 1999. Wata hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta Najeriya ta kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 70% na kudaden shiga na mai sun lalace ko sun ɓace ga cin hanci. [[Nuhu Ribadu]]'s Task Force on Oil Revenue ya gano cewa kimanin dala biliyan 29 a cikin kudaden shiga na man fetur da iskar gas sun ɓace a cikin shekaru goma daga rage farashin da aka yi tsakanin kamfanonin mai da jami'an gwamnati. Rahoton ya yi zargin cewa 'yan kasuwa na kasa da kasa wani lokacin suna sayen mai ba tare da wani kwangila na al'ada ba, kuma kamfanin mai na jihar ya yi gajeren canji ga asusun ajiyar Najeriya ta hanyar sayar da mai da iskar gas ga kansa a ƙasa da farashin kasuwa. === Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Delta na Nijar === Da farko a ƙarshen shekarun 1950, kamfanonin mai na ƙasashe masu yawa sun fara karɓar ƙasar mallakar al'ummomin noma da kamun kifi na asali a cikin Delta na Nijar, wanda ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli. Mai magana da yawun MOSOP [[Ken Saro-Wiwa]] ya kira shi 'yaƙin muhalli': <blockquote>An hallaka ƙasar Ogoni gaba ɗaya....Ruwan mai, zubar da ruwa, raguwar mai, da gurɓataccen gurɓatawar gaba ɗaya suna tare da binciken mai....Kamfanonin mai sun kunna iskar gas a Najeriya a cikin shekaru talatin da uku da suka gabata wanda ya haifar da ruwan sama mai zafi....Abin da ya kasance kwandon burodi na delta yanzu ya zama cikakke. Duk abin da mutum ke gani da jin shi ne mutuwa. [[Rashin lalacewar muhalli]] ya kasance makami mai kisa a yakin da aka yi da 'yan asalin Ogoni.<ref name="Pipe Dreams" /></blockquote>Dukkanin [[Shell]] da [[Chevron]] sun yi aiki da rijiyoyin mai a Ogoniland . <ref name="Osaghae 1995" /> ==== Ruwan mai ==== Kididdiga daga [[Sashen Albarkatun man Fetur|Ma'aikatar albarkatun man fetur]] (DPR) ya nuna cewa tsakanin 1976 da 1996 jimlar abubuwan da suka faru 4,835 sun haifar da zubar da ganga sama da miliyan 2.4 na mai (gallon miliyan 102.7 na Amurka), wanda kimanin ganga miliyan 1.9 (gallon Amurka miliyan 79.7; kashi 77) sun ɓace ga muhalli. Mafi girma a Najeriya shi ne wani rijiyar da ke bakin teku a watan Janairun 1980, lokacin da akalla ganga 200,000 na mai (gallon miliyan 8.4 na Amurka), a cewar masana'antar mai, ya shiga cikin Tekun Atlantika daga wani wurin Texaco kuma ya lalata kadada 340 (840 acres) na mangroves. Garin Mangrove yana da matukar damuwa ga zubar da mai, saboda ƙasa tana tsoma mai kamar soso kuma tana sake sake shi a kowane lokacin ruwan sama.<ref name="HRW Reports526" /> DPR ta kiyasta cewa fiye da ganga 400,000 (gallon miliyan 16.8 na Amurka) an zubo su a cikin wannan lamarin. <ref name="HRW Reports526" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) |url=http://dpr.gov.ng/ |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-date=2022-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901044502/http://www.dpr.gov.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa na samar da ruwa na gida ya haifar da kisan kifi da kuma lalacewar tasirin gona.<ref name="HRW Nigeria95" /> ==== Gas yana ƙonewa ==== Najeriya ta kara yawan iskar gas da ke da alaƙa da hakar mai fiye da kowace ƙasa, tare da kimantawa kusan kashi 70% ya lalace ta hanyar fashewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2019 |title=Robin Hinsch: WAHALA {{!}} International Photography Magazine |url=http://internationalphotomag.com/robin-hinsch-wahala/ |access-date=23 January 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Wannan daidai yake da kashi 40% na amfani da iskar gas a Afirka a shekara ta 2001. Bayanan kididdigar da ke da alaƙa da fashewar gas ba su da tabbas, amma Najeriya na iya ɓata dala biliyan 2 a kowace shekara ta hanyar fashewar iskar gas. Ana yin flaring, saboda yana da tsada don raba iskar gas mai cinikayya daga man fetur. Kamfanoni da ke aiki a Najeriya suma suna girbe iskar gas don dalilai na kasuwanci amma sun fi son cire shi daga ajiya inda aka samu a ware a matsayin iskar gas da ba a haɗa shi ba. Don haka ana ƙone iskar gas don rage farashin. Hasken gas yana iya cutarwa ga al'ummomin da ke kusa, yayin da suke fitar da sunadarai masu guba ciki har da nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, kwayoyin halitta masu saurin canzawa, da kuma masu cutar kansa. Wadannan sunadarai na iya kara yawan [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], haifar da wahalar numfashi da ciwo, da kuma ciwon huhu. Hasken gas sau da yawa yana kusa da al'ummomi kuma a kai a kai ba shi da shinge ko kariya ga mazauna ƙauyen da ke cikin haɗarin aiki kusa da zafin su. Al'ummomi da yawa suna da'awar cewa flares da ke kusa suna haifar da ruwan sama wanda ke lalata gidajensu da sauran gine-gine, da yawa daga cikinsu suna da rufin [[zinc]]. Wasu mutane sun koma amfani da kayan asbestos, wanda ya fi karfi wajen kawar da lalacewar ruwan sama. Abin takaici, bayyanar asbestos yana ƙara haɗarin samar da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|Ciwon daji na huhu]], pleural da peritoneal mesothelioma, da asbestosis. ==== Tasirin ga mutanen Ogoni ==== A cikin bayanin tasirin waɗannan lalacewar muhalli a kan mutanensa, Shugaban MOSOP, Dokta Garrick Barile Leton ya bayyana a cikin 1991 cewa,<blockquote>Ƙasashe, rafi da koguna suna gaba ɗaya kuma suna ci gaba da gurɓata; yanayin yana da caji har abada tare da hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide da carbon dioxide; ƙauyuka da yawa suna fuskantar girgizar wuta ta fushin gas wanda ke ƙonewa awanni 24 a rana na tsawon shekaru 33; ruwan sama mai, zubar da man fetur sun zama ruwan dare. Sakamakon irin wannan gurɓataccen muhalli da lalacewa ba shine cewa (i) Ogoni ba za su iya noma da nasara ba. Da zarar kwandon abinci na gabashin Neja Delta, Ogoni yanzu suna sayen abinci (lokacin da za su iya sayen shi); (ii) Kifi, sau ɗaya tushen furotin na yau da kullun, yanzu yana da wuya. Saboda ci gaba da gurɓata kogunanmu da koguna, ana iya kama kifi ne kawai a cikin ruwa mai zurfi da na bakin teku wanda Ogoni ba su da kayan aiki. (iii) Dukkanin namun daji sun mutu. (iv) Ilimin muhalli yana canzawa da sauri. Itacen mangrove, tushen iska wanda yawanci ke ba da wurin zama na halitta da maraba ga yawancin abincin teku - crabs, periwinkles, mudskippers, cockles, mussels, shrimps da duka - yanzu ana maye gurbin su da shuke-shuke da ba a sani ba kuma in ba haka ba. (v) Haɗarin kiwon lafiya da ke tattare da yanayi da aka caje shi da hayaki na hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide da carbon dioxide ba su da iyaka.<ref name="Ogoni Bill of Rights" /></blockquote> ==== zanga-zangar farko ==== A cikin 1970, Ogoni Shugabannin da Dattawa na Hukumar Sashen Ogoni (W. Nzidee, F. Yowika, N. Ndegwe, E. Kobani, O. Nalelo, Cif A. Ngei da O. Ngofa), sun gabatar da takarda <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ken Saro-Wiwa, Excerpts from Saro-Wiwa on Shell in Ogoni |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/34a/022.html |website=www.hartford-hwp.com}}</ref> ga Gwamnan Sojojin yankin a matsayin korafi na musamman game da Shell, sannan suna aiki tare da BP.<ref name="Shell in Ogoni">{{Cite web |last=Ken Saro-Wiwa |title=Shell in Ogoni 1992 (Excerpt) |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/34a/022.html |access-date=21 December 2014}}</ref> Ya kawo sanarwa cewa kamfanin yana "tsananin barazana ga jin daɗin, har ma da rayuwar" Ogoni. Amsar Shell ita ce cewa karar ta kasance ƙoƙari ne na sanya ci gaba da sauran alhakin a kan kamfanin kuma cewa "haɗuwa ... ba ta da alaƙa da abin da ke faruwa a zahiri".<ref name="Shell in Ogoni" /> A watan Yulin 1970, an yi babban fashewa a Filin mai na Bomu a Ogoni, wanda ya ci gaba da makonni uku, wanda ya haifar da gurɓataccen gurɓata da fushi. P. Badom, na Ƙungiyar Matasan Dere, ya ba da wasika ta zanga-zanga, yana mai cewa:<blockquote> "Our rivers, rivulets and creeks are all covered with crude oil. We no longer breathe the natural oxygen, rather we inhale lethal and ghastly gases. Our water can no longer be drunk unless one wants to test the effect of crude oil on the body. We no longer use vegetables, they are all polluted."{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2022}} </blockquote>Mutanen Iko sun rubuta wa Shell a cikin 1980 suna neman "sake biyan kuɗi da maido da haƙƙoƙinmu na iska mai tsabta, ruwa da kuma yanayin da za mu iya samun hanyar rayuwarmu".<ref name="All for Shell" /> A shekara ta 1987, lokacin da Iko ta sake gudanar da zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a kan Shell, Rundunar 'yan sanda ta Mobile (MPF) ta lalata gidaje 40, kuma mutane 350 sun rasa gidaje.<ref name="All for Shell" /><blockquote>Ko'ina ya kasance shiru sannan a safiyar Mayu 21st ...yayin da muka farka da safe yawancin al'ummomin Ogoni sun cika da sojoji da 'yan sanda masu tafi-da-gidanka da ke dauke da makamai masu inganci. Ba mu san dalilin da ya sa suka zo ba, sai kawai lokacin da aka kashe fitattun 'ya'yan Ogoni huɗu daga baya da yammacin wannan rana ne mu a Ogoni muka taɓa sanin cewa akwai babban tsari don haifar da tashin hankali a Ogoni don ƙirƙirar uzuri ga gwamnati don aika da ƙarin sojoji <ref>{{Cite journal |last=(Delta Force, 1995). |title= |journal=}}</ref></blockquote> ==== Amsa ta kasa da kasa ==== Mutuwar Saro-Wiwa ta haifar da fushin kasa da kasa da kuma dakatar da Najeriya daga Commonwealth of Nations da kuma janyewar jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen waje da yawa daga Najeriya. A cewar Shugaban Kungiyar Likitoci ta Najeriya, waɗannan sune kisa mafi sauri a tarihin Afirka ta Yamma. Masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam na Najeriya da kungiyoyin adawa sun daɗe suna roƙon Commonwealth da Amurka da su sanya takunkumin tattalin arziki a kan gwamnatin Najeriya. Wannan sun yi jayayya shine lokacin da ya dace don "juya shinge a kan" gwamnatin soja ta Najeriya ta hanyar kauracewa man fetur. Amurka, wacce ke sayen rabin man Najeriya, ta ki ta hanyar sanarwar manema labarai. === 1994-ya zuwa yanzu === A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1994, ranar kasa ta Ogoni, rundunar tsaro ta cikin gida ta Rivers (RVISTF), ta kama masu fafutuka da yawa kuma ta mamaye kauyuka da yawa.{{Excerpt|Wiwa v. Royal Dutch Shell Co.}} ==== Bukatar cire Saro-Wiwa ==== A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2014, Shugaban MOSOP Legborsi Saro Pyagbara, a bikin cika shekaru 19 na "Ogoni Martyrs" da aka gudanar a Port Harcourt, Jihar Rivers, ya yi kira ga gwamnatin tarayya da ta wanke marigayi mai fafutuka, Ken Saro-Wiwa, da sauran mutanen Ogoni tara da gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha ta kashe saboda kisan kai. Pyagbara ya tuna cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wacce ke sa ido kan shari'ar Saro-Wiwa da Ogoni Nine, ta lura cewa hukuncin da aka dawo bai bi wani sanannen yanki ko na duniya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chinwo |first=Ernest |date=11 November 2014 |title=Nigeria: Clear Ken Saro-Wiwa, Others of Murder, MOSOP Urges Govt |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201411111319.html |access-date=16 December 2014 |website=allafrica.com}}</ref> Sabbin shaidu masu karfi sun nuna cewa sojojin Najeriya sun kashe dattawan Ogoni guda hudu wadanda kisan gillar da ya haifar da kisan marubucin wasan kwaikwayo da mai fafutuka Ken Saro-Wiwa a shekarar 1995. Shaidar ta kuma nuna cewa sanannen kwamandan soja Lieutenant-Colonel Paul Okuntimo, wanda dakarunsa ke da hannu a wasu laifuka, yana cikin biyan Shell a lokacin kisan kuma an kori shi a cikin motar Shell.<ref name="Ken Saro-Wiwa was fraqmed">{{Cite web |last=Rowell |first=Andy |last2=Lubbers |first2=Eveline |date=5 December 2010 |title=Ken Saro-Wiwa was framed, secret evidence shows |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/ken-sarowiwa-was-framed-secret-evidence-shows-2151577.html |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=independent.co.uk}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j7xpig3xif9exofd5884xaawdj1tbh1 0 169579 964625 930213 2026-10-08T06:31:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:Jonava_Railway_Station_in_Jonava,_Lithuania_in_2023.jpg|alt=Jonava Railway Station| Tashar Jirgin Kasa ta Jonava File:Jonavos_I_tvenkinys_-_panoramio.jpg|alt=Pond in Jonava| Tafki a Jonava File:Dviraciu_taku_parkas_02.jpg|alt=Bike lane with a monument| Layin keke mai abin tarihi File:Jonava,_politechnikos_mokykla.JPG|alt=Polytechnic School of Jonava| Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jonava File:Lietavos_pagrindinė_mokykla_(kelias).JPG|alt="Lietava" Secondary School| Makarantar Sakandare ta "Lietava" File:Jonava_library.jpg|alt=Library of Jonava| Laburare na Jonava File:Jonava_Culture_Center_in_Jonava,_Lithuania_in_2021.jpg|alt=Jonava Culture Center| Cibiyar Al'adu ta Jonava File:Laikrodžio_a..JPG|alt=Jonas Basanavičius Street| Titin Jonas Basanavičius File:Central_stadium_of_Jonava.jpg|alt=Central stadium of Jonava| Babban filin wasa na Jonava File:The_railway_bridge_in_Jonava001.jpg|alt=Railway bridge over Neris| Gadar jirgin ƙasa ta kan Neris File:Jonavos_Holokausto_vieta_Girelės_kaime_-_panoramio.jpg|alt=Monument for the Holocaust victims in Girelė village| Abin tunawa ga waɗanda aka yi wa [[The Holocaust|kisan kiyashi]] a ƙauyen Girelė File:Celebration_of_Joninės_in_Jonava,_Lithuania_in_2008.jpg|alt=Celebration of Saint Jonas's Festival in Jonava| Bikin Bikin Saint Jonas a Jonava </gallery>  '''Jonava''' ( pronunciation ⓘ) ) ita ce birni na tara mafi girma a [[Lithuania]], mai yawan jama'a kusan {{Circa|30,000}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2016 |title=Lietuvos Statistikos Departmentas |url=http://www.db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/savaselections.asp?MainTable=M3010210&PLanguage=0&TableStyle=Buttons=&PXSId=3239&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Lietuvos Statistikos Departmentas |publisher=Lietuvos Statistikos Departmentas}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020}}</ref> <ref name="JonavaVle">{{Cite web |last=Misius |first=Kazys |last2=Miškinis |first2=Algimantas |title=Jonava |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/jonava/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija]] |language=lt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jonava, Lithuania |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/interculturalcities/jonava |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[Council of Europe]]}}</ref> Tana cikin gundumar Kaunas a tsakiyar Lithuania, {{Convert|30|km|mi}} arewa maso gabashin Kaunas, birni na biyu mafi girma a Lithuania. <ref name="JonavaVle" /> Filin jirgin saman Kaunas na duniya ne ke yi masa hidima. ''Achema'', babbar masana'antar taki a jihohin Baltic, tana kusa da birnin. <ref name="JonavaVle" /> Wani lokaci ana kiran birnin "babban birnin hutun tsakiyar lokacin rani " ( Lithuanian ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=JKC: Joninės bus kitokios, bet be šventės neliksime |url=https://www.jonavoszinios.lt/naujiena/jkc-jonines-bus-kitokios-bet-be-sventes-neliksime |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Jonavoszinios.lt |language=lt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2024 |title=Trumpiausia metų naktis ne už kalnų: kur švęsti Jonines? |url=https://rinkosaikste.lt/trumpiausia-metu-naktis-ne-uz-kalnu-kur-svesti-jonines/ |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Rinkosaikste.lt |language=lt}}</ref> Dubban 'yan asalin ƙasar da baƙi suna bikin tsakiyar lokacin rani a Jonava kowace shekara. <ref name="JoninesDelfi" /> Kowace shekara a lokacin hutun tsakiyar lokacin rani, ana ayyana Jonava a matsayin 'Jamhuriyar Johns' na kwana ɗaya ( Lithuanian ). <ref name="JR">{{Cite web |title=Kviečia Jonų Respublika |url=https://www.jonava.lt/gyventojams/naujienos/29/kviecia-jonu-respublika:4342 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Jonava.lt |language=lt}}</ref> <ref name="JR2">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2021 |title=Jonų ir Janinų respublika pasiskelbusi Jonava ruošiasi Joninių nakčiai: saugių pramogų netrūks |url=https://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/irasas/2000157273/jonu-ir-janinu-respublika-pasiskelbusi-jonava-ruosiasi-joniniu-nakciai-saugiu-pramogu-netruks |website=[[Lithuanian National Radio and Television]] |language=lt}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaip niekad šventiška Jonų Respublika |url=https://www.jkc.lt/naujiena/?id=384 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=Jkc1.lt |language=lt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125192130/https://www.jkc.lt/naujiena/?id=384 |archive-date=25 January 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jonava skelbiama Jonų Respublika |url=https://sc.bns.lt/view/item/148288 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[Baltic News Service]] |language=lt}}</ref> Jamhuriyar Johns ta Jonava tana da dubban 'yan ƙasa ba kawai daga Lithuania ba, har ma daga ƙasashen waje da yawa (misali [[Poland]], [[Kroatiya|Croatia]], [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], [[Italiya]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da sauransu). <ref name="JR" /> <ref name="JR2" /> Waɗanda suka bayar da takardu da ke tabbatar da cewa sunayensu John ne ( Lithuanian : Jonas ) ko Janina ne kawai suka cancanci neman takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Jamhuriyar Johns. <ref name="JoninesDelfi">{{Cite web |title=Šalyje švenčiamos Joninės, Jonava pasiskelbė Jonų Respublika |url=https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/salyje-svenciamos-jonines-jonava-pasiskelbe-jonu-respublika-58984203 |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=[[DELFI]] |language=lt}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Dominik Kossakowski, wanda ya kafa garin Jonava da Stalininkas na Samogitia, ya sanya wa garin suna "Janów" don girmama mahaifinsa Jan Mikołaj Kossowski lokacin da ya kafa garin kusa da [[Skaruliai Manor|gidan Skaruliai]] . A wasu harsuna ana kiran garin da: Yiddish ; Polish ; German . == Tarihi == [[File:Janow.webp|left|thumb| Zane na Jonava a shekarar 1915]] [[File:Commemoration_of_the_500th_anniversary_of_the_death_of_Vytautas_the_Great_in_Jonava,_Lithuania_in_1930.jpg|left|thumb| Tunawa da cika shekaru 500 da mutuwar Vytautas the Great a Jonava a shekarar 1930]] An kafa Jonava a hukumance a matsayin birni a ƙarni na 18 a lokacin mulkin Tarayyar Poland da Lithuania . A shekara ta 1750, an gina cocin katako na farko a Jonava. A shekarar 1778, wani kamfanin giya yana aiki a garin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jonavos rajono istorijos datos |url=http://www.jonbiblioteka.lt/index.php/lt/krastotyra/jonavos-krasto-istorija-ir-datos/381-jonavos-rajono-istorijos-datos |website=jonbiblioteka.lt}}</ref> A kusan shekarar 1812, [[Napoleon]] da rundunarsa suka mamaye garin da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye da shi. A shekarar 1923, an amince da Jonava a matsayin mazaunin birni kuma a shekarar 1950 ta zama cibiyar karamar hukumar. Birnin yana da yawan Yahudawa kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. A shekarar 1893, kashi 92% na al'ummar Yahudawa ne, kuma a shekarar 1941 kashi 80% ne. A shekarar 1932 akwai shaguna 250 mallakar iyalan Yahudawa, bankin Yahudawa, majami'u 7 da kuma makarantar Yahudawa. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu , Jamus ta Nazi ta kai wa Jonava hari. An lalata cocin Kirista da majami'un Yahudawa guda biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BFL |first=UAB |title=Žydai Lietuvoje - Jonava |url=http://www.zydai.lt/lt/content/viewitem/703/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325092743/http://www.zydai.lt/lt/content/viewitem/703/ |archive-date=2015-03-25 |access-date=2012-11-05 |website=www.zydai.lt}}</ref> An kashe Yahudawan birnin a kisan kiyashi guda biyu, a watan Agusta da Satumba na 1941. An kashe jimillar mutane 2,108 ta hannun rundunar Einsatzgruppen ta Jamusawa da kuma rundunar kare kai ta Lithuania . <ref>{{Cite web |last=www.atease.lt |first=Created atEase |title=Holocaust Atlas of Lithuania |url=http://www.holocaustatlas.lt/EN/#a_atlas/search/vcntfr=1000.vcntto=5000/page/2/item/73/ |website=www.holocaustatlas.lt}}</ref> An tsare sauran Yahudawa 200 a kurkuku a yankin Kaunas . Bayan yaƙin, birnin ya gina mafi girman masana'antar taki a jihohin Baltic kuma Jonava ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen masana'antu guda 4 a Lithuania. == Bala'in Muhalli == [[File:Indoor_pool_in_Jonava,_Lithuania_in_2023.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Wurin waha a Jonava]] [[File:Janina_Miščiukaitė_School_of_Art_in_Jonava,_Lithuania_in_2015.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Janina Miščiukaitė Makarantar Art]] Fashewa ta faru a masana'antar takin zamani masu sinadarai a ranar 20 ga Maris 1989, wanda ya haifar da zubewar kusan tan 7,500 na ruwa mai dauke da sinadarin ammonia . [[Masifa|Bala'in]] ya ƙara rikidewa zuwa gobara a cikin cibiyar nitrophosphate da rumbunan [[Taki|takin zamani]], wanda ya gurɓata yanayi da kayayyakin ƙonewa, kamar nitrous oxide da chlorine . Gajimaren mai guba ya karkata zuwa [[Ukmergė]], Širvintos da Kėdainiai . Yawan sinadarin ammonia ya zarce matakin da aka yarda da shi da kashi 150 a Upninkai, a kashi 10&nbsp;kilomita daga wurin da bala'in ya faru. Kwana ɗaya bayan hatsarin, wani gajimare mai guba 7&nbsp;faɗin kilomita 50 da kuma faɗin kilomita 50&nbsp;An yi rikodin tsawon kilomita tsakanin Jonava da Kėdainiai . Mutane bakwai sun mutu a lokacin gobarar da kuma zubar da sinadarin ammonia nan da nan bayan haka, mutane 29 sun nakasa, kuma adadi mai yawa na mutane sun sha wahala daga bugun zuciya da na numfashi. Duk da haka, ba a san ainihin girman barnar da tasirin lafiyar da abin ya haifar ba. Abin da aka sani shi ne cewa shan ammonia [[Juna biyu|a lokacin daukar ciki]], musamman a lokacin ƙuruciya na iya haifar da mummunan lalacewar kwakwalwa . == Wasanni == Birnin yana da nasa "cibiyar al'adu da wasanni" tare da filin wasa, wurin ninkaya da kuma filin wasa na cikin gida . An riga an sanar da cewa birnin zai gina sabon babban filin wasa na cikin gida "BC Jonava". === Kwallon kafa === * [[FK Jonava]] yana wasa a gasar A Lyga – First Football Division na Lithuania * [[FK Jonava B]] - ƙungiya ta biyu ta FK Jonava, wacce ke wasa a Rukunin Uku na Lithuania === Wasanni === Ƙungiyar wasanni [[Maratonas|ta Maratonas]] ta lashe lambobin yabo 4 a gasar Marathon ta Vilnius . <ref>{{Cite web |title=DANSKE BANK VILNIAUS MARATONAS |url=http://www.vilniausmaratonas.lt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31&Itemid=21&lang=en |website=www.vilniausmaratonas.lt}}</ref> === Kwando === Jonava yana da ƙungiyar [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]], wanda aka kafa a 1969; [[Jonava SK Malsta]] yana wasa a cikin Ƙwallon Kwando na Ƙasa ( ''Nacionalinė Krepšinio Lyga'' ). Haka kuma akwai kungiyar kwallon kwando ta mata mai suna BC Jonava wacce ta samu lambobin tagulla a gasar kwallon kwando ta mata ta biyu ( [[Nacionalinė moterų krepšinio lyga]] ). === Wasan ƙwallon raga === Jonava tana da ƙungiyar ƙwallon raga ta mata mai ƙarfi Achema-KKSC wacce ke wasa a gasar zakarun Turai mafi girma A Grupė . A shekara ta 2010, Jonava ta gudanar da ''gasar cin kofin ƙwallon raga ta Alfredas Ogonauskas'' ta ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Savaitgalį Jonavoje tinklinio šventė >> Sportas.info - Lietuvos sporto veidrodis |url=http://www.sportas.info/naujienos/144.html |website=sportas.info}}</ref> === Gasassun gasa === Jonava kuma tana karbar bakuncin wasu gasannin da ba na yau da kullun ba. A lokacin hutun tsakiyar lokacin rani, an yi bikin "Kofin Shugaban Kasa na Jamhuriyar Jonas" na [[Gasar Tseren Motoci|Rally]] Slalom . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neegzistuoja - Serveriai.lt |url=http://junior.ajags.lt/2009/05/joniniu-slalomas-2009-jonavoje/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412044704/http://junior.ajags.lt/2009/05/joniniu-slalomas-2009-jonavoje/ |archive-date=12 April 2010 |access-date=11 March 2010 |website=junior.ajags.lt}}</ref> A lokutan bazara akwai wasu gasannin kekuna ko gasannin ƙetare ƙasa-ƙasa lokaci-lokaci. == Fitattun mazauna == * Linas Balčiūnas, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), ɗan tseren keke na Olympics. * Arnoldas Burkovskis (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967), manaja * Vydas Dolinskas, (an haife shi 1970), masanin kimiyyar fasaha * Isra'ila Davidson (1870–1939), marubuci * Dominykas Galkevičius (an haife shi a shekara ta 1986) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila * SJ Goldsmith (1915–1995), ɗan jarida kuma edita * Laurynas Gucevičius, m * Andrius Janukonis, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971), ɗan kasuwa * Grigorijus Kanovičius, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1929), marubuci Bayahude * Dainius Kreivys, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1970), ɗan siyasa, Ministan Tattalin Arziki * [[Juozapas Antanas Kosakovskis]], janar, mai taimakawa Napoleon * Darius Maskoliūnas, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1971) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando * [[Abra Abrahamas Meirsonas]], farfesa a fannin tiyatar jijiyoyi a Harvard * [[Janina Miščiukaitė]] (1948-2008), mawaƙa * Abraham Myerson, (1881–1948), likitan kwakwalwa, likitan tabin hankali, masanin zamantakewa * [[Jeronimas Ralys]] (1876-1921), mai fassara kuma likita * Ričardas Tamulis (1938–2008), ɗan dambe * Artūras Zuokas, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), ɗan kasuwa, tsohon magajin garin Vilnius == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:Jonava_Railway_Station_in_Jonava,_Lithuania_in_2023.jpg|alt=Jonava Railway Station| Tashar Jirgin Kasa ta Jonava File:Jonavos_I_tvenkinys_-_panoramio.jpg|alt=Pond in Jonava| Tafki a Jonava File:Dviraciu_taku_parkas_02.jpg|alt=Bike lane with a monument| Layin keke mai abin tarihi File:Jonava,_politechnikos_mokykla.JPG|alt=Polytechnic School of Jonava| Makarantar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jonava File:Lietavos_pagrindinė_mokykla_(kelias).JPG|alt="Lietava" Secondary School| Makarantar Sakandare ta "Lietava" File:Jonava_library.jpg|alt=Library of Jonava| Laburare na Jonava File:Jonava_Culture_Center_in_Jonava,_Lithuania_in_2021.jpg|alt=Jonava Culture Center| Cibiyar Al'adu ta Jonava File:Laikrodžio_a..JPG|alt=Jonas Basanavičius Street| Titin Jonas Basanavičius File:Central_stadium_of_Jonava.jpg|alt=Central stadium of Jonava| Babban filin wasa na Jonava File:The_railway_bridge_in_Jonava001.jpg|alt=Railway bridge over Neris| Gadar jirgin ƙasa ta kan Neris File:Jonavos_Holokausto_vieta_Girelės_kaime_-_panoramio.jpg|alt=Monument for the Holocaust victims in Girelė village| Abin tunawa ga waɗanda aka yi wa [[The Holocaust|kisan kiyashi]] a ƙauyen Girelė File:Celebration_of_Joninės_in_Jonava,_Lithuania_in_2008.jpg|alt=Celebration of Saint Jonas's Festival in Jonava| Bikin Bikin Saint Jonas a Jonava </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1gnr7p293spmrwdljz2gusraiwrifxl 0 169893 964429 931639 2026-10-07T19:01:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <gallery> File:Tshikapa_Market-of-Reconciliation02.jpg|alt=Market of Reconciliation.| Kasuwar Sulhu. File:Tshikapa_ReferralHospital.jpg|alt=Referral Hospital.| Asibitin da aka tura. File:Tshikapa_SaintAndre_church02.jpg|alt=Saint Andre Church.| Cocin Saint Andre. File:Tshikapa_StVincentdePaul_church.jpg|alt=St Vincent de Paul Church.| Cocin St Vincent de Paul. File:Tshikapa_TshikapaBridge02.jpg|alt=Bridge over a river in Tshikapa.| Gadar da ke kan kogi a Tshikapa. </gallery>'''Tshikapa''' babban birnin lardin Kasaï ne a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] . Birnin yana da murabba'in {{Cvt|60|km}} arewacin kan iyakar [[Angola]] da {{Cvt|189|km}} yamma da [[Kananga]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Earth |url=https://earth.google.com/web/search/Kananga,+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo/@-6.22261173,21.52196264,686.89215919a,204715.11911396d,35y,-0h,0t,0r/data=CigiJgokCebaNzNbRTlAEefaNzNbRTnAGSF4xDTW6zhAITxRZMAozlTA}}</ref> a mahadar kogin Tshikapa da Kasai. A cewar bayanan da dakin karatu na Jami'ar Utrecht ya wallafa, yawan mutanen birnin ya karu daga 38,900 a shekarar 1970 zuwa 180,900 a shekarar 1994. Duk da haka, [[Yaƙin Kongo na farko|yaƙe-yaƙen Congo]] da tawayen Kamwina Nsapu sun haifar da ɗimbin ƙaura a cikin gida, inda mazauna da yawa suka tsere daga tashin hankali ko kuma suka ƙaura na ɗan lokaci. Rahoton Jama'a na Duniya ya kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2025, yawan jama'ar Tshikapa da kuma yawan birane da ke kewaye da ita ya kai 1,185,920. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population of Tshikapa |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/dr-congo/tshikapa}}</ref> Tshikapa wuri ne da ake haƙo lu'u-lu'u tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a farkon ƙarni na 20. Forminière, wata ƙungiyar haƙar ma'adinai ta Amurka/Belgium wadda ta gano lu'u-lu'u kusa da wannan wuri a farkon shekarun 1900 ne ta kafa birnin. Filin jirgin saman Tshikapa ne ke yi wa birnin hidima. Masana'antar lu'u-lu'u ita ce babbar hanyar samun kudin shiga ga birnin{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2016}} . Duk da haka, ba shi da kyau kuma kaɗan ne daga cikin hanyoyin da aka yi wa shimfida. == Tarihi == An kafa Tshikapa a farkon shekarun 1900 ta ƙungiyar ma'adinai ta Amurka da Belgium Forminière . Birnin ya bunƙasa cikin sauri sakamakon [[Yaƙin Kongo na farko|Yaƙin Kwango na Farko]] kuma yanzu yana da yawan mutanen da suka rasa matsuguni a cikin gida. A watan Afrilun 2020, gadar babbar hanya ta N1 mai shekaru 78 ta ruguje cikin kogin Kasai, lamarin da ya haifar da katsewar hanyoyin sufuri da tattalin arziki na yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2021 |title=Réhabilitation du pont Kasaï : l'ACAJ recommande à l'Office des Routes de faire réaliser ces travaux dans le respect du cahier de charge |url=https://linterview.cd/rehabilitation-du-pont-kasai-lacaj-recommande-a-loffice-des-routes-de-faire-realiser-ces-travaux-dans-le-respect-du-cahier-de-charge/}}</ref> == Hanya == Birnin yana kan hanyar haɗuwar kogunan Tshikapa da Kasai da kuma haɗuwar manyan hanyoyin R706 da N01. Birnin ya ƙunshi gine-gine masu hawa 1 da 2 na tubalan laka tare da rufin ƙarfe, yayin da tsakiyar birnin da ke kudancin mahaɗar kogin ke da wasu gine-gine masu ƙarin benaye. An gina gada ta biyu a fadin kogin Kasai a arewacin mahaɗar a shekarar 2014. <ref name="afdb_org">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2019 |title=DRC - Upgrading of the Tshikapa – Mbuji Mayi Road, Tshikapa –Kamuesha Section (87 Km) and Rehabilitation of Rural Ancillary Agricultural Infrastructure - RAP Summary |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/document/drc-upgrading-of-the-tshikapa-mbuji-mayi-road-tshikapa-kamuesha-section-87-km-and-rehabilitation-of-rural-ancillary-agricultural-infrastructure-rap-summary-49299}}</ref> Akwai tashar tace ruwa da ke tsakiyar hanyar a mahadar manyan hanyoyin R706 da N01. Filin jirgin saman Tshikapa yana gefen kudu na tsakiyar birnin. Birnin yana da makarantun firamare guda 67 da sakandare guda 36. [[File:Tshikapa_Bridge_2022.jpg|thumb| Sabuwar gadar Kogin Kasai da ke Tshikapa]] Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, birnin Tshikapa yana da asibitoci 3, otal-otal 15, Cibiyoyin Yankuna shida, kotu ɗaya, zauren gari ɗaya, ofishin babban bankin ƙasa ɗaya da kuma wurin tsaftace ruwa da ba a gina ba. Banda Tshikapa, only two out of the six permanent markets were numbered a kan manyan titunan biyu a cikin garin. Yawancin kasuwanni a birnin ba su da kayayyakin more rayuwa na yau da kullun, domin yawancin kayayyakin ana nuna su ne a ƙasa ko kuma a cikin rumfunan wucin gadi. An sake gina hanyar da ke tsakanin Batshamba da Tshikapa tsakanin 2012 da 2019, wanda hakan ya samar da damar shiga birnin cikin aminci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Democratic Republic of Congo - Batshamba-Tshikapa Road Improvement Project: Loange Bridge - Lovua Bridge Section |url=https://projectsportal.afdb.org/dataportal/VProject/show/P-CD-DB0-002}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tshikapa tana da filayen wasa guda biyu na ƙwallon ƙafa, ɗaya tana arewacin Kogin Tshikapa da ake kira Filin wasa na Dibumba da kuma ɗaya a kudancin kogin da ake kira Filin wasa na Kanzala. Birnin yana da lamba 125&nbsp;kilomita zuwa arewacin Mahadar Kan Iyakar [[Angola]] a Dundo . Kabodi gari ne da ke kusa da gabas, Sami a kudu, Katshongo a yamma da Mutena a arewa. == Tattalin Arziki == Manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki sune noma da haƙa lu'u-lu'u a Lardin Kasai . Tshikapa ita ce kawai gari a lardin da ke da ayyukan gudanarwa. <ref name="afdb_org" /> Birnin yana da ƙarancin damar samun wutar lantarki, iskar gas da kuma ruwan sha mai tsafta. == Yanayi == Tshikapa tana da yanayi mai cike da wurare masu zafi na savanna ( [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|Köppen]] ''Aw'' ), wanda ya yi kama da na yammacin Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, tare da lokacin rani ya shiga watan Yuni da Yuli, kuma lokacin damina mai tsawo amma ba mai tsanani ba ne daga Satumba zuwa Mayu. == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> File:Tshikapa_Market-of-Reconciliation02.jpg|alt=Market of Reconciliation.| Kasuwar Sulhu. File:Tshikapa_ReferralHospital.jpg|alt=Referral Hospital.| Asibitin da aka tura. File:Tshikapa_SaintAndre_church02.jpg|alt=Saint Andre Church.| Cocin Saint Andre. File:Tshikapa_StVincentdePaul_church.jpg|alt=St Vincent de Paul Church.| Cocin St Vincent de Paul. File:Tshikapa_TshikapaBridge02.jpg|alt=Bridge over a river in Tshikapa.| Gadar da ke kan kogi a Tshikapa. </gallery> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Biranen Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cqblc6rv57yytok2hh333n3l8amamhf 0 170124 964566 959388 2026-10-08T01:19:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''National Chambal Sanctuary''', wanda kuma ake kira '''National Chambal Gharial na daji Sanctuary''', {{Cvt|5400|km2}} yanki mai kariya daga jihohi uku a arewacin Indiya don kare gharial mai fuskantar barazanar fuskantar barazanar, kunkuru mai jan kambun rufin da kuma dolphin kogin Ganges [[Dokar Nau'in Halittu|mai fuskantar barazanar fuskantar barazanar]] . Tana kan kogin Chambal kusa da yankin [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] da [[Uttar Pradesh]], an fara ayyana ta a Madhya Pradesh a shekarar 1978, kuma yanzu ta ƙunshi wani dogon yanki mai faɗi na muhalli wanda jihohi uku ke gudanarwa tare. A cikin wurin ibada, kogin Chambal mai tsarki yana ratsa ta cikin ramukan kwaruruka da tuddai tare da rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da yawa. Yana cikin yankin dazuzzukan Khathiar-Gir masu busassun bishiyoyi . == Tarihi == An bayar da amincewar gwamnati ga gwamnatin Indiya don kafa wurin ibada na National Chambal a cikin Umarni mai lamba 17-74/77-FRY (WL) mai kwanan wata 30 ga Satumba 1978. Wurin Tsarkaka yana da matsayin wurin tsarkaka a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 18(1) na [[Dokar Rayuwa ta daji (Kariya), 1972|Dokar Kare Namun Daji ta 1972]] . Tunda jihohi daban-daban ne ke aiwatar da irin wannan sanarwar game da yankin da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsu, akwai sanarwa daban-daban guda uku da suka shafi Wurin Tsabtace Ƙasa na Chambal - an buga ɓangaren [[Madhya Pradesh]] a cikin Sanarwar Gwamnatin Madhya Pradesh Mai Lamba F.15/5/77-10(2) mai kwanan wata 20 ga Disamba 1978, an buga ɓangaren Uttar Pradesh a cikin Sanarwar Gwamnatin Uttar Pradesh Mai Lamba 7835/XIV-3-103-78 mai kwanan wata 29 ga Janairu 1979 kuma an buga ɓangaren Rajasthan a cikin Sanarwar Gwamnatin Rajasthan Mai Lamba F.11(12) Rev.8/78 mai kwanan wata 7 ga Disamba 1979. An kare wurin mafakar a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Namun Daji ta Indiya ta 1972. Ma'aikatar Daji ce ke kula da wurin ibadar, a ƙarƙashin Jami'in Ayyuka, wanda hedikwatarsa ke Morena, Madhya Pradesh. == Fauna == [[File:Big_Mama_National_Chambal_sanctuary_01.jpg|thumb| Gharial a Kogin Chambal]] [[File:Red-crowned_roofed_turtle.jpg|thumb| Kunkuru mai jan kambun rufin gida a cikin wurin ibada]] [[File:GangeticDolphin.jpg|thumb| Dabbar Ganges]] [[File:Skimmer1.jpg|thumb| Wani ɗan ƙasar Indiya mai hawan kwale-kwale a kogin Chambal]] Kunkurun da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa da kuma kunkuru mai launin ja suna nan, kuma tare da dabbar dolphin da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa su ne nau'in dabbar dolphin da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa a wurin. Sauran manyan mazauna wurin da ke fuskantar barazanar zama a wurin sun hada da kada mai kama da kaji, damisa mai santsi, kura mai ratsi da kuma kerkeci na Indiya . Chambal yana tallafawa nau'ikan kunkuru guda 8 daga cikin nau'ikan [[Afifiya|kunkuru]] guda 26 da ba kasafai ake samu a Indiya ba, ciki har da kunkuru mai laushi mai kai mai ƙunci, kunkuru mai layuka uku a rufin da kuma kunkuru mai kambi a kogi . Sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe da ke zaune a nan sune: kunkuru mai laushi, kunkuru mai rufin Indiya, kunkuru mai tanti na Indiya da ƙadangaren kula . <ref name="NCSchecklist">{{Cite web |title=Reptiles & Mammals, Checklist of National Chambal Sanctuary |url=http://nationalchambalsanctuary.in/check_list.html |access-date=2010-12-28 |publisher=Wildlife wing of the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514135525/http://nationalchambalsanctuary.in/check_list.html |archive-date=2011-05-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dabbobin da ba su da damuwa sosai waɗanda ke zaune a nan sun haɗa da: rhesus macaque, Hanuman langur, [[Dila|golden jackal]], Bengal fox, common palm civet, ƙaramin mongoose na Asiya, Indian tork mongoose, daji mage, daji alade, sambar, nilgai, blackbuck, Indian barewa, northern palm squirrel, Indian crested porcupine, Indian zomo, Indian fox mai tashi da kuma Indian dogayen kunne bushiya . <ref name="NCSchecklist" /> An sanya wurin ajiye tsuntsaye na ƙasa a cikin jerin wurare masu muhimmanci (IBA) IN122. <ref name="BLI">{{Cite web |title=IN122 National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary (Agra/Etawah) |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=18426 |access-date=2010-12-29 |website=Sites - Important Bird Areas (IBAs) |publisher=[[BirdLife International]]}}</ref> kuma wani [[Wajen Ramsar|wuri ne da aka tsara Ramsar]] . Akalla nau'ikan tsuntsaye 320 ne ke zaune a wurin da aka ajiye su da kuma waɗanda ke ƙaura. Tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura daga Siberia suna cikin wani ɓangare na dabbobin [[Tsuntsu|da ke da wadata a cikin dabbobinta]] . Nau'in tsuntsaye masu rauni a nan sun haɗa da injin skimmer na Indiya, <ref name="kb">{{Cite web |title=National Chambal Sanctuary |url=http://www.kolkatabirds.com/chambal.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610161614/http://www.kolkatabirds.com/chambal.htm |archive-date=10 June 2011 |access-date=2010-12-29 |website=Birds of India |publisher=Kolkata Birds}}</ref> crane na sarus, gaggafa na kifi na Pallas da kuma jirgin ruwan Indiya . Harrier mai launin shuɗi da ƙaramin flamingo suna fuskantar barazana . Masu ziyartar lokacin hunturu sun haɗa da tern mai launin baƙi, pochard mai launin ja, pochard mai launin ferroginous da goose mai kaifi . Sauran nau'ikan sun haɗa da babban gwiwa mai kauri, babban flamingo, darter, da kuma boobook mai launin ruwan kasa . == Flora == Tsire-tsire da aka fi sani a wurin ibada sun haɗa da khair ( ''Acacia catechu'' ), palash ( ''Butea monosperma'' ), Indian elm tree ( ''Holoptelea integrifolia'' ), Indian plum ( ''Ziziphus mauritiana'' ) da kuma ciyayi a ɓangarorin biyu na kogin. == Ayyukan baƙi == Akwai damarmaki da dama na kallon yanayi ga baƙi zuwa wurin ajiyar namun daji na National Chambal. Za a iya samun mafi kyawun damar gani da ɗaukar hotunan tsuntsayen garial da dolphin ta hanyar hayar jirgin ruwa tare da direba da jagora, waɗanda ake samu a wurare da dama a gefen kogin. Yawon shakatawa na jirgin ruwa zai kuma ba da damar ganin wurare da yawa na kallon tsuntsayen ruwa da na bakin teku da kuma shimfidar wurare. Hanyoyin tafiya a cikin kwaruruka da kuma gefen kogin suna ba da damammaki don lura da nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi iri-iri a cikin wurin ibada. Akwai wuraren shiga motocin jama'a zuwa Chambal Sanctuary a Pinahat, [[Nandagon]] Ghat, [[Sehson]] da [[Bharch]] . Ana iya yin shirye-shiryen tafiya da jirgin ruwa da kuma ziyara tare da taimakon ofishin Conservator of Forests, da ke Kota. <ref name="NCSmap">{{Cite web |title=Maps of National Chambal Sanctuary |url=http://nationalchambalsanctuary.in/maps.html |access-date=2010-12-28 |publisher=Wildlife wing of the Uttar Pradesh Forest Department |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163308/http://nationalchambalsanctuary.in/maps.html |archive-date=2011-07-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Masu ziyara za su iya bincika Ater Fort, wani kyakkyawan wuri mai tarihi amma ya lalace kusa da garin Ater, 35&nbsp;kilomita daga Bhind . Sarakunan Bhadauria Badan Singh, Maha Singh da Bakhat Singh ne suka gina sansanin a tsakanin shekarar 1664-1698. Sansanin yana gefen kogin Chambal kuma ana iya isa da bas, jeep ko kwale-kwale. Akwai gidajen hutawa na daji a Bah da [[Chakkar Nagar]], kuma akwai gidajen duba gidaje na Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a a Bah da Pinahat . Akwai otal-otal na kasuwanci da gidajen kwana na muhalli da dama a [[Agra]], Etawah da Bah. Filin jirgin sama mafi kusa yana Agra. Tashar jirgin ƙasa mafi kusa tana Agra. Agra da Mathura manyan hanyoyin haɗin jirgin ƙasa ne da jiragen ƙasa da dama daga ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Bharatpur, Ranthambhor National Park (tare da canji a Bharatpur), Bandhavgarh National Park (Katni, Umaria) da Kanha National Park (Jabalpur) duk suna da kyakkyawan sabis ta hanyar layin dogo daga Agra. <ref name="NCSmap" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ibznv5bl46k1pd20rsdrp4jfkosfs18 0 170175 964685 959654 2026-10-08T10:09:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964685 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hypersaline_sea_surface_release_and_propagation_under_tidal_conditions_in_the_northern_North_Sea-EmQv4qk0kUo.webm|right|thumbtime=5|thumb|FVCOM simulation of hypersaline sea surface release and propagation under tidal conditions in the northern North Sea]] The Finite Volume Community Ocean Model ('''FVCOM'''; Tsohon Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model) wani nau'i ne mai tsinkaye, wanda ba a tsara shi ba, kyauta, tsarin daidaitawa na 3-D na farko na teku. <ref name="ChenBeardsley2006">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Changsheng |last2=Beardsley |first2=Robert |last3=Cowles |first3=Geoffrey |year=2006 |title=An Unstructured Grid, Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) System |journal=Oceanography |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=78–89 |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2006.92 |issn=1042-8275 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masu bincike ne suka kirkiro samfurin a Jami'ar Massachusetts Dartmouth da Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, kuma masu bincike a duk duniya sun yi amfani da su. Asalin da aka kirkira don ambaliyar ruwa / bushewa, an inganta FVCOM zuwa tsarin daidaitawa na sashi don kwandon ruwa da aikace-aikacen duniya. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Shafin yanar gizon UMASSD FVCOM na hukuma: "A game da mu". Gidan yanar gizon FVCOM, ta Jami'ar Massachusetts Dartmouth "Bincike: FVCOM". fvcom.smast.umassd.edu. Jami'ar Massachusetts Dartmouth . ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20250719232050/https://www.fvcom.org/?p=81 "Game da mu". Gidan yanar gizon FVCOM, ta Jami'ar Massachusetts Dartmouth] ** {{Cite web |title=Research index: FVCOM |url=http://fvcom.smast.umassd.edu/research_projects/index.html |website=fvcom.smast.umassd.edu |publisher=University of Massachusetts Dartmouth |access-date=2026-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922143150/http://fvcom.smast.umassd.edu/research_projects/index.html |archive-date=2023-09-22 |url-status=dead}} {{Atmospheric, Oceanographic and Climate Models}} c4n5eytpvlg5c9dmcegexb4w68eow0s 0 170274 964411 932491 2026-10-07T18:19:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wannan jadawalin haƙƙin nakasassu ya lissafa abubuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam na mutanen da ke da nakasa a [[Kanada]], gami da yanke shawara na kotu, wucewar doka, ayyukan masu fafutuka, manyan cin zarafin mutanen da ke cikin nakasassu, da kuma kafa kungiyoyi daban-daban. Kodayake [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|Yunkurin kare hakkin nakasassu]] da kansa ya fara ne a cikin shekarun 1960, fafutukar kare hakkin mutanen da ke da nakasa ya fara da yawa a baya kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa yanzu. == Shekaru na 1920 == 1928-1972: A cikin 1928, Alberta Majalisar dokoki ta Alberta ta kafa Dokar Sterilization na Jima'i. Dokar, wadda aka tsara don kare kwayar halitta, ta ba da izinin yin amfani da ƙwararrun mutane don hana yaduwar halaye marasa kyau ga 'ya'ya. An soke Dokar Sterilization na Jima'i a shekarar 1972. A shekara ta 1995, Leilani Muir ta kai karar Lardin Alberta saboda tilasta mata ta yi mata kaciya ba tare da yardarta ba a karkashin Dokar a shekarar 1959, lokacin da aka kafa ta a Makarantar Horar da Lafiya ta Lardin don Masu Rashin Zuciya. Tun bayan shari'ar Muir, gwamnatin Alberta ta nemi gafara saboda tilasta wa mutane sama da 2,800 a karkashin Dokar. Kusan 850 Albertans waɗanda aka yi musu kaciya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Sterilization na Jima'i an ba su kyautar dala miliyan 142 a cikin lalacewa. <ref name="canadian1999">{{cite news |last=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) |date=November 9, 1999 |title=Alberta Apologizes for Forced Sterilization |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/alberta-apologizes-for-forced-sterilization-1.169579 |access-date=June 19, 2013 |work=CBC News}}</ref> == Shekaru na 1930 == * 1933 - 1973: A cikin 1933, British Columbia ta ba da doka ga Dokar Sterilization na Jima'i, wanda aka soke a cikin 1973, kuma wanda yayi kama da Dokar Sterilizations na Jima-Jima'i na Alberta, kodayake ayyukan sun bambanta. <ref name=":10">McCallum, D. (2002). ''The need to know: Administrative review of Woodlands School''. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Children and Family Development. Retrieved from [http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/timeline/%E2%80%9Dhttp://www.inclusionbc.org/sites/default/files/The_Need_to_Know.pdf%E2%80%9D http://www.inclusionbc.org/sites/default/files/The_Need_to_Know.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017051905/http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/timeline/%E2%80%9Dhttp://www.inclusionbc.org/sites/default/files/The_Need_to_Know.pdf%E2%80%9D|date=2016-10-17}}</ref> Dokar Sterilization na Jima'i ta British Columbia ta kirkiro Kwamitin Eugenics, wanda ya kunshi alƙali, likitan kwakwalwa, da ma'aikacin zamantakewa.<ref name=":7" /> An baiwa kwamitin ikon ba da umarnin yin amfani da shi, tare da yardar rai, na duk wani fursuna da mai kula ya ba su shawarar, wanda "idan aka sallame shi ... ba tare da an yi masa aiki ba don yin amfani da jima'i ba zai iya haifar ko haifar da yara waɗanda saboda gado za su sami mummunar cutar hankali ko rashin hankali. "Yawancin mutanen da aka gabatar don yin amfani da su a karkashin shirin eugenics na lardin sun zo ne ta hanyar Asibitin Riverview (Essondale). <ref name=":10" /> "[Maganar tarihi Angus McLaren ya kiyasta cewa a British Columbia... an yi wa mutane ɗari haihuwa". <ref name=":7" /> == Shekaru na 1980 == * 1982 - Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da' Yanci ta ayyana nakasa ta jiki ko ta hankali a matsayin haramtacciyar dalilin nuna bambanci; wannan shine karo na farko da aka tabbatar da irin wannan haƙƙin a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na ƙasa. Sashe na 15 na Yarjejeniyar ya sa ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba ga kowace gwamnati a Kanada ta nuna bambanci ga mutanen da ke da nakasa a cikin dokokinsu da shirye-shiryen su.<ref name="PCHCA2" /> * 1985 - An kafa Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kanada, kuma ta haramta nuna bambanci ga mutane saboda nakasa ta jiki ko ta hankali. Bugu da ƙari, Dokar ta buƙaci masu ba da aiki na tarayya su hana nuna bambanci da kuma samar da dama da tallafi ga mutanen da ke da nakasa.<ref name="PCHCA2">{{Cite web |date=2009-09-11 |title=Canadian Heritage – Human Rights and Disabilities |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/pdp-hrp/canada/abl-eng.cfm |publisher=Pch.gc.ca |access-date=2026-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805205906/http://www.pch.gc.ca/pgm/pdp-hrp/canada/abl-eng.cfm |archive-date=2014-08-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Canadian Human Rights Act |url=http://www.dredf.org/international/canada2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819124740/http://dredf.org/international/canada2.html |archive-date=2012-08-19 |access-date=2012-11-02 |publisher=Dredf.org}}</ref> * 1986 - E (Mrs) v Hauwa'u, [1986] 2 S.C.R. 388 hukunci ne na Kotun Koli ta Kanada game da bukatar uwa don yardar kotun don a yi wa 'yarta mai nakasa. Wannan lamari ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke da tasiri a cikin yanke shawara na shari'ar Kanada wanda ya shafi amincewar wakilai, hanyoyin kiwon lafiya marasa magani da aka yi akan mutanen da suka ragu. Hauwa'u mace ce mai shekaru 24 tare da "mafi girman bayyanar aphasia" kuma aƙalla "mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici jinkiri" tare da ƙwarewar ilmantarwa a iyakantaccen matakin.<ref name="EvEve">{{Cite web |title=Eve v. Mrs. E. [1987], 3D.L.R. (4th) S.C.C. 388 (S.C.C.) |url=http://scc-csc.lexum.com/decisia-scc-csc/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/170/index.do}}</ref> Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci a madadin Hauwa'u, kuma ta ƙi buƙatar Mrs. E. don izini don yin aikin haihuwa.<ref name="EvEve" /> Ra'ayin Kotun Koli ta Kanada shi ne cewa "ban da yanayin gaggawa, hanyar tiyata ba tare da yardar ba ta zama batir, [kuma] zai zama a bayyane cewa nauyin tabbatar da bukatar hanyar yana kan waɗanda ke neman a yi shi...A gudanar da waɗannan hanyoyin, a bayyane yake cewa kotun dole ne ta ci gaba da taka tsantsan; in ba haka ba... zai buɗe hanyar cin zarafin rashin iyawar hankali, ...[don haka ne kotun] za ta ba daukaka kara kuma ta mayar da shawarar" na kotun asali, wanda ya ƙi karar.[and]<ref name="EvEve" /> == Shekaru na 1990 == * 1993 - Barbara Turnbull ta yi korafi tare da Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Ontario game da rashin samun dama a cikin fina-finai da Famous Players Theatres ke gudanarwa; a cikin 2001 hukumar ta yi mulki a cikin ni'imar ta, duk da haka an rufe fina-fallace biyu maimakon an sanya su cikakke.<ref name=":0" /> * 1993 - Sue Rodriguez, wacce ke zaune a Victoria, British Columbia, an gano ta da cutar amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) a farkon 1991. Ta yi gwagwarmaya don samun 'yancin doka na taimakawa kashe kansa; a karkashin Dokar Laifuka, taimakawa kashe kansa ana hukunta shi da matsakaicin hukuncin shekaru 14 a [[Gidan Yari|kurkuku]]. Ta kai ta Kotun Koli ta Kanada, amma daga ƙarshe ta rasa yakin. A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1993, a cikin abin da zai zama yanke shawara mai mahimmanci, ''Rodriguez v. British Columbia (Attorney General) '', SCC ta gudanar da 5-4 a kanta. * 1997 - A cikin ''Eldridge v. British Columbia (Attorney General) '' [1997] 2 S.C.R. 624, Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne a samar da masu fassarar yaren kurame a cikin isar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya inda yin hakan ya zama dole don tabbatar da ingantaccen sadarwa.<ref name=":0" /> == Shekaru na 2000 == * 2000 - An gudanar da Gidan shakatawa na Marasa Lafiya a Toronto, ON a wurin CAMH a kan Sarauniya St West. Yawon shakatawa suna nuna ganuwar da mai haƙuri ya gina daga karni na 19 wanda yake a yau CAMH. Manufar yawon shakatawa ita ce ba da tarihi game da rayuwar marasa lafiya waɗanda suka gina ganuwar, da kuma jawo hankali ga mummunan gaskiyar ilimin hauka. Geoffrey Reaume da Heinz Klein sun fara fitowa da ra'ayin yawon shakatawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Mad Pride a cikin 2000. Yawon shakatawa na farko ya faru ne a kan abin da yanzu ake kira Mad Pride Day, a ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2000, tare da halartar kusan mutane hamsin. Reaume kawai yana jagorantar yawon shakatawa, kuma sun girma daga abubuwan da suka faru na shekara-shekara don Mad Pride, zuwa faruwa sau da yawa a cikin shekara a duk watanni marasa hunturu.<ref name=":0" /> * 2001 - A cikin R. v. Latimer [2001] 1 S.C.R. 3, Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukuncin cewa laifin Robert Latimer na kashe 'yarsa mai nakasa Tracy Latimer ba za a iya tabbatar da shi ba ta hanyar kare bukata. Bugu da ƙari, Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta gano cewa duk da yanayi na musamman na shari'ar, hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku mai tsawo da aka ba Mista Latimer ba mummunan abu ba ne kuma ba sabon abu ba ne, sabili da haka ba karya sashi na 12 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Kanada da' Yanci ba.<ref name=":0" /> * 2003 - A cikin Starson v. Swayze, 2003 SCC 32, [2003] 1 S.C.R. 722, Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukuncin cewa Mista Starson yana da damar ƙin magungunan ƙwaƙwalwa saboda kwamitin yarda da iyawa ba shi da isasshen shaida don tallafawa binciken da ya yi cewa Mista starson bai iya yanke shawara kan magani ba.<ref name=":0" /> * 2005 - [[Dokar|doka]] Samun dama ga mutanen Ontari da ke da nakasa, 2005 doka ce da aka kafa a shekara ta 2005 don inganta ka'idojin samun dama ga mutanen Ontario da ke da nakasassu ta [[Rashin lafiya na jiki|jiki]] da ta hankali ga duk cibiyoyin jama'a nan da 2025. Wasu ma'aikata sun fara daukar matakai don kawo kungiyoyinsu cikin bin doka a shekara ta 2005. == Shekaru na 2010 == * 2010 - A watan Yulin 2010 a Vancouver, kwamitin 21st International Congress on the Education of the Deaf (ICED) ya kada kuri'a don kin amincewa da duk kudurin Milan na 1880. * 2011 - Shari'ar Joseph Maraachli tana nufin wata gardama ta kasa da kasa game da rayuwar Joseph Maraachle, wanda aka fi sani da Baby Joseph, jariri na Kanada wanda aka gano yana da wata cuta mai ci gaba da ci gaba da rashin magani da ake kira Leigh's disease. An gudanar da sauraro a gaban Kwamitin Yarjejeniya da Capacity na Ontario game da shi a watan Janairun 2011. A ranar 22 ga watan Janairu, Hukumar ta fitar da shawarar ta, tana riƙe da cewa hanyar aiki a cikin "mafi kyawun sha'awar" yaro zai zama "cire bututun endotracheal ba tare da maye gurbinsa ba, umarnin Kada ka tayar da hankali da kulawa.An umarci iyaye da su yarda da cire bututun numfashi. Sun yanke shawarar daukaka kara kan shawarar kwamitin a Kotun Koli ta Ontario. Har ila yau a cikin 2011, sa'a guda bayan lauyoyin sun gabatar da hujjojin su, Mai Shari'a Helen Rady ta dawo da shawarar da ta yanke, ta tabbatar da shawarar kwamitin a matsayin "mai ma'ana" kuma ta watsar da roko na iyali. An umarci iyalin da su ba da izini don cire bututun numfashi a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2011. Iyalin sun ki yarda da cire bututun numfashi, don haka ba a cire shi a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu ba.<ref name="torontostar12" /> Iyayen Joseph sun yi yaƙi don a tura shi zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], suna jayayya cewa yayin da cutar Joseph ta kasance mai tsanani, tracheotomy zai tsawaita rayuwarsa kuma ya ba shi damar mutuwa a gida. Bayan watanni da yawa da kokarin kungiyoyin kare rai na Amurka, an tura Joseph zuwa asibitin Katolika a [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]], inda aka yi aikin a 2011. Hanyar da aka samu nasara ta tsawaita rayuwar Yusufu na watanni da yawa. Joseph ya mutu a shekara ta 2011, a gidansa.<ref name=":0" /> * 2012 - Masu gwagwarmayar Queer sun jefa bam a Dan Savage a ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2012, a kan hanyar shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayon "It Gets Better" a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Vogue a Vancouver. Amsarsa ita ce "Oh a'a! Ba sakewa ba!"Kungiyar ta ce fashewar bam din ta kasance ne don mayar da martani ga "ableism, ageism, classism, misogyny, racism, rape-apologism, serophobia, sizism, transphobia da, oh yeah, wannan shafi".<ref name=":0" /> * 2012 - Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji ta Kanada ta kawo karshen manufofinta na cire adadin fansho na tsoffin Sojoji masu nakasa daga fa'idodi don samun kudin shiga da kuma tallafin kudin shiga na Sojojin Kanada, wanda aka gabatar a 2006 a karkashin Sabon Yarjejeniyar Tsohon Sojan Sojoji.<ref name=":0" /> * 2019 - Dokar Canjin Kanada ta zama doka. Wannan ita ce dokar farko ta ƙasar Kanada game da samun dama don shafar dukkan sassan gwamnati da hukumomin da ke karkashin tsarin tarayya. == Shekaru na 2020 == * 2024: An zana hanyar wucewa a Alberta tare da launuka na tutar girman kai na nakasassu.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} khrflff9wosxg48038ktf3343at2nis 0 170317 964585 932659 2026-10-08T04:17:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dutsen Zábřeh''' [[Tudun kasa|tsaunuka]] ne da kuma yankin ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Czech . Yana cikin yankunan Olomouc da Pardubice. == Ilimin ƙasa == Tsaunukan Zábřeh yanki ne mai iyaka da Gabashin Sudetes a cikin Tashar Bohemian . An ƙara raba yankin mesore zuwa ƙananan yankuna na Bouzov Highlands, Mírov Highlands da Drozdov Highlands. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Geomorfologické oblasti Česka, celky a podcelky – geomorfologické členění ČR |url=https://www.treking.cz/regiony/geomorfologicke-cleneni-ceske-republiky.htm |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Treking.cz |language=cs}}</ref> Mafi girman ɓangaren tsaunukan Zábřeh shine arewa (Drozdov Highlands). <ref name="ct">{{Cite web |title=Zábřežská vrchovina |url=https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/zabrezska-vrchovina |access-date=2026-04-17 |publisher=CzechTourism |language=cs}}</ref> Mafi girman kololuwar tsaunukan Zábřeh sune: * Lazek, {{Convert|715|m|ft}} * Vrchy, {{Convert|660|m|ft}} * Švédské šance, {{Convert|656|m|ft}} * Stráně, {{Convert|645|m|ft}} * Pustina, {{Convert|626|m|ft}} * Varta, {{Convert|620|m|ft}} * Louková hora, {{Convert|615|m|ft}} * Sychrov, {{Convert|612|m|ft}} * Zahálkovy skalky, {{Convert|610|m|ft}} * Kančí vrch, {{Convert|608|m|ft}} == Ilimin ƙasa == Dutsen ƙasa yana mamaye da ƙananan laka masu narkewa marasa ƙarfi (greywacke da slate). Yankin kudu (Bouzov Highlands) shi ma yana da babban kasancewar duwatsun dutse na Devonian. Ana samun laka na sama na Cretaceous a tsakiyar yankin (Mírov Highlands), kuma ana fallasa granitoids a yankin arewa (Drozdov Highlands). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zábřežská vrchovina |url=https://www.lanskroun.eu/zabrezska-vrchovina/d-2702 |access-date=2026-04-17 |publisher=Město Lanškroun |language=cs}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Tsaunukan Zábřeh suna da iyaka da yankuna masu zuwa: a kudu, babban kwarin Morava, a arewa maso gabas, tsaunukan Hanušovice, a gabas, yankin Mohelnice, a yamma, tsaunukan Orlické, a arewa maso yamma, tsaunukan Orlické, da kuma arewa, kwarin Kłodzko . Tsaunukan Zábřeh suna da yanki na {{Convert|734|sqkm}} da matsakaicin tsayin {{Convert|427|m|ft}} . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-15 |title=Geomorfologicé celky ČR podle rozlohy – v Čechách, na Moravě a ve Slezsku v km2 |url=https://www.treking.cz/regiony/celky-rozloha.htm |access-date=2026-04-17 |website=Treking.cz |language=cs}}</ref> Babban koguna a cikin ƙasa sune Moravská Sázava da Třebůvka, waɗanda kwarurukansu ke iyaka da tsakiyar yankin (Mírov Highlands). <ref name="ct" /> Babu wani muhimmin matsuguni a tsaunukan Zábřeh, sai dai rabin gabashin garin Zábřeh, wanda daga baya aka sanya wa yankin suna. == Kariya daga yanayi == Wani ƙaramin yanki na yankin Kariyar shimfidar ƙasa na Litovelské Pomoraví ya faɗaɗa zuwa tsaunukan Zábřeh. == Manazarta == tp5qbtl3ba8oblldaykiigu7lwffmly 0 170529 964698 933534 2026-10-08T10:27:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} ƙungiya Ƙwararrun Jama'a ta Amurka (ACCD) ta kasance, a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980, ƙungiyar kare [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|Hakkin nakasassu]] ta ƙasa da ake kira, ta hanyar ɗan jarida na ƙasa Jack Anderson da sauransu, "masu nakasassu". An kirkiro, ana mulki, kuma ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar mutane masu [[nakasa]] - wanda ya sa ya zama sabon abu a lokacin - ACCD ya zama sananne a 1977 lokacin da ya kafa birni 10 da ya ci nasara don tilasta gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da dokoki masu tsawo don aiwatar da Sashe na 504, tanadin haƙƙin jama'a na farko a duniya. ACCD kuma ta sami matsayi na girmamawa a cikin [[Fafutukar haƙƙin naƙasasu|Yunkurin kare hakkin nakasassu]] lokacin da ta taimaka wajen samun kudade na tarayya don abin da ke yanzu cibiyar sadarwa ta kasa ta cibiyoyin rayuwa masu zaman kansu 600 kuma ta taimaka wajen shirya hanyar samun damar zirga-zirgar jama'a a Amurka. Bayan taƙaitaccen tarihin rikici, ACCD ta rufe ƙofofinta a 1983. == Tarihi == Asalin ACCD yana cikin kungiyoyin masu amfani da gida da jihohi. A cikin 1970, alal misali, Max Starkloff ya kafa Paraquad, ƙungiyar tallafawa rayuwa ta al'umma, don shi da sauran mazaunan St. Louis su iya ƙaura daga gidajen tsofaffi da sauran wuraren ma'aikata zuwa gidajen unguwa. A wannan shekarar, [[Judith Heumann]] da sauransu sun kafa Disabled in Action don yaƙi da City Hall a Birnin New York. An kafa cibiyar rayuwa mai zaman kanta ta farko a wannan shekarar, lokacin da Ed Roberts da sauran dalibai a Jami'ar California - Berkeley suka so kulawar mutum da sauran ayyukan tallafi da ba a samu a kwalejin ba. A shekara ta 1974, Fred Fay na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cibiyar Boston don Rayuwa Mai Zaman Kanta . Dukkanin wadannan shugabannin sun kasance daga cikin wadanda suka kafa ACCD a shekara ta 1974, lokacin da masu gwagwarmaya 150 suka taru a Washington, DC, a lokacin taron shekara-shekara na Kwamitin Shugaban kasa kan Ayyukan nakasassu. Fay ita ce shugaban farko na ACCD (1974-1976). Na biyu shi ne Eunice K. Fiorito (1930-1999), mai fafutukar kare hakkin nakasassu kuma shugaban Ofishin Magajin gari na nakasassu, a Birnin New York. Tsawon tsayi, ja, kuma mai zafi, ta kasance jagora mai hangen nesa wanda ya fahimci yadda damuwa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da haƙƙin jama'a na mutanen da ke da nakasa da aka ba su, a tushe, kama da na mutanen da suke da wasu nakasa. Sauran a kan kwamitin ACCD a lokacin shekaru na farko sun hada da Frederick Schreiber, babban darakta na Ƙungiyar Kurame ta Amurka; Roger Petersen, na Majalisar Makafi ta Amurka; da Gini Laurie, editan Rehabilitation Gazette; da kuma Starkloff, Heumann da Fay. Laurie ne kawai ba mutumin da ke da nakasa ba. Daga 1974 zuwa tsakiyar shekara ta 1976, ACCD kungiya ce ta masu sa kai. Mambobin kwamitin sun biya kudaden kansu ga tarurruka na kwata-kwata, waɗanda aka gudanar a yankunan birane a duk faɗin ƙasar don fallasa membobin kwamitin ga batutuwan gida, jihohi da na yanki da kuma haɓaka bayanan kungiyar. A farkon shekara ta 1976, Fay ya rubuta wani karamin tallafi ga Hukumar Kula da Ayyuka ta Sashen Ilimi da Lafiya na Tarayya (HEW). Manufar tallafin ita ce ta nuna ginin hadin gwiwa. Kyautar bayarwa a hannu, mambobin kwamitin sun kaddamar da bincike ga ma'aikacin ACCD na farko. Fiorito ta same shi: a wani taro a NYC, ta ji jawabin Dr. Frank Bowe, mai bincike kurma a NYU, kuma ta yanke shawarar cewa shi ne mutumin. A taron da aka yi a watan Yulin 1976, kwamitin ya amince, ya hayar da shi a matsayin Darakta. A wannan watan Satumba, Bowe ya tafi Washington, yana zaune a ofishin ɗaki ɗaya a kan Connecticut Avenue tare da mai fassara, Jan Jacobi . Kudin shekara-shekara na kungiyar a 1976-1977 ya kasance $ 50,000. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, ya kai $ 2,000,000. Ma'aikatan sun karu zuwa 20, ciki har da lauyoyi, masu ba da shawara kan farfadowa, da malamai. Wasu mambobin kwamitin sun damu da ci gaban. Tsoron ya kasance mai girma game da kudade. Lokacin da kamfani ya ba da gudummawar $ 10,000 ga hadin gwiwa, alal misali, kwamitin ya kwashe sa'o'i a taron sa na gaba yana muhawara ko za a fitar da sakonnin manema labarai da ke sukar wannan kamfani (don nuna 'yancin ACCD). Sauran mambobin kwamitin sun so hadin gwiwar ta canza mayar da hankali, daga bayar da shawarwari na kasa zuwa gina damar jihohi da na gida. A cikin 1981, bayan shekaru biyar a kan shugabanci, Bowe ya tafi. Reese Robrahn, wani lauya makaho ne ya gaje shi a matsayin Darakta. A shekara ta 1983, kudaden ta sun ragu zuwa kusan komai, kungiyar ta rufe ƙofofinta. Bayani game da mutuwarsa ya bambanta. Gwamnatin Reagan ba ta da sha'awar ba da tallafi ga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama. A halin yanzu, kowane rukuni na nakasassu a cikin hadin gwiwa - mutanen da ke da nakasa ta jiki, kurame, makafi, da mutanen da ke fama da iyakokin fahimta - sun amsa barazanar da Gwamnati ta kawo ta hanyar janyewa don kare tushe. == Kasancewa memba == A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1976, ACCD tana da mambobi 21 na kungiyar. Shekara guda bayan haka, tana da 60. A wannan lokacin, membobin mutum sun karu da 500%. Wakilan kungiyoyin sun zo Washington sau ɗaya a shekara a cikin Majalisar Wakilan. Wadannan zaman shekara-shekara sun kewaye da ƙuduri, ko manyan manufofi ga ACCD don bi a cikin shekara mai zuwa, zaben mambobin kwamitin, da kuma karɓar gyare-gyare ga dokokin. Taron sau da yawa suna da rikici. Wakilan da sha'awar kallon ACCD a matsayin "kungiyarmu" sabanin ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru waɗanda mutanen da ba su da nakasa ke gudanarwa. Yunkurin ya kasance matashi kuma motsin rai ba shi da kyau. An kirkiro ka'idojin mulki na asali nan take, inda aka ci gaba da kiyaye dan majalisa Louis Rigdon, lauya tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka, koyaushe yana aiki don ƙoƙarin kiyaye wani abu na tsari. Wani kasusuwa na jayayya shine izinin membobin mutum. Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa mutane ya kamata su kasance, a maimakon haka, ga jihohi da kungiyoyin gida, tare da ACCD yana da mambobi ne kawai na ƙungiya; wasu sun lura cewa hadin gwiwar tana buƙatar kuɗi kuma har ma a $ 5 / shekara kudaden kowane memba sun taimaka. Amma ga kowane memba ba tare da nakasa ba, an gabatar da ƙuduri a zahiri, kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai, don iyakance su zuwa kashi uku cikin biyar na kuri'un. Amfani da asalin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na asali na 1, Sashe na II da gangan ne. Wataƙila, ƙoƙarin ya nuna rashin daidaito na dogon lokaci da kuma ma'anar cewa ACCD "na mutanen da ke da nakasa ne". A halin yanzu, wakilai sun umarci ma'aikatan su yi aiki a kan batutuwa masu yawa, daga sufuri zuwa gidaje zuwa ilimi da haƙƙin jama'a, ba tare da la'akari da lokaci da ƙuntatawa na kasafin kuɗi akan aiwatar da su ba. == Ayyuka == Babban nasarar farko ta ACCD ita ce bayarwa, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1977, na ka'idojin karshe da ke aiwatar da Sashe na 504 na Dokar Gyara ta 1973. Ƙoƙarin bayar da shawarwari na kasa, wanda ya ƙare a cikin birni 10 mai ƙarfi, gami da rikodin kwanaki 25 a ginin San Francisco HEW, ya sami sakamako mai dorewa. Sashe na 504 yana buƙatar rashin nuna bambanci bisa ga nakasa na kowane kungiya ko hukuma da ke karɓar duk wani kudade na tarayya, don kowane dalili. Dokar Amurkawa masu nakasa ta 1990 ta fadada Sashe na 504 ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kuma. Masana sun yi imanin cewa ba za a sami ADA ba idan ba a fara samun Sashe na 504. Bayan nasarar da ta samu tare da Sashe na 504, ACCD ta kafa ayyukan don horar da mutane masu nakasa game da sabbin hakkinsu da kuma ilimantar da jami'ai kan sabbin hakkokinsu. Sufurin jama'a mai sauƙi shine babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ACCD a cikin 1978. A wannan shekarar, hadin gwiwar ta kuma nuna don hana jita-jita da Shugaba Carter ya yi game da Kwaskwarimar Dokar Rehabilitation ta 1978. Wannan dokar ta samar da kudade na tarayya ga cibiyoyin rayuwa masu zaman kansu. A cikin sufuri da rayuwa mai zaman kanta, tsaba da aka shuka ACCD sun kasance masu amfani. ADA ta 1990 a ƙarshe ta ba da izinin samun damar sufuri na jama'a. Hakazalika, ƙananan cibiyoyin farko sun karu da lokaci zuwa sama da 600. A yau, akwai daya a kowane birni da kusan kowane gundumar a cikin al'umma. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin nakasassu * Jerin kungiyoyin masu amfani == Manazarta == Bowe, Frank. Rashin amincewa da Amurka. [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Daidaitawar Dama: Yin Dokar Amurkawa da Naƙasasshe. Washington, DC: Majalisar Kasa kan Naƙasasshi. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230908103528/https://ncd.gov/newsroom/publications/1997/equality.htm] Shapiro, Yusufu. Babu tausayi: Mutanen da ke da nakasa suna kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama. Gidan Random, 1993. == Haɗin waje == * [https://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/collection/collection.html Shirin Tarihin Magana, 'Yancin Naƙasasshi da Rayuwa Mai Zaman Kanta] * [https://bancroft.berkeley.edu/collections/drilm/collection/items/accd.html Shirin Tarihin Magana, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amurka] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8gmakxtijh4sbe6bvzsltylbihacsln 0 170534 964707 933552 2026-10-08T10:39:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The Association of University Centers on Disabilities (AUCD) wata cibiyar Amurka ce da ke aiki a fagen nakasa, wacce aka kafa bayan Dokar Lafiya ta Al'umma ta 1963. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == AUCD cibiyar sadarwa ce da ke wakiltar Cibiyoyin Jami'o'i 67 don Kyakkyawan Kasuwanci a cikin Naƙasassun Ci Gaban ('''UCEDD''') a kowace jiha da yanki a Amurka.<ref name="About AUCD">{{Cite web |title=About AUCD |url=http://www.aucd.org/template/page.cfm?id=1 |access-date=2012-03-09 |publisher=AUCD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309125902/http://www.aucd.org/template/page.cfm?id=1 |archive-date=2012-03-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stephen Rock Awarded Lifetime Achievement Award from Association of University Centers on Disabilities |url=https://www.unr.edu/nevada-today/news/2020/steve-rock-aucd-award |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=University of Nevada, Reno |language=en-us}}</ref> AUCD ta kuma kafa 43 Maternal and Child Health (MCH), Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental and Related Disabilities (LEND) shirye-shirye, da kuma 15 Eunice Kennedy Shriver Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Centers (IDDRC). <ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.aucd.org/template/page.cfm?id=156 |access-date=2012-03-09 |publisher=AUCD |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310174207/http://www.aucd.org/template/page.cfm?id=156 |archive-date=2012-03-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Shari'a == A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 1990, saboda kokarin AUCD da Cibiyar Nazarin Naƙasassu (ILS) Dokar Amurkawa da Naƙasashe (ADA) a cikin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-25 |title=IDS and AUCD Celebrate 30th Anniversary of Americans with Disabilities Act |url=https://www.usm.edu/news/2020/release/ids-aucd-celebrate-30th.php |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.usm.edu |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == dhxwiw6gbc32kavd9h2gcjvignhfvp4 0 170714 964682 934054 2026-10-08T09:55:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙananan grid shine haɗuwa da nauyin lantarki da ɗaya ko fiye da tushen makamashi da ke aiki a matsayin tsarin samar da wutar lantarki da yiwuwar zafi, wanda aka ware daga babban grid na wutar lantarki. Ƙananan grid na zamani na iya haɗawa da samar da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa da burbushin halittu, ajiyar makamashi, da kula da kaya. Ana iya ware ƙaramin grid daga babban grid (ƙananan yanki mai haɗin kai) ko kuma a haɗa shi da shi. Idan an haɗa shi da babban grid, dole ne ya iya warewa ("tsibirin") daga babban grid kuma ya ci gaba da yiwa abokan cinikinsa hidima yayin aiki a tsibirin ko yanayin mai cin gashin kansa. Ana amfani da ƙananan grid a matsayin mafita mai tsada don samar da wutar lantarki ga al'ummomin karkara inda haɗin grid ke ƙalubale dangane da watsawa da farashi don yawan mai amfani na ƙarshe, tare da ƙananan grid sau da yawa ana amfani da su don samar da lantarki ga al-ummomin karamar hukuma na ɗari ko fiye waɗanda ke da kilomita 10 ko fiye daga babban grid.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Clean Energy Mini-grids {{!}} Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) |url=https://www.seforall.org/hio_clean-energy-mini-grids |access-date=2018-10-12 |website=www.seforall.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Interactive Webmap for electrification planning in Nigeria |url=https://nigeriase4all.gov.ng/map |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=nigeriase4all.gov.ng |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; Ƙananan grid da microgrids suna kama da juna, kuma ana amfani da kalmomin a wasu lokuta a matsayin ma'ana. Dukkanin microgrids da ƙananan grid sun haɗa da ƙarni da rarraba, kuma gabaɗaya sun haɗa da ajiyar wutar lantarki a cikin nau'in batirin electrochemical. Dukansu biyu na iya "tsibirin" a yayin da aka yi hasara ko wasu rikice-rikice ko - wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin ƙananan grid - idan ba a taɓa haɗa su da babban grid ba da farko. A aikace, ana amfani da kalmar "mini grid" a cikin mahallin da aka saba da shi a cikin ƙasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kuɗi waɗanda ke ba da wutar lantarki ga al'ummomin da ba a ba da wutar wutar lantarki a baya, ko kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da su don samar da wutar lantarki mai aminci a yankunan da ke da wutar lantarki ta ƙasa amma inda wutar lantarki ba ta da yawa. A duk faɗin Afirka ta Kudu, fiye da rabin gidaje da aka haɗa da babban grid sun ba da rahoton karɓar wutar lantarki ƙasa da rabin lokacin. Kungiyar Masu Ci Gaban Ƙananan Ƙididdigar Afirka (AMDA) ta ba da rahoton cewa lokutan ƙaramin ƙididdigar membobinta waɗanda aka samu bayanai sun kai kashi 99% a duk faɗin ƙasashe. Sabanin haka, ana amfani da kalmar "microgrid" a cikin ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga don komawa ga tsarin da ke ba da matakan amintacce masu yawa (alal misali, "shekaru biyar" ko 99.999%) don mahimman kaya kamar cibiyoyin bayanai, asibitoci, makarantun kamfanoni ko sansanonin soja gabaɗaya a wuraren sabis waɗanda suka riga sun sami matakan amintaccen (misali "shekara uku" ko 99.9% amintacce) ta ƙa'idodin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Big Boost for Microgrids: Reliability, Resilience and Favorable Economics {{!}} American Public Power Association |url=https://www.publicpower.org/periodical/article/big-boost-microgrids-reliability-resilience-and-favorable-economics |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.publicpower.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013205313/https://www.publicpower.org/periodical/article/big-boost-microgrids-reliability-resilience-and-favorable-economics |archive-date=2022-10-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Egan |first=John |date=September 22, 2021 |title=Microgrid and BESS Interest Growing Across North America |url=https://www.energytech.com/distributed-energy/article/21172449/microgrid-and-bess-interest-growing-across-north-america |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.energytech.com}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihi === Cibiyar lantarki ta kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, masu samun kudin shiga sun fara ne a matsayin ƙananan cibiyoyin. Wadannan tsarin lantarki da aka ware an haɗa su kuma an haɗa su cikin babbar grid.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Energy Sector Management Assistance Program |date=June 2019 |title=Mini Grids for Half a Billion People |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/31926/Mini-Grids-for-Half-a-Billion-People-Market-Outlook-and-Handbook-for-Decision-Makers-Executive-Summary.pdf |journal=The World Bank |pages=1–9}}</ref> Wannan ƙarni na farko na ƙananan grid ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga ci gaba da masana'antu na mafi yawan tattalin arzikin zamani, gami da Brazil, China, Denmark, Italiya, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, da Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Korkovelos |first=Alexandros |last2=Zerriffi |first2=Hisham |last3=Howells |first3=Mark |last4=Bazilian |first4=Morgan |last5=Rogner |first5=H-Holger |last6=Fuso Nerini |first6=Francesco |date=2020-02-27 |title=A Retrospective Analysis of Energy Access with a Focus on the Role of Mini-Grids |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1793 |bibcode=2020Sust...12.1793K |doi=10.3390/su12051793 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya bayyana tsarin ƙaramin grid da aka gabatar a ƙarshen ƙarni na goma sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin a matsayin ƙarni na farko na ƙaramin grid. Farawa a cikin 1980s da haɓaka a cikin 1990s da farkon 2000s, ƙarni na biyu na ƙananan grid da aka ƙidaya a cikin dubban dubbai an tura su a yawancin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":7" /> Wadannan tsarin yawanci ƙananan ne kuma an ware su, ana amfani da su ta hanyar dizal ko wutar lantarki, kuma al'ummomin yankin ko 'yan kasuwa ne suka gina su da farko don samar da gidajen karkara da damar samun wutar lantarki, musamman a yankunan da ba a yi amfani da su ba. Yawancin waɗannan tsarin sun mamaye su ta hanyar grid na ƙasa. Wasu da har yanzu suke akwai yanzu sune manyan 'yan takara don haɗuwa da tsarin hasken rana (PV) don rage farashin man fetur. == Manazarta == 6nhnx1wersxmdb66948pcbudcy0oqqr 0 170749 964590 934144 2026-10-08T04:50:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yarjejeniyar kan karafa masu nauyi, yarjejeniya ga Yarjejeniyar Tsaro ta Tsaro, an karbe ta a [[Aarhus]], [[Denmark]], a cikin 1998. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, yana da masu sa hannu 36.{{Sfn|Hulme|2004}}Ya zuwa 2016, yana da masu sa hannu 35 da jam'iyyun 33, ba tare da wata ƙasa da ta zama mai sa hannu ba tun 1998. Yarjejeniyar tana magance rage cadmium, gubar da fitar da mercury don amfanin [[Kare Muhalli|Kare muhalli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Protocol on Heavy Metals |url=http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/hm_h1.html |access-date=10 August 2014 |publisher=UNECE}}</ref> An amince da gyare-gyare ga Yarjejeniyar a cikin 2012 don gabatar da iyakokin fitarwa masu tsauri amma ba su riga sun fara aiki ba. An kafa yarjejeniyar ne tare da manufar sarrafa hayaki mai iska na ƙarfe mai nauyi wanda aikin ɗan adam ya haifar. Wadannan karafa masu nauyi suna da saukin kamuwa da jigilar yanayi na dogon lokaci kuma suna iya haifar da mummunan tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam, gami da ciwon daji da cututtukan numfashi na yau da kullun. Yarjejeniyar ta yi niyya musamman don rage ƙarfe mai nauyi da aka fitar daga kowane nau'in matakai na masana'antu, gami da hayaki daga ƙonewar man fetur; masana'antun ƙarfe da ƙarfe; masana'antar siminti da gilashi; masana'antu na chlor-alkali, da masana'antar kula da sharar gida, kowannensu an ba shi takamaiman ƙimar iyakar fitarwa da matakan kula da fitarwa. Wadannan ayyukan ragewa sun ba da gudummawa ga rage fitar da ƙarfe mai nauyi tsakanin 2005 da 2023 tare da fitar da cadmium ya ragu da 43%, fitar da mercury da 57%, da fitar da fitarwa da 46% a duk faɗin jihohin membobin EU.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=Heavy metal emissions in Europe |url=http://10.140.117.4:3000/en/analysis/indicators/heavy-metal-emissions-in-europe |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=10.140.117.4 |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An kafa Task Force on Heavy Metals a cikin Executive Body Decision 2004/2 don sake duba fannoni na kimiyya da fasaha na hayakin ƙarfe mai nauyi, kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta buƙaci don tantance ingancin sa. Wannan rundunar za ta shiga cikin Task Force a kan batutuwan fasaha a cikin 2014. Maimakon mayar da hankali kawai kan karafa masu nauyi, babban burin wannan rundunar ya mayar da hankali kan sabuntawa da kimanta bayanai game da rage yawan hayaki masu gurɓata iska, tare da kimanta farashin da ke tattare da fasahar rage hayaki. Sauran ladabi da yarjejeniyar duniya waɗanda suka haɗa kai da Yarjejeniyar kan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawan sun haɗa da: * '''Yarjejeniyar EMEP:''' Yana da alhakin tattara bayanan fitarwa don abubuwa masu gurɓata iska iri-iri, gami da ƙarfe masu nauyi, da kuma tsara yanayin su. * '''Yarjejeniyar Gothenburg:''' Yana da alhakin rage yawan acid, [[eutrophication]], da hayaki na ƙasa. An haɗa su da ƙarfe mai nauyi saboda ikon su na kara yawan ƙwayoyin cuta. * '''Yarjejeniyar Oslo ta 1994:''' Yana da alhakin rage hayakin sulfur. An haɗa su da ƙarfe masu nauyi saboda dukansu biyu da aka samo daga masana'antu iri ɗaya. * '''Yarjejeniyar Minamata a kan Mercury:''' Yarjejeniyar duniya wacce ta mayar da hankali musamman kan rage mercury. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> pz76bft6uvmgqydf56gxgyf31pzr9ze 0 170777 964331 934259 2026-10-07T13:22:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964331 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Multiple issues/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a da Muhalli (IPE) ce ta haɓaka Cibiyar Bayanai ta Tsayayya da Tsaro ta China, ƙungiyar da ba ta da riba da ke zaune a [[Beijing]], China, tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a watan Mayu 2006. Manufarta ita ce saka idanu kan ayyukan muhalli na kamfanoni, ƙayyade wuraren da ke tattare da [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da kuma aiki a matsayin dandamali na bayanai game da yanayin gurɓatawar yanki, kamar ruwa da ingancin iska, da kuma matsayi na gurɓatacciyar gurɓata. Wannan hanyar bayanai ta jama'a ta tattara bayanan kula da muhalli sama da 97,000 daga sassan gwamnati, a kowane mataki da yankuna, a duk faɗin ƙasar Sin. Wadannan rubuce-rubucen, tun daga shekara ta 2004, suna ba da damar fadada bayanan muhalli, suna ba al'ummomi damar fahimtar haɗari da haɗari a cikin mahalli da ke kewaye, don haka inganta yaduwar shiga cikin jama'a a cikin mulkin muhalli. Tare da ci gaban da aka yi wa gidan yanar gizon IPE kuma ta haka ne China Pollution Map Database, a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata yawan bayanan keta doka na hukuma, daga dukkan yankuna a kasar Sin, an kara da su ga China Polluction Map Database. Wannan muhimmin albarkatun da ke akwai a fili yana bawa masu ruwa da tsaki, a kowane mataki, damar samun bayanai, samar da dama ga mutum da al'umma, da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. IPE na fatan wannan kulawar al'umma game da ayyukan muhalli na kamfanoni da na yanki da kuma matsin lamba na waje akan gwamnati zai inganta kokarin da ya fi dacewa da tilasta aiki da bin doka, kuma hakan zai samar da yanayi mafi aminci, mai tsabta da lafiya ga kowa. Lokacin haɓaka da sabunta bayanan taswirar gurɓataccen China, IPE tana mai da hankali na musamman ga abin da aka buga a kowace shekara, wanda gwamnati ta rubuta, Jerin Kasuwancin Kula da Maɓalli na Jiha, wanda bisa ga ka'idojin zaɓin da hanyoyin, ya gano waɗancan kamfanonin da ke da kashi 65% na yawan fitar da masana'antu na kasar Sin, a cikin masana'antun gurɓata masu nauyi. Ta hanyar bincike da ziyarar filin, IPE na da niyyar ci gaba da sanya matsayin ƙasa na wurin waɗannan kamfanoni. == Dubi kuma == * [[Gurbacewar muhalli a ƙasar Sin|Rashin gurɓata a kasar Sin]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170322203819/http://wwwen.ipe.org.cn/ Cibiyar Harkokin Jama'a da Muhalli] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260514070226/https://wwwen.ipe.org.cn/AirMap_fxy/AirMap.aspx?q=1 Taswirar Tattaunawar China] * [http://wwwen.ipe.org.cn/reports/Reports.aspx?cid=18333&year=0&key= Taswirar Blue Sky] {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 15dbtjwdjcra5q9kd9ywhwba120evnk 0 170852 964695 959671 2026-10-08T10:24:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The Association for a More Just Society ('''ASJ''', ko La Asociación para una Sociedad más Justa a cikin Mutanen Espanya) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke aiki kan haƙƙin ɗan adam da nuna gaskiya ga gwamnati a [[Honduras]], inda take aiki a matsayin reshe na gida na Transparency International. Tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a [[Honduras]] a shekarar 1998, ASJ ta inganta zaman lafiya da adalci a Honduras ta hanyar ba da shawara ga tsarin gwamnati da ke aiki ga mafi yawan mambobin al'umma. Ana yin aikin ASJ ta hanyar ƙungiyoyin 'yan uwa uku, waɗanda ke aiki tare don adalci a Honduras: * ASJ-Honduras, ƙungiyar farar hula ta Honduras da ke aiki a kan shirye-shiryen adalci, haƙƙin ɗan adam, da nuna gaskiya ga gwamnati a Honduras kuma tana aiki a matsayin reshen gida na Transparency International. * ASJ-US (wanda aka fi sani da AJS), kungiya ce ta 501 (c) (3) da ke zaune a Amurka wacce ke tallafawa aikin ASJ a Honduras kuma tana raba wannan hangen nesa na canji tare da mutane a duniya. * ASJ-Canada, ƙungiyar Kanada da ke tallafawa aikin ASJ a Honduras kuma tana neman hadin kai da adalci ga al'ummomin da aka ware. == Tarihi == ASJ an kafa ta ne a cikin 1998 a Tegucigalpa, Honduras, ta ƙungiyar Arewacin Amirka da Hondurans da ke neman magance rashin tsarin shari'a da ke kare matalauta a Honduras. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History {{!}} Association for a More Just Society |url=https://www.asj-us.org/who-we-are/history |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=www.asj-us.org |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar ta fara ne da mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ƙasa da haƙƙin aiki. ASJ ta ba da tallafin shari'a ga al'ummomin da ke fuskantar kwace ƙasa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta taimaka wa 'yan Honduras sama da 70,000 su sami lakabin ƙasarsu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-26 |title=An ASJ Throwback: Fighting For Justice With Afro-Honduran Communities |url=http://www.asj-us.org/an-ajs-throwback-fighting-for-justice-with-afro-honduran-communities |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=www.asj-us.org |language=en}}</ref> ASJ ta kuma ba da tallafin shari'a ga masu tsaro da ma'aikatan tsaftacewa waɗanda suka sha wahala daga keta haƙƙin aiki. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006, an kashe lauyan ASJ Dionisio Díaz García saboda aikinsa na wakiltar masu tsaro masu rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-02-21 |title=Honduran Men Arrested over Murder of Human Rights Lawyer |url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/honduran-men-arrested-over-murder-of-human-rights-lawyer/68e86cb1-4277-4746-b71d-7f98f205913e |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=WBEZ Chicago |language=en}}</ref> Kodayake an yanke wa masu kisan Dionisio hukunci da farko, Kotun Koli ta Honduras ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke wa shari'ar, kuma an daukaka kara ga Hukumar Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Amurka, inda take jiran bita.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-18 |title=Dionisio: The Life Of A Brave Christian |url=http://www.asj-us.org/dionisio-the-life-of-a-brave-christian |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=www.asj-us.org |language=en}}</ref> Hukumar Inter-American kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta nemi gwamnati ta kare ma'aikatan ASJ.<ref name="amnesty">{{Cite web |title=Dina Meza and Carlos Hernández - Honduras |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/actions_details.asp?ActionID=340 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603100230/http://amnesty.org.uk/actions_details.asp?ActionID=340 |archive-date=2011-06-03 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> Shirin binciken kisan kai na ASJ a cikin al'ummomin da ke gefen ya rage tashin hankali da [[Yin hukunci|rashin hukunci]] a wasu unguwanni mafi talauci a Tegucigalpa da San Pedro Sula. Dangane da binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Rikicin ta buga a cikin 2017, adana matsakaicin rayuka shida a kowane wata kuma samun ƙimar yanke hukunci sau 10 na matsakaicin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=ASJ-Association for a More Just |date=2017-11-16 |title=AJS Program Saves More than Six Lives per Month, Study Finds |url=https://medium.com/@ajs_us/ajs-program-saves-more-than-six-lives-per-month-study-finds-676e962d9157 |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Tallafin ASJ don sake fasalin tsaro na kasa ya ba da gudummawa ga raguwar yawan kisan kai a Honduras. Ayyukan ASJ sun girma don turawa don sake fasalin a manyan fannoni kamar ilimi, kiwon lafiya, sake fasalin tsaro, nuna gaskiya, da sake fasalin dimokuradiyya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorpe |first=Devin |title=Christian Organization Works To Restore Peace In Violent Honduras |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2015/10/07/christian-organization-works-to-restore-peace-in-violent-honduras/ |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> ASJ tana aiki a matakin kasa, tana ba da ikon 'yan ƙasa su bincika cibiyoyin su na gida, kuma a matakin ƙasa, saka idanu kan manyan cibiyoyin gwamnati don cin hanci da rashawa da kuma ba da shawara ga sake fasalin ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hernandez |first=Carlos |last2=Hoksbergen |first2=Roland |last3=Parsons |first3=Katerina |last4=Beek |first4=Kurt Ver |date=2019-07-17 |title=For a Government that Works |url=https://crdajournal.org/index.php/crda/article/view/395 |journal=Christian Relief, Development, and Advocacy: The Journal of the Accord Network |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15–30 |issn=2689-4394}}</ref> ASJ ta zama reshe na Transparency International a Honduras a shekarar 2012. == Bari mu canza Honduras == A shekara ta 2009, ASJ ta zama memba mai kafa hadin gwiwar jama'a Transformemos Honduras (Bari mu canza Honduras), wanda ke ba da kulawar zamantakewa ga ilimin jama'a da tsarin kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ditta |first=Elise |title=Improving education in Honduras: empowering parents {{!}} Space for Transparency |url=http://blog.transparency.org/2013/08/20/improving-education-in-honduras-empowering-parents/ |access-date=2016-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301123200/http://blog.transparency.org/2013/08/20/improving-education-in-honduras-empowering-parents/ |archive-date=2016-03-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran mambobi sun hada da Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières) da kungiyoyin agaji na Kirista World Vision da Compassion International. Ta hanyar tattara iyaye na dalibai a makarantun jama'a na Honduras don tattara bayanai masu kyau, Transformemos Honduras ya fallasa cewa tsakanin 2002 da 2012, yajin aikin malamai da sauran rashin daidaito sun nuna cewa dalibai suna halartar aji a matsakaita kwanaki 120 a kowace shekara, duk da dokar Honduras da ke buƙatar kwanaki 200 a kowace shekara. Lokacin da aka buga rahotanni, an kori Ministan Ilimi, kuma sabon Ministan ya kafa sauye-sauye wanda ya wanke "malaman fatalwa" 15,000 daga lissafin albashi na gwamnati, malamai da ake biya, amma ba su bayyana a aji ba. Sakamakon haka, ɗalibai sun cika bukatun kwanaki 200 na makaranta na shekaru huɗu masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-10 |title=The Honduran activists who busted thousands of "Ghost Teachers" |url=http://www.one.org/international/follow-the-money/case-studies/the-honduran-activists-who-busted-thousands-of-ghost-teachers/ |access-date=2016-02-19 |website=ONE |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Transformemos Honduras kuma ta fallasa cin hanci da rashawa a sayen magungunan gwamnati da ajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-30 |title=ASJ Uncovers Medications Left To Expire |url=http://www.asj-us.org/ajs-uncovers-medications-left-to-expire |access-date=2021-03-10 |website=www.asj-us.org |language=en}}</ref> Wani rahoto da aka buga a watan Maris, 2013 ya nuna cewa ba wai kawai ana amfani da magunguna ba, ana sayen su daga kamfanoni masu alaƙa da ƙwararrun - ɗayan mallakar dangin mataimakin shugaban Majalisa na Honduras ne, rikici ne na sha'awa. Bugu da ƙari, ajiyar magani ya bar magunguna masu mahimmanci don lalacewa, yana barazana ga lafiyar dubban Hondurans. Rahoton ya haifar da hari a kan ɗakin ajiya da kuma kama manajan ɗakin ajiya, da kuma cikakken gyare-gyare na sayen magani ga asibitocin jama'a a Honduras.<ref>{{Cite web |last=e.V. |first=Transparency International |title=Exposing health sector corruption saves lives in Honduras - Transparency International |url=http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/exposing_health_sector_corruption_saves_lives_in_honduras |access-date=2016-02-19 |website=www.transparency.org}}</ref> Abin ƙarfafawa, yanzu ana yin wasu sayen likita a cikin amincewa tare da hadin gwiwar Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Ayyukan Ayyuka, tare da Transformemos Honduras suna yin kulawar zamantakewa. == Alliance for Peace and Justice == ASJ ta taimaka wajen kafa La Alianza por la Paz y la Justicia (APJ, Alliance for Peace and Justice) a cikin 2012, hadin gwiwar jama'a da ke ba da shawara ga sake fasalin a bangarorin shari'a da tsaro, musamman game da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin 'yan sanda na kasa da na soja. Alliance for Peace and Justice ya hada da cocin Katolika da na Bishara a Honduras, Jami'ar National Autonomous, Ƙungiyar Honduras don ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ƙasa da na duniya ciki har da World Vision. APJ tana aiki a cikin surori bakwai na yanki duka suna horar da mutane don kewaya tsarin adalci da kuma ba da shawara ga sake fasalin don sauƙaƙa tsarin adalci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Security in Honduras: recent progress by the Alliance for Peace and Justice |url=http://www.ti-defence.org/what-we-do/news-events/blog/337-security-in-honduras.html |access-date=2016-02-19 |website=www.ti-defence.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203081950/http://www.ti-defence.org/what-we-do/news-events/blog/337-security-in-honduras.html |archive-date=2016-02-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Alliance ƙungiya ce mai ƙarfi ta ƙungiyoyin farar hula a Honduras kuma tana magana akai-akai game da batutuwan cin hanci da rashawa da tashin hankali. APJ ta buga binciken farko game da yawan rashin hukunci na Honduras, wanda ya kasance 86% a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=This site is temporarily unavailable |url=https://www.alianzapazyjusticia.com/2020/08/31/tercer-informe-impunidad-homicidios-honduras/ |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=www.alianzapazyjusticia.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209160022/http://www.alianzapazyjusticia.com/2020/08/31/tercer-informe-impunidad-homicidios-honduras/ |archive-date=2020-12-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yarjejeniyar Bayyanawa ta Duniya == A cikin 2014, shugaban kasar Honduras Juan Orlando Hernández ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa tare da ASJ da Transparency International (TI) wanda ya ba su damar samun bayanai game da sayen gwamnati da kwangila, albarkatun ɗan adam, da tattara bayanai don ƙungiyoyin su iya yin kulawar zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=e.V. |first=Transparency International |title=Press release - Honduras government, ASJ and Transparency International sign agreement for transparency |url=http://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/honduras_government_asj_and_transparency_international_sign_agreement_for_t |access-date=2016-02-19 |website=www.transparency.org}}</ref> An gabatar da rahotanni na farko game da manyan bangarori shida na gwamnati a watan Nuwamba, 2015 da ke fallasa rashin rarraba kudade da cin hanci da rashawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASJ y TI presentan informes de Educación y Seguridad {{!}} ASJ Honduras |url=http://asjhonduras.com/webhn/asj-y-transparencia-internacional-presentan-informes-de-educacion-y-seguridad/ |access-date=2016-02-19 |website=asjhonduras.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210131457/http://asjhonduras.com/webhn/asj-y-transparencia-internacional-presentan-informes-de-educacion-y-seguridad/ |archive-date=2016-02-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ASJ ta ci gaba da buga binciken ta, da kuma cikakkun shawarwari don ingantawa, a kan ma'aikatun gwamnati kamar Ma'aikatar Ilimi, Lafiya, Tsaro A mayar da martani, ministocin gwamnati sun ba da shawarar sauye-sauye da yawa, wanda ASJ da TI suka ci gaba da saka idanu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honduras - Public Financial Management |url=https://data.mcc.gov/evaluations/index.php/catalog/208 |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=data.mcc.gov}}</ref> Bayan shekaru biyar na kimantawa, ƙididdigar nuna gaskiya ta ci gaba da matsakaici da kashi 26 cikin dari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabet |first=Daniel |title=Auditing as a tool of government accountability |url=http://danielsabet.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Auditing-as-a-tool-of-government-accountability_27FEB20.pdf |access-date=2021-03-09}}</ref> A cewar mai bincike Daniel Sabet, "aikin da ASJ ke yi misali ne na binciken zamantakewa don kara lissafi". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption in Central America: Challenges, Defeats, and Glimmers of Hope |url=https://seaif.org/event/corruption-in-central-america-challenges-defeats-and-glimmers-of-hope/ |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=Seattle International Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kwamitin Tsarkakewa na 'yan sanda == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2016, shugaban kasar Honduras Juan Orlando Hernández ya nada shugabannin ASJ guda biyu don zama wani ɓangare na Hukumar Musamman don Tsarkakewa da Canja wurin 'yan sanda na kasa. An sanya wa wannan kwamiti suna ne sakamakon cin hanci da rashawa a cikin rundunar 'yan sanda ta Honduras. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title=Purging And Transformation Of The Honduran National Police Force |url=http://www.asj-us.org/purging-and-transformation-of-the-honduran-national-police-force |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=www.asj-us.org |language=en}}</ref>Hukumar ta cire jami'an cin hanci da rashawa 5,600 yayin da kuma hayar sabbin jami'an da aka horar da su 9,800. An ga Purge na 'yan sanda kamar yadda ya wuce kwatankwacin Latin Amurka, bayan da aka samu nasarar aiwatar da sauye-sauyen da mutane da yawa suka yi tunanin ba zai yiwu ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dye |first=David |title=Police Reform in Honduras: The Role of the Special Purge and Transformation Commission |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/lap_dye_police-english_final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513233724/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/lap_dye_police-english_final.pdf |archive-date=2020-05-13 |access-date=2021-03-09}}</ref> == COVID-19 == A watan Maris na 2020, an nemi ASJ ta binciki sayayyar da gwamnati ta yi wa kayan aikin gaggawa na dala miliyan 80, ciki har da na'urorin numfashi da kayan gwaji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Auditoría - COVID-19 |url=http://asjhonduras.com/covid19/index.html |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=Auditoría y Veeduria COVID-19 |language=en}}</ref> Binciken ASJ ya gano cewa gwamnatin Honduras ta gaza siyan kayan aikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da suka dace don amfani da kayan gwaji, ba ta da shirin rarraba na'urorin numfashi da ta saya, kuma ta yi asarar dala miliyan 12 kan asibitoci masu tafiya a ƙasa da kuma waɗanda suka isa a makare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lack of planning in Honduras COVID-19 purchases risks millions in… |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/blog/lack-of-planning-in-honduras-covid-19-purchases-risks-millions-in-public-funds?token=0-6DEP8J9gsvrwbDFWOEJICG4YkpcWjn |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=Transparency.org |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203200857/https://www.transparency.org/en/blog/lack-of-planning-in-honduras-covid-19-purchases-risks-millions-in-public-funds?token=0-6DEP8J9gsvrwbDFWOEJICG4YkpcWjn |archive-date=2020-12-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, an kama Marco Bográn (daraktan INVEST-H, cibiyar gwamnati da ke kula da siyan COVID-19) bisa zargin karkatar da kudaden gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro (OCCRP) |first=Joan Suazo (El Pulso) and Daniela |title=Mr. HispanoPreneur™: The Man Behind Honduras' $47-Million Coronavirus Disaster |url=https://www.occrp.org/en/coronavirus/mr-hispanopreneurtm-the-man-behind-honduras-47-million-dollar-coronavirus-disaster |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=OCCRP |language=en}}</ref> ASJ tana kuma sa ido kan isar da alluran rigakafin COVID-19 zuwa Honduras. <ref>{{Cite web |title=VACUNAS ABIERTAS |url=https://revistazo.com/vacunasabiertas/notas.html |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=revistazo.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Jaridar Revistazo Dina Meza ta sami lambar yabo ta [[Amnesty International]] a ranar 4 ga Yulin 2007. <ref name="amnesty" /> * Jaridar Revistazo German Reyes ta sami lambar yabo ta aikin jarida ta kasa a Honduras a shekarar 2017 don shirin "A Crime in the Shadows of Religion".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-26 |title=Periodista de Revistazo recibe Premio Nacional de Periodismo |url=https://revistazo.com/periodista-de-revistazo-recibe-premio-nacional-de-periodismo/ |access-date=2021-03-17 |website=Revistazo |language=es}}</ref> * A cikin 2019, an zaɓi ASJ a matsayin mai tseren karshe a Gwagwarmayar Adalci ta Duniya da kuma Taron Zaman Lafiya na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Justice Challenge 2019 |url=https://worldjusticeproject.org/world-justice-forum-vi/world-justice-challenge-2019 |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=World Justice Project |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris Peace Forum - 2019 Selected Projects |url=https://parispeaceforum.org/2019-selected-projects/ |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=Paris Peace Forum |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308172232/https://parispeaceforum.org/2019-selected-projects/ |archive-date=2021-03-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0wf26pvwtemjicj8jwp0n63ui0cl439 0 170932 964582 934665 2026-10-08T03:53:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dutsen Du Cane''' wani yanki ne na tsaunuka a yankin [[Tsaunukan Tsakiya (Tasmania)|Central Highlands]] na Tasmania, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. Wani wuri da ba a ambaci sunansa ba a kan babban tsaunin Du Cane yana da tsayin {{Convert|1520|m}} sama da matakin teku kuma shine tsaunin da ya fi tsayi na sha ɗaya a Tasmania. Manyan kololuwar da ke cikin jerin sun haɗa da Acropolis, Dutsen Geryon, [[The Parthenon (mountain)|Parthenon]], [[Mount Eros|Dutsen Eros]], [[Mount Hyperion|Dutsen Hyperion]], Dutsen Massif, Dutsen Achilles, da Dutsen Falling. Mafi girman kololuwar Tasmania a tsayin {{Convert|1617|m}} yana kusa, amma ba ya cikin jerin gwanon Du Cane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Map of Du Cane Range, TAS |url=http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=8800&cmd=sp |access-date=7 June 2015 |website=Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706033310/http://www.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=8800&cmd=sp |archive-date=6 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wurin shakatawa babban abin jan hankali ne na Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park, kuma wuri ne mai shahara tare da masu yawo a daji da masu hawa dutse. An sanya wa Du Cane Range suna don girmama Sir Charles Du Cane, KCMG, gwamnan Tasmania daga 1874 zuwa 1878. == Manazarta == d7ko8c2pbk8bwbxyid7nw1lfxtkmyab 0 170945 964567 934688 2026-10-08T01:22:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An ƙirƙiri '''wurin ajiye namun daji na Baisipalli''' a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1981 kuma yana cikin Nayagarh, [[Odisha]], [[Indiya]], kusa da wurin ajiye namun daji na Satkosia Gorge . Tana da {{Convert|168.35|km2|acre}} na ƙasar mafaka, wurin zama na [[Dabbar beya|beyar]], [[giwa]], [[damisa]], barewa mai kama da barewa mai siffar duwawu . Wurin mafaka yana nan ne inda kogin Mahanadi ya ratsa ta cikin kwarin da ke tsaunukan Gabashin Ghats . Tsayin tsayin ya kama daga matakin teku zuwa kimanin {{Convert|900|m|ft}} .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2020}} Baisipalli yana cikin dazuzzukan [[Yankin Gabas da ke da gandun daji mai laushi|dazuzzukan da ke da danshi a Gabashin tsaunuka]] . Manyan al'ummomin shuke-shuke guda biyu sune dazuzzukan da suka haɗu da ciyayi, waɗanda suka haɗa da Sal ''( Shorea robusta )'' da kuma dajin kogin. A shekarar 2007, an ware wurin ajiye namun daji na Satkosia Tigers, wanda ya kunshi Baisipali da kuma wurin ajiye namun daji na Satkosia Gorge da ke makwabtaka da shi. Saboda kyawawan wurare da tsirrai da kuma kyawawan wurare, wannan wurin ibada ya zama wurin yawon bude ido mai kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baisipalli PA :: Odisha Wildlife Organisation |url=https://www.wildlife.odisha.gov.in/WebPortal/PA_Baisipalli.aspx |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=www.wildlife.odisha.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429173458/https://www.wildlife.odisha.gov.in/WebPortal/PA_Baisipalli.aspx |archive-date=2021-04-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == eyuay32h2m8moluvtovr88am9l8e97k 0 170963 964578 959397 2026-10-08T02:24:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} West Lake Landfill wani wuri ne mai rufewa, wanda ba a haɗa shi da sharar gida ba wanda ke cikin Bridgeton, Missouri . An nuna shi a cikin shirye-shiryen 2015 The First Secret City da The Safe Side of the Fence, da kuma shirin HBO na 2017 Atomic Homefront . An nuna abubuwan da ke ciki sun haɗa da sharar gida; don haka kuma shafin tsaftace [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] Superfund ne.<ref name="ksdk">{{Cite web |last=Zigman, Leisa |date=14 June 2013 |title=Secrets Buried Beneath Westlake Landfill |url=http://www.ksdk.com/news/article/383707/70/I-Team-Secrets-beneath-the-Westlake-landfill- |access-date=27 October 2015 |website=KSDK.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205095939/http://www.ksdk.com/news/article/383707/70/I-Team-Secrets-beneath-the-Westlake-landfill- |archive-date=5 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:West_Lake_Landfill_aerial_view.png|thumb|Tsarin sararin samaniya na West Lake Landfill]] Gidan West Lake Landfill ya samo asali ne a cikin 1939 a matsayin dutse mai laushi wanda Kamfanin Westlake Quarry ke sarrafawa. <ref name="ksdk" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rock Road Industries |title=West Lake Landfill - Home, About and Latest Updates |url=http://westlakelandfill.com |access-date=2017-02-06 |website=westlakelandfill.com |language=en-US}}</ref> An fara zubar da shara a shafin ne a farkon shekarun 1950.<ref name="DNR">{{Cite web |title=West Lake Landfill |url=https://dnr.mo.gov/waste-recycling/sites-regulated-facilities/federal/west-lake-landfill |access-date=September 30, 2025 |publisher=Missouri Department of Natural Resources}}</ref> A cikin 1973, bayan sun canza hannaye da kuma kula da alhakin sau da yawa, B & K Construction Co., wani kamfani da Cotter Corporation ya kwangila, ya zubar da wani ɓangare na kayan aikin rediyo na asali a wani wurin ajiya da ke kusa. 8,700 gajeren ton 7,900 ton na leached barium sulfate, kayan da ke da mafi ƙarancin rediyo, an haɗa su da 39,000 gajeren ton 35,000 t na ƙasa don narkar da kayan gurbata a wurin zubar da shara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Lake Landfill {{!}} US EPA |url=https://www.epa.gov/mo/west-lake-landfill |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930050918/https://www.epa.gov/mo/west-lake-landfill |archive-date=September 30, 2016 |access-date=2017-02-06 |website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]]}}</ref> Barium sulfate da aka leached wani abu ne na shirin wadatar uranium na Mallinckrodt Chemical Works a matsayin wani ɓangare na Manhattan Project kuma daga baya samar da makaman nukiliya, kuma zubar da shi a can ba bisa ka'ida ba. Saboda ganowar rediyo da sauran gurɓataccen abu a shafin, an gabatar da West Lake a matsayin shafin Superfund a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1989 kuma an jera shi a matsayin irin wannan shafin a watan Agustan shekara ta 1990.<ref name="Rock Road Industries">{{Cite web |last=Rock Road Industries |title=West Lake Landfill - History of the Operating Unit 1 Superfund Site |url=http://westlakelandfill.com/History.aspx |access-date=2017-02-06 |website=westlakelandfill.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031308/http://westlakelandfill.com/History.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya ta gano zubar da shi kuma ta bincika shafin, ta buga rahoto a shekarar 1977.<ref name="EPANPL">{{Cite web |title=NPL Site Narrative for Westlake Landfill |url=http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/nar1289.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991109221033/http://www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/npl/nar1289.htm |archive-date=November 9, 1999 |access-date=September 27, 2013 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> An ba da shawarar West Lake ya zama shafin Superfund a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1989, <ref name="Rock Road Industries" /> kuma [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] ta sanya zubar da shara a cikin Jerin Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a kasa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=West Lake Landfill - Additional Details About Site Status, June 2017 |url=https://www.epa.gov/mo/west-lake-landfill-additional-details-about-site-status-june-2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630223105/https://www.epa.gov/mo/west-lake-landfill-additional-details-about-site-status-june-2017 |archive-date=June 30, 2017 |access-date=2018-05-09 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref> ta sanya shi a matsayin shafin Superfund. [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] ta lissafa jam'iyyun da ke da alhakin guda huɗu: [[Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka]]; Kamfanin Cotter; da kuma kamfanonin Ayyukan Jamhuriyar Bridgeton Landfill da Rock Road Industries . EPA ta ba da umarnin waɗancan jam'iyyun su gudanar da bincike da kimantawa daidai da jagorancin CERCLA (Superfund). Bayan shekaru da yawa na bincike, gami da karatu da yawa, tarurrukan jama'a, da kuma lokacin tsokaci na jama'a. EPA ta zaɓi shirin tsaftace shafin na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rock Road Industries |title=West Lake Landfill > EPA Selected Remedy for the OU-1 Superfund Site |url=http://westlakelandfill.com/Remedy.aspx#selection |access-date=2017-02-06 |website=westlakelandfill.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185048/http://westlakelandfill.com/Remedy.aspx#selection |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2008, [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] ta ba da sanarwar cewa za su ƙunshe da wuraren da aka gurbata ta hanyar sanya murfin da aka rufe sama da kadada 40 (16 na Yankin Rarraba OU-1. <ref name="EPA" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rock Road Industries |title=West Lake Landfill > EPA Selected Remedy for the OU-1 Superfund Site |url=http://westlakelandfill.com/Remedy.aspx |access-date=2017-02-06 |website=westlakelandfill.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185048/http://westlakelandfill.com/Remedy.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Today">{{Cite journal |last=Tomich, Jeffrey |date=14 March 2012 |title=EPA Weighs Cleanup of Nuclear Waste at Bridgeton Landfill |url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/epa-weighs-cleanup-of-nuclear-waste-at-bridgeton-landfill/article_452f82ac-6d57-11e1-9300-0019bb30f31a.html |journal=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822192704/http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/epa-weighs-cleanup-of-nuclear-waste-at-bridgeton-landfill/article_452f82ac-6d57-11e1-9300-0019bb30f31a.html |archive-date=22 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shirin EPA ya kuma buƙaci kulawar ma'aikata da saka idanu kan shafin. <ref name="EPA" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rock Road Industries |title=West Lake Landfill > EPA Selected Remedy for the OU-1 Superfund Site |url=http://westlakelandfill.com/Remedy.aspx#description |access-date=2017-02-06 |website=westlakelandfill.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185048/http://westlakelandfill.com/Remedy.aspx#description |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan karɓar ƙarin tsokaci daga kungiyoyin muhalli da jama'a gaba ɗaya, EPA ta nemi masu iya ɗaukar alhakin su ba da umarnin nazarin zaɓuɓɓukan tsaftacewa.<ref name="Today" /><ref name="Today2">{{Cite journal |last=Tomich, Jeffrey |date=18 January 2013 |title=EPA Continues Testing at West Lake Landfill; Critics Unmoved |url=http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/epa-continues-testing-at-west-lake-landfill-critics-unmoved/article_36c477a5-91e4-519a-81f7-b5bee1ee8662.html |journal=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |access-date=27 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822082926/http://www.stltoday.com/news/local/metro/epa-continues-testing-at-west-lake-landfill-critics-unmoved/article_36c477a5-91e4-519a-81f7-b5bee1ee8662.html |archive-date=22 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rock Road Industries |title=West Lake Landfill > EPA Selected Remedy for the OU-1 Superfund Site |url=http://westlakelandfill.com/Remedy.aspx#EPAdirection |access-date=2017-02-06 |website=westlakelandfill.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185048/http://westlakelandfill.com/Remedy.aspx#EPAdirection |url-status=dead }}</ref> An saki sakamakon binciken da aka samu a cikin shekara ta 2011. <ref name="Today" /> A cikin shekara ta 2012, biyo bayan shawarwari tare da Hukumar Binciken Magunguna ta Kasa ta [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]], EPA ta nemi bangarorin da ke da alhakin tattara ƙarin bayanai da kuma yin ƙarin kimantawa.<ref name="Today2" /> Bayan gudanar da Binciken sama na shafin da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi a cikin 2013, EPA ta ba da rahoton cewa sharar rediyo ta kasance a cikin OU-1 kuma ba ta haifar da haɗarin aminci ga yankunan da ba su da kyau.<ref name="cbs">{{Cite journal |last=Anon. |date=29 May 2013 |title=EPA: Radiation at West Lake Landfill Poses No Health Threat |url=http://stlouis.cbslocal.com/2013/05/29/epa-radiation-at-west-lake-landfill-poses-no-health-threat |url-status=dead |journal=KMOX, CBS St. Louis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926144438/http://stlouis.cbslocal.com/2013/05/29/epa-radiation-at-west-lake-landfill-poses-no-health-threat/ |archive-date=26 September 2013 |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> Gidan zubar da shara na West Lake ya jawo ƙarin bincike saboda gobarar da ke kusa da shi (a cikin OU-2 Disposal Area), wani taron da ke kusa 1,000 feet (300 m) daga OU-1. Idan gobarar ta kai yankin OU-1 na sharar rediyo, haɗarin radiation yana da ƙarancin gaske. A watan Fabrairun 2018, shugaban EPA Scott Pruitt ya ba da sanarwar shirin da aka tsara don gyara West Lake Landfill. An san shi da "Excavation Plus" ko "Alternative 4," shirin ya haɗa da cire kayan da ke da tasiri na rediyo tare da maida hankali fiye da 52.9 picocuries a kowace gram (pCi / g), zuwa matsakaicin zurfin ƙafa 16. Shirin zai cire kusan kashi 67 cikin dari na rediyo daga wurin zubar da shara kuma ya ɗauki shekaru 5 don aiwatarwa a kimanin dala miliyan 236. Jam'iyyun da ke da alhakin, ciki har da Bridgeton Landfill LLC, Rock Road Industries Inc., Cotter Corporation, da [[Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka|Ma'aikatar Makamashi]] suna da alhaki don farashin tsaftacewa. An haɗa shi a cikin shirin wani tsari ne na gina tsarin rufewa wanda zai kare al'ummar Bridgeton na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=EPA, OA, OEAEE, OMR |first=US |title=EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt Announces West Lake Landfill Superfund Proposed Remedy {{!}} US EPA |url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-administrator-scott-pruitt-announces-west-lake-landfill-superfund-proposed-remedy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201195927/https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-administrator-scott-pruitt-announces-west-lake-landfill-superfund-proposed-remedy |archive-date=February 1, 2018 |access-date=2018-05-09 |website=US EPA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2018 |title=West Lake Update |url=https://semspub.epa.gov/work/07/30324637.pdf |access-date=9 May 2018 |website=US Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> == Gudanarwa na yanzu == An raba wurin zubar da shara zuwa sassa da yawa, a ciki akwai raka'a biyu masu aiki (OU), OU-1 da OU-2. OU-1 ya ƙunshi kayan rediyo; An kuma nuna OU-2.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rock Road Industries |title=West Lake Landfill - Frequently Asked Questions about EPA's 2008 Remedy |url=http://westlakelandfill.com/FAQs.aspx |access-date=2017-02-06 |website=westlakelandfill.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2017-02-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206190741/http://westlakelandfill.com/FAQs.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> OU-1 yana rufe 940 cubic yards (720 m³) a saman (bisa ga zurfin ƙasa na inci 6 ko 150 millimeters) da 24,000 cubic yades (18,000 m³) a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, yayin da OU-2 ke rufe 8,700 cubic yard (6,700 m³) a kan farfajiya da 109,000 cubic yares (8³,000 m3) a ƙasa.<ref name="Rock Road Industries" /> [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] (EPA) a halin yanzu tana da iko a kan West Lake Landfill . <ref>{{Cite web |title=West Lake Landfill {{!}} US EPA |url=https://www.epa.gov/mo/west-lake-landfill |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930050918/https://www.epa.gov/mo/west-lake-landfill |archive-date=September 30, 2016 |access-date=2017-01-22 |website=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |language=en}}</ref> EPA ta ba da umarnin karatu da rahotanni da yawa da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da tarihin, matsayi da kuma hanyoyin da aka gabatar na OU-1.<ref name="EPAClearingHouse">{{Cite web |title=West Lake Landfill &#124; Region 7 &#124; US EPA |url=http://www.epa.gov/region07/cleanup/west_lake_landfill/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926155707/http://www.epa.gov/region07/cleanup/west_lake_landfill/index.htm |archive-date=September 26, 2013 |access-date=2015-10-28 |publisher=Epa.gov}}</ref><ref name="West">{{Cite web |title=Downloadable Records |url=http://westlakelandfill.com/Records.aspx |access-date=2015-10-28 |publisher=West Lake Landfill |archive-date=2016-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318012306/http://westlakelandfill.com/Records.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2000, EPA ta fitar da wani rahoto, "Remedial Investigation Report West Lake Landfill Operable Unit 1," wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da tarihin da yanayin shafin. EPA ta fitar da binciken yiwuwar kan OU-1 a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006, wanda ya kimanta yiwuwar zaɓuɓɓukan gyara don OU-1. Nazarin ya ƙunshi babi wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani game da yanayin shafin tun daga shekara ta 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2006 |title=Feasibility Study West Lake Landfill Operable Unit 1 |url=http://westlakelandfill.com/Portals/0/Documents/West%20Lake%20Landfill%20OU-1%20Feasibility%20Study%205-8-06.pdf |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Engineering Management Support, Inc. |page=6 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110926/http://westlakelandfill.com/Portals/0/Documents/West%20Lake%20Landfill%20OU-1%20Feasibility%20Study%205-8-06.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan wadannan da sauran bincike mai zurfi, [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] ta sanya hannu kan rikodin yanke shawara (ROD) don OU-1. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008, EPA ta fitar da rikodin yanke shawara, wanda ya tsara hanyar da aka tsara don gyarawa, gami da sanya tsarin rufewa da aka tsara sambu na ƙunsar wurare masu haɗari, da kuma shirye-shiryen sa ido na dogon lokaci na ruwan ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=05/29/2008: EPA Signs Record of Decision on West Lake Landfill Superfund Site in Bridgeton, Mo. |url=https://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/names/r07_2008-5-29_west_lake_landfill_ROD |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130124148/http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/names/r07_2008-5-29_west_lake_landfill_ROD |archive-date=January 30, 2009 |access-date=2017-01-22 |website=yosemite.epa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2017 |title=Superfund Records Collections |url=https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/SiteProfiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=second.docdata&id=0701039 |access-date=6 February 2017 |website=EPA}}</ref> Musamman, ya ba da cikakken bayani game da maganin da EPA ta gabatar na rufewa mai yawa a kan wuraren da OU-1 ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Engineering Management Support, Inc |date=28 December 2011 |title=Supplemental Feasibility Study Radiological-Impacted Material Excavation Alternatives Analysis West Lake Landfill Operable Unit-1 |url=https://archive.epa.gov/region07/cleanup/west_lake_landfill/web/pdf/supplemental_feasibility_study-west_lake_landfill_ou-1.pdf |access-date=22 January 2017 |publisher=Engineering Management Support, Inc}}</ref> EPA ta ba da umarnin ƙarin binciken yiwuwar, wanda ya biyo bayan tattaunawar hukumar ta ciki da kuma la'akari da maganganun da 'yan al'umma masu sha'awar suka bayar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=EPA |first=US |title=United States Environmental Protection Agency - Region 7 - 11201 Renner Blvd., Lenexa, KS 66219 |url=https://archive.epa.gov/region07/cleanup/west_lake_landfill/web/html/document-archive.html#SiteDocs |access-date=2017-01-22 |website=archive.epa.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Today" /><ref name="Today2" /><ref name="StLouis">{{Cite journal |last=Holland, Elizabeth |date=30 May 2008 |title=EPA Decides to Build Cover for Radioactive Waste Site |url=http://mirrorh.com/timeline0508.html |journal=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |pages=C1, C7 |access-date=27 October 2015 |quote=Subtitle: Plan for West Lake Landfill is touted as best option, but it draws fire from activist.}}</ref><ref name="WestLL">{{Cite web |title=Home, About and Latest Updates |url=http://www.westlakelandfill.com/ |access-date=2015-10-28 |publisher=West Lake Landfill}}</ref> == Matsayi na 2010 - yanzu == === Nazarin === [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka|EPA]] ta ci gaba da karɓar ra'ayoyi game da Tarihin Shawarwari (ROD), kuma a mayar da martani ya buƙaci cewa masu iya ɗaukar alhakin gudanar da Nazarin Ƙarin Capacity (SFS) don OU-1.<ref name="Rock Road Industries: Supplemental Feasibility Study (SFS)">{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Supplemental Feasibility Study (SFS) |url=http://westlakelandfill.com/SFS.aspx |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=Rock Road Industries |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118055620/http://westlakelandfill.com/SFS.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Engineering Management Support:Supplemental Feasibility Study Radiological-Impacted Material Excavation Alternatives Analysis West Lake Landfill Operable Unit-1">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2011 |title=Supplemental Feasibility Study Radiological-Impacted Material Excavation Alternatives Analysis West Lake Landfill Operable Unit-1 |url=https://archive.epa.gov/region07/cleanup/west_lake_landfill/web/pdf/supplemental_feasibility_study-west_lake_landfill_ou-1.pdf |access-date=17 January 2017 |publisher=Engineering Management Support}}</ref> An saki cikakken SFS ga jama'a a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011 <ref name="Engineering Management Support:Supplemental Feasibility Study Radiological-Impacted Material Excavation Alternatives Analysis West Lake Landfill Operable Unit-1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Engineering Management Support, Inc. |date=28 December 2011 |title=Supplemental Feasibility Study Radiological-Impacted Material Excavation Alternatives Analysis West Lake Landfill Operable Unit-1 |url=https://archive.epa.gov/region07/cleanup/west_lake_landfill/web/pdf/supplemental_feasibility_study-west_lake_landfill_ou-1.pdf |access-date=26 February 2017}}</ref> * Mayu-Yuni 2015, farawa na gwajin shiga gamma cone da samfurori na sauti don nuna girman kayan da ke da tasiri na radiology, kuma tare da tashin hankali na 2015. * Yuni 2015, kammala shekara guda na bayanan sa ido na iska na waje [don tallafawa ƙaddamarwar sa ido na West Lake].<ref name="epaWLPath1506" /> * A ƙarshen lokacin rani na shekara ta 2015, fara gwajin pyrolysis, don tantance yadda kayan da ke da tasirin rediyo ke haifar da yanayin zafi mai girma.<ref name="epaWLPath1506" /> * 2016, dakatarwa don halayyar shafin da kuma kammala fasalin tsarin shafin, don sanar da shirin ci gaba da Nazarin Ƙarin Capacity (SFS), da dakatarwa ga kammalawar SFS . <ref name="epaWLPath1506" /> * 2017, lokacin yin sharhi na jama'a game da magungunan dogon lokaci da aka gabatar don West Lake, da kuma kammalawar EPA na canje-canje ga ROD na 2008. <ref name="epaWLPath1506" /> === Abubuwan da ke faruwa a karkashin kasa === [[File:CommunityPicture.jpg|left|thumb|Wutar da ke saman a West Lake Landfill, Fabrairu 2014]] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010, wadanda ke kula da yankin da ke kusa da OU-2, Bridgeton Sanitary Landfill "ya bayar da rahoton... fuskantar yanayin zafi a wasu rijiyoyin fitar da iskar gas" kuma ya kammala cewa an fara wani taron smoldering (SSE).<ref name="MDNR14">{{Cite journal |last=MDNR |date=15 March 2014 |title=Subsurface Smoldering Event - Bridgeton Sanitary Landfill |url=http://dnr.mo.gov/bridgeton/docs/subsurfacesmolderingevent091514.pdf |journal=MDNR Facility Information: Bridgeton Sanitary Landfill Facility Information |location=Jefferson City, MO, USA |publisher=Missouri Department of Natural Resources |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="MDNR13">{{Cite journal |last=MDNR |date=2013 |title=West Lake Landfill |url=http://dnr.mo.gov/env/hwp/fedfac/westlakelandfill-ffs.htm |journal=MDNR Hazardous Waste Program, Federal Facilities Section |location=Jefferson City, MO, USA |publisher=Missouri Department of Natural Resources |access-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> SSEs wani nau'i ne na konewa sinadarai wanda ke faruwa a cikin zurfin wuri kuma ba ya samar da harshen wuta ko yawan hayaki, sai dai idan sun kai saman, inda iskar oxygen ke da yawa. Yawanci suna da shekaru da yawa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, an auna yanayin zafi mai zurfi a zurfin sama da ƙafa 150 (46 wanda ke rufe yanki na kimanin kadada 20 (hectare 8.1). Gwada tono irin wannan babban yanki don fitar da martani zai zama da wahala, idan ba zai yiwu ba, kuma mai yiwuwa zai kara hayaki mai guba da haɗarin martani ya shiga farfajiya. === Shingen warewa === Tun lokacin da aka gano gobarar da ke cin wuta, Ma'aikatan Jamhuriyar sun ba da umarnin gina shingen keɓewa (Satumba 2013), wanda zai hana cin wuta ta sharar gida daga isa ga sharar gida da aka adana a cikin OU-1.<ref name="EPA.Gov: West Lake Admin Settlement Order Consent Rem Action">{{Cite web |date=28 April 2016 |title=West Lake Admin Settlement Order Consent Rem Action |url=https://archive.epa.gov/region07/cleanup/west_lake_landfill/web/pdf/west-lake-admin-settlement-order-consent-rem-action04-28-2016.pdf |access-date=13 February 2017 |website=EPA.Gov |publisher=EPA}}</ref> EPA, tana aiki tare da Ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa ta Missouri, Sojojin Injiniyoyi na Amurka da sauransu, sun ba da sanarwar yanke shawara a watan Disamba, 2015, don shigar da shingen keɓewa na zahiri ga West Lake Landfill Superfund Site. Shirin ya ba da shawarar shigar da wasu kayan aikin injiniya, gami da madauki na sanyaya, don hana duk wani tasiri mai yuwuwa a cikin yiwuwar taron da ke cikin ƙasa ya haɗu da kayan rediyo a shafin.<ref name="EPA: EPA Announces West Lake Landfill Isolation Barrier Decision">{{Cite web |last=Brees |first=Angela |date=31 December 2015 |title=EPA Announces West Lake Landfill Isolation Barrier Decision |url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-west-lake-landfill-isolation-barrier-decision |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823205348/https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-west-lake-landfill-isolation-barrier-decision |archive-date=August 23, 2016 |access-date=13 February 2017 |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, masu mallakar shara suna shirin shigar da murfin a kan North Quarry, ƙirƙirar ramuka don kama ruwa da iskar gas a ƙarƙashin murfin, ban da inganta dabarun da aka yi amfani da su don saka idanu kan iskar gas.<ref name="EPA.Gov: West Lake Admin Settlement Order Consent Rem Action" /> == Hadarin da ke tattare da shi == Akwai wasu sharar gida a cikin West Lake Landfill. Wani kimantawa mai zaman kansa da Hukumar Kula da Abubuwa masu guba da Rubuce-rubuce a cikin 2015 ta kammala cewa ba ta haifar da haɗarin lafiya ga al'ummomin da ke kewaye da ita.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=LaCapra |first=Véronique |date=16 October 2015 |title=Federal report shows no radiation risk to communities around the West Lake Landfill |url=http://news.stlpublicradio.org/post/federal-report-shows-no-radiation-risk-communities-around-west-lake-landfill |access-date=2016-05-29 |website=St Louis Public Radio}}</ref> Adadin iskar radon ya kasance ƙasa da matakin da ke haifar da [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|Ciwon daji na huhu]], ruwan kasa kusa da zubar da shara yana motsawa daga al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi kuma ba a amfani da shi don ruwan sha ba, kuma samfurori na ƙasa sun nuna babu wata shaida ta gurɓataccen rediyo.<ref name=":1" /> == Gudanarwa ta gaba == A tsakiyar shekara ta 2016 akwai wani motsi don kula da wuraren da aka zubar da shara na West Lake da za a sauya zuwa Shirin Ayyukan Magunguna na Tsohon Sites (FUSRAP), wanda Sojojin Injiniyoyin Amurka ke gudanarwa. An kafa FUSRAP a cikin 1974 don tsaftace sharar gida wanda ya haifar da aikin nukiliya na farko na Hukumar Makamashi ta Atom ta Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radioactive Roulette: Should the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Be Regulating the United States Army Corps of Engineers' FUSRAP Activities? |url=https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/law/lawreviews/journals/bcealr/30_1/09_TXT.htm |access-date=2017-03-20 |website=www.bc.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510164430/https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/schools/law/lawreviews/journals/bcealr/30_1/09_TXT.htm |archive-date=2016-05-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> FUSRAP yana amfani da masana kimiyya masu zaman kansu na gwamnati don gudanar da nazarin shafin da kimantawa. Bayan an gudanar da kimantawa mai zurfi, Sojojin Injiniyoyin Amurka (USACE) sun ƙayyade yadda za a sarrafa sharar rediyo.<ref name="fusrap_main" /> Jam'iyyun da ke da alhakin haraji ba su iya kalubalanci wannan shawarar bisa doka ba.<ref name="fusrap_main" /> FUSRAP a halin yanzu tana sarrafa ayyukan gyare-gyare guda biyu a cikin babban yankin St. Louis, filin jirgin saman St. Louis (SLAPS) da Hazelwood Interim Storage Site (HISS), dukansu biyu suna dauke da irin wannan abun da ke cikin sharar gida kamar West Lake Landfill . <ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Louis Airport Site (SLAPS) |url=https://www.mvs.usace.army.mil/Missions/Centers-of-Expertise/Formerly-Utilized-Sites-Remedial-Action-Program/ |access-date=15 July 2014 |website=US Army Corps of Engineers FUSRAP |publisher=USACE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazelwood Interim Storage Site (HISS): Futura, Latty Ave Vicinity Properties |url=https://www.mvs.usace.army.mil/Missions/Centers-of-Expertise/Formerly-Utilized-Sites-Remedial-Action-Program/ |access-date=15 July 2014 |website=US Army Corps of Engineers FUSRAP |publisher=USACE}}</ref> A cewar Steven Stockton, darektan ayyukan farar hula na rundunar, ƙara West Lake zuwa FUSRAP ba zai hanzarta gyara ba. Bugu da kari, manyan mambobin kwamitin makamashi na majalisa na Amurka, tare da Sojojin Injiniyoyi na Amurka sun yi adawa da shawarar da tawagar Missouri ta yi na motsa kulawar shara daga EPA Superfund zuwa FUSRAP. == Ƙarin karantawa == * Yankin EPA 7 Midwest (2015). "West Lake Update: The Path Ahead," Yuni 15, 2015, duba, <ref>{{Cite web |title=West Lake Update The Path Ahead – June 15 – 2015 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/268768915/West-Lake-Update-The-Path-Ahead-June-15-2015 |access-date=2015-10-28 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> wanda aka samu 27 Oktoba 2015. * Yankin EPA 7 Midwest (2015). "West Lake Update: EPA Oversight, Wani muhimmin bangare na Tsarin Magani a West Lake," 6 ga Yuli, 2015, "duba, <ref>{{Cite web |title=West Lake Update – July 6 – 2015 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/270718989/West-Lake-Update-July-6-2015 |access-date=2015-10-28 |publisher=Scribd.com}}</ref> wanda aka samu 27 ga Oktoba 2015. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lpuhuk7j38yyiyk4lpy2a6rdx6p2bsj 0 171102 964397 958998 2026-10-07T16:59:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tony Buon''' (an haife shi a watan Disamba 1960), ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ne na ƙasar Birtaniya a wurin aiki, mai magana, mai shiga tsakani kuma marubuci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Buon - Hachette Australia |url=https://www.hachette.com.au/authors/detail.page?id=a1jJMXT5dHqza2AN-Hz2tfRZGBb4aJYDOmrHlLMPXPKi-gRWYRpVfg__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416184906/https://www.hachette.com.au/authors/detail.page?id=a1jJMXT5dHqza2AN-Hz2tfRZGBb4aJYDOmrHlLMPXPKi-gRWYRpVfg__ |archive-date=2015-04-16 |website=www.hachette.com.au}}</ref> <ref name="goodreads.com">{{Cite web |title=Tony Buon |url=http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/8084400.Tony_Buon?from_search=true |website=Goodreads}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon.co.uk: Tony Buon: Books, Biogs, Audiobooks, Discussions |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/-/e/B00JZOZQ5G |website=amazon.co.uk}}</ref> Shi ne Babban Abokin Hulɗa na Buon Consultancy da ke Edinburgh, Scotland <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tony Buon |title=Tony Buon's Biography |url=http://www.buon.net/tonybuon.html |website=buon.net |access-date=2026-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114032926/https://www.buon.net/tonybuon.html |archive-date=2019-11-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Buon ya kasance malami a Jami'ar Robert Gordon da ke Aberdeen [[Scotland]], <ref name="rgu.ac.uk">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www4.rgu.ac.uk/files/Directory%20of%20Experts%202007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416183059/https://www4.rgu.ac.uk/files/Directory%20of%20Experts%202007.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-16 |access-date=2015-04-16}}</ref> Babban malami a Jami'ar Macquarie ta [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] da Jami'ar Western Sydney, Ostiraliya kuma farfesa mai ziyara a jami'o'i da yawa na duniya ciki har da Harvard (Amurka), Jami'ar Shanghai Normal (PRC) da Kwalejin Trinity Dublin. Yankunan kwarewarsa sun hada da: ilimin halayyar aiki; ilmantarwa & ci gaba, barasa & sauran kwayoyi a wurin aiki; Shirye-shiryen taimakon ma'aikata; matsakanci a wurin aiki: sadarwa ta al'adu, EAPs, daukar ma'aikata da takardar shaidar <ref name="rgu.ac.uk" /> == Ilimi == Tony Buon yana da difloma a cikin Matsakanci, warware rikice-rikice, ba da shawara da koyarwa. An kuma ba shi digiri a fannin [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|Ilimin halayyar dan adam]] da kimiyyar halayyar mutum kuma yana da cancantar karatun digiri a fannonin ilimi da ilimin halayya na ƙungiyoyi.<ref name="goodreads.com" /> Binciken da ya yi bayan kammala karatunsa ya kasance a cikin daukar ma'aikata da kuma takardar shaidar da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Macquarie a Ostiraliya. == Ayyuka == Buon ya koyar da jagoranci, ilimin halayyar dan adam da kuma kula da albarkatun ɗan adam har zuwa matakin Jagora a jami'o'i a Ostiraliya da Burtaniya kuma ya koyar da shirin MBA da aka amince da shi. A yau yana ba da shawarwari da sabis na horo kan ilmantarwa da ci gaba, HRM, matsakanci a wurin aiki da sauran batutuwan mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tony Buon's Biography |url=http://www.buon.net/tonybuon.html |access-date=2026-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114032926/https://www.buon.net/tonybuon.html |archive-date=2019-11-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tony Buon ya yi aiki a kasashe da yawa ciki har da Burtaniya, Ireland, Australia, China, Malaysia, Amurka, Finland, Girka, GCC, Najeriya, Faransa da Italiya. An haife shi a Scotland, Tony ya shafe shekaru da yawa a Ostiraliya inda ya mallaki kuma ya gudanar da babban wurin aiki mai ba da shawara kan ayyukan halayyar mutum. Ya kuma bude sabis na farko na ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin . A shekara ta 2008 ya gudanar da shirye-shiryen horo a kasar Sin don masu ilimin halayyar dan adam da ke ba da shawara ga wadanda suka tsira daga [[Girgizar kasa ta Sichuan ta 2008|Girgizar ƙasa ta Wenchuan]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Handbook of Workplace Trauma Support |url=http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119942993.html |access-date=2026-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210154/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1119942993.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==manqzarta== jus9gf4yhyheep6ul2wvaxucm5ffuzm 0 171137 964492 947063 2026-10-07T21:21:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vanessa Joy Amorosi''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1981) mawaƙiya ce kuma mai yin rikodi a [[Asturaliya|Australiya]]. Ta sayar da akalla raka'a miliyan biyu a cikin kundin ko mutane a duk duniya. Amorosi ta zama sananne a shekarar 1999 lokacin da ta fara bugawa, "Have a Look", ta kai matsayin zinariya a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]]. A shekara mai zuwa, ta sami nasarar kasa da kasa tare da kundi na farko, The Power . Ta yi aiki a duka Bikin bude wasannin Olympics na 2000 da kuma bikin rufewa a [[Sydney]]. Ayyukanta na "Heroes Live Forever" a bikin buɗewa ya sami yabo na duniya. An yi shi a bikin rufewa, "Absolutely Everybody", wanda ya zama taken wasannin, ya ci gaba da zama babban abin bugawa a Ostiraliya da ƙasashen Turai da yawa ciki har da Ingila da [[Jamus]]. Bayan ta saki kundi na biyu na studio, Change, a cikin 2002 kuma ta dauki hutu daga hasken wuta, Amorosi ta dawo a cikin 2008 tare da sakin kundi na uku na studio Somewhere in the Real World . Kundin da ya fi samun nasara, "Perfect", ya Ruwa dawowarta zuwa ARIA saman 5 kuma ita ce waƙar Australiya da aka fi bugawa a rediyo na Australiya a shekara ta 2008. Kundin studio na huɗu, Hazardous, ya biyo baya a shekara ta 2009 kuma shine kundi na biyu mafi kyawun sayar da Amorosi a Ostiraliya a bayan ta farko, The Power . Ya samar da lambar farko ta farko, "Wannan shine Wanda Ni". Daga baya ta fitar da wasu kundi uku: Back to Love (2019), Blacklisted Collection (2020) da City of Angels (2022). Ya zuwa yau, Amorosi ya sami jimlar 16 na ARIA da APRA. Ta lashe lambar yabo ta APRA tare da "Shine", lambar yabo ta VIVA Comet don "Mafi kyawun Sabon Duniya" da kuma lambar yabo ta ARIA No.1 tare da "Wannan shine Wanda Ni". An haifi Amorosi a [[Melbourne]], a cikin iyalin [[Cocin katolika|Roman Katolika]] na asalin Italiya, 'yar mawaƙa Frank da Joy Amorosi . Lokacin da take 'yar shekara huɗu, ita da' yan uwanta mata, Mellissa da Natasha, sun tafi karatun rap, jazz da ballet na gargajiya wanda kawunta ke gudanarwa. Ta halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Emerald da Kwalejin Sakandare ta Emerald . A lokacin da take da shekaru 12, Amorosi ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a cibiyoyin cin kasuwa da kuma kide-kide na majalisa a karkashin kulawar iyalinta. Ta kuma yi a kan Young Talent Time . <ref name="Milestones">{{Cite web |title=Milestones |url=http://vanessaamorosi.com/mstonesb.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010124103200/http://www.vanessaamorosi.com/mstones.htm |archive-date=24 January 2001 |access-date=1 November 2013 |website=Vanessa Amorosi}}</ref> An gano Amorosi yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a Matrioshka, gidan cin abinci na Rasha a Carnegie, ta hanyar Jack Strom (bayan Leigh Hope ya kira shi) kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar rikodi a shekarar 1997. Bayan an sanya hannu a MarJac Productions (wanda manajoji Mark Holden da Jack Strom suka mallaka) da kuma yin rikodin CD mai taken "Get Here", ta sami yarjejeniya tare da Transistor Music Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2011 |title=Mark Holden |url=http://www.abc.net.au/profiles/content/s3396694.htm |access-date=1 November 2013 |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === 1999-2002: ''Ikon'' === [[File:201000_-_Opening_Ceremony_Vanessa_Amorosi_performs_-_3b_-_2000_Sydney_opening_ceremony_photo.jpg|left|thumb|Amorosi ya nuna yana raira waƙa a bikin buɗe gasar Paralympics ta bazara ta 2000 a Sydney, Ostiraliya]] A cikin 1999, Amorosi ta fitar da waƙarta ta farko "Have a Look" wanda ya zama Top 20 kuma ya tafi zinariya a Ostiraliya. A ƙarshen wannan shekarar ta yi a Carols in the Domain . "Have a Look" ta biyo bayan ta biyu "Absolutely Everybody", waƙar rawa mai suna, wanda ya kai Top 10. An tabbatar da platinum sau biyu kuma ya zama mafi tsawo na Australiya ta hanyar wata mata mai zane-zane ta Australiya.<ref name="HonestWoman" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2006 |title=Australian Music Online :: Artists :: Vanessa Amorosi |url=http://www.amo.org.au/artist.asp?id=1245 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912181240/http://www.amo.org.au/artist.asp?id=1245 |archive-date=12 September 2006 |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart sama da watanni shida bayan an sake shi. An saki "Absolutely Everybody" a duniya kuma ya kai Top 10 a kasashe da yawa na Turai ciki har da Burtaniya da Jamus inda ya sami takardar shaidar zinariya. Amorosi ya yi a manyan abubuwan da suka faru kamar NRL Grand Final, budewar Grand Prix na babur a tsibirin Phillip da sabon karni a Sabuwar Shekara a Darling Harbour. Bayan nasarar da aka samu na farko guda biyu, Amorosi ta saki wasu guda biyu a shekarar 2000. "Shine" da sau biyu A-sided guda "The Power" / "Kowane Lokaci Ina rufe Idanuna" sun zama manyan abubuwan da suka faru a Australia. Dukansu biyu sun sami lambar yabo ta zinariya daga masana'antar kiɗa ta Australia ta ARIA. Kamfanin jirgin sama na Ansett Australia ne ya sayi haƙƙin ƙirƙirar sigar "Shine", wanda ya yi amfani da wannan sigar don kasuwanci. Amorosi na ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mutane da yawa da suka bayyana a cikin kasuwanci. A Turai, an saki "Kowane Lokaci Ina rufe Idanuna" a matsayin na huɗu daga The Power kuma ya zama waƙarta mafi nasara a Jamus a bayan "Absolutely Everybody". Kundin ta The Power ya kai lamba daya a kan labaran kundin Australiya. Amorosi ta sami gabatarwa shida na ARIA a ''Ikon'' shekara ta 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners by Year – 2000 |url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/history/year/2000 |access-date=19 August 2013 |website=ARIA Awards |publisher=ARIA}}</ref> kuma an zabi The Power don "Mafi kyawun Mata" da "Mafi Kyawun Pop" a cikin ARIA Music Awards na 2001. Mafi yawan masu sauraron ta sun zo ne a watan Satumbar 2000 tare da wasan kwaikwayo a bikin buɗewa da rufewa na 2000 Sydney Olympics da kuma [[Wasannin Paralympic]] . A bikin bude wasannin Olympics da aka ambata a sama ta raira waƙar Olympics mai taken "Heroes Live Forever". Amorosi ta lashe lambar yabo ta APRA a shekara ta 2001 don "Mafi yawan Waƙoƙin da aka buga" a Rediyon Australiya tare da "Shine", kuma ta sami yabo na duniya a Jamus inda ta lashe "Mafi kyawun Sabon Duniya" a 2001 VIVA Comet Awards . Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta kuma yi bayyanar musamman a bikin budewa da rufewa na Wasannin Goodwill a Brisbane. A shekara ta 2001, ta yi wasa a AFL Grand Final . A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2001, Amorosi ya fitar da Turn to Me, kundin tarawa tare da sabbin waƙoƙi da waƙoƙa daga The Power, waɗanda ba a sake su ba a Australia. Har ila yau, ya ƙunshi ɗakin studio na waƙar Olympics "Heroes Live Forever". An saki Turn to Me a Ostiraliya kawai kuma ya sami saman 30. Wannan taken jagora guda ɗaya daga cikin kundin ya kai lamba 80 a kan ARIA singles chart. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2002, Amorosi ta yi tafiya zuwa [[Manchester]] inda ta kasance daya daga cikin taurari na Commonwealth Games Hand-Over Ceremony, tana yin ta "Shine" da sabuwar waƙa da aka rubuta musamman don taron, "Zan kasance yarinyar Melbourne". === 2002-2003: ''Canji'' === [[File:VanessaAmorosi2002_crop.jpg|right|thumb|Amorosi yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara ta 2002]] A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2002, Amorosi ta fitar da kundi na biyu na Change . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Klingt wie eine Minnie Maus-Version von Alanis Morissette. |url=http://www.laut.de/Vanessa-Amorosi/Alben/Change-3758 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=Laut.de}}</ref> An sake shi a Jamus kawai kuma ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin da aka fitar a baya "One Thing Leads 2 Another", wanda ya fara a No. 67 a kan Jamusanci Singles Chart da kuma fitowar Australiya ta musamman "Spin (Kowane Mutum Yana Yi' It) ", wanda ya zama saman 50 a kan ARIA Charts. Kundin ya kai lamba 64 a kan Jamusanci Top 100. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2003, Amorosi ta yi waƙarta ta blues a karo na farko a bikin kiɗa da Blues na Melbourne kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Jamus don yin waƙarta na uku "Gaskiya ga Kai" daga kundin Change on Top of the Pops da kuma wasan kwaikwayo mai tsawo Wetten, dass..?''Ruwa, dazz..?''wanda ke nunawa a duk faɗin Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2003 |title=Vanessa Amorosi Appears on the Thomas Gottschalk Show |url=http://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/news-photo/the-australian-singer-vanessa-amorosi-appears-on-the-thomas-news-photo/1813104 |access-date=1 November 2013 |website=[[Getty Images]]}}</ref> An saki ɗayan a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2003 kuma ya kai lamba 99 a kan Jamusanci Singles Chart . An shirya za a saki ''Canji'' a Ostiraliya daga baya a shekara ta 2003, amma ya kasance ba a sake shi ba a can saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived Australasian Releases – November 2002 |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/ArchivedAustralianReleases-November2002.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301110441/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/ArchivedAustralianReleases-November2002.htm |archive-date=1 March 2014 |website=Aria.com.au}}</ref> === 2003-2009:''A wani wuri a cikin Duniyar Gaskiya'' === [[File:VanessaAmorosi2004.jpg|right|thumb|Amorosi a shekara ta 2004]] A ranar 25 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, an bayyana cewa Amorosi ta sanya hannu tare da manajan Ralph Carr, bayan kammala karatun shekaru bakwai tare da MarJac Productions. An nakalto ta a shafin yanar gizon tana cewa, "Na kasance tare da gudanarwar da ta gabata na tsawon shekaru bakwai kuma na yi tunanin bangarorin biyu sun tafi har zuwa inda za mu iya tare... Motsawa zuwa Ralph Carr Management ya zama kamar ci gaba na halitta, saboda ayyukan da ya samu nasarar gudanarwa. "A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, an sanar da cewa Amorosi ya sanya hannu ga Universal Music Australia. Kasancewar Amorosi tare da Kids Help Line da Variety Club ya haifar da girmamawa da yawa, gami da gabatarwa ta 2003 don Australiya na Shekara. Har yanzu tana da gonar inda dabbobi masu haɗari zasu iya samun mafaka, kodayake ba ta ziyarci sosai ba; abokanta suna gudanar da ita. Ta goyi bayan Kiss a kan yawon shakatawa na 2008 na Ostiraliya. A shekara ta 2008, Amorosi ta fitar da kundin Somewhere in the Real World, ta hanyar Universal Music Australia, a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2008. <ref name="heraldsunhit">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2007 |title=SOMEWHERE IN THE REAL WORLD (AMOROSI, VANESSA): Music: Herald Sun HiT |url=http://www.heraldsunhit.com.au/product.asp?intProductID=733252&intArtistID=5371 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220184226/http://www.heraldsunhit.com.au/product.asp?intProductID=733252&intArtistID=5371 |archive-date=20 December 2007 |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> An yi amfani da waƙoƙin kundin "Perfect" da "Start It" a cikin gabatarwa ga Cibiyar sadarwa ta Bakwai. "Start It" ita ce waƙar AFL ta Channel 7 ta 2008 kuma an sake amfani da ita a cikin 2009. An sake shi ta hanyar dijital kuma a cikin shagunan a ranar 24 ga Mayu 2008, Wani wuri a cikin Real World ya kai tallace-tallace na zinariya a Ostiraliya. An yi amfani da "Kiss Your Mama!" a rediyo a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta kuma an sake shi a ranar 8 ga watan Satumbar 2007. Amorosi ta fitar da waƙarta ta biyu, "Perfect", ta hanyar dijital a ranar 5 ga Afrilu kuma a zahiri a ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2008. Ɗaya ya sanya shi zuwa lamba 1 a kan sigogi na iTunes na dijital a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2008, kuma daidai da mafi girman zane-zane na aikinta a No. 4. "Perfect" ya kai tallace-tallace na Platinum a Ostiraliya kuma shine waƙar da aka fi bugawa a rediyo na Ostiraliya a shekara ta 2008. An zabi "Perfect" don lambar yabo ta APRA ta 2009 don 'Mafi yawan Ayyukan Australiya'. A ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2009, wani shafin yanar gizon magoya bayan Amorosi ya bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da hadin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar Amurka Hoobastank a kan guda mai taken "The Letter". Har ila yau, shafin yanar gizon ya ba da duet don a watsa shi gaba ɗaya. Amorosi kuma ya bayyana a cikin bidiyon da aka harbe shi a Los Angeles a Lacy Street Studio tare da darektan Paul Brown (Alicia Keys, [[Jack White]]). An yi amfani da bidiyon da guda ɗaya ga kafofin watsa labarai na Australiya a ranar 4 ga Mayu. An saki guda ɗaya a Ostiraliya a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2009. === 2009-2010: ''Mai haɗari'' === Amorosi's album ''Hazardous'' became her third ARIA Top 10 album. Debuting at No. 7, it was also the week's highest album debut by an Australian artist and has been accredited platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The album has produced the singles "This Is Who I Am" (Amorosi's first No. 1), top 30 hit "Hazardous" and third single "Mr. Mysterious" featuring Seany B. Amorosi released the album to the German market in early June 2010. A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, an yi amfani da sabon waƙar Amorosi "This Is Who I Am" a gidan rediyo na Australia. A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, Universal Music Australia ta fitar da sanarwar manema labarai don sabon wakar Amorosi tare da cikakkun bayanai game da sabon wakar da kundi. <templatestyles src="Template:Awards table/styles.css" />"Wannan shine Wanda Ni" ya fara ne a lamba 1 a kan ARIA Charts na makon da ya fara 18 ga Oktoba 2009. Wannan shi ne lambar farko ta Amorosi. Mutumin ya kasance a saman mako na biyu a jere - ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Australiya na farko da ya fara a No. 1 kuma ya riƙe No. 1 guda tun lokacin Silverchair's "Straight Lines" a cikin 2007. "Wannan shine Wanda Ni" ya sami nasarar sayar da platinum 2x a Ostiraliya yana mai da ita mafi nasara har zuwa yau a ƙasarsu. Tare da nasarar da ta samu na kundi da kuma na farko "This Is Who I Am", Amorosi ta fitar da waƙarta ta biyu da taken daga kundin Hazardous . Amorosi ya tashi zuwa Los Angeles don yin fim na bidiyon "Hazardous" tare da darektan Paul Brown (Prince, Alicia Keys), wanda aka yi amfani da shi Alhamis, 17 ga Disamba 2009. Ɗaya ya kai No. 29 a kan ARIA Charts - mai ƙarfi mai bin sa Ruwa lambar farko 1. An sanar da cewa Amorosi za ta yi aiki tare da Mary J. Blige, don haka Amorosi ta tashi zuwa Los Angeles a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu don yin fim din bidiyon kiɗa don duet dinta tare da Mary j. Blige don mai zuwa "Each Tear". Sabuwar sigar waƙar za ta fito ne a sake sake fitowa a duniya na sabon rikodin Blige mai ƙarfi tare da Kowane Hawaye . A ranar 4 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, Amorosi ya sanar da "Mr. Mysterious" a matsayin na uku daga cikin kundin Hazardous ta hanyar jarida. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010 Vanessa Amorosi ta goyi bayan Rob Thomas a kan kafa ta Australiya ta Cradlesong Tour, da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo ga magoya bayanta daban. An saki "Holiday" a matsayin na huɗu daga Hazardous kuma an tsara shi a saman 50 a kan sigogi na ARIA. Waƙar tana ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin da ta fi so a cikin kundin: "Holiday ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da mafarki na tserewa zuwa tsibirin da ke nesa, yanayi mai dumi, tare da yashi a ƙafafuna, yin biki duk dare da rawa har zuwa asuba", Amorosi ya bayyana. === 2010-2012: ''V'' da jinkirinsa === [[File:Vanessa_Amorosi.jpg|right|thumb|Amorosi a cikin 2011]] In September 2010, Amorosi revealed on her official Twitter account she was back in the studio again with MachoPsycho in London. In October 2010, she wrote to her mailing list announcing she was writing and recording in Los Angeles for her new studio album, which is described to "push boundaries" and "may even shock people". Amorosi ta farko "Gossip" daga ta gaba album ''V'' da aka saki a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2011 Ruwa ya zama No. 1 da aka kara song a Australia rediyo a cikin farko makon, amma bai tsara a cikin ARIA Top 100 Singles ba. An saki na biyu "Amazing" a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2011 kuma ya kai No. 83 a kan ARIA Singles Chart . An gabatar da waƙar a tallan AFL Grand Final na Channel 7 wanda kuma ya haifar da Vanessa Amorosi ta yi a AFL Grand final a 2011. 2011 kuma ya ga Amorosi yayi aiki a kan irin wannan kamfen kamar Proactiv, Headspace da Kids Helpline. Jerin waƙoƙi da samfurori sun riga sun kasance a cikin kantin sayar da iTunes na Australiya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2011 |title=Vanessa Amorosi – V (5th Album & Singles) |url=https://forum.popjustice.com/threads/vanessa-amorosi-v-5th-album-singles.23002/ |website=The Popjustice Forum |access-date=14 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331135337/http://forum.popjustice.com/threads/vanessa-amorosi-v-5th-album-singles.23002/ |archive-date=31 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> amma a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba 2011, Amorosi ta sanar da kundin da za a saki a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba za a jinkirta har sai an sake sanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=V Vanessa Amorosi |url=http://www.sanity.com.au/products/2204654/V_Limited_Edition%20www.sanity.com.au/products/2204654/V_Limited_Edition |access-date=4 August 2013 |publisher=Sanity}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2012, Amorosi ta sanar da cewa ba ta da tare da Universal Music, kuma za ta nemi sake gina aikinta a matsayin mai zane-zane. Har yanzu ba a fitar da kundin ba har zuwa yau. A cikin 2012, Amorosi ya fara buga wasanni da yawa tare da tsohon dan wasan Eurythmics Dave Stewart . Bayan wasan kwaikwayon Amorosi a wasan kwaikwayon "Dave Stewart & Friends" a Troubadour a cikin 2012, dukansu sun zama abokai kuma daga baya sun yi magana game da ƙaunar da take yi wa kiɗa na bishara da shirya bishara, kamar yadda Stewart ta ce a cikin wata hira da Noise11.com. Ta kuma bayyana a matsayin mai ba da labari a cikin kundin Stewart na 2013 Lucky Numbers . A wata hira da aka yi da ita a watan Yunin 2014 tare da APN, Amorosi ta ce tana aiki a kan kundin bishara da kundi na biyar na studio, wanda ta bayyana cewa zai zama "cikakke" ga sakamakonta na baya. A watan Agustan 2014, Amorosi na ɗaya daga cikin taurari na Dave Stewart da ya shirya taron haraji "The [[The Beatles|Beatles]]' 50th Anniversary at the Hollywood Bowl", yana yin waƙoƙin "Roll Over Beethoven", "Twist and Shout", "Get Back", da "Let It Be". Stewart ya sanar a shafin yanar gizonsa a watan Afrilun 2015, cewa yana rubuta sabon abu tare da Vanessa Amorosi. A cikin 2017, Amorosi ya fito ne a cikin duet tare da mawaƙin mawaƙa na Australiya Jon Stevens mai taken "Something 'Bout You", daga kundin sa Starlight, wanda Dave Stewart ya rubuta kuma ya samar. Amorosi ne ya gabatar da Stevens ga Stewart. An kuma nuna ta a cikin waƙar "Delicious" tare da mawaƙin mawaƙa na Kanada Daniel Powter . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2017 |title=Daniel Powter - Delicious featuring Vanessa Amorosi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lpltcfq5AbM&ab_channel=DanielPowterVEVO |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Amorosi ta rubuta sabon kundin ta a watan Oktoba 2016, a Royal Studios a [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], tare da Dave Stewart a matsayin furodusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Rev CE Hodges – Musician {{pipe}} Evangelist {{pipe}} Believer |url=https://www.facebook.com/revcehodges/posts/1338989452811853 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420080548/https://www.facebook.com/revcehodges/posts/1338989452811853 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=Facebook.com |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Ta kasance a Los Angeles a ranar 11 ga Maris 2017 don ɗaukar hoto don kundin, kuma ta koma Hollywood don bayan samar da kundin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristin Burns on Instagram: "BTS on today's shoot with the amazing Australian singer @vanessaamorosi hair @l.a_siren_hair mu @glamrogers styling @alyssafgreene 🖤" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BReiAz6DWi9/ |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420071647/https://www.instagram.com/p/BReiAz6DWi9/ |archive-date=20 April 2023 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=Instagram.com |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanessa Amorosi (@vanessaamorosi) • Instagram photos and videos |url=https://www.instagram.com/vanessaamorosi/ |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=Instagram.com}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2018, darektan Jesse Davey ya sanar da cewa bayan samarwa ya fara ne a bidiyon kiɗa na Amorosi mai taken "Wolf".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Davey |first=Jesse |title=Vanessa Amorosi: Wolf |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8274266/ |access-date=24 April 2018 |website=IMDb.com}}</ref> Ba za a gama wannan kundin ba kuma a sake shi har zuwa 2023. === 2019: ''Komawa zuwa Ƙauna'' === A watan Janairun 2019, an sanar da jerin masu zane-zane da suka ba da gudummawa ga kundin Vanessa mai zuwa Back to Love. Wadannan masu zane-zane sun hada da Aleena Gibson, Trevor Muzzy, Louis Schoorl, Jordan Palmer, Sarah Solovay, David Gamson, da Jon Levine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 She Rocks Awards – Honorees & Performers – the WiMN |url=http://www.thewimn.com/she-rocks-awards-honorees-performers-2/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803063737/https://www.thewimn.com/she-rocks-awards-honorees-performers-2/ |archive-date=3 August 2019 |access-date=25 February 2019 |website=Women's International Music Network}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, Amorosi ta fitar da "Heavy Lies the Head" a matsayin jagora daga kundi na biyar mai zuwa. Fitar da ita ta tabbatar da cewa har yanzu an sanya hannu a Universal Music Australia a karkashin yarjejeniyar rarrabawa, tare da sabon lakabin mai zaman kansa Angel Works da ke ciki. A watan Agustan 2019, Amorosi ya sanar da wakar "Sannu da Ni", wacce aka saki a ranar 6 ga Satumba. An kuma sanar da sunan kundi na biyar na Back to Love, wanda aka saki a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2019 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=Hello Me – Article |url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/08/hello-vanessa-amorosi-hello-me/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219201948/https://www.auspop.com.au/2019/08/hello-vanessa-amorosi-hello-me/ |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=Auspop.com.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2019 |title=Interview: Vanessa Amorosi |url=https://hear2zen.wordpress.com/2019/09/10/interview-vanessa-amorosi/ |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=Hear2zen.wordpress.com}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, an ba da sanarwar cewa Amorosi za ta yi gasa a Eurovision - Ostiraliya ta yanke shawara da fatan wakiltar Ostiraliya a Gasar Eurovision Song 2020 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2019 |title=Post |url=https://www.aussievision.net/post/casey-donovan-and-vanessa-amorosi-are-the-first-two-artists-for-eurovision-australia-decides |access-date=10 November 2019 |website=Aussievision.net |language=en}}</ref> Waƙarta "Lessons of Love" ta gama ta 3rd. === 2020-2021: Tarin Blacklisted''Tarin da aka jera'' === A ranar 30 ga Maris 2020, Amorosi ta saki "Coming Down Off You", na farko na jerin sabbin waƙoƙi, da aka saki kowane mako, kowane Litinin, wanda ke haifar da sakin The Blacklisted Collection a ranar 26 ga Yuni 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2020 |title=New Music every Monday 🖤 Can't wait to share 'The Blacklisted Collection' with you all x |url=https://www.facebook.com/VanessaAmorosi/photos/pb.19218056495.-2207520000../10156875091721496/?type=3&theater |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/19218056495/10156875091721496 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=13 April 2020 |website=Facebook}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Maris 2021, Amorosi ta saki EP Vol. ''Fashewa. 1'', wanda ke nuna waƙoƙi shida na rai da waƙoƙin bishara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2021 |title=Eurovision - Australia Decides 2020 artist Vanessa Amorosi releases her new EP 'Volume 1' |url=https://www.aussievision.net/post/eurovision-australia-decides-2020-artist-vanessa-amorosi-releases-her-new-ep-volume-1 |access-date=26 March 2021 |website=AussieVision}}</ref> An saki EP na biyu a watan Yunin 2021. === 2022: ''Birnin Mala'iku'' da Sydney Gay da Lesbian Mardi Gras === A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2022, Amorosi ta sanar da fitowar City of Angels, wanda aka shirya don fitowa a ranar 18 ga Maris 2022.<ref name="CoA and M">{{Cite web |date=4 February 2022 |title=NEW ALBUM ANNOUNCEMENT: Vanessa Amorosi ''City of Angels'' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPWqoeUQLeM |access-date=9 February 2022 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Maris 2022, Amorosi ya yi "Absolutely Everybody" a Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras a matsayin wani ɓangare na jirgin ruwa na American Express.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2022 |title=Join us for Mardi Gras 2022 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio/darwin/mardi-gras-2022/13780108 |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=[[ABC iView]]}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 2022, Amorosi ta fitar da "Good Times Are Coming", wani abu mai zaman kansa don ya dace da rawar da ta taka na "Amazing" a bikin rufe Wasannin Commonwealth na 2022. === 2022-ya zuwa yanzu: Memphis Love''Ƙaunar Memphis'' === A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, an ga Amorosi yana yin rikodi tare da Dave Stewart a Bay Street Records a [[Nassau|Nassau, Bahamas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=704137044402561&set=a.283121523170784 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2023, ta sake tabbatar da cewa za ta saki rikodin ta na gaba ta hanyar Bay Street Records.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanessa Amorosi - More of this to come Bay Street Records... {{!}} By Vanessa Amorosi {{!}} More of this to come Bay Street Records Dave Stewart |url=https://www.facebook.com/VanessaAmorosi/videos/more-of-this-to-come-bay-street-records-dave-stewart/1137607443617723/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Satumba 2023, Amorosi ta fitar da "Wolf", jagora daga kundi na takwas, Memphis Love, wanda aka shirya don saki a watan Nuwamba 2023. <ref name="ML and wolf">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2023 |title=Vanessa Amorosi Talks New Music, 2023 AWMA and 'Amazing' Journey With Vicki Gordon |url=https://themusicnetwork.com/vanessa-amorosi-awma-vicki-gordon/ |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=The Music Network}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Bayan sakin Hazardous a shekara ta 2009, Amorosi ta koma Los Angeles, California, inda take zaune. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, ta auri mai horar da zane-zane Rod Busby a cikin The Two Pines Chapel (Lancaster, California), wanda aka yi amfani da shi a fim din Kill Bill . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-05 |title=Why Vanessa Amorosi turned down an invite to tour with The Rolling Stones before latest comeback |url=https://themusicnetwork.com/why-vanessa-amorosi-turned-down-an-invite-to-tour-with-the-rolling-stones-before-latest-comeback/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Music Network}}</ref> Ma'auratan suna da ɗa, Killian, wanda aka haifa a shekara ta 2016. A watan Agustan 2024, ta lashe gwagwarmayar kotu da mahaifiyarta, wacce ta kai karar ta kwace ikon mallakar dukiyar da ta yi iƙirarin ita ce ta gaskiya. == Bayanan da aka yi == <templatestyles src="Template:Awards table/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Template:Awards table/styles.css" />'''Kundin studio''' == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == === Kyautar APRA === === Kyautar ARIA === ARIA Music Awards, wanda Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) ta shirya, sun amince da "kyakkyawan da kirkire-kirkire a duk nau'ikan" na kiɗa a Ostiraliya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQs&nbsp;– 26th ARIA Awards 2012 |url=http://www.ariaawards.com.au/faqs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126003459/http://www.ariaawards.com.au/faqs/ |archive-date=26 January 2012 |access-date=25 February 2013 |publisher=ARIA Awards}}</ref> === Mata na Australiya a cikin Kyautar Kiɗa === Kyautar Mata ta Australiya a cikin Kiɗa wani taron shekara-shekara ne wanda ke murna da mata masu ban sha'awa a Masana'antar Kiɗa ta Australiya waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci da na dindindin a fagen da suka zaɓa. Sun fara ne a cikin 2018. ==Kyaututtuka == src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> The [[APRA Awards (Australia)|APRA Awards]] have been presented annually from 1982 by the [[Australasian Performing Right Association]] (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters".<ref name="APRAMusic">{{cite web | url = http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/History.aspx | title = APRA History | publisher = [[Australasian Performing Right Association]] (APRA) {{pipe}} [[Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society]] (AMCOS) | accessdate = 17 January 2011 | url-status = live | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100920230857/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/History.aspx | archivedate = 20 September 2010 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> {{awards table}} |- |rowspan="2"| [[APRA Music Awards of 2001|2001]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090405185237/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/Nominations2001.aspx ''APRA Awards Nominations – 2001.''] apra-amcos.com, Archived from [http://www.apra-amcos.com.au:80/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/Nominations2001.aspx ''the original''] on 5 April 2009.</ref> | Most Performed Australian Work |rowspan="2"| "[[Shine (Vanessa Amorosi song)|Shine]]" | {{Won}} |- | Song of the Year | {{Nom}} |- | [[APRA Music Awards of 2009|2009]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090603185723/http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/MostPlayedAustralianWork2009.aspx ''Most Played Australian Work – 2009.''] apra-amcos.com.au, Archived from [http://www.apra-amcos.com.au/APRAAwards/MusicAwards/Nominations/MostPlayedAustralianWork2009.aspx ''the original''] on 3 June 2009.</ref> | Most Played Australian Work | "[[Perfect (Vanessa Amorosi song)|Perfect]]" | {{Nom}} |- {{End}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s02a8o7rcgn7kv257y3g3xm5bw26td4 0 171270 964482 936023 2026-10-07T21:12:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gidan tarihi '''na Valentine''' wani gidan tarihi ne da ke Richmond, Virginia wanda aka keɓe don tattarawa, adanawa da fassara tarihin Richmond. Mann S. Valentine II ne ya kafa shi a shekarar 1898, kuma shine gidan tarihi na farko a Richmond. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Valentine Museum |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/richmond/WickhamValentine.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030004225/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/richmond/WickhamValentine.htm |archive-date=October 30, 2011 |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Nps.gov |quote="In 1898, the house became the Valentine Museum, the first museum in Richmond"}}</ref> A farkon karni na 21, masoyan Valentine suna ba da nunin faifai, yawon shakatawa na tafiya, shirye-shirye, abubuwan da suka faru na musamman, damar bincike da ƙari a matsayin hanyar jan hankali, ilmantarwa da ƙalubalen masu sauraro daban-daban. Bikin Masoya ya kuma haɗa da Gidan Wickham, wani wuri mai tarihi na ƙasa . <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date= |title=Richmond: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/richmond/WickhamValentine.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030004225/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/richmond/WickhamValentine.htm |archive-date=October 30, 2011 |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Nps.gov}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Sa'a da farkon ruwan nama === [[File:2015_0515_Valentines_Meat_Juice.JPG|thumb| Kudaden da aka tara don kayan tarihi na asali sun fito ne daga dukiyar da aka tara wajen sayar da ruwan naman Valentine.]] Mann S. Valentine II ne ya samar da kuɗaɗen gina gidan tarihi, wanda ya sami dukiyarsa da ruwan naman Valentine's Meat Juice, wani maganin lafiya da aka yi da ruwan naman sa wanda aka ƙirƙiro tun a shekarar 1870. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2009 |title=Richmond Magazine |url=http://richmondmagazine.com/news/valentines-meat-juice-02-20-2009/ |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Richmondmagazine.com |quote=" Ann Maria Gray Valentine lay ill at her family's house at 9 N. Second St. on the last day of 1870. Physicians could do no more. But her husband, Mann Satterwhite Valentine Jr., was in the basement with a chemistry set, using his sheer determination and rudimentary knowledge from college courses to concoct a mixture to revive his wife.... Mann's elixir worked, and Maria recovered. When news spread to Richmond's 51,000 residents, he learned that there was great demand for the stuff. Mann put his seven sons to work, mixing, bottling and shipping — and Valentine's Meat-Juice was born}}</ref> Mann da 'ya'yansa maza sun sami dukiyarsu daga Kamfanin Ruwan Nama na Valentine. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kollatz |first=Harry |date=2009-02-20 |title=Valentine's Meat-Juice |url=http://richmondmagazine.com/news/valentines-meat-juice-02-20-2009/ |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Richmond Magazine}}</ref> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, masoyan Valentine sun fara taruwa a fannonin ilmin kayan tarihi, ilimin ɗan adam, fasaha mai kyau da kuma fasahar ado . 'Ya'yansa maza sun gudanar da tono duwatsun ƙasa na 'yan asalin Amurka a tsoffin garuruwan Cherokee da ke yammacin North Carolina a cikin farautar kayayyakin tarihi. Sun yi barna sosai a kan tuddai. Mann ya kafa harsashin ginin gidan tarihi a shekarar 1892. Lokacin da ya mutu a shekara ta 1893, ya bayar da gadon asali na Gidan Tarihi na Valentine, inda ya bar tarin zane-zane da kayan tarihi, Gidan John Wickham na 1812 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wickham Valentine |url=http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/richmond/WickhamValentine.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030004225/http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/richmond/WickhamValentine.htm |archive-date=October 30, 2011 |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Nps.gov |quote="As his personal collection grew, Mann envisioned a museum devoted to history, art, and culture and began in 1892 to go about establishing just such a place. Upon his death the following year, he bequeathed both the house and his personal collection of art and artifacts to the people of Richmond, along with an endowment."}}</ref> da kuma kyautar dala $50,000 ga Birnin Richmond don kafa gidan tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wickham Valentine House 1969 Final Nomination |url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Richmond/127-0020_Wickham-Valentine_House_1969_Final_Nomination.pdf |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Dhr.virginia.com |quote="At his death in 1892, the house, along with his collection and a %50,000 endowment, was left as a museum for the city of Richmond}}</ref> Tarin zane-zane da kayan tarihi da suka tattara shi ne ginshiƙin baje kolin lokacin da aka buɗe Gidan Tarihi na Valentine a shekarar 1898. A lokacin, Gidan Tarihi na Valentine ya zama gidan tarihi na farko mai zaman kansa a Birnin Richmond. <ref name="autogenerated1" /> Ɗan'uwan Mann S. Valentine na II Edward Virginius Valentine shi ma yana da sha'awar tarihi kuma sanannen mai sassaka ne. Edward Valentine ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko na gidan kayan tarihi daga 1898 zuwa mutuwarsa a 1930. A cewar gidan yanar gizon gidan tarihi, Edward Valentine ya bar tarin sassaka, takardu, kayan daki da abubuwan tunawa ga gidan tarihi a cikin wasiyyarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward Valentine served as its first president from its opening until his death in 1930. In his own will, he left an incredible collection of his sculpture, papers, furniture and memorabilia to the museum that still bears his family name. |url=http://thevalentine.org/about/history-mission |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Thevalentine.org}}</ref> Mawakin Valentine ya sami tarin hotunan Richmond daga George S. Cook da Huestis Pratt Cook, lokacin da aka same su a cikin rufin gidan matar marigayiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Behind the Cook Studio |url=https://m.styleweekly.com/richmond/behind-the-cook-studio/Content?oid=14892756 |access-date=2026-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319210911/https://m.styleweekly.com/richmond/behind-the-cook-studio/Content?oid=14892756 |archive-date=2023-03-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Juyin Halittar Tsohon Gidan Tarihi na Richmond === A shekarar 1924, gidan kayan tarihi ya nemi daraktan gidan kayan tarihi na Charleston Laura Bragg da ta yi shawara kan sake tsara tsarin, wanda aka fara shekaru hudu bayan haka. Wannan shine babban gyara da faɗaɗa gidan kayan tarihi na farko. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin, gidan kayan tarihi ya sayi gidaje uku da ke kusa da Gidan Wickham don ajiye kayan tarihi. Gidan tarihi ya gyara gidan Wickham don nuna lokacin da aka gina shi a shekarar 1812 lokacin da mai shi na farko, John Wickham da iyalinsa suka zauna a wurin. A ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1969, [[Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission|Hukumar Kula da Alamun Tarihi ta Virginia]] ta zaɓi gine-ginen Gidan Tarihi na Valentine don kasancewa a cikin Rijistar Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa, bisa ga sharuɗɗan Dokar Kare Tarihi ta Ƙasa ta 1966. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Inventory of Historic Places : Valentine Museum |url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Richmond/127-0020_Wickham-Valentine_House_1969_Final_Nomination.pdf |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Dhr.virginia.gov}}</ref> An sanya sunan Gidan Tarihi na Valentine a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1969. A shekarun 1970, an yi babban gyare-gyare da faɗaɗa shi don ƙara sabon reshe don ɗaukar ƙarin kayan tarihi da kuma ƙara sararin baje kolin jama'a. An gyara kuma an faɗaɗa Gidajen Layi waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin babban wurin adana kayan tarihi. A shekarar 1985, Valentine ya ɗauki Frank Jewell aiki kuma ya ɗauki matakai don farfaɗo da cibiyar. Hukumar ta roƙe shi da ya mayar da hankali kan yadda gidan tarihi zai iya magance matsaloli kamar wariyar launin fata, yanayin baƙar fata na kudanci, da kuma tarihin birnin mai rikitarwa; sakamakon haka ya jawo hankalin ƙasa baki ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Projects such as "Why the South Lost the Civil War," "In Bondage and Freedom: Antebellum Black Life in Richmond," "Jim Crow: Racism and Reaction in the New South," as well as exhibits on Jewish life in Richmond, women, the impact of tobacco and its advertising, and religion turned heads nationally. |url=http://www.richmond.com/entertainment/article_440ec584-f61c-5ef5-b739-7601dac85d15.html |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Richmond.com}}</ref> A shekarar 1988, Gidan Tarihi ya yi aiki tare da Mary Tyler McGraw, wacce ta kasance memba na aikin Al'ummomin Baƙar fata a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Amurka . Ta ƙirƙiro wani baje koli mai suna "In Bondage and Freedom: Antebellum Black Life in Richmond." Wannan aikin ya jawo hankalin masana da suka san tarihin zamantakewa da kuma tarihin Afirka-Amurka. == Nunin dindindin - Wannan shine Richmond, Virginia == An nuna bikin baje kolin masoya na dindindin, mai taken ''This is Richmond, Virginia,'' a babban matakin. Yana ba da labarin Babban Birnin Virginia bisa ga jigogi guda biyar daban-daban. Abubuwan da aka nuna wani ɓangare ne na tarin littattafan soyayya na Valentine; suna taimakawa wajen bayyana labarai daban-daban na sirri don ba da labarin wannan yanki mai tasowa koyaushe. == Yawon shakatawa na Tarihi na Richmond == A kaka ta 1942, zakaran bikin tunawa da ranar masoya Mary Wingfield Scott ta ƙaddamar da jerin rangadin tafiya don bincika Richmond. Waɗannan rangadin tafiya na farko sun haɗa 'yan ƙasar Richmond don bincika birninsu, suna ziyartar wurare kamar Gamble's Hill, Church Hill, Oregon Hill, Jackson Ward, da kuma makabartar Hollywood. A yau, gidan tarihi yana ci gaba da aikin Scott ta hanyar ba mazauna Richmond damar yin bincike a birnin ta hanyar ƙafa, bas da babur. Manufar ita ce su raba labarai daban-daban da suka shafi birnin ta hanyar binciko yanayin birane da ke canzawa koyaushe. Masoya na bikin Valentine suna ba da rangadin yawon shakatawa kusan 450 a shekara. Yawon shakatawa na mako-mako ya shafi Makabartar Hollywood, Cikin Garin Richmond da Shockoe Bottom . Kowace wata tsakanin Maris da Oktoba ana keɓe ta ne ga wani yanki mai tarihi na Richmond. Ana kuma bayar da rangadin musamman, ciki har da tarihin Richmond da Kogin James, yawo a cikin Broad Street Arts District, da kuma binciken tarihin LGBTQ+ na Carytown . == Nunin da ke juyawa == Ranar Valentine tana da nunin faifai da dama da suka haɗa da hotuna, tufafi da yadi, da kuma nunin kayan tarihi kan batutuwan da suka shafi Richmond ta hanya mai mahimmanci. * ''Tarihin Richmond a cikin Abubuwa 50,'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-14 |title=A History of Richmond in 50 Objects |url=http://wtvr.com/2013/02/14/a-history-of-richmond-in-50-objects/ |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=WTVR.com}}</ref> ya buɗe a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2014 a cikin Massey Gallery da ke babban bene na gidan kayan tarihi. * ''Tawada ta Tarihi: Aikin Tattoo Archive,'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-11-18 |title=History, Ink - The Tattoo Archive Project &#124; Style Weekly - Richmond, VA local news, arts, and events |url=http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/HistoryInk/Page |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Styleweekly.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ya fara daga 2 ga Nuwamba, 2012 zuwa 31 ga Maris, 2013; ya mayar da hankali kan karuwar shaharar jarfa a al'adun Amurka da kuma a cikin garin Richmond. * An nuna baje kolin The ''Waste Not, Want Not: Babban Mawuyacin Halin Richmond, 1929-1941,'' daga Oktoba 2009 har zuwa Satumba 2010. Ya nuna rayuwa a Richmond a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Griset |first=Rich |date=2015-05-09 |title=Waste Not, Want Not &#124; Theater &#124; Style Weekly - Richmond, VA l |url=http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/waste-not-want-not/Content?oid=1361800 |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Styleweekly.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100748/http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/waste-not-want-not/Content?oid=1361800 |archive-date=2015-05-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * A watan Fabrairun 2011, gidan kayan tarihi ya gayyaci jama'a su gabatar da taken asali don hotuna har zuwa 100 bazuwar daga Tarin ''Richmond Times-Dispatch'' Collection. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-02-09 |title=What in The World Is Happening in RVA? - Richmond.com: Entertainment |url=http://www.richmond.com/entertainment/article_a0e5d8e3-6c38-5e09-b997-6c4b9bab4691.html |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Richmond.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-25 |title=Art of Hans Gassman - UR Downtown - University of Richmond |url=http://downtown.richmond.edu/gallery/caption.html |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Downtown.richmond.edu}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rubutun da suka yi nasara ya bayyana tare da hotunan da aka ɗauka, tare da ainihin rubutun da aka buga a jaridun Richmond. An nuna wannan baje kolin a The Valentine and the ''Richmond Times-Dispatch'' har zuwa watan Satumba na 2011. * A shekarar 2011, ''Rigunan Bikin Rantsar da Matan Farko na Virginia'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vozzella |first=Laura |date=2012-09-11 |title=Portraits of Va. first ladies: prim to va-va-va voom - Virginia Politics |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/virginia-politics/post/portraits-of-va-first-ladies-prim-to-va-va-va-voom/2012/09/11/0607a7bc-fb91-11e1-b2af-1f7d12fe907a_blog.html |access-date=2015-05-17 |website=Washingtonpost.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Slipek |first=Edwin |date=2015-05-09 |title=Picture of Politics &#124; Cover Story &#124; Style Weekly - Richmond, VA |url=http://www.styleweekly.com/richmond/private-eyes/Content?oid=2017918 |access-date=2015-05-17 |publisher=Styleweekly.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> sun nuna riguna tara da aka saka a bukukuwan farko ko liyafar da aka gudanar don girmama sabon Gwamnan Virginia. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qurne5xy9v2b3qk0su2vmyh3muaaeyc 0 171278 964444 952878 2026-10-07T19:31:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tsuntsun dusar ƙanƙara na Himalaya''' ('''''Tetraogallus himalayensis''''') wani tsuntsu ne mai dusar ƙanƙara a cikin dangin pheasant Phasianidae wanda ake samu a fadin tsaunukan Himalaya da sassan tsaunukan Pamir na Asiya da ke makwabtaka da su. Ana samunsa a wuraren kiwo na tsaunuka masu tsayi da kuma kan tsaunuka masu tsayi inda za su nutse ƙasa daga gangaren tuddai don tserewa. Yana kama da ƙaramin dusar ƙanƙara ta Tibet a wasu sassan kewayonta. Al'ummar da suka fito daga yankuna daban-daban suna nuna bambancin launinsu kuma an ware nau'ikan nau'ikan guda biyar. An gabatar da su a tsaunukan [[Nevada]] da ke Amurka a shekarun 1960 kuma akwai tarin jama'a a tsaunukan Ruby. == Bayani == [[File:TetraogallusHimalayensis.jpg|left|thumb| Misali na JG Keulemans (1891)]] Dutsen dusar ƙanƙara na Himalaya babban tsuntsu ne mai launin toka mai kama da partridge, {{Convert|55|–|74|cm|in}} a tsayi kuma yana da nauyin {{Convert|2|-|3.1|kg|lb}} . Tsarin kan yana da kama da na ƙaramin chukar partridge mai kyau da alama. Maƙogwaro fari da gefen kai suna da layi mai launin ja da kuma wani babban mayafin ja da ke fitowa daga ido zuwa kunne, yana faɗaɗawa zuwa cikin abin wuya. Sassan sama launin toka ne, tare da gashin fuka-fukan gindi kuma an kewaye fuka-fukan da rufous. Nonon sama launin toka ne mai duhu tare da sandunan haske masu duhu. Ramin ƙirjin ƙasan yana da launin toka mai duhu, kuma gefunan jiki suna da launin baƙi, launin ruwan kasa da fari. Rufin da ke ƙarƙashin wutsiya fari ne. Kafafu da fatar da ke kewaye da su rawaya ne. Jinsi iri ɗaya ne a fatar jiki, amma mace ƙarama ce kuma ba ta da babban ƙwanƙwasa na maza. A lokacin tashi, daga sama, fararen furanni masu launin baƙi da kuma gashin wutsiya mai launin ruwan kasa suna sa ya bambanta. Dusar ƙanƙara ta Tibet tana da siffar fikafikai masu launin fari da ke bin bayanta zuwa ga fikafikan launin toka. == Tsarin Taxonomy da Tsarin == [[File:Himalayan_Snowcock_(Tetraogallus_himalayensis)_(53439928701).jpg|thumb]] A kusan shekarar 1841, an kawo wani samfurin tsuntsu zuwa wurin kula da dabbobi na London, wanda EW Bonham, jakadan [[Tabrez]] ya gabatar. George Robert Gray ya lura cewa ya yi daidai da hoton tsuntsu da aka zana (faranti na 76) a cikin Jardine da Selby 's "Illustrations of Ornithology" wanda ya lura cewa ya kamata a kira shi da ''Tetraogallus caucasicus'' kuma wani farantin zane 141 wanda aka ce namijin wanda ke cikin faranti na 76 an raba shi bisa ga yanayin ƙasa kuma an ba shi sunan ''Tetraogallus himalayensis'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gray GR |year=1843 |title=[Letter to curator] |url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofgen41zool#page/n256/mode/1up |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |issue=Part 10 |page=105}}</ref> Babban yankin ya rabu da hamadar Taklamakan kuma an kiyasta cewa rabuwar ta faru ne bayan dusar ƙanƙara ta Pleistocene (mita 1). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ruan Luzhang |last2=An Bei |last3=Niclas Backstrom |last4=Luo Huaxing |last5=Wen Longying |last6=Zhang Lixun |last7=Liu Naifa |year=2010 |title=Phylogeographic structure and gene flow of Himalayan snowcock (''Tetraogallus himalayensis'') |journal=Animal Biology |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=449–465 |doi=10.1163/157075610X523314}}</ref> Babban yankin da aka rarraba ya rabu kuma waɗannan al'ummomin da ba su da alaƙa suna nuna bambance-bambancen launin fure waɗanda aka sanya wa suna a matsayin ƙananan nau'ikan. Duk da cewa an bayyana nau'ikan da dama, ba duka aka gane ba. Wani nau'in da aka bayyana a matsayin ''sauricus'' ya kasance batun muhawara mai zurfi game da sunaye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Potapov, R.L. |year=1993 |title=New subspecies of the Himalayan Snowcock, ''Tetraogallus himalayensis sauricus'', subsp. nova |journal=Russian Journal of Ornithology |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=3–5}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bianchi V |year=1899 |title=Uebersicht der Arten der Gattung ''Tetraogallus'' Gray |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1685830 |journal=Journal of Ornithology |language=German |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=421–434 |bibcode=1899JOrn...47..421B |doi=10.1007/BF02208465 |s2cid=34044479}}</ref> * GR Gray ya bayyana nau'in da aka zaɓa a cikin 1843 kuma yana nufin yawan jama'a daga gabashin Afghanistan wanda ya kai har zuwa Ladakh da tsakiyar [[Himalaya|Himalayas]] na Nepal. * ''Incognitus'' wanda Zarudny ya bayyana a shekarar 1911 daga tsaunukan kudancin Tajikistan da arewacin Afghanistan, gaba ɗaya ya yi fari sosai tare da launin ja mai haske da alamun baƙi a ƙasa da kuma buff. ( ''Bendi'' da Walter Norman Koelz ya bayyana yawanci ana haɗa shi a cikin wannan <ref name="pcr" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koelz, Walter |year=1951 |title=Four new subspecies of birds from southwestern Asia |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=1510}}</ref> <ref name="marien">{{Cite journal |last=Marien, Daniel |year=1951 |title=Notes on some pheasants from southwestern Asia, with remarks on molt |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=1518 |pages=1–25}}</ref> ) * ''sewerzowi'' Zarudny, 1910 – [[Tian Shan|Tien Shan]] zuwa Zaysan (Kazakhstan) gabas zuwa Xinjiang ( Ernst Hartert bai amince da shi ba <ref name="marien" /> ) * ''grombczewskii'' Bianchi, 1898 – Duwatsun Kunlun * ''koslowi'' Bianchi, 1898 - [[Nanshan Mountains (Qinghai)|Nan Shan]] da [[Ching Hai Ku]] Dutsen Qinghai da S Gansu == Rarrabawa da Matsayi == [[File:Tetraogallus_himalayensis_265472283.jpg|thumb]] Dusar ƙanƙara ta Himalaya tana yawan zuwa wuraren kiwo na tsaunuka masu tsayi da tsaunukan tsaunuka na Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya a saman bishiyoyi da kuma kusa da layin dusar ƙanƙara. A cikin tsaunukan Himalayas, ana samunsa tsakanin tsayin mita 4000 zuwa 5000 a lokacin rani, yana saukowa zuwa mita 2400 a lokacin hunturu mai tsanani. Tunda dusar ƙanƙarar Himalayan tana da yawan rarrabawa kuma babu raguwar yawan jama'a a bayyane, an ɗauke ta a matsayin nau'in da ba a damu da shi ba ta IUCN . A shekarar 1961, an lura da kamanceceniyar yanayin Himalaya da yankin Nevada, kuma an ɗauki dusar ƙanƙarar Himalaya a matsayin tsuntsu mai kyau na farauta don gabatarwa ta Hukumar Kifi da Wasanni ta Nevada. Daga nan sai Hukumar ta tuntubi Shugaban Pakistan don neman wasu tsuntsaye. Waɗannan sun makale a cikin daji a Hunza kuma jigilar kaya da wuri ta fuskanci asara mai yawa daga baya aka yi kiwon tsuntsaye a gonar dabbobin Mason Valley kuma a cikin shekaru 15 (1965-1979) an saki tsuntsaye sama da 2000 zuwa daji. Yawan tsuntsaye sama da 200 zuwa 500 sun kafa kansu a tsaunukan Ruby, inda suke kiwo a saman bishiyoyi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stiver SJ |year=1984 |title=The Himalayan Snowcock – Nevada's newest upland game |url=https://www.wildlifeprofessional.org/western/transactions/transactions_1984_10.pdf |journal=Cal-Neva Wildlife Transactions |volume=26 |pages=55–58 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250527102729/https://www.wildlifeprofessional.org/western/transactions/transactions_1984_10.pdf |archive-date=2025-05-27 |access-date=2026-09-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ɗabi'a da ilimin halittu == [[File:Tetraogallus_himalayensis_MWNH_1095.JPG|left|thumb| Kwai, Gidan Tarihi na Tarin Kwai na Wiesbaden]] Dusar ƙanƙara ta Himalayas tana da saurin girma idan ba ta haihu ba, suna yawo a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Ƙungiyoyi da dama na iya zama a tudu ɗaya. Suna zaune ne kawai a cikin ƙasa mai buɗewa kuma da alama sun fi son gefen tsaunuka masu duwatsu. Suna cin ciyawa, harbe, berries, da tsaba. Da safe tsuntsayen suna tashi daga ƙasa don shan ruwa. Idan aka kusance su daga ƙasan matakinsu, suna ƙoƙarin hawa gangaren da ƙafa, kuma idan aka kusance su daga sama, sai su nutse a cikin kwaruruka a kan fikafikai masu buɗewa. A Indiya, lokacin kiwo yana faruwa ne a lokacin rani, daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni. Ba a yin shiru a lokacin hunturu amma a lokacin bazara, kiransa wani ɓangare ne na yanayin ƙasa. Waƙar busa ce mai ƙarfi wacce sassa uku ke ɗauke da sautin da ke sama. Suna kuma yin ƙara mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Lokacin kiwo shine lokacin rani, daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni. A lokacin soyayya, namijin yana durƙusawa ƙasa da fikafikai kaɗan, wutsiya a ƙasa kuma gashinsa ya ɗan yi laushi. Sannan, yana gudu baya da gaba a gaban kaza ko kuma a cikin da'ira. Gidan yana da rufin ƙasa mara shinge wanda aka ɓoye a ƙarƙashin dutse ko daji, zai fi dacewa kusa da saman tudu a gefen tudu. Ana yin kimanin ƙwai mai siffar oval guda 5 zuwa 12 waɗanda launinsu ya yi kama da zaitun ko ruwan kasa kuma an yi musu fenti ja ko launin ruwan kasa a ko'ina. Mace ce kawai ke yin ƙwai. Namijin yana da aure ɗaya, yana zama a kusa da gidan da aka saba gani yana zaune a kan wani dutse mai tsayi kuma yana lura da masu kutse. Idan aka tayar da hankalinsa, zakara ya yi wa matar gargaɗi da babbar busa. Idan aka kama tsuntsun kaza a cikin gida ba tare da saninsa ba, ba za ta bar gidan ba har sai ta kusanci gidan sosai. Kwai sun ƙyanƙyashe a cikin injin haƙa bayan kimanin kwanaki 27-28. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Abbott, U. |last2=G. Christensen |year=1971 |title=Hatching and rearing the Himalayan snow partridge in captivity |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-wildlife-management_1971-04_35_2/page/301 |journal=Journal of Wildlife Management |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=301–306 |doi=10.2307/3799604 |jstor=3799604 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker, EC Stuart |year=1924 |title=The game birds of India, Burma and Ceylon, part 38 |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–11}}</ref> Wani lokaci gaggafa masu launin zinare suna cin naman manya. An bayyana nau'ikan Acanthocephala da Nematoda da dama daga cikin ''[[Hispaniolepis fedtschenkoi|nau'ikan]]'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Junker, K |last2=J Boomker |year=2007 |title=A check list of the helminths of guineafowls (Numididae) and a host list of these parasites |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_onderstepoort-journal-of-veterinary-research_2007-12_74_4/page/315 |journal=Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=315–337 |doi=10.4102/ojvr.v74i4.118 |pmid=18453241 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gvosdev, I. |year=1954 |title=Helminth fauna of ''Tetraogallus himalayensis'' Gray, 1842 |journal=Zoologicheskii Zhurnal |language=Russian |volume=33 |pages=39–43}}</ref> == Manazarta == sl9jar1nrupjueugf4kwuvlm5l9x3ai 0 171284 964569 936054 2026-10-08T01:27:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Sajnekhali''' yanki ne mai fadin kilomita ³⁶² a arewacin yankin [[Sundarbans]] delta a gundumar Parganas ta Kudu ta 24, [[Bengal ta Yamma|Yammacin Bengal]], [[Indiya]] . Yana nan a mahadar kogunan Matla da Gumdi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildlife Wing :: Directorate of Forests Govt. of West Bengal |url=http://www.wildbengal.com/sajnekhali-wls.php |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.wildbengal.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629094331/http://www.wildbengal.com/sajnekhali-wls.php |archive-date=2021-06-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yankin galibi yanki ne na ciyawar mangrove, daji da fadama. An kafa shi a matsayin wurin mafaka a shekarar 1976. Gida ne ga dimbin nau'ikan namun daji daban-daban, kamar tsuntsayen ruwa, heron, pelican, barewa mai laushi, rhesus macaques, alade na daji, damisa, ƙadangarun masu lura da ruwa, kuliyoyi masu kamun kifi, damisa, kunkuru na Olive ridley, kada, dajin Batagur, da tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura. Wurin da ya dace ga masoyan yanayi su kalli dabbobin daji daga tsayi shine Hasumiyar Sajnekhali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sajnekhali Bird Sanctuary, Sajnekhali Bird Sanctuary Wildlife Tour Packages, Photos, Videos, How to Reach |url=https://www.wildlifetourpackages.net/sajnekhali-bird-sanctuary-wildlife.html |access-date=2021-06-25 |website=www.wildlifetourpackages.net}}</ref> == Sufuri == Sajnekhali yana da lamba 130&nbsp;kilomita daga [[Kolkata]]. Canning ita ce tashar jirgin ƙasa mafi kusa da ita. Ana samun sabis na jirgin ruwa zuwa Sajnekhali daga Gosaba . Ana iya hayar jirgin ruwa ko na'urar harba motoci don Basanti ko Gadkhali. == Manazarta == 4itcvomk76eh24x1kw6u46c0iq1bl7w 0 171296 964570 936080 2026-10-08T01:29:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Sunabeda''' wurin ajiye namun daji ne kuma wurin ajiye damisa da aka tsara a gundumar Nuapada ta [[Odisha]], kusa da [[Chhattisgarh]]. Tana da jimillar yanki na {{Convert|600|km2}}. Wurin ajiye namun daji yana da nau'ikan wurare daban-daban na namun daji, tare da babban fili, kwaruruka da yawa, kwaruruka da kuma magudanar ruwa masu ban mamaki. Wurin mafakar ya samar da yankin magudanar ruwa na Kogin Jonk, wanda aka gina madatsar ruwa a kansa don sauƙaƙa ban ruwa. Kogin Indra nullah da kogin Udanti suna kudu da wurin ibada. Muhimman ciyayi na wurin sun haɗa da dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi da suka bushe. == Namun daji == [[File:Sunabeda_Wildlife_Sanctuary.jpg|thumb| Kyakkyawan ramin ruwa a cikin wurin ibada]] [[File:Crested_Serpent_Eagle_CSE.jpg|thumb| Crested Serpent Eagle a wurin shiga Cherchuan]] Ana samun dabbobi masu shayarwa na tsakiyar Indiya kamar damisa ( ''Panthera tigris'' ), [[damisa]] ''(P. pardus'' ), Gaur na Indiya ( ''Bos gaurus'' ), bear mai laushi ( ''Melursus ursinus'' ), barewa mai haushi ( ''Muntiacus muntjak'' ), alade na daji ( ''Sus scrofa'' ) da kuma bunsuru mai shuɗi ( ''Boselaphus tragocamelus'' ), kodayake an rage su ta hanyar farauta . Daga cikin birai marasa ɗan adam, ana samun nau'in langur ( ''Semnopithecus entellus'' ) da biri rhesus ( ''Macaca mulatta'' ) a cikin su. (Kotwal 1997). Tabbas wurin ajiye namun daji na Sunabeda ya ga mafi kyawun kwanaki. Tana da barewa mai fadama ( ''Cervus duvauceli branderi'' ) da kuma bauna mai ruwa ( ''Bubalus arnee'' ). Dazuzzukan da ke kewaye da Sunabeda a da suna da adadi mai yawa na barewa na daji har zuwa shekarun 1960. Farauta, cututtuka da shanu ke haifarwa da kuma [[Rashin mazaunin|lalata muhalli]] sun haifar da mutuwar barewa na daji a yankin. Ana bayar da rahoton motsin mutane da ba a tabbatar da su ba kuma lokaci-lokaci a kusa da Sitanadi amma wannan hasashe ne kawai. Tare da ƙoƙarin gwamnatin Chhattisgarh, akwai yiwuwar mu iya dawo da barewa na daji a cikin dazuzzukan Indravati da Sitanadi-Udanti amma har yanzu lamarin yana cikin mawuyacin hali. Haka lamarin yake da Barasingha mai tauri wanda aka taɓa gani a kan tsaunuka har zuwa shekarun 1950 kuma sun ɓace, barewa na daji. A yau sun shuɗe kuma babu damar farfaɗowa. Sunabeda wataƙila ita ce kawai wurin da ya rage a Odisha wanda yanzu ke ba da rahoton Nilgai. Sun kasance a wurare da yawa a yankin Sunabeda a baya, amma farautar namun daji ta yi illa a tsawon shekaru. Yau ma sun tafi dare. Duk waɗannan dalilai sun haifar da raguwar yawan kuliyoyi. Saboda ƙarancin ganima, kashe shanu zai ƙaru a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa sannan daga baya a kawar da manyan kuliyoyi gaba ɗaya. == Matsayin ajiyar Tiger == Sunabeda ta sami amincewar [[Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Kasa|Hukumar Kula da Damisar Ƙasa]], kuma ana shirye-shiryen gabatar da shawarwarin sanarwarta kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin jagororin NTCA. An kiyasta cewa ajiyar damisar da aka tsara za ta kai sama da 956.17&nbsp;km ² (longitude - 82°20'0" zuwa 82°34'48" gabas da latitude 20°06'0" zuwa 20°44'0" arewa), a gundumar Nuapada wacce ke iyaka da jihar Chhattisgarh a yammacin Odisha, kuma ta ƙunshi Wuri Mai Tsarki na Sunabeda (591.75)&nbsp;km ² ) da kuma katangar dajin Patdhara da ke kudu (364.42)&nbsp;km ² ). <ref name="Welcome to Wild Life Conservation in Odisha 2003">{{Cite web |date=2003-12-03 |title=Project Tiger : Wild Life Conservation in Odisha |url=http://www.odishawildlife.org/projecttiger.html |access-date=2020-07-17 |website=Welcome to Wild Life Conservation in Odisha}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestone Initiatives |url=https://projecttiger.nic.in/content/37_1_MilestoneInitiatives.aspx |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=Project Tiger |publisher=Project Tiger |ref=Project Tiger Milestones}}</ref> == Yaƙin neman zaɓen Sunabeda == [[File:Wildlife_Conservation_at_Sunabeda.jpg|thumb| Shirin Wayar da Kan Jama'a na Gidauniyar Corridor]] Gidauniyar Corridor, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, tana aiki tun daga shekarar 2017 kan wayar da kan jama'a game da kiyaye namun daji. Masu sa kai na gida daga ƙauyuka kamar Cherchuan, Jamgaon, Sunabeda, da Kholibhitar sun haɗa hannu don kare dazuzzukan. Baya ga shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a, an shirya taruka da dama da suka shafi yara 'yan makaranta. Haka kuma kungiyar ta ci gaba da yin tasiri ga Hukumar Kula da Dabbobi ta Ƙasa da Ma'aikatar Daji ta Jihar Odisha don ayyana wurin ajiye namun daji a matsayin wurin ajiye namun daji na Tiger Reserve, wani mataki da ake jira sosai wajen kiyaye wannan wurin zama na ƙarshe na Dabbobi a Yammacin Odisha. Haka kuma ƙungiyar ta gudanar da shirye-shirye kamar rarraba bishiyoyi, shuka da kuma takardun bambancin halittu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2021 |title=Sunabeda - Once a Bastion for Wildlife |url=https://sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/article/sunabeda---once-a-bastion-for-wildlife}}</ref> Shirin Kare Damisar Sunabeda na Wild Orissa yana ci gaba tun daga shekarar 1997. A wani ɓangare na wannan shirin, an mayar da hankali musamman kan kiyaye damisa a cikin dazuzzukan Sunabeda-Khariar a gundumar Nuapara ta Orissa, inda take da muhimmiyar matsugunin damisa. Kidayar da aka yi a shekarar 2002 ta nuna cewa yawan damisa ya kai 600.&nbsp;km ² . Wurin ibada na Sunabeda yana da mutane 24. Bugu da ƙari, dazuzzukan Khariar da ke makwabtaka da su, waɗanda suka kai kimanin 450.&nbsp;km ² . , kuma suna tallafawa wasu 'yan damisa. Tare, waɗannan dazuzzukan suna da babban wurin adana kwayoyin halittar damisa, tare da damar kiyayewa na dogon lokaci. Ƙaramin faci na kimanin 1,000&nbsp;km ² . za a iya ware shi don Sunabeda Tiger Reserve. Wani abin sha'awa kuma shi ne yadda barewa mai yawan gaske (Bubalus arnee) ke yawo a yankin. Waɗannan shanu na daji suna shiga Orissa daga dazuzzukan Udanti da Sitanadi da ke Chhattisgarh. Ganin cewa wannan nau'in yana gab da ƙarewa a tsakiyar Indiya, kare Sunabeda yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga ƙasa. Dazuzzukan da ke cikin Wurin Tsabtace Sunabeda ba su da yawan jama'a. Yankin ya zuwa yanzu ya kubuta daga hankalin mafiya rinjayen bishiyoyin Orissa. Koguna uku da manyan koguna 11 suna samar da wadataccen maɓuɓɓugan ruwa. Sunabeda ta fi ɗaukar muhimmanci idan aka yi la'akari da cewa tana tare da dazuzzukan Udanti da Sitanadi a jihar Chhattisgarh a yamma. Idan aka bai wa Sunabeda da Khariar matsayin Project Tiger, za a kare babban wurin zama na damisa mai matuƙar amfani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wild Orissa |url=http://www.wildorissa.org/sunabeda.htm}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunabeda-Khariar tigers need protection |url=http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/component/content/article/119-campaigns-archive/645-sunabeda-khariar-tigers-need-protection.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120154713/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/component/content/article/119-campaigns-archive/645-sunabeda-khariar-tigers-need-protection.html |archive-date=2014-11-20 |website=www.sanctuaryasia.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == f636il6uf1au4gba1bkshezsgayjclj 0 171387 964535 936375 2026-10-07T23:03:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Wangui wa Goro | image = | birth_date = 1961 | birth_place = [[Kenya]] | nationality = [[Kenya|’Yar Kenya]] | occupation = Malamar jami'a, mai fassara, marubuciya, mawallafiya kuma mai binciken harsuna | education = [[Jami'ar Leicester]]; [[Jami'ar London]]; [[Middlesex University]] | employer = [[SOAS University of London]]; [[King's College London]] | known_for = Fassarar adabin Afirka da kare harsunan Afirka }} '''Wangui wa Goro''' (an haife ta a shekarar [[1961]]) masaniya ce ’yar [[Kenya]] a fannonin [[fassara]], [[adabi]], harsuna, ilimi da suka. Ita marubuciya ce, mawallafiya, mai fassara, malamar jami'a kuma masaniyar fannin nazarin fassara. Ta yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban na ilimi, bincike, adabi da al'adu, kuma ta shahara wajen inganta amfani da harsunan Afirka da fassarar adabin Afirka.<ref name="SOAS">{{cite web |title=Professor Wangui wa Goro |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/wangui-wa-goro |website=SOAS University of London |access-date=14 Satumba 2026 }}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Wangui wa Goro a [[Kenya]]. Ta tafi [[Turai]] domin ci gaba da karatu, inda ta yi karatun harsunan zamani da tattalin arziki a [[Jami'ar Leicester]]. Daga baya ta ci gaba da karatunta a fannin ilimi a [[Jami'ar London]], sannan ta yi karatun digiri na uku a fannin [[Translation studies|nazarin fassara]] a [[Middlesex University]].<ref name="Education">{{cite web |title=Professor Wangui wa Goro |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/wangui-wa-goro |website=SOAS University of London |access-date=14 Satumba 2026 }}</ref> An bayyana rayuwar aikinta a matsayin mai haɗa fannoni daban-daban, ciki har da ilimi, ilimin zamantakewa, fassara, adabi, suka, bincike da kula da ayyukan al'adu.<ref name="KCL">{{cite web |title=Professor Wangui wa Goro |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/wangui-wa-goro |website=King's College London |access-date=14 Satumba 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin ilimi == Wa Goro ta yi shekaru da dama tana aiki a matsayin malamar jami'a da mai bincike. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da [[fassara]], adabin Afirka, harsuna, ilimi, suka da nazarin al'adu.<ref name="SOAS"/> A halin yanzu, SOAS University of London ta bayyana ta a matsayin '''Professor of Practice''' a School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics. Ta kuma kasance Visiting Academic a [[King's College London]], inda take da alaƙa da African Leadership Centre.<ref name="SOAS"/><ref name="KCL"/> Ta kuma shiga cikin ayyukan ƙungiyoyin ilimi da adabi da dama. Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar African Literature Association, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Co-Convenor na Women's Caucus na African Studies Association.<ref name="SOAS"/> == Fassara da adabin Afirka == Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan Wa Goro shi ne fassarar adabin Afirka daga harsunan Afirka da wasu harsunan duniya zuwa Turanci. Ta shahara musamman wajen fassara ayyukan marubucin Kenya [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] daga [[Kikuyu]] zuwa Turanci.<ref name="SOAS"/> Daga cikin ayyukan da ta fassara akwai littafin ''[[Matigari]]'' na Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, da kuma wasu daga cikin ayyukansa na yara, ciki har da ''Njamba Nene and the Flying Bus'' da ''Njamba Nene's Pistol''.<ref name="Ngugi">{{cite web |title=Bios — Translating Ngugi |url=https://ngugi.cargo.site/bios |website=Translating Ngugi |access-date=14 Satumba 2026 }}</ref> Ta kuma fassara aikin marubuciyar Ivory Coast [[Véronique Tadjo]], ciki har da ''As the Crow Flies'', daga [[Faransanci]] zuwa Turanci.<ref name="SOAS"/> Ayyukanta na fassara sun haɗa da harsuna daban-daban kamar [[Faransanci]], [[Italiyanci]], [[Swahili]] da [[Kikuyu]], abin da ya sa ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu tallata hulɗar adabin Afirka tsakanin harsuna.<ref name="KCL"/> == Rubuce-rubuce == Baya ga fassara, Wa Goro ita ma marubuciya ce. Rubuce-rubucenta sun haɗa da [[waka]], gajerun labarai, almara, rubuce-rubucen ilimi da makaloli.<ref name="SOAS"/> Gajeren labarinta mai suna ''Heaven and Earth'' ya fito a cikin tarin labarai ''A Half a Day and Other Stories'', kuma an koyar da shi a tsarin karatun makarantu a Kenya na wasu shekaru.<ref name="SOAS"/> Labarinta ''Deep Sea Fishing'' ya kuma kasance cikin littafin ''African Love Stories'', wanda [[Ama Ata Aidoo]] ta shirya.<ref name="KCL"/> Ta kuma kasance cikin marubutan da suka bayyana a cikin ''New Daughters of Africa'', tarin rubuce-rubucen marubutan mata daga Afirka da sauran sassan duniya wanda [[Margaret Busby]] ta shirya.<ref name="SOAS"/> == Fassara da kare harsunan Afirka == Wa Goro ta yi fice wajen jaddada muhimmancin bunƙasa [[Harsunan Afirka|harsunan Afirka]] da adabinsu. Ayyukanta sun haɗa fassara da ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa harsunan Afirka suna samun damar shiga duniyar zamani da fasahar dijital.<ref name="WhoseKnowledge">{{cite web |title=Wangui Wa Goro and the role of new media content in decolonizing knowledge |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wangui_Wa_Goro_and_the_role_of_new_media_content_in_decolonizing_knowledge |website=Whose Voices? |date=3 Afrilu 2023 |access-date=14 Satumba 2026 }}</ref> Ta kuma yi magana kan amfani da fasahar zamani, fassarar na'ura, ƙirƙirar kalmomi da tattara ilimin al'ummomin harsuna domin bunƙasa harsunan Afirka a duniyar dijital.<ref name="WhoseKnowledge"/> == Ayyukan ƙungiyoyi da al'adu == Wa Goro ta kasance mai shiga ayyukan ƙungiyoyin adabi, fassara da binciken Afirka. Ita ce ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Translation Caucus of the African Literature Association (TRACALA).<ref name="SOAS"/> Ta kuma shiga ayyukan International Association of Translation Studies (IATIS), kuma ta yi aiki a kan kwamitoci da hukumomi da suka shafi adabi, fassara da ilimin mata.<ref name="KCL"/> Ta kasance mai shiga cikin shirye-shiryen '''Africa Writes''', bikin adabin Afirka da Royal African Society ke gudanarwa. Ta kuma kasance mai kula da tattaunawar ''Africa in Translation'', wadda ke haɗa marubuta, masu fassara, masu wallafawa, masu fasaha da masu bincike.<ref name="SOAS"/> == Kare hakkin ɗan Adam da mata == Wa Goro ta kuma shiga ayyukan da suka shafi [[haƙƙin ɗan Adam]], 'yanci da daidaiton jinsi. Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin mai kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam, zamantakewa, siyasa da al'adu.<ref name="SOAS"/> Ta kuma kasance mai goyon bayan ayyukan [[feminism|feminism]] da nazarin mata, musamman wajen ƙarfafa muryoyin mata a fannonin ilimi, adabi da al'umma.<ref name="KCL"/> == Girmamawa == A shekarar 2020, an ba Wa Goro matsayin '''Honorary Professorship of Practice in Translation''' a SOAS University of London. Haka kuma tana da matsayin Visiting Professorship a King's College London.<ref name="SOAS"/><ref name="KCL"/> A shekarar 2021, ta samu '''Flora Nwapa Society Award''' saboda gudummawarta ga adabi da fassara.<ref name="FloraNwapa">{{cite web |title=Wangui wa Goro |url=https://www.floranwapasociety.org/ |website=Flora Nwapa Society |access-date=14 Satumba 2026 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] * [[Véronique Tadjo]] * [[Adabin Afirka]] * [[Fassara]] * [[Harsunan Afirka]] * [[Matan Kenya]] * [[SOAS University of London]] * [[King's College London]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/wangui-wa-goro Wangui wa Goro – SOAS University of London] * [https://www.kcl.ac.uk/people/wangui-wa-goro Wangui wa Goro – King's College London] * [https://ngugi.cargo.site/bios Translating Ngugi – Wangui wa Goro] * [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Wangui_Wa_Goro_and_the_role_of_new_media_content_in_decolonizing_knowledge Wangui Wa Goro – Decolonizing Knowledge] * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18207475 Wangui wa Goro – Wikidata] [[Category:Mutanen Kenya]] [[Category:Matan Kenya]] [[Category:Marubutan Kenya]] [[Category:Masu fassara]] [[Category:Masu fassarar adabi]] [[Category:Masu binciken Kenya]] [[Category:Malaman jami'a]] [[Category:Masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata]] [[Category:Masu kare hakkin ɗan Adam]] [[Category:Adabin Afirka]] [[Category:SOAS University of London]] mtf9w4q0vbp1hcq005j9m2p3xcr4y7x 0 171444 964528 936761 2026-10-07T22:09:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Virgilio P. Elizondo''' (Agusta 28, 1935 - Maris 14, 2016) ya kasance firist na [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] na Mexico-Amurka kuma mai fafutukar al'umma, wanda kuma ya kasance babban masanin ilimin tauhidin 'yanci da tauhidin Hispanic . An dauke shi a matsayin "mahaifin tunanin addini na Latino na Amurka".<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2016 |title=Father Virgilio Elizondo Found Dead in His Home |url=http://americamagazine.org/issue/father-virgilio-elizondo-found-dead-his-home |website=[[America (Jesuit magazine)|America]]}}</ref> Elizondo ita ce ta kafa Cibiyar Pastoral a Jami'ar Incarnate Word . Ya kuma kasance co-kafa Cibiyar Al'adu ta Mexico-Amurka, wani tunani don malamai da shugabannin addini don bunkasa hidimar fastoci da tauhidin daga hangen nesa na Hispanic. (Tun daga lokacin ya zama Kwalejin Katolika ta Amurka ta Mexico.) Elizondo kuma sananne ne ga littafinsa, Galili Journey: The Mexican-American Promise, wanda ya bincika kamanceceniya tsakanin asalin Galilai na [[Isa|Yesu]] da kwarewar mestizo. == Rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === An haifi Elizondo a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]], a cikin 1935 ga baƙi na Mexico waɗanda ke gudanar da kantin sayar da kayan masarufi.<ref name="UND">{{Cite web |last=Garvey |first=Michael O. |date=March 15, 2016 |title=In Memoriam: Rev. Virgilio P. Elizondo, Notre Dame Professor of Pastoral and Hispanic Theology |url=http://news.nd.edu/news/65372-in-memoriam-rev-virgilio-p-elizondo-notre-dame-professor-of-pastoral-and-hispanic-theology/ |website=University of Notre Dame}}</ref> Babbar 'yar uwarsa ita ce mai zane-zane mai suna Anita Valencia a San Antonio . Ya girma a cikin al'umma inda aka hana al'ummar Mexico-Amurka daga sassa da yawa na birnin kuma ba a maraba da magana da Mutanen Espanya ba. Bai taɓa jin Turanci ba, shi da kansa bai iya magana da shi sosai ba har sai ya kai aji na shida.<ref name="EP">{{Cite journal |last=De Llando |first=Pablo |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Virgilio Elizondo, padre de la Teología Hispana en Estados Unidos, se suicida tras ser acusado de abusos |url=http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2016/03/17/estados_unidos/1458178342_793588.html#?ref=rss&format=simple&link=link |journal=El Pais United States |language=es}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na Peacock Military Academy, Elizondo ya shiga Jami'ar St. Mary a San Antonio, inda ya yi karatu a fannin ilmin sunadarai, inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya. Kodayake ya yi la'akari da aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya, ya ji an kira shi ya yi aiki a cikin hidima kuma ya shiga makarantar Assumption Seminary a San Antonio, don ya kasance kusa da gidansa.<ref name="UND" /> === Firist da mai fafutuka === An naɗa Elizondo a matsayin firist na Archdiocese na San Antonio a 1963 ta hanyar Robert E. Lucey, babban bishop. Ya shafe shekaru biyu masu zuwa yana aiki a majami'u na archdiocese kafin a nada shi Darakta na Ilimi na Addini na archdiochese, wanda ya juya aikinsa zuwa ƙarin ilimi. Lucey ya dogara da shi a matsayin mai hulɗa ga jama'ar Mexico-Amurka kuma ya kawo Elizondo tare da shi a matsayinsa na mai fassara da mai ba da shawara ga Taron Bishops na Latin Amurka da aka gudanar a 1968 a [[Medellín]], Colombia, wanda ya ci gaba da ci gaba da shirin cocin Katolika a Amurka. <ref name="UND" /> Bayan wannan gogewa, Elizondo ya koma San Antonio kuma nan da nan ya fara shirya yawan mutanen Hispanic don yin aiki don kare hakkinsu. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan farko na Cibiyar Pastoral Archived 2016-04-15 a a Jami'ar Incarnate Word a San Antonio. A kokarin taimakawa malamai na Katolika na Amurka su haɗu da yawan mutanen Hispanic, ya haɗu da Patrick Flores, mataimakin bishop na archdiocese, wajen kafa Cibiyar Al'adu ta Mexico-Amurka (yanzu Kwalejin Katolika ta Mexico) a shekarar 1972. Ya samar da shirye-shirye don koyar da shugabannin addinai suyi tunani da kuma yin aiki daga hangen nesa na Hispanic, cewa za su iya yin hidima ga ikilisiyoyin su masu girma na Katolika na Hispanique. Elizondo ya koma [[Faris|Paris]], Faransa, ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, inda ya shiga Institut Catholique de Paris, babban bangare a cikin karatun catechetical a 1978, inda ya sami digiri na Dokta na Falsafa da Dokta na tauhidin tsarki. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Flores, wanda a lokacin shi ne Babban Bishop na San Antonio, ya nada Elizondo a matsayin fasto na Cathedral na San Fernando. Ya gabatar da Mass na harshen Mutanen Espanya a can wanda aka watsa shi ga gidaje miliyan. === Mutuwa === An gano gawar Elizondo a gidansa a ranar 14 ga Maris, 2016. Ya mutu daga raunin bindiga a kai. An cire shi daga ma'aikatar jama'a ta hanyar talakawa na yankin saboda zargin cin zarafin wani ƙarami, wanda ake zargin ya aikata a shekarar 1983. Wani mutum ne ya yi zargin cin zarafin wanda ya ce Yesu Armando Dominguez ya yi masa lalata daga 1980 zuwa 1983 yayin da yake zaune a gidan marayu. Dominguez a lokacin ya kasance malamin seminary. Mutumin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya gaya wa Uba Elizondo game da cin zarafin kuma firist ɗin ya wulakanta shi. Uba Elizondo ya musanta hakan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Contreras |first=Guillermo |date=May 29, 2015 |title=S.A. priest denies sex-abuse allegations |url=http://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/S-A-priest-denies-sex-abuse-allegations-6295701.php}}</ref> An jinkirta shari'o'in aikata laifuka da na farar hula da suka shafi waɗannan zarge-zargen cin zarafin yara kuma an ce ranar shari'ar da ke jiran ta sa ya yi baƙin ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Owers |first=Catherine |date=April 8, 2016 |title=Mass remembers theology professor Fr. Elizondo |url=http://ndsmcobserver.com/2016/04/mass-remembers-fr-elizondo/ |access-date=September 14, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211003450/https://ndsmcobserver.com/2016/04/mass-remembers-fr-elizondo/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Elizondo ya ci gaba da rashin laifi kuma ba a taɓa bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da zarge-zargen da duk wata hujja mai goyan baya ba. Ba a taɓa yanke wa Elizondo hukunci ba ko kuma a same shi da alhakin. Mai Binciken Likita na Bexar County, Texas, nan da nan ya yanke hukuncin mutuwarsa ya kashe kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rivard |first=Robert |date=March 17, 2016 |title=Fr. Virgilio Elizondo Takes His Own Life |url=http://therivardreport.com/fr-virgilio-elizondo-reportedly-takes-his-own-life/}}</ref> An ba Elizondo cikakken jana'izar Katolika da jana'izar don girmama hidimarsa ga Cocin Katolika da duniya. == Ilimin tauhidi == Yawancin tauhidin Elizondo yana mai da hankali kan muhimmancin tauhidin mestizo / a da kuma tsarin mestizaje, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin cakuda ƙungiyoyi biyu ko fiye na mutane, ta hanyar halitta, al'adu, da / ko addini. Yana da sha'awar matsayin Mexican-Americans, wanda yake la'akari da shi a matsayin samfurin tsari biyu na mestizaje, na farko shine haɗuwa da halittu, al'adu, da addini wanda ya haifar da mutanen Mexico kuma na biyu shine haɗuwa ta al'adu tsakanin Mexicans da Anglos a Amurka ta Kudu maso Yamma. Wannan cakuda na biyu ya faru ne ta hanyar fadada Amurka da cin nasarar yankin Mexico na baya kuma ya ci gaba ta hanyar shige da fice na Mexico zuwa Amurka. Elizondo ya yi imanin cewa matsayin mestizo / a ya sanya shi a cikin matsayi na musamman a matsayin mai ciki da na waje. Daga wannan matsayi na musamman, mestizo / a yana da damar taimakawa wajen kawo sabon, ɗan adam mai haɗin kai. Elizondo ya rubuta, "Tare da kowane sabon mestizaje, wasu iyakokin launin fata da al'adu da ke raba bil'adama an rushe su kuma an kafa sabon hadin kai. " Elizondo kuma yana da sha'awar Budurwa ta Guadalupe a matsayin alama ce ta mutanen Mexico sabili da haka a matsayin samfurin tsarin mestizaje. == Daraja == An sanya Elizondo a matsayin mai karɓar lambar yabo ta 2007 Community of Christ International Peace Award, tare da [[Dolores Huerta]] . A shekara ta 1997, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Laetare, babbar girmamawa ta Jami'ar Notre Dame.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rev. Virgilio Elizondo // Notre Dame News // University of Notre Dame |url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/for-the-media/nd-experts/faculty/rev-virgilio-elizondo/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609225514/http://newsinfo.nd.edu/for-the-media/nd-experts/faculty/rev-virgilio-elizondo/ |archive-date=2010-06-09 |access-date=2010-03-25}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, Time ta kira shi daya daga cikin shugabannin ruhaniya mafi kirkiro a Amurka. == Ayyuka == * ''La Morenita: Mai ba da labari na Amurka'' (1981) * ''Tafiyar Galili: Alkawarin Mexican-Amurka'' (1983) * Budurwa da Uwar: Tunanin Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da Maryamu Nazarat (1983) * ''Kiristanci da Al'adu: Gabatarwa ga tauhidin fastoci da Ma'aikatar al'adun al'adu'' * ''Makomar ita ce Mestizo: Rayuwa inda Al'adu suka hadu'' (1988) * 'Mestizaje a matsayin Locus na Theological Reflection' a cikin Frontiers of Hispanic Theology a Amurka, Allan Figueroa Deck, S.J., ed. (1992) * Uwargidanmu ta Guadalupe: Bangaskiya da Karfafawa tsakanin Mata na Mexico-Amurka ta Jeanette Rodriguez, gabatarwa ta Virgilio Elizondo (1994) * ''Guadalupe: Uwar Sabon Halitta'' (1997) * San Fernando Cathedral: Soul of the City (tare da Timothy M. Matovina) (1998) * ''Komawa tare da Uwargidanmu na Guadalupe da Juan Diego: Sauraron Kira'' (1998) * ''Bauta ta Mestizo: Hanyar Fastoci ga Ma'aikatar Liturgical'' (tare da Timothy M. Matovina) (1998) * ''Bayan iyakoki: Rubuce-rubucen Virgilio Elizondo da Abokai'' (tare da [[Gustavo Gutiérrez|Gustavo Gutierrez]]), Timothy Matovina, ed. (2000) * ''Mestizo Dimokuradiyya: Siyasa ta Ƙetare iyakoki'' ta John Francis Burke, gabatarwa ta Virgilio Elizondo (2002) * ''Allah na abubuwan mamaki: Yesu na Galili'' (2003) * ''Ayyukan sadaka'' (2008) * ''Virgilio Elizondo: Rubuce-rubucen Ruhaniya'' (2010) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2016]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1935]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q61glrw3010ez4t728ninrk4ei04jk9 0 171484 964400 936892 2026-10-07T17:09:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Akwai shari'o'i, duka rubuce-rubuce da zargin, waɗanda soja haɗa da amfani da [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] ta membobin gwamnati [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], sojoji, Hukumomin tilasta bin doka, Hukumomin leken asiri, [[Kula da lafiya a Amurka|Ayyukan kiwon lafiya]], da sauran kungiyoyin jama'a a ciki da waje. Torture ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts on Torture |url=https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/campaigns/never-torture/facts-torture |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Human Rights First |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Amurka ta kasance karkashin bincike saboda ayyukan rikice-rikice, daga kasashen waje da na cikin gida, biyo bayan Dokar Kwamitin Soja ta 2006. Bayan Amurka ta watsar da damuwar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] game da azabtarwa a shekara ta 2006, wani alƙali na Burtaniya ya lura da ra'ayin Amurka game da abin da azabtar da shi ...bai bayyana ya dace da na yawancin al'ummomin wayewa ba. Duk da yake kalmar "torture" tana da ma'anoni da al'adun al'adu daban-daban, wannan labarin yana magance kawai waɗancan ayyukan da suka cancanci azabtarwa a ƙarƙashin ma'anar wannan kalmar da aka tsara a cikin [[Dokar|doka]] da aka tsara (da farko doka) da kuma dokar shari'a ta Amurka. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Measurement Initiative |url=https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/ |access-date=2022-02-08 |website=Human Rights Measurement Initiative |language=en-US}}</ref> ya ba Amurka maki 2.7 daga 10 don 'yancin' yanci daga azabtarwa da rashin kulawa. == Dokoki, ka'idoji, da yarjejeniyoyi game da azabtarwa == Babu wata doka ta aikata laifuka ta tarayya game da [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]] musamman a cikin Amurka.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web |title=Advance unedited version - Conclusions and recommendations of the Committee against Torture |url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/133838.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125115554/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/133838.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-25}}</ref> : sakin layi na 13 Akwai dokar aikata laifuka ta tarayya game da azabtarwa a ''waje'' da Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=18 U.S. Code § 2340A - Torture {{!}} U.S. Code {{!}} US Law {{!}} LII / Legal Information Institute |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2340A |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.law.cornell.edu}}</ref> Koyaya, a cewar Kwamitin Yaki da Torture, "duk da faruwar shari'o'in azabtarwa na waje na waɗanda aka tsare, ba a fara tuhuma ba a ƙarƙashin dokar azabtar da masu aikata laifuka ta waje" <ref name="web.archive.org" />: sakin layi na 13 Akwai dokar aikata laifukan tarayya game da kai farmaki da batir a cikin Amurka, kuma azabtarwa za ta fada ƙarƙashin wannan, amma azabtarwa fiye da hari da batir kawai. Har ila yau, akwai dokar tarayya da ke bayyana azabtarwa. Akwai dokokin jihar da ke hana azabtarwa. Torture kuma ya saba wa dokar kasa da kasa ta Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Torture (UNCAT). "Laki ne akan bil'adama", kuma wannan yana da "ikon duniya". Koyaya, a waje da hanyar da za a iya amfani da ita don gurfanar da ita (watau wasu ƙasashe suna gurfanarwar ayyukan azabtarwa da Gwamnatin Amurka ta aikata), babu wata hanyar da za ta iya aiwatar da azabtarwa ta Amurka a matsayin keta dokar kasa da kasa. Wannan shi ne saboda Amurka ta sanya hannu kan Dokar Roma kuma ba ta cikin [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya]] ba. Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNSC) na iya ba da shawarar shari'o'i ga ICC, amma Amurka na iya, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mambobi biyar na dindindin na UNSC, ya soke shawarar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Veto : UN Security Council Working Methods : Security Council Report |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-security-council-working-methods/the-veto.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915153032/http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-security-council-working-methods/the-veto.php |archive-date=2015-09-15 |access-date=2025-05-28}}</ref> === Hana a karkashin dokar cikin gida === ==== Manazarta ==== Torture a matsayin horo ya fada ƙarƙashin mummunan hukunci mai ban mamaki na Kwaskwarima ta takwas ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. Rubutun Kwaskwarimar ya bayyana cewa: pr0ejuu3d05fkaepqg2ee4t4pb5s48r 0 171539 964601 937026 2026-10-08T05:42:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Army_Mountain_Warfare_School_140220-Z-KE462-276.jpg|thumb| Sojojin Amurka suna hawa kan titin Smugglers Notch a [[Vermont]] yayin horon Makarantar Yaƙin Dutsen Sojoji a shekarar 2016]] '''Yaƙin tsaunuka''' ko '''yaƙin tsaunuka''' [[yaƙi]] ne a [[Tsauni|tsaunuka]] ko kuma irin wannan ƙasa mai wahala. Kalmar ta ƙunshi ayyukan soja da yanayin ƙasa ya shafa, haɗari, da abubuwan da ke haifar da yaƙi da motsi ta cikin ƙasa mai wahala, da kuma dabarun da sojojin sojoji ke amfani da su a cikin waɗannan yanayi da muhalli. Tsaunukan tsaunuka suna da mahimmanci a fannin dabaru domin galibi suna aiki a matsayin iyaka ta halitta kuma suna iya zama tushen [[Samar da Ruwa|tushen ruwa]] kamar Tuddan Golan . Kai hari kan sansanin abokan gaba da aka shirya a tsaunuka galibi yana buƙatar babban rabo na kai hari ga sojoji da kare sojoji fiye da yaƙin da aka yi a ƙasa mai faɗi. Duwatsu suna da haɗarin halitta kamar [[Lightning|walƙiya]], iska mai ƙarfi, faɗuwar duwatsu, zaftarewar dusar ƙanƙara [[Ƙanƙara (tsananin sanyi)|,]] ƙanƙara, sanyi mai tsanani, da [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|ƙanƙara]] tare da ramukansu ; ta waɗannan hanyoyin, yana iya kama da yaƙin yanayi na sanyi . Yanayin ƙasa mara daidaito da kuma jinkirin tafiyar sojoji da kayan aiki wani ƙarin barazana ne ga mayaka. Motsi, ƙarfafawa, da kuma ƙaura daga asibiti zuwa sama da ƙasa da tsaunuka masu tsayi da kuma wuraren da dabbobin da ke cikin jirgin ba za su iya isa ba, yana buƙatar ƙarfin aiki mai yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research report |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR700/RR718/RAND_RR718.pdf |access-date=2020-01-26 |publisher=www.rand.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Yaƙin Punic na Biyu === A shekara ta 218 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), kwamandan rundunar sojojin Carthaginian Hannibal ya yi tattaki da sojoji, dawakai da giwayen Afirka a fadin tsaunukan Alps a kokarin karya kawancen Rome da Italiya don tilasta zaman lafiya da aka cimma ta hanyar kusantarta daga arewacin yankin Tekun Italiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Polybius • Histories — Book 3 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/3*.html |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=penelope.uchicago.edu}}</ref> Gwamnatin Romawa ta yi shiru domin ana kallon tsaunukan Alps a matsayin wani babban cikas ga masu son mamaye yankin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 218 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), sojojin Carthaginian sun yi nasara a kan sojojin Romawa, a arewa, ta hanyar amfani da giwaye. Giwaye da yawa ba su tsira daga sanyin yanayi da cututtukan da suka saba faruwa a Turai ba. Sojojin Hannibal sun yi yaƙi da sojojin Roma a Italiya tsawon shekaru 15 amma sun kasa cin nasara a kan Roma. Daga ƙarshe an kayar da Carthage a hannun Janar Scipio Africanus na Roma a Zama da ke [[Arewacin Afirka]] a shekara ta 202 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. === Tarihin zamani na farko === [[File:Sen-Gotard_by_Suvorov_troops_in_1799.jpg|thumb| Janar Suvorov ya ketare hanyar St. Gotthard a cikin Alps a shekarar 1799]] [[File:The_Last_Stand,_by_William_Barnes_Wollen_(1898).jpg|right|thumb| ''Tasha ta Ƙarshe ta Rundunar Soja ta 44 a Gundamuck'' ta William Barnes Wollen . Tsayuwa ta ƙarshe ta ƙafa ta 44, a lokacin hutun 1842 daga Kabul]] An ce kalmar yaƙin tsaunuka ta samo asali ne a zamanin [[Zamanin Tsakiya|Tsakiyar Zamani]] bayan da masarautun Turai suka ga yana da wahala su yaƙi rundunonin Tsohuwar Tarayyar Switzerland a tsaunukan Alps. Sojojin Switzerland sun yi yaƙi a ƙananan runduna kuma suka ɗauki matsayi a kan wani babban runduna mai ƙarfi da ba za a iya sarrafa ta ba. Daga baya 'yan daba, 'yan bangar siyasa da kuma marasa tsari suka yi amfani da irin wannan salon kai hari da kariya, wadanda suka ɓuya a tsaunuka bayan wani hari, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama ƙalubale ga rundunar sojoji ta yau da kullun su yi ramuwar gayya. A yakin neman zaben Italiya na [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]], yakin neman zaben Alexander Suvorov na Italiya da Switzerland da kuma tawayen 1809 a Tyrol, yakin tsaunuka ya taka rawa sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PBS - Napoleon: Napoleon at War |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/napoleon/n_war/campaign/page_1.html |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> Wani misali na yaƙin tsaunuka shine Ketare Andes, wanda Sojojin Argentina na Andes suka aiwatar ( Spanish ), Janar José de San Martín ya umarta a 1817. Ɗaya daga cikin rukunin ya hau tsaunuka sama da 5000&nbsp;tsayin mita. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Colombia.pdf |access-date=2020-01-26 |publisher=www.loc.gov}}</ref> Yaƙin Caucasian wani rikici ne na soja na ƙarni na 19 tsakanin Daular Rasha da wasu mutane na Arewacin Caucasus waɗanda suka ƙi amincewa da mulkin mallaka a lokacin mamayar Rasha a Caucasus. Mamayar farko da Birtaniya ta kai wa Afghanistan ta ƙare a shekarar 1842, lokacin da aka kashe sojoji 16,000 na Birtaniya da mabiyan sansaninsu yayin da suka janye daga Kabul ta hanyar Hindu Kush zuwa Indiya. == Horarwa == [[File:Royal_Marines_of_42_Commando_trudge_through_deep_snow_during_Exercise_Himalayan_Warrior_MOD_45147580.jpg|thumb| Horar da sojojin ruwa na Royal Marines a [[Himalaya|Himalayas]], 2007]] [[File:13i-1_(レンジャー教育・冬季山地訓練)_R_教育訓練等_258.jpg|thumb| Horar da "Alpen Ranger" na rundunar tsaron kai ta ƙasa ta Japan]] Horar da sojoji kan yaƙin tsaunuka ya mayar da hankali ne kan shirya sojoji don yin aiki yadda ya kamata a wurare masu tsayi, tsaunuka masu tsayi, da kuma yanayi mai tsanani. An takaita abubuwa kamar motsi, dabaru, da juriya ta jiki. Binciken sojoji ya nuna cewa yanayin tsaunuka yana gabatar da shinge na musamman na aiki da sojoji dole su shawo kansa. Ƙarin cikas sun haɗa da ƙarancin kayayyakin more rayuwa, hanyoyin zirga-zirga da aka takaita, da kuma yanayi mai tsanani na yanayi wanda duk suna buƙatar horo na musamman da kayan aiki ga sojoji don yin aiki yadda ya kamata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Army {{!}} Infantry Magazine |url=https://www.benning.army.mil/infantry/magazine/issues/2022/Winter/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.benning.army.mil}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jirgin rundunar sojojin ruwa na musamman ne don irin wannan yanayi mai ƙalubale. Ya sake tabbatar da cewa yaƙin da aka yi a matsayin babban koyarwarsa yayin da ya faɗaɗa shi a fannoni biyar don ya haɗa da iska, ƙasa, teku, sararin samaniya, da kuma sararin samaniyar yanar gizo. Horarwa a dukkan waɗannan fannoni guda biyar yana da matuƙar muhimmanci domin fifita ɗaya zai iya ɓata wa wani rai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=LaGrone |first=Sam |date=2016-09-28 |title=Document: New Marine Corps Operating Concept |url=https://news.usni.org/2016/09/28/document-new-marine-corps-operating-concept |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=USNI News |language=en-US}}</ref> Kudin horar da sojojin tsaunuka yana hana su shiga cikin rundunar yawancin rundunonin sai dai waɗanda ke tsammanin yin yaƙi a irin wannan yankin. Horar da yaƙin tsaunuka yana da wahala kuma a ƙasashe da yawa, ana kiyaye rundunonin sojoji na musamman kamar rundunonin soji na musamman ko kwamandoji, waɗanda a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinsu ya kamata su sami damar yin yaƙi a wurare masu wahala kamar Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa ta Royal . Sassan yau da kullun kuma lokaci-lokaci suna iya yin horo irin wannan. == Manazarta == 7mm3pnj2wu5eayjsctd2wkmciqx3gkl 0 171689 964399 937408 2026-10-07T17:07:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Torstein Dahle''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu 1947) ɗan siyasa ne kuma masanin tattalin arziki ɗan ƙasar Norway. Yana aiki a Kwalejin Jami'ar Bergen kuma yana wakiltar Jam'iyyar Red Party a majalisar birnin [[Bergen]] . An haifi Dahle a [[Oslo]] . Yana da shekaru 14, Dahle ya shiga Lambertseter Youth Conservatives (Unge Høyre). Ya halarci [[Makarantar Cathedral ta Oslo]] da [[Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Oslo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Irina |date=August 2013 |title=Ser rødt i opposisjon |url=http://www.magma.no/ser-rodt-i-opposisjon |access-date=28 April 2014 |website=Magma |publisher=Econas Informasjonsservice |language=Norwegian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131155/http://www.magma.no/ser-rodt-i-opposisjon |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan ya koma Bergen a shekarar 1966, ya koma hagu mai nisa kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar Maoist AKP(ml) a farkon shekarun 1970. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin jam'iyyar har zuwa shekarar 1997. Daga 2003 zuwa 2007, Dahle ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Red Electoral Alliance wadda AKP(ml) ta kafa, wadda shi ma ya taimaka wajen kafa ta. Ya ci gaba da jagorantar Jam'iyyar Red Party, hadewar AKP(ml) da Jam'iyyar Red Electoral Alliance a shekarar 2007. A shekarar 2010, Turid Thomassen ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar Red Party. Dahle a bayyane yake cewa ɗan luwaɗi ne tun ƙarshen shekarun 1960. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] 5nkgaevv3l3qef2ugdps546lrhqmf5u 0 171873 964459 938094 2026-10-07T20:22:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ulysses "Slow Kid" Thompson''' (Agusta 28, 1888 - Maris 17, 1990) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙi, mai kunnawa da mai rawa wanda sunansa ya samo asali ne daga ikon yin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma mai saurin rawa. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da aiki a cikin wasan motsa jiki, wasan kwaikwayo na magani, wasan kwaikwayo, vaudeville, da Broadway. == Shekaru na farko == An haifi Ulysses Thompson a Prescott, Arkansas, ga George Washington Thompson da Hanna Pandora Driver . Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu daga [[typhus]] lokacin da Thompson ke da shekaru bakwai, kuma ya gudu daga gida yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu. Da farko, ya yi aiki a matsayi na aikin gargajiya, amma ya sami ƙwarewar farko na mai nishadantarwa yayin da yake rawa a kan titi don nickels da dimes. Kwarewarsa ta haifar da aiki na yin rawa na Juba a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na magani mai tafiya. Thompson zai yi rawa kuma ya faɗi ba'a, yana ba da nishaɗi ga taron da suka zo ganin "dokta".Ya zama ruwan dare a wannan lokacin na tarihin Amurka, nunawar magani ya ba samari da yawa damar haɓaka ƙwarewar ƙwararru. A ƙarshen kakar Ringling Brothers ta 1915, ya shiga cikin Tennessee Ten na Ralph Dunbar a kan da'irar Keith-Proctor. An ce wasan kwaikwayo da ƙwarewarsa na wasan kwaikwayo na musamman ne, kuma an dauke shi a matsayin mai kula da rawa mai saurin motsi. Ya kasance a matsayin darektan rawa na Tennessee Ten cewa ya sadu da matashi mawaƙa da mai rawa Florence Mills. == Aikin soja == A cikin 1918, Sojojin Amurka ne suka tsara Thompson. Ya yi aiki tare da Sojoji na 5, 92nd Infantry Division, 366th Regiment a Faransa a lokacin yakin duniya na tare da rarrabawar soja na Musician 3rd Class. A wannan matsayi, ya yi wa sojojin nishaɗi ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin Babban drum a cikin ƙungiyar Sojoji. == Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da aikinsa == Bayan ya dawo Amurka a 1919, Thompson ya ziyarci dangi a Hot Springs, Arkansas, kafin ya koma Tennessee Ten na wasu yanayi biyar, yana aiki makonni arba'in a shekara. A cikin 1921, Thompson ta auri Florence Mills a New York, kuma a cikin 1922, ma'auratan sun shiga aikin Noble Sissle da Shuffle Along na Eubie Blake. Sun kuma yi aiki tare a Plantation Club a matsayin mambobi na Lew Leslie's Plantation Revue, wanda ya fito da Mills. Tafiya zuwa Landan, sun yi aiki tare a C.B. Cochran's Dover Street zuwa Dixie, kuma a Paris sun yi aiki a Dixie zuwa Paris, kafin su koma New York don shiga Dixie zuwa Broadway. A shekara ta 1926, sun koma Paris don Lew Leslie's ''Blackbirds na 1926'' tare da Mills a matsayin tauraron jan hankali da Thompson a matsayin mai rawa. Bayan ya gane kwarewarta ta fi nasa girma, Thompson ya mamaye aikinsa ya zama manajanta da mai tallatawa. Lokacin da matarsa ta yi rashin lafiya a 1927 kuma ta mutu daga cutar [[tarin fuka]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bill Egan |title=Florence Mills Friends and Associates |url=http://www.florencemills.com/friendsandassociates.htm}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Thompson ya damu, amma ya yi aiki tuƙuru don farfado da tsohon aikinsa a matsayin mai rawa. Shekaru na 1930 sun gan shi yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a duk duniya a matsayin mai rawa a wurare masu nisa kamar [[Auckland]] da [[Wellington]], New Zealand; [[Bukarest|Bucharest]], Romania; [[Budapest]], Hungary; [[Berlin]], Jamus; [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Indiya; [[Manila]], Philippines; [[Shanghai]] da [[Hong Kong]], China; [[Hawaii]]; [[Cuba]]; da Australia, inda ya yi yawon shakatawa uku a karkashin jagorancin George Sorlie. == Mutuwa == Thompson ya rayu har zuwa shekara 101. A shekarunsa na baya, ya zauna a gidan kula da tsofaffi a Little Rock . Ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Maris, 1990, a gidan dangi a wannan birni. An binne shi a Kabari na Little Rock. == Manazarta == nojr0oabkbxiudvwsld2np0mpw0arf3 0 171926 964529 938267 2026-10-07T22:19:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vivian Ann Davidson Hewitt''' (Fabrairu 17, 1920 - Mayu 29, 2022) ta kasance mai tara fasahar Amurka, ƙwararre a cikin fasahar Afirka ta Amirka, kuma mai kula da ɗakin karatu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=John and Vivian Hewitt's art collection comes to August Wilson Center |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/art-architecture/2017/03/29/art-collecting-african-american-bearden-tanner-tanksley-John-and-Vivian-Hewitt/stories/201703290008 |access-date=2018-12-12 |website=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Afirka ta farko a Pittsburgh, kuma daga baya ta zama shugaban Afirka na farko na Ƙungiyar Littattafai ta Musamman. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Hewitt, Vivian D. (1920-) {{!}} Collaborative Archive from the African Diaspora |url=http://caad.library.miami.edu/?p=creators/creator&id=10 |access-date=2018-12-12 |website=caad.library.miami.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to the Vivian Davidson Hewitt Photographs, 1944-2003 |url=https://historicpittsburgh.org/islandora/object/pitt:US-QQS-msp460/from_search/-901 |access-date=1 February 2019 |publisher=Historic Pittsburgh}}</ref><ref name="archives.nypl.org">{{Cite web |title=archives.nypl.org -- Vivian Hewitt papers |url=http://archives.nypl.org/scm/21036 |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=archives.nypl.org}}</ref> Tarin zane-zane, wanda ita da mijinta, John H. Hewitt, Jr., suka tara sama da shekaru hamsin, an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun tarin zane-zane na masu zane-zane ta Afirka kuma ana nuna shi a Cibiyar Harvey B. Gantt don Fasaha ta Afirka + Al'adu a Charlotte, NC.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vivian D. Hewitt's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/vivian-d-hewitt-39 |access-date=2019-03-16 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Collection of African American Masterworks {{!}} Pitt Chronicle {{!}} University of Pittsburgh |url=https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/collection-african-american-masterworks |access-date=2018-12-12 |website=www.chronicle.pitt.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823102220/https://www.chronicle.pitt.edu/story/collection-african-american-masterworks |archive-date=2019-08-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] ta Burtaniya ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Dame . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Vivian Davidson a New Castle, Pennsylvania, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1920. Ita ce ta huɗu, cikin biyar, 'ya'ya ga Arthur Davidson, mai ba da abinci da butler, da matarsa Lela, malami.<ref name=":2" /> An haifi iyayenta a Arewacin Carolina; sun koma New Castle lokacin da aka ba Arthur matsayin mai kula da sanata na Pennsylvania. Vivian Davidson ta halarci Makarantar North Street, George Washington Junior High da New Castle Senior High . Davidson ta sami digiri na farko daga Kwalejin Geneva, a Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, a shekara ta 1943. A Geneva, ta yi karatun Faransanci da ilimin halayyar dan adam, ta kasance memba na kungiyoyin Faransanci ne na Marubutan, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin co-edita na The ''Chimes'' . <ref name="GenevaHonor" /> A shekara ta 1944, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar ɗakin karatu daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Carnegie (Jami'ar Carnegie Mellon).<ref name="archives.nypl.org" /> == Ayyuka == Bayan ta kammala karatu daga Carnegie Mellon, Hewitt ta yi hayar a matsayin babban mataimakin mai kula da ɗakin karatu ta Carnegie Library na Pittsburgh, reshen Wiley Avenue . An yi imanin cewa ita ce mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Afirka ta farko a Pittsburgh.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 1949, ta koma Atlanta, ta karɓi matsayi a matsayin malami-mai kula da ɗakin karatu a Jami'ar Atlanta (yanzu Jami'ar Clark Atlanta). <ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 1953 Hewitt ya koma Birnin New York kuma ya yi aiki ga Crowell-Collier Publishing Co., sannan ya koma zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu a Gidauniyar Rockefeller. Hewitt daga nan ta zama mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a 1963 har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 1983. Hewitt ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban baƙar fata na farko na Kungiyar Litattafan Musamman (SLA) daga 1978 zuwa 1979. <ref name="archives.nypl.org" /> == John da Vivian Hewitt Art Collection == Vivian da John Hewitt sun fara tattara zane-zane lokacin da suka yi tafiya, suna mai da hankali musamman kan fasahar Haiti. Sun kuma san kansu kuma sun tattara zane daga masu zane-zane na Afirka na New York. Fiye da shekaru hamsin, sun sayi daruruwan zane-zane, zane-zane da zane-zane. Bankin Amurka ya sayi guda hamsin da takwas daga wannan tarin kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga Cibiyar Al'adu ta Afirka da ke Charlotte, North Carolina . [1] An sake sunan Cibiyar Harvey B. Gantt Center for African-American Arts + Culture a shekara ta 2009.[2] John da Vivian Hewitt Collection of African-American Art sun hada da aikin Romare Bearden, Margaret Burroughs, Elizabeth Catlett, Jonathan Green, Jacob Lawrence, Ann Tanksley, da Henry Ossawa Tanner.[3][4][5][6] Har ila yau, Hewitts sun ba da gudummawa game da kayan fasaha 60 ga Kwalejin Geneva, alma mater. "An nuna tarin Vivian Davidson Hewitt: Kyautar Al'adu da yawa" a cikin 2011. Ana adana tarin Hewitt har abada a cikin ɗakin karatu na Gabas na ɗakin karatu na Macartney. == Mutum da mutuwarsa == A shekara ta 1949, Hewitt ya auri John H. Hewitt, Jr., farfesa a Kwalejin Morehouse, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1999. Hewitts suna da ɗa ɗaya, Dokta John Hamilton Hewitt III (1952-2022).<ref name="VivianObit" /><ref name=":1" /> Hewitt ta mutu a gidanta a Manhattan a ranar 29 ga Mayu, 2022, tana da shekaru 102. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gantt Center Mourns the Loss of Art Collector and Benefactor Vivian Davidson Hewitt |url=https://www.ganttcenter.org/about-the-center/news/2022/245/ |access-date=20 June 2022 |website=The Gantt Center}}</ref> Tana da jikoki biyu, da jikoki goma. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a98ths07iwm6s0ryls7nwddvqag5hlt 0 172083 964584 938958 2026-10-08T04:10:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yankin birni''' (a cikin [[Yaren Sifen|Sifaniyanci]] : '''''termino municipal''''' ), '''''ejido''''' ko '''radius na birni''' shine yankin da aikin gudanarwa na [[Ƙaramar hukuma|gwamnatin ƙaramar hukuma]] (majalisar birni ko ƙaramar hukuma ) ya faɗaɗa a kai. [[Fayil:Termino_municipal_aranjuez.png|thumb|220x220px| Gundumar birni ta Aranjuez, a [[Madrid]] ( [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ).]] [[Fayil:A_Correct_map_of_the_island_of_Minorca,_with_an_accurate_plan_of_Fort_St._Philip_&_its_environs,_and_the_French_approaches_and_batteries_in_1756_(5376029626).jpg|thumb| Iyakokin birni na Menorca a shekarar 1756.]] == Sipaniya == Yankin birni (a cikin Sifaniyanci: término municipal, TM), a [[Ispaniya|Spain]], shine yankin da aka raba shi daidai gwargwado, na karamar hukuma; yankin da aikin gudanarwa na majalisar birni ya faɗaɗa. Dokar 7/1985, ta ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1985, Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Gida, a cikin Mataki na 12.1 ta bayyana shi kamar haka:<blockquote>Gundumar birni ita ce yankin da karamar hukuma ke amfani da ƙwarewarta. </blockquote>Kowace lardin Sipaniya an ayyana ta a matsayin rukunin yankuna na ƙananan hukumominta. Kusan dukkan yankin ƙasar an raba shi zuwa ƙananan hukumomi. A halin yanzu akwai ƙananan hukumomi 8131 a Spain. A cewar Cibiyar Kididdiga ta Ƙasa, faɗaɗa ƙaramar hukuma ita ce faɗaɗa ƙaramar hukumar. A cikin yankin birni, akwai ƙungiyoyin jama'a guda ɗaya ko da dama. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, inda zauren garin yake, shine [[Babban birni|babban birnin]] karamar hukumar. Ana iya rarraba ƙungiyoyin guda ɗaya zuwa ƙungiyoyin jama'a na gama gari, waɗanda ke karɓar sunaye daban-daban dangane da yankin: parishes, [[pedanías]], elizates, da sauransu. == Argentina == Yankin birni a Argentina ana kiransa ejido ko kuma radius na birni kuma asalinsa, wanda ya samo asali daga [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|tsohuwar gwamnatin]], wurare ne na jama'a a ƙofar tsarin birane. An fara gudanar da su ta hanyar cabildo, sannan ta hannun ma'aikatar kuɗi ta lardin, sannan kuma, daga 1857, ta hannun sabuwar karamar hukuma da aka kafa. A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na ƙarni na 19, an mayar da su masu zaman kansu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferreyra |first=Ana I. |date=January 27, 2016 |title=La tierra de los ejidos en Córdoba, Argentina, 1800-1860: especulación, conflicto y fiscalidad. |url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/59798979/papers_Ferreyra_Ana_Lisboa_201620190619-64472-1uw5ejn.pdf |journal=Conferencia internacional: Old and New Worlds: the Global Challenges of Rural History |language=es |location=Lisboa}}</ref> An kafa ƙa'idodi na gaba ɗaya don raba yankin larduna da kuma kafa iyakokin ƙananan hukumomi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin larduna kuma an ba da takamaiman ƙa'idojin iyaka ga ikon Majalisar Dokoki. Akwai tsare-tsare daban-daban don ƙayyade yankin ƙaramar hukuma: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iturburu |first=Mónica |date=2000 |title=Municipios Argentinos. Fortalezas y debilidades de su diseño institucional |url=https://www.sudamericarural.org/images/en_papel/archivos/municipios.argentina.pdf |journal=Instituto Nacional de la Administración Pública |language=es |pages=11 (Item 2.3 and footnote 4)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iturburu |first=Mónica S. |title=Municipios argentinos. Potestades y Restricciones Constitucionales para un Nuevo Modelo de Gestión Local |url=http://municipios.unq.edu.ar/modules/mislibros/archivos/municipios_argentinos.pdf |journal=Instituto Nacional de la Administración Pública |language=es |edition=2nd |pages=76–77 (item 3.5.)}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sánchez |first=Darío C. |date=2011 |title=Indicadores turísticos en la Argentina: Una primera aproximación |url=https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/20077/1/InvestigacionesTuristicas_02_02.pdf |journal=Investigaciones Turísticas |language=es |issue=2 |pages=46–47 |issn=2174-5609}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cravacuore |first=Daniel |date=2007 |title=Los municipios argentinos (1990 - 2005) |url=http://biblioteca.municipios.unq.edu.ar/modules/mislibros/archivos/Cravacuore%202007.pdf |journal=CRAVACUORE, D. e ISRAEL, R. (comp.) Procesos políticos municipales comparados en Argentina y Chile (1990 – 2005). |language=es |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Quilmes - Universidad Católica de Chile |pages=3}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Méndez |first=Gustavo |date=2018 |title=Delimitación territorial de municipios en Argentina |url=https://prezi.com/hyhunsic4gfa/ejidos-colindantes-y-no-colidantes_regjuridico/ |publisher=Cátedra: Régimen jurídico, gobierno y administración territorial - Universidad Nacional de cuyo (Presentación en Prezi) |page=20 |language=es}}</ref> == Manazarta == ildw5qlwblwoiai5j8s69nxwn0xowfb 0 172186 964562 939212 2026-10-08T00:23:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|status=DD|status_system=IUCN3.1|status_ref=<ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |year=2023 |title=''Eurycea robusta'' |volume=2023 |article-number=e.T39263A118975844 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T39263A118975844.en |access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref>|status2=G1|status2_system=TNC|status2_ref=<ref name=NS>{{cite NatureServe |id=2.104377 |title=''Eurycea robusta'' |access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref>|taxon=Eurycea robusta|authority=(Longley, 1978)|synonyms=* ''Typhlomolge robusta'' <small>Longley, 1978</small>}} Salamander makaho na Blanco ('''''Eurycea robusta''''') nau'in salamander ne na ruwa, wanda ba shi da huhu na asalin Amurka. Yana da iyaka a wani karamin yanki na Kogin Blanco kusa da San Marcos a cikin Hays County, Texas. Gidansa, mai zurfi a cikin [[karst]] na dutse, yana sa tattara samfurori don bincike ya zama matsala musamman. An san shi daga samfurin guda ɗaya, wanda aka tattara a cikin shekarun 1950. An dauki salamander makaho na Blanco a matsayin jinsin da ya ɓace tare da kasancewa a kan shirin Re:wilds Search For Lost Species, saboda ba a san ko har yanzu yana da rai ko a'a ba. An gano samfurori huɗu a cikin 1951 ta hanyar kamfani mai laushi da ke tonowa a cikin busassun gado na Kogin Blanco. Biyu wani heron ya ci su, daya ya ɓace kuma an aika samfurin karshe zuwa Jami'ar Texas a Austin don bincike. Duk wani memba na jinsin an yi imanin cewa yana zaune a cikin Edwards Aquifer. Masu bincike suna amfani da nazarin DNA na muhalli don tantance ko har yanzu yana da rai, amma gaskiyar cewa babu samfuran DNA masu yiwuwa. Saboda wannan dalili, suna amfani da irin wannan nau'in da ke da alaƙa, kamar Texas makaho salamander, a matsayin wakili. == Bayyanawa == Salamander makaho na Blanco yana da jiki mai tsayi, ƙananan idanu, gaɓoɓin da ke da ƙarfi, da kuma wutsiya mai kauri tare da matsakaici.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Edwards Aquifer Authority › Generic Boundaries in Texas Cave Salamanders and a Redescription of Typhlomolge robusta (Amphibia, Plethodontidae) - Edwards Aquifer Authority |url=https://www.edwardsaquifer.org/doc_publications/generic-boundaries-in-texas-cave-salamanders-and-a-redescription-of-typhlomolge-robusta-amphibia-plethodontidae/ |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=www.edwardsaquifer.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326231641/https://www.edwardsaquifer.org/doc_publications/generic-boundaries-in-texas-cave-salamanders-and-a-redescription-of-typhlomolge-robusta-amphibia-plethodontidae/ |archive-date=2024-03-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya bambanta da wasu nau'o'in jinsinsa tare da lambar kashin baya tare da yana da kashin baya 13, fadadawar gefe mara daidaituwa na abubuwa na baya, rashin ossified orbitosphenoids da kuma tsarin gefe na mandible.<ref name=":0" /> Salamander makaho na Blanco yana girma har zuwa 100.8mm a tsawon.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * Chippindale, P.T., A.H. Price, Wiens, J.J. & Hillis, DM (2000): Dangantakar Phylogenetic na tsakiya Texas hemidactyliine plethodontid salamanders, jinsin ''Eurycea'', da kuma sake dubawa na rukuni. Herpetological Monographs '''14''': 1-80.  * (2001): Sabuwar nau'in salamander makaho na karkashin kasa (Plethodontidae: Hemidactyliini: ''Eurycea'': ''Typhlomolge'') daga Austin, Texas, da kuma sake dubawa na tsakiya na Texas. ''Herpetologica'' '''57''': 266-280.  * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051110043330/http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/references.php?id=22377 Amphibian Species of the World: ''Eurycea robusta''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312044405/http://pick5.pick.uga.edu/mp/20q?search=Eurycea+robusta Gano Rayuwa: ''Eurycea robusta''] {{Taxonbar|from=Q3008372}} ndoinnlde3tcl6jkbsola3jzdm9vrnt 0 172597 964583 940639 2026-10-08T03:58:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ukok_Plateau.jpg|thumb|400x400px| Filayen Ukok, ɗaya daga cikin ragowar ƙananan bishiyoyin steppe ]] '''Babban macizai''', wanda aka fi sani da '''steppe-tundra''', a da shine mafi girman halittun halittu a Duniya. A lokacin da aka yi dusar ƙanƙara a zamanin Pleistocene na baya, ta miƙe gabas zuwa yamma daga yankin Iberian a yammacin Turai, sannan ta ratsa Eurasia da kuma ta Beringia (yankin da ya haɗa da arewa maso gabashin Siberia, [[Alaska]] da ƙasar da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa a tsakaninsu) sannan ta shiga Yukon a arewa maso yammacin [[Kanada]] ; daga arewa zuwa kudu, tsaunukan sun miƙe daga kudu maso yammacin Arctic zuwa kudancin Turai, Asiya ta Tsakiya da arewacin [[Sin|China]] . Babban [[Yankin da ke cikin tsaunuka|ciyayin]] yana da sanyi da bushewa, kuma ba shi da wani fasali - duk da cewa yanayi, yanayin ƙasa, da yanayin ƙasa sun bambanta sosai a ko'ina. Wasu yankuna na biome, kamar yankunan bakin teku, suna da yanayi mai danshi da laushi fiye da wasu. Wasu yankuna sun ƙunshi koguna waɗanda ta hanyar [[Zaizayar Kasa|zaizayar]] ƙasa suka haifar da kwaruruka, kogunan ruwa, ko ƙananan duwatsu masu zurfi. Ci gaba da koma bayan tattalin arziki da ci gaba a tsawon shekaru aru-aru sun taimaka wajen samar da manyan kwaruruka da siffofi daban-daban na ƙasa. Duk da haka, gabaɗaya, an san cewa steppe ɗin ciyawa ce mai faɗi da faɗi. Tsire-tsire masu daɗi, ganyaye, da bishiyoyin willow sun mamaye ciyayin. Duk da cewa asalin halittar Eurasia da Beringian ce, wani nau'in mammoth steppe ya wanzu a gefen kudancin Laurentide ice sheet a Arewacin Amurka, kuma ya ƙunshi dabbobi iri ɗaya kamar su woolly mammoths, muskoxen, scimitar cats, da caribou . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pleistocene Biomes in the Midwest-Steppe Tundra |url=https://iceage.museum.state.il.us/content/steppe-tundra |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Explore the Ice Age Midwest |publisher=Illinois State Museum}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Namun daji sun mamaye nau'ikan halittu kamar su barewa, muskox, saiga barewa, bison steppe, dawaki, karkanda mai laushi da [[Mammoth mai laushi|kuma ulu mai kama da ulu]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kahlke |first=Ralf-Dietrich |date=July 2014 |title=The origin of Eurasian Mammoth Faunas (Mammuthus–Coelodonta Faunal Complex) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379113000218 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=96 |pages=32–49 |bibcode=2014QSRv...96...32K |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.012 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Waɗannan dabbobin, bi da bi, an bi su kuma an kama su da dabbobi masu cin nama iri-iri, kamar kerkeci, beyar launin ruwan kasa, ''[[Panthera spelaea]]'' (kogo ko zaki mai hawa), kurayen kogo, wolferines, da sauransu, da kuma kuliyoyi masu hakora da manyan beyar masu gajeren fuska a gabashin Beringia (tare da kuliyoyi masu hakora da hakora masu ƙafafu da kuma waɗanda ba a san su ba daga manyan steppe a Eurasia). Wannan yanayin halittu ya mamaye yankuna da dama na arewacin duniya, kuma ya bunƙasa tsawon kimanin shekaru 100,000 ba tare da manyan canje-canje ba, amma daga baya ya ragu zuwa ƙananan yankuna kimanin shekaru 12,000 da suka gabata. Mutane na zamani sun fara rayuwa a cikin halittu bayan faɗaɗawarsu daga Afirka, sun isa yankin Siberian Arctic kimanin shekaru 45,000 da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pitulko |first=Vladimir V. |last2=Tikhonov |first2=Alexei N. |last3=Pavlova |first3=Elena Y. |last4=Nikolskiy |first4=Pavel A. |last5=Kuper |first5=Konstantin E. |last6=Polozov |first6=Roman N. |date=2016-01-15 |title=Early human presence in the Arctic: Evidence from 45,000-year-old mammoth remains |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aad0554 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=351 |issue=6270 |pages=260–263 |bibcode=2016Sci...351..260P |doi=10.1126/science.aad0554 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=26816376 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Suna == A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, Alfred Nehring (1890) da Jan Czerski (Iwan Dementjewitsch Chersky, 1891) sun gabatar da cewa a lokacin da ya gabata, wani babban yanki na arewacin Turai ya kasance cike da manyan tsuntsayen ciyawa kuma yanayin [[Yankin da ke cikin tsaunuka|steppe]] ya mamaye can. A shekarar 1982, masanin kimiyya R. Dale Guthrie ya ƙirƙiro kalmar "mammoth steppe" don wannan yankin paleore. == Asali == Biome na steppe-tundra ya fara bayyana ne a lokacin sanyi na matakin Isotope na ruwa na 12, kimanin shekaru 460,000 da suka wuce a lokacin Tsakiyar Pleistocene, inda ya haɗa dabbobin da ke zaune a cikin halittu daban-daban na tundra na arewa da na tsakiyar Asiya. Girman halittar steppe-tundra zai faɗaɗa akai-akai kuma ya yi ƙunci sakamakon zagayowar glacial da ke biyo baya. <ref name=":0" /> Lokacin glacial na ƙarshe, wanda aka fi sani da 'Zaman Kankara', ya fara daga 126,000 YBP –11,700 YBP kuma shine lokacin glacial na baya-bayan nan a cikin [[Gishiri na Quaternary|zamanin kankara na yanzu]] wanda ya faru a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na zamanin Pleistocene . Wannan yanayin yankin Arctic yana da sanyi da bushewa kuma wataƙila yana da ƙura, yana kama da yanayin saman tsaunuka ( [[Alpine tundra|tundra mai tsayi]] ) kuma ya bambanta sosai da tundra mai faɗi na yau. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Woolly mammoth diet mystery solved by DNA analysis |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/woolly-mammoth-diet-mystery-solved-by-dna-analysis-1.2524015}}</ref> Ya kai kololuwarsa a lokacin matsakaicin glacial na ƙarshe, lokacin da [[Yankin kankara|zanen kankara]] ya fara ƙaruwa daga 33,000 YBP kuma ya kai matsakaicin matsayi na 26,500 YBP. Rushewar ƙasa ta fara ne a Arewacin Duniya kimanin YBP 19,000, kuma a Antarctica kimanin YBP 14,500, wanda ya yi daidai da shaidar cewa shine babban tushen hauhawar matakin teku a wancan lokacin. [[File:Last_Glacial_Maximum_Vegetation_Map.svg|thumb|260x260px| Nau'in kayan lambu a lokacin da aka ƙayyade matsakaicin Glacial]] A lokacin kololuwar dusar ƙanƙara ta ƙarshe, wani babban dutse mai tsayi ya miƙe daga Yankin Iberian a faɗin Eurasia da kuma kan gadar ƙasa ta Bering zuwa Alaska da Yukon inda glaciation na Wisconsin ya tsayar da shi. Wannan gadar ƙasa ta wanzu ne saboda an kulle ruwan duniyar a cikin kankara fiye da yanzu, don haka matakin teku ya yi ƙasa. Lokacin da matakan teku suka fara tashi, wannan gada ta mamaye kusan YBP 11,000. A lokacin ƙanƙara, akwai shaida bayyananniya game da tsananin ƙamshi saboda ruwa yana riƙe a cikin ƙanƙara. Babban filin jirgin sama kamar babban filin jirgin sama ne wanda aka kewaye shi da siffofi masu hana danshi: manyan kankara na nahiyar, manyan duwatsu, da kuma tekuna masu sanyi. Waɗannan sun rage ruwan sama kuma sun haifar da ƙarin kwanaki tare da sararin samaniya mai tsabta fiye da yadda ake gani a yau, wanda ya ƙara ƙafewar iska a lokacin rani wanda ke haifar da bushewa, da kuma hasken ɗumi daga ƙasa zuwa sararin samaniya na dare a lokacin hunturu wanda ke haifar da sanyi. Ana kyautata zaton abubuwa bakwai ne suka haifar da hakan. Waɗannan shingayen zahiri ga kwararar danshi sun haifar da wani babban kwarin da ya mamaye nahiyoyi uku. # Babban abin da ke jan hankalin manyan 'yan Asiya shi ne babban tsarin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali a arewacin [[Filin Tibet|tsaunin Tibet]] . # Juyawar babban ɓangaren [[Kogin Gulf]] zuwa kudu, ta wuce kudancin Spain zuwa gabar tekun Afirka, ya rage yanayin zafi (saboda haka danshi da rufin gajimare) da Tekun Atlantika na Arewa ke kawowa zuwa yammacin Turai. # Girman kankara na Scandinavian ya haifar da shinge ga danshi na Arewacin Atlantika. # Kankara a saman tekun Arewacin Atlantika tare da raguwar kwararar danshi daga gabas. # Da alama hanyar guguwar hunturu ta ratsa Eurasia a wannan yankin. # Ragewar matakan teku ya nuna babban yankin nahiyar a arewa da gabas, wanda ya haifar da babban fili na arewa wanda ya kara girman nahiyar a arewa. # Kankara ta Arewacin Amurka ta kare yankin Alaska da Yukon daga kwararar danshi. == Manazarta ==   1hldqpp119pq6i8pg1z3b2owa1b9s4z 0 172674 964565 959387 2026-10-08T01:17:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wasanni da Hanyoyi BC (RSTBC) reshe ne na [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Gidajen Shakatawa (British Columbia)|Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Dabarun Canjin Yanayi]]. An ba shi aiki tare da sarrafa wuraren shakatawa sama da 1,350 da hanyoyi 800 a fadin lardin [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]]. Wadannan shafuka da hanyoyi suna daga cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta musamman da ke ba da damar nishaɗi na jama'a mai aminci da jin daɗi ga mazauna da baƙi daga ko'ina cikin duniya. == Tarihi == Tarihin RSTBC za a iya gano shi zuwa 1939 lokacin da Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta British Columbia ta kafa Sashen Parks don gudanar da nishaɗin jama'a a ƙasar Crown. Bayan sauye-sauye da yawa da kuma shigar da ma'aikatu daban-daban, an ba da alhakin waɗannan wuraren shakatawa da hanyoyi ga Ma'aikatar dazuzzuka, Lands, da Ayyukan Al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Recreation Sites and Trails Program |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/sports-recreation-arts-and-culture/outdoor-recreation/camping-and-hiking/recreation-sites-and-trails/rstbc_publication_2019_final.pdf |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=Province of British Columbia}}</ref> == Aiki da Ayyuka == Manufar RSTBC ita ce inganta damar nishaɗi da gogewa ta waje ta hanyar sarrafa cibiyar sadarwa mai ɗorewa na wuraren shakatawa da hanyoyi. Gudanar da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon sun haɗa da inganta kula da muhalli, tsaron jama'a, da dabi'un ilimi na nishaɗin waje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the program |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/sports-culture/recreation/camping-hiking/sites-trails/program |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=Province of British Columbia}}</ref> RSTBC tana ba da shirye-shiryenta ta hanyar hedkwatar da ke Victoria, ofisoshin yanki huɗu, da ofisoshin gundumar 19 a duk fadin lardin. Ana gudanar da wani bangare mai mahimmanci na gudanarwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da al'ummomin yankin, Al'ummai na farko, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Penny |first=Meyers Norris |date=May 2011 |title=The Social and Economic Impacts of BC Recreation Sites and Trails |url=https://www.mbta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Final-Report-_.pdf |access-date=13 April 2024 |language=English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418032538/https://www.mbta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Final-Report-_.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tasirin Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a == Ayyukan RSTBC suna da tasiri mai zurfi na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, musamman a cikin yankunan karkara. Shafukan da hanyoyi ba wai kawai suna tallafawa tattalin arzikin yankin ba ta hanyar jan hankalin yawon bude ido har ma da gudummawa ga kiwon lafiya da lafiya ta hanyar inganta ayyukan jiki. Haɗin gwiwar da aka kirkira ta hanyar waɗannan shirye-shiryen yana taimakawa wajen bunkasa girman kai da kokarin kiyayewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Partnering and volunteering with Recreation Sites and Trails BC |title=Partnering and volunteering with Recreation Sites and Trails BC - Province of British Columbia |url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/sports-culture/recreation/camping-hiking/sites-trails/program/partnering |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=Province of British Columbia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053908/https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/sports-culture/recreation/camping-hiking/sites-trails/program/partnering |archive-date=7 April 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fa'idodin Muhalli da Ilimi == Shafukan da hanyoyin da RSTBC ke sarrafawa ba kawai albarkatun nishaɗi ba ne har ma suna aiki a matsayin dandamali don ilimin muhalli da kulawa. Suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye bambancin halittu da kuma koyar da jama'a game da ayyukan da suka dace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Province enhances support for improved access to outdoor recreation |url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2023ENV0028-000603 |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=Province of British Columbia}}</ref> == Manazarta == cgvtlj251pj7s5v6ek78dttjzpdixnp 0 172744 964534 941221 2026-10-07T22:55:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964534 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Walter Bingham''' MM (Ibraniyawa; an haife shi '''Wolfgang Billig'''; 5 ga watan Janairun 1924) ɗan jaridar Birtaniya ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ɗan kasuwa, da kuma Wanda ya tsira daga Holocaust kuma ya yi wa tsohon soja na Yaƙin Duniya na II ado. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 99 a 2023, Bingham shine dan jarida mafi tsufa a Isra'ila. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Bingham a Karlsruhe, [[Jamus]] a ranar 5 ga watan Janairun 1924, ga dangin Yahudawa masu kiyayewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=devcontent |date=2019-01-22 |title=Catching Up with Walter Bingham |url=https://mishpacha.com/catching-up-with-walter-bingham/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Mishpacha Magazine |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106032957/https://mishpacha.com/catching-up-with-walter-bingham/ |archive-date=2023-01-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Iyayensa sun ƙaura daga [[Poland]] zuwa Jamus tun suna yara.<ref name="JP-WB91" /> Ya kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar matasa ta Orthodox Zionist, yana shirya shi don rayuwar kibbutz ta noma a Mandatory Palestine . Bingham ya ga ƙone littafin Nazi wanda ya biyo baya ba da daɗewa ba bayan Da Nazi ta kwace mulki kuma da kansa ya fuskanci zalunci na Yahudawa. Kamar yadda Bingham da iyayensa ke da 'yan asalin Poland kuma ba' yan ƙasar Jamus ba ne, ''Polenaktion'' - kamawa da fitar da Yahudawa na Poland da ke zaune a Jamus ya shafe su. An kama mahaifin Bingham amma shi da kansa bai shiga cikin rikici ba saboda ya kasance daga gidan danginsa a lokacin - iyayensa sun tura shi makarantar Yahudawa a Mannheim. Ba da daɗewa ba, Bingham ya ga abubuwan da suka faru na Kristallnacht. Ya tsira daga Holocaust saboda Kindertransport zuwa Burtaniya a 1939, inda ya zauna mafi yawa a cikin al'ummar kibbutz na Zionist.<ref name="A7-AboutWBingham">{{Cite web |title=About Walter Bingham |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Radio/Author.aspx/1197 |access-date=29 June 2015 |publisher=[[Arutz Sheva]]}}</ref><ref name="JP-WB91" /> == Hidima a Yaƙin Duniya na II == A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, Sojojin Poland masu 'yanci sun yi ƙoƙari su ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Poland, amma Bingham ya shiga cikin Sojojin Burtaniya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin direban motar asibiti a cikin Royal Army Service Corps. Ya shiga cikin layin gaba a saukowar Normandy na 1944 . <ref name="YT-WB-WWIIHistory">{{Cite web |last=Bingham |first=Walter |title=Walter Bingham: Eyewitness to the Holocaust |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XML_ZJDK0sk |access-date=29 June 2015 |website=In The Last Days, TV Programme 12 |via=YouTube}}</ref> A lokacin wani aiki, motar asibiti ta kashe ta Jamus, ta ji wa mai kula da shi rauni kuma ta kashe wani jami'in. Daga nan sai ya yi tsayayya da wuta don ceto sojoji da suka ji rauni. Don ayyukansa, Sarki George VI ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Soja don 'Ƙarfin zuciya a filin'.<ref name="first">{{Cite web |last=Duffy, Michael |title=Encyclopedia: Military Medal |url=http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/militarymedal.htm |access-date=4 May 2014 |publisher=}}</ref> Daga baya za a ba shi lambar yabo mafi girma ta Faransa, Légion d'honneur, saboda sa hannu a saukowar Normandy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2018 |title=Arutz Sheva host receives France's highest honor |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/242020 |access-date=2018-02-18 |website=[[Israel National News]] |language=en}}</ref> Saboda kasancewa mai magana da [[Jamusanci]], an tura Bingham zuwa Babban Hedikwatar Sojojin Sojoji don aiki a matsayin ƙwararren takardu, yana nazarin takardun Jamusanci da aka kama. Yayinda yake aiki a cikin Jamus da aka mamaye, ya kuma yi aiki a cikin leken asiri kuma ya taimaka wajen gano jami'an Nazi da ke ƙoƙarin ɓoye matsayinsu na baya. Ya yi wa tsohon ministan harkokin waje na Nazi Joachim von Ribbentrop tambayoyi, wanda ya musanta duk wani ilmi game da Holocaust. {{Blockquote|I spoke to Ribbentrop (...) He was good looking and spoke excellent English. He had the cheek to say he knew nothing about the [[Shoah|destruction of the Jews]]. He was the first to be hanged.<ref>After conviction at the [[Nuremberg trials|Nuremberg War Crimes Trials]].</ref>|Walter Bingham, ''Jerusalem Post'', 2011.<ref name=JP-WBingham/>}} Mahaifiyarsa ta tsira daga Holocaust; tana ɗaya daga cikin fursunonin Yahudawa waɗanda Folke Bernadotte ya sami sakin su. Ta nemi mafaka a [[Sweden]] kuma ta zauna a can har abada. Bayan yakin, yayin da yake aiki a cikin Sojojin Burtaniya, an ba Bingham izinin jinƙai don ziyartar mahaifiyarsa a Sweden. An sallami Bingham daga Sojojin Burtaniya a shekarar 1947. Ya yi karatun falsafar siyasa a Birkbeck, Jami'ar London . An gayyace shi ya shiga yakin neman 'yancin Yahudawa a Mandatory Palestine, amma ya yanke shawarar adawa da shi. Daga baya ya bayyana shawarar da ya yanke wa jaridar Jerusalem Post: "Da na yi yaƙi sosai. Da na tafi, kuma da na kasance da rai, wanda ya san abin da zan iya zama. Amma ban tafi ba. A yau, kasancewa da rai, kuma ganin inda nake zaune, ina da wasu nadama. "Ya sadu da matarsa, 'yar gudun hijira daga Vienna, a farkon shekarun 1950. Kodayake abokansa daga al'ummar Zionist inda ya zauna sun koma Isra'ila kuma suna daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kibbutz Lavi, Bingham ya zauna a Burtaniya saboda matarsa ba ta so ta tafi. Ya yi aiki a ayyuka daban-daban kuma a wani lokaci ya buɗe masana'antar diaper wanda ya fita daga kasuwanci a shekarar 1965. [1] Yana da 'yar da daga baya ta koma Isra'ila, da jikoki biyu da jikoki guda biyu. Matarsa ta mutu a shekarar 1990.[2] == Ayyukan jarida == Bingham ya ci gaba da yin aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida da mai watsa shirye-shirye a Burtaniya. Ya kuma yi samfurin kuma ya yi aiki a fina-finai da yawa da shirye-shiryen talabijin. Daga cikin ayyukansa na wasan kwaikwayo shine mai sihiri a cikin ''Harry Potter da Dutsen Falsafa'' da Harry Potter da Chamber of Secrets, <ref name="A7-WalterBinghamBiography">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2012 |title=Walter Bingham Knows Jewish History, Because He Lived It |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/154066 |access-date=29 June 2015 |website=israelnationalnews.com |publisher=Arutz Sheva}}</ref> da kuma matsayi da yawa a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban da ke kira ga tsofaffi da farin gemu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Walter Bingham |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2491070/ |access-date=2018-02-18 |website=IMDb}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance samfurin talla da Santa Claus a cikin manyan shagunan London Harrods da Selfridges. Bingham ya yi hijira zuwa Isra'ila a shekara ta 2004.<ref name="YT-WBself">{{Cite web |last=Bingham |first=Walter |title=Walter Bingham speech in Jerusalem – How Walter Changed His Name |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNmBdv8AZvc |access-date=29 June 2015 |publisher=Israel Beat Jewish Music Podcast}}</ref> A lokacin da yake da shekaru 80, ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami aiki a Kol Isra'ila amma an ƙi shi saboda shekarunsa. Daga baya ya sami aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida tare da Israel National News . Tun daga shekara ta 2004, ya dauki bakuncin "Walter's World", shirin mujallar rediyo na mako-mako a kan Israel National News, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Walter's World – News – Israel National News |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Tag.aspx/37173 |access-date=2018-02-18 |website=Israel National News |language=en}}</ref> kuma tun daga shekara ta 2016 "The Walter Bingham File" a kan Israel News Talk Radio. <ref>{{Cite web |title=It's Decision Time – Should Israel Deport Or Absorb The Infiltrators – The Walter Bingham File [audio] 🎧 |url=http://israelnewstalkradio.com/category/walter-bingham/ |access-date=2018-02-18 |website=Israel News Talk Radio |language=en-us}}</ref> Har ila yau, yana ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga The Jerusalem Post da The Jerusalem Report .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Walter Bingham |url=https://www.jpost.com/author/walter-bingham |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en-US |issn=0792-822X}}</ref> A cikin 2018 Bingham ya zama dan wasan sama mafi tsufa a Isra'ila lokacin da ya shiga cikin tsalle-tsalle a arewacin Isra'ila. A cikin 2023 Bingham ya yi tafiya zuwa Jamus, Netherlands da Burtaniya don shiga cikin sakewa da tunawa da Kindertransport wanda aka yi fim don shirin kuma an rufe shi sosai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ben-David |first=Daniel |title=Kindertransport refugees retrace historic journey from Germany to UK |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/community/kindertransport-refugees-retrace-historic-journey-from-germany-to-uk-ttbjbnv6 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.thejc.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=שורדי שואה למען הילדים החטופים: "נלקחו ממשפחותיהם שרבות מהן נרצחו" |url=https://www.maariv.co.il/news/viral/Article-1053766 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.maariv.co.il}}</ref> Bingham ya cika shekaru 100 a ranar 5 ga Janairun 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=Kindertransport survivor, celebrates 100th birthday |url=https://www.jwire.com.au/walter-bingham-kindertransport-survivor-celebrates-100th-birthday/ |publisher=J-Wire}}</ref> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n8rzeq9hs645s8s2k6jw2aroxyqgtab 0 172828 964572 947317 2026-10-08T01:33:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wutar Conrow''' gobara ce da ta ƙone kilomita bakwai a arewa maso gabashin [[Montana]] Whitehall a cikin gandun daji na Beaverhead-Deerlodge a Montana a Amurka. An fara gobarar ne ta hanyar walƙiya a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 2017. Ya ƙone kadada ,741 (11 ) kuma ya yi barazanar gidaje, ranches da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a yankin. == Abubuwan da suka faru == An fara gobarar Conrow ne ta hanyar walƙiya a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta, 2017, a ƙasar masu zaman kansu kilomita bakwai a arewa maso gabashin Whitehall, Montana . <ref name="KPAX1">{{Cite web |last=News |first=MTN |title=Conrow fire near Whitehall at 2,050 acres burned |url=http://www.kpax.com/story/36224607/conrow-fire-near-whitehall-at-2050-acres-burned |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914081753/http://www.kpax.com/story/36224607/conrow-fire-near-whitehall-at-2050-acres-burned |archive-date=14 September 2017 |access-date=14 September 2017 |website=KPAX |language=en}}</ref> A ranar ga watan Agusta, gobarar ta karu zuwa kadada 2,727 (11 ) kuma ta koma kan Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa da kuma Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka a yankin Jefferson. Wutar ta yi barazanar gine-gine 25, gami da hasumiyoyin wayar salula, wuraren hakar ma'adinai, gidaje da ranches na shanu tare da Hanyar Hanyar 69.<ref name="IW827">{{Cite web |title=Conrow Fire Update August 27, 2017 |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/5541/39170/ |access-date=14 September 2017 |website=InciWeb |publisher=Beaverhead/Deerlodge National Forest }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kashegari, gobarar ta yi barazanar wani tsari, jimlar 26 kuma an fara kimanta tsarin a yankin Antelope Lane.<ref name="IW828">{{Cite web |title=Conrow Fire Fact Sheet - August 28, 2017 |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/5541/39270/ |access-date=14 September 2017 |website=InciWeb |publisher=Beaverhead/Deerlodge National Forest |archive-date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914124810/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/5541/39270/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Agusta, an sanya ranar hanawa ta 2 ga watan Satumba kuma jirage masu saukar ungulu biyu na Chinook sun shiga cikin wuta, suna zubar da ruwa a kan wuta.<ref name="IW829">{{Cite web |title=Conrow Fire Fact Sheet - August 29, 2017 |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/5541/39344/ |access-date=14 September 2017 |website=InciWeb |publisher=Beaverhead/Deerlodge National Forest |archive-date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914081640/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/5541/39344/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wutar ta fara tasiri sosai ga ingancin iska, tare da taimakon wasu gobara da ke cin wuta a yankin, gami da samar da mafi munin rana mai ingancin iska a cikin shekaru biyu a Butte.<ref name="Ayer">{{Cite web |last=Ayer |first=Justin |date=30 August 2017 |title=Butte residents experience worst air quality day in 2 years |url=https://www.nbcmontana.com/news/ktvm/butte-residents-experience-worst-air-quality-day-in-two-years/614025479 |access-date=14 September 2017 |website=KECI}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga watan Agusta an ayyana wutar da kashi 65% da ke ƙunshe a kadada ,727 (11 ). <ref name="Smith1">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Mike |date=30 August 2017 |title=Only snow can end Montana fire season, chief says; area fires updated |url=http://mtstandard.com/news/local/only-snow-can-end-montana-fire-season-chief-says-area/article_4be41e54-c09b-5712-b838-5106b0d70ab7.html |access-date=14 September 2017 |website=Montana Standard |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="IW830">{{Cite web |title=Conrow Fire fact Sheet - August 30, 2017 |url=https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/5541/39440/ |access-date=14 September 2017 |website=InciWeb |publisher=Beaverhead/Deerlodge National Forest |archive-date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914081717/https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/5541/39440/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ma'aikatan sun canza cikakken ranar hanawa daga Satumba 1 zuwa Satumba 6 . <ref name="Smith1" /> Ya zuwa ranar 5 ga Satumba, gobarar ta fadada zuwa kadada ,741 (11 ) kuma an ƙunshe ta da kashi 97%, tare da layin wuta da suka samu nasarar riƙe wuta, duk da kusanci da wutar da ba a ƙone ba. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7xfi8fn8koqdotxhgbzo65jrnl39z64 0 172946 964443 946895 2026-10-07T19:21:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tsohon Castle Lachlan''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Castle Lachlan''', wani gidan sarauta ne da ya lalace a ƙarni na 15 a bakin Loch Fyne, a yankin Cowal, a Argyll da Bute, yammacin [[Scotland]]. Wataƙila Clan Maclachlan ne ya gina shi a filayen da aka fara rubutawa a shekarar 1314 a matsayin "Castlelachlan". Babu wani abu da ya rage na wannan gidan sarauta na ƙarni na sha huɗu. Madadin haka, katangar Tsohon Castle Lachlan ta bayyana tun farkon karni na sha biyar, yayin da gine-ginen cikin gida suka yi kama da sun kasance tun daga ƙarshen karnin. Gidan ya kasance mazaunin sarakunan kabila har sai da aka gina Sabon Castle Lachlan a matsayin madadinsa a shekarar 1790, {{Convert|0.8|km|1}} gabas-arewa-gabas. Ana kare shi a matsayin abin tunawa da aka tsara. Kusa da gidan sarauta akwai Kilmorie Chapel, wurin hutawa na sarakunan dangin Maclachlan kuma ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen cocin zamanin da suka rage a Yammacin Scotland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit |url=http://www.oldcastlelachlan.com/visit |access-date=26 June 2019 |website=Old Castle Lachlan, Scotland}}</ref> == Tarihin farko == Kabilar ta fito ne daga zuriyar Lachlan Mor ('Babban Lachlan') wani babban sarki wanda ya zauna a bakin tekun Loch Fyne a ƙarni na 13. An ce Lachlan Mor ya fito ne daga Anrothan O'Neill, wani basarake ɗan ƙasar Ireland wanda ya bar Ireland a ƙarni na 11. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Clan Maclachlan |url=http://www.oldcastlelachlan.com/clan-maclachlan |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=Old Castle Lachlan, Scotland |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da kasancewar MacLachlan, ba a san komai game da gina da ƙirƙirar '''Tsohon Castle na Lachlan''' ba. An fara ambaton farko tun daga shekarar 1314, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Castle's Story |url=http://www.oldcastlelachlan.com/our-castles-story |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=Old Castle Lachlan, Scotland |language=en-GB}}</ref> kuma ana kyautata zaton Clan Lachlan ne ya gina shi. Wasu majiyoyi da ke bayyana shaidar farko ta takardun shaida na mallakar ƙasar da aka sani da Strathlachlan a gabashin Loch Fyne ita ce a shekara ta 1292 lokacin da Gilleskel Maclachlan ya karɓi takardar izini daga John, Sarkin Scotland . Duk da haka, tsarin ginin ya sa masu gine-gine suka sanya ginin ya kasance a ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, ko ƙarni na 16. <ref name=":0" /> An ba wa Babban Ɗan Kabila na 15, Archibald MacLachlan takardar izinin tabbatar da filayensa na Cowal da Glasrie a kansa da magada mazansa waɗanda ke ɗauke da sunan da kuma ikon MacLachlan a ƙarƙashin sarauta a 1574. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Clan MacLachlan History |url=http://cmana.net/clanhist.html#C8 |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=cmana.net |archive-date=2021-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182050/http://cmana.net/clanhist.html#C8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan taimaka wa MacGregors a Yaƙin Glen Fruin a 1603, da kuma bayan yaƙin Charles a Yaƙin Alford a 1645. Sai a shekarar 1680 ne aka kafa ƙabilar zuwa wata ƙabila mai 'yanci wadda ta haɗa dukkan filaye a ƙarƙashin sunan Strathlachlan. <ref name=":0" /> == Yaƙin Culloden == Kabilar tana da dogon tarihi na goyon bayan 'Yarima a kan Ruwa', ba kamar Campbells a fadin Loch Fyne ba, Lachlan Maclachlan, Shugaban Kabila na 17, ya kasance mai goyon bayan Viscount Dundee a Yaƙin Kiliiecrankie a 1689, James VIII a Tawayen 1715. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Maclachlan Clan |url=http://www.rampantscotland.com/clans/blclanmaclachlan.htm |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=www.rampantscotland.com}}</ref> Shekaru talatin bayan haka a shekarar 1745, an fara samun bege game da isowar matashin mai suna Young Pretender zuwa ƙasar Scotland, Charles Edward Stuart ya buɗe tutarsa a bakin tekun Glen Shiel, ƙabilun Highland sun fuskanci babban zaɓi. Mutane da yawa sun 'fice' don Yarima, yayin da wasu suka yi kasa a gwiwa, suna shakkar yiwuwar samun nasara kuma suna sane da sakamakon da ka iya biyo baya. Lachlan MacLachlan ya tara mutane 100 ya tafi Yamma zuwa Holyrood a [[Edinburgh]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-23 |title=Old Castle Lachlan: loyalty and loss |url=https://www.thehazeltree.co.uk/2016/10/23/castle-lachlan-loyalty-and-loss/ |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=The Hazel Tree |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 1746, Lachlan MacLachlan ya jagoranci rundunar sojoji wadda ta ƙunshi sojojin MacLachlan 115, da kuma sojojin MacLeans 182 na Mull, waɗanda shugabansu bai isa ba, suka shiga Yaƙin Culloden tare da iyalan Mackintosh da kuma iyalan Chattan . Bayan sun tsira daga harin manyan bindigogi na Hanover, 'yan Jacob sun kai hari mai tsanani kan layukan gwamnati; Duk da haka, sun ga sun fi yawa kuma sun ja da baya zuwa layinsu. 'Yan ƙabila kaɗan ne suka tsira, Lachlan MacLachlan da kansa ya mutu a wannan yaƙin lokacin da aka buge shi aka kashe shi da bindiga. Daga baya aka gano gawarsa a bayan layin Hanoverian. <ref name=":1" /> Bayan yaƙin, an tilasta wa MacLachlan su gudu daga gidan sarauta sakamakon tawayen Jacobite. An harba masa bama-bamai daga teku a shekarar 1746, bisa umarnin Duke na Cumberland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MacLachlan History |url=https://www.scotclans.com/scottish-clans/clan-maclachlan/maclachlan-history/ |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=ScotClans {{!}} Scottish Clans |language=en-US}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin, '''Tsohon Kasuwar Lachlan''' ta ci gaba da kasancewa ba tare da kowa ba kuma ta faɗi cikin kango. A shekara ta 1748, Rev. John MacLachlan na Kilchoan, a cikin wata wasiƙa zuwa ga Rev. Robert Forbes, Bishop na Ross da Caithness, ya rubuta, ''Ina fatan za ku lura da Kanal MacLachlan na wannan Ilk, wanda jaridu da mujallu suka yi watsi da shi. Gaskiya ne cewa kaɗan ne daga cikin danginsa suka haifa, domin yawancinsu suna tsakiyar Campbells.'' ''Duk da haka ya halarci Yarima a Gladsmuir, kuma ya yi tafiya tare da shi zuwa Carlyle, daga nan Yarima ya raba shi da isasshen umarni da dawakai 16 don ya jagoranci mutane 3,000 da ke zaune a Perth a lokacin zuwa Ingila...'' ''...'' ''Kanar ya sake haɗuwa da mu a Stirlin, kuma lokacin da muka yi ritaya zuwa Inverness, Yarima ya naɗa shi Kwamishinan Sojoji.'' ''A yaƙin Culloden yana da runduna ta mutum 300, waɗanda 115 daga cikinsu mutanensa ne, 182 kuma Mackleans ne, waɗanda suka zaɓi su kasance ƙarƙashin ikonsa, ganin cewa shugabansu ba ya nan.'' ''Shi ne Kanal na ƙarshe da ya sami umarni daga Yarima a filin yaƙi, an harbe shi da bindiga yayin da yake kan doki don jagorantar rundunarsa, wadda aka tsara tsakanin Macintoshes da Stewarts na Appin.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jacobite risings - Scottish Castle Holidays, Castle Weddings, Scottish Castles, Castle Accommodation, Loch Fyne, Castle Holidays Argyll, Vacation, Argyll, Scotland - Castle Lachlan |url=http://www.castlelachlan.com/jacobiteRisings |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=www.castlelachlan.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta hanyar shiga tsakani na Duke na Argyll, an mayar da filayen ga Robert MacLachlan, Babban Hafsan 18, a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1749, sannan yana da shekaru 14. <ref name=":1" /> == Tarihin zamani == '''Tsohon Kasuwar Lachlan''' a zamanin yau ta zama abin jan hankali, tana jawo hankalin mutane da yawa da kuma MacLachlans. Tun daga shekarar 2011, Clan MacLachlan ya yi ƙoƙarin hana ƙarin zaizayar ƙasa da kuma yiwuwar rugujewarta. Ta amfani da dabarun gini na gargajiya, manufar ita ce a kiyaye Tsohon Castle Lachlan da kuma kare shi daga tsufa da kuma lalata shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Project |url=http://www.oldcastlelachlan.com/project |access-date=2021-07-01 |website=Old Castle Lachlan, Scotland |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] as96uwnsahivouq2ai37zs1fu3teo0s 0 173007 964403 941861 2026-10-07T17:25:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tracy Kristin Bonham''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1967) 'yar asalin Amurka ce. An haife ta kuma ta girma a [[Eugene, Oregon]], ta kasance mai horar da violin da pianist, kuma mai koyar da guitarist.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=TBonham-bio.pdf |url=http://www.tracybonham.com/med/pdf/TBonham-bio.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508043336/http://www.tracybonham.com/med/pdf/TBonham-bio.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-08 |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=tracybonham.com |type=''[[Blink the Brightest]]'' press bio}}</ref> Bayan gina mabiya na gida, Bonham ya sanya hannu kan Island Records a shekarar 1995. Kundin sa na farko, The Burdens of Being Upright (1996), ya kasance mai mahimmanci da cinikayya kuma ya sami gabatarwa ta [[Lambar yabo ta Grammy|Grammy]] guda biyu, ban da samun takardar shaidar Zinariya ta Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rediyo ta Amurka (RIAA) kasa da shekara guda bayan an sake shi. Kundin da ya jagoranci, "Mother Mother", ya hau kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' Alternative Airplay a watan Yunin 1996. Ita ce mace ta ƙarshe da ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo har zuwa Lorde a shekarar 2013. Delays ya shafi sakin kundi na biyu, Down Here (2000), wanda ya kasa tsarawa a duniya; Bonham ta rabu da Island shekara guda bayan sakin kundin, bayan haka ta mayar da hankalinta ga aiki tare da wasu masu fasahar kiɗa, gami da The Blue Man Group lokacin da ta bayyana a cikin yawon shakatawa na The Complex Rock Live da DVD na rayuwa a 2003. A shekara ta 2004, Bonham ta sanya hannu ga Rounder Records imprint Zoë Records, tare da ita ta fitar da kundi na uku Blink the Brightest (2005). Tun daga wannan lokacin ta yi aiki tare da wasu lakabi daban-daban na rikodin kuma ta saki wasu kundi uku, Masts of Manhatta (2010), ''Wax &amp;amp; Gold'' (2015) da Modern Burdens (2017), na ƙarshe daga cikinsu shine sake yin rikodin The Burdens of Being Upright . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Tracy Kristin Bonham a [[Eugene, Oregon]], a ranar 16 ga Maris, 1967, ɗa kaɗai ne na Donald Lewis Bonham da Lee Anne Leach . Mahaifinta shi ne editan birni na The Eugene Register-Guard, kuma mahaifiyarta malamar kiɗa ce; biyun sun hadu yayin da Leach ke halartar Jami'ar Oregon . <ref name=":04" /> Mahaifin Bonham ya mutu lokacin da take 'yar shekara biyu, kuma mahaifiyarta ta sake yin aure bayan shekaru biyar ga Edward Robert Robertson, jami'in rance.<ref name=":04" /> Ita ce ƙarama a cikin rabi tara da / ko 'yan uwanta da ta girma tare da ita.<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Tracy Bonham – Biography |url=http://www.tracybonham.com:80/bio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010924075617/http://www.tracybonham.com:80/bio.html |archive-date=September 24, 2001 |access-date=March 9, 2023 |website=tracybonham.com}}</ref> Bonham was trained as a classical musician; she began singing at the age of five, and playing the violin at nine.<ref name=":4" /> When she was 16 years old, she enrolled at Interlochen Arts Camp in [[Michigan]], but was expelled after three weeks for smoking [[Sigari|cigarettes]].<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":3" /> She later graduated at South Eugene High School and received a full scholarship to the University of Southern California for violin. After becoming burnt out from composing, she transferred to the Berklee College of Music in [[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]] to study voice in 1987.<ref name=":04" /> While there, she took up various jobs at places such as the Atlantic Fish Company, a cassette duplication service, and wrote jingles for Pontiac and [[Toyota]] car dealerships.<ref name=":04" /><ref name=":3" /> === Nasarar farko, Island Records da The Burdens of Being Upright (1994-1997) === A shekara ta 1994, Bonham ta fara rubuta kiɗa kuma ta saki waƙarta ta farko, "The One", wanda ya bayyana a cikin kundin tarin Girl, wanda aka saki ta hanyar lakabin Curve of the Earth na Boston.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ashare |first=Matt |date=February 21, 1997 |title=Grammy Girl: Tracy Bonham's rise from Boston to the top of the charts |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_february-21-27-1997_26_8/page/n29/mode/2up?q=Tracy+Bonham |journal=[[The Boston Phoenix]] |volume=26 |issue=8 |pages=6 8 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Bayan haka, ta aika da faifan demo guda huɗu (wanda ke nuna "The One") ga Brett Milano, mai sukar kiɗa na The ''Boston Phoenix'', a watan Yunin 1994; Milano ya yaba da demo, kuma babban lakabin yaƙin neman zaɓe ya faru jim kadan bayan haka.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Milano |first=Brett |author-link=Brett Milano |date=June 17, 1994 |title=Demo Derby: Tough Tunes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_june-17-23-1994_23_24/page/n97/mode/2up?q=Tracy+Bonham |journal=[[The Boston Phoenix]] |volume=23 |issue=24 |page=22 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> A cikin 1995, Bonham ta ba da EP ta farko, The Liverpool Sessions, ta hanyar lakabin CherryDisc, wanda ya kawo mata ƙarin yabo na gida; bayan da aka saki ta, ta sanya hannu ga Island Records. <ref name=":1" /> Bayan yin rikodi a Fort Apache Studio a Cambridge na watanni da yawa, a cikin 1996 Bonham ta fitar da kundi na farko mai tsawo The Burdens of Being Upright . Mujallu irin su Rolling Stone da People sun lura da yadda take da ƙarfin hali ga kiɗa na dutse. Kundin ya tafi zinariya a cikin watanni shida kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar an zabi ta don Grammy Awards don Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Kiɗa da Mafi kyawun Female Rock Vocal Performance (don "Uwar"). Daga nan sai ta tafi babban yawon shakatawa don tallafawa kundin. Kundin farko na kundin, "Mother Mother", ya kai lamba daya a kan jadawalin Billboard Modern Rock Tracks (daga baya aka sani da Alternative Airplay chart) a watan Yunin 1996, kuma ya kasance a can na wata daya; Bonham daga baya ya zama mace ta farko da ta fara samun wannan aikin, kuma ita ce ta ƙarshe da ta yi hakan har sai Lorde ta kai matsayi ɗaya tare da ta "Royals" a cikin 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=June 21, 1996 |title=Tracy Bonham's ''Mother Mother'' hits number 1 |url=https://ew.com/article/1996/06/21/tracy-bonhams-mother-mother-hits-number-1/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=EW.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hohnen |first=Mike |date=2013-08-13 |title=Lorde Makes History On Billboard Charts, Announces Debut Album 'Pure Heroine' |url=https://musicfeeds.com.au/news/lorde-makes-history-on-billboard-charts-announces-debut-album-pure-heroine/ |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=Music Feeds |language=en-US}}</ref> Bidiyo na kiɗa ya lashe kyautar Best Video a 1996 Boston Music Awards, kuma ya sami gabatarwa a MTV Music Video Awards a 1997 don Best New Artist in a Video.'''<ref name="VMA1996">{{Cite web |title=MTV Video Music Awards 1996 |url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/1996/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913012621/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/1996/ |archive-date=September 13, 2008 |access-date=July 23, 2012 |publisher=MTV}}</ref>''' Na biyu, "The One", ya kasance karamin bugawa kuma ya kai No. 23 a kan sashin Modern Rock Tracks, kuma nau'ikan bidiyo daban-daban guda biyu na waƙar sun kasance a takaice a cikin juyawa mai nauyi a kan tashoshin kiɗa na bidiyo MTV da VH1. Na uku kuma na karshe, "Sharks Can't Sleep" ya kasa tsarawa a Amurka, kodayake ya zama mafi girma a Ingila, inda ya kai lamba 93. === Batutuwan lakabin rikodin da Down Here (1998-2000) === Bayan nasarar da ta samu na kundi na farko, Bonham ta fara aiki a kan kundi na biyu a shekarar 1997 tare da Mitchell Froom da Chadi Blake.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Milano |first=Brett |author-link=Brett Milano |date=August 18, 2000 |title=Tracy: What Happened? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_august-18-24-2000_29_33/page/n67/mode/2up?q=Tracy+Bonham |journal=[[The Boston Phoenix]] |volume=29 |issue=33 |pages=66, 68 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Bonham ta yi fatan yin kundin da zai fi nuna tasirin ta na gargajiya kuma ya zama mafi girma''.<ref name=":3" />'' Kundin, wanda aka sani da Trails of a Dust Devil, an gama shi a cikin bazara na 1998, amma masu gudanarwa a Island ba su da farin ciki da kundin saboda ba su ji kamar yana da bugawa guda ɗaya.<ref name=":5" /> Ba tare da son rai ba, Bonham ya koma rubuta sabbin waƙoƙi masu sauti na kasuwanci, gami da "Behind Every Good Woman".<ref name=":5" /> Da gamsu, tsibirin ya saita ranar fitarwa don kundin na Oktoba 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 31, 1998 |title=Local – Year ahead |url=https://bostonphoenix.com/archive/music/98/12/31/YEAR_AHEAD_LOCAL.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=bostonphoenix.com}}</ref> Koyaya, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1998, kamfanin iyaye na Island Records, PolyGram, ya sayi shi ta hanyar Seagram mai girma don dala biliyan 10.6; <ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-05-21 |title=Seagram buys PolyGram from Philips for $10.6bn |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/seagram-buys-polygram-from-philips-for-10-6bn-1158030.html |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na sayen Seagram, an haɗa PolyGram cikin Universal Music Group, kuma an sake haɗa Island Records a cikin lakabin laima na Island Def Jam Music Group. Sake fasalin ya jinkirta sakin kundin zuwa 1999.<ref name=":5" /> Yawancin mutanen da Bonham ya yi aiki tare da su a tsibirin sun bar kamfanin a lokacin hadewar, kuma sabon manajan lakabin ya tambaye ta rubuta wani abu mai bugawa; a mayar da martani, Bonham ya rubuta "Fake It".<ref name=":5" /> Daga nan aka tura kundin zuwa bazara na shekara ta 2000, lokacin da aka sake masa suna Down Here . [2]''A nan ne.<ref name=":5" />'' An saki Down Here a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2000.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2000 |title=Tracy Bonham Returns From Hiatus with 'Down Here' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNPgrOvoqUkC&dq=Down+Here+tracy+bonham+2000&pg=PA1 |website=CMJ New Music Report |publisher=CMJ Network, Inc. |via=Google Books}}</ref> Kundin ya sami kyakkyawan bita gabaɗaya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2, 2000 |title=Catherine Wheel, Tracy Bonham Demonstrate the Power of Rock |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-02-ca-62739-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> amma ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami masu sauraro a cikin yanayin kiɗa wanda ya mamaye Nu ƙarfe, kuma ya sami kusan babu rediyo. <ref name=":5" /> Kundin da kuma guda ɗaya, "Behind Every Good Woman" sun kasa bayyana a kowane sigogi na tallace-tallace a duk duniya, sun bar ta a kan sharuddan da ba a tabbatar da su ba tare da Island.<ref name=":5" /> Down Here zai zama kundi na karshe na Bonham don Island; a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001, yayin da take cikin ɗakin karatu tana shirin yin rikodin kundi na uku, lakabin ya sake ta daga kwangilar rikodin ta. Bonham ta ambaci canjin jagorancin kiɗa na Island Records a matsayin babban dalilin da ya sa aka yanke ta daga lakabin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Quill |first=Colleen Maree |date=August 2004 |title=Venus: Tracy Bonham |url=http://www.venuszine.com/stories/music/958 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040830151740/http://www.venuszine.com/stories/music/958 |archive-date=August 30, 2004 |access-date=March 9, 2023 |website=venuszine.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-29 |title=It's a Family Affair: Tracy Bonham's Wax and Gold |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-a-family-affair-tracy-bonhams-wax-and-gold_b_8176372 |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}</ref> === Sauran ayyukan da ''Bee'' EP (2001-2003) === Daga nan sai ta bar rikodin studio a baya kuma ta fara yawon shakatawa don tallafawa wasu kungiyoyi kamar ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayon ta Blue Man Group <ref name="Broadway">{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2013 |title=Blue Man Group Unveils New Concert with Tracy Bonham, Monobloco & More at the Hollywood Bowl &#124; Broadway Buzz |url=http://www.broadway.com/buzz/171192/blue-man-group-unveils-new-concert-with-tracy-bonham-monobloco-more-at-the-hollywood-bowl/ |access-date=August 19, 2015 |publisher=Broadway.com}}</ref> har ma da ƙungiyar rock Aerosmith . A shekara ta 2003 ta yi rikodin kuma ta saki EP mai zaman kanta mai taken ''Bee'' . Ya haɗa da sassan farko na "Shine" da "All Thumbs" da kuma live version na "Freed" (daga Down Here), da kuma murfin Led Zeppelin na "Black Dog", inda ta maye gurbin violin solos don sa hannu jagora guitar line a cikin asali. Ta matsa 1,000 kawai tana fatan sayar da 500, amma daga ƙarshe ta sayar da sama da 12,000 na EP yayin da take kan yawon shakatawa daban-daban.<ref name=":2" /> Tare da kuɗin da aka yi daga EP ta koma ɗakin karatu don fara aiki a kan LP ta uku a Los Angeles, [[California]] . <ref name=":2" /> (An sake fitar da ''Bee'' EP daga baya a Turai a matsayin Something Beautiful EP tare da kara waƙar da ake kira "Blink the Brightest" da kuma DVD mai kyau tare da wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa.) === Blink the Brightest da A cikin Birnin + A cikin Woods (2004-2009) === A shekara ta 2004, ta sanya hannu tare da Rounder Records, wanda Shugaba, John Virant, ya kasance mai sha'awar dogon lokaci kuma ya shafe sama da shekaru uku yana shawo kan Tracy ya sake amincewa da kamfanin rikodin. A shekara ta 2005, ta fitar da kundi na uku Blink the Brightest ta hanyar lakabin Zoe na Rounder. An rubuta shi a [[Los Angeles|L.A.]], inda ta zauna na ɗan lokaci tun shekara ta 2003. Ta hada da yawancin kundin tare da [[R.E.M.]]="./Greg_Collins_(record_producer)" id="mwAVc" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Greg Collins (record producer)">Greg Collins (U2, No Doubt, Matchbox Twenty); Joey Waronker, wanda ya buga waƙoƙi ga REM da Beck, ya hada da waƙoƙa huɗu. Tare da Bonham, 'yan wasan sun hada da Waronker da Butch (na Eels), bassists Sebastian Steinberg (daga Soul Coughing & Neil Finn) da Davey Faragher (wanda ya yi wa Elvis Costello, [[Sheryl Crow]]), guitarists [[Joe Gore]] (daga Tom Waits, P.J. Harvey) da [[Dave Levita]] (Alanis Morissette, Jewel) da kuma mai kunna keyboard Mitchell Froom (Paul McCartney, Los Lobos). Ta yi a The Tonight Show tare da Jay Leno da The ''Late Late Show tare da Craig Ferguson'', kuma an gabatar da sabbin waƙoƙinta a XM Rediyo's The Loft Channel . Yayinda yake a arewacin New York a ƙarshen fall of 2006, Bonham ta saki EP In The City + In The Woods, EP ta biyu da ta ba da kuɗin kanta. Diski na 11 ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi biyu na studio, wani murfin [[Beyoncé|Beyoncé Knowles]] na "Crazy In Love" da kuma asali mai taken "In My Other Life". Sauran waƙoƙin waƙoƙi ne na rayuwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasu tsofaffin abubuwan da aka fi so - "One Hit Wonder" da sabon sigar "Navy Bean" - murfin ("Blue Jay Way" & "Kissing The Lipless"), da kuma kayan da ba a fitar da su ba a baya ("Your World Turns Upside Down", "The Idiot In Me"). === ''Masts na Manhattan'' da Pure McCartney (2010-2014) === Daga 2007 zuwa 2009, Bonham ta rubuta waƙoƙi don sabon kundin ta a Woodstock . Kundin na 2010, mai taken Masts of Manhatta, Bonham ne ya samar da shi kuma Tchad Blake ne ya hada shi, kuma an sake shi a ƙarƙashin lakabin indie na New York City Engine Room Recordings a Amurka da kuma Lojinx Records a Burtaniya. Wannan lokacin rayuwar Bonham an rubuta shi a cikin wani labarin ''Billboard'' inda aka yi hira da Bonham da manajan Darren Paltrowitz game da ''Masts na Manhattan''. A bikin ranar haihuwar Paul McCartney ta 70 a ranar 18 ga Yuni, 2012, Bonham, Mike Viola da mawaƙin Danish Tim Christensen sun yi kundin ''Ram'' tare da The Damn Crystals a Vega a Copenhagen . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-06 |title=Pure Ram – Music is Real |url=https://steelnglass.wordpress.com/2016/08/06/pure-ram/ |access-date=2020-03-21 |website=Steelnglass.wordpress.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904115737/https://steelnglass.wordpress.com/2016/08/06/pure-ram/ |archive-date=2019-09-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === ''Wax & Gold'' da Modern Burdens (2015-yanzu) === Bayan ''Wax &amp;amp; Gold'' na 2015, Bonham ta sake fitar da wani rikodin kundi na farko mai suna Modern Burdens a cikin 2017. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Tsakanin 1998 da 2001, Bonham ta auri Steve Slingeneyer na ƙungiyar Soulwax . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chinen |first=Nate |date=July 11, 2010 |title=Foot in the City and Cowboy Boot In the Country |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1461125849 |journal=[[The New York Times]] |pages=AR19 |id={{ProQuest|1461125849}}}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, tana zaune a Brooklyn, Birnin New York . Tsakanin 2006 da 2021 ta auri editan Rolling Stone Jason Fine . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 11, 2010 |title=Interview: Tracy Bonham – musician – News |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/interview-tracy-bonham-musician-1-790241 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022061440/http://www.scotsman.com/news/interview-tracy-bonham-musician-1-790241 |archive-date=2012-10-22 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=[[The Scotsman]].com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Kundin studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center;" |+Jerin kundin studio, tare da zaɓaɓɓun matsayi da adadi na tallace-tallace ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:13em;" |Taken ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Bayanan kundin ! colspan="7" scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma ! rowspan="2" |Takaddun shaida |- ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;" |US<br /> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;" |USHeat.<nowiki><br id="mwAb8"></nowiki><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;" |AUS<br /><ref name="manycharts">{{Cite web |title=norwegiancharts.com – Tracy Bonham – The Burdens Of Being Upright |url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Tracy+Bonham&titel=The+Burdens+Of+Being+Upright&cat=a |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218131808/https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Tracy+Bonham&titel=The+Burdens+Of+Being+Upright&cat=a |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;" |NLD<br /><ref name="manycharts" /> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;" |NOR<br /><ref name="manycharts" /> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;" |NZ<br /><ref name="manycharts" /> ! scope="col" style="width:2em;font-size:90%;" |SWE<br /><ref name="manycharts" /> |- ! scope="row" |''Matsakaicin Kasancewa Daidai'' | * An sake shi: Maris 19, 1996 <ref>{{Cite magazine|url-status=1, 74}}</ref> * Alamar: [[Island Records|Tsibirin]] * Tsarin: CD, CS, LP |54 |9 |31 |26 |27 |46 |48 | * RIAA: Zinariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold & Platinum |url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=tracy+bonham#search_section |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=RIAA |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |''A nan'' | * An saki shi: Afrilu 18, 2000 * Alamar: Tsibirin * Tsarin: CD, CS | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |''Blink mafi haske'' | * An saki shi: 21 ga Yuni, 2005 * Alamar: Zoë RecordsTarihin Zoë * Tsarin: CD, DD | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |''Masts na Manhattan'' | * An saki shi: 13 ga Yuli, 2010 * Alamar: Gidan Injin * Tsarin: CD, DD | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |''Wax &amp;amp; Gold'' | * An saki shi: 21 ga Agusta, 2015 * Alamar: A Woody Hollow * Tsarin: CD, LP, DD | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |''Nauyin zamani'' | * An saki shi: Yuni 16, 2017 * Alamar: A Woody Hollow * Tsarin: CD, LP, DD | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- | colspan="10" style="font-size:90%" |" - " yana nuna rikodin da ba a tsara shi ba ko kuma ba a saki shi a wannan yankin ba. |} === EPs === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align:center;" |+ ! scope="col" style="width:13em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Bayanan kundin |- ! scope="row" |''Taron Liverpool'' | * An saki shi: Maris 7, 1995 * Alamar: CherryDisc * Tsarin: CD, CS, LP |- ! scope="row" |''Bee'' | * An saki shi: Nuwamba 20, 2003 * Alamar: An saki kansa * Tsarin: CD |- ! scope="row" |''Wani abu mai kyau'' | * An saki shi: 2005 * Alamar: Zoë Records * Tsarin: CD + DVD |- ! scope="row" |''A cikin Birni / A cikin dazuzzuka'' | * An saki shi: Afrilu 26, 2007 * Alamar: An saki kansa * Tsarin: CD |- ! scope="row" |''Duk abin da nake so Kowace Kirsimeti'' | * An saki shi: Disamba 10, 2013 * Alamar: An saki kansa * Tsarin: DD |- ! scope="row" |''Babban Red Heart na ya buge maka'' | * An saki shi: Fabrairu 6, 2015 * Alamar: An saki kansa * Tsarin: DD |} === Rayuwa === === Ma'aurata === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Jerin mutane, tare da zaɓaɓɓun matsayi da takaddun shaida, suna nuna shekarar da aka saki da sunan kundin ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Taken ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Shekara ! colspan="9" scope="col" |Matsayi mafi girma ! rowspan="2" |Takaddun shaida ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%" |USMain.<nowiki><br id="mwArQ"></nowiki><br /> ! style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%" |US Mod.<br /> ! style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%" |USRadio<nowiki><br id="mwAsM"></nowiki><br /> ! style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%" |AUS<br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=australian-charts.com – Tracy Bonham – Mother Mother |url=https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Tracy+Bonham&titel=Mother+Mother&cat=s |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=australian-charts.com}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%" |CAN<br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2013 |title=RPM 100 |url=https://recherche-collection-search.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/home/record?IdNumber=5168&app=rpm |website=Library and Archives Canada}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%" |NOR<br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=norwegiancharts.com – Tracy Bonham – Mother Mother |url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Tracy+Bonham&titel=Mother+Mother&cat=s |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%" |NLD<br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Bonham – Mother Mother |url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Tracy+Bonham&titel=Mother+Mother&cat=s |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%" |NZ<br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Bonham – Mother Mother |url=https://charts.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Tracy+Bonham&titel=Mother+Mother&cat=s |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=charts.nz}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em;font-size:85%" |Burtaniya<br /><ref name="UKSingles">For "Mother Mother": {{Cite web |title=Chart Log UK: Darren B – David Byrne |url=http://www.zobbel.de/cluk/CLUK_B.HTM |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.zobbel.de}} For "Sharks Can't Sleep": {{Cite web |title=Tracy Bonham {{!}} full Official Chart History {{!}} Official Charts Company |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/9/tracy-bonham/ |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.officialcharts.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Dandelion" | rowspan="2" |1995 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | rowspan="2" |''Taron Liverpool'' |- ! scope="row" |"Sunshine" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Uwar" | rowspan="3" |1996 |18 |1 |32 |5 |77 |6 |32 |13 |138 | * ARIA: Zinariya <ref>{{Cite web |title=ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart |url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/1996/../charts/1996/singles-chart |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.aria.com.au |language=en}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |''Matsakaicin Kasancewa Daidai'' |- ! scope="row" |"Wanda" | - |23 | - | - | - | - |92 | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Sharks ba za su iya barci ba" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |93 | |- ! scope="row" |"Bayan Kowace Mace Mai Kyau" |2000 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |''A nan'' |- ! scope="row" |"Wani Kyakkyawan" | rowspan="3" |2005 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | rowspan="3" |''Blink mafi haske'' |- ! scope="row" |"Mai Haskakawa" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Ido" | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |- ! scope="row" |"Babban Red Heart" |2010 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |''Masts na Manhattan'' |- ! scope="row" |"Luck" <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 25, 2015 |title=Tracy Bonham – Luck |url=http://daily.plaympe.com/tracy-bonham-luck |access-date=January 20, 2016 |publisher=PlayMPE.com (Destiny Media Technologies)}}</ref> |2015 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |''Wax & Gold'' |- | colspan="13" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;" |" - " yana nuna sakin da ba a tsara ba ko kuma ba a saki su a wannan yankin ba. |} '''Fitar da dijital''' * "[[Carry Me Home (Tracy Bonham song)|Ka ɗauke Ni Gida]]" - 2008 (Daga shafin yanar gizo) * "Darenka yana da faɗi" - 2008 (Daga shafin yanar gizo) * "The Size of My Fist" - 2008 (yana samuwa akan iTunes) * "The Indelible Man" - 2008 (yana samuwa akan iTunes) * "[[In My Heart (Bill Withers cover)|A cikin Zuciyata (Bill Withers cover)]] " - 2009 (an samo shi a kan iTunes da kuma kundin tarawa "Before The Goldrush") * "The Hugger, The Screamer, and Me" - 2009 (Daga shafin yanar gizo) * "A cikin Pines (Leadbelly cover) " - 2011 (Gidan yanar gizon) '''Ya bayyana a cikin kundi''' * Pure McCartney Rayuwa tare da Tim Christensen da Damn CrystalsGilashin da aka yi wa lahani == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == '''''Boston Phoenix'' / WFNX Mafi Kyawun Kiɗa <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anon. |date=May 5, 1995 |title=The Seventh Annual Best Music Poll |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_may-5-11-1995_24_18/page/n105/mode/2up?q=tracy+bonham |journal=The Boston Phoenix (Supplement) |volume=24 |issue=18 |pages=1–38 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>''' {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Wanda aka zaba / aiki !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="3" |1995 | rowspan="2" |Shi da kansa |Mafi kyawun Mata na Gida|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Sabon Mai zane na Gida|{{Won}} |- |"Wanda" |Mafi Kyawun Waƙar Gida|{{Nom}} |- |1996 |Shi da kansa |Mafi kyawun Mata na Gida|{{Won}} |} {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Wanda aka zaba / aiki !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="3" |1995 |''Taron Liverpool'' |Kyakkyawan Album na Rock na Farko (lambar indie) |{{Won}} |- |"Dandelion" |Kyakkyawan Rock Single (indie) |{{Won}} |- |Shi da kansa |Kyakkyawan Mata na Gida|{{Won}} |- | rowspan="4" |1996 |''Matsakaicin Kasancewa Daidai'' |Album na farko na Shekara|{{Won}} |- |"Uwar" |Ɗaya daga cikin Shekara|{{Won}} |- |Shi da kansa |Mafi Kyawun Mata Mai Waƙoƙi|{{Won}} |- |"Uwar" |Bidiyo mafi kyau na kiɗa|{{Won}} |} '''MTV Video Music Awards <ref name="VMA1996" />''' {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Wanda aka zaba / aiki !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- |1996 |"Uwar" |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Mai Fasaha a Bidiyo|{{Nom}} |} '''Kyautar Grammy'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracy Bonham {{!}} Artist |url=https://www.grammy.com/artists/tracy-bonham/640 |access-date=2023-02-18 |website=www.grammy.com}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Wanda aka zaba / aiki !Kyautar !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="2" |1997 |''Matsakaicin Kasancewa Daidai'' |Mafi kyawun Sauran Waƙoƙi|{{Nom}} |- |"Uwar" |Mafi kyawun Female Rock Vocal Performance|{{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 66ltc6tux5wphxef8px95wvzcuexlod 0 173099 964373 942181 2026-10-07T15:31:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Theodore Henry Geballe''' (Janairu 20, 1920 - Oktoba 23, 2021) masanin kimiyyar Amurka ne wanda ya kasance farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a [[Jami'ar Stanford]] . An san shi da aikinsa a kan hada kayan tarihi na sha'awa ga fannoni da yawa na kimiyyar lissafi da kuma kimiyyar da ta shafi fannoni da dama. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Theodore Geballe kuma ya girma a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a [[San Francisco]], [[California]], ɗan Alice (Glaser) da Oscar Geballe . <ref name="ann-rev">{{Cite journal |last=Geballe |first=Theodore H. |date=1 April 2013 |title=Why I Haven't Retired |journal=Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |bibcode=2013ARCMP...4....1G |doi=10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-030212-184246 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kakansa ya bar Lardin Posen a Prussia don ya koma Amurka a cikin kimanin 1870. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Galileo a San Francisco, ya kammala a shekara ta 1937. <ref name="ann-rev" /> Geballe daga nan ya yi tafiya a fadin San Francisco Bay don halartar kwaleji a Jami'ar California, Berkeley . <ref name="ann-rev" /> Yayinda yake dalibi ne na digiri a Berkeley, Geballe ya yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na William Giauque don auna takamaiman zafi na [[Zinare|zinariya]] daidai.<ref name="ann-rev" /> A shekara ta 1941, an kira Geballe zuwa aiki a matsayin Jami'in Sojoji a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Geballe ya yi aiki a Australia, New Guinea da Philippines kuma yana da alhakin kula da bindigogi. Bayan yakin, Geballe ya koma Berkeley a matsayin dalibi na digiri na Giauque, yana karɓar digirinsa na PhD a ilmin sunadarai a 1949 - a wannan shekarar da Giauque ya lashe kyautar Nobel a ilmin ilmin sunada. A shekara ta 1952, ya koma Bell Labs a Murray Hill, New Jersey . Yayinda yake a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Bell, ya yi aiki a kan nazarin kaddarorin sufuri a cikin semiconductors a yanayin zafi sosai, da kuma nazarin kaddarororin superconductors marasa al'ada. A shekara ta 1967, Geballe ya shiga Jami'ar Stanford a matsayin farfesa a sabon sashen kimiyyar lissafi da kuma sashen kimiyin kayan aiki da injiniya. Geballe ya shiga cikin bincike a fagen da ke zuwa na kayan aikin heterostructure masu yawa. Geballe ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban sashen kimiyyar lissafi a Stanford daga 1975 zuwa 1977, kuma ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan aiki daga 1978 zuwa 1988. A watan Janairun 2020, an yi bikin cika shekaru 100 na Geballe. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Geballe, tare da Bernd Matthias sun lashe kyautar Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter ta 1970 wanda American Physical Society ta bayar "don gwaje-gwajen da suka kalubalanci fahimtar ka'idoji kuma suka buɗe fasahar manyan masu jagora. "Geballe ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta Von Hippel ta 1991 ta Kungiyar Binciken Kayan aiki, kuma an sanya shi memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a 1973. <ref name="ccst">{{Cite web |title=Senior Fellows - Theodore H. Geballe |url=http://www.ccst.us/ccstinfo/fellows/bios/geballe.php |access-date=18 August 2013 |publisher=California Council on Science and Technology}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, ya sami Kyautar Bernd T. Matthias . A shekara ta 2000, an sanya sunan sabon Laboratory for Advanced Materials a Stanford "The Theodore H. Geballe Laboratory for Advancement Materials" don girmama shi.<ref name="stanford-geballe">{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Dawn |title=New advanced materials laboratory dedicated in Geballe's honor |url=http://news.stanford.edu/pr/00/geballe927.html |access-date=17 August 2013 |publisher=Stanford University}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Geballe ta auri Frances Koshland (1921-2019), 'yar Daniel E. Koshland Sr. kuma jikokin Ibrahim Haas. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |author-link= |date=February 4, 2005 |title=CISAC faculty member appointed to endowed chair |url=https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/news/cisac_faculty_member_appointed_to_endowed_chair_20050204 |publisher=[[Stanford University]] Center for International Security and Cooperation |quote=The Theodore and Frances Geballe Professorship was established in 1990 through gifts from Professor Theodore Geballe, an internationally recognized physicist, and his wife, Frances Koshland Geballe, a member of one of San Francisco's pioneer families.}}</ref> Suna da 'ya'ya shida: Gordon Theodore Geballe, Alison Frances Geballe, Adam Phillip Geballe, Monica Ruth Geballe, Jennifer Corinne Geballe da Ernest Henry Geballe . <ref name="BKF">{{Cite web |last= |first= |author-link= |date=23 May 2012 |title=Daniel E. Koshland, Sr. (1892-1979) |url=https://bkfellowships.org/daniel-e-koshland-sr/ |access-date=September 17, 2018 |publisher=Butler Koshland Fellowships}}</ref> Yana da jikoki 16 da jikoki 10 masu girma. Ya mutu a gidansa a Woodside, California, a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2021, yana da shekaru 101. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8ir9scb7qgxgtfc2hmvq2581m0kqjuh 0 173210 964367 942584 2026-10-07T14:38:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Bar box|title=Religions in Thakurgaon (2011)<ref name="census2011"/>}}'''Thakurgaon''' is a municipality and city in northern [[Bangladesh]]. It is the headquarters of Thakurgaon District and Thakurgaon Sadar Upazila. == History == Wurin da yanzu aka sani da Thakurgaon an rubuta shi a tarihi a matsayin "Nishchintapur", kuma karni na 16 Kochbihar taswirar wuraren Nishchintap a gabashin kogin Tangon da Thakur gabas.<ref name="gov-hist">{{Cite web |title=Geographic Profile |url=https://thakurgaonsadar.thakurgaon.gov.bd/en/site/page/DzSQ-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |access-date=6 November 2025 |website=Thakurgaon Sadar Upazila (govt) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827040924/https://thakurgaonsadar.thakurgaon.gov.bd/en/site/page/DzSQ-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |archive-date=27 August 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bisa ga al'adar yankin, sabon sunan ya samo asali ne daga gidan dangin Chakraborty da aka sani da ''Thakurbari'', wanda ya ba da sunansa ga yankin.<ref name="gov-hist" /> An kafa wani sansanin 'yan sanda na Burtaniya (thana) mai suna Thakurgaon a farkon karni na sha tara kuma daga baya aka sake komawa gabashin kogi.<ref name="gov-hist" /> An kafa yankin a matsayin Thakurgaon Subdivision a 1860 kuma an ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin gundumar a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1984. == Alƙaluma == A bisa kididdigar Bangladesh ta shekarar 2022, birnin Thakurgaon yana da yawan jama'a 100,459 kuma adadin wadanda suka iya karatu da rubutu ya kai 88.42%. {{Rp|}} A bisa kididdigar Bangladesh ta shekarar 2011, birnin Thakurgaon yana da gidaje 18,015 da kuma yawan jama'a 80,589. 15,167 (18.82%) ba su kai shekaru 10 ba. Thakurgaon tana da adadin waɗanda suka iya karatu da rubutu (masu shekaru 7 zuwa sama) na kashi 74.33%, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin ƙasa na kashi 51.8%, da kuma adadin mata 956 ga kowane maza 1000. Yawan ƙabilun ya kai 958 (1.19%). <ref name="census2011">{{Cite web |title=Population & Housing Census 2011 (Zila Series & Community Series) |url=https://bbs.gov.bd/site/page/47856ad0-7e1c-4aab-bd78-892733bc06eb/- |website=bbs.gov.bd |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Biranen Bangladesh]] 0idmgli8ub3povng2xantvv60y0fyqm 0 173522 964333 943618 2026-10-07T13:32:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tattalin arzikin Hydrogen''' lokaci ne don rawar da hydrogen ke takawa a matsayin mai ɗaukar makamashi don haɓaka wutar lantarki a matsayin wani ɓangare na zaɓi na dogon lokaci don rage fitar da iskar gas. Manufar ita ce rage hayaki inda ba a samun mafita mai tsabta mai rahusa da ingancin makamashi ba.<ref name="Yap-2023">{{Cite journal |last=Yap |first=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |bibcode=2023Envi...10...11Y |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |quote=Thus, the concept of a hydrogen economy can be described as the utilization of hydrogen as an energy carrier for different sectors complementing electricity. |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref>: 1 A cikin wannan mahallin, ''Tattalin arzikin hydrogen'' ya ƙunshi samar da hydrogen da amfani da hydrogen a hanyoyin da ke taimakawa wajen fitar da man fetur da kuma iyakance [[Sauyin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]]. Ana iya samar da hydrogen ta hanyoyi da yawa. Yawancin hydrogen da aka samar a yau shine launin toka hydrogen, wanda aka yi daga iskar gas ta hanyar sake fasalin tururi (SMR). Wannan tsari ya kai kashi 1.8% na hayakin gas na duniya a cikin 2021.<ref name="Rhodium Group-2022">Greenhouse gas emissions totalled 49.3 Gigatonnes CO₂e in 2021.{{Cite web |date=19 December 2022 |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2020 and Preliminary 2021 Estimates |url=https://rhg.com/research/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2021/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Rhodium Group |language=en-US}}</ref> Low-carbon hydrogen, wanda aka yi ta amfani da SMR tare da kama carbon da adanawa (''blue hydrogen''), ko ta hanyar lantarki na ruwa ta amfani da wutar lantarki mai sabuntawa (green hydrogen), ya kai kasa da 1% na samarwa.<ref name="IEA-2023">{{Cite web |date=10 July 2023 |title=Hydrogen |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=IEA |at="Energy" section |language=en-GB}}</ref> Daga cikin tan miliyan 100 na hydrogen da aka samar a cikin 2021, an yi amfani da kashi 43% a cikin tsaftace mai da 57% a cikin masana'antu, musamman a cikin masanaʼantar ammoniya don taki, da methanol. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=18, 22, 29}} Don iyakance dumamar duniya, ana la'akari da cewa tattalin arzikin hydrogen na gaba zai maye gurbin hydrogen mai launin toka da hydrogen mai ƙarancin carbon. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2024 ba a san lokacin da za a iya samar da isasshen hydrogen mai ƙarancin carbon don kawar da duk hydrogen mai launin toka ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen could be used for nearly everything. It probably shouldn't be. |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/04/25/1091757/hydrogen-uses-ranked/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref> Amfani na ƙarshe na gaba mai yiwuwa ne a cikin masana'antu masu nauyi (misali matakai masu zafi tare da wutar lantarki, kayan aiki don samar da ammoniya mai kore da sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta, a matsayin madadin coke da aka samo daga kwal don Yin ƙarfe), jigilar dogon cokali (misali jigilar kaya, kuma zuwa ƙaramin Jirgin sama mai amfani da hydrogen da motocin kaya masu nauyi), da kuma adana makamashi na dogon lokaci<ref name="IPCC-2022a">{{Cite book|last3=IPCC|edition=J.|url-access=Al Khourdajie|oclc=van Diemen}}</ref><ref name="IRENA 2021 95">{{Cite web |last=IRENA |date=2021 |title=World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5&nbsp;°C Pathway |url=https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=International Renewable Energy Agency |pages=95 |language=en |publication-place=Abu Dhabi}}</ref> Sauran aikace-aikace, kamar motocin aiki mai sauƙi da dumama a cikin gine-gine, ba sa cikin tattalin arzikin hydrogen na gaba, da farko don dalilai na tattalin arziki da muhalli. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Plötz |first=Patrick |date=2022-01-31 |title=Hydrogen technology is unlikely to play a major role in sustainable road transport |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41928-021-00706-6 |journal=Nature Electronics |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=8–10 |doi=10.1038/s41928-021-00706-6 |issn=2520-1131 |s2cid=246465284 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Rosenow-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenow |first=Jan |date=September 2022 |title=Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review |journal=Joule |language=en |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=2225–2228 |bibcode=2022Joule...6.2225R |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015 |s2cid=252584593 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hydrogen yana da ƙalubale don adanawa, don jigilar a cikin bututun mai, da kuma amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnson |first=Nathan |last2=Liebreich |first2=Michael |last3=Kammen |first3=Daniel M. |last4=Ekins |first4=Paul |last5=McKenna |first5=Russell |last6=Staffell |first6=Iain |date=2025-04-22 |title=Realistic roles for hydrogen in the future energy transition |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44359-025-00050-4 |journal=Nature Reviews Clean Technology |volume=1 |pages=351–371 |doi=10.1038/s44359-025-00050-4 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yana gabatar da damuwa game da tsaro tunda yana da fashewa sosai, kuma ba shi da inganci idan aka kwatanta da amfani da wutar lantarki kai tsaye. Tunda akwai ƙananan hydrogen mai ƙarancin carbon, ana iya haɓaka fa'idodin yanayi ta hanyar amfani da shi a aikace-aikacen da suka fi wuya a lalata carbonize.<ref name="Rosenow-2022" /> Ya zuwa 2023 babu wani zaɓi na ainihi ga hydrogen don matakai da yawa na sunadarai wanda ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu, kamar [[Ammonia production|samar da ammoniya]] don [[taki]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnard |first=Michael |date=2023-10-22 |title=What's New On The Rungs Of Liebreich's Hydrogen Ladder? |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2023/10/22/whats-new-on-the-rungs-of-liebreichs-hydrogen-ladder/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=CleanTechnica |language=en-US}}</ref> Kudin hydrogen mai ƙarancin carbon da sifili na iya rinjayar matakin da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin sinadarai, jirgin sama mai tsawo da jigilar kaya, da adana makamashi na dogon lokaci. Kudin samar da ƙananan hydrogen da sifili suna tasowa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sasidhar |first=Nallapaneni |date=30 November 2023 |title=Carbon Neutral Fuels and Chemicals from Standalone Biomass Refineries |journal=Indian Journal of Environment Engineering |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.54105/ijee.B1845.113223 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kudin nan gaba na iya rinjayar [[harajin carbon]], yanayin ƙasa da yanayin ƙasa na makamashi, farashin makamashi، zaɓin fasaha, da bukatun albarkatun su.<ref name="Goldman Sachs Research 4–6">{{Cite web |last=Goldman Sachs Research |title=Carbonomics: The Clean Hydrogen Revolution |url=https://www.goldmansachs.com/intelligence/pages/carbonomics-the-clean-hydrogen-revolution.html |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=Goldman Sachs |pages=4–6 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ta Hydrogen Hotshot Initiative tana neman rage farashin saukowar hydrogen zuwa $ 1 a kilogram nan da shekara ta 2031, kodayake farashin electrolyzers ya karu da 50% tsakanin 2021 da 2024. <ref name="Hydrogen Hotshot">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2021 |title=Hydrogen Hotshot Initiative |url=https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-shot |website=DOE |access-date=17 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125201105/https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-shot |archive-date=25 November 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6cbdu4yq9y5rh8ozqrcqjkrgdziys3m 0 173868 964729 957813 2026-10-08T11:53:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Baseball wasa ne na bat-da-ball da aka bugawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu na 'yan wasa tara kowannensu, suna juyawa da kuma filin wasa. Wasan yana faruwa a cikin wasanni da yawa, tare da kowane wasa yana farawa lokacin da mai kunnawa a cikin Ƙungiyar filin wasa, wanda ake kira pitcher, ya jefa kwallon da mai kunna a cikin ƙungiyar bat, wanda ake kiranta bat, yayi ƙoƙari ya buga da bat. Manufar ƙungiyar da ke ci gaba (ƙungiyar da ke buga) ita ce ta buga kwallon a cikin filin wasa, nesa da 'yan wasan ɗayan, ta ba wa' yan wasan damar gudanar da tushe, ta sa su ci gaba da sauka a kusa da tushe gudu don zira kwallaye abin da ake kira "runs". Manufar ƙungiyar masu tsaron gida (ƙungiyar filin wasa) ita ce hana masu bugawa daga zama masu gudu, da kuma hana masu gudu ci gaba a kusa da tushe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Official Baseball Rules'' |url=https://content.mlb.com/documents/2/2/4/305750224/2019_Official_Baseball_Rules_FINAL_.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502205240/https://content.mlb.com/documents/2/2/4/305750224/2019_Official_Baseball_Rules_FINAL_.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=September 3, 2021 |publisher=Major League Baseball |edition=2019}}</ref> Ana samun tseren lokacin da mai tsere ya ci gaba da bin doka a kusa da tushe don ya taɓa farantin gida (wurin da mai kunnawa ya fara a matsayin mai kunnawa). Manufar farko ta ƙungiyar batting ita ce mai kunnawa ya kai tushe na farko lafiya; wannan yana faruwa ko dai lokacin da mai kunnawa ke buga kwallon kuma ya kai tushi na farko kafin abokin hamayyarsa ya dawo da kwallon kuma ya taɓa tushe, ko kuma lokacin da mai jefa kwallo ya ci gaba da jefa kwallon daga isa ga mai kunnawa. 'Yan wasan da ke cikin ƙungiyar batting da suka kai tushe na farko ba tare da an kira su "fita" ba na iya ƙoƙarin ci gaba zuwa tushe na gaba a matsayin mai gudu, ko dai nan da nan ko a lokacin da abokan aiki ke buga. Kungiyar filin wasa tana ƙoƙarin hana gudu ta hanyar amfani da kwallon don samun masu bugawa ko masu gudu "fita", wanda ke tilasta musu fita daga filin wasa. Mai jefa kwallo na iya fitar da mai jefa kwallo ta hanyar jefa kwallo uku wanda ke haifar da bugawa, yayin da masu jefa kwallo zasu iya fitar da masu jefa kuri'a ta hanyar kamawa kwallon da aka buga kafin ya taɓa ƙasa, kuma zasu iya fitarwa ta hanyar sanya su tare da kwallon yayin da mai gudu bai taɓa tushe ba. Kungiyoyin da ke adawa suna sauyawa baya da gaba tsakanin bugawa da filin wasa; lokacin da ƙungiyar ke bugawa ke bugawa ya wuce da zarar ƙungiyar da ke bugawa ta yi rikodin uku. Sauye-sauye guda ɗaya ga kowace ƙungiya ya zama inning. Wasan yawanci yana kunshe da tara, kuma ƙungiyar da ke da mafi yawan gudu a ƙarshen wasan ta ci nasara. Yawancin wasannin sun ƙare bayan wasan tara, amma idan an daura maki a wannan lokacin, ana buga karin wasanni. Baseball ba shi da agogon wasa, kodayake wasu gasa suna da ka'idojin Saurin wasa kamar agogon filin wasa don taƙaita lokacin wasan. Wasan baseball ya samo asali ne daga tsoffin wasannin jemage-da-ball da aka riga aka fara bugawa a [[Ingila]] a tsakiyar karni na 18. Baƙi ne suka kawo wannan wasan zuwa Arewacin Amurka, inda sigar zamani ta bunƙasa . Asalin Baseball na Amurka, da kuma sunanta a matsayin tushen tserewa a lokutan da suka yi wahala a tarihin Amurka kamar Yaƙin Basasa na Amurka da [[Great Depression|Babban Mawuyacin Halin Kunci]], sun sa wasan ya sami suna na "Ayyukan Yara na Amurka"; tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, an amince da shi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a matsayin wasan ƙasa na Amurka, kodayake a zamanin yau ba a ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda bai shahara da sauran wasanni ba, kamar [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka]] . Baya ga [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]], wasan baseball ya bazu a sauran sassan Amurka da Asiya-Pacific a ƙarni na 19 da 20, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bjarkman |first=Peter C. |date=2006-09-01 |title=American Baseball Imperialism, Clashing National Cultures, and the Future of Samurai Besuboru |url=https://studiesonasia.scholasticahq.com/article/14327-american-baseball-imperialism-clashing-national-cultures-and-the-future-of-samurai-besuboru |url-status=live |journal=Studies on Asia |language=en |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=123–140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915170509/https://studiesonasia.scholasticahq.com/article/14327-american-baseball-imperialism-clashing-national-cultures-and-the-future-of-samurai-besuboru |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |quote=Formal league baseball has long thrived in amateur and professional play around the world, especially in the Caribbean Basin and along the Asian-Pacific Rim. Its history in those regions is every bit as ancient and deep-rooted as it is on the North American continent."}}</ref> kuma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wasa mafi shahara a sassan Tsakiya da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]], [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]], da Gabashin Asiya, musamman a Japan, Koriya ta Kudu, da Taiwan . A cikin Major League Baseball (MLB), matakin mafi girma na ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa a Amurka da Kanada, ƙungiyoyi sun kasu kashi biyu zuwa National League (NL) da American League (AL), kowannensu yana da ƙungiyoyi uku: Gabas, Yamma, da Tsakiya. Gasar MLB ta ƙayyade ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya ƙare a cikin World Series. Babban matakin wasa ya rabu a Japan tsakanin Kungiyoyin Tsakiya da Pacific da kuma a Cuba tsakanin Kungiyoyi na Yamma da Kungiyoyin Gabas. World Baseball Classic, wanda World Basebol Softball Confederation ta shirya, babbar gasa ce ta kasa da kasa ta wasanni kuma tana jan hankalin manyan kungiyoyin kasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya. An buga wasan Baseball a wasannin Olympics daga 1992 zuwa 2008, kuma an sake dawo da shi sau ɗaya a cikin 2020. == Dokoki da wasan kwaikwayo == === Bayani na gaba ɗaya === [[File:Baseball_diamond.svg|right|thumb|Hoton filin wasan baseball. Diamond na iya nufin yankin murabba'in da aka ayyana ta tushe huɗu ko kuma ga dukan filin wasa. Girman da aka bayar shine don wasanni na sana'a da na sana'o'i. Yara galibi suna wasa a ƙananan filayen.]] [[File:DR_vs_PR._World_Baseball_Classic.jpg|thumb|2013 Wasan zakarun kwallon kafa na duniya tsakanin Jamhuriyar Dominica da Puerto Rico, Maris 20, 2013]] Ana buga wasan baseball tsakanin kungiyoyi biyu, kowannensu ya kunshi 'yan wasa tara, waɗanda ke juyawa suna wasa (bugawa da baserunning) da kuma karewa (pitching da fielding). Sauye-sauye guda biyu, ɗaya a bat kuma ɗaya a filin, ta kowace ƙungiya ta zama inning. Wasan ya kunshi innings tara (innings bakwai a matakin makarantar sakandare da kuma a cikin doubleheaders a kwaleji da Minor League Baseball; da kuma innings shida a matakin Little League). Kungiyar daya - al'ada ƙungiyar baƙi - ƙwallon ƙafa a saman, ko rabi na farko, na kowane inning. Sauran ƙungiyar - al'ada ƙungiyar gida - ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙasa, ko rabi na biyu, na kowane inning. Manufar wasan ita ce samun maki da yawa (runs) fiye da sauran tawagar. 'Yan wasan da ke cikin tawagar a bat suna ƙoƙari su ci kwallaye ta hanyar taɓa dukkan tushe huɗu, don haka, an saita su a kusurwoyi na lu'u-lu'u na baseball. Mai kunnawa yana buga kwallo a gida kuma dole ne ya yi ƙoƙari ya kai ga tushe lafiya kafin ya ci gaba, a kan lokaci, daga tushe na farko, zuwa tushe na biyu, tushe na uku, da kuma komawa gida don zira kwallaye. Kungiyar da ke cikin filin tana ƙoƙari ta hana gudu daga fita kwallaye ta hanyar yin rikodin, wanda ke cire 'yan wasan adawa daga aikin kai farmaki har sai da zagaye na gaba a bat ya sake dawowa. Lokacin da aka rubuta fitarwa uku, ƙungiyoyi suna canza matsayi don rabin-inning na gaba. Idan an daura wasan bayan tara, ana buga karin wasanni don warware gasar. Yawancin wasannin masu son, musamman wadanda ba a tsara su ba, sun haɗa da lambobi daban-daban na 'yan wasa da innings.<ref>Thurston (2000), p. 15; {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/Foreword |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/official_info/official_rules/foreword.jsp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124020327/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/official_info/official_rules/foreword.jsp |archive-date=January 24, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rules 1.01–1.03) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011321/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/4.00—Starting and Ending a Game (Rule 4.10) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/04_starting_ending_game.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011327/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/04_starting_ending_game.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> Ana buga wasan ne a filin da iyakokinsa na farko, layin da ba daidai ba, ya kai gaba daga farantin gida a kusurwoyi 45. Yankin digiri 90 a cikin layin da ba daidai ba ana kiransa yankin da ya dace; yankin digiri 270 a waje da su yanki ne da ba daidai bane. Sashe na filin da ke kewaye da tushe da yadudduka da yawa bayan su shine filin ciki; yankin da ke bayan filin ciki shine filin waje. A tsakiyar filin wasa akwai dutsen mai tsalle-tsalle, tare da farantin roba na rectangular (rubber) a tsakiya. Yankin waje na filin wasa yawanci ana iyakance shi da shinge mai ɗagawa, wanda zai iya zama na kowane abu da tsawo. Yankin da ya dace tsakanin farantin gida da iyakar filin wasa shine filin wasan baseball, kodayake manyan abubuwan da suka faru na iya faruwa a cikin yankin da ba daidai ba, kuma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rules 1.04–1.07) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011321/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> Akwai kayan aiki guda uku na baseball: kwallon, bat, da safofin hannu ko mitt: * Kwallon baseball yana da girman hannayen mutum, kusan inci 9 (23 centimeters) a kewayon. Yana da cibiyar roba ko cork, rauni a cikin yarn kuma an rufe shi da fararen fatar saniya, tare da jan sutura.<ref>Porterfield (2007), p. 23; {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rule 1.09) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> * Bat kayan aiki ne na bugawa, wanda aka yi da itace guda ɗaya. Sauran kayan yanzu ana amfani da su don wasannin da ba na sana'a ba. Yana da tsananin zagaye mai wuya, kimanin inci 2.5 (6.4 centimeters) a diamita a ƙarshen bugawa, yana raguwa zuwa ƙanƙanin riƙewa kuma yana ƙare a cikin maɓallin. Bats da manya ke amfani da su yawanci suna kusa da inci 34 (86 centimeters) tsawo, kuma ba su wuce inci 42 (110 centimeters) ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rule 1.10a) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald, Stephen |display-authors=etal |date=November 8, 2005 |title=Polymer Composite Baseball Bat Endcap (U.S. Patent Application 20050176531) |url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2005/0176531.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501095916/https://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2005/0176531.html |archive-date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=FreePatentsOnline.com}}</ref> * Glove ko mitt kayan aiki ne na filin wasa, wanda aka yi da fata tare da sutura tsakanin yatsunsu. A matsayin taimako wajen kamawa da riƙewa a kan kwallon, yana ɗaukar siffofi daban-daban don biyan takamaiman buƙatun matsayi daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rules 1.12–1.15) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> Har ila yau, kwalkwali masu kariya kayan aiki ne na yau da kullun ga duk masu bugawa.<ref>Thurston (2000), pp. 21, 30, 31; {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game (Rule 1.16) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> === Matsayi na filin wasa === [[File:Baseball_positions_numbered_en.svg|thumb|Diagram yana nuna daidaitattun tsari na matsayi]] A farkon kowane rabin-inning, 'yan wasa tara na ƙungiyar filin wasa suna shirya kansu a filin wasa. Ɗaya daga cikinsu, mai jefa kwallo, yana tsaye a kan tudun mai jefa kwalliya. Mai jefa kwallo yana fara isar da kwallo tare da ƙafa ɗaya a kan roba, yana tura shi don samun sauri yayin jefawa zuwa farantin gida. Wani dan wasan kwallon kafa, mai kamawa, yana kwance a gefen gida, yana fuskantar mai jefa kwallo. Sauran ƙungiyar filin wasa suna fuskantar farantin gida, yawanci an shirya su a matsayin infielders huɗu - waɗanda suka kafa tare ko a cikin 'yan yadudduka a waje da layin tunanin (tushen tushe) tsakanin na farko, na biyu, da na uku - da kuma uku outfielders. A cikin daidaitattun tsari, akwai dan wasan farko da aka sanya matakai da yawa a gefen hagu na tushe na farko, dan wasa na biyu a hannun dama na tushe ta biyu, ɗan gajeren lokaci a gefen dama na tushi na biyu, da kuma dan wasa na uku a hannun dama. Matsayi na asali na waje shine dan wasan hagu, dan wasan tsakiya, da Dan wasan dama. Baya ga mai kamawa, ana buƙatar duk masu tsere su kasance a cikin yankin da ya dace lokacin da aka ba da filin. Wani mai tsaka-tsaki ya kafa a bayan mai kamawa.<ref>Porterfield (2007), pp. 16–18, 25, 34, 35; {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/9.00—The Umpire (Rule 9.03a) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011323/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> Sauran masu yanke hukunci za a rarraba a filin wasa. === Cutar === [[File:David-ortiz-batters-box.JPG|right|thumb|David Ortiz, mai bugawa, yana jiran filin wasa, tare da mai kamawa da umpire]] Wasan yana farawa tare da memba na ƙungiyar batting, mai bugawa, yana tsaye a cikin kowanne daga cikin akwatunan batting biyu kusa da farantin gida, yana riƙe da bat.<ref name="RulesPuttingBallInPlay">{{Cite web |title=Official Rules/5.00—Putting the Ball in Play. Live Ball |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/05_putting_ball_in_play.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011326/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/05_putting_ball_in_play.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.09) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.06, 10.12) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205082219/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> Mai kunnawa yana jiran mai jefa kwallo ya jefa filin wasa (ƙwallon) zuwa farantin gida, kuma yana ƙoƙari ya buga kwallon <ref name="RulesPuttingBallInPlay" /> tare da bat. Mai kamawa yana kama filayen da mai kunnawa bai buga ba - sakamakon ko dai ya zaɓi kada ya yi juyawa ko ya kasa haɗi - kuma ya mayar da su ga mai jefawa. Mai buga kwallon a cikin filin wasa dole ne ya sauke bat kuma ya fara gudu zuwa tushe na farko, a wannan lokacin ana kiran mai kunnawa a matsayin ''mai gudu'' (ko, har sai wasan ya ƙare, mai gudu). Mai tsere wanda ya kai tushe na farko ba tare da an fitar da shi ba an ce yana da aminci kuma yana kan tushe. Mai tsere-tsere na iya zaɓar ya kasance a tushe na farko ko ƙoƙarin ci gaba zuwa tushe na biyu ko ma fiye - duk yadda mai kunnawa ya yi imanin za a iya isa lafiya. Mai kunnawa wanda ya kai tushe duk da yadda masu kunnawa suka yi ya yi ya rubuta bugawa. Mai kunnawa wanda ya kai tushe na farko lafiya a kan bugawa ana ba shi kyauta tare da guda ɗaya. Idan mai kunnawa ya kai ga tushe na biyu lafiya a matsayin sakamakon kai tsaye na bugawa, sau biyu ne; tushe na uku, sau uku. Idan an buga kwallon a cikin iska a cikin layin da ba daidai ba a kan dukkan filin wasa (da shinge na waje, idan akwai daya), ko kuma idan mai tsere-tsere ya kewaye dukkan tushe, yana da gudu a gida: mai tsere da duk wani mai tsere a kan tushe na iya zagaya da tushe, kowannensu yana zira kwallaye. Wannan shine sakamakon da ya fi dacewa ga mai bugawa. Sakamakon karshe kuma mafi kyau wanda zai yiwu ga mai bugawa zai zama ya buga gudu a gida yayin da duk tushe uku suka shagaltar ko "an ɗora su", don haka ya zira kwallaye hudu a kan bugawa guda ɗaya. Ana kiran wannan babban slam. Mai kunnawa wanda ya kai tushe saboda Kuskuren filin ba a ba shi kyauta ba - a maimakon haka, ana tuhumar mai kunnawa da kuskure.<ref name="RulesPuttingBallInPlay" /> [[File:5TH_3689_Lou_Marson.jpg|left|thumb|Mai gudu yana zamewa cikin farantin gida kuma yana zira kwallaye.]] Duk wani mai gudu da ya riga ya kasance a tushe na iya ƙoƙarin ci gaba a kan ƙwallon da aka buga wanda ya sauka, ko tuntuɓar ƙasa, a cikin yanki mai kyau, kafin ko bayan ƙwallon ya sauka. Mai gudu a kan tushe na farko ''dole ne ya'' yi ƙoƙari ya ci gaba idan kwallon ya sauka a wasa, kamar yadda mai gudu ɗaya kawai zai iya zama tushe a kowane lokaci; haka ya shafi wasu masu gudu idan suna kan tushe wanda aka tilasta wa abokin aiki ci gaba. Idan kwallon da aka buga a cikin wasa ya yi kuskure kafin ya wuce cikin filin, ya zama matattu kuma duk wani mai gudu dole ne ya koma tushe da suka mamaye lokacin da wasan ya fara. Idan an buga kwallon a cikin iska kuma an kama shi kafin ya sauka, mai kunnawa ya tashi kuma duk wani mai gudu a kan tushe na iya ƙoƙarin ci gaba ne kawai idan sun buga (sadu da tushe da suka mamaye lokacin da wasan ya fara, kamar yadda ko bayan an kama kwallon). Masu tsere na iya ƙoƙarin ci gaba zuwa tushe na gaba yayin da mai jefa kwallo ke cikin aiwatar da isar da kwallon zuwa farantin gida; ƙoƙari mai nasara shine tushe da aka sace.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011321/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/5.00—Putting the Ball in Play. Live Ball (Rule 5.09e) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/05_putting_ball_in_play.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011326/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/05_putting_ball_in_play.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.05a) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/7.00—The Runner (Rules 7.08d, 7.10a) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011328/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.07) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205082219/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> === Tsaro === [[File:Strike_zone_en.JPG|thumb|Yankin yajin aiki yana ƙayyade sakamakon mafi yawan filayen, kuma ya bambanta da tsawon tsaye ga kowane mai kunnawa.]] Filin da ba a buga shi a filin wasa ba ana kiransa ko dai yajin aiki ko kwallon. Wani mai bugawa wanda aka rubuta bugawa uku ya buga. Mai buga kwallo wanda aka rubuta kwallaye huɗu ana ba shi tushe a kan kwallaye ko tafiya, ci gaba kyauta zuwa tushe na farko. (Mai bugawa na iya ci gaba da yardar rai zuwa tushe na farko idan jikin mai bugawa ko kayan aiki ya buga shi ta filin wasa a waje da yankin bugawa, idan dai mai bugawa bai yi juyawa ba kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya guje wa bugawa.) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.08b) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529025727/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf |archive-date=May 29, 2008 |access-date=April 12, 2012 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> Muhimmanci ga ƙayyade kwallaye da bugawa shine hukuncin umpire game da ko filin ya wuce ta cikin yankin bugawa.<ref name="MLBR2">{{Cite web |title=Official Rules/2.00—Definitions of Terms |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011321/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/02_definition_of_terms.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> Duk wani filin da bai wuce ta cikin yankin yajin aiki ba ana kiransa kwallon, sai dai idan mai kunnawa ya yi juyawa kuma ya yi kuskure a filin wasa, ko kuma ya buga filin wasa a cikin yankin da ba daidai ba; wani banbanci gabaɗaya yana faruwa idan an buga kwallon a cikin yankin ba daidai ba lokacin da mai kunnawa tuni ya sami bugawa biyu, a wannan yanayin ba a kira kwallon ko bugawa ba. [[File:Navy_baseball.jpg|left|thumb|Wani ɗan gajeren lokaci yana ƙoƙari ya fitar da mai gudu wanda ke zamewa da farko, yana ƙoƙarin isa tushe na biyu.]] Yayinda ƙungiyar da ke kan bat ɗin ke ƙoƙarin zira kwallaye, ƙungiyar da ke cikin filin tana ƙoƙarin yin rikodin fitarwa. Baya ga strikeout da flyout, hanyoyin da za a iya fitar da memba na ƙungiyar batting sun haɗa da ƙasa, tilasta fita, da tag out. Wadannan suna faruwa ko dai lokacin da aka tilasta wa mai gudu ya ci gaba zuwa tushe, kuma dan wasan da ke da kwallon ya kai wannan tushe kafin mai gudu ya yi, ko kuma kwallon ya taɓa mai gudu, wanda aka riƙe a hannun mai tsere, yayin da ba a kan tushe ba. (An tilasta mai tsere ya ci gaba zuwa tushe na farko, kuma duk wani mai tsere dole ne ya ci gaba da tushe na gaba idan an tilasta wa abokin aiki ya ci gaba har zuwa tushe.) Yana yiwuwa a yi rikodin fitarwa biyu a yayin wannan wasa. Ana kiran wannan wasa biyu. Sauye-sauye uku a wasa daya, wasa uku, yana yiwuwa, kodayake yana da wuya. 'Yan wasan da aka fitar ko suka yi ritaya dole ne su bar filin, su koma filin wasa ko benci na tawagar su. Mai gudu na iya zama a kan tushe lokacin da aka rubuta na uku a kan wani dan wasa a cikin tawagar. Masu tsere ba sa amfana da tawagar a zagaye na gaba a bat yayin da kowane rabin-inning ya fara da tushe babu komai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.05) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/7.00—The Runner (Rules 7.08, 7.10) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011328/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/07_the_runner.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> === Umurnin bugawa da maye gurbin === [[File:Chris_Tillman,_Buck_Showalter_(36615791150).jpg|thumb|Mai jefa kwallo yana ba da kwallon bayan an cire shi daga wasan yayin taron tudu.]] Wani mai kunnawa ya cika lokacin da mai kunnawa ta kai tushe, ya buga gida, ya fitar, ko ya buga kwallon da ya haifar da na uku na tawagar, koda kuwa an rubuta shi a kan abokin aiki. A lokuta masu wuya, mai kunnawa na iya kasancewa a farantin lokacin da, ba tare da mai kunnawa ya buga kwallon ba, an rubuta na uku a kan abokin aiki - alal misali, mai gudu da aka kama yana sata (an fitar da shi yana ƙoƙarin sata tushe). Mai kunnawa tare da irin wannan bayyanar farantin da ba cikakke ba ya fara daga wasan kwaikwayo na gaba na tawagar; duk wani kwallaye ko bugawa da aka rubuta a kan mai kunnawa a wasan da ya gabata an share shi. Mai gudu na iya kewaye da tushe sau ɗaya kawai a kowane farantin kuma don haka zai iya zira kwallaye a kalla daya a kowane juyawa. Da zarar mai kunnawa ya kammala bayyanar farantin, wannan mai kunnawa bazai sake bugawa ba har sai sauran mambobi takwas na ƙungiyar mai kunnawa duk sun ɗauki lokacin su a bugawa a cikin tsari. An saita tsari na batting kafin wasan ya fara, kuma bazai canza shi ba sai dai don maye gurbin. Da zarar an cire mai kunnawa don maye gurbin, wannan mai kunnawa bazai sake shiga wasan ba. Wasannin yara galibi suna da dokoki masu sauƙi, kamar dokokin Little League, wanda ke ba da damar maye gurbin 'yan wasa a cikin wannan wasan.<ref>Thurston (2000), p. 100; {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/3.00—Game Preliminaries (Rule 3.03) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011326/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 2, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}} {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rules 6.01, 6.04) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> Idan dokar da aka zaba (DH) tana aiki, kowace kungiya tana da dan wasa na goma wanda kawai ke da alhakin bugawa (da gudu). DH yana ɗaukar matsayin wani mai kunnawa - kusan koyaushe mai jefa kwallo - a cikin tsari na batting, amma ba filin ba. Don haka, koda tare da DH, kowace kungiya har yanzu tana da tsari na batting na 'yan wasa tara da kuma tsarin filin wasa na' yan wasa tara.<ref>Porterfield (2007), p. 19; Thurston (2000), p. 153; {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/6.00—The Batter (Rule 6.10) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011324/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules//06_the_batter.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> == Ma'aikata == === 'Yan wasa === Adadin 'yan wasa a cikin jerin sunayen baseball, ko tawagar, ya bambanta da ''ƙungiyar'' da kuma matakin wasan da aka shirya. Kungiyar Major League Baseball (MLB) tana da jerin sunayen 'yan wasa 26 tare da takamaiman matsayi. Jerin lissafi na al'ada yana dauke da 'yan wasa masu zuwa: * 'Yan wasa na matsayi takwas: mai kamawa, 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa huɗu, da' 'Yan wasan waje uku - dukansu suna wasa akai-akai * masu farawa guda biyar waɗanda suka zama jefawa na tawagar ko juyawa na farawa * Masu fafatawa bakwai, ciki har da daya kusa, wadanda suka samar da bullpen na tawagar (wanda ake kira da yankin da ke waje da filin inda masu fafatawa ke dumi) * Ɗaya daga cikin madadin, ko maye gurbin, mai kamawa * Masu ba da tallafi guda biyar da masu ba da tallafin waje, ko 'yan wasan da za su iya taka leda a matsayi da yawa, waɗanda aka sani da' yan wasan amfani. Yawancin wasannin baseball a duk duniya suna da dokar DH, gami da MLB, Japan's Pacific League, da kuma wasannin kwararru na Caribbean, tare da manyan kungiyoyin 'yan wasa na Amurka. Kungiyar ta tsakiya a [[Japan]] ba ta da doka kuma ƙananan kungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da kungiyoyin National League ba a buƙatar su sami DH.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ringolsby |first=Tracy |date=January 20, 2016 |title=Tide is turning toward a universal DH |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/national-league-could-add-dh-before-long/c-162404308 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827201738/https://www.mlb.com/news/national-league-could-add-dh-before-long/c-162404308 |archive-date=August 27, 2019 |access-date=April 22, 2018 |website=MLB.com}}</ref> A cikin wasannin da ke amfani da dokar mai bugawa da aka tsara, ƙungiyar da aka saba amfani da ita tana da 'yan wasa tara (ciki har da DH), masu farawa biyar, masu sauyawa bakwai ko takwas, mai ɗaukar madadin, da wasu' yan wasa biyu ko uku. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McLaughlin |first=Dan |date=July 12, 2011 |title=Designated Hitters and the Economics of Baseball |url=http://grantland.com/the-triangle/designated-hitters-and-the-economics-of-baseball/ |access-date=August 6, 2017 |publisher=[[Grantland]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldman |first=Steven |date=April 26, 2016 |title=It Is Time for Baseball to Fight Back Against Big Bullpen |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/it-is-time-for-baseball-to-fight-back-against-big-bullpen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914104021/https://www.vice.com/en/article/it-is-time-for-baseball-to-fight-back-against-big-bullpen/ |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=August 6, 2017 |publisher=[[VICE Media]]}}</ref> === Manajoji da masu horar da su === manajan, ko ko kuma kocin, yana kula da manyan yanke shawara na dabarun kungiyar, kamar kafa juyawa na farawa, saita layi, ko tsari na batting, kafin kowane wasa, da kuma yin maye gurbin a lokacin wasanni - musamman, kawo masu ba da taimako. Manajoji yawanci suna taimakawa da masu horar da biyu ko fiye; suna iya samun alhakin musamman, kamar aiki tare da 'yan wasa a kan bugawa, filin wasa, jefawa, ko ƙarfi da yanayin. A mafi yawan matakan da aka shirya, masu horar da 'yan wasa biyu suna tsaye a filin wasa lokacin da tawagar ke kan bat: kocin farko da kocin na uku, waɗanda ke zaune a akwatunan masu horarwar da aka zaba, a waje da layin laifi. Wadannan masu horar da 'yan wasa suna taimakawa wajen jagorantar masu tsere, lokacin da kwallon ke wasa, da kuma ba da siginar dabarun daga manajan zuwa masu bugawa da masu gudu, yayin hutu a wasa. Ya bambanta da sauran wasanni da yawa na ƙungiyoyi, manajojin ƙwallon ƙafa da masu horar da su gabaɗaya suna sa tufafin ƙungiyarsu; masu horarwar dole ne su kasance a cikin tufafi don a ba su izinin shiga filin don yin magana da 'yan wasa yayin wasan.<ref>"The Fans Speak Out" [''Baseball Digest'' staff], ''Baseball Digest'', August 1999, pp. 9–10; {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/3.00—Game Preliminaries (Rule 3.15) |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520205621/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/03_game_preliminaries.pdf |archive-date=May 20, 2009 |access-date=April 27, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> === Masu shari'a === Duk wani wasan baseball ya haɗa da ɗaya ko fiye da masu yanke hukunci, waɗanda ke yanke hukunci akan sakamakon kowane wasa. Aƙalla, umpire ɗaya zai tsaya a bayan mai kamawa, don samun kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da yankin yajin aiki, da kuma kiran ƙwallon ƙafa da bugawa. Ana iya sanya ƙarin masu yanke hukunci kusa da sauran tushe, don haka ya sauƙaƙa yin hukunci game da wasanni kamar ƙoƙarin fitar da karfi da tag outs. A cikin MLB, ana amfani da masu yanke hukunci huɗu don kowane wasa, ɗaya kusa da kowane tushe. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo, ana amfani da masu yanke hukunci guda shida: ɗaya a kowane tushe da biyu a filin wasa tare da layin laifi.<ref>Zoss (2004), p. 293; {{Cite web |title=Official Rules/9.00—The Umpire |url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215915/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/09_the_umpire.pdf |archive-date=February 24, 2009 |access-date=February 18, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> == Dabaru == Yawancin yanke shawara na dabarun kafin wasan da a cikin wasan baseball suna kewaye da ainihin gaskiyar: gabaɗaya, masu buga kwallo na hannun dama suna samun nasara a kan masu jefa kwallo na hagu kuma, har ma da girma, masu buga wasan hagu suna samun nasara sosai a kan masu buga kwalolo na hannun dama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bast, Andrew |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Southpaw's Revenge |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/146842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309065835/http://www.newsweek.com/id/146842 |archive-date=March 9, 2010 |access-date=February 8, 2009 |website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> Kocin da ke da masu bugawa da dama a hannun hagu a cikin layi na yau da kullun, wanda ya san ƙungiyar za ta fuskanci mai farawa na hagu, na iya amsawa ta hanyar farawa ɗaya ko fiye da masu goyon bayan hannun dama a cikin jerin sunayen ƙungiyar. A lokacin wasan da aka yi a ƙarshen wasan, yayin da aka kawo masu ba da agaji da masu buga kwallo, manajojin adawa galibi za su koma baya da gaba suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar wasannin da suka dace tare da maye gurbin su. Manajan ƙungiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yana ƙoƙarin shirya wasannin mai kunnawa da hannu ɗaya da kuma manajan ƙungiyar masu buga ƙwallon ƙwallon da ke ƙoƙarin shirya wasannun hannu ɗaya. Tare da ƙungiyar da ke da jagora a ƙarshen innings, manajan na iya cire mai kunnawa na farawa - musamman wanda ba zai iya sake dawowa ba - don dan wasan da ya fi ƙwarewa (wanda aka sani da maye gurbin mai karewa). == Dabaru == === Fitarwa da filin wasa === [[File:Indiana_vs_Navy,_Baseball_pick-off_attempt.jpg|right|thumb|Wani dan wasa na farko yana karɓar jefawa, yayin da mai gudu ya koma tushe na farko.]] Shawarwarin da ke gaba da kusan kowane wasa a wasan baseball ya haɗa da zaɓin filin wasa. Ta hanyar kamawa sannan kuma saki kwallon kwando a wata hanya, kuma ta hanyar jefa shi a wani gudun, masu jefa kwallo na iya sa kwallon kwando ya karya zuwa kowane gefe, ko ƙasa, yayin da yake kusantar mai jefa kwallo, don haka samar da filayen daban-daban da za a iya zaɓar. Daga cikin sakamakon nau'ikan filayen da za a iya jefawa, nau'ikan asali guda huɗu sune fastball, canji (ko filin da ba shi da sauri), da kuma kwallaye biyu masu fashewa - curveball da slider.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walsh, John |date=December 20, 2007 |title=Fastball, Slider, Change-up, Curveball—An Analysis |url=http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/fastball-slider-changeup-curveball-an-analysis/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409112752/http://www.hardballtimes.com/main/article/fastball-slider-changeup-curveball-an-analysis |archive-date=April 9, 2009 |access-date=February 21, 2009 |publisher=[[The Hardball Times]]}}</ref> Masu jefa kwallo suna da nau'o'i daban-daban na filayen da suke da ƙwarewa wajen jefawa. A al'ada, kafin kowane filin, mai kamawa yana nuna wa mai jefawa wane irin filin da zai jefa, da kuma wurin da yake tsaye ko a kwance. Idan akwai rashin jituwa game da zaɓin, mai jefa kwallo na iya girgiza alamar kuma mai kamawa zai kira wani filin daban. Tare da mai gudu a kan tushe kuma yana jagorantar, mai jefa kwallo na iya ƙoƙarin yin amfani da shi, saurin jefawa ga mai kunnawa da ke rufe tushe don ci gaba da jagorantar mai gudu a cikin tantancewa ko, mafi kyau, yin tag.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Tim McCarver}}</ref> Duk da haka, yunkurin Pickoff yana ƙarƙashin ka'idojin da ke ƙuntata motsi na mai jefa kwallo kafin da kuma lokacin yunkurin pickoff. Rashin bin kowane ɗayan waɗannan dokoki na iya haifar da umpire yana kiran balk a kan mai jefa kwallo, wanda ke ba da izinin duk wani mai gudu a kan tushe don ci gaba da tushe ɗaya ba tare da hukunci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balk |url=https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/balk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119135337/https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/balk |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |access-date=April 23, 2018 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> Idan ana sa ran yunkurin sata, mai kamawa na iya kiran pitchout, kwallon da aka jefa da gangan daga farantin, yana bawa mai kamawa damar kama shi yayin da yake tsaye kuma ya jefa da sauri zuwa tushe. Da yake fuskantar mai bugawa tare da karfi mai karfi don bugawa a gefe ɗaya na filin, ƙungiyar filin wasa na iya amfani da canji, tare da mafi yawan ko duk masu bugawa suna motsawa zuwa hagu ko dama na matsayinsu na yau da kullun. Tare da mai gudu a kan tushe na uku, infielders na iya yin wasa, suna motsawa kusa da farantin gida don inganta yiwuwar jefa mai gudu a kwallon ƙasa, kodayake mai buga ƙasa mai saurin gaske yana iya ɗaukar ta cikin filin da aka zana. === Bugawa da baserunning === [[File:Mookie_Betts_hitting_the_ball_(36478781664).jpg|thumb|Dan wasan [[Baseball bat|bat]]-linkid="763" href="./Boston_Red_Sox" id="mwAc8" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox Mookie Betts ya buga filin wasa ta hanyar juyawa.]] Yawancin dabarun kai farmaki sun shiga wasa tare da mai gudu a tushe na farko, gami da mahimmin zaɓi na ko ƙoƙarin sata na tushe na biyu. Ana amfani da bugawa da gudu a wasu lokuta, tare da ƙwararren mai bugawa, mai gudu ya tashi tare da filin wasa, yana jawo ɗan gajeren lokaci ko ɗan wasa na biyu zuwa tushe na biyu, yana haifar da rata a cikin filin don mai bugawa ya kori kwallon. Bunt na sadaukarwa, yana kira ga mai bugawa ya mai da hankali kan yin hulɗa mai laushi tare da kwallon, don haka ya juya ɗan gajeren nesa a cikin filin, yana bawa mai gudu damar ci gaba zuwa matsayi na zira kwallaye yayin da aka fitar da mai bugawa da farko. Mai bugawa, musamman wanda yake mai gudu da sauri, na iya ƙoƙarin bugawa. Bunt na sadaukarwa da aka yi amfani da shi tare da mai gudu a kan tushe na uku, da nufin kawo wannan mai gudu gida, an san shi da wasan matsawa. Tare da mai gudu a kan na uku kuma kasa da biyu, mai kunnawa na iya mai da hankali kan buga kwallon tashi wanda, koda an kama shi, zai kasance mai zurfi don ba da damar mai gudu ya buga kuma ya zira kwallaye - mai kunnawa mai nasara, a wannan yanayin, yana samun daraja don sadaukarwa. Don kara damar ci gaba da mai bugawa zuwa tushe na farko ta hanyar tafiya, manajan wani lokacin zai nuna alamar mai bugawa wanda ke gaba a cikin ƙidaya (watau, yana da ƙwallo fiye da bugawa) don Ɗauki, ko kuma ba a juyawa a, filin na gaba ba. Sakamakon da mai kunnawa zai iya samu na isa tushe (ta hanyar tafiya) ya wuce rashin amfani idan filin wasa na gaba ya zama yajin aiki. == Tarihi == Yarjejeniya ta taɓa cewa wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na yau ci gaba ne na Arewacin Amurka daga tsofaffin 'yan wasan, sananne ne tsakanin yara a [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Biritaniya da Ireland]].<ref name="BlockRader" /> Masanin tarihin kwallon kwando na Amurka David Block ya nuna cewa wasan ya samo asali ne a [[Ingila]]; kwanan nan da aka gano shaidar tarihi ta goyi bayan wannan matsayi. A cewar Block da masanin tarihin MLB John Thorn, wannan sigar baseball ta farko na iya haɗawa da buga kwallon da hannu, yana mai da shi kamar punchball na yau. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Bryan |date=October 18, 2013 |title=In Search of Baseball's Holy Grail |url=https://grantland.com/features/baseball-archaeologist-david-block/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Grantland |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Block ya yi jayayya cewa rounders da baseball na farko sun kasance ainihin bambance-bambance na yanki na juna, kuma cewa wasan da ya fi dacewa kai tsaye shine wasannin Ingilishi na stoolball da "tut-ball". Magana ta farko da aka sani game da baseball tana cikin littafin Burtaniya na 1744, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, na John Newbery . Block ya gano cewa wasan farko da aka rubuta na "Base Ball" ya faru ne a 1749 a Surrey, kuma ya nuna Yarima na Wales a matsayin mai kunnawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2013 |title=The 1749 baseball season |url=https://hertsbaseball.com/2013/06/11/the-1749-baseball-season-with-the-prince-of-wales-at-bat-and-the-earl-of-middlesex-on-deck/}}</ref> Wannan nau'in farko na wasan a bayyane ya kawo shi [[Kanada]] ta hanyar baƙi na Ingila.<ref>Block (2005), pp. 58, 160, 300, 307, 310; {{Cite web |last=Miller, Doug |date=August 2, 2005 |title=Pittsfield: Small City, Big Baseball Town |url=http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20050802&content_id=1154441&vkey=news_bos&fext=.jsp&c_id=bos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060321043321/http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/news/article.jsp?ymd=20050802&content_id=1154441&vkey=news_bos&fext=.jsp&c_id=bos |archive-date=March 21, 2006 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> [[File:Cricket_vs._baseball_(4050380395).jpg|thumb|A cikin Yaƙin basasa na 1860, baseball (ƙasa) ya mamaye ɗan'uwansa na wasan ƙwallon ƙafa (sama) a cikin shahara a cikin Amurka.{{Efn|Partially because baseball was much shorter in duration than the form of cricket [[First-class cricket|played at the time]] and did not require a [[Cricket pitch|special playing surface]].}} <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crown |first=Daniel |date=2017-10-19 |title=The Battle Between Baseball and Cricket for American Sporting Supremacy |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cricket-baseball-american-sport |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en}}</ref> Girman tasirin Amurka a kasashen waje yana nufin hakan ya faru a Japan da Jamhuriyar Dominica a farkon karni na 20 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=DR1.com - Dominican Republic News & Travel Information Service |url=https://dr1.com/articles/cricket.shtml |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=dr1.com}}</ref>]] A farkon shekarun 1830, akwai rahotanni game da wasannin bat-and-ball da ba a san su ba a matsayin nau'ikan baseball na farko da ake buga a Arewacin Amurka. An buga wasan kwallon kwando na farko da aka rubuta a Arewacin Amurka a Beachville, Ontario, Kanada, a ranar 4 ga Yuni, 1838. A cikin 1845, Alexander Cartwright, memba na Knickerbocker Club na Birnin New York, ya jagoranci tsara tsarin da ake kira Knickerbock Rules, wanda shi ma ya dogara ne akan dokokin da William R. Wheaton na Gotham Club ya kirkira a 1837. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kittel, Jeffrey |title=Evolution or Revolution? A Rule-By-Rule Analysis of the 1845 Knickerbocker Rules |url=http://protoball.org/1845_Knickerbocker_Rules |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205115830/https://protoball.org/1845_Knickerbocker_Rules |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=May 9, 2016 |publisher=Protoball}}</ref> Duk da yake akwai rahotanni cewa New York Knickerbockers sun buga wasanni a 1845, gasar da aka dade ana gane ta a matsayin wasan baseball na farko da aka rubuta a tarihin Amurka ya faru ne a ranar 19 ga Yuni, 1846, a Hoboken, New Jersey: "New York Nine" sun ci Knickerbocks, 23-1, a cikin innings hudu. Tare da lambar Knickerbocker a matsayin tushe, ka'idojin wasan baseball na zamani sun ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin rabin karni na gaba. Wasan ya ci gaba da yaduwa a duk faɗin Pacific Rim da Amurka, tare da Amurkawa suna tallafawa wasan a matsayin hanyar yada dabi'un Amurka. === A Amurka === ==== Kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru ==== A tsakiyar shekarun 1850, wani wasan kwallon kafa ya mamaye yankin New York, kuma a shekara ta 1856, jaridu na cikin gida suna magana game da wasan kwallon kafa a matsayin "wasan kasa" ko "wasan kasa". Bayan shekara guda, an kafa hukumar farko ta wasanni, Ƙungiyar 'Yan wasan Kwallon Kasa. A shekara ta 1867, ya hana [[Afirkawan Amurka|'Yan Afirka na Afirka]] shiga. An kafa kungiyar National League da aka tsara a 1876. Kwararrun 'yan Negro sun kafa, amma da sauri suka ninka. A shekara ta 1887, an kirkiro wasan softball, a ƙarƙashin sunan wasan baseball na cikin gida ko na cikin gida, a matsayin sigar hunturu na wasan iyaye. Ƙungiyar Amirka ta samo asali ne daga ƙaramar Ƙungiyar Yamma, wacce aka sake tsara ta a ƙarƙashin Ban Johnson a cikin 1893. Ba sai a shekara ta 1901 ba ne aka kafa Kungiyar Amurka a matsayin babbar ƙungiya. A shekara ta 1893, canje-canje masu mahimmanci na tsari (kamar motsawa zuwa 60 feet, 6 inci) sun tabbatar da littafin mulki na zamani. Yarjejeniyar Kasa ta 1903 ta tsara dangantakar tsakanin manyan kungiyoyi biyu da kuma tsakanin su da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, waɗanda ke wakiltar mafi yawan ƙananan ƙwararrun ƙasar. An kaddamar da Jerin Duniya, wanda ya sanya manyan 'yan wasan biyu a kan juna, a wannan faduwar. Black Sox Scandal na 1919 World Series ya haifar da kafa ofishin Kwamishinan Baseball. Kwamishinan farko, Kenesaw Mountain Landis, an zabe shi a shekarar 1920. A wannan shekarar kuma ta ga kafa kungiyar Negro National League; babbar kungiyar Negro ta farko, za ta yi aiki har zuwa 1931. A wani bangare na shekarun 1920, kungiyar Eastern Colored League ta shiga. ==== Hawan Ruth da haɗin kai na launin fata ==== Idan aka kwatanta da halin yanzu, ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa a farkon karni na 20 sun kasance masu ƙanƙanta, kuma masu jefa kwallo sun fi rinjaye. Wannan abin da ake kira "mutuwar kwallon" ya ƙare a farkon shekarun 1920 tare da canje-canje da yawa a cikin mulki da yanayi waɗanda suka kasance masu fa'ida ga masu bugawa. Sabbin ka'idoji masu tsauri waɗanda ke sarrafa girman kwallon, siffar da abun da ke ciki, tare da sabon doka da ke hana spitball da sauran filayen da suka dogara da kwallon da ake bi da shi ko kuma ya yi amfani da abubuwa na kasashen waje, ya haifar da kwallon da ya yi tafiya nesa lokacin da aka buga shi. Hawan sanannen ɗan wasan [[Babe Ruth]], babban mai bugawa na farko na sabon zamani, ya taimaka ya canza yanayin wasan har abada. A ƙarshen 1920s da farkon 1930s, babban manajan St. Louis Cardinals Branch Rickey ya saka hannun jari a cikin Ƙananan kungiyoyi da yawa kuma ya haɓaka [[Kungiyar noma|tsarin gona]] na zamani na farko. An shirya sabuwar kungiyar Negro National League a 1933; shekaru hudu bayan haka, kungiyar Negro American League ta shiga. Zaben farko na National Baseball Hall of Fame ya faru ne a shekarar 1936. A shekara ta 1939, an kafa Little League Baseball a Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Little League |url=http://www.littleleague.org/about/history.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514082459/http://www.littleleague.org/about/history.asp |archive-date=May 14, 2007 |access-date=June 26, 2007 |publisher=Little League}}</ref> [[File:Jackie_Robinson_Kansas_City_Monarchs.jpg|alt=Robinson posing in the uniform cap of the Kansas City Monarchs, a [[Negro League]] baseball team, 1945|thumb|[[Jackie Robinson]] in 1945, with the [[Negro American League]]'s [[Kansas City Monarchs]]]] Yawancin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun rushe lokacin da [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] ya haifar da ƙarancin ɗan wasa. Mai mallakar Chicago Cubs Philip K. Wrigley ya jagoranci kafa kungiyar All-American Girls Professional Baseball League don taimakawa wajen ci gaba da wasan a idon jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lesko, Jeneane |year=2005 |title=League History |url=http://www.aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/12/league-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724213445/http://aagpbl.org/index.cfm/pages/league/12/league-history |archive-date=July 24, 2011 |access-date=January 29, 2009 |publisher=All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Players Association}}</ref> Farkon fashewa a cikin yarjejeniyar da ba a rubuta ba wanda ya hana baƙi daga kwallon kwararru mai sarrafawa ya faru a 1945: Jackie Robinson ta sanya hannu ne daga Brooklyn Dodgers na National League kuma ta fara wasa ga ƙaramar ƙungiyar su a Montreal. A shekara ta 1947, Robinson ya karya shingen launi na manyan wasannin lokacin da ya fara wasa da Dodgers. 'Yan wasan Latin-Amurka, waɗanda aka yi watsi da su a baya, suma sun fara shiga manyan a cikin adadi mafi girma. A shekara ta 1951, biyu Chicago White Sox, Chico Carrasquel wanda aka haifa a Venezuela da kuma Minnie Miñoso wanda aka haife shi a Cuba, sun zama na farko na Hispanic All-Stars. [[Haɗin kai na launin fata|Haɗin kai]] ya ci gaba a hankali: a shekara ta 1953, shida ne kawai daga cikin manyan kungiyoyi 16 da ke da dan wasan baki a cikin jerin sunayen.<ref name="P111" /> ==== Rubuce-rubucen halarta da shekarun steroids ==== A shekara ta 1975, ikon ƙungiyar - da albashi na 'yan wasa - sun fara ƙaruwa sosai lokacin da aka buga ma'anar ajiya yadda ya kamata, wanda ya haifar da tsarin hukumar kyauta. Muhimman dakatarwar aiki sun faru a cikin 1981 da 1994, wanda ya tilasta sokewar World Series a karo na farko a cikin shekaru 90. Masu halarta sun ci gaba da girma tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970s kuma a cikin 1994, kafin dakatarwar, manyan suna saita rikodin su na kowane lokaci don halartar kowane wasa. Bayan an ci gaba da wasa a shekarar 1995, kungiyoyin da ba su lashe kyautar wild card sun zama na dindindin na bayan kakar wasa. An gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun a cikin 1997 kuma an kafa alamar halarta ta biyu mafi girma don cikakken kakar. A shekara ta 2000, an rushe Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da na Amurka a matsayin ƙungiyoyin shari'a. Duk da yake ana kiyaye asalin su don dalilai na tsarawa (da bambancin mai bugawa), ka'idoji da sauran ayyuka - kamar horo na ɗan wasa da kulawar umpire - an gudanar da su daban a ƙarƙashin rubric na MLB. A shekara ta 2001, Barry Bonds ya kafa rikodin yanzu na 73 a cikin kakar wasa daya. An daɗe ana zargin cewa karuwar karfin ikon da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar amfani da steroids ba bisa ka'ida ba (kazalika da narkewar baiwar jefawa saboda fadadawa), amma batun ya fara jan hankalin kafofin watsa labarai a cikin 2002 kuma babu wani hukunci don amfani da magungunan inganta aiki kafin shekara ta 2004. A shekara ta 2007, Bonds ya zama shugaban MLB na yau da kullun, ya wuce Hank Aaron, a matsayin jimlar manyan leagues da ƙananan leagues duk sun kai matsayi mafi girma.<ref name="MajorAtRec">{{Cite web |title=MLB Regular-Season Attendance Just Shy of Last Year's Record |url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/124427 |access-date=January 29, 2009 |website=Street & Smith's SportsBusiness Daily}}</ref><ref name="MinorAtRec">{{Cite web |title=Minor League Baseball History |url=http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/milb/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120173052/http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/milb/history/ |archive-date=January 20, 2009 |access-date=January 29, 2009 |publisher=Minor League Baseball}}</ref> === A duk faɗin duniya === Duk da cewa an kira shi "Aikin nishaɗi na Amurka", an kafa wasan baseball sosai a wasu ƙasashe da yawa. Tun a farkon shekara ta 1877, wata kungiya ta kwararru, Ƙungiyar Duniya, ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi daga Kanada da Amurka. Duk da yake ana buga wasan baseball a ko'ina a Kanada kuma yawancin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin league sun kasance a cikin ƙasar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2016 |title=Canada: Baseball participation, popularity rising across the nation |url=http://www.wbsc.org/canada-baseball-participation-popularity-rising-across-the-nation/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402231713/http://www.wbsc.org/canada-baseball-participation-popularity-rising-across-the-nation/ |archive-date=April 2, 2018 |access-date=April 2, 2018 |publisher=World Baseball Softball Confederation}}</ref> manyan ƙungiyoyin Amurka ba su haɗa da kulob din Kanada ba har zuwa 1969, lokacin da Montreal Expos ta shiga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa a matsayin ƙungiyar faɗaɗa. A shekara ta 1977, fadada Toronto Blue Jays ta shiga kungiyar Amurka. [[File:WBC2006_Sadaharu_Oh.jpg|left|thumb|Sadaharu Oh yana kula da tawagar kasar Japan a gasar Baseball ta Duniya ta 2006. Da yake wasa ga Yomiuri Giants na Central League (1959-80), Oh ya kafa rikodin duniya na ƙwararru don gudu a gida.]] A cikin 1847, sojojin Amurka sun buga abin da zai iya zama wasan baseball na farko a Mexico a Parque Los Berros a Xalapa, Veracruz . An kafa gasar kwallon kwando ta farko a waje da Amurka da Kanada a 1878 a Cuba, wanda ke kula da al'adar kwallon kwando mai arziki. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]], ita ce ta farko da ta lashe gasar kwallon kafa ta Burtaniya da ta lashe kofin kwallon kafa na Burtaniya na 1890. Zakarun kasa na 2025 sun kasance London Mets . [[File:Eino_Kaakkolahti.jpg|right|thumb|Pesäpallo, bambancin kwallon kwando na [[Finland|Finnish]], Lauri "Tahko" Pihkala ne ya kirkireshi a cikin shekarun 1920, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction to the game |url=http://www.pesis.fi/pesapalloliitto/international_site/introduction/ |access-date=October 16, 2015 |website=Pesis.fi |publisher=Pesäpalloliitto |archive-date=October 29, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029075041/http://www.pesis.fi/pesapalloliitto/international_site/introduction/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma bayan haka, ya canza tare da lokutan kuma ya girma cikin shahara. Hoton wasan Pesäpallo a 1958 a [[Jyväskylä]], Finland.]] Jamhuriyar Dominica ta gudanar da gasar zakarun tsibirin ta farko a shekarar 1912. Gasar kwallon kwando ta kwararru da wasannin sun fara samuwa a wasu ƙasashe tsakanin yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya, gami da Netherlands (wanda aka kafa a 1922), Australia (1934), Japan (1936), Mexico (1937), da Puerto Rico (1938). An dauki Manyan wasannin Japan a matsayin mafi kyawun da'irorin kwararru a waje da Amurka. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, an kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru a ƙasashe da yawa na Latin Amurka, mafi mahimmanci Venezuela (1946) da Jamhuriyar Dominica (1955). Tun daga farkon shekarun 1970s, Jerin Caribbean na shekara-shekara sun dace da kungiyoyin zakarun daga manyan wasannin hunturu na Latin Amurka: Dominican Professional Baseball League, Mexican Pacific League, Puerto Rican Professional Basebol League, da Venezuelan Professional Baseboll League. A Asiya, Koriya ta Kudu (1982), Taiwan (1990) da China (2003) duk suna da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru. Sauran ƙasashen Turai sun ga wasannin ƙwararru; mafi nasara, ban da Ƙungiyar Dutch, ita ce ƙungiyar Italiya, wadda aka kafa a 1948. A shekara ta 2004, Ostiraliya ta lashe lambar azurfa mai ban mamaki a Wasannin Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo, Jonathan |date=January 28, 2009 |title=Perspective: Baseball in the Holy Land |url=https://www.milb.com/news/gcs-501366 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131063101/http://web.minorleaguebaseball.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20090127&content_id=501366&vkey=news_milb&fext=.jsp |archive-date=January 31, 2009 |access-date=February 5, 2009 |publisher=Minor League Baseball}}</ref> Confédération Européene de Baseball (European Baseball Confederation), wanda aka kafa a 1953, yana shirya gasa da yawa tsakanin kungiyoyi daga kasashe daban-daban. Sauran gasa tsakanin kungiyoyin kasa, kamar su Kofin Duniya na Baseball da Gasar kwallon kwando ta Olympics, an gudanar da su ne ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Baseball ta Duniya (IBAF) tun daga kafa ta a 1938 har zuwa haɗuwa da 2013 tare da Ƙungiyar Softball ta Duniya don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwa ta yanzu don wasanni biyu, Ƙungiyar Bas Baseball Softball ta duniya (WBSC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Baseball Federation (Confederations/Member Federations) |url=http://www.ibaf.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306131244/http://www.ibaf.org/ |archive-date=March 6, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2009 |publisher=International Baseball Federation}}</ref> Ana buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a kan tsari mai son a ƙasashe da yawa. Bayan an shigar da shi cikin wasannin Olympics a matsayin wasan lambar yabo wanda ya fara da [[Wasannin Olympics na Barcelona|Wasannin 1992]], an sauke wasan baseball daga Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2012 a taron kwamitin wasannin Olympics ta duniya na 2005. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na Wasannin 2008. Duk da yake rashin bin wasanni a yawancin duniya wani abu ne, mafi mahimmanci shine rashin son MLB don ba da damar 'yan wasan su shiga a lokacin manyan wasanni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2005 |title=Secret ballot eliminates baseball, softball |url=http://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=2103234 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214064042/https://www.espn.com/olympics/news/story?id=2103234 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |access-date=June 2, 2019 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> MLB ta fara gasar Baseball Classic ta Duniya, wanda aka shirya don wuce kakar wasa ta, a wani bangare a matsayin maye gurbin, babbar gasa ta kasa da kasa. Gasar Classic ta farko, wacce aka gudanar a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, ita ce gasar farko da ta shafi kungiyoyin kasa don nuna adadi mai yawa na mahalarta MLB. An dakatar da gasar cin kofin duniya ta Baseball bayan fitowar ta 2011 don tallafawa fadada gasar Baseball ta Duniya. == Sassan da suka bambanta wasan == Baseball tana da wasu muhimman abubuwa da suka bambanta ta da sauran shahararrun wasannin kungiya a kasashen da ake yin ta. Dukkan wadancan wasannin suna amfani da agogo,<ref>Guttmann (2007), p. 140.</ref> wasan ba na mutum daya ba ne sosai,<ref name="Mandelbaum5557">Mandelbaum (2005), pp. 55–57.</ref> kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin filayen wasa ba shi da yawa ko muhimmanci sosai.<ref>Morris (2007), p. xi.</ref> Kwatanta tsakanin cricket da baseball yana nuna cewa da yawa daga cikin sassan baseball na musamman ana raba su ta hanyoyi daban-daban da makamantansu na wasanni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Melville |first=Tom |date=1996 |title=Cricket and Mr. Spalding |url=https://sabr.org/journal/article/cricket-and-mr-spalding/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Society for American Baseball Research |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609232835/https://sabr.org/journal/article/cricket-and-mr-spalding/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crown |first=Daniel |date=2017-10-19 |title=The Battle Between Baseball and Cricket for American Sporting Supremacy |url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cricket-baseball-american-sport |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=Atlas Obscura |language=en |archive-date=January 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105141613/https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/cricket-baseball-american-sport |url-status=live }}</ref> === Babi na sa'a ko agogo babu shi === File:A worn-out baseball.JPG|thumb|Kwallon baseball da ta tsufa A wasannin da aka kayyade lokacinsu da agogo, galibi wasanni suna karewa ne inda kungiyar da ke gaba take bata lokaci maimakon yin gaba da gaba da sauran abokan hamayya. Akasin haka, baseball ba ta da agogo, don haka kungiya ba za ta iya yin nasara ba tare da ta fitar da mai buga kwallo na karshe ba, kuma yunkurin maki ba ya dakatawa saboda lokaci. Kusan a kowane lokaci a wasan baseball, mafi kyawun dabarun wasa shi ne nau'in dabarun hari mai karfi.<ref>Mount, Nicholas James, "Team Sports", in ''Encyclopedia of Time'', ed. Samuel L. Macey (Taylor & Francis, 1994), pp. 588–590: p. 590.</ref> Yayin da a yanayin wasan Test cricket da first-class cricket na kwanaki da yawa, yiwuwar samun kunnen doki (wanda ke faruwa saboda takaita lokaci, wanda kamar baseball, asali ba ya wanzu<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 22, 2015|title=The Test match that went on and on and on. Without a winner but with meaning {{!}} Andy Bull|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/dec/22/the-spin-cricket-the-timeless-test-1939|access-date=September 6, 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref>) yakan karfafa gwiwar kungiyar da ke buga kwallo a karshe kuma take a baya sosai, ta yi wasan tsaro don cike lokaci, tana mika wuya ga duk wata damar nasara, domin kauce wa tabbas na rashin nasara.<ref>Eastaway, Rob, ''What Is a Googly?: The Mysteries of Cricket Explained'' (Anova, 2005), p. 134.</ref> Kodayake innings tara shi ne ma'auni tun farkon fara baseball na kwararru, tsawon lokacin matsakaicin wasan babbar lig ya karu akai-akai a tsawon shekaru. A farkon karni na 20, Wasanni galibi suna daukar sa'a daya da rabi. A shekarun 1920, matsakaicinsu ya kasance kasa da sa'o'i biyu, wanda daga karshe ya haura zuwa 2:38 a shekarar 1960.<ref name="HB">{{cite news|author=Bodley, Hal|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/columnist/bodley/2004-02-26-bodley_x.htm|title=Baseball Wants Just a Few More Minutes|date=February 26, 2004|access-date=February 3, 2009|work=USA Today|archive-date=March 14, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314204330/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/columnist/bodley/2004-02-26-bodley_x.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 1997, matsakaicin wasan American League ya kai tsawon 2:57 (wasannin National League sun kasance kusan mintuna 10 kasa da haka—masu jefa kwallo a wurin bugawa suna gaggauta fitar da 'yan wasa fiye da masu buga kwallo na musamman).<ref name="JG">{{cite news|author=Greenfield, Jeff|author-link=Jeff Greenfield|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988721,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930042801/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988721,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 30, 2007|title=Midnight Baseball|date=July 13, 1998|access-date=February 3, 2009|magazine=Time}}</ref> A shekarar 2004, Major League Baseball ta sanar da cewa burinta shi ne matsakaicin wasa ya kasance mintuna 2:45.<ref name="HB"/> Sai dai zuwa shekarar 2014, matsakaicin wasan MLB ya dauki fiye da sa'o'i uku kafin ya kare.<ref>{{cite news|author=Berg, Ted|url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/09/mlb-games-length-three-hours-pace-of-play|title=Why Are Baseball Games Getting So Much Longer?|date=September 30, 2014|access-date=December 27, 2014|work=USA Today|archive-date=December 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228075648/http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/09/mlb-games-length-three-hours-pace-of-play|url-status=live}}</ref> Tsawanta wasanni yana faruwa ne saboda tsawaita hutun tsakanin rabi-rabin innings don tallan talabijin, karuwar maki, sauye-sauyen masu jefa kwallo, da saurin wasa mai hankali, inda masu jefa kwallo ke daukar karin lokaci kafin kowace jefa kwallo, da kuma masu bugawa da ke fita daga akwatin akai-akai.<ref name="HB"/><ref name="JG"/> Sauran lig-lig na fuskantar makamantan wadannan matsaloli. A shekarar 2008, Nippon Professional Baseball ta dauki matakan da nufin takaita tsawon wasanni da mintuna 12 daga matsakaicin shekaru goma da suka gabata na 3:18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.japanfs.org/en/pages/027087.html|title=Japan's Pro Baseball Teams Start Eco-Project to Cut Energy Use by 6%|date=July 13, 2008|access-date=February 18, 2009|publisher=Japan for Sustainability|archive-date=July 7, 2009|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090707230418/http://www.japanfs.org/en/pages/027087.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, matsakaicin wasan playoff mai innings tara a Major League Baseball ya kasance sa'o'i 3 da mintuna 35. Wannan ya karu da mintuna 10 daga 2015 kuma mintuna 21 daga 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Crasnick |first=Jerry |author-link=Jerry Crasnick |date=October 17, 2017 |title=Major league teams playing marathon-length games in October |url=http://www.espn.com/mlb/story//id/21057049/mlb-playoff-games-averaging-three-hours-thirty-five-minutes-season |access-date=October 18, 2017 |publisher=ESPN |archive-date=May 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508123014/https://www.espn.com/mlb/story//id/21057049/mlb-playoff-games-averaging-three-hours-thirty-five-minutes-season |url-status=live }}</ref> Maimakon martani ga tsawaita wasan, MLB ta yanke shawarar cewa daga kakar 2023 zuwa gaba za ta kirkiri dokar agogon jefa kwallo domin hukunta masu buga kwallo da masu jefa kwallon da ke daukar lokaci mai yawa tsakanin jefa kwallaye; wannan ya taimaka wajen takaita tsawon wasannin kakar 2023 da matsakaicin mintuna 24.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pitch Timer (2023 rule change) {{!}} Glossary |url=https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/pitch-timer |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=MLB.com |language=en |archive-date=April 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406075754/https://www.mlb.com/glossary/rules/pitch-timer |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McCullough |first=Andy |title=The pitch clock meets the postseason: MLB's new rules face October pressure |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4917785/2023/10/02/pitch-clock-postseason-mlb/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=The Athletic |date=October 2, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=August 25, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825021117/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4917785/2023/10/02/pitch-clock-postseason-mlb/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Mai da hankali kan mutum daya === File:Babe Ruth2.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Babe Ruth a shekarar 1920, shekarar da ya shiga New York Yankees Kodayake baseball wasan kungiya ne, 'yan wasa guda-guda galibi ana sa su a karkashin kallo da matsin lamba. Koda yake yana da lada, wani lokacin ana bayyana shi a matsayin "marar tausayi" saboda matsin lamba a kan dan wasa guda.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url = https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/ways-to-stay-sane-in-baseball|title = Ways to Stay Sane in Baseball|magazine = The New Yorker|date = April 4, 2015|access-date = June 12, 2021|archive-date = December 9, 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221209003253/https://www.newyorker.com/sports/sporting-scene/ways-to-stay-sane-in-baseball|url-status = live}}</ref> A shekarar 1915, littafin koyar da baseball ya nuna cewa kowace jefa kwallo guda daya, wanda galibi akwai fiye da dari biyu a wasa daya, tana haifar da gaba-da-gaba tsakanin mutane biyu: "mai jefa kwallo da mai bugawa a fafutukar dabara".<ref>Clarke and Dawson (1915), p. 48.</ref> Mai jefa kwallo, mai bugawa, da mai kamawa duk suna aiki ne gaba daya ba tare da dogaro da juna ba. Yayin da ma'aikatan horarwa za su iya yi wa mai jefa kwallo ko mai bugawa sigina don yin amfani da wasu dabaru, aiwatar da wasan da kansa jerin ayyuka ne na mutum guda. Idan mai bugawa ya jefa kwallo a mike, mai kama kwallo na waje ne kadai ke da alhakin yanke shawarar ko zai yi kokarin kama ta ko kuma ya buga ta a kan tsalle da kuma nasararsa ko rashin nasararsa. Madaidaicin alkaluma na baseball yana samun sauki ta hanyar wannan kebe kai kuma yana karfafa shi. Cricket ta fi kama da baseball fiye da sauran wasannin kungiya da yawa ta wannan fuskar: yayin da mai da hankali kan mutum guda a cricket yake samun sauki saboda muhimmancin haɗin gwiwar bugawa da abubuwan aikace-aikace na gudu tare, ana habaka shi ta hanyar cewa mai buga kwallo na iya zama a kan wicket na sa'a guda ko fiye da hakan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Cricketers who batted on all five days of a Test match|url=https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/10-cricketers-batted-five-days-184512717|access-date=September 6, 2020|website=cricket.yahoo.net}}</ref> Babu wani ma'auni na alkaluma a cricket na kuskuren kama kwallo kuma saboda haka ba a cika jaddada alhakin mutum a wannan fanni na wasa ba.<ref>Morton, Richard, "Baseball in England", ''Badminton Magazine'', August 1896, pp. 157–158: "The scoring is one of the most interesting features in this new importation from America [baseball]. Every detail of play is recorded, and a man's mistakes are tabulated as well as his successes... A line in a cricket score may read, 'Lockwood, ''caught'' Stoddart, ''bowled'' J. T. Hearne; 30.'... [T]here is so much that is left out! There is no mention of the fact that O'Brien missed Lockwood before he had scored, and that somebody else failed to take a chance when his score was ten. These are items that go to make cricket history; but there is no record of them in the analysis... The man who catches a ball is thought worthy of mention, but the man who muffs one does not suffer by publicity."</ref> === Bambancin filaye === {{Further|Ballpark}} File:Fenway Park 1996.jpg|thumb|left|Fenway Park, gidan Boston Red Sox. Green Monster yana bayyane a bayan filin wasa. Sabanin yawancin wasanni, filayen wasan baseball na iya bambanta sosai ta fuskar girma da siffa.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qUkc0BBRCc |title=Why do all MLB ballparks have different dimensions? {{!}} Quick Question (MLB Originals) |date=2020-04-13 |last=MLB |access-date=2025-10-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fiL568IED0 |title=Why Baseball Refused to Standardize Its Fields |date=2025-05-04 |last=Voice to Victory |access-date=2025-10-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Yayin da aka tsara girman cikakken filin ciki na gaske, kakkautawa kadai ga girma da siffar filin waje na kungiyoyin kwararru, bisa ga dokokin MLB da Minor League Baseball, shi ne cewa filayen da aka gina ko aka sake gyarawa tun ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1958, dole ne su kasance suna da mafi karancin tazarar {{convert|325|ft|m|0}} daga home plate zuwa katanga a hannun hagu da dama na fili kuma {{convert|400|ft|m|0}} zuwa tsakiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf|title=Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game. (Rule 1.04a)|access-date=February 2, 2009|publisher=Major League Baseball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf|archive-date=February 5, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Babban kungiyoyin lig masana ne wajen sabawa wannan doka. Misali, a Daikin Park, wanda ya zama gidan Houston Astros a shekarar 2000, Crawford Boxes a hannun hagu na fili yana da tazarar {{convert|315|ft|m|0}} kawai daga home plate.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nightengale, Bob|date=August 20, 2008|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2008-08-20-bestseats-minutemaid_N.htm|title=No. 8: Out in Left Field in Houston's Crawford Boxes|access-date=February 17, 2009|work=USA Today|archive-date=March 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310185131/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2008-08-20-bestseats-minutemaid_N.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Babu wasu dokoki ko kadan da suka shafi tsawo na katangu ko sauran gini a gefen filin waje. Mafi shaharar bangon filin waje na musamman shi ne katangar gefen hagu a Fenway Park na Boston, wanda aka fara amfani da shi tun 1912: Green Monster yana da tazarar {{convert|310|ft|m|0}} daga home plate zuwa layin kuma tsawo na {{convert|37|ft|m|0}}.<ref>Powers (2003), p. 85.</ref> Haka zalika, babu wata doka kwata-kwata game da girman yankin foul territory. Don haka samun foul fly ball na iya zama gaba daya ba a wasa ba a filin da ke da karamin fili tsakanin layukan foul da wajen kallo, amma foulout a fili mai filayen foul masu faɗi.<ref>Powers (2003), p. 219.</ref> Katanga a yankin foul da ke kusa da layin filin waje zai kasance yana tura kwallayen da suka buge shi komawa zuwa ga masu kama kwallo, yayin da wanda ke da nisa zai iya haifar da haɗari mai yawa, yayin da masu kamawa a filin waje ke gudu cikin sauri don kama kwallaye masu zurfi a kusurwa. Wadannan bambancin suna iya kawo bambanci tsakanin double da triple ko inside-the-park home run.<ref>Puhalla, Krans, and Goatley (2003), p. 198; {{cite news|author=Shaikin, Bill|date=May 27, 2006|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-27-sp-angels27-story.html|title=Guerrero Becomes Mr. Inside|access-date=February 17, 2009|work=Los Angeles Times|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728193529/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-27-sp-angels27-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tsarin filin da kansa shi ma ba a kafa masa doka ba. Yayin da hoton da ke kusa yake nuna tsarin fuskar filin na al'ada (kuma wanda kusan dukkanin kungiyoyin MLB ke amfani da shi masu filayen yanayi na dabi'a), kungiyoyi suna da 'yancin yanke shawarar wane yanki ne zai kasance yana da ciyawa ko mara ciyawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf|title=Official Rules/1.00—Objectives of the Game. (Rule 1.04)|access-date=February 2, 2009|publisher=Major League Baseball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205011325/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/01_objectives_of_the_game.pdf|archive-date=February 5, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu filaye—har da da yawa a MLB—suna amfani da artificial turf. Bambance-bambancen saman filin na iya samun tasiri sosai kan yadda tsallolin kwallaye ke kasancewa da kuma yadda ake kama su gami da tsallaken gudu na baserunning. Haka zalika, kasancewar rufin sama (mambobi bakwai na babbar lig suna gudanar da wasa a filaye masu rufi na dindindin ko masu buɗewa) na iya shafar yadda ake gudanar da fly balls sosai.<ref>{{cite news|author=Shaikin, Bill|date=October 8, 2002|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-oct-08-sp-angnote8-story.html|title=No Fly Ball Routine in Dome|access-date=February 17, 2009|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> Yayin da 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na American football da na soccer ke fuskantar irin wadannan bambance-bambance na saman fili da rufin stadium, girma da siffar filayensu an fi sa su a madaidaicin tsari sosai. Yankin waje a filin kwallon kafa ko na soccer ba ya shafar wasan kamar yadda foul territory yake yi a baseball, saboda haka bambance-bambance a wannan fuskar kusan ba su da wani tasiri.<ref>Puhalla, Krans, and Goatley (2003), p. 207.</ref> File:Red Sox Yankees Game Boston July 2012.jpg|thumb|Mai buga kwallon New York Yankees (Andruw Jones) da mai kama kwallon Boston Red Sox a Fenway Park Wadannan bambance-bambance na zahiri suna haifar da tsarin yanayin wasa na musamman a kowane filin wasa. Sauran abubuwan gida, kamar tsayin wuri sama da teku da yanayin samaniyya, na iya shafar wasan sosai. Filin wasa guda daya yana iya samun suna a matsayin pitcher's park ko hitter's park, idan daya daga cikin bangarorin biyu ya samu damar cin gajiyar yanayinsa na musamman. Filin da ya fi kowane firgita a wannan bangaren shi ne Coors Field, gidan Colorado Rockies. Tsayinsa mai nisa—{{convert|5282|ft|m|0}} sama da matakin teku—yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke ba shi karfin zama hitter's park a manyan lig saboda karancin karfin iska.<ref>Keri (2007), pp. 295–301.</ref> Wrigley Field, gidan Chicago Cubs, an san shi da saurin canjin yanayi: yana zama pitcher's park lokacin da iska mai karfi daga Lake Michigan ke busowa zuwa ciki, kuma ya koma hitter's park lokacin da iska ke busowa zuwa waje.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gilbert, Steve|date=September 30, 2008|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080930&content_id=3575106|title=Wrigley's Winds Don't Rattle Lowe|access-date=February 17, 2009|publisher=Major League Baseball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201003317/http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080930&content_id=3575106&vkey=ps2008news&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb|archive-date=December 1, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rashin samun daidaitaccen fili yana shafar ba kawai yadda wasu wasanni na musamman ke karewa ba, har ma da irin 'yan wasan da kungiya ke tara wa kanta da kuma alkaluman 'yan wasa. Misali, buga fly ball ma'aunin {{convert|330|ft|m|-1}} zuwa dama na fili na iya zama kama mai sauki a kan warning track a wani filin, yayin da zai zama home run a wani filin daban. Kungiyar da ke wasa a filin da ke da gajeren bangaren dama, kamar New York Yankees, za ta fi karkata wajen cika 'yan wasanta da hagu-masu-amfani pull hitters, wadanda za su iya cin gajiyar hakan sosai. A matakin mutum guda, dan wasan da ya shafe mafi yawan aikinsa tare da kungiyar da ke wasa a hitter's park zai samu damar haɓaka alkaluman bugawa a tsawon lokaci—kuma fiye da haka idan basirarsa tana dacewa sosai da filin.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sheinin, Dave|date=March 26, 2008|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/24/AR2008032402798.html|title=After Move, a Breaking In Process|access-date=February 17, 2009|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=May 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525165417/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/24/AR2008032402798.html|url-status=live}} See also Powers (2003), p. 85.</ref> == Statistics == Hada da tsari na wasan baseball yana karɓar amfani da alkaluma (statistics) fiye da sauran wasannin ƙungiya. Kowace hidima a wasan mai zaman kanta ce kuma tana da ƙarancin sakamakon da za a iya samu. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, wani tsohon ɗan wasan cricket, Bature Henry Chadwick na Brooklyn, shi ne ya haifar da "ƙirƙirar akwatin maki (box score), teburin matsayi, jagorar baseball na shekara-shekara, matsakaicin bugawa (batting average), da yawancin alƙaluma da teburai da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana baseball."<ref name=T16>Tygiel (2000), p. 16.</ref> Bayanan alƙaluma suna da muhimmanci sosai ga tushen tarihin wasan ta yadda aka fi sanin Chadwick da Uban Baseball (Father Baseball).<ref name=T16/> A shekarun 1920, jaridun Amurka suka soma ba da mai da hankali sosai ga alƙaluman baseball, wanda hakan ya jawo abin da ɗan jarida kuma masani kan tarihi Alan Schwarz ya bayyana a matsayin "babban canji a fannin wasanni, inda sha'awar da a da ta fi karkata kan ƙungiyoyi ta koma kan 'yan wasa guda-guda da ginshiƙan alƙalumansu."<ref>Schwarz (2004), p. 50.</ref> Dokokin Wasa na Ƙungiyar Baseball (Official Baseball Rules) da MLB ke gudanarwa suna buƙatar mai rikida maki (official scorer) ya rarrabe kowace hidima ta baseball ba tare da rarrabuwar kai ba. Dokokin suna ba da cikakken ma'auni domin haɓaka daidaito. Rahoton maki (score report) shi ne tushen hukuma na akwatin maki na wasan da kuma bayanan alƙaluma masu alaƙa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|title=Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer|access-date=February 22, 2009|publisher=Major League Baseball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|archive-date=February 24, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Banaloli, kofato, da masu neman 'yan wasa (scouts) suna amfani da alƙaluma domin ƙima 'yan wasa da yanke shawara ta dabarun wasa. File:Baseball steal.jpg|right|thumb|Rickey Henderson—shugaban kowane lokaci a manyan lig na maki da satar tushe—yana satar tushe na uku a wasan 1988 Wasu alƙaluman al'ada sun kasance sanannu ga yawancin magoya bayan baseball. Mahimman alƙaluman bugawa (batting) sun haɗa da:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|title=Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.02a, 10.04, 10.21b)|access-date=February 22, 2009|publisher=Major League Baseball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|archive-date=February 24, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> * At bats: fitowar fili, ban da tafiya (walks) da dukan ƙwallo da jiki (hit by pitch)—inda ba a jarraba ƙwararren mai bugawa sosai ba—da sadakar gudu da sadakar tashi—inda mai bugawa ke fita da gangan domin ci gaba da 'yan gudun tushe daya ko fiye. * Hits: sau nawa aka kai tushe cikin aminci, saboda ƙwallon da aka buga ta gaskiya ba tare da kuskuren kama ƙwallo ko zaɓin mai katsalandan ba (fielder's choice) * Runs: sau nawa aka kewaye tushe aka kuma isa gida cikin aminci * Runs batted in (RBIs): adadin masu gudu da suka ci maki saboda matakin mai bugawa (haɗe da mai buga ƙwallon kanta, idan an sami home run), sai dai idan mai buga ƙwallon ya fada cikin ninki biyu na fita ko kuma ya isa ta hanyar kuskure * Home runs: bugun da mai buga ƙwallo ya taɓa dukkan tushe guda huɗu cikin nasara, ba tare da gudunmawar kuskuren kama ƙwallo ba * Batting average: hits idan an kasu su da at bats—ma'auni na al'ada na ƙwarewar bugawa Mahimman alƙaluman gudu akan tushe sun haɗa da:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|title=Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.07)|access-date=February 22, 2009|publisher=Major League Baseball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|archive-date=February 24, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> * Stolen bases: sau nawa aka ci gaba zuwa tushe na gaba albarkacin ƙoƙarin mai gudun da kansa, galibi yayin da mai jefa ƙwallo ke shirye-shiryen jefawa ko kuma yake jefawa * Caught stealing: sau nawa aka taɓa mutum ya fita yayin ƙoƙarin satar tushe File:Cy young pitching.jpg|right|thumb|Cy Young—mai riƙe da lambobin tarihi da dama na babbar lig, haɗe da nasarori da innings da aka jefa, gami da rashin nasara—a shekarar 1908. Kyaututtukan shekara-shekara na MLB na mafi kyawun mai jefa ƙwallo a kowace lig ana kiransu da sunan Young. Mahimman alƙaluman jefa ƙwallo sun haɗa da:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|title=Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.15, 10.17, 10.19, 10.21a, 10.21e)|access-date=February 22, 2009|publisher=Major League Baseball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|archive-date=February 24, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> * Wins: ana ba da nasara ga mai jefa ƙwallo na ƙungiyar da ta yi nasara wanda ya kasance na ƙarshe da ya jefa ƙwallo kafin ƙungiyar ta sami jagorancin da ba ta taɓa rasawa ba (mai jefa ƙwallo na farko dole ne ya jefa aƙalla innings biyar domin ya dace da samun nasara) * Losses: ana dora rashin nasara a kan mai jefa ƙwallo na ƙungiyar da ta yi rashin nasara wanda yake jefa ƙwallo lokacin da abokan hamayya suka sami jagorancin da ba su taɓa rasawa ba * Saves: wasannin da mai jefa ƙwallo ya shiga lokacin da ƙungiyarsa ke jagoranta, ya ƙare wasan ba tare da ya rasa jagorancin ba, ba shi ne mai jefa ƙwallo mai nasara ba, kuma ɗaya daga cikin wadannan: (a) jagorancin maki uku ne ko ƙasa da haka lokacin da mai jefa ƙwallo ya shiga wasan; (b) mai yiwuwar daidaita maki yana kan tushe, yana bugawa, ko yana kan fage (on deck); ko (c) mai jefa ƙwallon ya jefa innings uku ko fiye * Innings pitched: fitar da aka yi rikodi yayin jefa ƙwallo idan an kasu su gida uku (ana yin rikodi na rabi-rabin innings a hanyar da aka saba kamar, misali, "5.2" ko "7.1", lambar ƙarshe tana wakiltar sulusi ne, ba zakoshi ba na inning) * Strikeouts: sau nawa aka jefa ƙwallaye uku masu kyau ga mai bugawa * Winning percentage: nasarori idan an kasu su da yanke shawara (nasarori haɗe da rashin nasara) * Earned run average (ERA): maki da aka yarda a ci, ban da waɗanda ke faruwa saboda kuskuren kamawa, a kowane innings tara da aka jefa Mahimman alƙaluman kamawa ko tsaron fili sun haɗa da:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|title=Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rules 10.09, 10.10, 10.12, 10.21d)|access-date=February 22, 2009|publisher=Major League Baseball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|archive-date=February 24, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> * Putouts: sau nawa mai kama ƙwallo ya kama ƙwallon da ke sama, ya taɓa ko ya tilasta fitar mai gudu, ko kuma ya haifar da fita ta kai tsaye * Assists: sau nawa aka yi rikodin fitar mai gudu ta hanyar wani mai tsaron fili biyo bayan taɓa ƙwallon da mai tsaron fili ya yi * Errors: sau nawa mai tsaron fili ya kasa yin wasan da ya kamata ya yi da ƙoƙari na gama gari, kuma ƙungiyar da ke bugawa ta sami nasara a sakamakon haka * Total chances: putouts haɗe da assists haɗe da errors * Fielding average: damammaki masu nasara (putouts haɗe da assists) idan an kasu su da jimillar damammaki (total chances) Daga cikin sauran alƙaluma da yawa da ake adanawa har da waɗanda aka fi sani da alƙaluman yanayi (situational statistics). Misali, alƙaluma na iya nuna waɗanne takamaiman masu jefa ƙwallo wani mai bugawa ke yin nasara a kansu mafi kyau. Idan wani yanayi na alƙaluma ya fifita wani mai bugawa, manajan ƙungiyar tsaron fili yana iya yiwuwa ya canza mai jefa ƙwallo ko kuma ya sa mai jefa ƙwallon ya yi gangan wuce da mai bugawa (intentional walk) domin fuskantar wanda ba shi da yiwuwar yin nasara.<ref>See, e.g., Albert, Jim, and Jay Bennett, "Situational Effects", ch. 4 in ''Curve Ball: Baseball, Statistics, and the Role of Chance in the Game'', 2d ed. (Springer, 2003), pp. 71–110.</ref> === Sabermetrics === Sabermetrics shi ne fannin nazarin alƙaluman baseball da haɓaka sabbin alƙaluma da kayan aikin bincike. Irin waɗannan sabbin alƙaluman ana kiransu sabermetrics. Bill James, wanda shi ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan fannin, ya ƙirƙiri kalmar a kusan shekara ta 1980, kuma ta samo asali ne daga Society for American Baseball Research (SABR).<ref>Gray, Scott, ''The Mind of Bill James: How a Complete Outsider Changed Baseball'' (Doubleday, 2006), p. ix.</ref> Cigaba da karbuwar sabermetrics tun farkon shekarun 1980 ya fito da mai da hankali sosai kan alƙaluman bugawa guda biyu waɗanda masu nazarin sabermetrics ke jaddada cewa su ne ma'auni mafi kyau na ƙwarewar mai bugawa fiye da matsakaicin bugawa (batting average):<ref>Guzzo (2007), pp. 20–21, 67; Schwarz (2004), p. 233; Lewis (2003), p. 127.</ref> * On-base percentage (OBP) yana auna ƙwarewar mai buga ƙwallo wajen samun isa ga tushe. Ana lissafta shi ne ta hanyar ɗaukar jimillar nasarorin mai buga ƙwallo wajen isa ga tushe (hits haɗe da walks haɗe da hit by pitches) sannan a kasu shi da jimillar fitowar fili ta mai buga ƙwallo (at bats haɗe da walks haɗe da hit by pitches haɗe da sacrifice flies), ban da sadakar bunts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|title=Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.21f)|access-date=February 22, 2009|publisher=Major League Baseball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|archive-date=February 24, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> * Slugging percentage (SLG) yana auna ƙwarewar mai buga ƙwallo wajen bugun ƙarfi. Ana lissafta shi ne ta hanyar ɗaukar jimillar tushe (total bases) na mai bugawa (ɗaya kowace single, biyu kowace double, uku kowace triple, da huɗu kowace home run) sannan a kasu shi da at bats na mai bugawar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|title=Official Rules/10.00—The Official Scorer (Rule 10.21c)|access-date=February 22, 2009|publisher=Major League Baseball|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224215917/http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/downloads/y2008/official_rules/10_the_official_scorer.pdf|archive-date=February 24, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin sabbin alƙaluman da masu nazarin sabermetrics suka ƙirƙira sun sami amfani sosai: * On-base plus slugging (OPS) yana auna gaba ɗaya ƙwarewar mai buga ƙwallo. Ana lissafta shi ta hanyar haɗa on-base percentage da slugging percentage na mai buga ƙwallon.<ref>Guzzo (2007), pp. 22, 67, 140; Schwarz (2004), p. 233.</ref> * Walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) yana auna ƙwarewar mai jefa ƙwallo wajen hana masu buga ƙwallo isa ga tushe. Ana lissafta shi ta hanyar haɗa adadin walks da hits da mai jefa ƙwallo ya yarda a yi masa, sannan a kasu da adadin innings da ya jefa.<ref>Guzzo (2007), pp. 140–141.</ref> * Wins Above Replacement (WAR) yana auna adadin ƙarin nasarorin da ƙungiyarsa ta samu sama da adadin nasarorin da ake tsammanin ƙungiyar za ta samu idan aka canje shi da dan wasa mai sauƙin sauyawa (replacement-level player).<ref>{{Cite web|title=What is WAR? {{!}} Sabermetrics Library|url=https://library.fangraphs.com/misc/war/|access-date=October 12, 2021|archive-date=October 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010010307/https://library.fangraphs.com/misc/war/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Shahara da tasirin al'ada == [[File:Waseda University baseball players.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.7|'Yan wasa biyu a ƙungiyar baseball ta Jami'ar Waseda da ke Tokyo, Japan a shekarar 1921]] Masanin falsafa Morris Raphael Cohen, yayin da yake rubutu a shekarar 1919, ya kwatanta baseball da cewa shi ne addinin ƙasa na Amurka.<ref>Cohen, Morris Raphael, "Baseball as a National Religion" (1919), in Cohen, ''The Faith of a Liberal'' (Transaction, 1993 [1946]), pp. 334–336: p. 334.</ref> A kalamai na ɗan jaridar wasanni Jayson Stark, baseball ya daɗe yana matsayin "tsantsar alamar al'adun Amurka"—matsayin da yake gani a matsayin wanda abin kunyar amfani da kwayoyi masu ƙara ƙarfi ya lalata.<ref>{{cite web |author=Stark |first=Jayson |author-link=Jayson Stark |date=February 8, 2009 |title=A-Rod Has Destroyed Game's History |url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=stark_jayson&id=3892788 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210124048/http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story?columnist=stark_jayson&id=3892788 |archive-date=February 10, 2009 |access-date=February 8, 2009 |work=ESPN.com}}</ref> Baseball yana da muhimmin wuri a sauran al'adun ƙasashe daban-daban kuma: Masani Peter Bjarkman ya bayyana "yadda wasannin ke da tushe mai zurfi a tarihi da al'adun ƙasa kamar Cuba, [da] yadda aka sake mata matsai da sake gina ta a Japan."<ref>Bjarkman (2004), p. xix.</ref> === Yammacin Duniya === Tasirin Amurka a Yammacin Duniya ya haifar da gagarumin girman baseball a yankin. ==== A Amurka ==== [[File:911 President George W. Bush at World Series, 10302001..jpg|thumb|Shugaba George W. Bush yana samun shawara kafin jefa ƙwallo ta farko ta wasa na 3 na World Series, makonni kaɗan bayan harin 11 ga Satumba]] Wasan babbar lig a Amurka da farko an nufa shi ne ga masu matsakaicin matsayi da ma'aikata: idan aka kwatanta da sauran abubuwan sha'awa na 'yan kallo, farashin tikitin da National League ta kayyade na cents 50 a shekarar 1876 ya yi yawa, yayin da wurin filayen wasa a wajen tsakiyar birni da tsara lokacin wasannin a ranakun aiki su ma sun kasance shamaki ga ma'aikata.<ref>Riess (1991), pp. 69–71.</ref> Shekaru ɗari bayan haka, halin da ake ciki ya bambanta sosai. Tare da haɓakar farin jinin sauran wasannin ƙungiya masu tsadar tikiti—kamar ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka, kwallon kwando, da hockey—baseball na ƙwararru ya kasance a tsakanin wasannin 'yan kallo na Amurka mafi farin jini ga ma'aikata.<ref>Riess (1991), pp. 247–248.</ref> Gaba ɗaya, baseball yana da masu kallo da yawa a Amurka; wani zaɓen ra'ayi na shekarar 2006 ya gano cewa kusan rabin Amurkawa magoya baya ne.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jones|first=Jeffrey M.|date=April 4, 2006|title=Nearly Half of Americans are Baseball Fans|url=http://news.gallup.com/poll/22240/nearly-half-americans-baseball-fans.aspx|access-date=May 31, 2018|publisher=Gallup|archive-date=June 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617092923/https://news.gallup.com/poll/22240/nearly-half-americans-baseball-fans.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da ba wa baseball mukamin "abin sha'awa na Amurka da aka fi so" ta wurin magoya bayan baseball da dama na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-14 |title=America's Favorite Pastime |url=https://www.archives.gov/news/topics/baseball-and-the-archives |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=National Archives |language=en |archive-date=March 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311211947/https://www.archives.gov/news/topics/baseball-and-the-archives |url-status=live }}</ref> Kamar yadda masana tarihi da masana a yanzu ke ganin gaskiyar al'amarin, baseball wata alamace ta hanyar rayuwar Amurka<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Missimer |first=Katy |date=2019-03-18 |title=American Immigration and Baseball: A Parallel Pastime |url=https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol5/iss2/5/ |journal=The Histories |volume=5 |issue=2 |archive-date=August 7, 2024 |access-date=October 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807004254/https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol5/iss2/5/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1900 da farkon 2000s, matsayin baseball idan aka kwatanta da ƙwallon ƙafa a Amurka ya motsa a fannoni masu karo da juna. A shekara ta 2008, MLB ta kafa tarihin samun kuɗaɗe na dala biliyan 6.5, wanda ya yi daidai da samun kuɗaɗen NFL a karon farko cikin shekaru da dama.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kercheval, Nancy|date=October 1, 2008|title=Major League Baseball Revenue Reaches Record, Attendance Falls|publisher=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=asFEMjfiKA5s|url-status=dead|access-date=February 8, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629051650/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=asFEMjfiKA5s|archive-date=June 29, 2011}} {{cite news|author=Battista, Judy|date=December 9, 2008|title=Feeling Pinch, N.F.L. Will Cut About 150 Jobs|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/10/sports/football/10nfl.html|access-date=February 8, 2009}} {{cite web|author=Haudricourt, Tom|date=October 20, 2007|title=Bases Loaded|url=http://www.jsonline.com/sports/brewers/29405374.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706194429/http://www.jsonline.com/sports/brewers/29405374.html|archive-date=July 6, 2009|access-date=February 8, 2009|work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel}}</ref> Sabon tarihin kuɗaɗen MLB na fiye da dala biliyan 10 an kafa shi ne a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 22, 2017|title=Report: MLB revenues exceed $10 billion for the first time|work=USA Today|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/mlb/2017/11/22/mlb-revenues-exceed-10-billion/890041001/|access-date=March 27, 2018}}</ref> A gefe guda kuma, kason magoya bayan wasannin Amurka da aka amsa zaɓen ra'ayinsu waɗanda suka bayyana baseball a matsayin wasansu mafi farin jini ya kasance 9%, idan aka kwatanta da ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru a kan 37%.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bonesteel|first=Matt|date=January 10, 2018|title=Despite all the bad news, poll shows football still is America's favorite sport by a wide margin|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/01/10/despite-all-the-bad-news-poll-shows-football-still-is-americas-favorite-sport-by-a-wide-margin/|access-date=March 27, 2018|archive-date=March 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102734/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/early-lead/wp/2018/01/10/despite-all-the-bad-news-poll-shows-football-still-is-americas-favorite-sport-by-a-wide-margin/|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 1985, adadin ya kasance ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru 24%, baseball 23%.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 27, 2009|title=Professional Football Continues Dominance over Baseball as America's Favorite Sport|url=http://www.allbusiness.com/sports-recreation/sports-games-outdoor/11762627-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110073300/http://www.allbusiness.com/sports-recreation/sports-games-outdoor/11762627-1.html|archive-date=January 10, 2011|access-date=September 15, 2010|work=Business Wire|publisher=AllBusiness}}</ref> Saboda ana yin wasannin babbar lig da yawa, babu kwatanta a jimillar halartar 'yan kallo.<ref>{{cite news|last=McGinty|first=Jo Craven|date=April 10, 2015|title=Popularity Contest: Baseball vs. Football|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/popularity-contest-baseball-vs-football-1428679449|url-access=subscription|access-date=May 18, 2018|archive-date=September 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903113149/https://www.wsj.com/articles/popularity-contest-baseball-vs-football-1428679449|url-status=live}}</ref> A shekarar 2008, jimillar 'yan kallo a wasannin babbar lig ita ce ta biyu mafi yawa a tarihi: miliyan 78.6, wato 0.7% ƙasa da tarihin da aka kafa a shekarar da ta gabata.<ref name="MajorAtRec" /> A shekara mai zuwa, tsakanin koma-bayan tattalin arziƙin Amurka, halartar 'yan kallo ta ragu da 6.6% zuwa miliyan 73.4.<ref name="Brown10">{{cite web|author=Brown, Maury|date=February 25, 2010|title=MLB Sees a Record $6.6 Billion in Revenues for 2009|url=http://www.bizofbaseball.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4124:mlb-sees-a-record-66-billion-in-revenues-for-2009&catid=30:mlb-news&Itemid=42|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027080204/http://bizofbaseball.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4124%3Amlb-sees-a-record-66-billion-in-revenues-for-2009&catid=30%3Amlb-news&Itemid=42|archive-date=October 27, 2010|access-date=September 17, 2010|publisher=Biz of Baseball}}</ref> Shekaru takwas bayan haka, ta sami raguwa ƙasa da miliyan 73.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jeff Passan|date=April 16, 2018|title=10 Degrees: MLB's enormous attendance drop due to bad weather or something far worse for baseball?|work=Yahoo Sports|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/10-degrees-mlbs-enormous-attendance-drop-due-bad-weather-something-far-worse-baseball-152051024.html|access-date=June 16, 2018|archive-date=June 17, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617043342/https://sports.yahoo.com/10-degrees-mlbs-enormous-attendance-drop-due-bad-weather-something-far-worse-baseball-152051024.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Halartar wasannin da aka gudanar a ƙarƙashin inuwar Minor League Baseball ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 2008, da mutane miliyan 43.3.<ref>{{cite web|date=September 9, 2015|title=Minor League attendance tops 42.5 million|url=https://www.milb.com/milb/news/gcs-148297748|access-date=June 16, 2018|publisher=Minor League Baseball|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308154434/https://www.milb.com/milb/news/gcs-148297748|url-status=live}}</ref> Duk da cewa wasannin MLB ba su sami adadin masu kallo a gidan talabijin na ƙasa kamar wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa ba, wasannin MLB suna da fifiko sosai a kasuwannin gida na ƙungiyoyin kuma a kai a kai suna gaban duk shirye-shiryen firam-taim a kasuwanninsu a lokacin rani.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hayes|first1=Dade|date=February 14, 2020|title=Baseball Returns As Playoff Format Debate, Houston Astros Cheating Scandal Raise Questions About Future Of ESPN, Turner TV Rights|work=Deadline|url=https://deadline.com/2020/02/baseball-houston-astros-playoff-format-changes-tv-rights-1202859213/|access-date=October 29, 2020|archive-date=August 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817172853/https://deadline.com/2020/02/baseball-houston-astros-playoff-format-changes-tv-rights-1202859213/|url-status=live}}</ref> Bayan shekaru da dama na raguwa tun daga shekarar 2017, halartar wasannin baseball ta ƙaru kaɗan a shekarun baya-bayan nan. A shekarar 2024, halartar ta kasance miliyan 71.3, wanda shi ne mafi girma tun daga 2017.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 1, 2024|title=MLB Finishes 2024 Season With Highest Attendance in Seven Years|work=Major League Baseball|url=https://www.mlb.com/press-release/press-release-mlb-finishes-2024-season-with-highest-attendance-in-seven-years|access-date=May 10, 2025}}</ref> ==== Latin Amerika ==== Baseball yana da farin jini sosai a Venezuela; a shekarar 2011, kashi 95% na mutanen da aka zaɓa sun yi ikirarin cewa shi ne wasan ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lang |first=Jack |title=Baseball is Venezuela's national sport – but the 2024 Copa America shows why that might be changing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5615753/2024/07/05/venezuela-copa-america-baseball-soccer/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |work=The New York Times |date=July 10, 2024 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705130438/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5615753/2024/07/05/venezuela-copa-america-baseball-soccer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A Nicaragua da Panama, ana ɗaukar baseball a matsayin wasan ƙasar ma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adler |first=David |date=March 7, 2023 |title=The history of baseball in Nicaragua |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/featured/nicaragua-baseball-history |access-date=May 10, 2025 |website=Major League Baseball |language=en |archive-date=July 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701022418/https://www.mlb.com/news/featured/nicaragua-baseball-history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2025 |title=Over 200K fans show up for Panama's U-18 National Baseball Championship as Coclé repeats championship run |url=https://www.wbsc.org/en/news/over-200k-fans-show-up-for-panamas-u-18-national-baseball-championship-as-cocle-repeats-championship-run |access-date=May 10, 2025 |website=WBSC |language=en |archive-date=March 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318164819/https://www.wbsc.org/en/news/over-200k-fans-show-up-for-panamas-u-18-national-baseball-championship-as-cocle-repeats-championship-run |url-status=live }}</ref> Koda yake ƙwallon ƙafa ne har yanzu mafi farin jini, baseball wasa ne mai hanzarin haɓaka a Mexico. A shekarar 2024, manyan ƙungiyoyin baseball na Lig ɗin Mexico sun zarce sauran ƙungiyoyin Liga MX a adadin halartar 'yan kallo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rodriguez|first=Carlos|date=April 16, 2025|title=Mexican Baseball League eager to build on growing attendance|url=https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2025/apr/16/mexican-baseball-league-eager-to-build-on-growing/|access-date=April 16, 2025|website=Chattanooga Time Free Press|language=en|archive-date=April 18, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418210646/https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2025/apr/16/mexican-baseball-league-eager-to-build-on-growing/|url-status=live}}</ref> Baseball kuma yana da 'yan farin jini a Colombia, koda yake na biyu ne ga ƙwallon ƙafa, musamman a yankunan teku kamar Barranquilla da Cartagena waɗanda ke kusa da Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul Morosi |first=Jon |date=September 24, 2020 |title=Next baseball juggernaut? Colombia has case |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/colombia-becoming-baseball-powerhouse |access-date=May 10, 2025 |website=MLB.com}}</ref> A shekarun baya-bayan nan, baseball ya samun haɓakar farin jini a Colombia, musamman a babban birnin Bogota, sakamakon ƙaruwar baƙi 'yan cirani daga Venezuela.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wagner|first=James|date=November 24, 2023|title=Baseball Flourishes in Colombia's Capital. But Not Because of Colombians|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/sports/baseball/baseball-colombia-bogota-venezuela.html|access-date=May 10, 2025|website=The New York Times|language=en|archive-date=August 16, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816155524/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/24/sports/baseball/baseball-colombia-bogota-venezuela.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A Brazil, farin jinin magoya bayan baseball ya ƙaru a shekarun baya-bayan nan, albarkacin watsa shirye-shiryen MLB a ESPN na Brazil da kuma lambar azurfa ta tarihi a wasannin Pan-American na 2023. Sai dai har yanzu yana baya ga ƙwallon ƙwando da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka a jerin wasannin da aka fi yi a Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pessôa |first=Lucas |title=Impulsionado por força econômica da MLB, beisebol mira expansão no Brasil |trans-title=Driven by MLB's economic strength, Baseball aims for expansion in Brazil |url=https://www.lance.com.br/lancebiz/mercado-do-esporte/pais-do-beisebol-impulsionado-por-forca-economica-da-mlb-esporte-mira-expansao-no-brasil.html |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Lance! |language=pt-br |archive-date=January 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110120819/https://www.lance.com.br/lancebiz/mercado-do-esporte/pais-do-beisebol-impulsionado-por-forca-economica-da-mlb-esporte-mira-expansao-no-brasil.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kobayashi Deckrow |first=Andre |date=2023-10-23 |title=How Baseball Became Brazilian |url=https://defector.com/how-baseball-became-brazilian |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=Defector}}</ref> Baseball kuma ya haɓaka wajen farin jini a Argentina da Peru a shekarun baya-bayan nan sakamakon baƙi 'yan cirani na Venezuela.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zea |first=Tibisay |date=June 24, 2024 |title=Baseball rises in Argentina thanks to Venezuelan migration |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2024/06/24/baseball-rises-in-argentina-thanks-to-venezuelan-migration |access-date=May 10, 2025 |website=The World |language=en |archive-date=July 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708044918/https://theworld.org/stories/2024/06/24/baseball-rises-in-argentina-thanks-to-venezuelan-migration |url-status=live }}</ref> Costa Rica ita ma ta ga haɓakar farin jinin baseball. Tun daga shekarar 1987, ana ƙera ƙwallayen baseball na musamman ne a garin Turrialba na ƙasar Costa Rica.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Llorca Castro|first=Fernando|date=October 25, 2021|title=Turrialba Makes, the World Series Takes|url=https://www.wsj.com/opinion/turrialba-makes-the-world-series-takes-baseball-costa-rica-11635195464|access-date=May 10, 2025|website=The Wall Street Journal|language=en|archive-date=August 16, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816110500/https://www.wsj.com/opinion/turrialba-makes-the-world-series-takes-baseball-costa-rica-11635195464|url-status=live}}</ref> Ana kuma yin wasan baseball a Honduras. A shekarun baya-bayan nan, dan wasan babbar lig Mauricio Dubón ya yi ƙoƙari wajen haɓaka tallafi ga wasan a ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rome|first=Chandler|date=March 8, 2023 |title=Flag bearers: Houston's Mauricio Dubón and Bligh Madris are face of baseball in Honduras, Palau|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/texas-sports-nation/astros/article/honduras-mauricio-dubon-palau-bligh-madris-astros-17826867.php |access-date=September 3, 2025 |website=Houston Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> Gaba ɗaya farin jinin wasan a Latin Amurka ya taimaka wajen haɗa baƙi 'yan cirani na Latin Amurka zuwa Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chamberlain |first=Craig |date=2020-10-12 |title=Capturing the story of Latinos and baseball |url=https://las.illinois.edu/news/2020-10-12/capturing-story-latinos-and-baseball |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=College of Liberal Arts & Sciences at Illinois |archive-date=December 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226004224/https://las.illinois.edu/news/2020-10-12/capturing-story-latinos-and-baseball |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Karibiyan ==== Tun farkon shekarun 1980, Jamhuriyar Dominika, musamman birnin San Pedro de Macorís, ita ce babban tushen samun kwararrun 'yan wasa daga kasashen waje na manyan lig-lig.<ref>Bjarkman (2004), pp. 159–165.</ref> A shekara ta 2017, 'yan wasa 83 daga cikin 868 da ke kan jerin 'yan wasan MLB na Ranar Bude Kaka (da kuma jerin wadanda ke jinya) sun fito ne daga kasar. Daga cikin sauran kasashe da yankuna na Karibiyan, jimillar 'yan wasa 97 na MLB an haife su ne a tsibirin Venezuela, Cuba, da Puerto Rico.<ref>{{cite web|title=Opening Day Rosters Feature 230 Players Born Outside the U.S.|date=April 6, 2015 |publisher=Major League Baseball|url=https://www.mlb.com/news/opening-day-rosters-feature-230-players-born-outside-the-us/c-116591920|access-date=April 24, 2018}}</ref> Dan wasan Hall-of-Fame Roberto Clemente ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan gwarazan kasan Puerto Rico.<ref>Bjarkman (2004), p. 487.</ref> Yayin da wasan baseball ya dade yana kasancewa babban wasan motsa jiki na tsibirin, gagarumin wasan kwararru na lokacin sanyi wanda aka saba halarta sosai ya fada a farin jini tun daga shekara ta 1990, lokacin da aka fara shigar da matasa 'yan wasan Puerto Rico a cikin tsarin zaɓen 'yan wasa na shekara-shekara na manyan lig-lig.<ref>{{cite news|author=Castillo, Jorge|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/sports/baseball/puerto-rico-traces-decline-in-prospects-to-inclusion-in-the-baseball-draft.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/sports/baseball/puerto-rico-traces-decline-in-prospects-to-inclusion-in-the-baseball-draft.html |archive-date=January 1, 2022 |url-access=limited|title=Puerto Rico Traces Baseball's Slide to the Draft|date=January 16, 2012|access-date=January 25, 2012|work=The New York Times}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A Cuba, inda aka dauki baseball a matsayin wasan kasan ta kowace fuska,<ref>González Echevarría (2001), pp. 76, 133, 278–279, 352.</ref> kungiyar kasan ta kan rufe martabar kungiyoyin birane da na larduna wadanda ke taka leda a lig-lig na cikin gida na matakin koli.<ref name="WW">{{cite news |author=Weissert, Will |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Cubans' Baseball Dreams Take Root on Rocky Fields |work=USA Today |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2009-03-05-3277668016_x.htm |access-date=April 28, 2009 |archive-date=March 10, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310031255/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/2009-03-05-3277668016_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Baseball kuma yana daya daga cikin wasanni mafi farin jini a Aruba da Curaçao,<ref>{{cite news |last=Belson |first=Ken |date=March 7, 2017 |title=With Talent From Two Small Islands, the Netherlands Is a W.B.C. Favorite |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/07/sports/baseball/wbc-netherlands-win.html |access-date=May 10, 2025 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022853/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/07/sports/baseball/wbc-netherlands-win.html |url-status=live }}</ref> sannan wasa ne mai hahabawa a The Bahamas da US Virgin Islands.<ref>{{cite news|last=Yates|first=Clinton|date=January 24, 2022|title=Baseball and the Bahamas: A deeper bond than you may realize|work=Andscape|url=https://andscape.com/features/baseball-and-the-bahamas-a-deeper-bond-than-you-may-realize/|access-date=May 10, 2025|archive-date=August 15, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815224911/https://andscape.com/features/baseball-and-the-bahamas-a-deeper-bond-than-you-may-realize/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Clendinen Jr.|first1=Cletis A.|last2=Harrigan Sr|first2=Ronald E.|date=January 19, 2017 |title=Baseball comes to the DWI and the USVI |work=The Virgin Islands Daily News|url=https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/news/baseball-comes-to-the-dwi-and-the-usvi/article_8372f8bb-3612-54db-91c3-d5bce568e0b4.html/ |access-date=September 3, 2025}}</ref> === Asiya === [[File:Afghan girl playing baseball in 2002.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Wata yarinyar Afganistan tana yin wasan baseball a watan Agusta 2002]] A Gabashin Asiya, baseball yana daya daga cikin wasanni mafi farin jini a Japan,<ref>{{cite news |author=Hernandez, Dylan |date=March 21, 2017 |title=World Baseball Classic keeps sport relevant in Japan |url=http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-us-japan-hernandez-20170321-story.html |access-date=April 26, 2018 |work=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=March 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331233138/http://www.latimes.com/sports/la-sp-us-japan-hernandez-20170321-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{Cite news |title=A Cultural Exploration of Baseball in Taiwan |url=https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=3729 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704221715/https://english.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=3729 |archive-date=July 4, 2024 |access-date=2025-01-10 |work=CommonWealth Magazine |language=zh-TW |url-status=live }}</ref> da Koriya ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Korea baseball history |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/featured/south-korea-baseball-history |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=MLB.com |language=en |archive-date=January 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110120820/https://www.mlb.com/news/featured/south-korea-baseball-history |url-status=live }}</ref> A Japan, inda baseball ba shakka shi ne babban wasan kungiya da ake kallo, jimillar kudaden shiga na kungiyoyi goma sha biyu na Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB), wato hukumar da ke kula da Lig-lig na tsakiya da na Pacific, an kimanta su a kan dalar Amurka biliyan 1 a shekara ta 2007. Jimillar masu kallo na NPB a waccan shekarar ya kai kusan miliyan 20. Yayin da a cikin shekaru duba biyu da suka gabata, halartar kallo a MLB ta karu da kashi 50 cikin dari sannan kudaden shiga suka nunka kusa sau uku, alkaluman NPB makamancin haka sun tsaya cik ne. Akwai damuwa cewa karuwar sha'awar MLB na sayen fitattun 'yan wasan Japan zai cutar da wasan a kasar su.<ref name=RW>{{Cite news|author=Whiting, Robert|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2007/04/11/baseball/is-the-mlb-destroying-japans-national-pastime/|title=Is the MLB Destroying Japan's National Pastime?|date=April 11, 2007|access-date=February 8, 2009|work=The Japan Times|archive-date=November 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102110936/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2007/04/11/baseball/is-the-mlb-destroying-japans-national-pastime/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ba a bayyana alkaluman kudaden shiga na tsarin 'yan wasan da ba kwararru ba na kasar. Hakazalika, bisa ga wata sanarwa ta hukuma, hukumar da ke kula da wasan "ba ta taba yin la'akari da adadin halartar kallo ba... saboda mafi girman sha'awarta a koda yaushe ita ce bunkasa 'yan wasa".<ref>González Echevarría (2001), p. 366.</ref> A Taiwan, baseball yana daya daga cikin wasanni da aka fi kallo a gidan talabijin da kuma ido da ido. <ref name="Taiwan Culture Portal">{{Cite web |last=Yeh |first=Joseph |date=September 30, 2008 |title=Taiwan Baseball a new rallying point for national pride |url=http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=918&Itemid=157 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712193311/http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=918&Itemid=157 |archive-date=July 12, 2015 |access-date= May 1, 2022}}</ref> Baseball ya bunkasa sosai a kasar Sin a shekarun baya-bayan nan, inda MLB ta yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2019 cewa akwai masoya wasan miliyan 21 a kasar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Feature: China sees growing youthful exuberance on baseball diamond -Xinhua |url=https://english.news.cn/20231024/88327d19144e4ada846036e80a00365d/c.html |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=english.news.cn |archive-date=December 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201212202/https://english.news.cn/20231024/88327d19144e4ada846036e80a00365d/c.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An dauki baseball a matsayin babban wasan kasan Philippines a shekarun 1960 da 70, amma tun daga lokacin farin jinin wasan ya ragu. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, an yi kokari wajen farfado da wasan a kasar.<ref name="renaissance">{{cite web |last1=Fidler |first1=Gabriel |title=Philippines Preparing for Baseball Renaissance |url=https://www.mister-baseball.com/philippines-preparing-baseball-renaissance/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503194745/https://www.mister-baseball.com/philippines-preparing-baseball-renaissance/ |archive-date= 2014-05-03|accessdate=July 8, 2014 |website=Mister Baseball |ref=November 12, 2012}}</ref> Baseball ya samu karuwar farin jini a Thailand biyo bayan samun lambar azurfa da kasashen suka yi a wasan baseball a Wasannin SEA na 2025, wadanda aka karbi bakuncinsu a Thailand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baseball takes spotlight at 33rd SEA Games in Thailand |url=https://e.vnexpress.net/news/sports/other-sports/baseball-takes-spotlight-at-33rd-sea-games-in-thailand-4993393.html |accessdate=December 15, 2025 |website=VN Express International |date=December 12, 2025}}</ref> === Turai === [[File:Tigers2017Champions.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|Kungiyar Tampere Tigers tana bikin lashe taken 2017 a Turku, Finland]] Gaba daya baseball kankani wasa ne a Turai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stangler|first=Cole|title=Does Baseball Have a Future in Europe?|url=https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/ducks-over-pond|website=Commonweal|date=July 6, 2019|access-date=May 11, 2025|archive-date=August 16, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816142725/https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/ducks-over-pond|url-status=live}}</ref> Sai dai kuma, baseball yana da dan karbuwa a kasar Netherlands, inda aka fi saninsa da honkbal, sakamakon tasirin Amurka bayan Wakin Duniya na II da kuma ikon Masarautar a kan Aruba da Curaçao inda shi ne wasa mafi farin jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagliabue|first=John|title=In Netherlands, Soccer Is King, but Baseball Eyes Crown|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/world/europe/21dutch.html |website=The New York Times|date=May 21, 2008|access-date=May 11, 2025}}</ref> Baseball kuma yana da dan farin jini a yankunan Italiya, musamman a garin Nettuno, saboda tasirin sojojin Amurka bayan Yakin Duniya na II.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Monagan|first=Matt|title=The seaside Italian town obsessed with baseball|url=https://www.mlb.com/news/the-italian-town-obsessed-with-baseball|website=Major League Baseball|date=March 1, 2023|access-date=May 11, 2025|archive-date=June 19, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619050806/https://www.mlb.com/news/the-italian-town-obsessed-with-baseball|url-status=live}}</ref> Baseball ya bunkasa a shekarun baya-bayan nan a Jamhuriyar Czech, saboda rabin nasarar da kungiyar Czech ta samu a Wasan Classic na Baseball na Duniya na 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wisniewski|first1=Emilia|last2=Durben|first2=Alexa|title=Czech national baseball team expands its family of supporters|url=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/sports/college/university-of-tennessee/2024/10/01/czech-national-baseball-team-expands-its-family-of-supporters/75147268007/ |website=Knoxville News Sentinel|date=October 1, 2024|access-date=May 11, 2025}}</ref> === Oşiniya === Baseball yana daya daga cikin wasanni mafi farin jini a Palau da Guam.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sepe-Chepuru |first1=Shanthi |title=Madris makes history as MLB's first player from Palau |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/bligh-madris-first-palauan-player-in-majors |access-date=June 21, 2022 |work=MLB.com |date=June 21, 2022 |archive-date=April 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403223031/https://www.mlb.com/news/bligh-madris-first-palauan-player-in-majors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Exploring the Fascinating World of Guam's Most Popular Sport |url=https://guamportal.com/blog/exploring-the-fascinating-world-of-guams-most-popular-sport |access-date=September 3, 2025 |work=Guam Portal |date=January 17, 2025 |archive-date=July 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250720123119/https://guamportal.com/blog/exploring-the-fascinating-world-of-guams-most-popular-sport |url-status=live }}</ref> A Ostraliya, baseball wasa ne na wani tsaitin mutane amma kasar tana da lig na kwararru. Saboda ana buga lig din a lokacin sanyi na yankin yammacin duniya, yana janyo hankalin kwararrun 'yan wasan Amurka da Koriya masu son buga wasan baseball na lig na lokacin sanyi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garro|first=Adrian|title='Something in the water': What makes Australian baseball so special?|url=https://www.mlb.com/news/australian-baseball-league-and-what-makes-it-special |website=Major League Baseball|date=March 27, 2024|access-date=May 11, 2025}}</ref> A shekara ta 2026, akwai 'yan Ostraliya fiye da 30 da ke buga wasan baseball na kwaleji a Amurka idan aka kwanta da mutum shida a shekara ta 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Diamond|first=Jared|title=The Big-Hitting Aussie Who’s Become the Breakout Star of the World Baseball Classic|url=https://www.wsj.com/sports/baseball/travis-bazzana-world-baseball-classic-australia-d4507883|website=Wall Street Journal|date=March 8, 2026|access-date=March 8, 2026}}</ref> === Afirka === Baseball karamin wasa ne a Afirka amma ya fi farin jini a Afirka ta Kudu da Uganda, tare da shirye-shirye masu bunkasa a Zimbabwe, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzaniya, da Nijeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ロス五輪目指すナイジェリア友成晋也監督「海外組」スカウトへ全国を走り回る／連載|url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/09c1d1b6f98d4a7f5ce34a5fcaec007f2a3836b5|website=Yahoo! Japan|date=July 16, 2026|access-date=July 16, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716095004/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/09c1d1b6f98d4a7f5ce34a5fcaec007f2a3836b5|archive-date=July 16, 2026|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kungiyar Dodgers tana gudanar da babbar makarantar horar da baseball a Mpigi, Uganda, kuma akwai shirye-shiryen baseball a Luwero, Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Presto|first=Greg|title=On the banks of the Nile in Uganda, a Pirates prospect's major-league dream begins|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6064063/2025/01/16/pirates-pittsburgh-uganda-armstrong-muhoozi/|website=The Athletic|date=January 16, 2025|access-date=September 3, 2025|archive-date=March 23, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323013940/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6064063/2025/01/16/pirates-pittsburgh-uganda-armstrong-muhoozi/|url-status=live}}</ref> Haka kuma akwai Makarantar Horar da Baseball ta Afirka a Nairobi, Nijeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Obi|first=Emeka|title=Cal Raleigh's MLB Hype Sparks Debate in Nigeria|url=https://goodeveningnigeria.com/2026/04/21/cal-raleighs-mlb-hype-sparks-debate-in-nigeria/|website=Good Evening Nigeria|date=April 21, 2026|access-date=May 14, 2026}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Baseball ya shahara a Afirka ta Kudu kafin Yakin Duniya na 2 amma tun daga lokacin farin jinin ya ragu. Har yanzu akwai kungiyoyi da kokarin daukaka farin jinin baseball a kasar, gami da gabatar da Wasannin Baseball5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sithole|first=Wendy|title=How SA Baseball is fighting for a future|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/north-glen-news/news-headlines/local-news/2025/05/10/how-sa-baseball-is-fighting-for-a-future/ |website=Northglen News|date=May 10, 2025|access-date=September 3, 2025}}</ref> Akwai shirin baseball mai bunkasa a Sudan ta Kudu, wanda ya haifar da samun kwangilolin kwararru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Sudan Baseball and Softball Association Joins the World Baseball and Softball Confederation (WBSC)|url=https://thedawn.com.ss/2025/10/27/south-sudan-baseball-and-softball-association-joins-the-world-baseball-and-softball-confederation-wbsc/|website=The Dawn|date=October 27, 2025|access-date=December 2, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202160238/https://thedawn.com.ss/2025/10/27/south-sudan-baseball-and-softball-association-joins-the-world-baseball-and-softball-confederation-wbsc/|archive-date=December 2, 2025|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gidauniyar Baseball & Softball ta Japan-Afirka ta kirkiri gasannin baseball na sakandare na Koshien a Tanzaniya, Ghana da Kenya, inda Tanzaniya ta kasance mafi nasara. Akwai sauran tsare-tsare na gudanar da irin wadannan gasanni a Nijeriya, Sudan ta Kudu, Benin, Kamaru da Zambiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Over 200 athletes participate in Koshien Baseball Softball project in Tanzania|url=https://www.wbsc.org/en/news/over-200-athletes-participate-in-koshien-baseball-softball-project-2025-tanzania |website=WBSC|date=February 2, 2025|access-date=December 2, 2025}}</ref> === Tsakanin yara === {{as of|2024}}, Wasannin Baseball na Little League suna kula da lig-lig tare da mambobi miliyan 2 a kasashe fiye da 80.<ref>{{cite web |year=2024 |title=Little League Baseball World Series Media Guide |url=https://www.littleleague.org/downloads/2024-llbws-media-guide/ |access-date= |publisher=Little League Baseball |page=14 |archive-date=2024-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826031508/https://www.littleleague.org/downloads/2024-llbws-media-guide/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adadin 'yan wasan ya ragu tun daga shekarun 1990, lokacin da yara miliyan 3 ke shiga cikin Wasannin Baseball na Little League kowace shekara.<ref>{{cite news|author=Fisher, Mark|title=Baseball is struggling to hook kids – and risks losing fans to other sports|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=April 5, 2015|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/nationals/baseballs-trouble-with-the-youth-curve--and-what-that-means-for-the-game/2015/04/05/2da36dca-d7e8-11e4-8103-fa84725dbf9d_story.html|access-date=April 30, 2018|archive-date=July 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709031628/https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/nationals/baseballs-trouble-with-the-youth-curve--and-what-that-means-for-the-game/2015/04/05/2da36dca-d7e8-11e4-8103-fa84725dbf9d_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kungiyoyin Babe Ruth League suna da mambobi sama da miliyan 1.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Babe Ruth League Program|url=https://www.baberuthleague.org/history.aspx|publisher=Babe Ruth League Online|access-date=April 10, 2018|archive-date=September 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929080218/https://www.baberuthleague.org/history.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> A cewar shugaban Hukumar Baseball ta Kasa da Kasa a shekara ta 2009, mata da 'yan mata tsakanin 300,000 zuwa 500,000 suna buga wasan baseball a daukacin duniya, gami da Little League da wasan kaddamarwa na Tee Ball.<ref>{{cite news|author=Frommer, Frederic J|url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/2009-04-06-2437047144_x.htm|title=Baseball to Add Women to Olympic Bid|date=April 6, 2009|access-date=April 29, 2009|agency=Associated Press|work=USA Today}}</ref> Kungiyar baseball na makarantu tana kasancewa tabbataccen bangare na sashen ilimin motsa jiki a yawancin makarantun sakandare da kwalejoji a Amurka.<ref name=MB>{{cite web|author=Bradford, Marcia|title=Expanding Opportunities on the Ball Fields|url=http://www.sportseventsmagazine.com/article/baseballsoftball/207/|work=SportsEvents Magazine|year=2008|access-date=May 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209193735/http://www.sportseventsmagazine.com/article/baseballsoftball/207/|archive-date=February 9, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, kusan dalibai miliyan rabin na makarantun sakandare da dalibai fiye da 34,000 na kwaleji sun taka leda a kungiyoyin baseball na makarantunsu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Estimated probability of competing in college athletics|publisher=National Collegiate Athletic Association|url=https://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics|access-date=April 22, 2018|date=March 2, 2015|archive-date=April 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423035501/http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/research/estimated-probability-competing-college-athletics|url-status=live}}</ref> A farkon karni ta 20, wasan baseball na tsakanin kwalejoji shi ne babban wasa a Japan. A yau, wasan baseball na makarantun sakandare musamman yana da matakar farin jini a can.<ref>Bjarkman (2004), p. xxiv; Gmelch (2006), pp. 23, 53.</ref> Zagaye na karshe na gasanni biyu na shekara-shekara—wato Gasar Wasannin Baseball ta Makarantun Sakandare na Kasa da ake gudanarwa a lokacin bazara, da kuma gagarumar Gasar Zakarun Baseball ta Makarantun Sakandare na Kasa a lokacin rani—ana yada su a fadin kasar. Ana kiran gasannin guda biyu, bi da bi, Koshien na Bazara da Koshien na Rani bayan Filin Wasa na Koshien mai cin mutum 55,000 inda ake buga wasanni === A al'adun da aka fi sani === [[File:Honus wagner t206 baseball card.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Layin katunan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na American Tobacco Company ya nuna ɗan wasa Honus Wagner na ƙungiyar Pittsburgh Pirates daga shekarar 1909 zuwa 1911. A shekara ta 2007, an sayar da katunan da aka nuna a nan akan dalar Amurka miliyan 2.8.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/mlb/news/story?id=3007893|title=Honus Wagner Card Sells for Record $2.8 Million|agency=Associated Press|publisher=ESPN|date=September 6, 2007|access-date=May 3, 2009}}</ref>]] Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na baseball ya sami gagarumin tasiri a kan al'adun da aka fi sani, duka a Amurka da sauran ƙasashe. Parurukan karin magana na harshen Turanci an samo su ne daga wasan baseball; musamman ma, wasan shine tushen yawancin kalmomin aro da ake amfani da su wajen yin saɓani kan jinsi.<ref>Kte'pi (2009), p. 66.</ref> Yaɗa shirye-shiryen rediyo na farko da aka haɗa a Arewacin Amurka shine na World Series na shekarar 1922: sanannen ɗan jaridar wasanni Grantland Rice ya ba da labarin wasa-da-wasa daga Polo Grounds na Birnin New York a gidan rediyon WJZ–Newark, New Jersey, wanda aka haɗa ta waya zuwa WGY–Schenectady, New York, da WBZ–Springfield, Massachusetts.<ref>Rudel (2008), pp. 145–146.</ref> Kwalfa ko huluna na baseball ta zama sifar salon tufafi da aka fi sani ba kawai a Amurka da Japan ba, har ma a ƙasashen da wasan kansa ba shi da farin jini sosai, kamar Birtaniya.<ref>{{cite web|author=Lam, Andrew|url=http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Too-much-self-esteem-spoils-your-child-2552521.php|title=Too Much Self Esteem Spoils Your Child|publisher=New America Media|date=July 6, 2007|access-date=May 2, 2009|archive-date=July 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703113756/http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/Too-much-self-esteem-spoils-your-child-2552521.php|url-status=live}} {{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3660333.stm|title=Happy 50th, Baseball Caps|work=BBC News|date=April 27, 2004|access-date=May 2, 2009|archive-date=August 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827140836/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3660333.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Baseball ya yi wahayi zuwa ga ayyukan fasaha da nishaɗi da dama. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan misalan farko, waƙar Ernest Thayer mai suna "Casey at the Bat", ta bayyana a shekarar 1888; bayanin ba'a game da rashin nasarar babban ɗan wasa a abin da yanzu za a kira shi "yanayin mawuyaci", waƙar ta zama tushen shirye-shiryen vaudeville da sauran ayyukan dandamali, naɗar sauti, daidaitawar fina-finai, da opera, gami da ma'anar ci gaba da ba'a a gidajen watsa labarai daban-daban. An sami finafinai da dama na baseball, har da wanda ya lashe kyautar Academy Award, The Pride of the Yankees (1942) da kuma waɗanda aka zaɓa don samun lambar yabo ta Oscar, The Natural (1984) da Field of Dreams (1989). Zaɓin American Film Institute na fina-finan wasanni goma mafi kyau ya haɗa da The Pride of the Yankees a lamba 3 da Bull Durham (1988) a lamba 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/10top10/sports.html|title=AFI 10 Top 10—Top 10 Sports|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|date=June 17, 2008|access-date=May 2, 2009|archive-date=August 10, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810160512/http://www.afi.com/10top10/sports.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Baseball ya ba da abubuwa na jigon gudanarwa don manyan nasarori a duka dandamali—wasan kwaikwayo na Adler–Ross mai suna Damn Yankees—da waƙoƙi—"Slide, Kelly, Slide" na George J. Gaskin, "Mrs. Robinson" na Simon and Garfunkel, da "Centerfield" na John Fogerty.<ref>Zoss (2004), pp. 373–374.</ref> Barkwancin barkwanci mai wahayi daga baseball "Who's on First?", wanda Abbott da Costello suka shahara da shi a shekarar 1938, da sauri ya zama sananne; bayan shekaru sittin, mujallar Time ta yi masa lakabi da mafi kyawun shirin barkwanci na ƙarni na 20.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,36533,00.html|title=The Best of the Century|magazine=Time|date=December 26, 1999|access-date=May 2, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504145236/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C36533%2C00.html|archive-date=May 4, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ayyukan adabi da ke da alaƙa da wasan sun haɗa da gajeren labarin Ring Lardner da litattafai irin su The Natural na Bernard Malamud (tushen fim ɗin), The Universal Baseball Association, Inc., J. Henry Waugh, Prop. na Robert Coover, Calico Joe na John Grisham da Shoeless Joe na W. P. Kinsella (tushen Field of Dreams). Dokokin adabin baseball kuma sun haɗa da rahotannin beat na Damon Runyon; sassan shafukan Grantland Rice, Red Smith, Dick Young, da Peter Gammons; da kasidun Roger Angell. A tsakanin littattafan da aka yi bikin da ba na tatsuniya ba a fagen sun haɗa da The Glory of Their Times na Lawrence S. Ritter, The Boys of Summer na Roger Kahn, da Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game na Michael Lewis. Littafin da ɗan wasan babban ƙungiya Jim Bouton ya wallafa a shekarar 1970 mai suna Ball Four ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin matsaya mai gagarumin sauyi a rahotannin wasannin ƙwararru.<ref>{{cite web|author=Neyer, Rob|author-link=Rob Neyer|url=http://static.espn.go.com/mlb/ballfour/neyer.html|title='Ball Four' Changed Sports ''and'' Books|work=ESPN.com|date=June 15, 2000|access-date=May 12, 2009|archive-date=July 29, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729133223/http://static.espn.go.com/mlb/ballfour/neyer.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasan baseball kuma ya zaburar da ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'ikan al'adu. An ƙaddamar da katunan baseball a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 a matsayin katunan kasuwanci. Misali na yau da kullun yana ƙunshi hoton ɗan wasan baseball a gefe ɗaya da tallan kasuwanci a ɗayan. A farkon shekarun 1900 an samar da su sosai a matsayin abubuwan haɓakawa ta kamfanonin taba da kayan zaƙi. Shekarun 1930 sun shaida karɓuwar salon zamani na katunan baseball, tare da hoton ɗan wasa tare da ƙididdiga da bayanan tarihin rayuwa a baya. Katunan baseball—da yawa daga cikinsu yanzu abubuwan tattarawa ne masu daraja—sune tushen masana'antar katunan kasuwanci mai faɗi sosai, gami da irin waɗannan samfuran don wasanni daban-daban da fannoni marasa alaƙa da wasanni.<ref>Zoss (2004), pp. 16–25.</ref> Wasannin fantasy na zamani sun fara ne a shekarar 1980 tare da ƙirƙirar Rotisserie League Baseball ta marubucin New York Daniel Okrent da abokansa da dama. Masu shiga cikin ƙungiyar Rotisserie suna ɗaukar ƙungiyoyi na ƙirƙira daga jerin 'yan wasan MLB masu aiki kuma suna gudanar da cikakkiyar kakar wasa ta ƙirƙira tare da sakamakon wasan bisa sabbin ƙididdigar 'yan wasan na gaskiya. Wasan salon Rotisserie da sauri ya zama abin kallo. Yanzu da aka fi sani da sunan fantasy baseball, ya zaburar da irin waɗannan wasannin bisa kan dimbin wasanni daban-daban.<ref>Zoss (2004), pp. 27–31.</ref> Fannin ya haɓaka tare da karuwar samun damar Intanet da sabbin gidajen yanar gizo masu alaƙa da wasannin fantasy. Zuwa shekara ta 2008, mutane miliyan 29.9 a Amurka da Kanada suna gudanar da wasannin fantasy, inda suka kashe dalar Amurka miliyan 800 akan wannan sha'awa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/07/prweb1084994.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503091523/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2008/07/prweb1084994.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 3, 2009|title=Fantasy Sports Industry Grows to an $800 Million Industry with 29.9 Million Players|work=PRWeb|date=July 10, 2008|access-date=October 25, 2011}}</ref> Yaduwar farin jinin fantasy baseball an kuma danganta shi da ƙarin hankalin da ake biya wa sabermetrics—fari a tsakanin masoya, sa'annan kawai a tsakanin ƙwararrun baseball.<ref>Lewis (2003), pp. 86–88.</ref> === Wasannin da aka samo daga gare shi === [[File:Queens stickball.jpg|thumb|198x198px|Stickball wani nau'i ne na kan hanya mai yawa na baseball wanda masana ke amfani da saurin gyare-gyare. (Lura da yankin strike zone da aka fenti a bango a bayan mai buga ƙwallon.)]] Bambance-bambancen da ba na doka ba na baseball sun ɓullo a kan lokaci, tare da wasanni kamar corkball da ke nuna al'adun gida da kuma ba da damar yin wasan a muhallai daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |title=Derivative Games |url=https://mlb.mlb.com/memorylab/spread_of_baseball/derivative_games.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116003643/https://mlb.mlb.com/memorylab/spread_of_baseball/derivative_games.jsp |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=February 20, 2022 |publisher=Major League Baseball}}</ref> Bambance-bambance guda biyu na baseball, softball da Baseball5, ana gudanar da su a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa tare da baseball ta Hukumar World Baseball Softball Confederation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Baseball Softball Confederation |url=https://www.wbsc.org/ |access-date=October 4, 2021 |website=[[World Baseball Softball Confederation]] |language=en |archive-date=December 4, 2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001204155100/http://www.wbsc.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Wasan Baseball na Birtaniya ==== Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun baseball na Amurka sun kai ziyara Birtaniya a shekarar 1874 da 1889, kuma sun yi tasiri sosai a kan irin wadannan wasannin a Birtaniya. A Wales da Merseyside, wani ingantaccen wasa na al'umma ya rigaya ya haɓaka tare da ƙwarewa da wasanni da suka fi dacewa da wasan Amurka kuma mutanen Wales suka fara ɗaukar sunan "baseball" (Pêl Fas), don nuna salon Amurka. Zuwa shekarun 1890, an yi kira da a bi nasarar sauran wasannin ajin ma'aikata (kamar Rugby a Wales da Kwallon kafa a Merseyside) kuma a ɗauki takamaiman dokoki da tsari na ma'aikata.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales|url=https://archive.org/details/welshacademyency0000unse|publisher=University of Wales Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6|editor1-last=Davies|editor1-first=John|editor1-link=John Davies (historian)|location=Cardiff|page=[https://archive.org/details/welshacademyency0000unse/page/53 53]|editor2-last=Jenkins|editor2-first=Nigel|editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins|editor3-last=Menna|editor3-first=Baines|editor4-last=Lynch|editor4-first=Peredur I.}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 1892 an amince da dokoki don wasan "baseball" kuma an ƙara daidaita wasan a hukumance.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beynon |first1=Ivor |title=The Inside Story of Baseball |last2=Evans |first2=Bob |date=1962 |publisher=Unknown |location=Cardiff |page=4}}</ref> ==== Wasan Baseball na Finland ==== Wasan baseball na Finland, wanda kuma aka sani da pesäpallo, gauraye ne na wasannin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa na gargajiya da na baseball na Arewacin Amurka, wanda Lauri "Tahko" Pihkala ya ƙira a shekarun 1920.<ref name="INTRO2">{{cite web|title=Introduction to the game|url=http://www.pesis.fi/pesapalloliitto/international_site/introduction/|access-date=October 16, 2015|website=Pesis.fi|publisher=Pesäpalloliitto|archive-date=October 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029075041/http://www.pesis.fi/pesapalloliitto/international_site/introduction/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Clair |first=Michael |date=2 August 2024 |title=There's a pitcher, a batter... even a river sometimes. Welcome to Finnish baseball |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/first-english-language-broadcast-of-finland-baseball-game-pesapallo |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=MLB.com |archive-date=August 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804133607/https://www.mlb.com/news/first-english-language-broadcast-of-finland-baseball-game-pesapallo |url-status=live }}</ref> Mafi mahimmancin tunani na pesäpallo yayi kama da na baseball: ɓangaren hari yana ƙoƙarin cin maki ta hanyar samun nasarar bugun ƙwallon da gudu ta cikin bases, yayin da tsaron ke ƙoƙarin fitar da mai bugawa da masu gudu. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bambance-bambance tsakanin pesäpallo da baseball shine cewa ana jefa ƙwallon ne a tsaye (zuwa sama), wanda ke sa bugun ƙwallon, gami da sarrafa ƙarfi da jagorancin bugun, ya fi sauƙi. Wannan yana ba wa wasan hari ƙarin bambancin ra'ayi, gudu, da dabaru idan aka kwatanta da baseball.<ref name="INTRO2"/> ==== Wasan Baseball na Birtaniya ==== Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun baseball na Amurka sun kai ziyara Birtaniya a shekarar 1874 da 1889, kuma sun yi tasiri sosai a kan irin waɗannan wasannin a Birtaniya. A Wales da Merseyside, wani ingantaccen wasa na al'umma ya rigaya ya haɓaka tare da ƙwarewa da wasanni da suka fi dacewa da wasan Amurka kuma mutanen Wales suka fara ɗaukar sunan "baseball" (Pêl Fas), don nuna salon Amurka. Zuwa shekarun 1890, an yi kira da a bi nasarar sauran wasannin ajin ma'aikata (kamar Rugby a Wales da Kwallon kafa a Merseyside) kuma a ɗauki takamaiman dokoki da tsari na ma'aikata.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales|url=https://archive.org/details/welshacademyency0000unse|publisher=University of Wales Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6|editor1-last=Davies|editor1-first=John|editor1-link=John Davies (historian)|location=Cardiff|page=[https://archive.org/details/welshacademyency0000unse/page/53 53]|editor2-last=Jenkins|editor2-first=Nigel|editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins|editor3-last=Menna|editor3-first=Baines|editor4-last=Lynch|editor4-first=Peredur I.}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 1892 an amince da dokoki don wasan "baseball" kuma an ƙara daidaita wasan a hukumance.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Beynon |first1=Ivor |title=The Inside Story of Baseball |last2=Evans |first2=Bob |date=1962 |publisher=Unknown |location=Cardiff |page=4}}</ref> ==== Wasan Baseball na Finland ==== Wasan baseball na Finland, wanda kuma aka sani da pesäpallo, gauraye ne na wasannin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa na gargajiya da na baseball na Arewacin Amurka, wanda Lauri "Tahko" Pihkala ya ƙira a shekarun 1920.<ref name="INTRO2"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Clair |first=Michael |date=2 August 2024 |title=There's a pitcher, a batter... even a river sometimes. Welcome to Finnish baseball |url=https://www.mlb.com/news/first-english-language-broadcast-of-finland-baseball-game-pesapallo |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=MLB.com |archive-date=August 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804133607/https://www.mlb.com/news/first-english-language-broadcast-of-finland-baseball-game-pesapallo |url-status=live }}</ref> Mafi mahimmancin tunani na pesäpallo yayi kama da na baseball: ɓangaren hari yana ƙoƙarin cin maki ta hanyar samun nasarar bugun ƙwallon da gudu ta cikin bases, yayin da tsaron ke ƙoƙarin fitar da mai bugawa da masu gudu. Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bambance-bambance tsakanin pesäpallo da baseball shine cewa ana jefa ƙwallon ne a tsaye, wanda ke sa bugun ƙwallon, gami da sarrafa ƙarfi da jagorancin bugun, ya fi sauƙi. Wannan yana ba wa wasan hari ƙarin bambancin ra'ayi, gudu, da dabaru idan aka kwatanta da baseball.<ref name="INTRO2"/> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} == Gidajen gabaɗaya da aka ambata == {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Bjarkman |first=Peter C. |title=Diamonds Around the Globe: The Encyclopedia of International Baseball |url=https://archive.org/details/diamondsaroundgl0000bjar |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-32268-6 |oclc=58806121}} * {{cite book |last=Block |first=David |title=Baseball Before We Knew It: A Search for the Roots of the Game |url=https://archive.org/details/baseballbeforewe00davi |url-access=registration |year=2005 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-6255-3 |oclc=70261798}} * {{cite book |last=Burgos |first=Adrian |title=Playing America's Game: Baseball, Latinos, and the Color Line |url=https://archive.org/details/playingamericasg00burg |url-access=registration |year=2007 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25143-4 |oclc=81150202}} * {{cite book |last=Burk |first=Robert F. |title=Never Just a Game: Players, Owners, and American Baseball to 1920 |year=2001 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-4961-3 |oclc=28183874}} * {{cite book |editor-last=Charlton |editor-first=James |title=The Baseball Chronology: The Complete History of the Most Important Events in the Game of Baseball |url=https://archive.org/details/baseballchronolo0000unse |year=1991 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-523971-5 |oclc=22704314}} * {{cite book |author1=Clarke, William Jones |author2=Fredrick Thomas Dawson |name-list-style=amp |title=Baseball: Individual Play and Team Play in Detail |url=https://archive.org/details/baseballindivid00dawsgoog |year=1915 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |oclc=2781766}} * {{cite book |last=Gmelch |first=George |title=Baseball Without Borders: The International Pastime |url=https://archive.org/details/baseballwithoutb0000unse |year=2006 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-7125-8 |oclc=64594333}} * {{cite book |last=González Echevarría |first=Roberto |title=The Pride of Havana: A History of Cuban Baseball |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514605-9 |oclc=46601626}} * {{cite book |last=Guttmann |first=Allen |title=Sports: The First Five Millennia |year=2007 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=978-1-55849-610-1 |oclc=5912442808}} * {{cite book |last=Guzzo |first=Glenn |title=The New Ballgame: Baseball Statistics for the Casual Fan |url=https://archive.org/details/newballgameunder0000guzz |year=2007 |publisher=ACTA |isbn=978-0-87946-318-2 |oclc=123083947}} * {{Cite book |title=Baseball Between the Numbers: Why Everything You Know About the Game Is Wrong |publisher=Basic |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-465-00547-5 |editor-last=Keri |editor-first=Jonah |oclc=77795904}} * {{Cite book |last=Koppett |first=Leonard |title=Koppett's Concise History of Major League Baseball |url=https://archive.org/details/koppettsconciseh0000kopp |publisher=Carroll & Graf |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7867-1286-1 |oclc=54674804}} * {{cite book |last=Kte'pi |first=Bill |chapter=Baseball (Amateur) |title=Encyclopedia of Play in Today's Society, Volume 1 |editor=Rodney Carlisle |year=2009 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-6670-2 |oclc=251215353}} * {{cite book |last=Lewis |first=Michael M. |title=Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game |url=https://archive.org/details/moneyballartofwi0000lewi |year=2003 |publisher=W. 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|url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-0784-2 |oclc=42976826}} * {{cite book |last=Morris |first=Peter |title=Level Playing Fields: How the Groundskeeping Murphy Brothers Shaped Baseball |year=2007 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1110-0 |oclc=70884952}} * {{cite book |last=Porterfield |first=Jason |title=Baseball: Rules, Tips, Strategy, and Safety |url=https://archive.org/details/baseballrulestip0000unse |year=2007 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-1-4042-0991-6 |oclc=67773742}} * {{cite book |last=Powers |first=Albert Theodore |title=The Business of Baseball |url=https://archive.org/details/businessofbaseba0000powe |year=2003 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-1426-0 |oclc=50866929}} * {{cite book |author1=Puhalla, Jim|author2=Jeff Krans|author3=Mike Goatley |title=Baseball and Softball Fields: Design, Construction, Renovation, and Maintenance |url=https://archive.org/details/baseballsoftball0000puha|year=2003 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-44793-1 |oclc=50959054}} * {{cite book |last=Rader |first=Benjamin G. |title=Baseball: A History of America's Game |url=https://archive.org/details/baseballhistoryo0000rade_n5g7 |edition=3rd |year=2008 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-07550-6 |oclc=176980876}} * {{cite book |last=Riess |first=Steven A. |title=City Games: The Evolution of American Urban Society and the Rise of Sports |url=https://archive.org/details/citygamesevoluti0000ries_r5j2 |year=1991 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-06216-2 |oclc=23739530}} * {{cite book |last=Rudel |first=Anthony J. |title=Hello, Everybody!: The Dawn of American Radio |year=2008 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |isbn=978-0-15-101275-6 |oclc=192042215 |url=https://archive.org/details/helloeverybodyd00rude }} * {{Cite book |last=Schwarz |first=Alan |title=The Numbers Game: Baseball's Lifelong Fascination with Statistics |publisher=Thomas Dunne |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-312-32222-9 |oclc=54692908}} * {{cite book |editor=Stallings, Jack |editor2=Bob Bennett |title=Baseball Strategies: Your Guide to the Game Within the Game |year=2003 |publisher=American Baseball Coaches Association/Human Kinetics |isbn=978-0-7360-4218-5 |oclc=50203866 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780736042185 }} * {{cite book |editor-last=Sullivan |editor-first=Dean |title=Early Innings: A Documentary History of Baseball, 1825–1908 |url=https://archive.org/details/earlyinningsdocu00sull |url-access=registration |year=1997 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-9244-4 |oclc=36258074}} * {{cite book |last=Terry |first=Thomas Philip |title=Terry's Mexico: Handbook for Travellers |edition=2nd rev. |year=1911 |publisher=Gay and Hancock, Houghton Mifflin, and Sonora News |oclc=7587420}} * {{cite book |last=Thurston |first=Bill |title=Coaching Youth Baseball: A Baffled Parents Guide |year=2000 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-135822-4 |oclc=43031493 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/baffledparentsgu0000thur }} * {{cite book |last=Tygiel |first=Jules |title=Past Time: Baseball as History |url=https://archive.org/details/pasttimebaseball0000tygi |url-access=registration |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-508958-5 |oclc=42290019}} * {{cite book |last=Votano |first=Paul |title=Stand and Deliver: A History of Pinch-Hitting |url=https://archive.org/details/standdeliverhist0000vota |year=2013 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-1588-5 |oclc=52047315}} * {{Cite book |last=Zimbalist |first=Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/inbestinterestso00andr |title=In the Best Interests of Baseball?: The Revolutionary Reign of Bud Selig |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-470-12824-4 |oclc=62796332 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |last=Zoss |first=Joel |title=Diamonds in the Rough: The Untold History of Baseball |year=2004 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-9920-7 |oclc=54611393 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/diamondsinroughu0000zoss }} {{Refend}} == Karanta muƙala ta gaba == * Dickson, Paul. ''The Dickson Baseball Dictionary'', 3rd ed. (W. W. Norton, 2009). {{ISBN|0-393-06681-9}}. * Fitts, Robert K. ''Remembering Japanese Baseball: An Oral History of the Game'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 2005). {{ISBN|0-8093-2629-9}}. * Gillette, Gary, and Pete Palmer (eds.). ''The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia'', 5th ed. (Sterling, 2008). {{ISBN|1-4027-6051-5}}. * Peterson, Robert. ''Only the Ball Was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams'' (Oxford University Press, 1992 [1970]). {{ISBN|0-19-507637-0}}. * Reaves, Joseph A. ''Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia'' (Bison, 2004). {{ISBN|0-8032-3943-2}}. * Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. ''Baseball: An Illustrated History'' (Alfred A. Knopf, 1996). {{ISBN|0-679-40459-7}}. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <!-- {{No more links}} Please be cautious adding more external links. Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising. 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''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online. * [http://www.baseballprospectus.com/ Baseball Prospectus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909215125/http://www.baseballprospectus.com/ |date=September 9, 2006 }} * [http://www.sabr.org/ Society for American Baseball Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517161345/http://www.sabr.org/ |date=May 17, 2021 }} * [http://www.mister-baseball.com/ Mister Baseball] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010113247/https://www.mister-baseball.com/ |date=October 10, 2018 }} European baseball news * [http://baseballheritagemuseum.org/ Baseball Heritage Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619170336/http://www.baseballheritagemuseum.org/ |date=June 19, 2006 }} a League Park a Cleveland, Ohio * "[https://books.google.com/books?id=p4o9AQAAIAAJ Perils of Base Ball Playing]", historical perspective on statistics of baseball injuries, ''Scientific American'', July 13, 1878, p.&nbsp;21 * [https://learninglab.si.edu/collections/subject-baseball-nmahphc/N5DAuhDVcVe9hDmJ Tarin abubuwan baseball] a National Museum of American History na Smithsonian l4qt0isxvw8ojngzk720yc4zov3tpuq 0 174160 964383 958939 2026-10-07T16:01:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tiffany Cabán''' (an haife ta a ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1987) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Max |first=Joey Fox & Ben |title=20 Things Tiffany Cabán Promised To Do As Queens District Attorney |url=https://www.gothamgazette.com/city/8641-25-things-tiffany-caban-has-promised-to-do-as-queens-district-attorney |access-date=June 27, 2019 |website=Gotham Gazette}}</ref> lauya ce ta Amurka, 'yar siyasa, kuma mai shirya siyasa wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Birnin New York na Gundumar 22 tun zaben Majalisar Birnin Nueva York na 2021. Ta lashe zaben fidda gwani na Democrat don kujerar bayan wanda ke kan mulki, Democrat Costa Constantinides, ya yi ritaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Max |first=Joey Fox & Ben |title=Max Politics Podcast: Tiffany Cabán Heads Toward the City Council |url=https://www.gothamgazette.com/city/10688-max-politics-podcast-tiffany-caban-city-council-election |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=Gotham Gazette}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar takara a zaben fidda gwani na Democrat na 2019 na Lauyan Gundumar Queens County a [[New York (jiha)|Jihar New York]], wanda ta rasa ga Shugaban Queens Borough Melinda Katz . Ita memba ce ta Jam'iyyar Democrat Socialists of America . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Cabán a Richmond Hill, Queens, ga iyayen Puerto Rican: <ref name="about">{{Cite web |title=About Tiffany |url=https://www.cabanforqueens.com/about |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521152442/https://www.cabanforqueens.com/about/ |archive-date=May 21, 2019 |access-date=June 26, 2019 |website=Cabán for Queens |language=en}}</ref> mahaifin injiniyan mai ɗagawa da mahaifiyar mai ba da gudummawa ga yara; dukansu biyu an girma ne a Woodside Houses (wanda aka gina don gidan tsoffin sojoji masu dawowa), kuma sun kasance maƙwabta na tsohon shugaban makarantar Joel Klein. Ta halarci PS 62 da JHS 210 kafin ta halarci St. Francis Preparatory School, makarantar Katolika mai zaman kanta a Fresh Meadows . <ref name="about" /> Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin fasaha daga Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania, inda ta yi karatu a fannin aikata laifuka, doka, da adalci.<ref name="about" /> Daga baya, ta sami digiri na Juris Doctor daga Makarantar Shari'a ta New York . <ref name="about" /> == Ayyuka == Cabán ya kasance mai kare jama'a wanda ya yi aiki ga New York County Defender Services da Legal Aid Society . <ref name="about" /> === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na Gundumar Queens === Yakin Cabán na 2019 na Lauyan Gundumar Queens County ya mayar da hankali kan sake fasalin shari'ar aikata laifuka, <ref name="issues">{{Cite web |title=Issues |url=https://www.cabanforqueens.com/issues/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624043423/http://www.cabanforqueens.com/issues/ |archive-date=June 24, 2019 |access-date=June 26, 2019 |website=Cabán for Queens |language=en}}</ref> gami da kawo karshen ɗaurin Kurkuku da yawa da kwayoyi. Ta kuma yi kira ga kawar da aikin jima'i.<ref name="CBS1" /> The New York Times ta amince da Cabán, da kuma 'yan siyasa masu ci gaba kamar [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren, da Larry Krasner, da kuma wasu' yan majalisa masu ci gaba na Jihar New York da Suffolk County, Massachusetts DA Rachael Rollins.<ref name="endorsements">{{Cite web |title=Endorsements |url=https://www.cabanforqueens.com/endorsements |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624043422/https://www.cabanforqueens.com/endorsements/ |archive-date=June 24, 2019 |access-date=June 26, 2019 |website=Cabán for Queens |language=en}}</ref> Gasar ta jawo hankalin kasa, ta jawo kwatankwacin nasarar da Ocasio-Cortez ya samu a Zaben fidda gwani na 2018 a kan Joe Crowley. Kungiyoyin siyasa masu ci gaba sun kuma amince da kamfen dinta, ciki har da Citizen Action of New York, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangla |first=Ravi |date=March 25, 2019 |title=Citizen Action Endorses Tiffany Cabán for Queens District Attorney |url=https://citizenactionny.org/2019/03/citizen-action-endorses-tiffany-caban-for-queens-district-attorney/30452 |access-date=September 18, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626041011/https://citizenactionny.org/2019/03/citizen-action-endorses-tiffany-caban-for-queens-district-attorney/30452 |archive-date=June 26, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> jam'iyyar Working Families Party, jam'iyyar Democratic Socialists of America, <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2021 |title=Real Justice endorsement statement |url=https://realjusticepac.org/endorsements/tiffany-caban/ |access-date=September 18, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627051012/https://realjusticepac.org/endorsements/tiffany-caban/ |archive-date=June 27, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Make the Road, Real Justice, [3] da sauran kungiyoyin al'umma a New York. Cabán ya fuskanci Shugaba na Queens Borough Melinda Katz a zaben fidda gwani na Democrat. Lauyan Gundumar da ya gabata, Richard Brown, ya yi niyyar yin ritaya bayan zaben, amma ya mutu a ofis jim kadan kafin zaben fidda gwani. A ranar 25 ga Yuni, 2019, Cabán ta yi ikirarin cin nasara a kan magoya bayan Katz da suka yi magana da wuri a jam'iyyarta ta tsaro: "Mun yi shi duka".Amma tare da gefen da ke tsakanin su tsaye a sama da kashi ɗaya cikin dari, da dubban kuri'un da ba a ƙidaya su ba, Katz ya ki amincewa da zaben.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2019 |title=The Latest: Caban Claims Victory in Queens DA Race |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2019-06-25/the-latest-queens-da-race-exceedingly-close |access-date=June 25, 2019 |publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga watan Yulin, jami'an zabe sun ce Katz ya ci gaba a cikin ƙidayar tare da jagorancin kuri'u 20, ta atomatik ya haifar da ƙididdigar farko a cikin garin a cikin shekaru 64. A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta, kwanaki bayan Hukumar Zabe ta tabbatar da sakamakon ƙididdigar makonni, tare da Katz ya jagoranci Cabán da kuri'u 60 kuma an ayyana Katz a matsayin mai nasara, Cabán ya yarda da tseren. === Ayyukan bayan kamfen ɗin === Bayan kamfen dinta na Lauyan Gundumar, Cabán ta yi aiki a matsayin Mai shirya siyasa na kasa tare da Jam'iyyar Working Families . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahrigian |first=Shant |date=October 30, 2019 |title=Tiffany Cabán to recruit, train criminal justice reformers nationwide in new Working Families Party role |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/ny-tiffany-caban-working-families-party-20191030-6b6iijceazahvdop3svsnzeu3i-story.html |website=[[New York Daily News]]}}</ref> Ta mayar da hankali kan daukar ma'aikatan sake fasalin shari'a na kurkuku don yin takara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Josefa Velasquez, Christine Chung, Rachel Holliday Smith |date=October 31, 2019 |title=Cabán Teams With Working Families Party in Transition |url=https://thecity.nyc/2019/10/caban-teams-with-working-families-party-in-transition.html |access-date=2019-10-31 |publisher=Thecity.nyc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031191842/https://thecity.nyc/2019/10/caban-teams-with-working-families-party-in-transition.html |archive-date=2019-10-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Majalisar Birnin New York === A watan Satumbar 2020, Cabán ta sanar da takarar ta a gundumar 22 ta Majalisar Birnin New York a Zaben 2021. Costa Constantinides mai mulki ba zai iya neman sake zaben ba saboda iyakokin wa'adin.[1] Gundumar ta 22 ta Birnin New York ta rufe Ditmars-Steinway, Queens, Astoria, Queens, da sassa na Gabashin Elmhurst, Queens. Ta gudu a kan shirin dimokuradiyya da 'yan sanda da kuma kurkuku a kan tikitin Jam'iyyar Democrat, tare da goyon baya daga Jam'iyyar Democratic Socialists of America, gami da reshen Birnin New York. An rantsar da Cabán a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2021 bayan zaben ta a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, don cika gurbin da ya bar ta hanyar murabus din Constantinides.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Allie |date=November 30, 2021 |title=Tiffany Cabán to be Sworn Into City Council Wednesday to Fill Vacant Astoria Seat |url=https://queenspost.com/tiffany-caban-to-be-sworn-into-city-council-wednesday-to-fill-vacant-astoria-seat |access-date=December 1, 2021 |website=Queens Post}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Cabán ta goyi bayan sake fasalin da aka tsara don ba da damar ci gaban gidaje 1300- (ɗaya daga cikin huɗu an ware shi don gidaje masu araha) a tsohon wurin masana'antu a cikin gundumar ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mellins |first=Sam |date=2022-09-14 |title=Tiffany Cabán Approves Major Astoria Housing Development, Bucking Trend Among Progressives |url=https://www.nysfocus.com/2022/09/14/tiffany-caban-astoria-hallets-north-development/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=New York Focus |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2023, Cabán ya shiga cikin masu zanga-zangar a taron New York City Rent Guidelines Board a Babban Hall na Cooper Union a Astor Place a Manhattan don nuna rashin amincewa da shirin karuwar haya na kashi 16 cikin dari a kan gidajen haya tare da hayar shekaru biyu. Dukansu sun yi kira ga sake biyan kuɗin haya ga duk masu haya da ke zaune a cikin rukunin da aka sarrafa da kuma daidaita. Tiffany ta haɗu da 'yan majalisa Chi Osse, Alexa Aviles, Shahana Hanif, da Sandy Nurse.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 3, 2023 |title=NYC Council radicals join wave of pols doing activism—not their jobs |url=https://nypost.com/2023/05/03/nyc-council-radicals-join-wave-of-pols-doing-activismnot-their-jobs/}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2024, ta zama memba na farko na Majalisar Birnin New York da ta yi kira ga magajin gari Eric Adams ya sauka daga ofis, saboda ci gaba da Binciken aikata laifuka a cikin yawancin abokansa. A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2024, ta sake tabbatar da wannan matsayi bayan tuhumar da aka yi masa. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2026, Cabán ya gabatar da Dokar Kare Bayarwa, wanda zai buƙaci kamfanoni kamar [[Amazon (kamfani)|Amazon]] su dauki direbobin isar da ma'aikatan ajiya kai tsaye, tare da saita lasisi, aminci, da bukatun horo don wuraren mil na ƙarshe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |first=Alex N. |date=2026-08-14 |title=Amazon Is Spending Big Against NYC’s Delivery Protection Act |url=https://jacobin.com/2026/08/amazon-nyc-subcontracting-unionization-mamdani |access-date=2026-08-21 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kingston |first=John |date=December 19, 2025 |title=New York City bill that targeted Amazon won’t get taken up in 2025 |url=https://www.freightwaves.com/news/new-york-city-bill-that-targeted-amazon-wont-get-taken-up-in-2025 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Freight Waves}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Cabán yana zaune a Astoria, Queer, <ref name="about" /> kuma yana da kishiya. == Dubi kuma == * Al'adun LGBT a Birnin New York * Jerin mutanen LGBT daga Birnin New York == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oshfyla1xfux80fjxshstd2c565nxvc 0 174177 964595 945601 2026-10-08T05:18:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''John Charles Barrett''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1953), wanda aka fi sani da Desmond Child, marubucin waƙoƙi ne na Amurka kuma mai shirya rikodin. An shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Songwriters a shekara ta 2008. An zabi shi don Grammy Awards hudu, kyautar Primetime Emmy, kuma ya lashe Kyautar Latin Grammy. Abubuwan da ya Guba a matsayin marubucin waƙoƙi sun Hauka da Kiss's "An yi ni don Ka so"; Joan Jett da Blackhearts' "Ina ƙin kaina don Ka soyayya"; Bon Jovi's "Kana ba da Ƙaunar Sunan", "Livin' on a Prayer", <ref>{{Cite web |title=I've Got My Six String In Hock. |url=http://www.rocksnobs.com/2002_06_07_desmond.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020821234631/http://www.rocksnobs.com/2002_06_07_desmond.html |archive-date=August 21, 2002 |access-date=March 2, 2019 |website=Rocksnobs.com}}</ref> "Matsanan Magunguna", da "An haife ni Ɗan Yi don Ka zama Ɗana"; Aerosmith's "Dude (K Kamar Lady) ", "Angel", "What It Takes" da "Crazy"; [[Cher]]'s "Dukkan We Sington Sing Sing Sing Singes" da James's Sing Sing Sings Sing Sings Jesse Smith"; James Pocks a Alone" da "Just?; da kuma [[Ricky Martin]]'s "The Cup of Life" da "Livin' la Vida Loca".<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2001 |title=Desmond Child Continues Great String Of Hits, From Aerosmith & Bon Jovi To Ricky Martin |url=http://www.songwriteruniverse.com/child.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419062203/http://www.songwriteruniverse.com/child.html |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |access-date=March 2, 2019 |website=Songwriteruniverse.com}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan Child sun fara ne lokacin da ya kafa ƙungiyar R & B mai tasiri, Desmond Child <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Rouge, a cikin 1975 tare da mawaƙa Myriam Valle, Maria Vidal, da Diana Grasselli, waɗanda mawaƙa da aka hayar suka goyi bayan. An san ƙungiyar ne saboda shigar da su a kan sauti ga The Warriors a cikin 1979, tare da waƙar "Last of an Ancient Breed", da kuma waƙar "Our Love is Insane", wanda aka tsara a No. 51 a cikin <nowiki><i id="mwQg">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Kundin su biyu sun sami bita mai kyau <ref name="LarkinHR" /> amma an sayar da su sosai kuma ƙungiyar ta rabu a cikin 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Desmond Child & Rouge – Desmond Child & Rouge &#124; Songs, Reviews, Credits |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/desmond-child-rouge-mw0000699115 |access-date=July 16, 2021 |publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin membobin, Maria Vidal, ya yi nasara a 1985 tare da "Body Rock". Child ya yi aiki tare da marubucin waƙa Bob Crewe na tsawon shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Episode 227 – Desmond Child |url=https://www.sodajerker.com/episode-227-desmond-child/ |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=Sodajerker}}</ref> Masu zane-zane waɗanda Child ya yi aiki tare da su sun haɗa da Kiss, [[Cher]], Aerosmith, Bon Jovi, Bonnie Tyler, Dream Theater, Roxette, [[Ricky Martin]], Selena Gomez, Ava Max, da Kelly Clarkson. Ya kasance babban abokin tarayya a cikin kundin [[Alice Cooper]] na Trash (1989). Har ila yau, shi ne ke da alhakin rubuce-rubucen Ratt album ''Detonator'' (1990). Child ya zira kwallaye na ''Billboard'' Top 40 a shekarar 1991 a matsayin mai zane-zane tare da "Love on a Rooftop", waƙar da ya rubuta tare da Diane Warren, wanda Ronnie Spector ya rubuta, kuma daga baya Cher. "Love on a Rooftop" kuma ya kai lamba 55 a kan Australian ARIA Charts . Ya samar da kundin Meat Loaf Bat Out of Hell III: The Monster Is Loose, kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙinsa shida. Child ya rubuta waƙar "Bonnie Tyler song)">Ka yi imani da Ni" ga Bonnie Tyler a cikin 2012 kuma bayan shekara guda an zaba shi a matsayin shigarwar Eurovision Song Contest na Ingila, inda ya gama a matsayi na 19 a wasan karshe. Bayan gasar, Tyler ta sami lambar yabo ta Eurovision Song Contest Radio Awards guda biyu don Mafi Kyawun Waƙoƙi da Mafi Kyawun Mawallafi, wanda ya sa ta zama wakilin Burtaniya na farko da ya lashe kyautar. Child ya sake shiga gasar Eurovision Song Contest a matsayin marubucin waƙa a cikin 2022, tare da rubuce-rubuce da samar da shigarwar Finnish "Jezebel", wanda Rasmus ya yi.[1] Waƙar za ta ci gaba da kammala 21st a wasan karshe. An shigar da Child cikin Hall of Fame na Songwriters a shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=News &#124; Songwriters Hall of Fame |url=https://www.songhall.org/news/entry/548 |access-date=July 16, 2021 |website=Songhall.org}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2013, ya kafa Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame tare da ɗan'uwan Cuban-Amurka mai suna Rudy Pérez . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Founders |url=http://www.latinsonghall.com/access/about-us/founders/#.Uy9FTH-wXYE |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313105607/http://www.latinsonghall.com/access/about-us/founders/#.Uy9FTH-wXYE |archive-date=March 13, 2014 |access-date=March 23, 2014 |publisher=Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame}}</ref> An saki tarihin rayuwar Desmond, Livin' on a Prayer: Big Songs Big Life tare da David Ritz, a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2023. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Child yana zaune a Nashville, Tennessee tare da mijinta, Curtis Shaw, da 'ya'yansu maza biyu. Yunkurin yaro da Shaw don samun jariri ta hanyar maye gurbin an ba da labarin a cikin shirin ''Biyu: Labarin Roman & Nyro'' . Waƙar "The Truth Comes Out" daga kundi na biyu na Desmond Child & Rouge Runners in the Night (1979) an rubuta shi game da 'fitowa' ga budurwarsa da abokin aikin Rouge, Maria Vidal . Waƙar "A Ray of Hope", wanda Don Paul Yowell ya rubuta, Child ne ya rubuta shi a matsayin haraji ga ɗan'uwan Child, Joey (b. Joseph Stephen), wanda ya mutu a watan Janairun 1991 na rikitarwa da suka shafi cutar kanjamau. Shi ne ɗan ɗan asalin baron Hungary Joseph S. Marfy da marubucin waƙoƙin Cuban Elena Casals . Child bai gano cewa Marfy shi ne mahaifinsa na zahiri ba har sai da ya kai shekara 18. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, ya yi imanin cewa mahaifinsa shine John Frederick Barrett, mijin Casals a lokacin da aka haife shi, kuma wanda aka sanya masa suna. Ta hanyar kakanninsa na Hungary, Child ya sami 'yan asalin Amurka da Hungary a cikin 2016. Child daga baya ya fitar da "The Steps of Champions", waƙar da ya rubuta wa gwamnatin Hungary a matsayin taken hukuma na bikin cika shekaru sittin na Juyin Juya Halin Hungary na 1956. A cikin fall 2004, an ba da wani nau'in waƙar da ya gabata (wanda ake kira "A cikin Matakan Zakarun Turai") ga Jami'ar Miami . <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Miami commencement 2009, May 15, 12:30 p.m. |url=https://digitalcollections.library.miami.edu/digital/collection/asu0017/id/7465 |access-date=September 18, 2025 |website=University of Miami}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016 ya sami lambar yabo ta Artisjus Lifetime Achievement Award . == Dubi kuma == * Jerin waƙoƙin da Desmond Child ya rubuta == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n9rs5mntic68mlxnh65bm79dhmw8d0t 0 174451 964684 959651 2026-10-08T10:03:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Broad-based_Black_Economic_Empowerment_Act,_2003.pdf|alt=The first page of the Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment Act.|thumb|388x388px|Shafin farko na Dokar Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki ta Black.]] '''Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki na Baƙar fata''' ('''BEE''') manufa ce ta Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu wacce ke da niyyar sauƙaƙa sa hannu a cikin tattalin arziki ta baƙar fata. Wani nau'i ne na tabbatar da aiki, an yi niyya ne musamman don gyara rashin daidaito da wariyar launin fata ta haifar. Manufar tana ba da ƙarfafawa - musamman kulawa ta musamman a cikin hanyoyin Sayen gwamnati - ga kasuwancin da ke ba da gudummawa ga karfafa tattalin arzikin baƙar fata bisa ga ka'idoji da yawa, gami da ta hanyar mallakar baƙar fata ko mafi rinjaye, hayar ma'aikatan baƙar fata, da kwangila tare da masu samar da baƙar fata. An kalli fasalin sayen da aka fi so na BEE a matsayin misali na tsarin sayen mai ɗorewa, inda ake amfani da sayen gwamnati don inganta manufofin manufofin zamantakewa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Shai |first=Lerato |last2=Molefinyana |first2=Comfort |last3=Quinot |first3=Geo |date=2019-12-13 |title=Public Procurement in the Context of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (BBBEE) in South Africa—Lessons Learned for Sustainable Public Procurement |journal=Sustainability |volume=11 |issue=24 |page=7164 |doi=10.3390/su11247164 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abin da ake kira "BEE trals" - ma'amaloli da ke da niyyar kara mallakar baƙar fata na manyan kasuwanni - an gudanar da su a babban sikelin, tare da ma'amuran BEE da aka kammala tsakanin 1994 da 2005 wanda aka kimanta tsakanin R150 biliyan da R285 biliyan. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Southall |first=Roger |date=2007 |title=Ten Propositions about Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03056240701340365 |journal=Review of African Political Economy |language=en |volume=34 |issue=111 |pages=67–84 |doi=10.1080/03056240701340365 |issn=0305-6244 |s2cid=146419372 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Tangri |first=Roger |last2=Southall |first2=Roger |date=2008 |title=The Politics of Black Economic Empowerment in South Africa |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=699–716 |doi=10.1080/03057070802295856 |issn=0305-7070 |jstor=40283176 |s2cid=154897421}}</ref> Gwamnati ta yi rajista ga manufofin da aka bayyana na karfafa tattalin arzikin baƙar fata tun daga shekara ta 1994, amma an sake kaddamar da BEE a matsayin mafi cikakke, kuma mafi ƙarancin mallaka, shirin karfafa tattalin arziki na baƙar fata ('''BBBEE''') a lokacin da aka wuce dokar BBBEE a shekara ta 2003. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Leila |last2=Graham |first2=Lauren |date=2012-06-01 |title=How broad-based is broad-based black economic empowerment? |journal=Development Southern Africa |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=193–207 |doi=10.1080/0376835X.2012.675692 |issn=0376-835X |s2cid=154080690 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, kodayake shirye-shiryen da suka gabata sun kasance ƙarƙashin dokoki daban-daban da shirye-shirye, ka'idojin da manufofi suna da kama da juna, kuma ana kiran BBBEE sau da yawa "BEE" a cikin magana ta kowa. A watan Yunin 2021, Shugaba [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] ya ba da sanarwar cewa za a sake nazarin dabarun BEE da dokokin Afirka ta Kudu, musamman don tabbatar da cewa ba a yi amfani da su don rashawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maeko |first=Thando |date=2021-06-04 |title=Ramaphosa says overhaul of BEE legislation is on the cards |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2021-06-04-ramaphosa-says-overhaul-of-bee-legislation-is-on-the-cards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604212430/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2021-06-04-ramaphosa-says-overhaul-of-bee-legislation-is-on-the-cards/ |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Manufofin farko === Lokacin da [[Majalisar Tarayya ta Afirka|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Afirka]] (ANC) ta zo mulki a shekarar 1994, abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci ga sabuwar gwamnati sun hada da gyara gadon wariyar launin fata na warewar tattalin arziki. A karkashin wariyar launin fata, dokoki da aiki sun ƙuntata damar wadanda ba fararen fata ba ga damar aiki, babban birnin, kasuwanci da mallakar dukiya, da sauran nau'ikan ci gaban tattalin arziki, suna barin Babban rashin daidaito na launin fata a cikin wadata da samun kudin shiga.<ref name=":1" /> Sabon Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1996, ya jaddada kariya daga [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] mara adalci da kuma rashin fa'ida da ke fitowa daga wannan. Wannan ya cika da Green Paper na 1997 kan Gyaran Sayen Jama'a, wanda ya yi kira ga matakan tabbatar da matakan Sayen gwamnati.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:Patrice_Motsepe.jpg|thumb|307x307px|Patrice Motsepe sananne ne a matsayin mai cin gajiyar ma'amaloli daban-daban na BEE miliyoyin daloli a cikin shekarun 1990.]] Tsarin manufofin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na tsakiya na gwamnati [[Nelson Mandela]] shine Shirin sake ginawa da ci gaba (RDP), wanda ba ya nufin "karfafa tattalin arziki na baki". Koyaya, an yi amfani da kalmar a cikin tsarin manufofin RDP na ANC na baya, wanda aka kafa manufofin gwamnati. Takardar ANC ta kalli shirye-shiryen BEE a matsayin hanyar "rarraba mallakar kasuwanci da sarrafawa".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1994-03-01 |title=The Reconstruction and Development Programme |url=https://www.anc1912.org.za/policy-documents-1994-the-reconstruction-and-development-programme-building-the-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109163917/https://www.anc1912.org.za/policy-documents-1994-the-reconstruction-and-development-programme-building-the-economy/ |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=2022-01-08 |website=African National Congress |language=en-US}}</ref> Matakan farko na BEE sun mayar da hankali kan inganta mallakar baƙar fata na manyan kasuwanni.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ponte |first=Stefano |last2=Roberts |first2=Simon |last3=van Sittert |first3=Lance |date=2007 |title='Black Economic Empowerment', Business and the State in South Africa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00440.x |journal=Development and Change |language=en |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=933–955 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00440.x |issn=0012-155X |s2cid=153671245 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ma'amaloli na BEE da nufin rarraba yawan jama'a na masu hannun jari na kamfanoni. Kamfanoni masu mallakar fararen fata dole ne su shiga cikin waɗannan ma'amaloli da son rai. A cikin rashin tsarin samar da kudade, yawancin mahalarta baƙar fata sun dogara da tsarin samar da kuɗi da motoci na musamman. Yawancin yarjejeniyoyin BEE sun rushe a lokacin Rikicin kudi na Asiya na 1997. <ref name=":2" /> Dangane da kimantawa, ikon baƙar fata na kasuwanci ya tashi zuwa kusan 10% na hannun jari a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Johannesburg a shekarar 1998, amma, bayan rikicin kudi, ya fadi sosai zuwa tsakanin 1% da 3.8% a shekara ta 2000.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Southall |first=Roger |date=2004-09-01 |title=The ANC & black capitalism in South Africa |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0305624042000262310 |journal=Review of African Political Economy |language=en |volume=31 |issue=100 |pages=313–328 |doi=10.1080/0305624042000262310 |issn=0305-6244 |s2cid=154667774 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A halin yanzu, an bi inganta ikon baƙar fata a yankuna ban da mallakar, musamman ta hanyar jerin dokoki ciki har da Dokar Ci gaban Kwarewa, 1998 da Dokar Daidaitaccen Ayyuka ta 1998. <ref name=":2" /> === Faɗakarwa === [[File:President_of_South_Africa_MC_Ramaphosa_speaks_to_Russian_President_(28_June_2019).jpg|left|thumb|255x255px|[[Cyril Ramaphosa]] ya jagoranci Hukumar BEE.]] A cikin rashin gamsuwa da ci gaban shirye-shiryen da ke akwai, a watan Mayu 1998 Majalisar Kasuwancin Baƙar fata ta nada Shugaba Cyril Ramaphosa na gaba don jagorantar Hukumar BEE. Hukumar ta ba da cikakken ma'anar BEE:<blockquote>Tsarin hadin kai ne kuma mai jituwa na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Tana cikin mahallin shirin sauyawar kasa na kasar, wato RDP. An yi niyya ne don gyara rashin daidaituwa na baya ta hanyar neman canja wurin da ya dace da kuma ba da mallaka, gudanarwa da sarrafa albarkatun kudi da tattalin arziki na Afirka ta Kudu ga mafi yawan 'yan ƙasa. Yana neman tabbatar da sa hannu mai zurfi da ma'ana a cikin tattalin arziki ta hanyar baƙar fata don cimma ci gaba mai ɗorewa da wadata. </blockquote>Hukumar ta kuma ba da shawarar wucewa da dokar BEE da aka mayar da hankali da kuma karɓar dabarun hadin gwiwa na kasa akan BEE, wanda ya ƙunshi saiti na sauƙaƙe da daidaitawa da jagororin da ka'idojin da suka dace a duk faɗin tattalin arziki, don aiwatarwa ta hanyar hukumar kula da ke ba da rahoto ga majalisar ministoci. A wasu ra'ayoyi, Hukumar ta kasance mai tasiri wajen karfafa goyon baya ga tsarin da gwamnati ta dauka ga BEE.<ref name=":2" /> Wannan shi ne abin da masanin ilimin zamantakewa Roger Southall ya kira "mafi girma" (yanzu "babban") hanyar zuwa BEE, yana la'akari da sauye-sauye na tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Kudu, tare da manufofi masu rarrabawa da ke wucewa.<ref name=":9" /> A cewar Southall, babban karfi a bayan wannan canjin a cikin dabarun shine karuwar fahimtar cewa BEE ya zuwa yanzu ya yi aiki don amfana da ƙananan baƙar fata kawai, zargi da aka bayyana ta hanyar tasiri na Kungiyar Kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":11" /> Mataki don fadada dabarun BBBEE an kafa shi ne ta hanyar Dokar Kasuwanci ta 2000, wanda ya ba da izinin kulawa ta musamman ga kungiyoyin da ba su da masaniya a tarihi a cikin rarraba kwangilar sayen jihar.<ref name=":2" /> Ka'idojin da ke tare da dokar, wanda aka gabatar a shekara ta 2001, sun tsara tsarin ma'ana wanda aka ba da fifiko a cikin kimantawar tallace-tallace na jama'a - ban da gasa na farashin tayin, an ba da "ma'ana" don gudummawar mai siyarwa ga karfafa tattalin arzikin baƙar fata.<ref name=":1" /> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wucewar dokar, an buga takardun takamaiman masana'antu na BEE na farko - Yarjejeniyar Man Fetur da Ruwan Fetur a cikin 2000 da Yarjejeniyar Ma'adinai a cikin 2002, dukansu an ba su matsayin tsari a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ci gaban Ma'adanai da Ma'adanan Fetur. <ref name=":2" /> Yarjejeniyar Ma'adinai, musamman, ta rungumi ka'idojin da aka tsara daga baya a ƙarƙashin BBBEE, ta gano "ginshiƙai" bakwai na BEE (ɗaya daga cikinsu shine mallaka) da kuma sanya "katin ƙididdiga" na BEE don kasuwanci.<ref name=":2" /> A Taron Kasa na 51 na ANC a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, Shugaba [[Thabo Mbeki]] ya ba da umarni ga gwamnati ta tsara "Shugaban Canji" wanda ya haɗa da ingantaccen dabarun kan BEE.<ref name=":9" /> === Dokar 2003 === Dokar BBBEE ta wuce a shekara ta 2003, a karkashin kulawar Ma'aikatar Ciniki da Masana'antu, kuma ta fara a shekara ta 2004. Manufofin da Dokar ta bayyana sun kasance don sauƙaƙe ikon tattalin arzikin baƙar fata ta hanyar: <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment Act 53 of 2003 |url=https://www.gov.za/documents/broad-based-black-economic-empowerment-act |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509151253/http://www.gov.za:80/documents/broad-based-black-economic-empowerment-act |archive-date=9 May 2016 |access-date=2022-01-08 |website=South African Government}}</ref><blockquote> * inganta canjin tattalin arziki don ba da damar shiga cikin baƙar fata a cikin tattalin arziki; * samun canji mai mahimmanci a cikin launin fata na mallaka da tsarin gudanarwa da kuma ƙwarewar sana'o'i na kamfanoni da ke akwai da sababbin kamfanoni. * kara yawan yadda al'ummomi, ma'aikata, hadin gwiwa da sauran kamfanoni masu hadin gwiwa ke da kuma gudanar da kamfanoni da ke akwai da sabbin kamfanoni da kuma kara yawan damar da suke samu ga ayyukan tattalin arziki, ababen more rayuwa da horar da ƙwarewa. * kara yawan yadda mata baƙi ke mallaka da kuma gudanar da kamfanoni da ke akwai da sabbin kamfanoni, da kuma kara yawan damar da suke samu ga ayyukan tattalin arziki, ababen more rayuwa da horar da ƙwarewa. * inganta shirye-shiryen saka hannun jari waɗanda ke haifar da sa hannu mai zurfi da ma'ana a cikin tattalin arziki ta hanyar baƙar fata don cimma ci gaba mai ɗorewa da wadata gaba ɗaya. * karfafa yankunan karkara da na cikin gida ta hanyar ba da damar yin amfani da ayyukan tattalin arziki, ƙasa, ababen more rayuwa, mallaka da ƙwarewa; da * inganta samun damar samun kudi don karfafa tattalin arzikin baƙar fata. </blockquote>A wannan lokacin, a karkashin Shugaba Mbeki, tsarin gwamnati ga BEE ya zama "mai da hankali sosai kuma mai tabbatarwa," kuma ya zama mai ba da izini ga mafi girma ko BEE mai zurfi, tare da faɗin da zurfi fiye da mallakar baƙar fata kawai.<ref name=":9" /> An ga BEE yana ci gaba tare da manyan layi uku: ban da "karfafawa kai tsaye" (yanzu ciki har da sarrafawa da kuma kula da mallaka), BEE zai kuma kunshi ci gaban [[Albarkatun mutane|albarkatun ɗan adam]] (daidaitaccen aiki da ci gaban ƙwarewa) da kuma "karfafawar kai tsaye" ("kabilanci na sayarwa, ci gaban kasuwanci, da ci gaban zamantakewar tattalin arziki). <ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last=Horwitz |first=Frank M. |last2=Jain |first2=Harish |date=2011-05-03 |title=An assessment of employment equity and Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment developments in South Africa |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/02610151111135750/full/html |journal=Equality, Diversity and Inclusion |language=en |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=297–317 |doi=10.1108/02610151111135750 |issn=2040-7149 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Lambobin Kyakkyawan Ayyuka don haɓaka Dokar BBBEE an buga su a matakai biyu a cikin 2005, suna tsara ƙa'idodin daidaitawa don auna bin diddigin BBBEE akan "katin ƙima"; an gyara lambobin lokaci-lokaci tun daga lokacin.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The BEE Codes of Good Practice |url=http://www.dti.gov.za/bee/beecodes.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200634/http://www.dti.gov.za/bee/beecodes.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2007-08-23 |website=Department of Trade & Industry}}</ref> [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2025}} == Katin == A tsakiyar aiwatar da Dokar BBBEE shine "kashi" wanda aka auna bin kowane kasuwanci. Lambobin Kyakkyawan Ayyuka sun tsara takamaiman ka'idoji (wanda aka sani da "ma'auni") a ƙarƙashin kowane ɗayan abubuwa bakwai ko ginshiƙai na BBBEE, wanda ya dace da rukunoni bakwai a kan katin ci. Kowane bangare ana auna shi akan katin maki don ƙayyade ƙimar BBBEE (daga 105), wanda kuma ana amfani dashi don ƙayyades matakin BBBEE. An buga matakin a cikin takardar shaidar BBBEE da aka bayar ga mahallin kuma yana aiki na shekara guda.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Broad-based black economic empowerment – basic principles |url=https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en-za/knowledge/publications/fe87cd48/broad-based-black-economic-empowerment--basic-principles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409222744/https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en-za/knowledge/publications/fe87cd48/broad-based-black-economic-empowerment--basic-principles |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=[[Norton Rose Fulbright]] |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Ma'anar === Takaddun shaida na BBBEE suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da wasu abubuwan motsawa ko kwangila tare da jihar ko tare da wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2023 |title=BBBEE Verification Certificate |url=https://serr.co.za/service/bee-consulting-services#BEE%20verification%20services |website=SERR}}</ref> Ana kimanta buƙatun da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suka yi don kwangilar sayen gwamnati dangane da tsarin maki 90/10 ko 80/20: ana kimanta ƙwarewar farashin ƙimar 90 ko 80, yayin da sauran maki 10 ko 20 ana ba da su don ƙimar BBBEE ta mai siyarwa. Saboda haka, ƙididdigar BBBEE na iya ƙayyade sakamakon ƙalubalen da aka yi kusa da shi. Wasu hukumomin jihohi sun kuma tsara mafi ƙarancin ka'idojin BBBEE waɗanda dole ne ƙungiyoyi su haɗu don su cancanci gabatar da tayin.<ref name=":5" /> A lokaci guda, a cikin kasuwanci tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, sau da yawa yana da kyau ga ƙungiyoyi su yi kwangila tare da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda kansu suna da ƙimar BBBEE mai girma, saboda wannan na iya haɓaka ƙimar B BBEE (a cikin rukunin sayen da aka fi so na katin ƙuri'a). Ƙungiyoyin da suka sami kwangila na jihar (ko lasisin hakar ma'adinai) galibi ana buƙatar su cika wasu wajibai na BBBEE wajen zaɓar masu samar da su masu zaman kansu, a matsayin yanayin waɗannan kwangila.<ref name=":5" /> A ƙarshe, a wasu bangarori, kyautar da gwamnati ta bayar na lasisin aiki da izini (kamar izini don fitarwa) ya dogara ne akan ƙungiyar lasisi da ta sadu da wasu ka'idojin BBBEE - alal misali, dangane da Dokar Ci gaban Ma'adanai da Man Fetur, ƙungiyoyi sun cancanci lasisin hakar ma'adinai ne kawai idan suna da kashi 26% na baƙar fata.<ref name=":5" /> === Katin ƙididdiga na yau da kullun === Katin BBBEE na yau da kullun kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" !Abubuwan da ke ciki !Nauyin nauyi !Manufofin |- |Mallaka |Abubuwa 25 | * <small>25% + 1 damar jefa kuri'a ga baƙar fata (4 maki) </small> * <small>10% na haƙƙin jefa kuri'a ga mata baƙi (2 maki) </small> * <small>25% sha'awar tattalin arziki ga baƙar fata (4 maki) </small> * <small>10% sha'awar tattalin arziki ga mata baƙi (2 maki) </small> * <small>3% sha'awar tattalin arziki ga baƙar fata membobin wasu kungiyoyin da aka zaba, gami da yankunan karkara, matasa, nakasassu, mahalarta hadin gwiwa (3 maki) </small> * <small>2% sha'awar tattalin arziki ga sababbin masu shiga (2 maki) </small> * <small>Samun manufa don biyan bashin saye (maki 8) </small> |- |Gudanarwa |Abubuwa 15 | * <small>50% na membobin kwamitin jefa kuri'a baƙi ne (2 maki) </small> * <small>Kashi 25% na mambobin kwamitin jefa kuri'a mata ne baƙi (1 aya) </small> * <small>50% na daraktocin zartarwa baƙar fata ne (2 maki) </small> * <small>Kashi 25% na manyan daraktocin mata ne baƙar fata (1 aya) </small> * <small>Kashi 60% na manajojin zartarwa baƙar fata ne (2 maki) </small> * <small>30% na manajojin zartarwa mata ne baƙi (1 aya) </small> * <small>Kashi 60% na manyan manajoji baƙar fata ne (2 maki) </small> * <small>30% na manyan manajoji mata ne baƙi (1 maki) </small> * <small>75% na manajoji na tsakiya baƙi ne (2 maki) </small> * <small>38% na manajoji na tsakiya mata ne baƙi (1 aya) </small> * <small>Kashi 88% na ƙananan manajoji baƙar fata ne (1 maki) </small> * <small>44% na ƙananan manajoji mata ne baƙar fata (1 aya) </small> * <small>2% na ma'aikata baƙar fata ne masu nakasa (2 maki) </small> |- |Ci gaban ƙwarewa |Abubuwa 20 | * <small>Kudin kan ci gaban ƙwarewa ga ma'aikatan baƙar fata a kashi 6% na adadin da za a iya karɓa (maki 8) </small> * <small>Kudin kan ci gaban ƙwarewa ga ma'aikatan baƙar fata da ke da nakasa a 0.3% na adadin da za a iya karɓa (4 maki) </small> * <small>2.5% na ma'aikata baƙar fata ne masu halarta a cikin koyo, koyo, da kuma horarwa (4 maki) </small> * <small>2.5% na ma'aikata marasa aikin yi ne a shirye-shiryen horo (4 maki) </small> * <small>Bonus: Dukkanin masu shiga baƙar fata a cikin koyo suna shiga cikin aiki (5 maki) </small> |- |Sayen da aka fi so |Abubuwa 25 | * <small>80% na kudaden sayarwa ga "masu samar da ƙarfi" (maki 5) </small> * <small>15% na kudaden sayarwa ga "masu samar da karfi" wadanda suka cancanta kananan kamfanoni (3 maki) </small> * <small>15% na kudaden sayarwa ga Micro-Enterprises da aka cire (4 maki) </small> * <small>40% na kudaden sayarwa ga "masu samar da karfi" wadanda suka fi yawan baƙar fata (9 maki) </small> * <small>12% na kudaden sayarwa ga "masu samar da karfi" wadanda 30% mallakar mata baƙi ne (4 maki) </small> * <small>Bonus: 2% na kudaden sayarwa ga mafi yawan masu samar da baki daga kungiyoyi da aka zaba (2 maki) </small> |- |Kasuwanci da ci gaban mai samarwa |Abubuwa 15 | * <small>1% na ribar bayan haraji ga gudummawar ci gaban kamfanoni da takamaiman shirye-shirye (5 maki) </small> * <small>2% na ribar bayan haraji ga gudummawar ci gaban mai samarwa (10 maki) </small> * <small>Bonus: Ɗaya ko fiye masu cin gajiyar ci gaban kasuwanci sun kammala karatu zuwa matakin ci gaban mai samarwa (1 aya) </small> * <small>Bonus: Ayyuka guda ɗaya ko fiye da aka kirkira kai tsaye ta hanyar ci gaban mai samarwa ko shirye-shiryen ci gaban kasuwanci (1 aya) </small> |- |Ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki |Abubuwa 5 | * <small>1% na ribar bayan haraji ga gudummawar ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki (5 maki) </small> |- |'''Jimillar''' | colspan="2" |'''Abubuwa 105''' |} Kwanan nan na lambobin suna nuna mallaka, ci gaban ƙwarewa, da ci gaban mai ba da izini a matsayin abubuwan fifiko. === Katunan takamaiman bangarorin === Akwai takamaiman lambobin bangarorin da ke bayyana manufofi da suka dace da aikin gona, kudi, tsaro, ICT, sufuri, dukiya, gandun daji, gini, yawon bude ido, da kafofin watsa labarai, tallace-tallace da bangarorin sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBBEE Code of Good Practice |url=https://www.bbbeecommission.co.za/b-bbee-codes-of-good-practice/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810220619/http://bbbeecommission.co.za:80/b-bbee-codes-of-good-practice/ |archive-date=10 August 2017 |access-date=2022-01-08 |website=B-BBEE Commission |publisher=Department of Trade & Industry |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ƙananan da ƙananan kamfanoni === Bukatun dokokin ga ƙananan kamfanoni ba su da nauyi. Misali, Ƙananan Kasuwanci masu cancanta (kasuwanci tare da jimlar kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara tsakanin R10 miliyan da R50 miliyan) ana samun su a kan bambanci, mafi kyawun katin. Bugu da ƙari, Exempted Micro-Enterprises (ciki har da kasuwancin da ke da jimlar kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara a ƙasa da R10 miliyan da duk farawa a cikin shekara ta farko) ana ba su matsayin BBBEE na atomatik. Kuma, a lokaci guda, da farko baƙar fata mallakar ƙungiyoyi da ke fada cikin kowanne daga cikin waɗannan rukuni biyu ta atomatik sun cancanci matakin 1 (100% baƙar fata) ko matakin 2 (> 51%) baƙar fata. == Ma'anar "baƙar fata" == Dokar BBBEE ta bayyana baƙar fata a matsayin "Afirkawa, Coloureds da Indiyawa," <ref name=":6" /> wadanda, kamar yadda aka yi gyare-gyare ga dokar a shekarar 2013, 'Yan Afirka ta Kudu ne ta hanyar haihuwa ko zuriya ko kuma sun zama' 'Yan Afirka ta Kudu kafin 27 ga Afrilu 1994 (ko kuma sun cancanci zama' yan kasa kafin wannan ranar). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Amendment Act 46 of 2013 |url=https://www.gov.za/documents/broad-based-black-economic-empowerment-amendment-act |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626192723/http://www.gov.za/documents/broad-based-black-economic-empowerment-amendment-act |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=South African Government}}</ref> Wannan ma'anar ta cire 'yan kasar Sin daga zama masu cin gajiyar dokar. Gwamnati ta yi jayayya cewa, kodayake mutanen kasar Sin sun kasance ƙarƙashin nuna bambanci a ƙarƙashin wariyar launin fata, an yi amfani da nuna bambanci ba tare da daidaituwa ba kuma ba a bayyana shi ba fiye da wanda wasu kungiyoyin da ba fararen fata ba suka fuskanta.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Karen L. |date=2017 |title=BEE-ing Chinese in South Africa: a legal historic perspective |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1021-545X2017000200001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |journal=Fundamina |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.17159/2411-7870/2017/v23n2a1 |issn=1021-545X |hdl-access=free |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260614140845/https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1021-545X2017000200001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en |archive-date=2026-06-14 |access-date=2026-09-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Misali, kodayake an bi da mutanen kasar Sin a matsayin masu launi a karkashin wasu dokoki, daga 1984 an cire su daga tanadin nuna bambanci na Dokar Yankin Ƙungiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jack |first=Vuyo |date=29 April 2007 |title=Chinese people fall in grey area of BEE scorecard |url=http://www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=553&fArticleId=3803052 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011730/http://www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=553&fArticleId=3803052 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2007-08-23 |website=Business Report}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, yayin da yake sasanta kalubalen shari'a da Kungiyar Sinanci ta Afirka ta Kudu ta yi, Babban Kotun Pretoria ta yanke hukuncin cewa al'ummar Sinanci na Afirka ta Kudu sun kasance "baƙi" don dalilan Dokar BBBEE, da kuma Dokar Daidaitaccen Aiki. <ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2008 |title=S Africa Chinese 'become black' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7461099.stm |access-date=2011-06-27 |website=BBC News}}</ref> == Amsoshin == Wasu zarge-zarge na BEE - musamman wadanda ke da alaƙa da tasirin tattalin arziki - suna da wuyar rarraba su daga zarge-carga mai zurfi game da daidaito na aiki na Afirka ta Kudu ko shirin aiki na tabbatarwa. Wannan shi ne saboda BEE yana da alaƙa da wannan shirin mai zurfi, yana nuna mataki mai tabbatarwa a bayyane kuma har ya kai ga cewa yana ba da ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da ƙarfafawa mai ƙarfi don bin aiki mai tabbatarwa cikin gida. Saboda haka, zargi na gaba ɗaya game da aiki mai kyau yana da mahimmanci. === Matsayin tasirin da baƙar fata === [[File:Thabo_Mbeki_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_New_York_2002.jpg|left|thumb|287x287px|Shugaba [[Thabo Mbeki]] ya ba da shawara don ci gaban baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu.]] "Ƙaramin tushe na karfafawa" <ref name=":11" /> wanda BEE ya haifar - ɗaya daga cikin manyan damuwa da ke haifar da sake fasalin BEE a matsayin shirin "mai zurfi" a farkon shekarun 2000 - ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mahimman zarge-zarge da aka ɗora wa manufofin. A zuwan manufofin, kuma musamman a lokacin shugabancin Mbeki, ANC ta himmatu a bayyane don inganta ci gaban "baƙar fata mai kishin kasa" <ref>{{Cite web |date=1999-11-20 |title=SA needs black bourgeoisie: Mbeki |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sa-needs-black-bourgeoisie-mbeki-20213 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105092250/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sa-needs-black-bourgeoisie-mbeki-20213 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> wanda tasowa zai iya fara canji mai zurfi a cikin tattalin arziki.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Anthony |date=2018-08-10 |title=How the DA and SACP are on common ground over BEE |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/columnists/2018-08-10-anthony-butler-how-the-da-and-sacp-are-on-common-ground-over-bee/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812132926/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/columnists/2018-08-10-anthony-butler-how-the-da-and-sacp-are-on-common-ground-over-bee/ |archive-date=12 August 2018 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Taron Kasa na 50 na ANC a shekarar 1997 ya amince da cewa:<blockquote>Kodayake irin waɗannan lokuta na iya zama banbanci ga al'ada, gogewa a wasu ƙasashe ya koya mana cewa, ba tare da faɗakarwa ba, abubuwa na waɗannan sabbin rukunin jari-hujja na iya zama kayan aiki masu basira ko marasa basira na abubuwan da ke da sha'awa, ko kuma masu cin hanci da rashawa a ofishin gwamnati. Koyaya, a cikin gabaɗaya, ƙwararrun baƙar fata da masu tsakiya suna da mahimman abubuwan motsawa na canji waɗanda abubuwan da suke so suka dace da akalla abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da mafi rinjaye. Su ne, a wannan ma'anar kuma a wannan matakin, wani ɓangare na ƙarfin motsawa na canji na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-12-20 |title=50th National Conference: Strategy and Tactics |url=https://www.anc1912.org.za/50th-national-conference-strategy-and-tactics-of-the-african-national-congress/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109163901/https://www.anc1912.org.za/50th-national-conference-strategy-and-tactics-of-the-african-national-congress/ |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=African National Congress |language=en-US}}</ref></blockquote>Koyaya, masu sukar suna jayayya cewa, sama da shekaru ashirin bayan haka, masu cin gajiyar BEE, da kuma mafi yawan ma'amaloli na BEE, har yanzu sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwararrun al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu, tare da yawancin baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu da ke karɓar fa'idodi kaɗan daga manufofin, kuma hakika tare da ci gaba kaɗan wajen rage yawan talauci da matakan rashin daidaito a Afirka ta Kudu gaba ɗaya. Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]] ya bayyana wannan ra'ayi, yana tambaya, "Mene ne baƙar fata lokacin da yake da alama ba ya amfana da yawancin mutane amma ƙwararrun da ake amfani da su?" Ya kuma yi gargadin cewa, haɗe da yaduwar "rashin talauci," tsarin na iya gina ƙiyayya ga masu mulki da kuma tsakanin sassa daban-daban na al'umma. Pieter Groenewald, shugaban jam'iyyar adawa Freedom Front Plus, ya kira BEE acronym don "baƙar fata mai daraja"; kuma John Steenhuisen, tsohon shugaban jam'iyya ta Jam'iyyar Democrat Alliance, ya yi jayayya cewa BEE yana ƙarfafa ci gaban oligarchy a kan kudin daidaito na tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-09 |title=BEE stands for Black Elite Enrichment: FF Plus |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/bee-stands-for-black-elite-enrichment-ff-plus/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126010535/https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/bee-stands-for-black-elite-enrichment-ff-plus/ |archive-date=26 November 2021 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=SABC News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=BBBEE road to an oligarchy – John Steenhuisen |url=https://www.biznews.com/thought-leaders/2022/06/06/steenhuisen-bbbee |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=BizNews |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[File:Pieter_Groenewald,_FF_Plus_leader.png|thumb|203x203px|Pieter Groenewald na FF+ abokin adawar BEE ne.]] Wani zargi na yau da kullun shi ne cewa, duk da sauyawa zuwa BBBEE, BEE ya kasance da farko don ma'amaloli na mallaka, haɓaka hannun jari da daraktoci - da dukiyar masu riƙe da su - ba tare da ƙara yawan ikon baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu akan tattalin arziki ba.<ref name=":11" /> Ra'ayin ƙwararrun BEE ya kara da wannan ƙarin zargi cewa ma'amaloli na mallakar BEE da kansu sun haɗa da ƙaramin rukuni ɗaya na 'yan kasuwa baƙar fata, ba tare da isasshen damar da aka ba wa baƙar fata gabaɗaya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumede |first=William |date=2015-09-10 |title=Rent-seeking is gobbling up our economy |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2015-09-10-rent-seeking-is-gobbling-up-our-economy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912083135/http://mg.co.za:80/article/2015-09-10-rent-seeking-is-gobbling-up-our-economy/ |archive-date=12 September 2015 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-11-11 |title=Anger over enrichment of black elite |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/219695 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110152555/https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/219695 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumede |first=William |date=2020-11-08 |title=How real BEE can help ordinary folk |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2020-11-08-how-real-bee-can-help-ordinary-folk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108105651/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2020-11-08-how-real-bee-can-help-ordinary-folk/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Anthea Jeffrey na Cibiyar Kula da Dangantaka ta Race ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar masu cin gajiyar sun kai kusan 15% na yawan baƙar fata.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Jeffrey |first=Anthea |date=2015-07-27 |title=BEE: The extortion needs to stop |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/bee-this-extortion-racket-should-stop |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729233348/http://www.politicsweb.co.za:80/news-and-analysis/bee-this-extortion-racket-should-stop |archive-date=29 July 2015 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Politicsweb |language=en}}</ref> Canjin zuwa BEE mai zurfi ya haifar da karuwa a cikin adadin yarjejeniyar BEE da ta shafi manyan kamfanonin baƙar fata, wanda wasu masu sharhi suka ba da shawarar na iya ƙara girman masu cin gajiyar a ƙarƙashin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin.<ref name=":12" /> Koyaya, tare da ƙananan bayanan jama'a game da abubuwan da ke cikin ƙungiyoyin da suka dace, wannan da'awar ta kasance da wahala a tabbatar.<ref name=":11" /> A wasu, ma'aunin da ba na mallaka ba, an sami canji mai kyau tun 1994, <ref name=":13" /> amma masu sukar suna jayayya cewa saurin canji bai isa ba. Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci ta gano cewa yawan baƙar fata na Afirka ta Kudu da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin manajoji ya karu da kashi 176.3% tsakanin 2001 da 2017 (idan aka kwatanta da kashi 32.1% na yawan jama'a a wannan rukuni a wannan lokacin). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mabuza |first=Ernest |date=2017-02-06 |title=Number of blacks with jobs more than doubled since 1994: IRR |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-02-06-number-of-blacks-with-jobs-more-than-doubled-since-1994-irr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111192014/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-02-06-number-of-blacks-with-jobs-more-than-doubled-since-1994-irr/ |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Sunday Times |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Duk da haka a cikin 2021, Hukumar Kula da Adalci ta Ayyuka ta gano cewa fararen mutane sun kasance suna da wakilci sosai a manyan matakan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu: sun cika kashi 67.8% na manyan mukamai na gudanarwa, 58% na manyan mukaman gudanarwa, da kuma kashi 43.2% na duk mukamai masu cancanta. Ya zuwa kwata na biyu na 2021, rashin aikin yi ga fararen Afirka ta Kudu, a 8.6%, ya kasance ƙasa da na baƙi (38.2%), masu launin fata (28.5%), da Indiyawa da Asiya (19.5%). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-08-24 |title=South African labour market is more favourable to men than women |url=http://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=14606 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824172022/http://www.statssa.gov.za/?p=14606 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Statistics South Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> === Cin hanci da rashawa === ==== Bayyanawa ta gaba ==== The government defines "BEE fronting" as occurring whenever entities deliberately misrepresent facts about their BEE compliance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B-BBEE Fronting |url=http://www.thedtic.gov.za/financial-and-non-financial-support/b-bbee/fronting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425003759/http://www.thedtic.gov.za:80/financial-and-non-financial-support/b-bbee/fronting/ |archive-date=25 April 2020 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Department of Trade, Industry & Competition}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baijoo |first=Catherine |last2=Phooko |first2=Mokhutwane |date=2016-11-01 |title=Fronting, fraud and the long arm of the BEE commission: BEE law |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC198347 |journal=Without Prejudice |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=21–23}}</ref> However, the phrase is most commonly used in reference to so-called "window-dressing," a form of tokenism whereby entities improve their BEE status by appointing black directors, managers, employees, or suppliers, who are, in practice, discouraged or inhibited from substantially participating in or benefitting from the enterprise.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mtsetfwa |first=Sibusiso |date=2021-04-18 |title=BEE path is paved with good intentions but comes to a dead end |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2021-04-18-bee-path-is-paved-with-good-intentions-but-comes-to-a-dead-end/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418035850/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2021-04-18-bee-path-is-paved-with-good-intentions-but-comes-to-a-dead-end/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref>  Several large companies have been investigated for BEE fronting, including Netcare and MTN.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-16 |title=Why BEE fronting is a bad idea – and won't be tolerated any longer |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/192632/why-bee-fronting-is-a-bad-idea-and-wont-be-tolerated-any-longer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915190137/https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/192632/why-bee-fronting-is-a-bad-idea-and-wont-be-tolerated-any-longer/ |archive-date=15 September 2017 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=BusinessTech |language=en-US}}</ref> The BBBEE Commission has increasingly raised concern about the extent of the practice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dludla |first=Siphelele |date=2020-10-21 |title=Fronting rife in SA, says B-BBEE Commission |url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/fronting-rife-in-sa-says-b-bbee-commission-a01395c4-9cc6-444c-86dd-d52c057032b6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023081145/https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/economy/fronting-rife-in-sa-says-b-bbee-commission-a01395c4-9cc6-444c-86dd-d52c057032b6 |archive-date=23 October 2020 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, Commissioner Zodwa Ntuli said that fronting was so widespread that improved measured performance against BEE objectives might not correlate with actual improvement in the economic situation of black people.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Buthelezi |first=Londiwe |date=2021-06-03 |title=BEE fronting so widespread, it's time to remove licences - Commissioner |url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/companies/bee-fronting-so-widespread-its-time-to-remove-licences-commissioner-20210603 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603033216/https://www.news24.com/fin24/Companies/bee-fronting-so-widespread-its-time-to-remove-licences-commissioner-20210603 |archive-date=3 June 2021 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Fin24 |language=en-US}}</ref> She also called for a more stringent government response to those found guilty of fronting, which is punishable by fines, blacklisting, and up to ten years' imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ntingi |first=Andile |date=2016-04-12 |title=Time to remove the BEE façade |url=https://www.news24.com/Fin24/time-to-remove-the-bee-facade-20160411 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110100044/https://www.news24.com/Fin24/time-to-remove-the-bee-facade-20160411 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Fin24 |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa ==== Masu adawa suna jayayya, sabili da haka, ba wai kawai masu cin gajiyar BEE ƙananan ƙwararrun ne ba, har ma da cewa suna da alaƙa da siyasa, wanda ya haɗa da abokai da dangin gwamnati da jami'an ANC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gumede |first=William |date=2017-02-26 |title=BEE benefiting politically connected black capitalists |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/bee-benefiting-politically-connected-black-capitalists-7936143 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227005128/http://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/bee-benefiting-politically-connected-black-capitalists-7936143 |archive-date=27 February 2017 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Sunday Independent |language=en}}</ref> Masu sukar sun kuma yi jayayya cewa BEE ta zama babban dalilin Cin hanci da rashawa na siyasa a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da kwangilar gwamnati da ba a ba da kyautar ba, a farashi mai yawa, ga "masu kasuwanci masu alaƙa da siyasa," wani lokacin don cutar da inganci da isar da sabis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harvey |first=Ebrahim |date=2020-08-17 |title=Towards understanding ANC corruption in South Africa |url=https://www.polity.org.za/article/towards-understanding-anc-corruption-in-south-africa-2020-08-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301131430/https://www.polity.org.za/article/towards-understanding-anc-corruption-in-south-africa-2020-08-17 |archive-date=1 March 2021 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Polity |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mantell |first=Simon |date=2019-04-03 |title=BEE inadvertently became 'prime enabler of State Capture and corruption' in South Africa |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2019-04-03-bee-inadvertently-became-prime-enabler-of-state-capture-and-corruption-in-south-africa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403223526/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2019-04-03-bee-inadvertently-became-prime-enabler-of-state-capture-and-corruption-in-south-africa/ |archive-date=3 April 2019 |access-date=2019-10-17 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pike |first=Angela |last2=Puchert |first2=Juliet |last3=Chinyamurindi |first3=Willie T. |date=2018 |title=Analysing the future of Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment through the lens of small and medium enterprises |url=http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/acom/v18n1/13.pdf |journal=Acta Commercii |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=566 |doi=10.4102/ac.v18i1.566 |issn=1684-1999 |s2cid=67844509 |doi-access=free}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wadannan damuwa sun sami karuwar kulawa biyo bayan wahayi na kama jihar a lokacin shugabancin Jacob Zuma. Akwai, alal misali, zargin cewa cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaƙa da BEE ya faru a Bosasa da kuma cikin Vrede Dairy Project mai rikitarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gevisser |first=Mark |date=2019-07-11 |title='State capture': the corruption investigation that has shaken South Africa |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/jul/11/state-capture-corruption-investigation-that-has-shaken-south-africa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711051931/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/jul/11/state-capture-corruption-investigation-that-has-shaken-south-africa |archive-date=11 July 2019 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mdlalane |first=Aphumelele |date=2018-08-19 |title="Beneficiaries" of Vrede dairy project make demands |url=http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/be-beneficiaries-of-vrede-dairy-project-make-demands/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205210519/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/be-beneficiaries-of-vrede-dairy-project-make-demands/ |archive-date=5 December 2018 |access-date=2020-02-16 |website=SABC News |language=en-US}}</ref> A Hukumar Zondo, tsohon shugaban Bosasa Angelo Agrizzi ya sanya kamfanin tabbatar da BEE Empowerdex cikin cin hanci da rashawa, kuma daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa kamfanonin mallakar Gupta, da ke da hannu cikin cin hancin hanci da Rashawa, sun sami kwangilar Eskom ta amfani da takaddun shaida na BEE na zamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2019 |title=Agrizzi's testimony loses SA's biggest BEE agency its accreditation |url=https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/state-capture/2116589/agrizzis-testimony-loses-sas-biggest-bee-agency-its-accreditation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412184925/https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/state-capture/2116589/agrizzis-testimony-loses-sas-biggest-bee-agency-its-accreditation/ |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=2019-10-17 |website=Citizen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Magubane |first=Khulekani |date=2019-04-11 |title=B-BBEE verification company has certificate suspended following Agrizzi testimony |url=https://www.fin24.com/Companies/b-bbee-verification-company-has-certificate-suspended-following-agrizzi-testimony-20190411 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412124416/https://www.fin24.com/Companies/b-bbee-verification-company-has-certificate-suspended-following-agrizzi-testimony-20190411 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |access-date=2019-10-17 |website=Fin24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-25 |title=DA to lay criminal charges over fraudulent Gupta BEE licences |url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/da-to-lay-criminal-charges-over-fraudulent-gupta-bee-licences-33531228 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925111831/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/da-to-lay-criminal-charges-over-fraudulent-gupta-bee-licences-33531228 |archive-date=25 September 2019 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=IOL |language=en}}</ref> Ministan Kudi Enoch Godongwana ya ce a cikin 2022 cewa karuwar cin hanci da rashawa a sayen gwamnati yana daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen da BEE ke fuskanta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Accram |first=Amina |date=2022-05-21 |title=Godongwana admits government failed to achieve Black Economic Transformation |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/godongwana-admits-government-failed-to-achieve-black-economic-transformation/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=SABC News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Nuna wariyar launin fata === Masu sukar sun yi tambaya game da dacewa da adalci na amfani da manufofin rarraba launin fata, kansu sun gaji daga zamanin wariyar launin fata. Wannan dangi mai zurfi na zargi ya ƙunshi ra'ayoyi da yawa, gami da cewa amfani da alamun launin fata ya kara tabbatar da ikonsu; wannan tseren yana da wakilci mara kyau don rashin tattalin arziki; kuma cewa BEE ya zama wani nau'i na nuna bambanci na launin fata mara adalci ko rashin bin doka ko kuma nuna bambancin launin fata a kan fararen fata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morobe |first=Murphy |last2=Harrison |first2=David |date=2019-11-24 |title=Race matters, but B-BBEE policies impose racial classification as the dominant attribute of an individual |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2019-11-25-race-matters-but-b-bbee-policies-impose-racial-classification-as-the-dominant-attribute-of-an-individual/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127220912/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2019-11-25-race-matters-but-b-bbee-policies-impose-racial-classification-as-the-dominant-attribute-of-an-individual/ |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Daily Maverick |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-10 |title=Is BEE reverse racism? |url=https://www.news24.com/News24/is-bee-reverse-racism-20120910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110152547/https://www.news24.com/News24/is-bee-reverse-racism-20120910 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moulton |first=Madison |date=2020-06-24 |title=No, BEE is not racist. But it does need some work… |url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/opinion/is-bee-racist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628054023/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/opinion/is-bee-racist/ |archive-date=28 June 2020 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=The South African |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Patten |first=John |date=2020-09-11 |title=BEE is a form of race discrimination, but can the DA do better? |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2020-09-11-bee-is-a-form-of-race-discrimination-but-can-the-da-do-better/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919111829/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/2020-09-11-bee-is-a-form-of-race-discrimination-but-can-the-da-do-better/ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krüger |first=Louis P. |date=2014 |title=Broad-based black economic empowerment (B-BBEE) in South Africa: a moral and ethical management perspective |journal=Problems and Perspectives in Management |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |s2cid=157872354}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jonker |first=Jacques |date=2020-06-03 |title=Racialism in law is incompatible with the Rule of Law |url=https://www.bbrief.co.za/2020/06/03/racialism-in-law-is-incompatible-with-the-rule-of-law/ |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=bbrief |language=en-ZA}}</ref> === Tasirin Tattalin Arziki === Masu sukar BEE sun kuma ce yana ba da gudummawa ga zubar da kwakwalwa ga ƙwararrun ma'aikata daga Afirka ta Kudu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prinsloo |first=Loni |date=2013-07-07 |title=BEE runs into unintended consequences |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/companies/2013-07-07-bee-runs-into-unintended-consequences/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110152554/https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/companies/2013-07-07-bee-runs-into-unintended-consequences/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=Business Day |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa zubar da kwakwalwa daga Afirka ta Kudu "yana da ƙarancin gaske idan ba abin mamaki ba ne", amma "rashin ƙwararrun mutane da yawa daga bangarori daban-daban", kamar noma, har yanzu yana haifar da damuwa game da zubar da ƙwaƙwalwa daga ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mlambo |first=Victor H. |last2=Adetiba |first2=Toyin Cotties |date=2019 |title=Brain drain and South Africa's socioeconomic development: The waves and its effects |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pa.1942 |journal=Journal of Public Affairs |language=en |volume=19 |issue=4 |doi=10.1002/pa.1942 |issn=1479-1854 |s2cid=159331259 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wasu suna jayayya cewa ƙaura daga wasu ƙwararrun ma'aikata "yana haifar da dama" don rarraba bangarorin da suka dace yayin da suke nada maye gurbin su.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Madubela |first=Anathi |date=2021-10-02 |title=The brain drain can be South Africa's gain |url=https://mg.co.za/business/2021-10-02-the-brain-drain-can-be-south-africas-gain/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002135121/https://mg.co.za/business/2021-10-02-the-brain-drain-can-be-south-africas-gain/ |archive-date=2 October 2021 |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 33ffay177j7q3trbbqdj5zawy4ld9zf 0 174518 964683 946496 2026-10-08T09:59:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙananan mai gyarawa na tsaye na'urar da ake amfani da ita don samar da Hydrogen daga hydrocarbons a kan karamin sikelin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of small stationary reformers for hydrogen production |url=http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/31948.pdf}}</ref> == Nau'o'in == === Masu gyara methane na tururi === === Mai gyara tururi mai yawa === === Rashin wutar lantarki na membrane === A membrane reactor ne mai amfani da oxygen rabuwa, tururi sake fasalin da POX a cikin mataki daya. A cikin 1997 Argonne National Laboratory da Amoco sun buga takarda "Ceramic membrane reactor for converting methane to syngas" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ceramic membrane reactor for converting methane to syngas |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/233819595_Ceramic_membrane_reactor_for_converting_methane_to_syngas |website=ResearchGate}}</ref> wanda ya haifar da ƙananan tsarin da suka haɗu da membrane na oxygen na ATR tare da ruwa-gas sauya reactor da hydrogen membrane. === Rediyo na POX === Rashin oxidation (POX) wani nau'in sinadarai ne. Yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka kara amfani da cakuda mai-iska na substoichiometric a cikin mai gyarawa, yana haifar da syngas mai wadataccen hydrogen wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don ci gaba da amfani, misali a cikin sel mai. An yi bambanci tsakanin zafi na ɓangaren oxidation (TPOX) da catalytic na ɓangaren oxydation (CPOX). === Masu gyara methane na tururi tare da gadaje masu haɓaka === == Bincike == * Microchannel Reformer <ref>{{Cite web |title=Low cost microchannel reformer for hydrogen production from natural gas |url=http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/portfolio/Content/06/EISG/Low%20Cost%20Microchannel%20Reformer.htm |access-date=2026-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051044/http://www.energy.ca.gov/pier/portfolio/Content/06/EISG/Low%20Cost%20Microchannel%20Reformer.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Gyaran membrane na jigilar ion. == Samar da hydrogen a tsakiya == Kudin babban birnin na tsire-tsire mai gyara methane yana da hanawa ga ƙananan zuwa matsakaici saboda fasahar ba ta raguwa sosai. Tsire-tsire masu sabunta tururi na al'ada suna aiki a matsin lamba tsakanin 200 da 600 psi tare da yanayin zafi a cikin kewayon 815 zuwa 925 ° C. Koyaya, bincike ya nuna cewa ko da yake yana da tsada don ginawa, SMR da aka tsara da kyau na iya samar da hydrogen da tsada fiye da ATR.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIA: Software Analyzes Cost of Hydrogen Production &#124; ASSEMBLY |url=https://www.assemblymag.com/articles/83896-aia-software-analyzes-cost-of-hydrogen-production |website=www.assemblymag.com}}</ref> Don rage farashin duka matsin lamba da zafin jiki da aka yi amfani da su ana saukar da su wanda ke ba da damar amfani da kayan da suka fi rahusa. == Manazarta == sylmapfguhwcf5h7ilr9vdjoz6w88gk 0 174584 964343 946674 2026-10-07T13:48:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Taylor Dumpson''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995 or 1996) lauya ce ta Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |last=Clarke |first=Kristen |date=November 18, 2021 |title=Assistant Attorney General Kristen Clarke Delivers Remarks at Dillard University's 10th Annual Justice Revius O. Ortique Jr. Lecture on Law and Society |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/assistant-attorney-general-kristen-clarke-delivers-remarks-dillard-university-s-10th |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=[[United States Department of Justice]]}}</ref> kuma mataimakiyar lauya a Kwamitin Lauyoyi na 'Yancin Bil'adama a karkashin Dokar . <ref name="TD profile LC 2021">{{Cite web |title=Taylor Dumpson |url=https://www.lawyerscommittee.org/staff/taylor-dumpson/ |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=[[Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law]]}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko a gwamnatin dalibai a Jami'ar Amurka, ita ce manufa ta [[Laifin kiyayya|Laifukan ƙiyayya]], kuma ta amsa guguwar Troll ta kan layi tare da karar da ta yi nasara. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Dumpson a Washington DC kuma ya girma a Gabashin Gabashin Maryland . <ref name="TD profile LC 2021" /> Mahaifiyarta mataimakiyar shugaban kasa ce a Jami'ar Maryland Eastern Shore kuma mahaifinta babban furodusa ne. Dangantakar iyalinta da Gabashin Gabas ta fara ne a cikin 1800s. Ta bayyana kisan Trayvon Martin a matsayin abin da ya canza rayuwa da kuma "lokacin ƙarni" wanda ya yi mata wahayi don shiga cikin gwagwarmaya a lokacin makarantar sakandare.<ref name="Sethi 2018" /> Ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Wicomico a Salisbury, Maryland; sannan daga Jami'ar Amurka ta [[Washington, D.C.|DC]] tare da BA a Shari'a da Al'umma. Ta kammala karatu kuma ta sami likitan shari'a daga Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law a Jami'ar Yeshiva New York . <ref name="TD profile LC 2021" /> A Jami'ar Amurka, ta kasance memba na mafi yawan Black sorority Alpha Kappa Alpha, kuma ta fara wa'adin ta a matsayin mace ta farko ta Black shugabar gwamnatin dalibai a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2017. A ranar 1 ga watan Mayu, an rataye ayaba a cikin igiyoyi, wasu ciki har da bayanan da aka ba da umarni ga ƙungiyar ta, a harabar, kuma [[Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI)|FBI]] ta fara bincike.<ref name="Larimer 2017" /> Dalibai sun yi zanga-zanga kuma daruruwan sun halarci taron zauren gari don mayar da martani ga lamarin.<ref name="Fortin 2017" /><ref name="Larimer 2017" /> A cikin kwanaki, kungiyar Anti-Defamation League ta gaya wa Dumpson cewa shafin yanar gizon neo-Nazi The Daily Stormer wanda Andrew Anglin ke gudanarwa ya yi niyya da ita don "guguwa mai yawa" na [[cin zarafin yanar gizo]], gami da sanya hotonta da bayanan tuntuɓar kafofin sada zumunta. Ta ce ta kara matakan tsaro kuma ta fuskanci [[Rashin damuwa bayan rauni|PTSD]] sakamakon tsangwama da ta biyo baya.<ref name="NPR 2021" /><ref name="Zraick 2018" /> === ''Dumpson da Ade'' === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2018, tare da wakilci daga Kwamitin Lauyoyi na 'Yancin Bil'adama a karkashin Dokar, Dumpson ya shigar da kara da zargin keta Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Gundumar Columbia ta 1977 da Dokar Laifuka ta DC ta 1989 a kan Andrew Anglin, Evan James McCarty, da Brian Andrew Ade. Har ila yau, karar ta haɗa da zarge-zarge iri-iri a kan Anglin, gami da tayar da hankali na haifar da damuwa ta motsin rai, tsoma baki da haƙƙinta na samun damar samun ilimi, da kuma makirci don yin bin diddigin. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, Dumpson ya cimma matsaya tare da McCarty wanda ka'idodin adalci mai maidowa suka rinjayi shi kuma ya haɗa da yarjejeniyarsa don neman gafara ga Dumpson, don yin watsi da fifiko ga fararen fata, da kuma kammala aikin al'umma. A watan Agustan 2019, a cikin hukunci na asali, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Calvert |first=Clay |date=April 2020 |title=Troll Storms and Tort Liability for Speech Urging Action by Others: A First Amendment Analysis and an Initial Step Towards a Federal Rule |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A632995687/AONE?u=wikipedia&sid=ebsco&xid=86cd0eb4 |journal=[[Washington University Law Review]] |publisher=[[Washington University School of Law]] |volume=97 |issue=4 |access-date=30 November 2021 |quote=As was the situation in Gersh, Andrew Anglin failed to defend against Taylor Dumpson's lawsuit and default judgment was entered against him in August 2019. (47) In brief, the crucial issue at the heart of this Commentary regarding vicarious tort liability for speech-sparked troll storms was never fully litigated or resolved in either Gersh or Dumpson.}}</ref> an ba Dumpson fiye da $ 725,000 a cikin lalacewa, farashi, da kudade a kan Anglin, gami da hana umarni a kan Anglins, Ade, da Moonbase Holdings, wanda aka sani da kamfanin da ke tallafawa The Daily Stormer. A cikin hukunce-hukuncenta, Alkalin Rosemary M. Collyer ya gano cewa Dumpson "an yi niyya ne saboda tserenta da jinsi", kuma lauyan Dumpson [[Kristen Clarke]] ya bayyana hukuncin a matsayin "tarihi" saboda binciken da aka gano cewa wariyar launin fata a kan layi na iya haifar da tsangwama tare da daidaito ga wurin zama na jama'a. <ref name="Padilla 2019" /> Dumpson ya zama Shugaban kasa na 2021 a Kwamitin Lauyoyi na 'Yancin Bil'adama a karkashin Dokar, kungiyar DC da ke inganta' yancin bil'adama, kuma ya ci gaba a kungiyar a matsayin mataimakin lauya. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2023 ta fara aiki a Ofishin Babban Lauyan Rhode Island a matsayin Mataimakin Babban Lauyan na Musamman a cikin Family / District Court Unit. A halin yanzu tana aiki a sashen aikata laifuka na Ofishin Babban Lauyan Rhode Island . <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Hires: Taylor Dumpson has joined the office as a Special Assistant Attorney General in the Family/District Court Unit. |url=https://riag.ri.gov/press-releases/attorney-general-neronha-announces-promotions-and-new-hires-within-civil-and |website=riag.ri.gov}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Taylor Dumpson - Eradicate Hate Global Summit |url=https://eradicatehatesummit.org/participant/taylor-dumpson/ |access-date=2026-08-15 |website=eradicatehatesummit.org}}</ref><ref name="taylordumpson.org">{{Cite web |title=Bio & Media - Taylor Dumpson |url=https://taylordumpson.org/bio-media- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260811012557/https://taylordumpson.org/bio-media- |archive-date=2026-08-11 |access-date=2026-08-15}}</ref> An hana Dumpson a Jihar Rhode Island, Jihar New York, [[Washington, D.C.|Gundumar Columbia]] da Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Kudancin New York . <ref name="taylordumpson.org" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1dojo2vy214ujaz3tg641rzlju8snbx 0 174713 964453 959174 2026-10-07T20:05:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''USL League One''' ( USL1 ) ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta maza ce ta ƙwararru a Amurka wadda ta fara kakar wasa a shekarar 2019 . Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta United Soccer League ce ke gudanar da gasar Division 3, wato ƙungiyar da ke gudanar da gasar USL Championship ta maza ta Division 2, gasar USL Super League ta mata ta Division 1, da sauran gasannin. As of 2026 Gasar tana da ƙungiyoyi 17 masu aiki waɗanda aka tsara za su buga wasanni 32 na kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, sannan kuma su buga wasannin share fage. Duk ƙungiyoyi suna shiga gasar USL Cup, suna ƙara wasanni huɗu, sai kuma zagaye na biyu. == Tarihi == === Shekarun farko (2017–2020) === Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Amurka ta ba wa gasar USL Championship ta rukuni na biyu izinin shiga gasar a watan Janairun 2017, wanda hakan ya sa ba a samu damar shiga gasar rukuni na uku ta kwallon kafa ta Amurka ba. Daga 1996 zuwa 2009, United Soccer League ta gudanar da gasa a ƙananan rukuni a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban, ciki har da USL Second Division a mataki na uku. A ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2017, USL ta sanar da cewa za ta ƙaddamar da sabuwar gasar rukuni na uku a shekarar 2019, tare da aƙalla ƙungiyoyi takwas da kuma sassaucin buƙatun idan aka kwatanta da USL na rukuni na biyu. Sabuwar ƙungiyar ta sami sunan wucin gadi '''na USL Division III''' ( '''USL D3''' ). <ref name="PR-2017" /> Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa za ta kai hari kan biranen da ke da yawan jama'a daga 150,000 zuwa miliyan daya, galibi a biranen da ba su da ƙungiyar ƙwararru a halin yanzu. [[File:RRR_Section.jpg|left|thumb| Ƙungiyar Greenville Triumph SC (wanda aka nuna a nan a shekarar 2019) tana ɗaya daga cikin mutane goma da suka kafa ƙungiyar USL League One]] A cikin watanni masu zuwa, ƙungiyar ta fara neman birane da kasuwannin da za ta samo sabbin ƙungiyoyin mambobi. Mataimakin shugaban gasar ya gudanar da rangadin biranen da za su fafata a kudu maso gabashin Amurka daga watan Afrilu zuwa Mayu na 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2017 |title=USL DIII VP Short reflects on southeast expansion tour |url=http://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/791194?referrer_id=3067503 |access-date=July 23, 2017 |website=USL D3}}</ref> sannan ya ziyarci North Carolina da kuma irin wannan rangadin Midwest a ƙarshen watan Mayu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2017 |title=Short Shares Thoughts on North Carolina Visits |url=http://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/819982?referrer_id=3067503 |access-date=August 11, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2017 |title=USL DIII Expansion Tour Visits Midwest |url=http://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/795625?referrer_id=3067503 |access-date=July 23, 2017 |website=USL D3}}</ref> Bayan rufe rangadin kudu maso gabas, gasar ta sanar da yiwuwar Tormenta FC, ƙungiyar Premier Development League daga [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]], ta shiga gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 5, 2017 |title=Tormenta FC to explore USL DIII possibilities |url=http://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/789481?referrer_id=3067503 |access-date=July 23, 2017 |website=USL D3}}</ref> An bayyana memba na farko da ya kafa kungiyar, South Georgia Tormenta FC, a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2018 |title=Tormenta FC joins USL Division III for 2019 |url=http://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/877210?referrer_id=3067499 |access-date=January 25, 2018}}</ref> Bayan haka, FC Tucson ta biyo baya a ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2018 |title=FC Tucson Leads USL Division III'S West Coast Expansion |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/882387 |publisher=United Soccer League (USL)}}</ref> Greenville Triumph SC a ranar 13 ga Maris, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2018 |title=USL Division III Welcomes Greenville as Founding Member |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/894665 |publisher=United Soccer League (USL)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2018 |title=Greenville's Pro Soccer Team To Be Called Greenville Triumph Soccer Club |url=https://www.greenvilletriumph.com/news_article/show/940518 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927000455/https://www.greenvilletriumph.com/news_article/show/940518 |archive-date=September 27, 2021 |access-date=August 11, 2018 |publisher=Greenville Triumph Soccer Club}}</ref> da kuma Madison, Wisconsin a ranar 17 ga Mayu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=USL DIII |date=May 17, 2018 |title=Madison Unveiled as Fourth USL Division III Founding Member |url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/917827-madison-unveiled-as-fourth-usl-division-iii-founding-member |website=USL Championship}}</ref> An sanar da Toronto FC II na USL a ranar 2 ga Yuli, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=USL DIII |date=July 2, 2018 |title=USL Division III Names Toronto FC II as Founding Member |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/928639-usl-division-iii-names-toronto-fc-ii-as-founding-member |website=USL League One}}</ref> kuma an sanar da Chattanooga, Tennessee a ranar 1 ga Agusta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=USL DIII |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Chattanooga Welcomed as Newest USL Division III Founding Member |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/938670-chattanooga-welcomed-as-newest-usl-division-iii-founding-member |website=USL League One}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyi uku na gasar USL Championship, Penn FC, Rochester Rhinos da Richmond Kickers, suma sun sanar da shirin komawa League One nan da shekarar 2020 saboda matsalolin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 11, 2018 |title=Kickers Named a USL Division III Founding Member |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/948615 |access-date=September 12, 2018 |website=usld3.com |publisher=United Soccer Leagues}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 2018, an bayyana cewa memba na goma kuma na ƙarshe da ya kafa ƙungiyar FC Dallas shine ƙungiyar ajiyar kuɗi. Bayan kwana huɗu, ƙungiyar ta bayyana sunan ƙungiyar North Texas SC . Gasar ta shigar da ƙarar matsayin Division III tare da USSF a ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2018. An lissafa ƙungiyoyi goma da suka kafa wannan aiki a cikin aikace-aikacen. <ref name="d3app">{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2018 |title=USL Division III Files Sanctioning Paperwork to U.S. Soccer |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/941608 |publisher=USL League One}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2018 |title=USL Division III submits sanctioning request to U.S. Soccer with 10 teams |url=https://www.socceramerica.com/publications/article/79196/usl-division-iii-submits-sanctioning-request-to-u.html |website=SoccerAmerica.com |publisher=SoccerAmerica}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Disamba, 2018, USSF ta kaɗa ƙuri'a don ɗaukar League One a matsayin ƙungiyar Division 3 na 2019. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=soccerinsider}}</ref>   ƙungiyar a halin yanzu tana da matsayi na Division III tare da MLS Next Pro da kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ƙasa mai zaman kanta . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kivlehan |first=Chris |date=February 17, 2019 |title=Breaking: NISA Sanctioned By USSF, To Start In August |url=http://midfieldpress.com/2019/02/16/breaking-nisa-sanctioned-by-ussf-to-start-in-august/ |access-date=June 4, 2019 |website=MidfieldPress.com}}</ref> An buga wasan farko na League One a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2019, lokacin da Tormenta FC ta doke Greenville Triumph SC da ci 1-0 a gaban taron jama'a 3,519 a filin Eagle da ke Erk Russell Park. Alex Morrell ya zura kwallon farko a minti na 72. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 29, 2019 |title=Gameday Report: March 29, Week 1 |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1007645 |publisher=USL League One}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Lansing Ignite FC ta faɗi ƙasa. <ref name="LansingFold">{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2019 |title=Lansing Ignite FC Ceases Operations |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1058296-lansing-ignite-fc-ceases-operations |access-date=October 21, 2019 |website=USLLeagueOne.com |publisher=USL League One}}</ref> === Ficewar ƙungiyoyin ajiyar MLS da kuma farkon faɗaɗawa (2020–2022) === A kakar wasa ta 2020, Union Omaha ta shiga gasar. Bugu da ƙari, New England Revolution da [[Inter Miami|Inter Miami CF]] sun sanya ƙungiyoyin ajiye ƙungiyoyi a gasar, wanda ya kawo jimillar adadin ƙungiyoyi zuwa 12. <ref>{{Cite web |last=USLLeagueOne.com Staff |date=October 9, 2019 |title=Inter Miami FC, New England Revolution Launch League One Clubs |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1055533-inter-miami-fc-new-england-revolution-launch-league-one-clubs |access-date=October 9, 2019 |website=USLLeagueOne.com}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2021, Major League Soccer ta sanar da ƙirƙirar sabuwar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru, MLS Next Pro, wadda za ta fara wasa a shekarar 2022 kuma za ta karɓi baƙuncin dukkan ƙungiyoyin ajiyar MLS tare da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Fort Lauderdale CF, New England Revolution II, North Texas SC da Toronto FC II duk sun shiga MLS Next Pro bayan kakar wasa ta 2021 League One . <ref name="MLSNP2">{{Cite web |date=December 6, 2021 |title=MLS NEXT Pro unveils 21 clubs for inaugural season starting March 2022 |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/mls-next-pro-unveils-21-clubs-for-inaugural-season-starting-march-2022 |access-date=September 15, 2022 |website=mlssoccer.com |publisher=[[Major League Soccer]]}}</ref> Tsohuwar ƙungiyar League One Orlando City B ta shiga gasar MLS Next Pro a kakar wasa ta farko ta 2022 bayan dakatarwar da ta fara bayan ƙungiyar ta kammala kakar wasa ta League One ta 2020. <ref name="MLSNP2" /> Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Rochester New York, wacce a da aka fi sani da Rochester Rhinos, ta sanar a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 2021, cewa kungiyar za ta shiga gasar MLS Next Pro a matsayin kungiyarta ta farko mai zaman kanta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rochester New York FC |url=https://www.mlsnextpro.com/rny-fc/news/rny-fc-joins-mls-next-pro |access-date=October 22, 2022 |website=MLSNextPro.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022220122/https://www.mlsnextpro.com/rny-fc/news/rny-fc-joins-mls-next-pro |archive-date=October 22, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rochester ta sanar a shekarar 2018 cewa za ta shiga gasar League One a kakar wasa ta 2020, duk da cewa jinkirin da aka samu a filin wasa da sauran matsalolin kudi sun sa kulob din ya dakatar da aikinsa na tsawon shekaru hudu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2021 |title=Premier League star Jamie Vardy named co-owner of Rochester Rhinos |url=https://www.rochesterfirst.com/sports/rnyfc/premiere-league-star-jamie-vardy-named-co-owner-of-rochester-rhinos/ |access-date=October 22, 2022 |website=RochesterFirst.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Episode 151: Pat Ercoli (President Rochester Rhinos) Part 2 from Uncle Sam's Soccer Podcast |url=https://www.stitcher.com/s?eid=63466010 |access-date=September 23, 2019 |website=www.stitcher.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 2021, USL ta sanar da cewa ta bai wa Lexington Pro Soccer ƙungiyar faɗaɗawa don kakar wasa ta 2023. Zai zama kulob na farko na League One da ke Kentucky. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2021 |title=United Soccer League Welcomes Lexington Pro Soccer as League One Expansion Club |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1187030-united-soccer-league-welcomes-lexington-pro-soccer-as-league-one-expansion-club |access-date=October 22, 2022 |website=USLLeagueOne.com |language=en-us}}</ref> An bayyana asalin ƙungiyar a matsayin Lexington Sporting Club a ranar 22 ga Maris, 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Lexington Sporting Club Reveal Brand Identity |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1217223-lexington-sporting-club-reveal-brand-identity |access-date=October 22, 2022 |website=USLLeagueOne.com |language=en-us}}</ref> [[File:Velocity_Home_Opener.jpg|thumb| Ƙungiyar Spokane Velocity (wanda aka nuna a hoton) tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin faɗaɗawa da yawa da suka shiga gasar USL League One a lokacin faɗaɗa ƙungiyar ajiyar bayan MLS]] An fara buga wasa a shekarar 2022 tsakanin Central Valley Fuego FC, Charlotte Independence da Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2020 |title=United Soccer League Welcomes Central Valley Fuego Futbol Club to League One |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1136153 |access-date=September 15, 2022 |website=uslleagueone.com |publisher=USL League One}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2021 |title=Charlotte Independence to Compete in USL League One Starting in 2022 |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1196847 |access-date=September 15, 2022 |website=uslleagueone.com |publisher=USL League One}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2021 |title=United Soccer League Welcomes Northern Colorado FC to League One |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1140351 |access-date=September 15, 2022 |website=uslleagueone.com |publisher=USL League One}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yuni, 2022, USL ta sanar da cewa ta ba wa wata ƙungiya da ke zaune a Wilmington, North Carolina haƙƙinta na musamman na neman ƙungiyar faɗaɗa League One don yankin da zai shiga a shekarar 2024. Wilmington ta kasance gidan kulob din USL Wilmington Hammerheads FC na dogon lokaci, wanda ke wasa a lig-lig daban-daban na USL daga 1996 zuwa 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2022 |title=USL to Wilmington Announce Intentions to Bring Professional Soccer to Wilmington, N.C. |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1228104-usl-to-wilmington-announce-intentions-to-bring-professional-soccer-to-wilmington-n-c- |access-date=October 22, 2022 |website=USLLeagueOne.com |language=en-us}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2022, USL ta sanar da cewa sabuwar ƙungiya, Santa Barbara Sky FC, za ta shiga League One a kakar wasa ta 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |last=USLLeagueOne com Staff |date=July 12, 2022 |title=Santa Barbara Sky FC to Join USL League One |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1232374-santa-barbara-sky-fc-to-join-usl-league-one |access-date=October 22, 2022 |website=USL League One |language=en-us}}</ref> kodayake daga baya za a jinkirta fara gasar har zuwa 2025, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandoval |first=Diego |date=March 12, 2024 |title=Santa Barbara Sky FC Officially Announces Plans to Begin Play in 2025 {{!}} Sports |url=http://www.noozhawk.com/santa-barbara-sky-fc-officially-announces-plans-to-begin-play-in-2025/ |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=Noozhawk |language=en-US}}</ref> sannan aka soke gaba ɗaya, maimakon haka za ta shiga gasar USL Championship daga 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2024 |title=United Soccer League announces transfer of Memphis 901 FC's USL Championship rights to Santa Barbara SKY FC |url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/1323634 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113183210/https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/1323634 |archive-date=November 13, 2024 |access-date=November 13, 2024 |publisher=[[USL Championship]]}}</ref> Bayan kammala kakar wasa ta yau da kullun ta 2022, FC Tucson ta sanar da komawa gasar USL League Two . Jim kaɗan bayan da FC Tucson ta sanar da ficewa daga gasar, One Knoxville SC ta sanar da cewa za ta zama ƙwararriya kuma ta shiga gasar League One a shekarar 2023, bayan nasarar da ta samu a kakar wasa ta farko wadda ta kai ga wasan ƙarshe na gasar USL League Two. A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2022, ƙungiyar ta sanar da ƙungiyar faɗaɗa gasar a Spokane, Washington, mai suna Spokane Velocity . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Erin |date=October 7, 2022 |title=United Soccer League men's, women's pro teams coming to Spokane in 2024 |url=https://www.kxly.com/news/local-news/united-soccer-league-men-s-women-s-pro-teams-coming-to-spokane-in-2024/article_7a9cf893-ec01-5e4c-bd85-9d838aa3b14a.html |access-date=May 10, 2024 |website=KXLY kxly.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2022, an sanar da cewa kulob din USL League Two Lane United FC ya sami 'yancin neman ikon mallakar League One a Lane County, Oregon . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2022 |title=Lane United FC acquires exclusive rights to pursue professional USL franchises |url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/news_article/show/1250706-lane-united-fc-acquires-exclusive-rights-to-pursue-professional-usl-franchises |access-date=December 9, 2022 |website=USLLeagueTwo.com |language=en-us}}</ref> Wannan kulob din zai fara wasa a shekarar 2027 a matsayin Sporting Cascades FC . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=August 22, 2025 |title=Sporting Cascades FC reveals brand identity |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1344652-sporting-cascades-fc-reveals-brand-identity |access-date=August 23, 2025 |website=USL League One |language=en-us}}</ref> === Na biyu na faɗaɗawa (2023-yanzu) === A cikin kaka ta 2023, ƙungiyar ta sanar da ƙarin ƙungiyoyi uku na faɗaɗawa: ɗaya a Portland, Maine, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 7, 2023 |title=Portland, Maine granted USL League One franchise |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1283769-portland-maine-granted-usl-league-one-franchise |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=USL League One |language=en-us}}</ref> an sanya mata suna Portland Hearts of Pine, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2024 |title=Portland men's pro soccer team unveils name: Hearts of Pine |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2024/04/27/mens-pro-soccer-franchise-in-portland-to-play-as-hearts-of-pines/ |access-date=May 10, 2024 |website=Press Herald}}</ref> ɗaya a Sherman, Texas, an sanya mata suna Texoma FC, <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 23, 2023 |title=USL Texoma announces plans to bring professional soccer to region |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1288994 |access-date=October 24, 2023 |website=USLLeagueOne.com |language=en-us}}</ref> da ɗaya a Lancaster, California, <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2023 |title=USL Antelope Valley announces plans to bring professional soccer to Lancaster, Calif. |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1286838 |access-date=October 4, 2023 |website=USLLeagueOne.com |language=en-us}}</ref> an sanya mata suna AV Alta FC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Caiuch |first=Eduard |date=May 18, 2024 |title=AV Alta FC, equipo de tercera división en USL, busca llenar un vacío en Antelope Valley |url=https://www.latimes.com/espanol/deportes/articulo/2024-05-18/av-alta-fc-equipo-de-tercera-division-en-usl-busca-llenar-un-vacio-en-antelope-valley |access-date=May 20, 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times en Español |language=es-US}}</ref> Gasar ta sanar da ƙarin ƙungiyoyi biyu na faɗaɗa a farkon 2024, na farko a [[Naples, Florida]], wanda daga baya aka bayyana a matsayin FC Naples, <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2024 |title=USL League One announces USL Naples as new expansion club for 2025 |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1297223 |access-date=January 17, 2024 |website=USLLeagueOne.com |language=en-us}}</ref> da kuma Mount Vernon, New York, wanda aka sanya wa suna Westchester SC . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=May 9, 2024 |title=Westchester SC granted USL League One franchise, aims to kick off in 2025 |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1309517-westchester-sc-granted-usl-league-one-franchise-aims-to-kick-off-in-2025 |access-date=May 9, 2024 |website=USL League One |language=en-us}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2024, USL ta sanar da cewa Lexington SC za ta koma daga League One zuwa Championship a kakar wasa ta 2025. <ref name="LexingtonUSLC">{{Cite web |date=August 13, 2024 |title=Lexington Sporting Club to join USL Championship for 2025 season |url=https://www.uslsoccer.com/news_article/show/1315914 |access-date=August 20, 2024 |website=USL Championship |language=en-us}}</ref> [[File:One_Knoxville_SC_Covenant_Health_Park_02.jpg|left|thumb|295x295px| Ci gaban gasar a tsakiyar shekarun 2020 ya samu taimako daga tallata kungiyoyi daga gasar USL League Two kafin fara gasar ( ''hoton Knoxville SC daya'' )]] A watan Oktoba na 2024, gasar ta bai wa Corpus Christi, Texas, da Boise, Idaho ƙungiyoyin faɗaɗawa, waɗanda aka sanya wa suna Athletic Club Boise . <ref name="USLLeagueOne-2024b">{{Cite web |date=October 8, 2024 |title=United Soccer League awards franchise to Corpus Christi, bringing first professional soccer team to Texas Coastal Bend |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1320226 |access-date=October 8, 2024 |website=USLLeagueOne.com |publisher=USL League One}}</ref> <ref name="USLSoccer-2024">{{Cite web |date=October 30, 2024 |title=United Soccer League, Boise Pro Soccer Set to Bring Professional Soccer to Treasure Valley |url=https://www.uslsoccer.com/news_article/show/1322327 |access-date=October 30, 2024 |website=USLSoccer.com |publisher=[[United Soccer League]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2025 |title=USL League One, Super League Expansion Team in Boise Reveals Logo, Name |url=https://uni-watch.com/2025/06/29/usl-league-one-super-league-expansion-team-in-boise-reveals-logo-name/ |access-date=July 10, 2025 |website=Uni Watch |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana sa ran dukkansu za su shiga kakar wasa ta 2026, inda ƙungiyar Corpus Christi za ta ci gaba da riƙe matsayin Corpus Christi FC da ta yi amfani da shi a gasar League Two. A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2024, USL ta sanar da cewa ta soke yarjejeniyar mallakar hannun jari ta Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC kuma Central Valley Fuego da ƙungiyar "sun yanke shawara kan rabuwa." <ref name="USLLeagueOne-2024c">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 14, 2024 |title=United Soccer League Statement |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1323797 |access-date=November 14, 2024 |website=USL League One |language=en-us}}</ref> Duk waɗannan ƙungiyoyin biyu za su koma League for Clubs daga ƙarshe. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=FUEGO U23 TO JOIN THE LEAGUE FOR CLUBS |url=https://www.theleaguefc.com/news/fuego-u23-to-join-the-league-for-clubs |access-date=August 23, 2025 |website=The League for Clubs |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250303230718/https://www.theleaguefc.com/news/fuego-u23-to-join-the-league-for-clubs |archive-date=March 3, 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC joins TLfC's Mountain Premier Conference - The League for Clubs |url=https://www.theleaguefc.com/blog-posts/northern-colorado-hailstorm-fc-joins-tlfcs-mountain-premier-conference |access-date=August 23, 2025 |website=www.theleaguefc.com}}</ref> A tsakiyar watan Fabrairun 2025, gasar ta bai wa ƙungiyar faɗaɗawa zuwa Paterson, New Jersey damar fara wasa a kakar wasa ta 2026 a filin wasa na tarihi na Hinchliffe . <ref name="USLNorthJersey">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2025 |title=United Soccer League, North Jersey Pro Soccer to Bring Professional Soccer to Paterson, New Jersey |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1331531 |access-date=February 14, 2025 |website=USL League One}}</ref> An bayyana sunan ƙungiyar a matsayin New York Cosmos a watan Yulin 2025, inda suka ɗauki asalin ƙungiyar New York mai suna New York wadda ta fafata a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arewacin Amurka (NASL) kuma ta fitar da 'yan wasa kamar [[Pele|Pelé]] da Giorgio Chinaglia . An daɗe ana sake farfaɗo da sunan Cosmos a shekarar 2010 don sake fara gasar NASL, amma wannan ƙungiyar ta buga wasanni huɗu kacal na ƙwararru bayan da NASL ta gaza a karo na biyu a shekarar 2017, kuma ba ta buga wasa ɗaya ba tun shekarar 2020 bayan ta shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa mai zaman kanta na ɗan lokaci. <ref name=":0" /> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2025, Fort Lauderdale United FC, ƙungiyar mata da ke fafatawa a USL Super League, da farko ta sanar da cewa za ta kafa ƙungiyar maza don yin gasa a USL League One don kakar 2026. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=United Soccer League, Fort Lauderdale United FC Announce Men's League One Soccer Team in 2026 |url=https://www.ftlutd.com/news/2025/04/29/united-soccer-league-fort-lauderdale-united-fc-announce-mens-league-one-soccer-team-in-2026/ |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=Fort Lauderdale United FC |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2025, kulob din ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai tura ranar kaddamar da kungiyar League One zuwa 2027.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Fort Lauderdale United FC Reschedules Men's Team Launch to 2027 to Strengthen Long-Term Foundation |url=https://www.ftlutd.com/news/2025/12/02/fort-lauderdale-united-fc-reschedules-mens-team-launch-to-2027-to-strengthen-long-term-foundation/ |access-date=December 2, 2025 |website=Fort Lauderdale United FC |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 2025, an sanar da Port St. Lucie SC a matsayin sabuwar ƙungiyar USL League One, wacce ke Port St. Lucie, Florida kuma za ta fara wasa a shekarar 2027. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Scott |date=October 13, 2025 |title=Port St. Lucie awarded United Soccer League team, announces plans to construct 6,000-seat stadium |url=https://www.wptv.com/sports/port-st-lucie-awarded-united-soccer-league-team-announces-plans-to-construct-6-000-seat-stadium |access-date=October 13, 2025}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa ta farko a gasar League One, ƙungiyar masu mallakar Texoma FC ta sanar da cewa ƙungiyar Texoma za ta koma gasar USL League Two aƙalla kakar wasa ta 2026 da nufin komawa gasar League One nan gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=October 28, 2025 |title=Texoma FC to compete in USL League Two for 2026 season |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1348855-texoma-fc-to-compete-in-usl-league-two-for-2026-season- |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=USL League One |language=en-us}}</ref> Daga baya ƙungiyar masu mallakar Texoma ta fara sabuwar ƙungiyar USL League One, Rodeo SC a [[Celina, Texas]], mil 27 kudu da Sherman, da niyyar shiga gasar a kakar wasa ta 2027. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 6, 2025 |title=Rodeo Soccer Club, United Soccer League Announce Professional Soccer in Celina, Texas |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1349438-rodeo-soccer-club-united-soccer-league-announce-professional-soccer-in-celina-texas |access-date=November 6, 2025 |website=USL League One |language=en-us}}</ref> Kwanaki goma sha biyu kafin fara kakar wasa ta 2026, a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2026, gasar ta sanar da cewa Tormenta FC za ta dakatar da gasar kuma ba za ta fafata a kakar wasa ta 2026 ba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2026 |title=South Georgia Tormenta FC Update |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1356191-south-georgia-tormenta-fc-update |access-date=February 23, 2026 |website=USL League One |language=en-us}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2026, Boise ta sanar da cewa za ta shiga Gasar USL ta 2027, tare da fadada filin wasa daidai gwargwado. <ref>{{Cite web |last=USLsoccer.com Staff |date=September 9, 2026 |title=Athletic Club Boise to Join USL Championship, Announces Stadium Expansion |url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/1366442 |access-date=September 9, 2026 |publisher=USL}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi == {{OSM Location map|nolabels=1|width=430|height=230|coord={{coord|36.5|-96.8}}|zoom=3|shapeD=circle|shape-colorD=red|mark-sizeD=8|label-sizeD=11,background,outline|label-posD=east|caption=Locations of [[File:Red circle icon.svg|8px]] '''Current''' and [[File:Tourist-cabin-private-staffed-lodge.svg|8px]] '''Future''' Conference teams, and [[File:Circle green icon pb.svg|8px]] ''Departing'' teams|label1='''[[Athletic Club Boise|Boise]]'''|shape-color1=green|mark-title1=[[Athletic Club Boise]]|mark-description1=[[Stadium at Expo Idaho]]|mark-coord1={{Coord|43.6506|-116.2719}}|label2='''[[AV Alta FC|AV Alta]]'''|label-pos2=left|mark-title2=[[AV Alta FC]]|mark-description2=[[The Hangar (Lancaster, California)|The Hangar]]|mark-coord2={{Coord|34.703|-118.1728}}|label3='''[[Charlotte Independence|Charlotte]]'''|label-pos3=center,with-line,2|ldx3=65|ldy3=2|mark-title3=[[Charlotte Independence]]|mark-description3=[[American Legion Memorial Stadium]]|mark-coord3={{Coord|35.2182|-80.8281}}|label4='''[[Chattanooga Red Wolves SC|Chattanooga]]'''|ldx4=-80|ldy4=-9|mark-title4=[[Chattanooga Red Wolves SC]]|mark-description4=[[CHI Memorial Stadium]]|mark-coord4={{Coord|34.9972|-85.2106}}|label5='''[[Corpus Christi FC|Corpus Christi]]'''|label-pos5=west|mark-title5=[[Corpus Christi FC]]|mark-description5=Corpus Christi Sports Complex|mark-coord5={{Coord|27.7588|-97.4573}}|label6='''[[FC Naples|Naples]]'''|ldx6=-48|ldy6=8|mark-title6=[[FC Naples]]|mark-description6=Paradise Coast Sports Complex Stadium|mark-coord6={{Coord|26.1649|-81.6733}}|label7=''[[Fort Lauderdale United FC|Fort Lauderdale]]''|shape-color7=blue|mark-title7=[[Fort Lauderdale United FC]]|mark-description7=[[Training Facility at Nova Southeastern University|Beyond Bancard Field]]|mark-coord7={{Coord|26.082|-80.2462}}|label8='''[[Fort Wayne FC|Fort Wayne]]'''|label-pos8=center,with-line,2|ldx8=30|ldy8=-16|mark-title8=[[Fort Wayne FC]]|mark-description8=Fort Wayne FC Park|mark-coord8={{Coord|41.0876|-85.2245}}|label9='''[[Forward Madison FC|Madison]]'''|ldx9=-58|ldy9=-9|mark-title9=[[Forward Madison FC]]|mark-description9=[[Breese Stevens Field]]|mark-coord9={{Coord|43.0831|-89.3755}}|label10='''[[Greenville Triumph SC|Greenville]]'''|label-pos10=east,with-line,2|ldx10=25|ldy10=16|mark-title10=[[Greenville Triumph SC]]|mark-description10=[[Paladin Stadium]]|mark-coord10={{Coord|34.9202|-82.4371}}|label11='''[[New York Cosmos (2026)|New York]]'''|label-pos11=southwest,with-line,2|ldx11=82|ldy11=-10|mark-title11=[[New York Cosmos (2026)|New York Cosmos]]|mark-description11=[[Hinchliffe Stadium]]|mark-coord11={{Coord|40.9183|-74.1812}}|label12='''[[One Knoxville SC|Knoxville]]'''|label-pos12=west,with-line,2|ldy12=-19|mark-title12=[[One Knoxville SC]]|mark-description12=[[Covenant Health Park]]|mark-coord12={{Coord|35.9721|-83.9145}}|label13='''[[Portland Hearts of Pine|Portland]]'''|mark-title13=[[Portland Hearts of Pine]]|mark-description13=[[Fitzpatrick Stadium]]|mark-coord13={{Coord|43.658|-70.2766}}|label14=''[[Port St. Lucie SC|Port St. Lucie]]''|ldx14=-4|ldy14=-9|shape-color14=blue|mark-title14=[[Port St. Lucie SC]]|mark-description14=Walton & One Stadium|mark-coord14={{Coord|27.2964|-80.302}}|label15=''[[Rodeo SC|Rodeo]]''|label-pos15=west|shape-color15=blue|mark-title15=[[Rodeo SC]]|mark-description15=Bobcat Stadium|mark-coord15={{Coord|33.3654|-96.7609}}|label16='''[[Richmond Kickers|Richmond]]'''|label-pos16=center,with-line,2|ldx16=50|ldy16=2|mark-title16=[[Richmond Kickers]]|mark-description16=[[City Stadium (Richmond)|City Stadium]]|mark-coord16={{Coord|37.5496|-77.4867}}|label17='''[[Sarasota Paradise|Sarasota]]'''|label-pos17=left|mark-title17=[[Sarasota Paradise]]|mark-description17=Premier Sports Campus|mark-coord17={{Coord|27.4342|-82.3818}}|label18='''[[Spokane Velocity|Spokane]]'''|mark-title18=[[Spokane Velocity]]|mark-description18=[[One Spokane Stadium]]|mark-coord18={{Coord|47.6674|-117.4191}}|label19=''[[Sporting Cascades FC|Cascades]]''|label-pos19=west|shape-color19=blue|mark-title19=[[Sporting Cascades FC]]|mark-description19=[[Civic Stadium (Eugene, Oregon)|Civic Park]]|mark-coord19={{Coord|44.0365|-123.0907}}|label20='''[[Union Omaha|Omaha]]'''|label-pos20=west|mark-title20=[[Union Omaha]]|mark-description20=[[Morrison Stadium]]|mark-coord20={{Coord|41.265|-95.939}}|label21='''[[Westchester SC|Westchester]]'''|label-pos21=center,with-line,2|ldx21=40|ldy21=11|mark-title21=[[Westchester SC]]|mark-description21=[[The Stadium at Memorial Field]]|mark-coord21={{Coord|40.9031|-73.8173}}|label22='''[[Thousand Oaks Pro Soccer|Thousand Oaks]]'''|label-pos22=south,with-line,2|ldx22=10|ldy22=10|shape-color22=blue|mark-title22=[[Thousand Oaks Pro Soccer]]|mark-description22=[[Thousand Oaks, California]]|mark-coord22={{Coord|34.170563|-118.837593}}}}A kakar wasa ta 2026, ƙungiyoyi goma sha bakwai za su fafata a gasar USL League One, ciki har da takwas a kudu da uku kowannensu a tsakiyar yamma, arewa maso gabas, da yamma . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2025 |title=USL League One Announces Competition Format for 2026 Season |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1351434 |access-date=December 10, 2025 |website=USLLeagueOne.com |publisher=USL League One}}</ref> Gasar tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin tsarin ikon mallakar kamfani, inda USL ke ba wa ƙungiyar ''"haƙƙin mallakar kamfani"'' damar shigar da ƙungiya cikin gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Under the Lights: Lexington Sporting Club (USL League One) |url=https://www.protagonistsoccer.com/coverage/underthelightslexingtonsc032723 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901100123/https://www.protagonistsoccer.com/coverage/underthelightslexingtonsc032723 |archive-date=September 1, 2025 |access-date=September 1, 2025 |website=Protagonist Soccer}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Battista |first=Michael |date=July 12, 2023 |title=Will USL Pro/Rel vote give the league an edge MLS lacks? |url=https://www.hudsonriverblue.com/will-usl-pro-rel-vote-give-league-an-edge-mls-lacks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901074559/https://www.hudsonriverblue.com/will-usl-pro-rel-vote-give-league-an-edge-mls-lacks/ |archive-date=September 1, 2025 |access-date=September 1, 2025 |website=Hudson River Blue}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlisle |first=Jeff |date=June 8, 2025 |title=Will USL's move to pro-rel change U.S. soccer, threaten MLS? |url=https://www.espn.com/football/story/_/id/45464543/will-usl-move-promotion-relegation-change-us-soccer-threaten-mls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901074447/https://www.espn.com/football/story/_/id/45464543/will-usl-move-promotion-relegation-change-us-soccer-threaten-mls |archive-date=September 1, 2025 |access-date=September 1, 2025 |website=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Mafi ƙarancin albashin ɗan wasa a gasar shine $2,200 a kowane wata, ba tare da an bayar da kwangiloli masu sassauci kamar waɗanda ke cikin gasar USL ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2022 |title=Collective Bargaining Agreement |url=https://uslplayers.org/static/2022_L1_Collective_Bargaining_Agreement-04b6886fc521b63e4488ca193362a430.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225195109/https://uslplayers.org/static/2022_L1_Collective_Bargaining_Agreement-04b6886fc521b63e4488ca193362a430.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2024 |access-date=February 25, 2024 |website=USL Player's Association |page=59}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lowery |first=Joseph |date=November 3, 2022 |title=USL, players association agree to a historic CBA for third-division League One |url=https://www.backheeled.com/usl-players-association-agree-to-a-historic-cba-for-third-division-league-one/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225195115/https://www.backheeled.com/usl-players-association-agree-to-a-historic-cba-for-third-division-league-one/ |archive-date=February 25, 2024 |access-date=February 25, 2024 |website=Backheeled}}</ref> Daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar da aka naɗa a kakar wasa ta farko ta 2019, huɗu sun ci gaba da buga wasa a gasar: Chattanooga Red Wolves SC, Forward Madison FC, Greenville Triumph SC, da Richmond Kickers . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carrick |first=Buzz |date=November 2, 2018 |title=FC Dallas announced as 10th and final franchise for 2019 USL League One |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/fc-dallas/2018/11/02/fc-dallas-announced-as-10th-and-final-franchise-for-2019-usl-league-one/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 1, 2025 |website=[[The Dallas Morning News]]}}</ref> Charlotte Independence da Kickers sun taɓa buga wasa a gasar USL Championship, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrejev |first=Alex |date=December 2, 2021 |title=As Charlotte prepares for MLS, Independence moves to lower USL division |url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/sports/article256298332.html |access-date=September 1, 2025 |website=[[The Charlotte Observer]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vejar |first=Alex |date=September 25, 2018 |title=The United Soccer League, home to Utah's Real Monarchs, restructures to more closely mirror overseas leagues |url=https://www.sltrib.com/sports/2018/09/25/united-soccer-league/ |url-access=limited |access-date=September 1, 2025 |website=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]}}</ref> yayin da Corpus Christi FC, Fort Wayne FC, One Knoxville SC, Sarasota Paradise, da Tormenta suka koma daga gasar USL League Two . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilusz |first=Ryan |date=October 20, 2022 |title=That didn't take long! Knoxville's soccer team goes pro after just one season |url=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/local/2022/10/20/usl-league-one-makes-one-knoxville-sc-pro-lady-vols/69575525007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901113610/https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/local/2022/10/20/usl-league-one-makes-one-knoxville-sc-pro-lady-vols/69575525007/ |archive-date=September 1, 2025 |access-date=September 1, 2025 |website=[[Knoxville News Sentinel]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 25, 2018 |title=Tormenta FC Joins USL Division III |url=https://soccerstadiumdigest.com/2018/01/tormenta-fc-joins-usl-division-iii/ |access-date=September 1, 2025 |website=Soccer Stadium Digest}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Patterson |first=Josh |date=December 10, 2025 |title=USL League One announces format for 2026 |url=https://www.journalgazette.net/sports/professional/fwfc/usl-league-one-announces-format-for-2026/article_0ca8cd48-1b4c-442e-841f-bce7824ac8c5.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211005406/https://www.journalgazette.net/sports/professional/fwfc/usl-league-one-announces-format-for-2026/article_0ca8cd48-1b4c-442e-841f-bce7824ac8c5.html |archive-date=December 11, 2025 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=[[The Journal Gazette]]}}</ref> Sauran membobin gasar kungiyoyin fadada gasar ne da suka fara wasa a gasar USL League One. An ba wa ƙungiyar League Two ( Fort Lauderdale United FC ) da ƙungiyoyi uku na faɗaɗa ( Port St. Lucie SC, [[Thousand Oaks Pro Soccer]], da Sporting Cascades FC ) damar shiga gasar League One don kakar wasa ta 2027. <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":7" /> USL a halin yanzu tana tattaunawa da gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi don ƙungiyoyin faɗaɗa gasar League One ko Championship waɗanda ke zaune a Brevard County, Florida, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bonanno |first=Chris |date=October 13, 2025 |title=United Soccer League announces intent to bring pro soccer to Brevard |url=https://www.vieravoice.com/viera_today/united-soccer-league-announces-intent-to-bring-pro-soccer-to-brevard/article_e92aef3c-a04d-4671-aa6c-a6363d1607cf.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211005141/https://www.vieravoice.com/viera_today/united-soccer-league-announces-intent-to-bring-pro-soccer-to-brevard/article_e92aef3c-a04d-4671-aa6c-a6363d1607cf.html |archive-date=December 11, 2025 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=Viera Voice}}</ref> Brownsville, Texas, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rosales |first=Stefany |date=September 15, 2025 |title=Brownsville signs letter of intent to launch pro-soccer team |url=https://www.krgv.com/news/brownsville-signs-letter-of-intent-to-launch-pro-soccer-team/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215014636/https://www.krgv.com/news/brownsville-signs-letter-of-intent-to-launch-pro-soccer-team/ |archive-date=December 15, 2025 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |website=[[KRGV-TV|KRGV 5 News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Torres |first=Sandy |date=September 16, 2025 |title=New partnership developing between United Soccer League, City of Brownsville |url=https://www.valleycentral.com/news/local-news/new-partnership-developing-between-united-soccer-league-city-of-brownsville/ |access-date=December 15, 2025 |website=[[KVEO-TV|ValleyCentral News]]}}</ref> Firestone, Colorado, <ref>{{Cite web |last=High |first=Lucas |date=September 12, 2025 |title=Firestone aims to score pro soccer at Central Park |url=https://bizwest.com/2025/09/12/firestone-aims-to-score-pro-soccer-at-center-park/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=December 15, 2025 |website=[[BizWest]]}}</ref> [[Fresno, California]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzales |first=Hannah |date=January 13, 2026 |title=Fresno negotiating with United Soccer League for pro soccer team, stadium |url=https://www.yourcentralvalley.com/news/local-news/fresno-pro-soccer-stadium-plans/ |access-date=January 14, 2026 |website=YourCentralValley ([[KSEE|KSEE24]] / [[KGPE|CBS47]])}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tehee |first=Joshua |date=January 13, 2026 |title=United Soccer League signs on for downtown Fresno stadium. What we know |url=https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article314307156.html |url-access=limited |access-date=January 14, 2026 |website=[[The Fresno Bee]]}}</ref> Green Bay, Wisconsin, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz |first=Joe |date=November 27, 2025 |title=Green Bay hopes to bring pro soccer team to Titletown |url=https://www.wpr.org/news/green-bay-hopes-bring-pro-soccer-team-titletown-usl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211010551/https://www.wpr.org/news/green-bay-hopes-bring-pro-soccer-team-titletown-usl |archive-date=December 11, 2025 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=[[Wisconsin Public Radio]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scharf |first=Nadia |date=November 11, 2025 |title=United Soccer League to explore a pro Green Bay soccer team and stadium after city approval |url=https://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/story/news/local/2025/11/11/green-bay-approves-united-soccer-league-proposal-likelihood-of-pro-team-quite-high/87221086007/ |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=[[Green Bay Press-Gazette]]}}</ref> Medford, Oregon, <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 14, 2026 |title=USL expansion team may come to Medford |url=https://www.kdrv.com/video/usl-expansion-team-may-come-to-medford/video_0aecc67c-9528-517c-a3c1-bc4b46aa8c5a.html |access-date=January 14, 2026 |website=[[KDRV|KDRV NewsWatch 12]]}}</ref> [[Modesto|Modesto, California]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Burns |first=Nina |date=August 5, 2025 |title=Modesto chooses downtown area as future site of pro soccer stadium |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/modesto-chooses-two-sites-for-new-soccer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212031803/https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/modesto-chooses-two-sites-for-new-soccer/ |archive-date=December 12, 2025 |access-date=December 12, 2025 |website=[[KOVR|CBS News Sacramento]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martinez |first=Jeremiah |date=August 9, 2025 |title=Modesto approves downtown site for new soccer stadium |url=https://www.abc10.com/article/news/local/modesto/modesto-downtown-stadium-usl-soccer/103-5b5ddc61-7877-43e8-a578-ea1d78038897 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212031820/https://www.abc10.com/article/news/local/modesto/modesto-downtown-stadium-usl-soccer/103-5b5ddc61-7877-43e8-a578-ea1d78038897 |archive-date=December 12, 2025 |access-date=December 12, 2025 |website=[[KXTV|ABC10 Northern California]]}}</ref> Pensacola, Florida, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Strickland |first=T.S. |date=October 8, 2025 |title=Pensacola weighs sites, financing mix for proposed USL stadium |url=https://www.wuwf.org/local-news/2025-10-08/pensacola-weighs-sites-financing-mix-for-proposed-usl-stadium |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215011245/https://www.wuwf.org/local-news/2025-10-08/pensacola-weighs-sites-financing-mix-for-proposed-usl-stadium |archive-date=December 15, 2025 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |website=[[WUWF]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Surka |first=Aria |date=October 13, 2025 |title=Pensacola still in talks with USL to bring professional soccer, potential stadium to city |url=https://weartv.com/news/local/pensacola-in-talks-with-usl-to-bring-professional-soccer-and-potential-stadium-to-the-city |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215011247/https://weartv.com/news/local/pensacola-in-talks-with-usl-to-bring-professional-soccer-and-potential-stadium-to-the-city |archive-date=December 15, 2025 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |website=[[WEAR-TV|WEAR ABC3 News]]}}</ref> Pico Rivera, California, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schlepp |first=Travis |date=February 13, 2025 |title=A new professional soccer team might be coming to this Southern California city |url=https://ktla.com/news/california/a-new-professional-soccer-team-might-be-coming-to-this-southern-california-city/ |access-date=December 15, 2025 |website=[[KTLA|KTLA 5 News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rivera |first=Anissa |date=February 11, 2025 |title=Pico Rivera and United Soccer League agree to explore stadium development |url=https://www.whittierdailynews.com/2025/02/11/pico-rivera-and-united-soccer-league-agree-to-explore-stadium-development/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215012117/https://www.whittierdailynews.com/2025/02/11/pico-rivera-and-united-soccer-league-agree-to-explore-stadium-development/ |archive-date=December 15, 2025 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |website=[[Whittier Daily News]]}}</ref> Riverside, California, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crawford |first=Ken |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Professional Men's and Women's Soccer Coming to Riverside Through USL Expansion |url=https://www.raincrossgazette.com/professional-mens-and-womens-soccer-coming-to-riverside-through-usl-expansion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211011139/https://www.raincrossgazette.com/professional-mens-and-womens-soccer-coming-to-riverside-through-usl-expansion/ |archive-date=December 11, 2025 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=The Raincross Gazette}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2025 |title=Pro soccer league announces intent to bring club to Riverside |url=https://www.pressenterprise.com/2025/09/24/pro-soccer-league-announces-intent-to-bring-club-to-riverside/ |url-access=limited |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=[[The Press-Enterprise]]}}</ref> Santa Rosa, California, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Pete |date=October 20, 2025 |title=Sonoma fairgrounds could become home to pro soccer stadium, entertainment district |url=https://localnewsmatters.org/2025/10/20/sonoma-fairgrounds-could-become-home-to-pro-soccer-stadium-entertainment-district/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211012529/https://localnewsmatters.org/2025/10/20/sonoma-fairgrounds-could-become-home-to-pro-soccer-stadium-entertainment-district/ |archive-date=December 11, 2025 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=Local News Matters |publisher=[[Bay City News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Paulina |date=October 17, 2025 |title=Supervisors, fair officials endorse work to bring pro soccer to Sonoma County Fairgrounds |url=https://www.pressdemocrat.com/2025/10/17/discussions-to-reimagine-sonoma-county-fairgrounds-as-soccer-stadium-moving-forward/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211010905/https://www.pressdemocrat.com/2025/10/17/discussions-to-reimagine-sonoma-county-fairgrounds-as-soccer-stadium-moving-forward/ |archive-date=December 11, 2025 |access-date=December 11, 2025 |website=[[The Press Democrat]]}}</ref> Springfield, Missouri, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mieze |first=Marta |date=December 11, 2025 |title=Here's the latest on Springfield's plans for a soccer stadium |url=https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/ozarks/2025/12/11/springfield-mo-soccer-stadium-plans-enter-second-year-feasibility-study/87699717007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215011828/https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/ozarks/2025/12/11/springfield-mo-soccer-stadium-plans-enter-second-year-feasibility-study/87699717007/ |archive-date=December 15, 2025 |access-date=December 15, 2025 |website=[[Springfield News-Leader]]}}</ref> da Winter Garden, Florida . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hogan |first=Brandon |date=May 22, 2025 |title=Winter Garden could get its own professional men's soccer team |url=https://www.clickorlando.com/sports/2025/05/22/winter-garden-could-get-its-own-professional-mens-soccer-team/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522203945/https://www.clickorlando.com/sports/2025/05/22/winter-garden-could-get-its-own-professional-mens-soccer-team/ |archive-date=May 22, 2025 |access-date=May 22, 2025 |website=[[WKMG-TV|ClickOrlando.com]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2025 |title=USL reveals intent to bring pro men's soccer team to play in Winter Garden |url=https://mynews13.com/fl/orlando/sports/2025/05/22/usl-reveals-intent-to-bring-pro-men-s-soccer-team-to-play-in-winter-garden |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522203932/https://mynews13.com/fl/orlando/sports/2025/05/22/usl-reveals-intent-to-bring-pro-men-s-soccer-team-to-play-in-winter-garden |archive-date=May 22, 2025 |access-date=May 22, 2025 |website=[[Spectrum News 13]]}}</ref> Wata ƙungiya a Everett, Washington, ta gabatar da shawarar ƙungiyar faɗaɗawa don raba filin wasa mai manufofi da yawa tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon baseball ta Everett AquaSox . === Kungiyoyi na yanzu === Memba yana shirin tafiya zuwa [[USL Championship|Gasar USL]] a kakar wasa ta 2027. <ref>{{Cite web |last=USLSoccer.com Staff |date=September 9, 2026 |title=Athletic Club Boise to Join USL Championship, Announces Stadium Expansion |url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/1366442 |access-date=September 9, 2026 |publisher=USL}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" !Team !City !Stadium !Capacity !Founded !Joined !Head coach |- ! colspan="8" style="background:#00BECC;" |{{White|Current teams}} |- |- bgcolor="adde86" |'''Athletic Club Boise''' |Garden City, Idaho |Stadium at Expo Idaho[i] | style="text-align:center;" |7,227 | style="text-align:center;" |2024 | style="text-align:center;" |2026 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Nate Miller (soccer)|Nate Miller]] |- |'''AV Alta FC''' |Lancaster, California |Lancaster Municipal Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |5,300 | style="text-align:center;" |2023 | style="text-align:center;" |2025 |{{Flagicon|USA}} Brian Kleiban |- |'''Charlotte Independence''' |[[Charlotte, Arewacin Carolina|Charlotte, North Carolina]] |American Legion Memorial Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |10,500 | style="text-align:center;" |2014 | style="text-align:center;" |2022 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Jeffries (soccer)|Mike Jeffries]] |- |'''Chattanooga Red Wolves SC''' |East Ridge, Tennessee |CHI Memorial Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |6,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2018 | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |{{Flagicon|ENG}} Scott Mackenzie |- |'''Corpus Christi FC''' |Corpus Christi, Texas |Corpus Christi Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |5,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2017 | style="text-align:center;" |2026 |{{Flagicon|LBY}} [[Éamon Zayed]] |- |'''Fort Wayne FC''' |Fort Wayne, Indiana |Ruoff Mortgage Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |9,200 | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |2026 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Avery]] |- |'''Forward Madison FC''' |Madison, Wisconsin |Breese Stevens Field[i] | style="text-align:center;" |5,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2018 | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Matt Glaeser]] |- |'''Greenville Triumph SC''' |Mauldin, South Carolina |GE Vernova Park[i]<ref>{{Cite web |title=GE Vernova Announced as Naming Rights Sponsor for Greenville Triumph and Greenville Liberty Soccer Stadium |url=https://www.greenvilletriumph.com/ge-vernova-announced-as-stadium-sponsor-for-greenville-triumph-and-greenville-liberty-soccer-stadium/ |access-date=December 20, 2025 |website=GreenvilleTriumph.com |publisher=[[Greenville Triumph SC]]}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |6,300 | style="text-align:center;" |2018 | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |{{Flagicon|USA}} Dave Dixon<ref>{{Cite web |last=Humphrey |first=Kaley |date=December 17, 2025 |title=Greenville Triumph Names Dave Dixon as Head Coach |url=https://www.greenvilletriumph.com/news/2025/12/17/greenville-triumph-names-dave-dixon-as-head-coach/ |access-date=December 17, 2025 |website=GreenvilleTriumph.com |publisher=[[Greenville Triumph SC]]}}</ref> |- |'''FC Naples''' |[[Naples, Florida]] |Paradise Coast Sports Complex Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |5,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2024 | style="text-align:center;" |2025 |{{Flagicon|USA}} Matt Poland |- |'''New York Cosmos''' |Paterson, New Jersey |Hinchliffe Stadium[ii] | style="text-align:center;" |10,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2025 | style="text-align:center;" |2026 |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Davide Corti]] |- |'''One Knoxville SC''' |Knoxville, Tennessee |Covenant Health Park[ii] | style="text-align:center;" |6,355 | style="text-align:center;" |2021 | style="text-align:center;" |2023 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Ian Fuller]] |- |'''Portland Hearts of Pine''' |Portland, Maine |Fitzpatrick Stadium[iii]<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2026 |title=Portland Hearts of Pine Announce Plans for New Soccer Stadium at Cassidy Point |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1364551 |access-date=August 5, 2026 |website=uslleagueone.com}}</ref>[i] | style="text-align:center;" |6,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2023 | style="text-align:center;" |2025 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Bobby Murphy (soccer)|Bobby Murphy]] |- |'''Richmond Kickers''' |Richmond, Virginia |City Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |6,000 | style="text-align:center;" |1993 | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Ownby]] (interim) |- |'''Sarasota Paradise''' |Lakewood Ranch, Florida |Premier Sports Campus[i] | style="text-align:center;" |3,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2022 | style="text-align:center;" |2026 |{{Flagicon|FIN}} Mika Elovaara |- |'''Spokane Velocity FC''' |Spokane, Washington |ONE Spokane Stadium[iii] | style="text-align:center;" |5,100 | style="text-align:center;" |2021 | style="text-align:center;" |2024 |{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Leigh Veidman]] |- |'''Union Omaha''' |Omaha, Nebraska |Morrison Stadium[iii] | style="text-align:center;" |9,023 | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |2020 |{{Flagicon|COL}} [[Vincenzo Candela]] |- |'''Westchester SC''' |Mount Vernon, New York |The Stadium at Memorial Field[iii] | style="text-align:center;" |3,900 | style="text-align:center;" |2024 | style="text-align:center;" |2025 |{{Flagicon|USA}} George Gjokaj<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2025 |title=Westchester SC names George Gjokaj as Sporting Director and Head Coach |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1350095-westchester-sc-names-george-gjokaj-as-sporting-director-and-head-coach |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=USLLeagueOne.com |publisher=USL League One}}</ref> |} === Kungiyoyi na gaba === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" !Team !City !Stadium !Capacity !Founded !Joining !Head coach |- ! colspan="8" style="background:red;" |{{White|Planned expansion teams}} |- |'''Sporting Cascades FC'''<ref name=":2" /> |[[Eugene, Oregon]] |Civic Park[i]<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 21, 2026 |title=SPORTING CASCADES FC OFFICIALLY ANNOUNCES CIVIC PARK AS 2027 HOME |url=https://www.sportingcascades.com/news/2026/05/21/sporting-cascades-fc-officially-announces-civic-park-as-2027-home/ |website=sportingcascades.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |3,500 | style="text-align:center;" |2024 | style="text-align:center;" |2027 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Darren Sawatzky]] |- |'''Fort Lauderdale United FC'''<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=FTL UTD Communications |date=December 2, 2025 |title=Fort Lauderdale United FC Reschedules Men’s Team Launch to 2027 to Strengthen Long-Term Foundation |url=https://www.ftlutd.com/news/2025/12/02/fort-lauderdale-united-fc-reschedules-mens-team-launch-to-2027-to-strengthen-long-term-foundation/ |access-date=December 4, 2025 |website=ftlutd.com}}</ref> |Fort Lauderdale, Florida |Beyond Bancard Field[i]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stadium |url=https://www.ftlutd.com/stadium/ |access-date=September 20, 2025 |website=ftlutd.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |7,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2025 | style="text-align:center;" |2027 |{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Tyrone Mears]] |- |'''Port St. Lucie SC'''<ref name=":6" /> |Port St. Lucie, Florida |Walton & One Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |6,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2025 | style="text-align:center;" |2027 |TBD |- |'''[[Thousand Oaks Pro Soccer]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=USL Includes Five Additional Clubs in 2027 Sanctioning Application |url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/1362050}}</ref> |Thousand Oaks, California |TBD | style="text-align:center;" |TBD | style="text-align:center;" |2026 | style="text-align:center;" |2027 |TBD |- |'''Rodeo SC'''<ref name=":7" /> |[[Celina, Texas]] |Bobcat Stadium | style="text-align:center;" |6,500 | style="text-align:center;" |2025 | style="text-align:center;" |2028<ref>{{Cite web |last=thirddegreenet |date=May 14, 2026 |title=Rodeo SC has notified supporters that the club is pushing back its on-field launch from 2027 to 2028. |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DYVUxkUGU1U/ |website=Instagram.com}}</ref> |TBD |- |'''USL Long Island''' |Hempstead, New York |James M. Shuart Stadium | style="text-align:center;" |11,929 | style="text-align:center;" |2026 | style="text-align:center;" |2028<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2026 |title=USL Long Island Awarded United Soccer League Franchise |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1365250 |website=uslleagueone.com}}</ref> |TBD |} ; Bayanan kula === Kulob-kulob sun dakatar da aiki === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" !Ƙungiyar ! Birni ! Filin wasa ! Ƙarfin aiki ! An shiga ! An buga wasan ƙarshe ! Bayanan kula ! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | '''Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta South Georgia Tormenta FC''' | Jihohin Boro, Georgia | Filin wasa na Tormenta [ i ] | style="text-align:center;" | 5,300 | style="text-align:center;" | 2019 | style="text-align:center;" | 2025 | style="text-align:center;" | Dawo da TBD | style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=":10" /> |} === Tsoffin ƙungiyoyi === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;" !Club !City !Stadium !Capacity !Joined !Final season !Fate !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |'''Central Valley Fuego FC''' |[[Fresno, California]] |Fresno State Soccer Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |1,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2022 | style="text-align:center;" |2024 |Moved to The League for Clubs | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="USLLeagueOne-2024c" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Fuego U23 to Join the League for Clubs |url=https://www.theleaguefc.com/news/fuego-u23-to-join-the-league-for-clubs |access-date=January 31, 2025 |website=TheLeagueFC.com |publisher=[[The League for Clubs]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131222524/https://www.theleaguefc.com/news/fuego-u23-to-join-the-league-for-clubs |archive-date=January 31, 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |'''Fort Lauderdale CF''' |Fort Lauderdale, Florida |DRV PNK Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |18,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2020 | style="text-align:center;" |2021 |Moved to MLS Next Pro | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="MLSNP2" /> |- |'''Lansing Ignite FC''' |Lansing, Michigan |Cooley Law School Stadium[ii] | style="text-align:center;" |7,527 | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |2019 |Folded | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="LansingFold" /> |- |'''Lexington SC''' |Lexington, Kentucky |Lexington SC Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |7,500 | style="text-align:center;" |2023 | style="text-align:center;" |2024 |Moved to USL Championship | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 13, 2024 |title=Lexington Sporting Club to join USL Championship for 2025 season |url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/1315914 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |publisher=USL}}</ref> |- |'''New England Revolution II''' |Foxborough, Massachusetts |[[Gillette Stadium]][iii] | style="text-align:center;" |20,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2020 | style="text-align:center;" |2021 |Moved to MLS Next Pro | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="MLSNP2" /> |- |'''North Carolina FC''' |Cary, North Carolina |WakeMed Soccer Park[i] | style="text-align:center;" |10,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2021 | style="text-align:center;" |2023 |Moved to USL Championship, On Hiatus with plans to return in 2028 in USL Premier | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="NorthCarolinaToUSLC">{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2023 |title=North Carolina FC to rejoin USL Championship in 2024 |url=https://www.uslchampionship.com/news_article/show/1280956 |access-date=November 7, 2023 |publisher=USL Championship}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlisle |first=Jeff |date=November 4, 2025 |title=North Carolina FC leaves USL Championship to join USL D1 in 2028 |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46846918/north-carolina-fc-leaves-usl-championship-join-usl-d1-2028 |website=ESPN}}</ref> |- |'''North Texas SC''' |Arlington, Texas |Choctaw Stadium[iii] | style="text-align:center;" |48,114 | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |2021 |Moved to MLS Next Pro | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="MLSNP2" /> |- |'''Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC''' |Windsor, Colorado |4Rivers Equipment Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |2,500 | style="text-align:center;" |2022 | style="text-align:center;" |2024 |Moved to The League for Clubs | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="USLLeagueOne-2024c" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 7, 2025 |title=Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC joins TLfC's Mountain Premier Conference |url=https://www.theleaguefc.com/blog-posts/northern-colorado-hailstorm-fc-joins-tlfcs-mountain-premier-conference |access-date=April 7, 2025 |website=TheLeagueFC.com |publisher=[[The League for Clubs]]}}</ref> |- |'''Orlando City B''' |Kissimmee, Florida |Osceola County Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |5,400 | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |2020 |Moved to MLS Next Pro | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="MLSNP2" /> |- |'''Texoma FC''' |Sherman, Texas |Historic Bearcat Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |6,500 | style="text-align:center;" |2025 | style="text-align:center;" |2025 |Moved to USL League Two | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carrick |first=Buzz |date=October 27, 2025 |title=Texoma FC drops down to USL-2 for 2026 |url=https://3rddegree.net/texoma-fc-drops-down-to-usl-2-for-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028201819/https://3rddegree.net/texoma-fc-drops-down-to-usl-2-for-2026 |archive-date=October 28, 2025 |access-date=October 28, 2025 |website=3rd Degree}}</ref> |- |'''Toronto FC II''' |[[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]] |BMO Training Ground[i] | style="text-align:center;" |1,000 | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |2021 |Moved to MLS Next Pro | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="MLSNP2" /> |- |'''FC Tucson''' |Tucson, Arizona |Kino North Stadium[i] | style="text-align:center;" |3,200 | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |2022 |Moved to USL League Two | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="FCTucsonLeaves">{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2022 |title=FC Tucson to Join USL League Two in 2023 |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1243887 |access-date=October 18, 2022 |website=USLLeagueOne.com |publisher=USL League One}}</ref> |} === Tsarin lokaci === <timeline> DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy ImageSize = width:1200 height:auto barincrement:21 Period = from:01/01/2018 till:12/31/2028 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:20 left:15 bottom:80 top:5 Colors = id:barcolor value:rgb(0.99,0.7,0.7) id:line value:black id:scale value:gray(0.5) id:bg value:white id:Full value:rgb(0.551,0.824,0.777) legend:Current_clubs id:Future value:rgb(0.742,0.727,0.852) legend:Future_clubs id:Hiatus value:rgb(0.999,0.729,0.906) legend:Clubs_on_hiatus id:Former value:rgb(0.988,0.703,0.383) legend:Former_clubs id:Other value:gray(0.9) legend:Club_playing_in_different_league ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2018 Legend = orientation:hor position:bottom TextData = fontsize:L textcolor:black pos:(0,30) tabs:(400-center) text: BarData = #> 2019 <# bar:CRW text:_ bar:MAD text:_ bar:GVT text:_ bar:LAN text:_ bar:NTX text:_ bar:OCB text:_ bar:RIC text:_ bar:TRM text:_ bar:TO2 text:_ bar:TUC text:_ #> 2020 <# bar:IM2 text:_ bar:NE2 text:_ bar:UO text:_ #> 2021 <# bar:NC text:_ #> 2022 <# bar:CVF text:_ bar:CLI text:_ bar:NCH text:_ #> 2023 <# bar:LEX text:_ bar:KNX text:_ #> 2024 <# bar:SPK text:_ #> 2025 <# bar:AVA text:_ bar:NAP text:_ bar:PHP text:_ bar:TXO text:_ bar:WES text:_ #> 2026 <# bar:BOI text:_ bar:CCH text:_ bar:FTW text:_ bar:NYC text:_ bar:SAR text:_ #> Future <# bar:FTL text:_ bar:PSL text:_ bar:CAS text:_ bar:ROD text:_ PlotData = width:15 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:s #> JOINED IN 2019 <# bar:CRW color:Full from:01/01/2019 till:end text:[[Chattanooga Red Wolves SC]] (2019–) bar:MAD color:Full from:01/01/2019 till:end text:[[Forward Madison FC]] (2019–) bar:GVT color:Full from:01/01/2019 till:end text:[[Greenville Triumph SC]] (2019–) bar:LAN color:Former from:01/01/2019 till:12/31/2019 text:[[Lansing Ignite FC]] (2019) bar:NTX color:Former from:01/01/2019 till:12/31/2021 text:[[North Texas SC]] (2019–2021) bar:NTX color:Other from:01/01/2022 till:end text:MLS Next Pro bar:OCB color:Former from:01/01/2019 till:12/31/2020 text:[[Orlando City B]] (2019–2020) bar:OCB color:Other from:01/01/2022 till:end text:MLS Next Pro bar:RIC color:Other from:start till:12/31/2018 text:USL bar:RIC color:Full from:01/01/2019 till:end text:[[Richmond Kickers]] (2019–) bar:TRM color:Other from:start till:12/31/2018 text:PDL bar:TRM color:Full from:01/01/2019 till:12/31/2025 text:[[Tormenta FC|South Georgia Tormenta FC]] (2019–2025) bar:TRM color:Hiatus from:01/01/2026 till:end text:Hiatus (2026–) bar:TO2 color:Other from:start till:12/31/2018 text:USL bar:TO2 color:Former from:01/01/2019 till:12/31/2019 text:[[Toronto FC II]] (2019, 2021) bar:TO2 color:Former from:01/01/2021 till:12/31/2021 text: bar:TO2 color:Other from:01/01/2022 till:end text:MLS Next Pro bar:TUC color:Other from:start till:12/31/2018 text:PDL bar:TUC color:Former from:01/01/2019 till:12/31/2022 text:[[FC Tucson]] (2019–2022) bar:TUC color:Other from:01/01/2023 till:end text:USL League Two #> JOINED IN 2020 <# bar:IM2 color:Former from:01/01/2020 till:12/31/2021 text:[[Fort Lauderdale CF]] (2020–2021) bar:IM2 color:Other from:01/01/2022 till:end text:MLS Next Pro bar:NE2 color:Former from:01/01/2020 till:12/31/2021 text:[[New England Revolution II]] (2020–2021) bar:NE2 color:Other from:01/01/2022 till:end text:MLS Next Pro bar:UO color:Full from:01/01/2020 till:end text:[[Union Omaha]] (2020–) #> NOTE: Though Union Omaha has stated its intention to move to USL Championship after the completion of their stadium, there has been no official announcement by USL about any timeline for that to happen. Do not change this unless/until this happens. <# #> JOINED IN 2021 <# bar:NC color:Other from:start till:12/31/2018 text:USL bar:NC color:Other from:01/01/2019 till:12/31/2020 text:USL Championship bar:NC color:Former from:01/01/2021 till:12/31/2023 text:[[North Carolina FC]] (2021–2023) bar:NC color:Other from:01/01/2024 till:12/31/2025 text:USL Championship #> JOINED IN 2022 <# bar:CVF color:Former from:01/01/2022 till:12/31/2024 text:[[Central Valley Fuego FC]] (2022–2024) bar:CVF color:Other from:01/01/2025 till:end text:The League for Clubs bar:CLI color:Other from:start till:12/31/2018 text:USL bar:CLI color:Other from:01/01/2019 till:12/31/2021 text:USL Championship bar:CLI color:Full from:01/01/2022 till:end text:[[Charlotte Independence]] (2022–) bar:NCH color:Former from:01/01/2022 till:12/31/2024 text:[[Northern Colorado Hailstorm FC]] (2022–2024) bar:NCH color:Other from:01/01/2025 till:end text:The League for Clubs #> JOINED IN 2023 <# bar:LEX color:Former from:01/01/2023 till:12/31/2024 text:[[Lexington SC]] (2023–2024) bar:LEX color:Other from:01/01/2025 till:end text:USL Championship bar:KNX color:Other from:01/01/2022 till:12/31/2022 text:USL League Two bar:KNX color:Full from:01/01/2023 till:end text:[[One Knoxville SC]] (2023–) #> JOINED IN 2024 <# bar:SPK color:Full from:01/01/2024 till:end text:[[Spokane Velocity|Spokane Velocity FC]] (2024–) #> JOINED IN 2025 <# bar:AVA color:Full from:01/01/2025 till:end text:[[AV Alta FC]] (2025–) bar:NAP color:Full from:01/01/2025 till:end text:[[FC Naples]] (2025–) bar:PHP color:Full from:01/01/2025 till:end text:[[Portland Hearts of Pine]] (2025–) bar:TXO color:Former from:01/01/2025 till:12/31/2025 text:[[Texoma FC]] (2025) bar:TXO color:Other from:01/01/2026 till:end text:USL League Two bar:WES color:Full from:01/01/2025 till:end text:[[Westchester SC]] (2025–) #> JOINED IN 2026 <# bar:BOI color:Full from:01/01/2026 till:12/31/2026 text:[[Athletic Club Boise]] (2026) bar:BOI color:Other from:01/01/2027 till:end text: USL Championship bar:CCH color:Other from:start till:12/31/2018 text:PDL bar:CCH color:Other from:01/01/2019 till:12/31/2025 text:USL League Two bar:CCH color:Full from:01/01/2026 till:end text:[[Corpus Christi FC]] (2026–) bar:FTW color:Other from:01/01/2021 till:12/31/2025 text:USL League Two bar:FTW color:Full from:01/01/2026 till:end text:[[Fort Wayne FC]] (2026–) bar:NYC color:Full from:01/01/2026 till:end text:[[New York Cosmos (2026)|New York Cosmos]] (2026–) bar:SAR color:Other from:01/01/2023 till:12/31/2025 text:USL League Two bar:SAR color:Full from:01/01/2026 till:end text:[[Sarasota Paradise]] (2026–) #> FUTURE CLUBS <# bar:FTL color:Other from:01/01/2025 till:12/31/2026 text:USL League Two bar:FTL color:Future from:01/01/2027 till:end text:[[Fort Lauderdale United FC]] (2027–) bar:PSL color:Future from:01/01/2027 till:end text:[[Port St. Lucie SC]] (2027–) bar:CAS color:Future from:01/01/2027 till:end text:[[Sporting Cascades FC]] (2027–) bar:ROD color:Future from:01/01/2028 till:end text:[[Rodeo SC]] (2028–) </timeline> == Zakarun == Ƙungiyoyin da ba sa shiga gasar USL League One suna da ''rubutun da aka yi amfani'' da shi a cikin harafi mai tsawo. {| class="wikitable" !Kakar wasa ! Ƙungiyoyi ! Zakarun gasar neman gurbi ! Garkuwar 'Yan Wasa {{Efn|Known as "Regular season champions" from 2019 to 2022}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2019 | style="text-align:center;" | 10 | ''Arewacin Texas SC'' | ''Arewacin Texas SC'' |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2020 | style="text-align:center;" | 11 | Greenville Triumph SC {{Efn|The 2020 Final was cancelled due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Greenville was awarded the championship based on points per game.}} | Greenville Triumph SC |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2021 | style="text-align:center;" | 12 | Tarayyar Omaha | Tarayyar Omaha |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2022 | style="text-align:center;" | 11 | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta South Georgia Tormenta FC | Richmond Kickers |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2023 | style="text-align:center;" | 12 | ''North Carolina FC'' | Tarayyar Omaha |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2024 | style="text-align:center;" | 12 | Tarayyar Omaha | Tarayyar Omaha |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2025 | style="text-align:center;" | 14 | Ɗaya daga cikin Knoxville SC | Ɗaya daga cikin Knoxville SC |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2026 | style="text-align:center;" | 17 | TBD | TBD |} === Wasannin Karshe na Gasar USL League One === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Season ! style="width:150px;" |Champions !Score !Runners–up !Venue !Attendance !MVP |- |2019 |'''North Texas SC''' |1–0<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carrick |first=Buzz |date=October 20, 2019 |title=North Texas SC lifts the inaugural USL League One Final trophy - in pictures |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/sports/fc-dallas/2019/10/20/north-texas-sc-lifts-the-inaugural-usl-league-one-final-trophy-in-pictures/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=dallasnews.com}}</ref> |Greenville Triumph SC |Toyota Stadium |3,245 |{{Flagicon|MEX}} [[Arturo Rodríguez (footballer, born 1998)|Arturo Rodríguez]] ([[North Texas SC|NTX]]) |- |2020 |{{Nowrap|'''[[Greenville Triumph SC]]'''}} |Cancelled<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2020 |title=USL League One Final Cancelled, Greenville Named 2020 Title-Winners |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1130386 |access-date=October 29, 2020 |publisher=USLLeagueOne.com Staff}}</ref> |Union Omaha |Legacy Early College Field |N/A |N/A |- |2021 |{{Nowrap|'''[[Union Omaha]]'''}} |3–0<ref>{{Cite web |last=USLLeagueOne.com Staff |date=November 20, 2021 |title=Strong First Half Sends Union Omaha to League One Title over Greenville |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1195157 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=uslleagueone.com}}</ref> |Greenville Triumph SC |Werner Park |5,221 |{{Flagicon|ESP}} [[Damià Viader]] ([[Union Omaha|OMA]]) |- |2022 |{{Nowrap|'''[[Tormenta FC|South Georgia Tormenta FC]]'''}} |2–1<ref>{{Cite web |last=USLLeagueOne.com Staff |date=November 7, 2022 |title=South Georgia Tormenta FC win 2022 USL League One Final |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1246530 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=uslleagueone.com}}</ref> |Chattanooga Red Wolves SC |Optim Sports Medicine Field |3,045 |{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Kazaiah Sterling]] ([[Tormenta FC|TRM]]) |- |2023 |{{Nowrap|'''[[North Carolina FC]]'''}} |1–1 (5–4 PK)<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2023 |title=North Carolina FC win thrilling 2023 USL League One Final in penalty shootout |url=https://www.uslleagueone.com/news_article/show/1290435 |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=uslleagueone.com}}</ref> |Charlotte Independence |WakeMed Soccer Park |4,487 |{{Flagicon|SKN}} [[Raheem Somersall]] ([[North Carolina FC|NCA]]) |- |2024 |{{Nowrap|'''[[Union Omaha]]'''}} |3–0<ref>{{Cite web |last=Will C. |date=November 18, 2024 |title=UNION OMAHA SOARS TO SECOND TITLE WITH 3-0 CHAMPIONSHIP WIN |url=https://www.unionomaha.com/news/2024/11/18/union-omaha-soars-to-the-title-with-3-0-championship-win/ |access-date=November 25, 2024 |website=unionomaha.com}}</ref> |Spokane Velocity FC |Werner Park |5,849 |{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Joe Gallardo (soccer)|Joe Gallardo]] ([[Union Omaha|OMA]]) |- |2025 |{{Nowrap|'''[[One Knoxville SC]]'''}} |2–0 |Spokane Velocity FC |Covenant Health Park |'''7,500''' |{{Flagicon|USA}} Nico Rosamilia ([[One Knoxville SC|KNX]]) |} == Halarta == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! scope="col" |Season ! scope="col" |Teams ! scope="col" |League avg. ! scope="col" |Playoff avg. ! scope="col" |Highest teams ! scope="col" |Lowest teams ! scope="col" |Ref |- |2019 |10 |'''1,911''' |'''3,217''' | style="text-align:left;" |4,292 (Madison)<br /><br />3,468 (Richmond) | style="text-align:left;" |168 (Toronto)<br /><br />203 (Orlando) |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 USL League One Attendance |url=https://soccerstadiumdigest.com/2019-usl-league-one-attendance/ |access-date=October 24, 2025 |website=Soccer Stadium Digest}}</ref> |- |2020 |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A |N/A | |- |2021 |12 |'''1,721''' |'''3,098''' | style="text-align:left;" |3,287 (Omaha)<br /><br />2,761 (Madison) | style="text-align:left;" |151 (New England)<br /><br />849 (North Texas) |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 USL League One Attendance |url=https://soccerstadiumdigest.com/2021-usl-league-one-attendance/ |access-date=October 24, 2025 |website=Soccer Stadium Digest |language=en-us}}</ref> |- |2022 |11 |'''2,203''' |'''2,865''' | style="text-align:left;" |4,759 (Madison)<br /><br />3,551 (Richmond) | style="text-align:left;" |516 (Northern Colorado)<br /><br />1,041 (South Georgia) |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 USL League One Attendance |url=https://soccerstadiumdigest.com/2022-usl-league-one-attendance/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |publisher=Soccer Stadium Digest}}</ref> |- |2023 |12 |'''2,363''' |'''2,604''' | style="text-align:left;" |4,786 (Richmond)<br /><br />4,310 (Madison) | style="text-align:left;" |735 (Central Valley)<br /><br />1,322 (South Georgia) |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 USL League One Attendance |url=https://soccerstadiumdigest.com/2023-usl-league-one-attendance/ |access-date=October 25, 2025 |website=Soccer Stadium Digest |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2024 |12 |'''2,329''' |'''3,262''' | style="text-align:left;" |4,672 (Richmond)<br /><br />4,242 (Madison) | style="text-align:left;" |728 (Central Valley)<br /><br />1,077 (Charlotte) |<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=USL League One 2025 Season Attendance |url=https://leagueoneupdater.com/usl-league-one-2025-season-attendance-figures/ |access-date=January 9, 2026 |website=League One Updater |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |2025 |14 |'''2,785''' |'''3,968''' | style="text-align: left;" |5,808 (Portland) 4,369 (Richmond) | style="text-align: left;" |719 (South Georgia) 773 (Charlotte) |<ref name=":9" /> |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e5vvwx935tum2cltqvuhtu5fopbl371 0 175379 964574 949059 2026-10-08T01:39:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wynand Johannes Boshoff''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1970) masanin kimiyya ne kuma ɗan siyasa na Afirka ta Kudu daga Arewacin Cape wanda ke aiki a matsayin [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu|memba na Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu]] na Freedom Front Plus (FF +) tun daga shekarar 2019. Ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin Shugaban Lardin na FF+ tun 2015. Ya taba aiki a matsayin wakilin gari na karamar hukumar Sol Plaatje daga 2016 zuwa 2019. Boshoff shi ne jikan Firayim Minista na Afirka ta Kudu, Hendrik Verwoerd, wanda ya yi aiki daga 1958 har zuwa 1966, kuma ɗan Afrikaner wanda ya kafa Orania, Carel Boshoff . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Boshoff a [[Pretoria]] a Lardin Transvaal a matsayin ɗayan 'ya'yan Carel Boshoff da Anna Boshoff, 'yar Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd . Verwoerd ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Afirka ta Kudu (1958-1966) kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "masanin gine-ginen wariyar launin fata". Manzo na majalisa Dimitri Tsafendas ne ya kashe Verwoerd a shekarar 1966. Boshoff ya yi karatu daga makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1988 kuma ya ci gaba da samun digiri na BA a Afrikaans da Tarihi a jami'a. Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin noma mai ɗorewa daga Jami'ar Free State a shekara ta 2004 kuma ya sami digiri na PhD a fannin kimiyyar ilimi daga Jami'an Pretoria a shekara ta 2011. Ya gabatar da takardar jarabawarsa ta digiri a kan Amfani da Masu Amfani da Matriculants zuwa Nazarin Curriculum da Instructional Design. [1] == Ayyukan siyasa == A shekara ta 2011, ya zama memba na reshe na Freedom Front Plus, duk da yin rantsuwa a makarantar sakandare cewa ba zai taba zama mai aiki a siyasa ba. Ba da daɗewa ba aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa mukamin Shugaban Lardin na FF+ a watan Afrilun 2015. A watan Agustan 2016, Boshoff ya zama wakilin PR na karamar hukumar Sol Plaatje, wanda ke kewaye da garin Kimberley . <ref name="vfplus">{{Cite web |title=Dr Wynand Boshoff: Parlementslid en provinsiale leier in die Noord-Kaap |trans-title=Dr Wynand Boshoff: Member of Parliament and provincial leader in the Northern Cape |url=https://www.vfplus.org.za/executive-management/dr-wynand-boshoff |access-date=7 September 2019 |publisher=Freedom Front Plus |language=af}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, an zabi Boshoff a matsayin memba na [[Majalisar Dokokin Afirka ta Kudu]] . Rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai sun bayyana cewa shi jikan Hendrik Verwoerd ne, wanda hakan ya haifar da zargi ga Boshoff. Boshoff ya amsa zargi ta hanyar bayyana cewa yana so a hukunta shi da kansa ba na kakansa ba. An sanya Boshoff a kan jerin sunayen Freedom Front Plus na kasa don a mayar da shi majalisa bayan Babban zaben 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 400 MPs elected to the National Assembly - IEC - DOCUMENTS {{!}} Politicsweb |url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/the-400-mps-elected-to-the-national-assembly--iec |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.politicsweb.co.za |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Boshoff yana da 'ya'ya biyar kuma yana zaune a Orania da Kimberley . <ref name="vfplus" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 49px37x098r7zj4t1qcjphouodu5xpu 0 175632 964527 949674 2026-10-07T21:54:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964527 wikitext text/x-wiki Vigil India Movement (Vigil India) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke zaune a [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] da ke aiki a fagen kare hakkin dan adam a Indiya. An kafa shi a cikin 1977, ta Rev. Dr. MA Thomas, wanda kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Kirista ta Ecumenical a Bangalore a cikin 1963 da kuma Association of Christian Institutes for Social Concern in Asia. A cikin 1998, Vigil India ta ƙaddamar da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam tare da Mista Mai Shari'a M.N. Venkatachaliah, tsohon Babban Alkalin Indiya kuma tsohon shugaban Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Kasa. Cibiyar shiri ne na horo ga masu gwagwarmayar kare hakkin dan adam, "koyar da masu horar da su" don ilimin tushen tushen a cikin kare hakkin dan Adam. Nomination bude ga M A Thomas Human Rights Award 2018 . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=vigilindia |title=Nomination open to M A Thomas Human Rights Award 2018 |url=http://www.vigilindia.in/2018/06/nomination-open-to-m-thomas-human.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=Vigil India Movement}}</ref> TKungiyar tana ba da kyautar Rev. MA Thomas National Human Rights Award a kowace shekara.<ref name=":0" /> Masu karɓa tun 1993 sun haɗa da: * Lenin Raghuvanshi, 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |last=vigilindia |title=Mr. Lenin Raghuvanshi gets the M.A. Thomas National Human Rights Award – 2016. |url=http://www.vigilindia.in/2016/08/mr-lenin-raghuvanshi-gets-ma-thomas.html |access-date=2021-01-10 |website=Vigil India Movement}}</ref> * Jayamma Bandari, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |last=vigilindia |title=Smt. Bandari Jayamma received M A Thomas National Human Rights Award 2014 |url=http://www.vigilindia.in/2014/10/smt-bandari-jayamma-received-m-thomas.html |access-date=2021-01-10 |website=Vigil India Movement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112080916/http://www.vigilindia.in/2014/10/smt-bandari-jayamma-received-m-thomas.html |archive-date=2025-11-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * Swami Agnivesh, 2006 * Teesta Setalvad, 2004 * Harsh Mander, 2002 * [[Medha Patkar]], 1999 * Mai shari'a V. R. Krishna Iyer, 1998 * Ravi Nair, 1997 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jsrs30x2bbv7kxlh23shchf6piuwuye 0 175688 964602 949929 2026-10-08T05:57:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2015, sojojin Chadi da [[Boko Haram]] sun yi rikici a Wurge, [[Borno|Jihar Borno]], [[Najeriya]], yayin da aka gaza harin Boko Haram a kan [[Gamboru|Gamboru Ngala]] . == Tarihi == Boko Haram ta fito ne a shekara ta 2009 a matsayin ƙungiyar jihadi ta zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin tawaye da ta gaza a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walker |first=Andrew |date=2016-02-04 |title=Join us or die: the birth of Boko Haram |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/04/join-us-or-die-birth-of-boko-haram |access-date=2025-04-26 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, [[Abubakar Shekau]] ya haɗa kungiyoyin Islama masu fafutuka a yankin kuma ya ci gaba da tayar da tawaye a kan gwamnatin Najeriya, yana gudanar da hare-haren ta'addanci da bama-bamai a birane da al'ummomi a duk fadin yankin.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-12 |title=Nigeria unrest: 'Boko Haram' gunmen kill 44 at mosque |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23676872 |access-date=2025-04-26 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, bayan wani taro tsakanin Ministan Tsaro na Kamaru da Shugaban kasar Chadi [[Idriss Déby]], gwamnatin Chadi ta sanar da cewa za ta aika da sojoji zuwa arewacin Kamaru don karewa daga hare-haren Boko Haram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-14 |title=Le Tchad propose un «soutien actif» au Cameroun contre Boko Haram |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20150114-le-tchad-propose-soutien-actif-cameroun-contre-boko-haram |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga watan Janairu, sojojin Chadi sun tura zuwa Fotokol, wani gari na kan iyaka wanda ya rabu da garin [[Gamboru|Gamboru Ngala]] na kan iyakar Najeriya da ke karkashin ikon Boko Haram.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-01-31 |title=Cameroun: trois soldats tchadiens, 123 islamistes tués lors d'attaques de Boko Haram |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/909044/cameroun-trois-soldats-tchadiens-123-islamistes-tues-lors-dattaques-de-boko-haram.html |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |language=fr}}</ref> A ƙarshen watan Janairu, sai suka sami nasarar dawo da Gamboru Ngala daga Boko Haram, kuma Najeriya ta ba da izinin gwamnatin Chadi ta gudanar da ayyukan a Najeriya, kuma daga baya suka tura zuwa [[Dikwa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wikiwix Archives |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20150204-lutte-contre-boko-haram-le-nigeria-change-son-positionnement/?aef_campaign_date=2015-02-04&aef_campaign_ref=partage_aef |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=archive.wikiwix.com |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20220629185725/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20150204-lutte-contre-boko-haram-le-nigeria-change-son-positionnement/?aef_campaign_date=2015-02-04 |archive-date=2022-06-29 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Kimanin sojoji 2,500 na Chadi sun kasance a Jihar Borno kafin yakin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2015 |title=L'armée tchadienne tue 117 islamistes au Nigeria |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2015/02/18/l-armee-tchadienne-tue-117-islamistes-au-nigeria_1205460/ |access-date=May 30, 2026 |website=Liberation}}</ref> == Yaƙi == A ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu, Boko Haram ta kaddamar da sabon hari ga [[Gamboru|Gamboru Ngala]] da ke karkashin ikon Chadi. An sanar da Chadians game da harin a gaba saboda godiya ga masu ba da labari. Sojojin Chadi sun kai ga mayakan Boko Haram don kwanton bauna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-25 |title=Nigeria: l'armée tchadienne réplique à une attaque de Boko Haram |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20150225-armee-tchadienne-attaquee-boko-haram-nord-nigeria-lourd-bilan-gambaru |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Masu tayar da kayar baya, da zarar sun hadu da Chadians, sun yi mamakin kuma sun yi kokarin juya baya. Sojojin Chadi sun bi su kusan kilomita ashirin kuma sun kama su a ƙauyen Wurge, a cikin wani yanki mai gandun daji.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2015-02-27 |title=[Reportage] Avec l'armée tchadienne, sur les traces de Boko Haram |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20150227-tchad-boko-haram-gambaru-wurge-armee-nigeria-reportage |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Sojojin Chadi sun mamaye garin kuma an lalata cibiyar kwamandan Boko Haram ta yankin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-02-25 |title=Nigeria: lourdes pertes pour Boko Haram face aux militaires tchadiens |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20150225-nigeria-lourd-bilan-affrontements-armee-tchadienne-boko-haram-gambaru-jihadiste-off |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> A cewar gwamnatin Chadi, an kashe soja daya na Chadi kuma tara sun ji rauni. Bakwai sun ji rauni sakamakon fashewar motar yayin bin su.<ref name=":3" /> Gwamnatin Chadi ta ce an kashe sama da mayakan 207 a lokacin yakin.<ref name=":3" /> Akalla an kama masu jihadi biyu.<ref name=":2" /> An lalata motoci goma sha uku da babura da yawa da Boko Haram ke amfani da su.<ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hi2822itt9qllsffm3ogqb9m7ouqlz9 0 175719 964710 950025 2026-10-08T10:47:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Gidajen Tarihi Masu Zaman Kansu da na Jama'a na Rasha''' (kafin watan Agusta na shekarar 2021 - Ƙungiyar Gidajen Tarihi Masu Zaman Kansu na Rasha) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 2018 wadda ta haɗa gidajen tarihi masu zaman kansu na Rasha da ƙwararrun gidajen tarihi bisa ga son rai. Ƙungiyar tana wakiltar muradun al'ummar gidan tarihi a gaban hukumomin zartarwa kuma tana ba da dandamali na dindindin ga gidajen tarihi masu zaman kansu don tattaunawa a buɗe da kuma raba ƙwarewa. ; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Representatives of the Ministry of Culture, the Union of Museums, and the Association of Private Museums of Russia held a joint conference |url=https://www.sokolniki.com/en/news/predstaviteli-ministerstva-kultury-sojuza-muzeev-i-associacii-chastnykh-muzeev-rossii-proveli-sovmestnuju-konferenciju |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=www.sokolniki.com |language=en}}</ref> Manufar Ƙungiyar ita ce ta yaɗa al'adun gargajiya na Rasha, kiyaye dokokin al'adu da al'adun gargajiya, haɓaka [[Ilimi na gidan kayan gargajiya|ilimin gidan tarihi]] da yawon buɗe ido na al'adu. == Tarihi == An yi wa Ƙungiyar Gidajen Tarihi Masu Zaman Kansu na Rasha rijista a hukumance a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Association of Private Museums of Russia |url=http://www.russianmuseums.info/W2179 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=www.russianmuseums.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223152802/http://www.russianmuseums.info/W2179 |archive-date=2020-02-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, a taron al'ummar gidan tarihi na yau da kullun, an amince da Yarjejeniyar Ƙungiyar kuma gidajen tarihi 19 suka sanya hannu a kai. Ƙungiyar ta ƙunshi gidajen tarihi sama da 500 daga yankuna 85 na Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alla Manilova: "We will discuss the development of private museums with the delegates from 85 regions of the country. |url=http://culture.gov.ru/press/news/alla_manilova_razvitie_chastnykh_muzeev_obsudim_s_uchastiem_85_regionov_strany/ |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=culture.gov.ru}}</ref> == Manazarta == Ƙungiyar tana kare muradun jama'a da haƙƙoƙin membobinta. Manyan hanyoyin aiki: tf6alekq1xlg10vfawm1rxiskvn3gkq 0 175868 964547 950559 2026-10-07T23:29:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Net World Sports Limited''' kamfani ne na kasuwanci ta yanar gizo wanda ke sayar da kayan wasanni da nishaɗi. An kafa kamfanin ne a shekarar 2009 bisa ga Wrexham Industrial Estate, a Wrexham, Wales. Kamfanin yana tsarawa da sayar da kayan aiki don wasanni, ciki har da ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan kurket, rugby, da padel. Yana aiki a ƙarƙashin wasu kamfanoni, ciki har da Forza da Vermont. == Tarihi == === Ayyukan farko === An kafa Net World Sports a matsayin kamfani mai iyaka a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2009 ta Alex Lovén kuma da farko yana aiki ne daga gidan dangin Lovén da ke Shropshire, Ingila. <ref name="wrexham2017">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2017 |title=Major office expansion for rapidly-growing Wrexham sports supplier |url=https://wrexham.com/news/major-office-expansion-for-rapidly-growing-wrexham-sports-supplier-139285.html |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Wrexham.com}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Owen |date=2019-06-19 |title=Sports gear entrepreneur went from business in a shed to multi-millionaire status |url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/enterprise/sports-gear-entrepreneur-went-business-16452866 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Business Live |language=en}}</ref> Loven ya kashe fam 13,000 a cikin tanadinsa kan kwantena na raga na wasanni, amma zuwa watan Yunin 2009 tallace-tallacen kamfanin sun kai fam 85,000 na wannan watan, kuma jimillar tallace-tallacen sun wuce fam miliyan 1 a shekarar 2010. <ref name=":1" /> A watan Nuwamba na 2010, kasuwancin ya koma daga gidan iyalansa zuwa wani {{Convert|11000|sqft|m2}}wurin a Kinnerley, Shropshire. <ref name=":1" /> A shekarar 2011, Loven ya yi hayar wani rumbun ajiya na kamfanin kuma ya ɗauki ma'aikacinsa na farko aiki, kuma a shekarar 2013 kamfanin ya fara ƙera burin ƙwallon ƙafa, a ƙarƙashin alamar Forza. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Kanter |first=Jake |title=How this 30-year-old entrepreneur made a $70 million fortune from a startup built out of his parents' home |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/alex-loven-rise-net-world-sports-2018-10 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> === Komawa zuwa Wrexham === Kamfanin ya kai fam miliyan 6.5 a tallace-tallace a shekarar 2014, inda wata na farko na £1 miliyan ya kasance a watan Disamba na 2014. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> A watan Nuwamba na 2014, kasuwancin ya koma Wrexham Industrial Estate, a [[Wales]], wanda ya ninka wurin da suka kafa a baya sau biyar. <ref name="wrexham2017" /> <ref name=":1" /> Kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da sabon gidan yanar gizo a shekarar 2015. <ref name=":1" /> An ƙara faɗaɗa shafin Wrexham a shekarar 2016 bayan siyan wurin kai tsaye, <ref name="wrexham2017" /> kuma an sake faɗaɗa ofishinsa a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Major office expansion for rapidly-growing Wrexham sports supplier |url=https://wrexham.com/news/major-office-expansion-for-rapidly-growing-wrexham-sports-supplier-136726.html |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Wrexham.com |language=en}}</ref> Kamfanin ya sake yin suna a watan Yunin 2017. <ref name=":1" /> A shekarar 2021, an fara gina wani babban hedikwata da kuma rukunin rumbun adana kayayyaki kimanin rabin mil a kan titin Bryn, Wrexham Industrial Estate. <ref name="wrexham2021">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2021 |title=Wrexham success story commits long term future to area with £25m investment |url=https://wrexham.com/news/wrexham-success-story-commits-long-term-future-to-area-with-25m-investment-209672.html |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Wrexham.com}}</ref> Sabon ginin {{Convert|411,000|sqft|m2}} an kammala hedikwatar a shekarar 2023 kuma tana ɗaukar ma'aikata sama da 200. <ref name="bbc2023">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Wrexham entrepreneur Alex Lovén: From garden goals to global sales |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g2x2w5q40o |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi wurare daban-daban na wasanni kuma ya maye gurbin filin da kamfanin ya riga ya gina {{Convert|130,000|sqft|m2}} babban ofishin da ke wani wuri a cikin masana'antar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whelan |first=Dan |date=2022-08-31 |title=Completion nears for 411,000 sq ft Wrexham shed |url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/completion-nears-for-411000-sq-ft-wrexham-shed/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Place North West |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an naɗa Loven a matsayin memba na [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) a bikin karramawa na Sabuwar Shekara saboda ayyukan da ya yi wa tattalin arziki da al'umma a Wrexham. <ref name="govuk">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2022 |title=Welsh Secretary celebrates 2023 New Year Honours achievements |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/welsh-secretary-celebrates-2023-new-year-honours-achievements |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Gov.uk}}</ref> Bayan kammala sabon hedikwatar, Loven ya sanar da shirinsa na gina katafaren {{Convert|1.5|e6sqft|m2}} haɓaka wurin shakatawa na kasuwanci, mai suna "Birnin Utopia". An tsara zai haɗa da rukunin gidaje 18 na amfani da gauraye, gidan mai, otal, hanyoyin mota, da sauran wurare. An yi fatan za a gabatar da aikace-aikacen a watan Maris na 2023 kuma za a fara ginawa bisa ga buƙata a farkon 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-08 |title=Wrexham's 'Utopia City' would generate thousands of jobs |url=https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/23306696.net-world-sports-boss-utopia-city-plan-wrexham/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The Leader |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, kamfanin ya tsawaita haɗin gwiwarsa da Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Wales don samar da takardun shaida ga ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na asali a Wales don neman wasu kayan ƙwallon ƙafa na kamfanin Forza. Shirin ya taimaka wa ƙungiyoyi sama da 400 na gida, tare da kusan takardun shaida na £100,000 na £100, kodayake ya zuwa Nuwamba 2023 kusan rabin (kimanin £50,000) ba a fanshi su ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bond |first=Richard |date=2023-11-13 |title=Over £50,000 of unclaimed sports equipment still available for Welsh grassroots football clubs |url=https://swanseabaynews.com/over-50000-of-unclaimed-sports-equipment-still-available-for-welsh-grassroots-football-clubs/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Swansea Bay News |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2023, Net World Sports ta ɗaga sabuwar tuta a wajen hedikwatarta ta Wrexham. Wannan ita ce tuta ta 3 da aka kafa a wajen ofishin, baya ga tutocin Union Jack da aka yi wa lakabi da "Forza" waɗanda suka riga suka kasance a wurin. Sabuwar tutar ta ƙunshi "Woke Free Zone." Ya jawo suka daga wasu 'yan ƙasar da kuma rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai a matakin ƙasa. Shugaban kamfanin Alex Loven ya kare sakon da kuma nuna tutar, yana mai cewa ya yi imanin cewa "wani abin da ya faru a lokacin da aka farka" ya mamaye al'umma, ilimi, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai. Kamfanin bai sami izinin tsara tuta ba. Bayan wani korafi, ta gabatar da takardar neman tsari na baya-bayan nan ga Majalisar Gundumar Wrexham . Aikace-aikacen tsara tutocin da aka ambata zai haɗa da ƙarin taken kamar "Net World 3PL", "Utopia City" da kuma ɗaya mai sunan kamfanin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Liam |date=2024-08-02 |title=Company put up 'woke-free zone' flag outside its premises |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/company-put-up-woke-free-29668585 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Wales Online |language=en}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2024, kamfanin ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Ƙungiyar Wasannin Welsh don samar da takardun shaida na kayan aiki ga ƙungiyoyin wasanni don wani shiri na adana makamashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parsons |first=Max |date=2024-09-05 |title=WSA partners 2buy2 and Net World Sports team up to give members big savings |url=https://wsa.wales/wsa-partners-2buy2-and-net-world-sports-team-up-to-give-members-big-savings/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=WSA |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, an buɗe sabuwar cibiyar kera kwallayen ƙwallon ƙafa ta PVC a wani wuri da ke kusa da wurin. <ref name="wrexham2025">{{Cite web |date=2 April 2025 |title=Sports equipment giant plans manufacturing expansion in Wrexham |url=https://wrexham.com/news/sports-equipment-giant-plans-manufacturing-expansion-in-wrexham-260385.html |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Wrexham.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Alamu da ayyuka == A shekarar 2018, kamfanin ya mallaki kashi 98% na kamfanin Loven, sauran kuma mallakar iyayensa ne. <ref name=":2" /> Net World Sports tana aiki a ƙarƙashin wasu kamfanoni, ciki har da babban kamfanin Forza da Vermont. <ref name="bbc2023" /> <ref name="dailypost2022">{{Cite web |date=19 February 2022 |title=Pictures show inside Net World Sports' huge new HQ and sports centre in Wrexham |url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/business/business-news/pictures-show-inside-net-world-23168700 |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=North Wales Live}}</ref> Sauran nau'ikan kamfanonin sun haɗa da Metis, Forb, Fortress, Rapidfire, Harrier, CosySpa, Aquatec, Vici, Pinpoint, Arvo, Forager, Atlas Fishing da Aceso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Brands {{!}} Net World Sports |url=https://www.networldsports.co.uk/our-brands |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.networldsports.co.uk}}</ref> Tana samar da kayayyaki sama da 10,000 a cikin wasanni 30. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net World Sports - Official Training Equipment & Goalpost Partner |url=https://wsa.wales/partners/net-world-sports-official-training-equipment-goalpost-partner/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=WSA |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kamfanin ya yi haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyin wasanni da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, musamman don kayan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kamfanin Forza wanda [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United FC]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City FC]], [[West Ham United FC]] da Southampton FC, da kuma sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasashen duniya daban-daban suka yi amfani da su. An kuma ƙara haɗin gwiwa da Queens Park Rangers FC, <ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=QPR |title=Official website of Queens Park Rangers for the latest news from Loftus Road |url=https://www.qpr.co.uk/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=QPR FC |language=en}}</ref> Larne FC, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title=Net World Sports and FORZA extend partnership with the club {{!}} Larne FC |url=https://larnefc.com/net-world-sports-and-forza-extend-partnership-with-the-club/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=larnefc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> da ƙungiyar Wrexham AFC ta gida <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-05 |title=Wrexham AFC partner with city's sports equipment giant |url=https://www.leaderlive.co.uk/news/23226380.net-world-sports-team-wrexham-afc-new-deal/ |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=The Leader |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma bayar da gasar [[FIFA]] ta farko a hukumance, wato gasar cin kofin larabawa ta FIFA ta 2021 . A wasu wasanni, kamfanin yana samar da ƙungiyoyin rugby, ƙungiyoyin cricket, ƙwallon hannu ta Ingila, Lacrosse ta Ingila, Baseball Ireland, Tennis Wales, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Tennis Wales Renews Strategic Partnership with Vermont, A brand by Net World Sports |url=https://www.lta.org.uk/about-us/in-your-area/tennis-wales/news/tennis-wales-renews-strategic-partnership-with-vermont-a-brand-by-net-world-sports/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=Lawn Tennis Association |language=en-GB}}</ref> da Sky Sports Golf . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Thomas |date=2022-02-19 |title=Images show work well underway on £25m Net World Sports centre in Wrexham |url=https://www.dailypost.co.uk/sport/pictures-show-inside-net-world-23148316 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=North Wales Live |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Net World Sports - Official Training Equipment & Goalpost Partner |url=https://wsa.wales/partners/net-world-sports-official-training-equipment-goalpost-partner/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Welsh Sports Association}}</ref> A shekarar 2019 ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da gasar Premier ta Kanada . <ref>{{Cite web |last=CPL |date=2019-06-25 |title=Canadian Premier League choose Net World Sports as an official supplier |url=https://www.canpl.ca/news/canadian-premier-league-choose-net-world-sports-as-an-official-supplier |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=CPL |language=en}}</ref> == Kuɗi == A cewar bayanan da kamfanin ya fitar, Net World Sports ta ruwaito cewa an samu ribar fam miliyan 61 a shekarar 2021, wanda ya nuna karuwar kashi 27.53% idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. A shekarar 2022, ribar da aka samu ta karu zuwa fam miliyan 64.5 tare da ribar fam miliyan 9.5 kafin haraji. <ref name="globaldatabase">{{Cite web |date=30 September 2021 |title=Net World Sports Limited Financial Report |url=https://www.globaldatabase.com/companies/net-world-sports-limited |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=GlobalDatabase}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="insider2023">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2023 |title=Profits and turnover up at Welsh sports retailer |url=https://www.insidermedia.com/news/wales/profits-and-turnover-up-at-welsh-sports-retailer |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Insider Media}}</ref> Daga shekarar zuwa 30 ga Satumba 2023, kamfanin ya ba da rahoton samun riba ta fam miliyan 77.8 da kuma ribar fam miliyan 13.9 kafin haraji. <ref name="insider2025">{{Cite web |date=2 July 2025 |title=Future looking bright for Welsh sports retailer after turnover and pre-tax profits surge |url=https://www.insidermedia.com/news/media/future-looking-bright-for-welsh-sports-retailer-after-turnover-and-pre-tax-profits-surge |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Insider Media}}</ref> <ref name="companieshouse">{{Cite web |title=Net World Sports Limited Filing History |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/06899671/filing-history |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Companies House}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, an saka kamfanin a cikin jerin kamfanonin masu ''zaman kansu da'' suka fi saurin bunƙasa a Burtaniya, <ref name="barlows">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2018 |title=Net World Sports |url=https://www.barlowsuk.co.uk/projects/net-world-sports/ |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Barlows}}</ref> kuma a shekarar 2021, kamfanoni masu saurin bunƙasa a Arewacin Wales. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Owen |date=2021-10-28 |title=The four fastest growing firms in North Wales revealed on nation's Fast Growth 50 list |url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/economic-development/four-fastest-growing-firms-north-21991935 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Business Live |language=en}}</ref> Kafafen yaɗa labarai daban-daban sun nuna ci gaban kamfanin. A shekarar 2025, jaridar <nowiki><i id="mw9A">Sunday Times</i></nowiki> ta nada shugaban kamfanin Alex Loven a matsayin mutumin da ya fi kowa kuɗi a Wales 'yan ƙasa da shekara 40. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-16 |title=Sunday Times Rich List 2025 reveals Wales' most wealthy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4g2x2w5q40o |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen al'umma da muhalli == Kamfanin ya shiga cikin aikin Wrexham Industrial Estate Living Landscape, yana haɓaka bambancin halittu a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wrexham Industrial Estate Living Landscape |url=https://www.northwaleswildlifetrust.org.uk/living-landscapes/wrexham-industrial-estate-living-landscape |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=North Wales Wildlife Trust}}</ref> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 21yge88guisc7hr6novd7n958wd2oov 0 175872 964557 950576 2026-10-07T23:59:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Sid Meier's Civilization V: Brave New World''''' shine na biyu na fadadawa hukuma don wasan bidiyo na dabarun Civilization v. An sake shi a ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, 2013, a Arewacin Amurka da kuma a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, 2013 a sauran duniya. == Wasanni == Faduwar ta kara da wayewa tara, abubuwan al'ajabi takwas (Parthenon, Broadway, Globe Theatre, Borobudur, Uffizi, Red Fort, Prora da International Space Station <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Civilization V: Brave New World Team Answers Your Questions Part 2 |url=http://www.2kgames.com/blog/the-civilization-v-brave-new-world-team-answers-your-questions-part-2}}</ref>), gine-gine takwas, raka'a ashirin, al'amuran biyu (Yaƙin basasar Amurka da Scramble for Africa), sabon tsarin Hanyar Ciniki ta amfani da Caravans da Cargo Ships kasuwanci raka'a, Ideologies, Majalisar Duniya, wanda ke fadada fasalin diflomasiyya na wasan, da ingantaccen Nasara ciki har da Yawon Bude Ido, Archaeology da Babban Ma'a da Babban Maɓin Wasanni mai aiki. Don haka, Babban Mai zane, tare da Babban Mawakin da Babban Marubuci, sun sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci tare da fasalulluka da aka ambata a sama. Kunshin fadada ya haɗa da fadada a kan dukkan injiniyoyin Gods & Kings. Brave New World ya sake gabatar da Kiristanci don rabuwa zuwa rassa uku na addini, [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]], Orthodox na Gabas da [[Protestan bangaskiya|Furotesta]]. An sake fasalin manufofin zamantakewa a cikin Brave New World tare da gabatar da sabon tsarin akidar. Da zarar 'yan wasa sun kai zamanin zamani ko kuma sun kammala masana'antu uku, dole ne su zaɓi akidar don ci gaba da wasan. Akwai ra'ayoyi guda uku da ake da su: Order, Freedom, da Autocracy, waɗanda a baya sun kasance manufofin zamantakewar zamani na masana'antu. Kowane akidar ta kunshi ka'idoji na musamman 16 waɗanda ke buɗewa da samar da kari kamar manufofin zamantakewa a cikin babban wasan. Don maye gurbin tsoffin manufofi da suka zama akidar, an kara sabbin bishiyoyi biyu na manufofin zamantakewa: Aesthetics, wanda ke mai da hankali kan al'adu, da Bincike, wanda ke jaddada ayyukan sojan ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, an sabunta itacen manufofin Piety don magance addini kawai. An inganta fasalin wasan diflomasiyya a cikin fadada. Tare da gabatar da taron duniya, farawa a [[Renaissance|Zamanin Renaissance]] a kan wayewa daya da ke gano manema labarai da saduwa da kowane wayewa, ana iya jefa kuri'a kan wannan tasiri ga yanayin a cikin duniya, takunkumin kasuwanci, da kuma ayyukan duniya kamar baje kolin duniya. Don cimma nasarar diflomasiyya, dole ne a zabi mutum a matsayin shugaban duniya a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Nasarar al'adu ta canza tare da gabatar da yawon bude ido. Ana samun yawon bude ido ta hanyar ƙirƙirar manyan ayyukan fasaha, kiɗa, da rubutu. Sakamakon yawon bude ido na wayewa dole ne ya fi kowane al'adun wayewa don cimma nasarar al'adu.<ref name="well-of-souls.com">{{Cite web |date= |title=Civilization V Analyst: Brave New World |url=http://well-of-souls.com/civ/civ5_bravenewworld.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229221839/http://well-of-souls.com/civ/civ5_bravenewworld.html |archive-date=February 29, 2016 |access-date=2016-09-20 |publisher=Well-of-souls.com}}</ref> Bugu da kari, The Statue of Zeus, wanda aka saki a baya a cikin Seven Wonders of the Ancient World DLC, an haɗa shi a cikin wasan. == Sabbin wayewa == Brave New World ya kara da wayewa da shugabannin tara: Casimir III na Poland, <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2018 |title=Poland nation |url=https://civilizationmaps.com/nation/poland/ |publisher=Civilizationmaps.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Ashurbanipal]] na Assuriya, <ref name="Twitter">{{Cite web |title=Ashurbanipal of Assyria, has just been introduced as one of the 9 new leaders in the upcoming Civ V: Brave New World. |url=https://twitter.com/2KGames/status/315587923489738752}}</ref> Pedro II na Brazil, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Culture and Diplomacy of ''Civ V: Brave New World'' |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/editorials/interviews/10263-The-Culture-and-Diplomacy-of-Civ-V-Brave-New-World |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321180732/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/editorials/interviews/10263-The-Culture-and-Diplomacy-of-Civ-V-Brave-New-World |archive-date=March 21, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2013}}</ref> [[Shaka zulu|Shaka]] na Zulus, <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Civilization V: Brave New World'' Preview – Shaka Returns |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/editorials/reviews/previews/10286-Civilization-V-Brave-New-World-Preview-Shaka-Returns |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501184903/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/editorials/reviews/previews/10286-Civilization-V-Brave-New-World-Preview-Shaka-Returns |archive-date=May 1, 2013 |access-date=April 12, 2013}}</ref> Maria I na Portugal, <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2018 |title=Portugal civilization |url=https://civilizationmaps.com/nation/portugal/ |publisher=Civilizationmaps.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gajah Mada na Indonesia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia Civilization V |url=https://civilizationmaps.com/nation/indonesia/ |publisher=Civilizationmaps.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Ahmad al-Mansur]] na Morocco, [4] Enrico Dandolo na Venice, [4] da Pocatello na Shoshone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 18, 2013 |title=Morocco, Indonesia to Join ''Civilization V'' Roster |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/124148-Morocco-Indonesia-To-Join-Civilization-V-Roster |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082604/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/124148-Morocco-Indonesia-To-Join-Civilization-V-Roster |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=August 4, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2018 |title=Venice nation |url=https://civilizationmaps.com/nation/venice/ |publisher=Civilizationmaps.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Haile Selassie na Habasha, wanda aka saki a baya a cikin fadada ta farko, an haɗa shi tare da sabbin wayewa tara ga waɗanda ba su sayi Gods & Kings ba. Masu haɓakawa sun bayyana cewa suna so su haɗa da wayewa daga ɓangarorin duniya da ba a yawan wakilta su ba, wato Afirka (Zulu, Morocco) da Kudancin Amurka (Brazil). An kara wasu sabbin wayewa don samar da 'yan wasa da "kwarewar wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa", da yawa daga cikinsu suna nuna sabbin fasali na wasan ga Brave New World; alal misali, ana ƙarfafa' yan wasa kamar Portugal ko Venice su yi amfani da sabon tsarin hanyar kasuwanci.<ref name="polygonbts">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2013 |title=Knowing History: Behind Civ 5's Brave New World |url=http://www.polygon.com/features/2013/6/27/4453070/civ-the-making-of-brave-new-world |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232517/http://www.polygon.com/features/2013/6/27/4453070/civ-the-making-of-brave-new-world |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=August 7, 2013 |publisher=Polygon}}</ref> An kara sabbin jihohin birni goma sha tara don maye gurbin tsoffin jihohin birane waɗanda aka haɗa su cikin takwarorinsu na wayewa. Sabbin jihohin birni sun hada da [[Riga]], [[Vancouver]], da [[Kiev|Kyiv]].<ref name="well-of-souls.com" /> == Karɓar baƙi == Amsa mai mahimmanci ga Brave New World ya kasance mai kyau. ''GameSpot'' ya ba wasan 9.5/10 yana yabon wasan kwaikwayon da ke ba da damar salon wasa daban-daban da sabbin injiniyoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civilization V: Brave New World Review |url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/civilization-v-brave-new-world-review/1900-6411136/}}</ref> ''PC Gamer'' ya ba wasan 88/100, yana kiransa "Kayan girke-girke na daruruwan sa'o'i mafi kyawun dabarun juyawa".Mai bita ya yaba da gyaran wasan zuwa lokutan da suka biyo baya da yanayin nasara.<ref name="PCgamerreview">{{Cite web |last=Zergnet |date=2014-09-11 |title=Civilization V: Brave New World review |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/review/civilization-v-brave-new-world-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824093222/http://www.pcgamer.com/review/civilization-v-brave-new-world-review/ |archive-date=August 24, 2014 |access-date=2016-09-20 |publisher=PC Gamer}}</ref> ''IGN'' ta ba wasan maki na 9.4/10, tana kiranta "mafi kyawun fadada ''wayewa'' har zuwa yanzu" wanda "ya ɗauki igiyoyin da ke rataye na ''Alloli da Sarakuna'' kuma ya kawo su ga cikakken damar su".Binciken ya ci gaba da yabon sabbin injiniyoyi kamar yawon bude ido da akidar don cire ƙarshen wasan da kuma ba da damar dabarun da suka fi rikitarwa da sassauƙa.<ref name="ignreview">{{Cite web |date=July 8, 2013 |title=CIVILIZATION V: BRAVE NEW WORLD REVIEW |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/07/08/civilization-v-brave-new-world-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116013001/https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/07/08/civilization-v-brave-new-world-review |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=November 22, 2013 |publisher=IGN}}</ref> Game Scouts sun ba Brave New World 9/10, suna cewa "Brave New World ya nuna mini cewa Sid Meier da ƙungiyoyin ci gaba da ke da alhakin ikon mallakar ''wayewa'' ba sa hutawa a kan laurels ɗin su. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Civilization V: Brave New World Review |url=http://www.thegamescouts.com/2013/07/civilization-v-brave-new-world-review.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112063308/http://www.thegamescouts.com/2013/07/civilization-v-brave-new-world-review.html |archive-date=January 12, 2014 |access-date=November 22, 2013 |publisher=The Game Scouts}}</ref> A lokacin 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, Kwalejin Interactive Arts & Sciences ta zabi Brave New World don "Strategy / Simulation Game of the Year".<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Awards Category Details Strategy/Simulation Game of the Year |url=https://www.interactive.org/awards/award_category_details.asp?idAward=2014&idGameAwardType=129 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531160511/https://www.interactive.org/awards/award_category_details.asp?idAward=2014&idGameAwardType=129 |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |access-date=28 November 2023 |website=interactive.org |publisher=[[Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5cfz7kyskuckfy0qlo8gifhtzbthbxs 0 176399 964563 952787 2026-10-08T00:25:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[File:Whitebridge_old_bridge_3.jpg|right|thumb| Tsohon gadar, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1732, wanda daga nan ne aka samo sunan Whitebridge.]] '''Whitebridge''' ƙaramin ƙauye ne a gefen kudu maso yammacin [[Loch Ness]] a arewacin [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gittings |first=Bruce |last2=Munro |first2=David |title=Whitebridge, Highland |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst5419.html |access-date=16 November 2019 |website=The Gazetteer for Scotland |publisher=School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh and The Royal Scottish Geographical Society}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Yana da nisan {{Convert|25|mi|km}} daga Inverness da {{Convert|8|mi|km}} daga Fort Augustus. Whitebridge gida ne ga mutane ƙasa da 100 da suka bazu a kusan {{Convert|5|mi|km|0}}. [[Loch Killin]] yana da nisan {{Convert|5|mi|km|0}} kudu maso gabashin ƙauyen kuma ƙauyen Gorthleck da ke makwabtaka da shi yana arewa maso gabashin Whitebridge. Beinn Sgurrach shine tudu mafi girma a yankin a 470&nbsp;m kuma yana kan gefen arewa maso gabashin ƙauyen. <ref name="OS" /> == Tarihi == [[File:Abandoned_settlement_near_Whitebridge.jpg|right|thumb| Gidan da aka yi watsi da shi na Duntirhal wanda ke yamma da Beinn Sgurrach a cikin Whitebridge.]] Sunan ƙauyen ya fito ne daga tsohuwar gadar da ke kan Kogin Fechlin wanda ke ratsa ƙauyen. An gina tsohuwar gadar, wacce aka fi sani da ''Whitebridge'' saboda launin duwatsun da aka yi mata, a shekarar 1732 a ƙarƙashin kulawar Janar Wade gaba ɗaya a matsayin wani ɓangare na wani babban shiri na gina [[Hanyoyin soja na Scotland|hanyar soja]] ta yankin, a yunƙurin dakile ƙarin boren Jacobite . <ref name="CanmoreWhitebridge" /> Wataƙila an kula da ginin gadar a yankin ƙarƙashin William Caulfield, wani ƙaramin ƙashin Wades. <ref name="CanmoreWhitebridge" /> Yanzu hanyar ita ce B862 kuma ita ce babbar hanyar da ta ratsa ƙauyen. An ƙara sabuwar gadar hanya mai rufin siminti a shekarun 1930 tare da tsohuwar gadar. Tsohon gadar har yanzu yana nan ga masu tafiya a ƙasa. Duntirhal wani tsohon matsuguni ne na tarihi da ya lalace wanda ke gefen Whitebridge a cikin gonar tumaki zuwa Beinn Sgurrach. <ref name="Duntirhal1">{{Cite web |title=MHG2753 - Beinn Sgurrach |url=https://her.highland.gov.uk/Monument/MHG2753 |access-date=7 June 2021 |publisher=Highland Council}}</ref> A wani lokaci, wurin zama ya ƙunshi gine-gine har zuwa murabba'i 24 da kuma rumfa guda 5, da kuma murhun busar da masara, kodayake wasu tushe kaɗan ne kawai suka rage a gani. <ref name="Duntirhal2" /> Wani gari da aka yi watsi da shi, wanda kuma wani ɓangare ne na Highland Clearances yana yammacin Whitebridge a Easter Drummond. Otal da masaukin baƙi na Whitebridge wani fitaccen gini ne a ƙauyen kuma ana kyautata zaton ya samo asali ne a matsayin otal mai horarwa (ko Kingshouse) a wurin da sansanin sojoji da masu ginin hanyar soja ke amfani da shi. Ginin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu yana aiki a matsayin masauki kuma an gina shi a shekarar 1899. <ref name="Scotsman">{{Cite web |title=Loch Ness hotel under new ownership |url=https://www.scotsman.com/business/loch-ness-hotel-under-new-ownership-554192 |access-date=7 June 2021 |publisher=Scotsman}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == [[File:Whitebridge_Hotel.jpg|right|thumb| Otal ɗin Whitebridge da ke tsakiyar ƙauyen a kan titin B862.]] Tattalin arzikin yankin ya mayar da hankali ne kan noma, yawon bude ido da ayyukan gandun daji. Yawancin mazaunan dindindin manoma ne ko masu kula da dabbobin gida, ko kuma suna tafiya zuwa wani wuri a Inverness-shire . Tare da otal ɗin Whitebridge, akwai ƙaramin wurin shakatawa na hutu a ƙauyen wanda ke ɗauke da masaukin baƙi na salon tsaunuka. Yawancin yara suna zuwa Makarantar Firamare ta Stratherrick da ke ƙauyen Gorthleck da ke makwabtaka. Ana fara gasar Marathon ta Loch Ness a kowace shekara kusa da Whitebridge. == Shahararrun mazauna == Ƙauyen ya kasance gida ga mawaƙin Scotland Ian Abbot (1947–1989) wanda ya lashe lambar yabo a lokacin rayuwarsa ta ƙarshe. Ya rubuta tarin ''Gujewa ga Alloli'' . Abbot ya mutu ne a lokacin wani hatsarin mota a ƙauyen. <ref name="IanAbbot">{{Cite web |title=Ian Abbot Papers |url=http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/online/cnmi/inventories/acc12737.pdf |access-date=7 June 2021 |publisher=NLS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185423/http://www.nls.uk/catalogues/online/cnmi/inventories/acc12737.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == h4i5mnmv0401sd4dj5kxrd7xevjnd8e 0 176622 964575 956383 2026-10-08T01:52:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Xyris correlliorum''''', wanda aka fi sani da '''ciyawar Correll mai launin rawaya''' , wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure wanda ba kasafai ake samunsa a jihar [[Florida]] ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ba, inda ake saninsa ne kawai daga kudancin Tafkin Wales Ridge a Highlands County . == Mazauni == Yana da wani [[Shuka mai Shekaru|nau'in]] ruwa mai tasowa wanda ake samu a gefen tafkuna da tabarmi masu iyo a kan wasu tafkuna a ƙarshen kudu na tudun. == Kiyayewa == Nau'in, saboda ƙarancin yanayinsa, yana fuskantar barazana musamman saboda [[Rashin mazaunin|asarar muhalli]] sakamakon ci gaban gidaje da noma. An san nau'in a tarihi daga tafkuna uku kacal: Lake Placid, Lake Annie (a tashar Archbold Biological Station, da Grassy Lake). An san abubuwan da ke faruwa a Tafkin Grassy da Lake Placid tun daga shekarar 1996, amma kaɗan ne daga cikin gabar tekun Grassy Lake ke wanzuwa a yanzu, don haka wataƙila an cire shi . Hakazalika, ba a sake canja wurin da abin ya faru a tafkin Placid b == Manazarta == {{Reflist|<ref name="ns">{{cite web |title=''Xyris correlliorum'' |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.680485/Xyris_correlliorum |website=NatureServe Explorer |access-date=25 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="usf-pa">{{cite web |title=''Xyris correlliorum'' |url=https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/plant/species/4178 |website=Florida PlantAtlas |access-date=25 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="fsus">{{cite web |title=''Xyris correlliorum'' |url=https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/main.php?pg=show-taxon.php&plantname=Xyris+correlliorum |website=Flora of the Southeastern United States |access-date=25 November 2025 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116180933/https://fsus.ncbg.unc.edu/main.php?pg=show-taxon.php&plantname=Xyris+correlliorum |archive-date=16 January 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t9328dvah6a0jwjl4gvkltkt6ymjphp 0 176680 964353 958836 2026-10-07T14:06:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Teju Cole''' (an haife shi ranar 27 ga watan Yuni, 1975) marubucin ƙasar Najeriya, mai ɗaukar hoto, kuma Masanin tarihin fasaha. Shi ne marubucin wani labari, Kowace Rana ce don ɓarawo a shekarar (2007); wani labari, ''Open City'' a shekarar (2011); tarin rubutun, Known and Strange Things (2016); littafin hoto, Punto d'Ombra (2016); da kuma littafi na biyu, Tremor a shekarar (2023). Masu sukar sun yaba da aikinsa kamar yadda ya "buɗe sabuwar hanya a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obi-Young |first=Otosirieze |date=4 July 2021 |title=The Worldly Ways of Teju Cole |url=https://opencountrymag.com/cover-story-the-worldly-ways-of-teju-cole/ |access-date=November 20, 2021 |website=Open Country Mag}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Cole a Kalamazoo, Michigan, ga iyayen Najeriya, kuma ita ce babba cikin yara huɗu.<ref name="DeRitter1">{{Cite web |last=DeRitter |first=Margaret |date=September 2011 |title=From ''New Yorker'' Envy to Literary Acclaim |url=http://www.kzoo.edu/beLightArchive/articles/?issueid=33&id=126 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225172638/http://www.kzoo.edu/beLightArchive/articles/?issueid=33&id=126 |archive-date=February 25, 2015 |access-date=June 19, 2017 |website=BeLight |publisher=Kalamazoo College}}</ref> Cole da mahaifiyarsa sun koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]], jim kadan bayan haihuwarsa, <ref name="DeRitter1" /> inda mahaifinsa ya shiga su bayan ya karbi MBA daga Jami'ar Western Michigan . Cole ya koma Amurka yana da shekaru 17 don halartar Jami'ar Yammacin Michigan na shekara guda, sannan ya koma Kwalejin Kalamazoo, inda ya sami digiri na farko a shekarar 1996. <ref name="DeRitter1" /> Bayan ya bar makarantar likita a Jami'ar Michigan, Cole ya shiga cikin shirin tarihin fasaha na Afirka a Makarantar Nazarin Gabas da Afirka a birnin London, <ref name="DeRitter1" /> sannan ya bi digiri na biyu a tarihin fasaha a Jami'an Columbia.<ref name="DeRitter2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kassel |first=Matthew |date=March 10, 2014 |title=Interview: Teju Cole's 'Every Day Is for the Thief' |url=http://observer.com/2014/03/every-day-a-chance-to-reflect/ |access-date=August 10, 2015 |website=[[The New York Observer]]}}</ref> Shi ne Farfesa [[Gore Vidal]] na Ayyukan Rubuce-rubuce a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] kuma a halin yanzu yana zaune a garin Cambridge, Massachusetts. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cole |first=Teju |title=bio : TEJU COLE |url=https://www.tejucole.com/about-2/ |access-date=January 16, 2019 |language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teju Cole on What Needs to Change to Better Cover Stories in "Foreign" Countries |url=https://niemanreports.org/articles/teju-cole-on-what-needs-to-change-to-better-cover-stories-in-foreign-countries/ |access-date=2021-11-22 |website=Nieman Reports |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Mawallafin === Cole ya rubuta littattafai da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai littafin Kowace Rana ce ɓarawo; <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Every Day is for the Thief'' page at Cassava Republic. |url=http://cassavarepublic.biz/every-day-is-for-the-thief-mainmenu-81 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601054613/http://cassavarepublic.biz/every-day-is-for-the-thief-mainmenu-81 |archive-date=June 1, 2013 |access-date=Feb 19, 2019}}</ref> littafin ''Open City''; tarin fiye da rubutun 40, Known and Strange Things; <ref name="NPR">{{Cite web |date=August 16, 2016 |title=Everything Is Fair Game In 'Known And Strange Things' |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/08/16/490132518/everything-is-fair-game-in-known-and-strange-things |access-date=May 18, 2017 |website=[[All Things Considered]] |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> da kuma littafin hoto, Punto d'Ombra (2016) (wanda aka buga a Turanci a cikin shekarar 2017 a matsayin Makaho). [[Salman Rushdi|Salman Rushdie]] ya bayyana Cole a matsayin "daga cikin marubutan da suka fi baiwa na ƙarni". Ya kasance fitaccen marubuci a mazaunin Kwalejin Bard . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bard Faculty: Teju Cole |url=http://www.bard.edu/academics/faculty/profile/?id=31 |access-date=June 18, 2017 |publisher=[[Bard College]]. bard.edu}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yuni zuwa Nuwambar shekara ta 2014 ya kasance "marubuci a cikin " na {{Interlanguage link|Literaturhaus Zurich|de}} [de] da kuma {{Interlanguage link|PWG Foundation|de|Stiftung PWG}} [de] a Zurich.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Writers in Residence: Teju Cole |url=https://www.writer-in-residence.ch/author/teju_cole/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.writer-in-residence.ch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Writers in Residence: Aliyeh Ataei |url=https://www.writers-in-residence.ch/de/author/teju_cole |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.writers-in-residence.ch}}</ref> ==== ''Kowace Rana ce ga ɓarawo'' ==== An buga shi a shekara ta 2007, littafin farko na Cole, Kowace Rana ce don ɓarawo, labarin wani saurayi ne wanda ya tashi ya ziyarci ƙasarsa, Najeriya, bayan ya tafi shekaru goma sha biyar. Littafin ya bayyana yadda tafiye-tafiye wanda ke bayanin hanyar rayuwa a birnin Legas kuma a kan hanya, ya fallasa yadda yanayin dimokuradiyya na cin hanci da rashawa zai iya shafar kowa ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu a cikin al'umma ba.<ref name="Torkornoo" /> ==== ''Open City'' ==== An rubuta shi a shekarar 2011 kuma aka buga shi a shekarar 2012, littafin ya mayar da hankali ne kan "Julius, wani matashin ɗalibi ɗan Najeriya da ke karatun digiri a fannin tabin hankali a birnin New York, kwanan nan ya rabu da budurwarsa kuma ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa yana yawo a Manhattan cikin mafarki.. Yawancin Open City sun fi mayar da hankali kan tunanin Julius yayin da yake yawo a cikin birnin, yana zana hotunan abubuwan da ke faruwa a kusa da shi da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a baya waɗanda ba zai iya daina tunani a kansu ba. Kamar yadda yake neman kakarsa, Julius ya shafe makonni da dama a Belgium, inda ya yi wasu abokai masu ban sha'awa. A kan hanya, yana haɗuwa da mutane da yawa kuma sau da yawa yana tattaunawa mai tsawo da su game da falsafa da siyasa..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |date=2014-01-08 |title=Teju Cole's Open City; A review |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/teju-coles-open-city-a-review/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Da alama yana maraba da waɗannan tattaunawar. Bayan ya koma New York, ya haɗu da wata matashiyar 'yar Najeriya wacce ta canza yadda yake ganin kansa sosai.." An fassara ''Open City'' cikin harsuna goma kuma ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu sukar adabi. James Wood a cikin The New Yorker ya kira shi "kyakkyawan, mai hankali, kuma, a ƙarshe, littafi na asali". A cewar The New York Times, "muhimmancin littafin ya ta'allaka ne da gaskiya".The Independent ya bayyana ''Open City'' a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa", "mai canzawa", da kuma "farkon farko" ga Cole, yayin da Time ya kira littafin a matsayin "aikin asali mai zurfi, mai motsawa da hankali da kuma mallakar salon da ke da sha'awa da yaudara. " ==== ''Abubuwan da aka sani da ba a sani ba'' ==== A cikin shekarar 2016, Cole ya buga litattafansa na farko da zargi. A rubuce-rubuce ga ''New York Times'', mawaki Claudia Rankine ya kira shi "wani muhimmin tafiya mai ban sha'awa," kuma ya ware, musamman, rubutun sa game da daukar hoto, inda ya "bayyana sha'awarsa da ƙaunar gani".[his] === Jarida da sharhin zamantakewa === Cole mai ba da gudummawa ne na yau da kullun ga wallafe-wallafen da suka haɗa da ''[[New York Times]]'', ''[[Qarrtsiluni]]'', ''Granta'', The New Yorker, mujallar Transition, The New Inquiry, da A Public Space . <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Letter from Teju Cole |url=https://apublicspace.org/news/detail/,%20https://apublicspace.org/news/detail/a-letter-from-teju-cole |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=A Public Space |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teju Cole |url=https://granta.com/contributor/teju-cole/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Granta |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Quarrtsiluni'' (2005-2013) wata mujallar wallafe-wallafen kan layi ce wacce ta yi ƙoƙari ta gyara software na blog daga kafofin sada zumunta; manufar da ke bayan ta ita ce ta ba da cikakken dama ga marubuta / masu sharhi game da batutuwa daban-daban "waɗanda ba su taɓa cika mafarkinmu na ƙirƙirar zaɓi na bugawa akan buƙata don kowane fitowar ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2007 |title=Quarrtsiluni |url=https://qarrtsiluni.com/how-to-contribute/ |access-date=June 19, 2016}}</ref>Rubutun sa na kowane wata don The New York Times Magazine, "A kan Hotuna," ya kasance dan wasan karshe don Kyautar Mujallar Ƙasa a cikin shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners and Finalists Database {{!}} ASME |url=http://www.magazine.org/asme/national-magazine-awards/winners-finalists |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010181823/http://magazine.org/asme/national-magazine-awards/winners-finalists |archive-date=October 10, 2018 |access-date=January 28, 2017 |website=www.magazine.org}}</ref> An yaba wa Cole tare da ƙirƙirar kalmar "White Savior Industrial Complex" tare da jerin tweets da aka buga a cikin The Atlantic . <ref name="white-savior-industrial-complex">{{Cite journal |last=Cole |first=Teju |date=March 21, 2012 |title=The White-Savior Industrial Complex |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/the-white-savior-industrial-complex/254843/ |journal=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=August 15, 2015}}</ref> Jerin tweets na asali wanda ya haifar da labarin ya haifar da martani daga marubucin ''NY Times'' Nicholas Kristof wanda Cole ya kira shi a matsayin misali na fararen mai ceto. Kristof ya yi kuskuren kiran Cole, Ba'amurke-Ba'amurke, a matsayin ɗan Uganda, ya ce ya yi imanin cewa Cole ya kasance wani ɓangare na mayar da martani ga masu ba da agaji daga malaman Afirka na tsakiya. Kristof ya ce ya ji daɗi saboda ya yi tunanin cewa Cole yana cewa "fararen Amurkawa bai kamata su shiga cikin bala'in jin kai ba saboda wadanda abin ya shafa suna da launi daban-daban".<ref name="white-savior-industrial-complex" />Cole ya amsa, yana cewa ya damu da jin daɗin Kristof da rashin bincikensa game da yanayin bukatar jin kai a Afirka: "Duk abin da ya gani shine buƙata, kuma bai ga bukatar yin la'akari da buƙata ba. "<ref name="white-savior-industrial-complex" /> Tare da Michael Ondaatje, [[Francine Prose]], [[Peter Carey (novelist)|Peter Carey]], Rachel Kushner, da [[Taiye Selasi]], Cole na ɗaya daga cikin marubutan shida da suka nuna rashin amincewa da bikin PEN American Center na girmama mujallar satirical ta Faransa ''Charlie Hebdo'' tare da lambar yabo ta "Freedom of Expression Courage" a watan Afrilun shekarar 2015 ta hanyar janyewa a matsayin masu karɓar bakuncin taron. A rubuce-rubuce a cikin The New Yorker kwana biyu bayan kisan kiyashi na ma'aikatan Charlie Hebdo da masu kishin Islama a Paris, Cole ya yi iƙirarin cewa littafin Faransanci "mai wariyar launin fata ne da kuma wariyar launin fatalwa", cajin ya sadu da zargi daga masu sharhi da yawa, gami da shugaban SOS Racisme, kungiyar adawa da wariyar launinariya ta Faransa, wanda ya yaba da Charlie Hebdo a matsayin "babban mako-mako mai adawa da launin fata a wannan ƙasar".<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2015 |title=If you don't speak French, how can you judge if Charlie Hebdo is racist? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2015/04/if-you-don-t-speak-french-how-can-you-judge-if-charlie-hebdo-racist |access-date=Feb 19, 2019 |website=www.newstatesman.com}}</ref> === Hotuna === An nuna hotunan Cole a cikin baje kolin solo a Milan a cikin shekarar 2016 da ake kira Punto d'ombra . <ref>{{Cite web |title=PUNTO D'OMBRA – TEJU COLE {{!}} Fondazione Forma per la fotografia |url=http://www.formafoto.it/2016/04/punto-dombra-teju-cole/ |access-date=January 28, 2017 |website=www.formafoto.it}}</ref> Hotunan daga wannan nune-nunen an buga su ne ta hanyar mai wallafa littattafai na ƙasar Italiya Contrasto Books a cikin shekarar 2016, kuma ta Random House a cikin shekarar 2017 a ƙarƙashin taken Blind Spot . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Punto d'ombra, ContrastoBooks |url=http://www.contrastobooks.com/product_info.php?products_id=727 |access-date=January 28, 2017 |website=www.contrastobooks.com |language=it}}</ref> Don Performa 17, Cole ya kirkiro shigarwa ''[https://archive.performa-arts.org/archive/17b-pc-0015 Black Paper]'' (2017) inda hotunansa da bidiyo suka kasance tare da rikodin filin da karatun rubutu mai mahimmanci. An gabatar da zane-zane a BKLYN Studios a City Point . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Teju Cole - Artists - Steven Kasher Gallery |url=https://www.stevenkasher.com/artists/teju-cole |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=www.stevenkasher.com |language=en}}</ref> === Kafofin sada zumunta === An amince da sabon amfani da Cole na kafofin sada zumunta (musamman Twitter da [[Instagram]]) a matsayin dandamali mai ƙirƙira. == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * 2011 Mujallar Time ta "Littattafai Mafi Kyawun Shekara" don ''Open City'' * 2012 National Book Critics Circle Award finalist for ''Open City'' * 2012 PEN / Hemingway Award for Debut Novel winner for ''Open City'' * 2012 Ondaatje Prize shortlist for ''Open City'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alison Flood |date=May 29, 2012 |title=2012 Ondaatje prize 2012 goes to debut novel by Rahul Bhattacharya |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/may/29/ondaatje-prize-rahul-bhattacharya |access-date=May 29, 2012 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> * 2012 Gasar <nowiki><i id="mwAYY">Labaran Safiya</i></nowiki> ta Littattafai ta ƙarshe <ref>{{Cite web |last=Duncan Murrell |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Sisters Brothers v. Open City |url=http://www.themorningnews.org/tob/2012/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317061323/http://www.themorningnews.org/tob/2012/ |archive-date=March 17, 2013 |access-date=May 31, 2013 |website=[[The Morning News (online magazine)|The Morning News]]}}</ref> * 2013 Kyautar wallafe-wallafen kasa da kasa don fassarar harshen Jamusanci ta Christine Richter-Nilsson na ''Open City'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Silke Bartlick |date=May 2, 2013 |title=Germany's International Literature Award honors world's best books |url=http://www.dw.de/germanys-international-literature-award-honors-worlds-best-books/a-16782063 |access-date=May 31, 2013 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aygül Cizmecioglu |date=31 May 2013 |title=German literature prize for Teju Cole's debut NYC novel |url=http://www.dw.de/german-literature-prize-for-teju-coles-debut-nyc-novel/a-16850845 |access-date=May 31, 2013 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> * 2015 Windham-Campbell Literature Prize (Fiction) darajar $ 150,000 <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2015 |title=Prize Citation for Teju Cole |url=http://windhamcampbell.org/2015/winner/teju-cole |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401011348/http://windhamcampbell.org/2015/winner/teju-cole |archive-date=April 1, 2017 |access-date=February 25, 2015 |publisher=Windham–Campbell Literature Prize}}</ref> * 2018 Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship for Creative Arts <ref>{{Cite web |title=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation {{!}} Teju Cole |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/teju-cole/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621000915/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/teju-cole/ |archive-date=June 21, 2019 |access-date=August 21, 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == === Buga na farko a Turanci a Amurka === * Wani labari ne.{{Cite book|last3=Teju Cole}} *   Littafin{{Cite book|last3=Teju Cole}} *   Tarin rubutun.{{Cite book|last3=Teju Cole}} *   [[Photo-book|littafin hoto]].{{Cite book|last3=Teju Cole}} *   Rubutun da zane-zane.{{Cite book|last3=Teju Cole}} *   Littafin littafi ne.{{Cite book|last3=Teju Cole}} === Buga na farko a Ingila === *   Hotuna.{{Cite book|last3=Teju Cole}} *   Hotuna da rubutu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2021 |title=Book Review: Golden Apple of the Sun |url=https://museemagazine.com/culture/2021/8/5/book-review-golden-apple-of-the-sun |access-date=2021-12-25 |website=Musée Magazine}}</ref>{{Cite book|last3=Teju Cole}} *   Hotuna.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=Book Review: Pharmakon by Teju Cole |url=https://museemagazine.com/culture/2024/3/19/book-review-pharmakon-by-teju-cole |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=Musée Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Cite book|last3=Teju Cole}} * {{Cite book|last3=Teju Cole}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Every Day is for the Thief – Cassava Republic Press |url=https://cassavarepublic.biz/product/every-day-is-for-the-thief/ |access-date=2026-03-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> * {{Cite book|last3=Teju Cole}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punto d\\\'ombra |url=https://contrastobooks.com/in-parole/444-punto-d-ombra.html |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=ContrastoBooks |language=it}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == * {{Official website}} * James Wood, "The Arrival of Enigmas", The New Yorker, Fabrairu 2, 2011. * [http://&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]Bomba.org/article/10023/teju-cole" id="mwBEA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Tattaunawa da Aleksandar Hemon An adana 2015-06-07 a a mujallar Bomb. * Rubutun kashi biyu game da ginin Cole na gani da hangen nesa a cikin ''Open City'': [http://danieldaviswood.com/2014/04/29/writing-seeing-open-city-1 Sashe na 1], [http://danieldaviswood.com/2014/05/30/writing-seeing-open-city-2 Sashe na 2] * Edem Torkornoo, "Shuffering and shmiling": Binciken Teju Cole's Every Day Is For The Thief An adana shi 2020-10-29 a , Ayiba Magazine, Yuni 18, 2014. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71JZEWGtAm4 Kyakkyawan Kyakkyawar. Tattaunawa da Teju Cole]. Bidiyo daga Tashar Louisiana. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fy8be4pk5lsc73azgmyts12vkxou6hw 0 176726 964371 955081 2026-10-07T14:58:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babban Binge''' wani ra'ayi ne na ƙarni na 21 wanda ke bayyana lokacin tarihi wanda ya shafi kusan 1870 zuwa 1914. == Tarihi == An san shi sosai saboda yawan amfani da kuma samuwar miyagun ƙwayoyi kamar opium, heroin, cocaine, morphine, da absinthe . A wannan lokacin, waɗannan magungunan sun kasance a ko'ina kuma sun shahara sosai tsakanin maza da mata na fannoni daban-daban na zamantakewa a sassa da dama na duniya. <ref name="Maps" /> An tallata su ga manya da yara, galibi ana haɗa su a cikin magungunan mallaka kamar su maganin tari, maganin rage radadi, da magungunan asma. <ref name="io9">{{Cite web |last=Inglis-Arkell |first=Esther |date=March 28, 2012 |title=When Opium Was For Newborns And Bayer Sold Heroin |url=http://io9.com/5896669/when-opium-was-for-newborns-and-bayer-sold-heroin |access-date=June 5, 2015 |website=io9}}</ref> An ba wa jarirai da mata masu [[Ciwon haila|ciwon mara na al'ada]], kuma an haɗa su a cikin abinci da abubuwan sha kamar [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]] . <ref name="io9" /> An nuna haruffan adabi kamar Sherlock Holmes ta amfani da morphine da cocaine. <ref name="Maps" /> An bayyana Holmes a matsayin wanda ke da sha'awar allurar maganin cocaine mai kashi 7% a fili, kodayake kawai lokacin da ba shi da isasshen motsa jiki na kwakwalwa. Lokacin ya ƙare da jerin dokoki da ke tsara magungunan ƙwayoyi a ƙasashe daban-daban da kuma na duniya. Yarjejeniyar Opium ta Duniya ta Farko, wacce kasashe 11 suka sanya hannu a Hague a shekarar 1912 kuma ta fara aiki a shekarar 1915, ita ce ta farko da aka cimma yarjejeniya mai cike da dokoki kan hana shan miyagun kwayoyi a duniya kuma ta samo asali daga dokokin hana shan miyagun kwayoyi na cikin gida kamar Dokar Harajin Barasa ta Harrison a Amurka. [1] == Kalar harshe == "Binge" kalma ce ta ƙarni na 19, kodayake ma'anar ta ci gaba. Duk da haka, takamaiman amfani da kalmar "babban binge" dangane da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma ra'ayoyin jama'a game da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a tsakanin 1870-1914 kwanan nan ne. Baya ga amfani da Bryars da Harper suka yi a sama, marubuci kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci ɗan Birtaniya [[Stephen Fry]] ya yi amfani da shi don bayyana wannan lokacin a cikin littafin "More Fool Me" <ref>Fry, Stephen (25 Sept. 2014). More Fool Me. London: Michael Joseph {{ISBN|978-0718179786}}</ref> da kuma wanda masanin kimiyya Nicholas J. Saunders ya yi a cikin littafin 'The Poppy: A History of Conflict, Loss, Remembrance, and Redemption', <ref>Saunders, Nicholas J. (3 April 2014). The Poppy: A History of Conflict, Loss, Remembrance, and Redemption. Oneworld Publications {{ISBN|978-1780744049}}</ref> wanda aka fi magana a kai game da Amurka, don bayyana wani littafi na ƙarni na 19 "wanda aka siffanta shi da miyagun ƙwayoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka kasance halal, ana samun su sosai, ana cinye su sosai kuma an saka su cikin al'adun jama'a". Amfani da aka fi amfani da shi ya ɗan yi nisa kaɗan. Mujallar Esquire ta yi amfani da ita a wannan mahallin a shekarar 2009: Dracula "ya bayyana a tsakiyar abin da masana tarihi ke kira Babban Binge, wani lokaci a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin lokacin da shan hodar iblis da heroin ya yi yawa". Wani masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ɗan ƙasar Kanada, Romeo Vitelli, ya yi amfani da kalmar a yanar gizo a cikin wani rubutu da aka rubuta a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ending the Binge |url=http://drvitelli.typepad.com/providentia/2007/09/ending-the-bing.html |access-date=October 18, 2016 |website=drvitelli.typepad.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506182609/https://drvitelli.typepad.com/providentia/2007/09/ending-the-bing.html |archive-date=May 6, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == 02kiuqp04tp8u53iemeok6kntxjmudj 0 177343 964474 958586 2026-10-07T20:51:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ushindi Vickash Beni Katulanya''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1999), <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-27 |title=21-Year-Old Norwegian Based Vickash Beni Kat Is Using His Choreography To Impact Lives - MUGIBSON |url=https://mugibson.com/vickash-beni-kat/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da Vickash Benny Kat, [[Singing|mawaƙi]] ne na Kongo, marubucin waƙa, kuma mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke zaune a Norway. An haife shi a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo kuma ya girma a Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musaasizi |first=Brian |date=2025-06-27 |title=Vickash Beni Kat is rapidly rising to stardom in Uganda , on the brink of becoming a big music sensation |url=https://redpepper.co.ug/vickash-beni-kat-is-rapidly-rising-to-stardom-in-uganda-on-the-brink-of-becoming-a-big-music-sensation/141263/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=ONLINE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Katungulu |first=Amon |title=Ugandan Music Industry Needs Copyright Education to Unlock Full Potential – Vickash Beni Kat |url=https://nilepost.co.ug/entertainment/268781/ugandan-music-industry-needs-copyright-education-to-unlock-full-potential-vickash-beni-kat |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Nilepost News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ruby |first=Josh |date=2021-08-20 |title=UNVEILING: 22-year-old dance instructor Vickash's passion for art and innovation |url=http://mbu.ug/2021/08/20/unveiling-22-year-old-dance-instructor-vickashs-passion-for-art-and-innovation/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=MBU |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya haɗu da Afropop, R&amp;amp;B, da tasirin kiɗa na Kongo. An san shi da EP Am Different na 2025 <ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Michael |first=Chisom |date=2025-08-22 |title=Congolese artist Beni Kat hits UK afrobeats top spot with “Am Different” |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/congolese-artist-beni-kat-hits-uk-afrobeats-top-spot-with-am-different/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-09-24 |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="pmnewsnigeria_2025-09-23">{{Cite news |title=From Kinshasa to the charts: How Vickash Beni Kat’s debut album captivated global audiences |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2025/09/23/from-kinshasa-to-the-charts-how-vickash-beni-kats-debut-album-captivated-global-audiences/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-09-24 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Telegraph |first=New |date=2025-09-23 |title=An Artist Who Says He’s ‘Different’ Finds A Wide Audience |url=https://newtelegraphng.com/an-artist-who-says-hes-different-finds-a-wide-audience/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-09-24 |newspaper=[[New Telegraph]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Okogba |first=Emmanuel |date=2025-08-19 |title=Vickash Beni Kat’s debut album ‘Am Different’ tops Afrobeat chart |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/08/vickash-beni-kats-debut-album-am-different-tops-afrobeat-chart/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-09-24 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> da kuma 'yan wasa kamar ''Ebiloto''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ugandan Music Scene Sees Rise in Popularity of “Ebiloto” by Vickash Beni Kat – TowerPostNews |url=https://thetowerpost.com/2025/06/30/ugandan-music-scene-sees-rise-in-popularity-of-ebiloto-by-vickash-beni-kat/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=thetowerpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From Bukavu to Norway: Unpacking the journey of a rising singer, Vickash Beni Kat {{!}} Pulse Uganda |url=https://www.pulse.ug/articles/entertainment/unpacking-the-journey-of-a-rising-singer-vickash-beni-kat-2025063006481742496 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.pulse.ug |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Vickash Beni Kat a [[Bukavu]], [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Republic |first=Matooke |date=2021-12-29 |title=Meet Vickash Beni Kat, a 21-year-old Norwegian-based choreographer - Matooke Republic |url=https://www.matookerepublic.com/20211229/meet-vickash-beni-kat-a-21-year-old-norwegian-based-choreographer/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208161029/https://www.matookerepublic.com/20211229/meet-vickash-beni-kat-a-21-year-old-norwegian-based-choreographer/ |archive-date=2025-02-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma ya girma a [[Uganda]] kafin ya koma tare da iyalinsa zuwa [[Norway]]. Tun yana ƙarami, ya nuna sha'awar kiɗa da rawa, wanda daga baya ya zama tsakiya ga aikinsa a matsayin mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma mai koyar da rawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ssejjombwe |first=Isaac |date=2022-01-04 |title=Vickash Beni Kat using choreography to impact lives - Sqoop - Get Uganda entertainment news, celebrity gossip, videos and photos |url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/202201/four-one-one/vickash-beni-kat-using-choreography-to-impact-lives.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=Uganda's Music Industry Loses Millions Due to Copyright Ignorance |url=https://goldmidi.com/community/threads/ugandas-music-industry-loses-millions-due-to-copyright-ignorance.33409/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=The Goldmidi |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Beni Kat ya fara sakin kiɗa a farkon shekarun 2020. Wasansa mai tsawo Am Different (2025) ya sami ɗaukar hoto a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na yanki don aikin yawo da kuma sanya jadawalin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="pmnewsnigeria_2025-09-23"/> Ɗansa Ebiloto ya sami shahara a Uganda . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=NELSON MANDELA {{!}} PML Daily |date=2025-06-29 |title=Ugandan music scene takes flight with Vickash’s hit song ‘Ebiloto’ |url=https://pmldaily.com/features/entertainment/2025/06/ugandan-music-scene-takes-flight-with-vickashs-hit-song-ebiloto.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=PML Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Baya ga kiɗa, Beni Kat tana aiki a matsayin mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo da kuma malami a Norway.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ssejjombwe |first=Isaac |date=2022-01-04 |title=Vickash Beni Kat using choreography to impact lives - Sqoop - Get Uganda entertainment news, celebrity gossip, videos and photos |url=https://www.sqoop.co.ug/202201/four-one-one/vickash-beni-kat-using-choreography-to-impact-lives.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Sqoop - Get Uganda entertainment news, celebrity gossip, videos and photos - Life of Uganda's celebrities, lifestyle, music and humour |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-07 |title=Meet Choreographer Vickash Beni Kat, who is living off dancing in Norway. {{!}} Showbizuganda |url=https://www.showbizuganda.com/meet-choreographer-vickash-beni-kat-who-is-living-off-dancing-in-norway/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-27 |title=21-Year-Old Norwegian Based Vickash Beni Kat Is Using His Choreography To Impact Lives - MUGIBSON |url=https://mugibson.com/vickash-beni-kat/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Wasanni masu tsawo === * Ya bambanta (2025)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abisola |first=Shojobi |date=2025-09-23 |title=Vickash Beni Kat’s “Am Different” Tops Charts As Listeners Connect With Diverse Sound |url=https://independent.ng/vickash-beni-kats-am-different-tops-charts-as-listeners-connect-with-diverse-sound/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-09-24 |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Abisola |first=Shojobi |date=2025-08-03 |title=Vickash Beni Kat’s “Am Different” EP Rises To Prominence On Ugandan Music Scene |url=https://independent.ng/vickash-beni-kats-am-different-ep-rises-to-prominence-on-ugandan-music-scene/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-09-24 |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Zaɓaɓɓun mutane === * Ebiloto (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-29 |title=Ugandan Music scene sees rise in popularity of "Ebiloto" by Vickash Beni Kat {{!}} Showbizuganda |url=https://www.showbizuganda.com/ugandan-music-scene-sees-rise-in-popularity-of-ebiloto-by-vickash-beni-kat/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Labari (2022) * Farin Ciki (2022) * Kashe shi (2022) == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pr6na99ee8xqaroviq7umll35q3kay1 0 177407 964550 959196 2026-10-07T23:39:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''[[wasanni]] Olympics na Musamman na Duniya''', wanda aka fi sani da Wasannin Olympics ta Musamman, taron wasanni ne na kasa da kasa don mahalarta da ke da nakasa ta hankali, wanda kungiyar Wasannin Olympics na Musamman ta [[Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Duniya|IOC]] ta shirya. == Ka'idoji == [[File:A_Special_Olympics_(SO)_athlete_crosses_the_finish_line_after_completing_the_last_leg_of_a_400_meter_relay_race_during_the_Kadena_Air_Base_SO_event_in_Okinawa,_Japan,_Nov_111105-F-FL863-002.jpg|thumb|Yara da ke fafatawa a wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na 2011]] Kodayake ana gudanar da Wasannin Olympics na Musamman a duniya kowace rana, wasannin duniya sune manyan abubuwan da suka faru. Manufar ita ce nuna ƙwarewa da nasarorin mutanen da ke da nakasa a duniya.<ref name="specialolympics.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/special-olympics-world-games.aspx|title=Special Olympics: World Games Overview|work=specialolympics.org|access-date=2012-09-03|archive-date=2017-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908112420/http://www.specialolympics.org/special-olympics-world-games.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="specialolympics.org" /><ref name="athens2011.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.athens2011.org/en/games_info.asp |title=Special Olympics World Summer Games ATHENS 2011 |access-date=2012-09-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909074008/http://www.athens2011.org/en/games_info.asp |archive-date=2011-09-09 }}</ref> Wasannin Duniya suna da fiye da mako guda na gasa da suka shafi dubban mahalarta. Ta hanyar watsa labarai game da Wasannin, labaran da nasarorin yara da manya da ke da nakasa na hankali an san su ga miliyoyin mutane a duk duniya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.specialolympics.org/Sections/Sports-and-Games/Games/About_Competitions_Results_Schedules.aspx|title=Special Olympics: About Competitions Results Schedules|work=specialolympics.org|date=14 August 2018 }}</ref> Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya suna faruwa a kowace shekara biyu kuma suna canzawa tsakanin Wasannin bazara da na hunturu, jadawalin da ya yi kama da Wasannin Olympics da Paralympics. Da yake jan hankalin masu sa kai da masu horar da 350,000, tare da dubban 'yan wasa, waɗannan Wasannin Duniya na iya zama babban taron wasanni na duniya na shekara. Yan wasan Olympics na musamman na iya yin gasa a wasanni 32 na lokacin rani ko na hunturu. 'Yan wasan manya ne da yara masu nakasa na hankali waɗanda zasu iya kasancewa daga masu baiwa, masu fafatawa na duniya zuwa matsakaicin' yan wasa zuwa waɗanda ke da iyakancewar iyawar jiki. A wasannin Olympics na Musamman, ana daidaita 'yan wasa bisa ga iyawarsu da shekarunsu. Wannan tsari na "rabuwa" ƙoƙari ne na yin kowane gasa mai kyau, gasa da ban sha'awa ga 'yan wasa da magoya baya.<ref name="reference">{{cite web|url=https://www.specialolympics.org/history.aspx|title=Special Olympics: History of Special Olympics|work=specialolympics.org}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gudanar da wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na farko a Birnin Chicago, Illinois, Amurka, a shekarar 1968, yayin da aka gudanar da wasannun Olympics na Mus Musamman na Kasa da Kasa na farko a watan Fabrairun 1977 a Steamboat Springs, Colorado, Amurka. A shekara ta 1991, an canza sunan a hukumance daga Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na bazara / Wasannin Wasanni na Musamman a Wasannin Watanni na Duniya na Wasanni / Wasanni.<ref>{{cite news|title=Corporate gifts boost budget|last=Lindenfeld|first=Sarah|date=June 23, 1999|newspaper=[[The News & Observer]]|location=Raleigh, North Carolina|page=H18|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-and-observer-barney-1999/129912436/}}</ref> Wasannin Wasannin Wasano na Musamman na Duniya na 1999 sun sami fiye da rabin kudaden su daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Masanin tarihin Olympics Bob Barney ya bayyana cewa "kamfanoni da ke ba da gudummawa miliyoyin na iya so su faɗi yadda ake gudanar da taron", amma kuma sun ji yana da kyau tunda "yana kawo wasannin ga masu sauraro da yawa".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.2013sopoc.org/hb/en |title=Welcome World Winter Games PyeongChang 2013 |publisher=2013sopoc.org |access-date=2012-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817070502/http://www.2013sopoc.org/hb/en |archive-date=2012-08-17 }}</ref> A shekara ta 2011, an gudanar da wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya a ranar 25 ga Yuni - 4 ga Yuli a Athens, Girka, wanda ya shafi 'yan wasa 6,000 da ke da nakasa daga kasashe 170 A cikin 2013, an gudanar da wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya a PyeongChang, Koriya ta Kudu, daga Janairu 29 - Fabrairu 5. Shirin Garin Mai Gida, wanda iyalai ke karbar bakuncin 'yan wasan Olympics na Musamman daga ko'ina cikin duniya don taimaka musu su saba da ƙasar da al'adu, ya fara ne a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome World Winter Games PyeongChang 2013 |url=http://www.2013sopoc.org/hb/en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817070502/http://www.2013sopoc.org/hb/en |archive-date=2012-08-17 |access-date=2012-08-16 |publisher=2013sopoc.org}}</ref> A cikin Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na 2015 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games In Los Angeles 2015 |url=http://www.la2015.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150708232511/http://www.la2015.org/ |archive-date=2015-07-08 |access-date=2012-08-16 |publisher=La2015.org}}</ref> Wadannan wasannin sune wasannin Olympics na musamman na farko da aka gudanar a Amurka a cikin shekaru 16 tun lokacin da aka gudanar da wasannin bazara na 1999 a Raleigh, North Carolina. A cikin Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na Winter na 2017 a [[Graz]] da Shladming a Styria, Austria . Wannan ya nuna dawowa: Salzburg da Schladming, Austria sun dauki bakuncin wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na biyar a 1993. Wadannan sune wasannin Olympics na musamman na farko da aka gudanar a waje da Amurka. An gudanar da wasannin hunturu na duniya na 2017 a ranar 14-25 ga Maris, 2017. Kazan, Rasha, ya kamata ta dauki bakuncin wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Winter tsakanin Janairu 23-29, 2023. Da farko za a gudanar da shi a Åre da Östersund, Sweden, duk da haka Gwamnatin Sweden ta janye haƙƙinta na karɓar bakuncin a watan Disamba na 2019 saboda matsalolin kuɗi. An jinkirta taron zuwa Janairu 2023 saboda hauhawar shari'ar COVID-19. Bayan mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine, an soke taron ne saboda matsalolin da suka shafi kayan aiki da tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 March 2022 |title=Statement on Special Olympics World Winter Games in Kazan |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/stories/news/statement-on-special-olympics-world-winter-games-in-kazan |access-date=March 5, 2022 |website=Special Olympics website}}</ref> An gudanar da wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na 2023 a Yuni 17-25, 2023 a [[Berlin]], Jamus. Wadannan sune wasannin Olympics na musamman na farko da za a gudanar a Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Olympics World Games Berlin 2023 |url=https://www.berlin2023.org/}}</ref> An gudanar da gasa a wasanni 24.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.la2015.org/ |title=2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games In Los Angeles 2015 |publisher=La2015.org |access-date=2012-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150708232511/http://www.la2015.org/ |archive-date=2015-07-08 }}</ref> <ref>[http://www.specialolympics.org/Press/2012/Austria_to_host_2017_Special_Olympics_World_Winter_Games.aspx Austria to host 2017 Special Olympics World Winter Games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604115429/http://www.specialolympics.org/Press/2012/Austria_to_host_2017_Special_Olympics_World_Winter_Games.aspx |date=2014-06-04 }}. October 12, 2012. Special Olympics official website. Retrieved 2014-06-21.</ref> [[Torino|Turin]], Italiya, ta gudanar da wasannin hunturu na duniya a watan Maris na shekara ta 2025. Ya kasance karo na farko da Italiya ta dauki bakuncin wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya. [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], Chile, za ta dauki bakuncin wasannin bazara na duniya na gaba a 2027. Zai nuna karo na farko da za a gudanar da wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya a Kudancin Kudancin. Hakanan zai zama karo na farko da za a gudanar da shi a Latin Amurka da kuma kasar da ke magana da Mutanen Espanya.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/about/press-releases/special-olympics-selects-kazan-russia-to-host-landmark-world-winter-games-in-2022 |title=Special Olympics Selects Kazan, Russia to Host Landmark World Winter Games in 2022 |publisher=Special Olympics}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement on Special Olympics World Winter Games in Kazan |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/stories/news/statement-on-special-olympics-world-winter-games-in-kazan |access-date=March 5, 2022 |website=Special Olympics website|date=4 March 2022 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.berlin2023.org/ |title = Special Olympics World Games Berlin 2023}}</ref> == Buga-buga == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} === Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na bazara === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" |- ! colspan=7 |Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na bazara |- align=center ! width=20|Bugu ! width=20|Shekara ! width=350|Birnin da ya karɓi baƙunci ! width=400|Ƙasar da ta karɓi baƙunci ! width=20|Wasanni ! width=20|Ƙasashe |- |align=center|1968 |align=center|1 |align=left|Chicago |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|3 |align=center|2 |- |align=center|1970 |align=center|2 |align=left|Chicago |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|2 |align=center|3 |- |align=center|1972 |align=center|3 |align=left|Los Angeles |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|2 |align=center|8 |- |align=center|1975 |align=center|4 |align=left|Mount Pleasant |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|5 |align=center|10 |- |align=center|1979 |align=center|5 |align=left|Brockport |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|8 |align=center|50 |- |align=center|1983 |align=center|6 |align=left|Baton Rouge |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|13 |align=center|50 |- |align=center|1987 |align=center|7 |align=left|Indiana |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|14 |align=center|72 |- |align=center|1991 |align=center|8 |align=left|Minnesota |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|16 |align=center|91 |- |align=center|1995 |align=center|9 |align=left|New Haven |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|21 |align=center|143 |- |align=center|1999 |align=center|10 |align=left|North Carolina |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|19 |align=center|150 |- |align=center|2003 |align=center|11 |align=left|Dublin |align=left|{{flagicon|IRE}} Ireland{{efn|Shirin Olympics na Musamman na ƙasa ya ƙunshi tsibirin Ireland gaba ɗaya, kuma an gudanar da wasu wasanni a Belfast}} |align=center|23 |align=center|166 |- |align=center|2007 |align=center|12 |align=left|Shanghai |align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} Sin |align=center|25 |align=center|165 |- |align=center|2011 |align=center|13 |align=left|Athens |align=left|{{flagicon|GRE}} Girka{{efn|A hukumance ana kiran shirin Olympics na Musamman na ƙasa da Hellas}} |align=center|22 |align=center|185 |- |align=center|2015 |align=center|14 |align=left|Los Angeles |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|25 |align=center|177 |- |align=center|2019 |align=center|15 |align=left|Abu Dhabi |align=left|{{flagicon|UAE}} Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa |align=center|22 |align=center|190 |- |align=center|2023 |align=center|16 |align=left|Berlin |align=left|{{flagicon|GER}} Jamus |align=center|24 |align=center|190 |- |align=center|2027 |align=center|17 |align=left|Santiago |align=left|{{flagicon|CHI}} Chile |align=center|22 |align=center|170 |- |} {{col-2}} === Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na hunturu === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" |- ! colspan=7 |Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na hunturu |- align=center ! width=20|Bugu ! width=20|Shekara ! width=350|Birnin da ya karɓi baƙunci ! width=400|Ƙasar da ta karɓi baƙunci ! width=20|Wasanni ! width=20|Shirye-shiryen ƙasa |- |align=center|1977 |align=center|1 |align=left|Steamboat Springs |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|3 |align=center|1 |- |align=center|1981 |align=center|2 |align=left|Vermont |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|3 |align=center|1 |- |align=center|1985 |align=center|3 |align=left|Park City |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|3 |align=center|12 |- |align=center|1989 |align=center|4 |align=left|Reno, Lake Tahoe da Squaw Valley |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|5 |align=center|18 |- |align=center|1993 |align=center|5 |align=left|Salzburg da Schladming |align=left|{{flagicon|AUT}} Ostiriya |align=center|5 |align=center|50 |- |align=center|1997 |align=center|6 |align=left|Toronto |align=left|{{flagicon|CAN}} Kanada |align=center|7 |align=center|73 |- |align=center|2001 |align=center|7 |align=left|Anchorage |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|7 |align=center|80 |- |align=center|2005 |align=center|8 |align=left|Nagano |align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} Japan{{efn|A hukumance ana kiran shirin Olympics na Musamman na ƙasa da Nippon}} |align=center|7 |align=center|84 |- |align=center|2009 |align=center|9 |align=left|Boise |align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka |align=center|7 |align=center|85 |- |align=center|2013 |align=center|10 |align=left|PyeongChang |align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} Koriya ta Kudu |align=center|7 |align=center|100 |- |align=center|2017 |align=center|11 |align=left|Graz da Schladming |align=left|{{flagicon|AUT}} Ostiriya |align=center|9 |align=center|107 |- |align=center|2025 |align=center|12 |align=left|Turin |align=left|{{flagicon|ITA}} Italiya |align=center|8 |align=center|93 |- |align=center|2029 |align=center|13 |align=left|Chur-Graubünden |align=left|{{flagicon|SUI}} Switzerland |align=center|9 |align=center|100 |} {{col-end}} <div id="1"></div>¹ Sarajevo, Bosnia da Herzegovina, an zaɓe ta tun farko domin ta karɓi bakuncin Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na hunturu na 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 Special Olympics To Take Place In Sarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegovina|url=https://gamesbids.com/eng/other-news/2009-special-olympics-to-take-place-in-sarajevo-bosnia-and-herzegovina/|website=GamesBid.com|date=7 March 2005 |access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Saboda matsalolin kuɗi da kuma yawan jinkirin sake gina wuraren wasannin da suka karɓi bakuncin Wasannin Olympics na hunturu na 1984, Sarajevo ta janye daga karɓar bakuncin Olympics na Musamman, sannan aka gayyaci Boise, Idaho, domin ta karɓi bakuncin wasannin.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McLaughlin|first1=Micah|title=Special Olympics come to Idaho in 2009|url=http://arbiteronline.com/2006/06/14/special-olympics-come-to-idaho-in-2009/|access-date=25 July 2015|work=The Arbiter|publisher=The Arbiter|date=June 14, 2006}}</ref> <div id="2"></div>² An shirya cewa Åre da Östersund, Sweden, za su karɓi bakuncin Wasannin Duniya na hunturu na 2021 tsakanin 2 zuwa 13 ga Fabrairu, 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.specialolympics.org/about/press-releases/sweden-selected-to-host-the-2021-special-olympics-world-winter-games|title=Sweden selected to host the 2021 Special Olympics World Winter Games|date=20 December 2019 |publisher=Special Olympics}}</ref> Sai dai a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2019, aka sanar cewa Kwamitin Paralympics na Sweden ya yi amfani da ikon veto wajen dakatar da tallafin kuɗin da ake buƙata domin ci gaba da gudanar da taron a ƙasar, lamarin da ya soke alkawarin da aka yi a lokacin neman karɓar bakuncin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/about/press-releases/swedish-government-decision-forces-special-olympics-to-choose-new-location-for-2021-world-winter-games |title=New Location for 2021 World Winter Games |publisher=Special Olympics}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Yuni 2020, aka sanar cewa Kazan za ta karɓi bakuncin Wasannin hunturu a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/about/press-releases/special-olympics-selects-kazan-russia-to-host-landmark-world-winter-games-in-2022 |title=Special Olympics Selects Kazan, Russia to Host Landmark World Winter Games in 2022 |publisher=Special Olympics}}</ref> * An fara wakiltar wasan ɗaga nauyi (Olympics na Musamman) a karon farko a shekarar 1983. * Teburin wasan tennis, wasan tennis, da ƙwallon ƙafa sun kasance cikin wasannin Olympics na Musamman tun shekarar 1987. == Wasanni == === Wasannin bazara na hukuma === :''Duba bayanin ƙasa''<ref name=Sports&Games>[https://www.specialolympics.org/sports.aspx Sports & Games]. Shafin hukuma na Special Olympics. An duba 2014-06-21.</ref> {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * Wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle da jefa-jefa (Athletics) * Badminton * Ƙwallon kwando * Bocce * Bowling * Keke * Hawakin dawakai * Ƙwallon ƙafa * Golf * Gymnastics — na fasaha da na rawa * Ƙwallon hannu * Judo * Ɗaga nauyi * Roller skating * Jirgin ruwa * Softball * Iyo * Tennis na tebur * Tennis * Ƙwallon raga {{div col end}} === Wasannin hunturu na hukuma === :''Duba bayanin ƙasa''<ref name=Sports&Games /> {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * Alpine skiing * Cross-country skiing * Figure skating * Floorball * Floor hockey * Short track speed skating * Snowboarding * Snowshoeing * Speed skating {{div col end}} === Wasannin da aka amince da su === * Cricket * Kayaking === Wasannin nunawa === * Stick Shooting === Kofin Unified (ƙwallon ƙafa) === [https://www.specialolympics.org/our-work/games-and-competition/unified-cup Unified Cup] *[https://www.specialolympics.org/our-work/50th/unified-cup?locale=en 2018 Unified Cup], Chicago *[https://www.specialolympics.org/unified-cup-2022?locale=en 2022 Unified Cup], Detroit ==Alamomin wasannin (Mascots)== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" | Wasanni !! scope="col" | Birni !! scope="col" | Suna !! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Nau'i !! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ma'ana !! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Hoto !! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{abbr|Manazarta|References}} |- | 2007 Special Olympics World Summer Games || Shanghai || Sunny Sanmao || Yaro || An samo shi ne daga halayyar manhua da Zhang Leping ya ƙirƙira || [[File:Shanghai 2007 Special Olympics Mascot (cropped).jpg|100px]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mascot of 2007 Special Games Launched -- china.org.cn |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/211124.htm |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref> |- | 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games || Athens || Apollon || Rana || An sanya masa suna ne bayan allahn Apollo || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mascot for Athens 2011 Special Olympics presented |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/sports/2009-12/09/content_9148862.htm |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=www.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> |- | 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games || Pyeongchang || Ra, In, da Bow || Bear, tunkiya, da kare || Sunayensu suna haɗuwa su samar da kalmar "Rainbow" || || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mascot for 2013 Pyeongchang Special Winter Olympics |url=https://world.kbs.co.kr/service/contents_view.htm?lang=e&menu_cate=photos&id=&board_seq=316558 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=world.kbs.co.kr |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2017 Special Olympics World Winter Games || Graz da Schladming || Lara da Luis || Barewa da badger || Dabbobi daga Ostiriya || [[File:Special Olympics World Winter Games 2017 Jufa Vienna-79.jpg|100px]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2015 |title=The new mascots for the 2017 World Winter Games in Austria!! |url=https://www.facebook.com/SpecialOlympicsOntarioKingston/posts/the-new-mascots-for-the-2017-world-winter-games-in-austria/916719638349507/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Facebook}}</ref> |- | 2019 Special Olympics World Summer Games || Abu Dhabi || Faris da Rabdan || Yaro da doki || Dawakai alama ce ta Larabawa kuma ana amfani da su wajen jinya || || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Special Olympics World Summer Games Abu Dhabi 2019 Family Services Manual |url=https://media.specialolympics.org/sona/abu-dhabi-2019/Special-Olympics-World-Summer-Games-Abu-Dhabi-2019-Family-Services-Manual-2019.pdf |website=SpecialOlympics.org}}</ref> |- | 2022 Special Olympics World Winter Games ''(an soke)'' || Kazan || Zilant || Dodon almara || Halitta ce ta almara daga tatsuniyoyin Turkawa || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-08 |title=Special Olympics Unveils Mythical Dragon Logo for World Winter Games 2022 |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/about/press-releases/special-olympics-unveils-mythical-dragon-logo-for-world-winter-games-2022 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=SpecialOlympics.org |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2023 Special Olympics World Summer Games || Berlin || Unity || Zuciya || Tana wakiltar haɗin kai da ƙauna || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Special Olympics World Games Berlin 2023 Mascot Revealed |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/about/press-releases/special-olympics-world-games-berlin-2023-mascot-revealed |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=SpecialOlympics.org |language=en}}</ref> |} == Wasannin yankuna == === Yankuna === Shirye-shiryen ƙasa 204 a cikin yankuna 7 na nahiyoyi (an sabunta a ranar 17 ga Disamba 2022):<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/special-olympics-regions?locale=en |title = Special Olympics Regions}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Lamba !! Yanki !! Shirye-shiryen ƙasa |- | align=center|1 | Afirka || align=center|40 |- | align=center|2 | Asiya da Pasifik || align=center|35 |- | align=center|3 | Gabashin Asiya || align=center|6 |- | align=center|4 | Eurasia || align=center|58 |- | align=center|5 | Latin Amurka || align=center|20 |- | align=center|6 | Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka || align=center|22 |- | align=center|7 | Arewacin Amurka || align=center|23 |- style="background:silver;" | align=center|'''Jimilla''' | Special Olympics || align=center|'''204''' |} === Wasannin Asiya da Pasifik === A shekarar 2013, Ostiraliya ta karɓi bakuncin Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Asiya da Pasifik na farko.<ref>[http://www.specialolympics.org/games-results.aspx?id=28471&LangType=1033 Asia Pacific Games / Newcastle 2013]. Shafin hukuma na Special Olympics. An duba 2014-06-21.</ref> * 2013 {{flagicon|AUS}} Newcastle * 2025 {{flagicon|JPN}} Utsunomiya * 2029 {{flagicon|CHN}} Tianjin === Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Turai === * 1990 {{flagicon|GBR}} Strathclyde<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sotx.org/sotx-history-timeline | title=SOTX History }}</ref> * 2000 {{flagicon|NED}} Groningen<ref>{{cite web | url=https://groningen.nl | title=Groningen }}</ref> * 2014 {{flagicon|BEL}} Antwerp<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/2308813.html | title=Azerbaijani sportsmen to participate in European Special Olympics Summer Games (PHOTO) | date=6 September 2014 }}</ref> === Wasannin Amurka === [https://www.2022specialolympicsusagames.org/ USA Games] === Wasannin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka === [https://www.abudhabi2019.org/about/special-olympics-mena MENA games]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dotorg.brightspotcdn.com/e2/a0/d8f5fd8c42fa9e5c0ea87efae722/egypt-factsheet-2018.pdf|title=Egypt Fact Sheet|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217071553/https://dotorg.brightspotcdn.com/e2/a0/d8f5fd8c42fa9e5c0ea87efae722/egypt-factsheet-2018.pdf|archive-date=December 17, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Wasanni ==== * 1999 {{flagicon|EGY}} Masar * 2000 {{flagicon|MAR}} Rabat * 2002 {{flagicon|LBN}} Beirut * 2004 {{flagicon|TUN}} Tunis * 2006 {{flagicon|ARE}} Dubai * 2008 {{flagicon|ARE}} Abu Dhabi * 2010 {{flagicon|SYR}} Damascus * 2014 {{flagicon|EGY}} Alkahira<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sana.sy/en/?p=21306 | title=Syrian Special Olympiad mission to the 8th Special Olympics MENA Regional Games honored in Cairo | date=11 December 2014 }}</ref> * 2018 {{flagicon|ARE}} Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.specialolympics.org/stories/news/2018-special-olympics-middle-east-north-africa-9th-regional-games | title=2018 Special Olympics Middle-East / North Africa 9th Regional Games | date=2 February 2018 }}</ref> ==== Gasar hawan dawakai ==== * 2025 {{flagicon|ARE}} Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa<ref>{{Cite web | title=Special Olympics UAE’s training camp preparing athletes for Special Olympics MENA Regional Equestrian Competition – Al Ain 2025 | url=https://www.mediaoffice.abudhabi/en/sport/special-olympics-uaes-training-camp-preparing-athletes-for-special-olympics-mena-regional-equestrian-competition-al-ain-2025/ | access-date=2026-07-30 | website=www.mediaoffice.abudhabi}}</ref> === Wasannin Pan Afirka === An gudanar da Wasannin Pan Afirka na farko a shekarar 2020 a Alkahira, Masar. * 2020 {{flagicon|EGY}} Alkahira * Na gaba: === Wasannin Latin Amurka === Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Latin Amurka:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ip.gov.py/ip/ongoing-efforts-in-organizing-the-latin-american-special-olympics/ | title=Ongoing efforts in organizing the Latin American Special Olympics | date=22 February 2024 }}</ref> Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Latin Amurka karo na 4 – Asunción, Paraguay, 2024 == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} nqai2gpcntcttz62ncp15hyy27fmqkh 0 177409 964548 959224 2026-10-07T23:37:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 10 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wasannin Olympics na Musamman''' shine babbar kungiyar wasanni a duniya ga yara da manya masu nakasa, suna ba da horo da ayyuka na shekara-shekara ga mahalarta miliyan 5 da abokan haɗin wasanni a cikin ƙasashe da yankuna 172. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Smithsonian Highlights Special Olympics History and Athletes |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/press/releases/SpecialOlympicsat50 |access-date=July 16, 2018 |website=National Museum of American History |language=en}}</ref> Ana gudanar da wasannin Olympics na musamman a kowace rana, a duk matakan da suka hada da wasannin gida, na ƙasa da na duniya, wanda ya kara fiye da abubuwan 100,000 a shekara.<ref name="Reach">{{Cite web |title=2016 Reach Report |url=http://media.specialolympics.org/resources/reports/reach-reports/2016_ReachReport_Final_4Pager.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://media.specialolympics.org/resources/reports/reach-reports/2016_ReachReport_Final_4Pager.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |website=Special Olympics}}</ref> Kamar Kwamitin Paralympic na Duniya, Kwamitin Olympic na Duniya ya amince da kungiyar Olympics ta Musamman; duk da haka, ba kamar Wasannin Paralympic ba, ba a gudanar da wasanninta na Duniya a wannan shekarar ko kuma tare da Wasannin Olympics. Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya babban taron ne da kwamitin wasannin Olympics na musamman ya shirya. Wasannin Duniya gabaɗaya suna canzawa tsakanin wasannin bazara da na hunturu, a cikin shekaru biyu, maimaitawa kowane shekara ta huɗu. An fara gudanar da wasannin ne a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1968, a Birnin [[Chicago]], Illinois, Amurka, tare da kimanin 'yan wasa 1,000 daga Amurka da Kanada. A waɗancan wasannin farko, shugabar taron girmamawa Eunice Kennedy Shriver ta sanar da kafa kungiyar Olympics ta Musamman. Kasancewar kasa da kasa ya fadada a wasannin da suka biyo baya. A shekara ta 2003, wasannin bazara na farko da aka gudanar a waje da Amurka sun kasance a [[Dublin]], Ireland, tare da 'yan wasa 7000 daga kasashe 150. An shirya Wasannin bazara na baya-bayan nan a [[Berlin]], Jamus, daga Yuni 16 zuwa 25, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2018 |title=Berlin, Germany selected to host the 2023 Special Olympics World Games |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/about/press-releases/berlin-germany-selected-to-host-the-2023-special-olympics-world-games |publisher=Special Olympics}}</ref> An gudanar da wasannin hunturu na farko na duniya a 1977 a Steamboat Springs, Colorado, Amurka Austria ta dauki bakuncin wasannin hunturo na farko a waje da Amurka a 1993. An gudanar da wasannin Olympics na musamman na duniya na baya-bayan nan a [[Torino|Turino]], Italiya, daga 8 ga Maris, 2025, zuwa 15 ga Maris, 2022. A lokacin wasannin hunturu na duniya na 2013 a Pyeongchang, Koriya ta Kudu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Main page |url=http://www.2013sopoc.org/hb/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817070502/http://www.2013sopoc.org/hb/en |archive-date=August 17, 2012 |access-date=February 4, 2013 |website=2013sopoc.org}}</ref> an gudanar da taron koli na farko na ci gaban duniya na Olympics a kan "Ƙarshen Tsarin Talauci da warewa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa na hankali", wanda ya tara jami'an gwamnati, masu fafutuka da shugabannin kasuwanci daga ko'ina cikin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2013 |title=Global Leaders Convene in PyeongChang, Korea Participate in Groundbreaking Special Olympics Global Development Summit |url=http://www.specialolympics.org/Press/2013/Global_Leaders_Convene_in_PyeongChang,_Korea_Participate_in_Groundbreaking_Special_Olympics_Global_Development_Summit.aspx |access-date=July 12, 2014 |publisher=Special Olympics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204205617/http://www.specialolympics.org/Press/2013/Global_Leaders_Convene_in_PyeongChang,_Korea_Participate_in_Groundbreaking_Special_Olympics_Global_Development_Summit.aspx |archive-date=February 4, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:1995_Special_Olympics_World_Games_Dollar_Obverse.jpg|thumb|Eunice Kennedy Shriver ta fito ne a wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na azurfa na 1995.]] Eunice Kennedy Shriver, 'yar'uwar shugaban Amurka [[John F. Kennedy]], ta yi imanin cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa na hankali na iya zama masu farin ciki da rayuwa mai ma'ana. Eunice ta kafa wasannin Olympics na Musamman don canza halayen ga mutanen da ke fama da nakasa. A watan Yunin 1963, Kennedy Shriver ta fara sansanin rana da ake kira Camp Shriver don yara masu nakasa da na jiki a gidanta a Potomac, Maryland. Sansanin ya nemi magance damuwar cewa yara masu nakasa ba su da damar shiga cikin abubuwan da aka shirya. Tare da Camp Shriver a matsayin misali, Kennedy Shriver, a lokacin shugaban Gidauniyar Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. kuma memba na Kwamitin Shugaba John F. Kennedy kan Rashin hankali, ya inganta manufar shiga cikin ayyukan jiki da sauran dama ga mutanen da ke da nakasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JFK and Disabilities – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum |url=http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-Legacy/JFK-and-Disability.aspx |website=www.jfklibrary.org}}</ref> Camp Shriver ya zama taron shekara-shekara, kuma Gidauniyar Kennedy ta ba da tallafi ga jami'o'i, sassan nishaɗi, da cibiyoyin al'umma don gudanar da irin waɗannan sansanoni. Haka kuma a farkon shekarun 1960, Kennedy Shriver ta rubuta wani labari a jaridar ''Saturday Evening Post'', inda ta bayyana cewa an haifi 'yar uwarta Rosemary Kennedy, wacce kuma 'yar uwar Shugaba John F. Kennedy ce, da nakasa ta hankali. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Society |first=The Saturday Evening Post |date=August 13, 2009 |title=Eunice Kennedy Shriver 1921–2009 – The Saturday Evening Post |url=http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2009/08/13/history/post-perspective/eunice-kennedy-shriver-19212009.html |website=www.saturdayeveningpost.com |access-date=September 28, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220074614/https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2009/08/eunice-kennedy-shriver-19212009/ |archive-date=February 20, 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Rosemary ta yi jinkirin koyo, ta kamu da farfadiya da kuma canjin yanayi. Likitoci sun gaya wa mahaifiyarta cewa yanayin Rosemary ba shi da tabbas. A farkon shekarun 1940, an rubuta wa Rosemary tiyatar lobotomy, wanda hakan ya sa ta rasa ƙarfinta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=August 12, 2009 |title=The Forgotten Kennedy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/13/eunice-kennedy-shriver-rosemary-kennedy}}</ref> An yi la'akari da wannan labarin gaskiya game da iyalan Shugaban ƙasa a matsayin "abin da ya shafi" sauya ra'ayoyin jama'a game da mutanen da ke da nakasa ta hankali. Nakasa ta Rosemary ta bai wa Kennedy Shriver hangen nesa na gaba ɗaya cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa ta hankali za su iya yin gogayya da juna a lokaci guda kuma su haɗu a bainar jama'a. Sau da yawa ana cewa nakasa ta Rosemary ita ce wahayi daga Eunice don kafa Gasar Olympics ta Musamman (kamar yadda aka fara kiranta da ƙungiyar); Eunice ta shaida wa ''[[New York Times|jaridar New York Times]]'' a shekarar 1995 cewa ba haka lamarin yake ba. "Wasannin bai kamata su mayar da hankali kan mutum ɗaya ba," in ji ta. A shekara ta 1958, Dokta James N. Oliver na Ingila ya gudanar da bincike na farko, gami da binciken da ya nuna cewa motsa jiki da ayyukan yara masu nakasa na hankali suna da sakamako mai kyau wanda kuma ya shiga cikin aji ("The Effects of Physical Conditioning Exercises and Activities on the Mental Characteristics of Educationally Sub-Normal Boys, British Journal of Educational Psychology, XXVIII, Yuni 1958). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oliver |first=James N. |date=13 May 2011 |title=The effect of physical conditioning exercises and activities on the mental characteristics of educationally sub-normal boys |url=http://psychsource.bps.org.uk/details/journalArticle/3584061/THE-EFFECT-OF-PHYSICAL-CONDITIONING-EXERCISES-AND-ACTIVITIES-ON-THE-MENTAL-CHARA.html |url-status=dead |journal=British Journal of Educational Psychology |publisher=PsychSource |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=155–165 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8279.1958.tb01437.x |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807144912/http://psychsource.bps.org.uk/details/journalArticle/3584061/THE-EFFECT-OF-PHYSICAL-CONDITIONING-EXERCISES-AND-ACTIVITIES-ON-THE-MENTAL-CHARA.html |archive-date=Aug 7, 2020}}</ref> Oliver a 1964 ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Camp Shriver . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Out of the Shadows: Events Leading to the Founding of Special Olympics |url=http://www.specialolympics.org/Sections/What_We_Do/Out_of_the_Shadows__Events_Leading_to_the_Founding_of_Special_Olympics.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122214424/http://www.specialolympics.org/Sections/What_We_Do/Out_of_the_Shadows__Events_Leading_to_the_Founding_of_Special_Olympics.aspx |archive-date=Nov 22, 2017 |website=Special Olympics}}</ref>   Binciken 1964 na Dokta Frank Hayden, farfesa a fannin ilimin jiki na Kanada daga London, Ontario, ya nuna cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa na hankali zasu iya kuma ya kamata su shiga cikin motsa jiki. Ya yi imanin cewa za a ga fa'idodin irin wannan aikin a duk fannoni na rayuwar 'yan wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Kinesiology & Community Health – Kinesiology & Community Health |url=http://www.kch.uiuc.edu/Alumni/Hayden.aspx |website=www.kch.uiuc.edu}}</ref> Tare da taimakon wata makarantar gida da ta ba da sarari a cikin dakin motsa jiki, Hayden ya fara daya daga cikin shirye-shiryen wasanni na farko da aka shirya, wasan hockey na ƙasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa, a cikin fall of 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Special Olympics Ontario – Greater Ottawa |url=http://ottawa.specialolympicsontario.ca/about-us |website=ottawa.specialolympicsontario.ca}}</ref> A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, Hayden ya kuma samar da ra'ayi don wasannin kasa, kuma aikinsa ya kawo shi ga hankalin Gidauniyar Kennedy. Ya raba ra'ayoyinsa don wasannin kasa, yayin da yake koyar da sabbatical kuma yana aiki don tushe. An gudanar da wasannin Olympics na musamman na farko a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1968, a Filin Soja a Birnin Chicago, makonni shida bayan [[Robert F. Kennedy]]">kisan kai uwan Kennedy Shriver Robert F. Kennedy. Kimanin 'yan wasa 1,000 daga Amurka da Kanada sun shiga cikin taron kwana daya, wanda ya kasance hadin gwiwa ta Gidauniyar Kennedy da Gundumar Chicago Park.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web |title=Out of the Shadows: Events Leading to the Founding of |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/about/history/out-of-the-shadows-events-leading-to-the-founding-of-special-olympics |access-date=July 12, 2014 |publisher=Special Olympics}}</ref> Anne McGlone Burke, a lokacin malamin ilimin jiki tare da Gundumar Chicago Park, ya fara da ra'ayin don gasa ta wasanni ta lokaci guda, a duk faɗin birni, ta hanyar wasannin Olympics ga mutanen da ke da buƙatu na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 1968 |title=Feature Article |url=http://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/ip980517.html |access-date=July 12, 2014 |publisher=Lib.niu.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723135359/https://www.lib.niu.edu/1998/ip980517.html |archive-date=July 23, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Burke ya kusanci Gidauniyar Kennedy a 1967 don taimakawa wajen tallafawa taron. Kennedy Shriver, bi da bi, ya ƙarfafa ta ta fadada ra'ayin bayan birni, kuma tushe ya ba da tallafin $ 25,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPECIAL OLYMPICS 2014 |url=https://www.fotonique.com/limerick-collection/what-to-see-what-to-do-limerick/the-peoples-park-limerick/limerick-special-olympics-2014/ |access-date=October 9, 2017 |website=www.fotonique.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730162907/http://www.fotonique.com/limerick-collection/what-to-see-what-to-do-limerick/the-peoples-park-limerick/limerick-special-olympics-2014/ |archive-date=July 30, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Lokacin da Burke ta kusanci wani sadaka don samun kudade, an gaya mata, "Ya kamata ku ji kunyar da kanka sanya irin waɗannan yara a nuna". Kwamitin ba da shawara ga Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Chicago sun haɗa da Dokta William Freeberg daga Jami'ar Kudancin Illinois, Dokta Hayden na Gidauniyar Kennedy, Dokta Arthur Peavy, Burke, William McFetridge, da Stephen Kelly na Gundumar Chicago Park, da kuma, zakaran Olympic decathlon Rafer Johnson. Kennedy Shriver ya kasance shugaban girmamawa. A wasannin Yuli 1968, Kennedy Shriver ya ba da sanarwar kafa wasannin Olympics na Musamman kuma za a gudanar da wasannin da yawa a kowace shekara biyu a matsayin "Wasanni na Musamman na Duniya".<ref name="ReferenceC" /> Hayden ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darektan wasanni har zuwa 1972, sannan kuma a ci gaban kasa da kasa don wasannin. Kimanin mahalarta 2,500 sun shiga cikin wasannin 1970 a filin soja. A shekara ta 1971, Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Amurka ya ba da izinin hukuma na Wasannin Olympics ta Musamman don amfani da sunan "Olympics". [[Faransa]] ta tura 'yan wasa na farko daga wajen Arewacin Amurka zuwa wasannin na biyu da aka gudanar a shekarar 1970. Wasanni na uku a shekarar 1972 sun ga kasashe 10 sun aika da 'yan wasa An gudanar da wasannin Olympics na farko na duniya a watan Fabrairun 1977 a Steamboat Springs, Colorado, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Joyful New Movement Gains Momentum |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/Sections/What_We_Do/History/History_1970s.aspx |access-date=July 18, 2018 |website=Special Olympics |language=en}}</ref> [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta ayyana 1986, shekarar wasannin Olympics na Musamman.<ref name="specialolympics.org">{{Cite web |title=Recognition and Growth Around the World |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/Sections/What_We_Do/History/History_1980s.aspx |access-date=July 18, 2018 |website=Special Olympics |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1988, kwamitin wasannin Olympics na kasa da kasa (IOC) ya amince da wasannin Olympics ta Musamman. Wasannin Duniya na farko da aka gudanar a waje da Amurka, sune wasannin hunturu na 1993 a Salzburg da Shladming, Austria. Shugaban kasar Austria shine shugaban kasa na farko da ya bude wasannin da kansa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pushing for Inclusion and Improved Health for People with ID |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/Sections/What_We_Do/History/History_1990s.aspx |access-date=July 18, 2018 |website=Special Olympics |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 1997, 'Yan wasa masu lafiya sun zama shirin wasannin Olympics na musamman na hukuma, suna ba da bayanan kiwon lafiya da nunawa ga' yan wasan Olympics na musamman a duk duniya.[1] A shekara ta 2010, shirin Healthy Athletes ya ba da gwajin kiwon lafiya kyauta da magani ga mutane sama da miliyan 1 da ke da nakasa. [[File:2003_Special_Olympics_Opening_Crowd.JPG|left|thumb|Jama'a a wasannin Olympics na Musamman na 2003 World Summer Games Opening Ceremonies a Croke Park, Dublin, Ireland]] Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Duniya na 2003 - lokacin rani na farko da aka gudanar a waje da Amurka - ya faru ne a [[Dublin]], Ireland. Kimanin 'yan wasa 7,000 daga kasashe 150 sun fafata sama da fannoni 18. Wasannin Dublin kuma sune na farko da aka watsa shirye-shiryen buɗewa da rufewa kai tsaye. Shugabar Ireland Mary McAleese ta yi ayyukan bikin. Wasanni na 2003 sun canza ra'ayoyi da halayen al'ummar duniya game da iyawa da iyakokin mutanen da ke da nakasa. Shugaba McAleese ya bayyana bikin bude wasannin 2003 a matsayin "lokacin da Ireland ta kasance mafi kyau". A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 2004, Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] ya sanya hannu kan dokar "Special Olympics Sport and Empowerment Act", Dokar Jama'a 108-406. Kudin ya ba da izinin kudade ga 'yan wasa masu lafiya, ilimi, da shirye-shiryen fadada duniya. Wakilan Roy Blunt (R-MO), da Steny Hoyer (D-MD), da sanatoci Rick Santorum (R-PA) da Harry Reid (D-NV) ne suka tallafawa, an zartar da takardun ta hanyar yardar baki daya a cikin majalisun biyu. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2006, an gudanar da Wasannin Olympics na Musamman na Amurka na farko a Jami'ar Jihar Iowa . Kungiyoyi daga dukkan jihohi 50 da [[Washington, D.C.|Gundumar Columbia]] sun halarci. A watan Mayu 2016, an nada Mary Davis ta Dublin, Ireland, a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa. Ita ce Shugaba ta farko daga wajen Amurka a tarihin kungiyar. [1] Daga 2017 zuwa 2019, Sakatariyar Ilimi ta Amurka Betsy DeVos ta yi ƙoƙari ta kawar da kudaden tarayya don Wasannin Olympics na Musamman. Kowace shekara Majalisa ta ki amincewa da yunkurin, kuma kukan jama'a bayan yunkurin shekara-shekara na uku ya haifar da ci gaba da kudade a cikin 2019.[2] A matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin cika shekaru 50 na wasannin Olympics na musamman a cikin 2018, an ƙaddamar da sabon manufa da ake kira "Inclusion Revolution". == Alamomi == Alamar Special Olympics ta samo asali ne daga wani sassaka mai suna "Joy and Happiness to All the Children of the World" wanda Zurab Tsereteli ya ƙirƙira. Jami'ar Jihar New York, Brockport, ta karɓi bakuncin Wasannin bazara na 1979, kuma a lokacin Tsereteli yana aiki a jami'ar a matsayin mazaunin fasaha na wucin gadi. Ya yi aiki tare da Kennedy Foundation kuma ya bai wa jami'ar wannan sassaka a matsayin kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brockport.edu/about/archives/special_olympics/gift.html|title=A Special Gift: The College at Brockport|website=www.brockport.edu|language=en|access-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629235836/https://www.brockport.edu/about/archives/special_olympics/gift.html|archive-date=June 29, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite archive |first= |last= |item=Special Olympics Statue, ca. 1979 |type= |date= |series= |file= |box= |collection=Physical Campus of SUNY Brockport |repository=Special Collections/Archives |institution=State University of New York Brockport |location= |item-url=https://dspace.sunyconnect.suny.edu/handle/1951/36531}}</ref> Alamar mai kama da mutum da aka zana da layi tana da siffa ta ƙirƙira, amma tana nuna yanayin ɗan Adam, kuma an tsara ta ne domin ta nuna motsi da aiki. An yi nufin alamar ta kasance wata alama ta ci gaba, ƙwarin gwiwa da farin ciki tsakanin yara da manya masu nakasa. A shekarar 2018, Chicago Park District ta ƙaddamar da "Eternal Flame of Hope" domin girmama Special Olympics. Wannan sassakar mai tsawon {{convert|30|foot}} wadda Richard Hunt ya ƙirƙira, tana tsaye a wani fili kusa da Soldier Field, inda aka gudanar da wasannin farko shekaru 50 da suka gabata a shekarar 1968.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://abc7chicago.com/sports/new-chicago-sculpture-honors-special-olympics-50th-anniversary/3782871/ |title=New Chicago sculpture honors Special Olympics' 50th anniversary |last=Holmes |first=Evelyn |date=July 18, 2018 |work=ABC7 Chicago |access-date=July 19, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/Press/2018/Break_Ground_on_Eternal_Flame_of_Hope.aspx |title=To Celebrate the 50th Anniversary Year, Special Olympics and the Chicago Park District Break Ground on Eternal Flame of Hope, a Permanent Monument to Convey the Hope for Inclusion of People with Intellectual Disabilities |date=March 2, 2018 |language=en |access-date=July 19, 2018}}</ref> "Flame of Hope" shi ne sunan da aka bai wa tokar da ake ɗauka kuma a kunna a wasannin Special Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.disabled-world.com/sports/special-olympics/flame-of-hope.php |title=Special Olympics Flame of Hope |date=December 24, 2017 |website=Disabled World |language=en-US |access-date=July 19, 2018}}</ref> == Masu karɓar bakuncin Wasannin Duniya na Special Olympics == {| class="wikitable" |+Masu karɓar bakuncin Wasannin Duniya na Special Olympics ! rowspan="2" | Shekara ! colspan="3" | Wasannin Duniya na Special Olympics na bazara ! colspan="3" | Wasannin Duniya na Special Olympics na hunturu |- ! Na. !! Mai karɓar baƙunci !! Kwanaki !! Na. !! Mai karɓar baƙunci !! Kwanaki |- | 1968 || 1 || {{flagicon|USA}} Chicago, Amurka || 20 ga Yuli – 3 ga Agusta || colspan="3" rowspan="4" | |- | 1970 || 2 || {{flagicon|USA}} Chicago, Amurka || 13–15 ga Agusta |- | 1972 || 3 || {{flagicon|USA}} Los Angeles, Amurka || 13–18 ga Agusta |- | 1975 || 4 || {{flagicon|USA}} Mount Pleasant, Amurka || 8–13 ga Agusta |- style="background:#efefef;" | 1977 || colspan="3" | || 1 || {{flagicon|USA}} Steamboat Springs, Amurka || 5–11 ga Fabrairu |- | 1979 || 5 || {{flagicon|USA}} Brockport, Amurka || 8–13 ga Agusta || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 1981 || colspan="3" | || 2 || {{flagicon|USA}} Smugglers' Notch da Stowe, Amurka || 8–13 ga Maris |- | 1983 || 6 || {{flagicon|USA}} Baton Rouge, Amurka || 12–18 ga Yuli || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 1985 || colspan="3" | || 3 || {{flagicon|USA}} Park City, Amurka || 24–29 ga Maris |- | 1987 || 7 || {{flagicon|USA}} Notre Dame da South Bend, Amurka || 31 ga Yuli – 1 ga Agusta || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 1989 || colspan="3" | || 4 || {{flagicon|USA}} Lake Tahoe da Reno, Amurka || 1–8 ga Afrilu |- | 1991 || 8 || {{flagicon|USA}} Minneapolis da Saint Paul, Amurka || 19–27 ga Yuli || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 1993 || colspan="3" | || 5 || {{flagicon|AUT}} Salzburg da Schladming, Ostiriya || 20–27 ga Maris |- | 1995 || 9 || {{flagicon|USA}} New Haven, Amurka || 1–9 ga Yuli || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 1997 || colspan="3" | || 6 || {{flagicon|CAN}} Collingwood da Toronto, Kanada || 1–8 ga Fabrairu |- | 1999 || 10 || {{flagicon|USA}} Chapel Hill, Durham da Raleigh, Amurka || 26 ga Yuni – 4 ga Yuli || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 2001 || colspan="3" | || 7 || {{flagicon|USA}} Anchorage, Amurka || 4–11 ga Maris |- | 2003 || 11 || {{flagicon|IRL}} Dublin, Ireland || 21–29 ga Yuni || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 2005 || colspan="3" | || 8 || {{flagicon|JPN}} Nagano, Japan || 26 ga Fabrairu – 4 ga Maris |- | 2007 || 12 || {{flagicon|CHN}} Shanghai, Sin || 2–11 ga Oktoba || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 2009 || colspan="3" | || 9 || {{flagicon|USA}} Boise, Amurka^([[#1|1]]) || 6–13 ga Fabrairu |- | 2011 || 13 || {{flagicon|GRE}} Athens, Girka || 25 ga Yuni – 4 ga Yuli || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 2013 || colspan="3" | || 10 || {{flagicon|KOR}} Pyeongchang, Koriya ta Kudu || 29 ga Janairu – 5 ga Fabrairu |- | 2015 || 14 || {{flagicon|USA}} Los Angeles, Amurka || 25 ga Yuli – 2 ga Agusta || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 2017 || colspan="3" | || 11 || {{flagicon|AUT}} Graz da Schladming, Ostiriya || 14–25 ga Maris |- | 2019 || 15 || {{flagicon|UAE}} Abu Dhabi, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa || 14–21 ga Maris || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 2022 || colspan="3" | | - || {{flagicon|RUS}} Kazan, Rasha || an soke^([[#2|2]]) |- | 2023 || 16 || {{flagicon|GER}} Berlin, Jamus || 17–25 ga Yuni || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 2025 || colspan="3" | || 12 || {{flagicon|ITA}} Turin-Piedmont, Italiya || 8–15 ga Maris |- | 2027 || 17 || {{flagicon|CHI}} Santiago, Chile || 12–24 ga Oktoba || colspan="3" | |- style="background:#efefef;" | 2029 || colspan="3" | || 13 || {{flagicon|SUI}} Zürich-Graubünden, Switzerland || |- |} <div id="1"></div>¹ An zaɓi Sarajevo, Bosnia da Herzegovina, tun farko domin ta karɓi bakuncin Wasannin Duniya na Special Olympics na hunturu na 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 Special Olympics To Take Place In Sarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegovina|url=http://gamesbids.com/eng/other-news/2009-special-olympics-to-take-place-in-sarajevo-bosnia-and-herzegovina/|website=GamesBid.com|date=March 7, 2005 |access-date=July 25, 2015}}</ref> Saboda matsalolin kuɗi da kuma ci gaba da jinkirin sake gina wuraren Wasannin Olympics na hunturu na 1984, birnin ya janye daga karɓar bakuncin wasannin, sannan aka gayyaci Boise, Idaho, domin ta karɓi bakuncin taron.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McLaughlin|first1=Micah|title=Special Olympics come to Idaho in 2009|url=http://arbiteronline.com/2006/06/14/special-olympics-come-to-idaho-in-2009/|access-date=July 25, 2015|work=The Arbiter|date=June 14, 2006}}</ref> <div id="2"></div>² An shirya cewa Åre da Östersund, Sweden, za su karɓi bakuncin Wasannin Duniya na hunturu na 2021 tsakanin 2 zuwa 13 ga Fabrairu 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.specialolympics.org/about/press-releases/sweden-selected-to-host-the-2021-special-olympics-world-winter-games|title=Sweden selected to host the 2021 Special Olympics World Winter Games|date=December 20, 2019|publisher=Special Olympics}}</ref> Sai dai a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2019, aka sanar cewa Kwamitin Paralympics na Sweden ya yi amfani da ikon veto wajen dakatar da tallafin kuɗin da ake buƙata domin ci gaba da gudanar da taron a ƙasar, lamarin da ya sa Special Olympics ta jinkirta taron.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/about/press-releases/swedish-government-decision-forces-special-olympics-to-choose-new-location-for-2021-world-winter-games |title=New Location for 2021 World Winter Games |publisher=Special Olympics}}</ref> A shekarar 2020 kuma annobar COVID-19 ta ɓarke. An sanar da Kazan, Rasha, a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin wasannin hunturu na 2022 a ranar 29 ga Yuni 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1095809/kazan-special-olympics-winter-games-host |title=Kazan to host Special Olympics World Winter Games in 2022 |publisher=Inside the Games}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Maris 2022, aka sanar cewa za a soke wasannin Kazan saboda matsalolin tsaro da tattalin arziki da suka taso sakamakon mamayar Rasha a Ukraine ta shekarar 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Olympics cancels World Winter Games in Russia |url=https://www.espn.com/olympics/story/_/id/33420803/special-olympics-cancels-world-winter-games-russia |website=espn.com |date=March 4, 2022 |access-date=March 4, 2022}}</ref> ==Shirye-shiryen ƙasa== Ya zuwa watan Agusta na shekarar 2026, an rarraba Shirye-shiryen Ƙasa 204 zuwa yankuna bakwai na ƙasa. Saboda matsalolin shari'a a wasu ƙasashe, ƙasashe takwas suna amfani da sunayensu na hukuma a cikin yarukan gida.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.specialolympics.org/special-olympics-regions?locale=en|title=Special Olympics Regions}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Lamba !! Yanki !! Ƙasashe |- | align=center|1 | Afirka || align=center|40 |- | align=center|2 | Asiya da Pasifik || align=center|35 |- | align=center|3 | Gabashin Asiya || align=center|6 |- | align=center|4 | Turai-Eurasia || align=center|58 |- | align=center|5 | Amurka || align=center|43 |- | align=center|6 | Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka || align=center|22 |- |- style="background:silver;" | align=center|'''Jimilla''' | Special Olympics || align=center|'''204''' |} ===Afirka (40)=== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *{{flagicon|BEN}} Benin *{{flagicon|BWA}} Botswana *{{flagicon|BFA}} Burkina Faso *{{flagicon|BDI}} Burundi *{{flagicon|CPV}} Cabo Verde *{{flagicon|TCD}} Chadi *{{flagicon|COD}} Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo *{{flagicon|COG}} Jamhuriyar Kongo *{{flagicon|CIV}} Côte d'Ivoire *{{flagicon|GNQ}} Equatorial Guinea *{{flagicon|SWZ}} Eswatini *{{flagicon|ETH}} Habasha *{{flagicon|GMB}} Gambia *{{flagicon|GHA}} Ghana *{{flagicon|GIN}} Guinea *{{flagicon|GNB}} Guinea-Bissau *{{flagicon|KEN}} Kenya *{{flagicon|LSO}} Lesotho *{{flagicon|LBR}} Laberiya *{{flagicon|MDG}} Madagascar *{{flagicon|MWI}} Malawi *{{flagicon|MLI}} Mali *{{flagicon|MUS}} Mauritius *{{flagicon|MOZ}} Mozambique *{{flagicon|NAM}} Namibia *{{flagicon|NER}} Nijar *{{flagicon|NGA}} Najeriya *{{flagicon|RWA}} Rwanda *{{flagicon|SEN}} Senegal *{{flagicon|SYC}} Seychelles *{{flagicon|ZAF}} Afirka ta Kudu *{{flagicon|SSD}} Sudan ta Kudu *{{flagicon|TZA}} Tanzaniya *{{flagicon|TGO}} Togo *{{flagicon|UGA}} Uganda *{{flagicon|ZMB}} Zambiya *{{flagicon|ZWE}} Zimbabwe {{div col end}} ==Shiga hannu== Shirye-shiryen Special Olympics suna samuwa ga 'yan wasa kyauta. Fiye da 'yan wasa miliyan 5.7 da abokan wasannin Unified Sports suna shiga horon wasanni da gasa na Special Olympics a ƙasashe da yankuna 204.<ref name="ABILITY Magazine">{{cite web|last = Cooper|first = Chet|title = Timothy Shriver – Special Olympics|url=http://abilitymagazine.com/Special-Olympics-Shriver.html|publisher = ABILITY Magazine|access-date = February 18, 2014}}</ref> Ƙungiyar tana bayar da horo da gasa duk shekara a wasannin bazara da na hunturu guda 32 irin na wasannin Olympics.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/07/2011-special-olympics-summer-games/100104/ |title=2011 Special Olympics Summer Games |work=The Atlantic Photo |date = July 12, 2011}}</ref> [[File:Special Olympics World Winter Games 2017 reception Vienna 04.jpg|thumb|Bikin tarbar baƙi na Wasannin Hunturu na Duniya na Special Olympics na 2017 a Vienna, Ostiriya]] Ana ƙarfafa mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali su shiga Special Olympics domin motsa jiki, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da kiba, tare da sauran fa'idodin lafiya. Haka kuma, suna samun fa'idodi masu yawa na motsin rai da na tunani, ciki har da ƙara yarda da kai, iya hulɗa da jama'a, haɓaka ƙwarewar wasanni da ƙara kimanta kai.<ref name="The Driving Force"/> An kuma nuna cewa motsa jiki yana da alaƙa da raguwar matakan damuwa a tsakanin mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carraro|first1=Attilio|last2=Gobbi|first2=Erica|date=July 1, 2012|title=Effects of an exercise programme on anxiety in adults with intellectual disabilities|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|volume=33|issue=4|pages=1221–1226|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2012.02.014|pmid=22502848}}</ref> Domin shiga Special Olympics, dole ne mutum ya kasance yana da aƙalla shekaru 8, kuma wata hukuma ko ƙwararre ta tabbatar da cewa yana da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yanayi: nakasar hankali, jinkirin fahimta kamar yadda gwajin hukuma ya nuna, ko manyan matsalolin koyo ko na sana'a sakamakon jinkirin fahimta waɗanda suke buƙatar ko suka taɓa buƙatar koyarwa ta musamman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/Common/Frequently-Asked-Questions.aspx|title=Special Olympics: Frequently-Asked-Questions|website=Special Olympics|language=en|access-date=November 12, 2017}}</ref> Ga yara masu shekaru 2 zuwa 7, masu nakasar hankali ko waɗanda ba su da ita, Special Olympics tana da shirin Young Athletes, wanda shiri ne na wasanni da nishaɗi mai haɗa kowa, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan ayyukan da suke da muhimmanci ga ci gaban tunani da jiki. Yara suna shiga wasanni da ayyukan da ke haɓaka ƙwarewar motsi da daidaiton ido da hannu. Iyaye suna cewa yaransu da ke cikin shirin Young Athletes suna kuma haɓaka ƙwarewar zamantakewa. Ƙarin yarda da kai yana sauƙaƙa musu yin wasa da magana da sauran yara a filin wasa da sauran wurare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/young_athletes.aspx |title=Young Athletes |publisher=Special Olympics |date=May 6, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> Wani bincike da Cibiyar Ci gaban Zamantakewa da Ilimi (Jami'ar Massachusetts, Boston) ta gudanar ya gano cewa waɗannan ayyukan suna taimaka wa yara masu nakasar hankali su koyi tsarin ayyuka da hanyoyin koyo, tare da bin ƙa'idoji da umarni.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:xXCaCGRpyVgJ:www.dec-sped.org/uploads/docs/conference/2012%2520Handouts/RES622%2520Young%2520Athletes%2520Intervention.pdf+%22center+for+social+development+and+education%22+%22special+olympics%22+%22young+athletes%22&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShJeMIE5Bz08XSzCotEX17n7oAbE5iZSE8zmF7v-_2J0B3gifUNkgkZChkCLo79OZdlbu7sSsxq4shblS9GcWLrOfWHDpSUlunNl_-hdywUT2YVNUAYtNhC30CvEjvDN6d0I5eL |title=Google Drive Viewer |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> Iyali ma za su iya shiga cikin ayyukan Special Olympics. 'Yan uwa suna tallafa wa 'yan wasansu gwargwadon iko, wanda zai iya haɗawa da halartar taruka ko aikin sa kai a wajen wasannin. Shigarsu na iya ƙara wa 'yan wasan yarda da kai, kuma ana kallonsu a matsayin tushen ƙarfafawa na dindindin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.specialolympics.org/families.aspx |title=Our Families |work=specialolympics.org |access-date=February 4, 2013}}</ref> Masu aikin sa kai da magoya baya suna da muhimmiyar rawa a Special Olympics, kuma miliyoyin mutane a faɗin duniya sun himmatu wajen tallafa wa shirye-shiryenta. Wasu masu ɗaukar nauyi ne ko masu bayar da gudummawa. Da yawa kuma masu horarwa ne, masu aikin sa kai a wajen taruka da magoya baya.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.specialolympics.org/Sections/Who_We_Are/Our_Volunteers.aspx |title=Volunteer for Special Olympics |work=specialolympics.org |access-date=February 4, 2013}}</ref> Masu horarwa suna taimaka wa 'yan wasa su kai ga mafi kyawun abin da za su iya, ba tare da la'akari da ƙwarewarsu ko nakasarsu ba. Special Olympics tana horar da masu horarwa ta hanyar shirin Coaching Excellence, wanda ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyin wasanni. Masu aikin sa kai na Special Olympics suna samun abota ta tsawon rayuwa da lada mai yawa.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Akwai taruka da dama da iyalai da masu aikin sa kai suke shiga, amma babban taron shi ne Gudun Isar da Tocilan Jami'an Tsaro (Law Enforcement Torch Run), wanda ya haɗa shugabannin 'yan sanda, jami'an 'yan sanda, jami'an tsaron sirri, jami'an FBI, 'yan sandan soja, sheriff, jami'an sintiri na jihohi, masu gadin gidajen yari da sauran jami'an tsaro domin wayar da kan jama'a da tara kuɗi ga Special Olympics. Kafin gasar Special Olympics, jami'an tsaro suna ɗaukar tocila suna musayar ɗaukarta a tazara-tazara bisa wata hanya da aka tsara wadda ta ratsa mafi yawan sassan jiha ko ƙasa har zuwa wurin bikin buɗe wasannin reshen Special Olympics ko Wasannin bazara ko na hunturu na Duniya. Daga nan sai su miƙa tocilar ga ɗan wasan Special Olympics, sannan su yi gudu tare zuwa wurin tukunya ta musamman su kunna wutar, wanda ke nuna farkon wasannin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.disabled-world.com/sports/special-olympics/flame-of-hope.php |title=Special Olympics Flame of Hope |date=December 24, 2017 |website=Disabled World |language=en-US |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref> Rantsuwar ɗan wasan Special Olympics, wadda Eunice Kennedy Shriver ta fara gabatarwa a wasannin Special Olympics na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a Chicago a shekarar 1968,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/eunice-kennedy-shriver-1921-2009-she-changed-the-world-for-people-with-mental-disabilities-128100168/115313.html |title=Eunice Kennedy Shriver, 1921–2009: She Changed the World for People with Mental Disabilities |publisher=Voice of America |date=August 19, 2011 |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> ita ce: "Ka bar ni in yi nasara. Amma idan ba zan iya yin nasara ba, ka bar ni in kasance jarumi wajen ƙoƙari." Herbert J. Kramer, wanda a lokacin shi ne mai ba da shawara kan hulɗar jama'a ga Gidauniyar Kennedy, ne ya ƙirƙiro wannan rantsuwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bisd.us/specialservices/oath.htm |title=Origin of the Athlete Oath|access-date=June 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.somd.org/Volunteer/Volunteer_General_Orientation_-_September_2012.pdf |title=Volunteer General Orientation – Special Olympics Maryland |access-date=June 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720120432/https://www.somd.org/Volunteer/Volunteer_General_Orientation_-_September_2012.pdf |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Wasannin da ake bayarwa== A shekarar 1968, wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle, iyo da hockey na cikin gida su ne wasanni uku na farko da Special Olympics ta amince da su a hukumance. Kamar yadda ake yi a wasannin Olympics, ana fara gabatar da wasanni a lokacin horo, sannan a saka su cikin jadawalin gasa. Daga nan ne jerin wasanni da abubuwan gasa suka ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Special Olympics tana da fiye da wasanni 30 na mutum ɗaya da na ƙungiya irin na Olympics, waɗanda ke ba wa mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali damar samun horo mai ma'ana da shiga gasa. A shekarar 2016, waɗannan su ne:<ref name=SO-Our-Sports>{{cite web |url=http://www.specialolympics.org/Sections/Sports-and-Games/Sports_and_Games.aspx | title = Our Sports | website = Special Olympics | publisher = The Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation for the Benefit of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities | access-date = March 11, 2016}}</ref> {{colbegin}} *Wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle (Athletics) *Ƙwallon kwando *Boccia *Ƙwallon birgima (Bowling) *Ƙwallon cricket *Wasannin kekuna *Wasannin doki *Skitin kan kankara (Figure skating) *Floorball *Hockey na cikin gida *Ƙwallon ƙafa *Golf *Wasannin motsa jiki (Gymnastics): na fasaha da na zane-zane *Ƙwallon hannu *Judo *Karate *Jirgin ruwa na kayak *Netball *Ɗaga nauyi *Skitin kan abin hawa mai ƙafafun roba *Tukin jirgin ruwa *Snowboarding *Gudun kan dusar ƙanƙara da takalman dusar ƙanƙara *Gudun kan kankara: na tsaunuka da na ƙasa *Ƙwallon softball *Gudun kan kankara mai sauri: na gajeren hanya *Iyo: a cikin tafki da ruwan buɗe *Ƙwallon tebur *Ƙwallon tennis *Triathlon *Ƙwallon volleyball {{colend}} Sauran wasanni da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi wasanni sun haɗa da Shirin Horar da Ayyukan Motsi (Motor Activity Training Program)<ref name=SO-Our-Sports/> da ƙwallon volleyball na bakin teku. Samuwar wasanni na iya bambanta bisa wuri da yanayi. Babban bambanci tsakanin gasannin Special Olympics da na sauran ƙungiyoyin wasanni shi ne cewa ana ƙarfafa 'yan wasa na kowane matakin ƙwarewa su shiga. Ana tsara gasa ta yadda 'yan wasa za su fafata da wasu masu irin matakin ƙwarewarsu a rukunan gasa masu adalci.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.specialolympics.org/Topics/Sports/Divisioning.aspx |title=Special Olympics: Divisioning |publisher=Resources.specialolympics.org |date=May 6, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> Ƙwarewar ɗan wasa ita ce babban abin da ake la'akari da shi wajen rarraba rukunan gasannin Special Olympics. Ana tantance ƙwarewar ɗan wasa ko ƙungiya ta hanyar sakamakon shiga gasar da ta gabata, ko sakamakon zagayen tantance matsayi, ko kuma sakamakon wani taron share fage a gasar da ake gudanarwa. Sauran muhimman abubuwan da ake la'akari da su wajen kafa rukunan gasa su ne shekaru da jinsi. A gasanni, ana bayar da lambobin yabo ga waɗanda suka zo na farko, na biyu da na uku a kowane taron gasa, sannan ana bayar da ribbons ga 'yan wasan da suka zo daga na huɗu zuwa na takwas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.specialolympics.org/specialo.org/Special_/English/Coach/Coaching/Basics_o/Special_.htm#principles |title=Special Olympics: Sports and Games |publisher=Sports.specialolympics.org |date=May 6, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018013409/http://sports.specialolympics.org/specialo.org/Special_/English/Coach/Coaching/Basics_o/Special_.htm#principles |archive-date=October 18, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Asiya da Pasifik (35)=== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *{{flagicon|AFG}} Afghanistan *{{flagicon|ASM}} Samoa ta Amurka *{{flagicon|AUS}} Ostiraliya *{{flagicon|BGD}} Bangladesh (duba bayanai) *{{flagicon|IND}} Bharat (Indiya) (duba bayanai) *{{flagicon|BTN}} Bhutan *{{flagicon|BRN}} Brunei *{{flagicon|KHM}} Kambodiya *{{flagicon|FJI}} Fiji *{{flagicon|GUM}} Guam *{{flagicon|IDN}} Indonesiya *{{flagicon|KIR}} Kiribati *{{flagicon|LAO}} Laos *{{flagicon|MYS}} Malaysia *{{flagicon|MDV}} Maldives *{{flagicon|MHL}} Tsibiran Marshall *{{flagicon|FSM}} Micronesia *{{flagicon|MMR}} Myanmar *{{flagicon|NRU}} Nauru *{{flagicon|NPL}} Nepal *{{flagicon|NZL}} New Zealand *{{flagicon|JPN}} Nippon (Japan) *{{flagicon|PAK}} Pakistan (duba bayanai) *{{flagicon|PLW}} Palau *{{flagicon|PNG}} Papua New Guinea *{{flagicon|PHL}} Philippines (Pilipinas) *{{flagicon|WSM}} Samoa *{{flagicon|LKA}} Serendib (Sri Lanka) *{{flagicon|SGP}} Singapore *{{flagicon|SLB}} Tsibiran Solomon *{{flagicon|THA}} Thailand *{{flagicon|TLS}} Timor-Leste *{{flagicon|TON}} Tonga *{{flagicon|VUT}} Vanuatu *{{flagicon|VNM}} Vietnam {{div col end}} ===Gabashin Asiya (6)=== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *{{flagicon|CHN}} Sin *{{flagicon|TPE}} Taipei na Sin *{{flagicon|HKG}} Hong Kong *{{flagicon|KOR}} Koriya ta Kudu *{{flagicon|MAC}} Macau *{{flagicon|MNG}} Mongoliya {{div col end}} ===Eurasia (58)=== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *{{flagicon|ALB}} Albaniya *{{flagicon|AND}} Andorra *{{flagicon|ARM}} Armeniya *{{flagicon|AUT}} Ostiriya *{{flagicon|AZE}} Azerbaijan *{{flagicon|BLR}} Belarus *{{flagicon|BEL}} Beljiyam *{{flagicon|BIH}} Bosniya da Herzegovina *{{flagicon|BGR}} Bulgaria *{{flagicon|HRV}} Croatia *{{flagicon|CYP}} Cyprus *{{flagicon|CZE}} Jamhuriyar Czech *{{flagicon|DNK}} Denmark *{{flagicon|EST}} Estonia (duba bayanai) *{{flagicon|FRO}} Tsibiran Faroe *{{flagicon|FIN}} Finland *{{flagicon|FRA}} Faransa *{{flagicon|GEO}} Jojiya *{{flagicon|DEU}} Jamus *{{flagicon|GIB}} Gibraltar *{{flagicon|GBR}} Birtaniya (duba bayanai) *{{flagicon|GRC}} Hellas (Girka) *{{flagicon|HUN}} Hungary *{{flagicon|ISL}} Iceland *{{flagicon|IRL}} Ireland (duba bayanai) *{{flagicon|IMN}} Tsibirin Man *{{flagicon|ISR}} Isra'ila *{{flagicon|ITA}} Italiya *{{flagicon|KAZ}} Kazakhstan *{{flagicon|XKX}} Kosovo (duba bayanai) *{{flagicon|KGZ}} Kyrgyzstan *{{flagicon|LVA}} Latvia *{{flagicon|LIE}} Liechtenstein *{{flagicon|LTU}} Lithuania *{{flagicon|LUX}} Luxembourg *{{flagicon|MKD}} Arewacin Macedonia *{{flagicon|MLT}} Malta *{{flagicon|MDA}} Moldova *{{flagicon|MCO}} Monaco *{{flagicon|MNE}} Montenegro *{{flagicon|NLD}} Netherlands *{{flagicon|NOR}} Norway *{{flagicon|POL}} Poland *{{flagicon|PRT}} Portugal *{{flagicon|ROU}} Romania *{{flagicon|RUS}} Rasha *{{flagicon|SMR}} San Marino *{{flagicon|SRB}} Serbia *{{flagicon|SVK}} Slovakia *{{flagicon|SVN}} Slovenia *{{flagicon|ESP}} Sifaniya *{{flagicon|SWE}} Sweden *{{flagicon|CHE}} Switzerland *{{flagicon|TJK}} Tajikistan *{{flagicon|TUR}} Turkiyya *{{flagicon|TKM}} Turkmenistan *{{flagicon|UKR}} Ukraine *{{flagicon|UZB}} Uzbekistan {{div col end}} ===Amurka (43)=== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *{{flagicon|ATG}} Antigua da Barbuda *{{flagicon|ARG}} Argentina *{{flagicon|ABW}} Aruba *{{flagicon|BHS}} Bahamas *{{flagicon|BRB}} Barbados *{{flagicon|BLZ}} Belize *{{flagicon|BMU}} Bermuda *{{flagicon|BOL}} Bolivia *{{flagicon|BES}} Bonaire *{{flagicon|BRA}} Brazil *{{flagicon|CAN}} Kanada (duba bayanai) *{{flagicon|CYM}} Tsibiran Cayman *{{flagicon|CHL}} Chile *{{flagicon|COL}} Colombia *{{flagicon|CRI}} Costa Rica *{{flagicon|CUB}} Cuba *{{flagicon|CUW}} Curaçao *{{flagicon|DMA}} Dominica *{{flagicon|DOM}} Jamhuriyar Dominika *{{flagicon|ECU}} Ecuador *{{flagicon|SLV}} El Salvador *{{flagicon|GTM}} Guatemala *{{flagicon|GLP}} Guadeloupe *{{flagicon|GUY}} Guyana *{{flagicon|HTI}} Haiti *{{flagicon|HND}} Honduras *{{flagicon|JAM}} Jamaica *{{flagicon|MEX}} Mexico (duba bayanai) *{{flagicon|NIC}} Nicaragua *{{flagicon|PAN}} Panama *{{flagicon|PRY}} Paraguay *{{flagicon|PER}} Peru *{{flagicon|PRI}} Puerto Rico *{{flagicon|KNA}} Saint Kitts da Nevis *{{flagicon|LCA}} Saint Lucia *{{flagicon|VCT}} Saint Vincent da Grenadines *{{flagicon|SXM}} Sint Maarten *{{flagicon|SUR}} Suriname *{{flagicon|TTO}} Trinidad da Tobago *{{flagicon|VIR}} Tsibiran Virgin na Amurka *{{flagicon|USA}} Amurka (duba bayanai) *{{flagicon|URY}} Uruguay *{{flagicon|VEN}} Venezuela {{div col end}} ===MENA (22)=== {{div col|colwidth=22em}} *{{flagicon|DZA}} Aljeriya *{{flagicon|BHR}} Bahrain *{{flagicon|COM}} Comoros *{{flagicon|DJI}} Djibouti *{{flagicon|EGY}} Masar *{{flagicon|IRN}} Iran *{{flagicon|IRQ}} Iraki *{{flagicon|JOR}} Jordan *{{flagicon|KWT}} Kuwait *{{flagicon|LBN}} Lebanon *{{flagicon|LBY}} Libya *{{flagicon|MRT}} Mauritaniya *{{flagicon|MAR}} Morocco *{{flagicon|OMN}} Oman *{{flagicon|PSE}} Falasɗinu *{{flagicon|QAT}} Qatar *{{flagicon|SAU}} Saudiya *{{flagicon|SDN}} Sudan *{{flagicon|SYR}} Siriya *{{flagicon|TUN}} Tunisiya *{{flagicon|ARE}} Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa *{{flagicon|YEM}} Yemen {{div col end}} ==Shiga hannu== Shirye-shiryen Special Olympics suna samuwa ga 'yan wasa kyauta. Fiye da 'yan wasa miliyan 5.7 da abokan wasannin Unified Sports suna shiga horon wasanni da gasa na Special Olympics a ƙasashe da yankuna 204.<ref name="ABILITY Magazine"/> Ƙungiyar tana bayar da horo da gasa duk shekara a wasannin bazara da na hunturu guda 32 irin na wasannin Olympics.<ref name=":2"/> [[File:Special Olympics World Winter Games 2017 reception Vienna 04.jpg|thumb|Bikin tarbar baƙi na Wasannin Hunturu na Duniya na Special Olympics na 2017 a Vienna, Ostiriya]] Ana ƙarfafa mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali su shiga Special Olympics domin motsa jiki, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini da kiba, tare da sauran fa'idodin lafiya. Haka kuma, suna samun fa'idodi masu yawa na motsin rai da na tunani, ciki har da ƙara yarda da kai, iya hulɗa da jama'a, haɓaka ƙwarewar wasanni da ƙara kimanta kai.<ref name="The Driving Force"/> An kuma nuna cewa motsa jiki yana da alaƙa da raguwar matakan damuwa a tsakanin mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carraro|first1=Attilio|last2=Gobbi|first2=Erica|date=July 1, 2012|title=Effects of an exercise programme on anxiety in adults with intellectual disabilities|journal=Research in Developmental Disabilities|volume=33|issue=4|pages=1221–1226|doi=10.1016/j.ridd.2012.02.014|pmid=22502848}}</ref> Domin shiga Special Olympics, dole ne mutum ya kasance yana da aƙalla shekaru 8, kuma wata hukuma ko ƙwararre ta tabbatar da cewa yana da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan yanayi: nakasar hankali, jinkirin fahimta kamar yadda gwajin hukuma ya nuna, ko manyan matsalolin koyo ko na sana'a sakamakon jinkirin fahimta waɗanda suke buƙatar ko suka taɓa buƙatar koyarwa ta musamman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/Common/Frequently-Asked-Questions.aspx|title=Special Olympics: Frequently-Asked-Questions|website=Special Olympics|language=en|access-date=November 12, 2017}}</ref> Ga yara masu shekaru 2 zuwa 7, masu nakasar hankali ko waɗanda ba su da ita, Special Olympics tana da shirin Young Athletes, wanda shiri ne na wasanni da nishaɗi mai haɗa kowa, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan ayyukan da suke da muhimmanci ga ci gaban tunani da jiki. Yara suna shiga wasanni da ayyukan da ke haɓaka ƙwarewar motsi da daidaiton ido da hannu. Iyaye suna cewa yaransu da ke cikin shirin Young Athletes suna kuma haɓaka ƙwarewar zamantakewa. Ƙarin yarda da kai yana sauƙaƙa musu yin wasa da magana da sauran yara a filin wasa da sauran wurare.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/young_athletes.aspx |title=Young Athletes |publisher=Special Olympics |date=May 6, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> Wani bincike da Cibiyar Ci gaban Zamantakewa da Ilimi (Jami'ar Massachusetts, Boston) ta gudanar ya gano cewa waɗannan ayyukan suna taimaka wa yara masu nakasar hankali su koyi tsarin ayyuka da hanyoyin koyo, tare da bin ƙa'idoji da umarni.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:xXCaCGRpyVgJ:www.dec-sped.org/uploads/docs/conference/2012%2520Handouts/RES622%2520Young%2520Athletes%2520Intervention.pdf+%22center+for+social+development+and+education%22+%22special+olympics%22+%22young+athletes%22&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShJeMIE5Bz08XSzCotEX17n7oAbE5iZSE8zmF7v-_2J0B3gifUNkgkZChkCLo79OZdlbu7sSsxq4shblS9GcWLrOfWHDpSUlunNl_-hdywUT2YVNUAYtNhC30CvEjvDN6d0I5eL |title=Google Drive Viewer |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> Iyali ma za su iya shiga cikin ayyukan Special Olympics. 'Yan uwa suna tallafa wa 'yan wasansu gwargwadon iko, wanda zai iya haɗawa da halartar taruka ko aikin sa kai a wajen wasannin. Shigarsu na iya ƙara wa 'yan wasan yarda da kai, kuma ana kallonsu a matsayin tushen ƙarfafawa na dindindin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.specialolympics.org/families.aspx |title=Our Families |work=specialolympics.org |access-date=February 4, 2013}}</ref> Masu aikin sa kai da magoya baya suna da muhimmiyar rawa a Special Olympics, kuma miliyoyin mutane a faɗin duniya sun himmatu wajen tallafa wa shirye-shiryenta. Wasu masu ɗaukar nauyi ne ko masu bayar da gudummawa. Da yawa kuma masu horarwa ne, masu aikin sa kai a wajen taruka da magoya baya.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Masu horarwa suna taimaka wa 'yan wasa su kai ga mafi kyawun abin da za su iya, ba tare da la'akari da ƙwarewarsu ko nakasarsu ba. Special Olympics tana horar da masu horarwa ta hanyar shirin Coaching Excellence, wanda ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyin wasanni. Masu aikin sa kai na Special Olympics suna samun abota ta tsawon rayuwa da lada mai yawa.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Akwai taruka da dama da iyalai da masu aikin sa kai suke shiga, amma babban taron shi ne Gudun Isar da Tocilan Jami'an Tsaro (Law Enforcement Torch Run), wanda ya haɗa shugabannin 'yan sanda, jami'an 'yan sanda, jami'an tsaron sirri, jami'an FBI, 'yan sandan soja, sheriff, jami'an sintiri na jihohi, masu gadin gidajen yari da sauran jami'an tsaro domin wayar da kan jama'a da tara kuɗi ga Special Olympics. Kafin gasar Special Olympics, jami'an tsaro suna ɗaukar tocila suna musayar ɗaukarta a tazara-tazara bisa wata hanya da aka tsara wadda ta ratsa mafi yawan sassan jiha ko ƙasa har zuwa wurin bikin buɗe wasannin reshen Special Olympics ko Wasannin bazara ko na hunturu na Duniya. Daga nan sai su miƙa tocilar ga ɗan wasan Special Olympics, sannan su yi gudu tare zuwa wurin tukunya ta musamman su kunna wutar, wanda ke nuna farkon wasannin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.disabled-world.com/sports/special-olympics/flame-of-hope.php |title=Special Olympics Flame of Hope |date=December 24, 2017 |website=Disabled World |language=en-US |access-date=July 18, 2018}}</ref> Rantsuwar ɗan wasan Special Olympics, wadda Eunice Kennedy Shriver ta fara gabatarwa a wasannin Special Olympics na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a Chicago a shekarar 1968,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/eunice-kennedy-shriver-1921-2009-she-changed-the-world-for-people-with-mental-disabilities-128100168/115313.html |title=Eunice Kennedy Shriver, 1921–2009: She Changed the World for People with Mental Disabilities |publisher=Voice of America |date=August 19, 2011 |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> ita ce: "Ka bar ni in yi nasara. Amma idan ba zan iya yin nasara ba, ka bar ni in kasance jarumi wajen ƙoƙari." Herbert J. Kramer, wanda a lokacin shi ne mai ba da shawara kan hulɗar jama'a ga Gidauniyar Kennedy, ne ya ƙirƙiro wannan rantsuwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bisd.us/specialservices/oath.htm |title=Origin of the Athlete Oath|access-date=June 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.somd.org/Volunteer/Volunteer_General_Orientation_-_September_2012.pdf |title=Volunteer General Orientation – Special Olympics Maryland |access-date=June 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720120432/https://www.somd.org/Volunteer/Volunteer_General_Orientation_-_September_2012.pdf |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Wasannin da ake bayarwa== A shekarar 1968, wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle, iyo da hockey na cikin gida su ne wasanni uku na farko da Special Olympics ta amince da su a hukumance. Kamar yadda ake yi a wasannin Olympics, ana fara gabatar da wasanni a lokacin horo, sannan a saka su cikin jadawalin gasa. Daga nan ne jerin wasanni da abubuwan gasa suka ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Special Olympics tana da fiye da wasanni 30 na mutum ɗaya da na ƙungiya irin na Olympics, waɗanda ke ba wa mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali damar samun horo mai ma'ana da shiga gasa. A shekarar 2016, waɗannan su ne:<ref name=SO-Our-Sports/> {{colbegin}} *Wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle (Athletics) *Ƙwallon kwando *Boccia *Ƙwallon birgima (Bowling) *Ƙwallon cricket *Wasannin kekuna *Wasannin doki *Skitin kan kankara (Figure skating) *Floorball *Hockey na cikin gida *Ƙwallon ƙafa *Golf *Wasannin motsa jiki (Gymnastics): na fasaha da na zane-zane *Ƙwallon hannu *Judo *Karate *Jirgin ruwa na kayak *Netball *Ɗaga nauyi *Skitin kan abin hawa mai ƙafafun roba *Tukin jirgin ruwa *Snowboarding *Gudun kan dusar ƙanƙara da takalman dusar ƙanƙara *Gudun kan kankara: na tsaunuka da na ƙasa *Ƙwallon softball *Gudun kan kankara mai sauri: na gajeren hanya *Iyo: a cikin tafki da ruwan buɗe *Ƙwallon tebur *Ƙwallon tennis *Triathlon *Ƙwallon volleyball {{colend}} Sauran wasanni da shirye-shiryen da suka shafi wasanni sun haɗa da Shirin Horar da Ayyukan Motsi (Motor Activity Training Program)<ref name=SO-Our-Sports/> da ƙwallon volleyball na bakin teku. Samuwar wasanni na iya bambanta bisa wuri da yanayi. Babban bambanci tsakanin gasannin Special Olympics da na sauran ƙungiyoyin wasanni shi ne cewa ana ƙarfafa 'yan wasa na kowane matakin ƙwarewa su shiga. Ana tsara gasa ta yadda 'yan wasa za su fafata da wasu masu irin matakin ƙwarewarsu a rukunan gasa masu adalci.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.specialolympics.org/Topics/Sports/Divisioning.aspx |title=Special Olympics: Divisioning |publisher=Resources.specialolympics.org |date=May 6, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> Ƙwarewar ɗan wasa ita ce babban abin da ake la'akari da shi wajen rarraba rukunan gasannin Special Olympics. Ana tantance ƙwarewar ɗan wasa ko ƙungiya ta hanyar sakamakon shiga gasar da ta gabata, ko sakamakon zagayen tantance matsayi, ko kuma sakamakon wani taron share fage a gasar da ake gudanarwa. Sauran muhimman abubuwan da ake la'akari da su wajen kafa rukunan gasa su ne shekaru da jinsi. A gasanni, ana bayar da lambobin yabo ga waɗanda suka zo na farko, na biyu da na uku a kowane taron gasa, sannan ana bayar da ribbons ga 'yan wasan da suka zo daga na huɗu zuwa na takwas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.specialolympics.org/specialo.org/Special_/English/Coach/Coaching/Basics_o/Special_.htm#principles |title=Special Olympics: Sports and Games |publisher=Sports.specialolympics.org |date=May 6, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018013409/http://sports.specialolympics.org/specialo.org/Special_/English/Coach/Coaching/Basics_o/Special_.htm#principles |archive-date=October 18, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Wasannin Haɗaka (Unified Sports)== A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Special Olympics ta ƙaddamar da manufar Wasannin Haɗaka (Unified Sports), inda ake haɗa 'yan wasa masu nakasar hankali da waɗanda ba su da ita a matsayin abokan wasa.<ref name="specialolympics1">{{cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/unified-sports.aspx |title=Unified Sports |publisher=Special Olympics |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> Babban manufar ita ce horo da wasa tare za su iya samar da hanyar gina abota da fahimtar juna. Shirin ya faɗaɗa fiye da Amurka da Arewacin Amurka: yanzu fiye da mutane miliyan 1.4 a faɗin duniya suna shiga Wasannin Haɗaka na Special Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 3, 2018|title=Unified Sports|url=https://www.specialolympics.org/our-work/sports/unified-sports|access-date=July 3, 2020|website=SpecialOlympics.org|language=en}}</ref> Manufar ita ce kawar da ra'ayoyin da ba daidai ba game da mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali da kuma inganta haɗin kai.<ref name="specialolympics1"/> A kan wannan nasara, Special Olympics ta ƙaddamar da kamfen mai suna "Juyin Juya Halin Haɗaka" (The Revolution Is Inclusion), inda ta gayyaci mutane a faɗin duniya su sanya hannu kan Alƙawarin Haɗaka (Inclusion Pledge).<ref>jointherevolution.org/pledge</ref> Wannan kamfen, wanda aka fara domin bikin dukkan nau'ikan ƙwarewa, ya fara ne lokacin da Special Olympics ke bikin cika shekaru 50 da kafuwa.<ref>jointherevolution.org</ref> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan kan Wasannin Haɗaka na Special Olympics a Serbia, Poland, Ukraine, Jamus da Hungary ya rubuta fa'idodin Wasannin Haɗaka, ciki har da yadda suke sauya ra'ayoyin mutane game da masu nakasar hankali. Kamar yadda wani abokin Wasannin Haɗaka ya bayyana: "Ina jin kunyar cewa a da ina yi wa waɗannan mutane (mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali) dariya. Yanzu zan gaya wa duk wanda na ga yana yi musu dariya ya daina, kuma zan tsaya tsayin daka wajen kare waɗannan mutane idan na iya."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/uploadedFiles/LandingPage/WhatWeDo/Final%20Report%20Unified%20Sports10%20Sept%202010.pdf|title = Unified Gives Us a Chance|access-date = June 4, 2017|website = specialolympics.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429112401/http://www.specialolympics.org/uploadedFiles/LandingPage/WhatWeDo/Final%20Report%20Unified%20Sports10%20Sept%202010.pdf|archive-date = April 29, 2011}}</ref> Sauran nazarce-nazarce sun kuma nuna cewa Wasannin Haɗaka suna taimakawa wajen ƙara kimanta kai da yarda da kai ga mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali, tare da inganta fahimta da karɓuwarsu a tsakanin takwarorinsu waɗanda ba su da nakasa.<ref name=":1"/> Cibiyar Bincike ta Yankin Turai da Eurasia ta Special Olympics tana Jami'ar Ulster Jordanstown.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/Stories/General/Special_Olympics_leads_the_way_in_the_field_of_research.aspx |title=Special Olympics leads the way in the field of research |last=Menke |first=Sabine |date=December 1, 2014 |website=Special Olympics |language=en | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716194811/https://www.specialolympics.org/Stories/General/Special_Olympics_leads_the_way_in_the_field_of_research.aspx | archive-date = July 16, 2018 }}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin cika shekaru 50 da kafuwarta, Special Olympics ta ƙirƙiri gasar Unified Cup ta farko.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.specialolympics.org/50th/FirstEverUnifiedCup.aspx |title=Countdown to the Special Olympics Unified Cup |website=Special Olympics |language=en |access-date=July 19, 2018}}</ref> Gasar farko ta kasance ta ƙwallon ƙafa, tare da 'yan wasa 440 daga ƙasashe 24.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2018/07/17/special-olympics-50th-anniversary-2/ |title=400 Athletes Converge On Chicago For Special Olympics Anniversary |last=Victory |first=Lauren |date=July 17, 2018 |work=CBS |access-date=July 19, 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://abc7chicago.com/sports/special-olympics-unified-cup-kicks-off-tuesday/3771888/ |title=Special Olympics Unified Cup kicks off Tuesday |last=Varon |first=Roz |date=July 16, 2018 |work=ABC7 Chicago |access-date=July 19, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> Shirin Unified Robotics, wanda yake haɗa ɗaliban Special Olympics da ɗaliban FIRST Robotics domin ƙera mutum-mutumi, ya fara ne a shekarar 2016. Tun daga lokacin, yana samar da damar haɓaka ƙwarewar fasaha ga ɗaliban Special Olympics a jihar Washington, Arizona da sauran yankuna.<ref>{{cite web |title=About – Special Olympics |url=http://unifiedrobotics.org/about/ |website=Special Olympics |access-date=February 26, 2019}}</ref> Special Olympics Arizona tana kuma inganta haɗaka ta hanyar shirye-shiryen Unified Arts, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙera mutum-mutumi, kiɗa, ɗaukar hoto, gasannin fasaha da aikin lambu. =='Yan Wasan Lafiya (Healthy Athletes)== Yayin da Special Olympics ta fara haɓaka, ma'aikata da masu aikin sa kai sun fara lura cewa 'yan wasa—yara da manya masu nakasar hankali—suna da matsalolin lafiya da dama waɗanda ba a kula da su ba. A shekarar 1997, Special Olympics ta fara wani shiri mai suna Healthy Athletes, wanda ke bayar da gwaje-gwajen lafiya ga 'yan wasan da suke buƙatarsu.<ref name="specialolympics2">{{cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/healthy_athletes.aspx |title=Health Programs |publisher=Special Olympics |date=May 6, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Healthy Athletes tana bayar da gwaje-gwajen lafiya a fannoni takwas: Fit Feet (lafiyar ƙafa), FUNfitness (maganin motsa jiki), Health Promotion (inganta lafiya da walwala), Healthy Hearing (lafiyar ji), MedFest (gwajin lafiyar jiki don wasanni), Opening Eyes (lafiyar gani), Special Smiles (lafiyar haƙora), da Strong Minds (lafiyar tunani da motsin rai). Waɗannan gwaje-gwaje suna ilmantar da 'yan wasa game da lafiya, tare da gano matsalolin da za su iya buƙatar ƙarin kulawa. Misali, shirin FUNfitness yana tantance sassauci, ƙarfi, daidaito da ƙarfin motsa jikin ɗan wasa. Bayan gwajin, likitan motsa jiki yana ba da umarni kan yadda za a inganta lafiyar jikinsu a fannoni da aka tantance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/Sections/What_We_Do/Healthy_Athletes/Healthy_Athletes_FUNfitness.aspx|title=Special Olympics: Healthy Athletes FUNfitness|website=www.specialolympics.org|language=en|access-date=September 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073409/https://www.specialolympics.org/Sections/What_We_Do/Healthy_Athletes/Healthy_Athletes_FUNfitness.aspx|archive-date=July 21, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun bayan fara shirin Healthy Athletes, Special Olympics ta zama babbar ƙungiyar kiwon lafiyar jama'a ta duniya da aka keɓe domin yi wa mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali hidima. Ya zuwa yanzu, an gudanar da gwaje-gwajen lafiya sama da miliyan 1.9 ga mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali a faɗin duniya.<ref name="specialolympics2" /> Shirin lafiya na Special Olympics ya jawo hankalin manyan abokan hulɗa, ciki har da Gidauniyar Hear the World, wadda ta gudanar da gwajin ji ga 'yan wasa sama da 1,000 a lokacin Wasannin Hunturu na Duniya na baya-bayan nan a Koriya. An gano cewa fiye da 200 daga cikinsu suna da matsalar rashin ji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hear-the-world.com/en/how-we-help/projects-worldwide/projects-2013/special-olympics.html |title=Special Olympics |publisher=Hear The World |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.specialolympics.org/Stories/Healthy_Athletes/Forms/Healthy_Athletes_Stories.aspx |title=Healthy Athletes Stories |publisher=Special Olympics |access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an ƙaddamar da shirin Healthy Communities na Special Olympics a ƙasashe takwas—Kazakhstan, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Romania, Afirka ta Kudu da Thailand—da kuma jihohi shida na Amurka. Manufar ita ce inganta lafiya da walwalar mutanen da ke da nakasar hankali da kuma ba su damar cimma cikakken burinsu.<ref name=":2"/> ==Suka== Masanin ilimi Keith Storey ya taƙaita ƙorafe-ƙorafe da aka saba yi a cikin wani makala ta shekarar 2004 a mujallar ''Journal of Disability Policy Studies''.<ref name="Storey">{{cite journal |last=Storey |first=Keith |year=2004 |title=The Case Against the Special Olympics |journal=Journal of Disability Policy Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=35–42 |doi=10.1177/10442073040150010601 |ssrn=2644460 |s2cid=144279463}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin sukar da ake yi wa ƙungiyar tana da alaƙa da rawar da masu ɗaukar nauyin kamfanoni suke takawa, inda masu suka suke ganin cewa hakan ya haifar da nuna fifiko ko kula da mutane kamar yara ta hanyar raina ƙwarewar wasanni. Masu suka suna cewa, duk da cewa tara kuɗi daga kamfanoni yana sa a iya gudanar da wasannin, hakan yana samar wa masu ɗaukar nauyin kyakkyawar alaƙa da jama'a ne kawai, amma ba ya haifar da haɗa mutanen da ke da nakasa cikin ma'aikatan waɗannan kamfanoni. Haka kuma, ba a wakilci mutanen da ke da nakasa sosai a kwamitin gudanarwa na Special Olympics, domin mambobi biyu ne kawai ke da nakasa. An soki wannan a matsayin ma'auni biyu da ke nuna rauni a harkar kare haƙƙin nakasassu, inda ake ganin ya kamata mutanen da ke da nakasa su sarrafa tsarin bayar da hidimomi maimakon dogaro da mutanen da ba su da nakasa. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} 42prc7kbe5xsyxmaec9kinjkd6z4v8p 0 177556 964680 960255 2026-10-08T09:50:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Labaran karya''' bayanai ne da aka yaɗa da gangan don yaudarar mutane, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Countering Disinformation |url=https://www.un.org/en/countering-disinformation |access-date=2025-06-07 |publisher=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is disinformation? |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/schwerpunkte/disinformation-definition-1911048 |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=Die Bundesregierung informiert {{!}} Startseite |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Antje |date=2024-07-16 |title=Disinformation and 7 Common Forms of Information Disorder |url=https://commonslibrary.org/disinformation-and-7-common-forms-of-information-disorder/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=The Commons |language=en-AU}}</ref> ko kuma don samun ribar tattalin arziki ko siyasa wanda zai iya haifar da cutarwa ga jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Commission |date=2022-06-16 |title=The Strengthened Code of Practice on Disinformation 2022 |url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/2022-strengthened-code-practice-disinformation |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu |page=1 |language=en}}</ref> Ruɗar bayanai wani aiki ne na adawa wanda masu ruwa da tsaki ke amfani da dabarun yaudara da dabarun karkatar da kafofin watsa labarai don ciyar da manufofin siyasa, soja, ko kasuwanci gaba. Ana aiwatar da bayanan karya ta hanyar kamfen da aka tsara wanda "ke amfani da dabarun magana da nau'ikan sani da yawa - gami da ba kawai ƙarya ba har ma da [[gaskiya]], rabin gaskiya, da kuma hukunci mai daraja - don amfani da faɗaɗa yaƙe-yaƙen al'adu da sauran takaddama da ke haifar da asali." <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022">{{Cite journal |last=Diaz Ruiz |first=Carlos |last2=Nilsson |first2=Tomas |date=16 May 2022 |title=Disinformation and Echo Chambers: How Disinformation Circulates in Social Media Through Identity-Driven Controversies |journal=Journal of Public Policy & Marketing |volume=42 |pages=18–35 |doi=10.1177/07439156221103852 |s2cid=248934562 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Sabanin haka, ''rashin bayanai na gaskiya'' yana nufin rashin daidaito wanda ya samo asali daga kuskuren da ba a yi niyya ba. Ana iya amfani da bayanan karya don ƙirƙirar bayanan karya lokacin da aka yaɗa labaran karya da gangan kuma da gangan. " [[Labaran ƙarya|Labaran karya]] " wani lokacin ana sanya su a matsayin nau'in labaran karya, kodayake masana suna bambanta tsakanin ra'ayoyin biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lazer |first=David M. J. |last2=Baum |first2=Matthew A. |last3=Benkler |first3=Yochai |last4=Berinsky |first4=Adam J. |last5=Greenhill |first5=Kelly M. |last6=Menczer |first6=Filippo |last7=Metzger |first7=Miriam J. |last8=Nyan |first8=Brendan |last9=Pennycook |first9=Gordan |last10=Rothschild |first10=David |last11=Schudson |first11=Michael |last12=Sloman |first12=Steven A. |last13=Sunstein |first13=Cass R. |last14=Thorson |first14=Emily A. |last15=Watts |first15=Duncan J. |date=9 March 2018 |title=The science of fake news |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao2998 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=359 |issue=6380 |pages=1094-1096 |via=American Association for the Advancement of Science}}</ref> Wasu masu bincike sun yi gargaɗi game da amfani da kalmar a rubuce-rubucen ilimi saboda rashin daidaito da kuma yadda ake amfani da ita a tattaunawar jama'a da siyasa game da [[labarai]] ko bayanai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Freelon |first=Deen |last2=Wells |first2=Chris |date=2020-03-03 |title=Disinformation as Political Communication |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755 |url-status=live |journal=Political Communication |language=en |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=145–156 |doi=10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755 |issn=1058-4609 |s2cid=212897113 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717173304/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584609.2020.1723755 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> Wasu kuma sun lura cewa ana ci gaba da amfani da shi wajen yin nuni ga bayanan karya ko na ɓatarwa da kuma faɗaɗa su a cikin sadarwa ta siyasa, inda ake ci gaba da muhawara kan ma'anarsa da kuma tasirinsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allcott |first=Hunt |last2=Gentzkow |first2=Matthew |date=Spring 2017 |title=Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.31.2.211 |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=211-36 |via=American Economic Association}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == [[File:The_Etymology_of_Disinformation.png|thumb| Asalin Rushewar Bayanai na H. Newman kamar yadda aka buga a cikin Mujallar Yaƙin Bayanai a 2021. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newman |first=Hadley |year=2022 |title=Information Warfare: Leveraging the DMMI Matrix Cube for Risk Assessment |journal=Journal of Information Warfare |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=84–102 |issn=1445-3312 |jstor=27199985}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Hadley |first=Newman |year=2022 |title=Author |url=https://www.jinfowar.com/authors/hadley-newman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228134920/https://www.jinfowar.com/authors/hadley-newman |archive-date=28 December 2022 |access-date=28 December 2022 |website=Journal of Information Warfare |quote=Strategic communications advisor working across a broad range of policy areas for public and multilateral organisations. Counter-disinformation specialist and published author on foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI).}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke cikin kalmar rashin bayanai sun samo asali ne daga dangin harsunan Proto-Indo-Turai . Kalmar Latin 'dis' da 'in' kuma ana iya ɗaukar su duka a matsayin tushen Proto-Indo-European, 'forma' ya fi duhu sosai. Akwatin kore a cikin hoton yana nuna asalin 'forma' ba shi da tabbas, duk da haka, yana iya samo asali ne daga ra'ayin Aristotelian na μορφή (morphe) inda wani abu ya zama 'abu' lokacin da yake da 'form' ko abu.]] Kalmar Ingilishi [[wiktionary:disinformation|''ta rashin bayani'']] ta samo asali ne daga amfani da kalmar Latin da aka yi amfani da ita [[wiktionary:dis-|''a matsayin dis-'']] zuwa [[wiktionary:information|''bayanai'']], wanda hakan ke nufin "juyawa ko cire bayanai". Kalmar da ba a cika amfani da ita ba ta bayyana a rubuce-rubucenta a rubuce aƙalla tun daga shekarar 1887. Wasu suna ɗaukar shi fassarar lamuni na Rashanci {{Lang|ru|дезинформация}}, an fassara shi azaman [[wiktionary:дезинформация|''dezinformatsiya'']], <ref name="bittman1985" /> a bayyane yake an samo shi ne daga taken sashen farfagandar baƙar fata na KGB. <ref name="pacepa" /> Masu tsara shirye-shiryen Soviet a shekarun 1950 sun bayyana bayanan karya a matsayin "yaɗa rahotannin ƙarya (a cikin manema labarai, a rediyo, da sauransu) da aka yi niyya don ɓatar da ra'ayoyin jama'a ." ''Ruɗani'' ya fara bayyana a cikin ƙamus a shekarar 1985, musamman, ''ƙamus ɗin Webster's New College'' da ''ƙamus ɗin American Heritage'' . A shekarar 1986, ba a bayyana kalmar ''rashin bayanai'' a cikin ''littafin Webster's New World Thesaurus'' ko ''New Encyclopædia Britannica'' ba. Bayan da kalmar Soviet ta shahara a shekarun 1980, masu magana da harshen Ingilishi na asali sun faɗaɗa kalmar a matsayin "duk wata sadarwa ta gwamnati (ko dai a bayyane ko a ɓoye) da ke ɗauke da bayanai na ƙarya da ɓatarwa da gangan, galibi ana haɗa su da bayanai na gaskiya, waɗanda ke neman ɓatar da mutane ko kuma [[Kafofin yada labarai|masu sauraro]] ." Zuwa shekarar 1990, amfani da kalmar ''rashin bayanai'' ya tabbatar da kansa a cikin harshen Turanci a cikin ƙamus na siyasa. Zuwa shekara ta 2001, kalmar ''rashin bayanai'' ta zama sananne a matsayin kalma mafi dacewa ta farar hula don faɗin cewa wani yana ƙarya . Stanley B. Cunningham ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa na 2002 ''mai suna The Idea of Propaganda'' cewa an yi amfani da ''bayanan karya'' a ko'ina a matsayin ma'anar farfaganda . == Tsarin aiki == Cibiyar Shorenstein da ke Jami'ar Harvard ta bayyana binciken bayanan karya a matsayin wani fanni na ilimi wanda ke nazarin "yaduwa da tasirin bayanan karya, bayanan karya, da kuma magudin kafofin watsa labarai", gami da "yadda yake yaɗuwa ta hanyoyin yanar gizo da na intanet, da kuma dalilin da yasa mutane ke iya yarda da mummunan bayanai, da kuma dabarun da suka yi nasara wajen rage tasirinsa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Disinformation |url=https://shorensteincenter.org/research-initiatives/disinformation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030110857/https://shorensteincenter.org/research-initiatives/disinformation/ |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Shorenstein Center |language=en-US}}</ref> A cewar wani labarin bincike na 2023 da aka buga a cikin New Media &amp;amp; Society, labaran karya suna yawo a [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|shafukan sada zumunta]] ta hanyar kamfen na yaudara da aka aiwatar ta hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da: tallata haja, ka'idojin makirci, satar bayanai ta hanyar dannawa, yaƙe-yaƙe na al'adu, ɗakunan amsa-amo, [[Labaran ƙarya|labaran]] bogi, farfaganda, kimiyyar karya, da jita-jita . {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" |Kamus na muhimman kalmomi da suka shafi rashin bayanai da kuma rashin bayanai |- ! Wa'adi ! Bayani ! Wa'adi ! Bayani |- | Astroturfing | Kamfe mai tsari wanda aka tsara shi a tsakiya wanda ke kwaikwayon fafutukar jama'a ta hanyar sanya mahalarta su yi kamar su 'yan ƙasa ne na yau da kullun. | [[Labaran ƙarya|Labaran karya]] | Nau'i: Ƙirƙirar karyar aikin jarida da gangan Lakabi: Yadda ake amfani da kalmar wajen sauya salon watsa labarai |- | Ka'idojin makirci | Sake bayyana asusun hukuma wanda ke ba da wasu bayanai na daban game da yadda mutane ko ƙungiyoyi ke aikata ayyuka a ɓoye | [[Greenwashing|Washing na kore]] | Sadarwa ta yaudara tana sa mutane su yi imani cewa kamfani yana da alhakin muhalli alhali kuwa ba haka lamarin yake ba |- | Clickbait | Amfani da kanun labarai da ƙananan hotuna masu ɓatarwa da gangan don ƙara yawan zirga-zirgar yanar gizo don samun riba ko shahara | Farfaganda | Tsarin sadarwa ta jama'a, a kan wani ɓoyayyen tsari, kuma da manufa ta daidaita imani da aiki ta hanyar kauce wa tunanin mutum ɗaya |- | Yaƙe-yaƙen al'adu | Wani lamari da ya faru inda ƙungiyoyi da yawa na mutane, waɗanda ke da ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi, ke ƙoƙarin jagorantar manufofin jama'a cikin rashin jituwa | Kimiyyar Zamba | Bayanan da ke da'awar ikon bayyana kimiyya, suna aro harshenta da sahihancinta amma sun sha bamban sosai da ka'idojin ingancinta. |- | [[Doxing|Doxxing]] | Wani nau'in cin zarafi ta yanar gizo wanda ke karya iyakokin sirri ta hanyar fitar da bayanai da nufin cutar da kai ga wanda aka yi wa illa | Jita-jita | Labarai marasa tushe waɗanda ke yaɗuwa ba tare da an tabbatar da su ko kuma an tabbatar da su ba |- | Ɗakin Echo | Yanayi mai zurfi inda mahalarta ke haɗuwa da imani da ra'ayoyi waɗanda suka yi daidai da nasu | Trolling | Ƙungiyoyin masu tasiri na dijital waɗanda ke aiki da 'click army' waɗanda aka tsara don jawo hankalin jama'a |- | yaudara | Labarai inda ake gabatar da hujjojin ƙarya a matsayin halaltattu | Tatsuniyoyi na birane | Labarun ɗabi'a waɗanda ke nuna labarai masu ɗorewa na masu kutse waɗanda ke aikata laifukan kan iyaka da mummunan sakamakonsu |} Domin a bambance tsakanin kalmomi makamantan haka, gami da bayanai marasa tushe da bayanai marasa tushe, masana sun yarda gaba ɗaya kan ma'anonin kowace kalma kamar haka: (1) bayanai marasa tushe shine yaɗa bayanai na ƙarya da nufin haifar da lahani ga jama'a; (2) bayanai marasa tushe suna wakiltar yaɗa bayanai na ƙarya da ba da gangan ba; kuma (3) bayanai marasa tushe bayanai ne na gaskiya da aka yaɗa da nufin haifar da lahani, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baines |first=Darrin |last2=Elliott |first2=Robert J. R. |date=April 2020 |title=Defining misinformation, disinformation and malinformation: An urgent need for clarity during the COVID-19 infodemic |url=https://ideas.repec.org//p/bir/birmec/20-06.html |url-status=live |journal=Discussion Papers |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214124131/https://ideas.repec.org//p/bir/birmec/20-06.html |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making |url=https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214125635/https://edoc.coe.int/en/media/7495-information-disorder-toward-an-interdisciplinary-framework-for-research-and-policy-making.html |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Council of Europe Publishing |language=en}}</ref> an taƙaita waɗannan kalmomin 'DMMI'. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newman |first=Hadley |orig-date=16 September 2021 |title=Understanding the Differences Between Disinformation, Misinformation, Malinformation and Information – Presenting the DMMI Matrix |url=https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/39289/html/ |url-status=live |journal=Draft Online Safety Bill (Joint Committee) |location=UK |publisher=UK Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104112358/https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/39289/html/ |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Camille François ta ƙirƙiro tsarin "ABC" na fahimtar hanyoyi daban-daban na labaran karya ta yanar gizo: * ''<nowiki/>'Yan wasan kwaikwayo'' na yaudara, waɗanda "suke shiga cikin yakin neman zaɓe na yaudara ta yanar gizo da gangan" waɗanda "ba a ɓoye ba, waɗanda aka tsara don ɓoye asalin da kuma manufar ɗan wasan da ke shirya su." Misalai sun haɗa da mutane kamar Guccifer 2.0, shafukan intanet, kafofin watsa labarai na gwamnati, da kuma jami'an soji. * Halayyar ''Yaudara'', wadda "ta ƙunshi nau'ikan dabarun da masu yaudarar ƙwayoyin cuta za su iya amfani da su don haɓaka da kuma ƙara girman tasirin kamfen ɗin su." Misalai sun haɗa da gonakin troll, bots na intanet, astroturfing, da kuma " biyan kuɗi ". * ''Abubuwan'' da ke da illa, waɗanda suka haɗa da bayanan da ba su dace ba game da lafiya, kafofin watsa labarai da aka yi wa magudi kamar su deepfakes, [[Cin zarafin yanar gizo|cin zarafi ta yanar gizo]], tsattsauran ra'ayi mai ƙarfi, kalaman ƙiyayya ko [[ta'addanci]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=François |first=Camille |date=2019-09-20 |title=Actors, Behaviors, Content: A Disinformation ABC – Highlighting Three Vectors of Viral Deception to Guide Industry & Regulatory Responses |url=https://docs.house.gov/meetings/SY/SY21/20190926/109980/HHRG-116-SY21-Wstate-FrancoisC-20190926-SD001.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321071912/https://docs.house.gov/meetings/SY/SY21/20190926/109980/HHRG-116-SY21-Wstate-FrancoisC-20190926-SD001.pdf |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2024-05-17}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Cibiyar Brookings ta ba da shawarar gyara wannan tsarin don haɗawa ''da Rarrabawa'', wanda aka ayyana ta hanyar "ka'idojin fasaha waɗanda ke ba da damar, ƙuntatawa, da kuma tsara halayen mai amfani a cikin sararin samaniya na kama-da-wane". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alaphilippe |first=Alexandre |date=2020-04-27 |title=Adding a 'D' to the ABC disinformation framework |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/adding-a-d-to-the-abc-disinformation-framework/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027042531/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/adding-a-d-to-the-abc-disinformation-framework/ |archive-date=2023-10-27 |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=[[Brookings Institution]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Hakazalika, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ta ba da shawarar ƙara ''Digiri'' ("raba abubuwan da ke ciki ... da masu sauraro da ya isa") da ''Tasiri'' ("irin barazanar da shari'ar da aka bayar ke haifarwa"). === Kwatanta da farfaganda === Ko kuma har zuwa wane mataki ne ake muhawara kan ko bayanan karya da farfaganda suka yi karo a tsakaninsu. Wasu (kamar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ) suna bayyana farfaganda a matsayin amfani da hujjoji marasa ma'ana don ci gaba ko kuma lalata manufar siyasa, kuma suna amfani da bayanan karya a matsayin madadin suna don lalata farfaganda, yayin da wasu ke ɗaukar su a matsayin ra'ayoyi daban-daban gaba ɗaya. Wani sanannen ra'ayi ya ce bayanan karya kuma suna bayyana saƙonnin da aka tsara musamman don siyasa, waɗanda aka tsara su musamman don haifar da suka ga jama'a, rashin tabbas, rashin kulawa, rashin yarda, da kuma tsoro, waɗanda duk suna hana jama'a shiga da kuma tattara jama'a don sauye-sauyen zamantakewa ko siyasa. == Aiki == Rushewar bayanai shine lakabin da ake yawan amfani da shi wajen karkatar da bayanai da kuma tsoma baki a harkokin waje (FIMI) . <ref>{{Cite web |last=European Extrernal Action Service (EEAS) |date=27 October 2021 |title=Tackling Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation & Interference |url=https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/tacklingdisinformation-foreign-information-manipulation-interference_en.}}</ref> Nazarin da aka yi kan bayanan karya galibi yana da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke cikin aiki yayin da babban ra'ayin FIMI ya fi damuwa da "halin wani ɗan wasa" wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar ka'idar soja ta dabaru, dabaru, da hanyoyin aiki (TTPs). <ref name=":4" /> Hukumomin leƙen asiri na gwamnati ne ke aiwatar da wannan ɓarna, amma kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da 'yan kasuwa suna amfani da ita. Ƙungiyoyin gaba wani nau'i ne na rashin bayanai, domin suna ɓatar da jama'a game da ainihin manufofinsu da kuma su waye masu kula da su. Kwanan nan, an yada labaran karya da gangan ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta a cikin nau'in " [[Labaran ƙarya|labaran karya]] ", an boye labaran karya a matsayin labaran labarai na halal kuma an yi nufin yaudarar masu karatu ko masu kallo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tandoc |first=Edson C |last2=Lim |first2=Darren |last3=Ling |first3=Rich |date=2019-08-07 |title=Diffusion of disinformation: How social media users respond to fake news and why |journal=Journalism |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=381–398 |doi=10.1177/1464884919868325 |issn=1464-8849 |s2cid=202281476}}</ref> Bayanan karya na iya haɗawa da rarraba takardu na jabu, rubuce-rubuce, da hotuna, ko yaɗa jita-jita masu haɗari da kuma bayanan sirri na ƙarya . Amfani da waɗannan dabarun na iya haifar da koma baya, duk da haka, haifar da irin waɗannan sakamako marasa niyya kamar ƙarar ɓata suna ko lalata suna ga mai ba da labarin. <ref name="eugeneasamier" /> Bayanan karya na iya yaɗuwa cikin sauƙi a cikin yanayi inda babu ingantattun bayanai kan wani batu, kamar rikici. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Woon |first=Eugene |last2=Pang |first2=Augustine |year=2017 |title=Explicating the information vacuum: stages, intensifications, and implications |url=https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-10-2016-0066 |journal=Corporate Communications |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=329–353 |via=Emerald Insight}}</ref> An ga tasirin hakan bayan hare-haren da aka kai wa Southport a shekarar 2024, inda aka ƙara yawan yaɗuwar labaran ƙarya game da tarihin mai kisan ta hanyar bayar da rahotannin ƙuntatawa, ma'ana babu wata hujja da za ta hana bayanan ƙarya. <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Venkataramakrishnan |first=Siddharth |year=2025 |title=From Disinformation to Violence: The UK Far Right and 2024 Riots |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48815455 |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=8–12 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da tarzomar Burtaniya ta 2024. <ref name=":8" /> == A duk duniya == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  An gano cewa ruɗani a matsayin babban ƙalubale, yana lalata amincewar jama'a da kuma tushen gaskiya na muhawarar jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Disinformation and misinformation |url=https://www.oecd.org/en/topics/disinformation-and-misinformation.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=OECD |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Industrialized Disinformation 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation |url=https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2021/02/CyberTroop-Report20-Draft9.pdf |journal=University of Oxford}}</ref> <ref name="europarl">{{Cite web |last=Colomina |first=Carme |date=22 April 2021 |title=The impact of disinformation on democratic processes and human rights in the world |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/653635/EXPO_STU(2021)653635_EN.pdf |publisher=European Parliament Policy Department for External Relations - Directorate General for External Policies of the Union}}</ref> Bincike ya gano cewa bayanan karya galibi suna yaɗuwa da sauri da kuma yaɗuwa a intanet fiye da sahihan bayanai. Binciken da aka gudanar ya kuma danganta rashin bayanai da rarrabuwar kawuna a siyasance, wargajewar dimokuradiyya, da juriyar gwamnati a cikin yanayin kama-karya. <ref name="vosoughi">{{Cite journal |last=Vosoughi |first=Soroush |last2=Roy |first2=Deb |last3=Aral |first3=Sinan |year=2018 |title=The spread of true and false news online |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aap9559 |journal=Science |doi=10.1126/science.aap9559 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="sato">{{Cite journal |last=Sato |first=Yoshihiro |year=2024 |title=Disinformation and regime survival |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11305955/ |journal=Journal of Global Politics (or publisher if different)}}</ref> === Rubuce-rubucen Soviet game da ruɗani === {{excerpt|Soviet disinformation}} === Rubuce-rubucen Rasha === {{excerpt|Russian disinformation}} === Labaran bogi na kasar Sin === {{Excerpt|Spamouflage|paragraphs=1}} === Labaran karya na Amurka === [[File:How_Disinformation_Can_Be_Spread.jpg|thumb| Yadda Za A Iya Yaɗa Bayanan Ruɗani, Bayanin Ma'aikatar Tsaron Amurka (2001)]] Ƙungiyar Leken Asiri ta Amurka ta yi amfani da kalmar ''"disinformation"'' a shekarun 1950 daga ''dezinformatsiya'' ta Rasha, kuma ta fara amfani da irin waɗannan dabarun, tun daga lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki, kuma a lokacin rikici da sauran ƙasashe. ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' ta ruwaito a shekara ta 2000 cewa a lokacin da CIA ke ƙoƙarin maye gurbin [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Mohammed Reza Pahlavi]] a matsayin Firayim Ministan Iran na wancan lokacin [[Mohammad Mosaddegh|Mohammad Mossadegh]], CIA ta sanya labarai na ƙagaggu a cikin jaridar gida. <ref name="adamtaylor" /> Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya rubuta yadda, bayan mamayar Tarayyar Soviet a Afghanistan a shekarar 1979 a lokacin Yaƙin Soviet da Afghanistan, CIA ta sanya labaran ƙarya a jaridun ƙasashen da Musulunci ya fi rinjaye, inda ta yi kuskuren faɗin cewa ofisoshin jakadancin Soviet suna da "bikin ranar mamaye". <ref name="adamtaylor" /> Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya lura cewa wani tsohon jami'in leken asirin Amurka ya ce za su yi ƙoƙarin samun amincewar 'yan jarida su yi amfani da su a matsayin jami'an sirri, don shafar siyasar wata ƙasa ta hanyar kafofin watsa labaransu na gida. <ref name="adamtaylor" /> A watan Oktoban 1986, kalmar ta sami ƙaruwar kuɗi a Amurka lokacin da aka bayyana cewa watanni biyu da suka gabata, Gwamnatin Reagan ta shiga wani yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙarya kan shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] na wancan lokacin. Wakilin [[White House|Fadar White House]] Larry Speakes ya ce rahotannin wani hari da aka shirya kai wa Libya kamar yadda ''jaridar Wall Street Journal'' ta fara karyata a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 1986, "masu iko ne", kuma wasu jaridu ciki har da ''jaridar Washington Post'' sun rubuta labarai suna cewa wannan gaskiya ne. <ref name="biagi" /> Wakilin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka [[Bernard Kalb]] ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa don nuna rashin amincewa da kamfen din karya bayanai, kuma ya ce: "Imani da kalmar Amurka shine bugun zuciya na dimokuradiyyarmu." <ref name="biagi" /> Sashen zartarwa na gwamnatin Reagan ya ci gaba da sa ido kan kamfen ɗin karya bayanai ta hanyar wallafe-wallafe uku na shekara-shekara daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje: ''Matakan Aiki: Rahoton kan Sinadari da Tsarin Yaƙi da Amurka.'' ''S. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙarya da farfaganda'' (1986); ''Rahoton Matakan Aiki da Farfaganda, 1986–87'' (1987); da ''Rahoton Matakan Aiki da Farfaganda, 1987–88'' (1989). A cewar wani rahoto da Reuters ta fitar, Amurka ta gudanar da wani kamfen na yada labaran karya [[Bayanai na Covid-19|game da allurar rigakafin COVID-19 ta Sinovac ta kasar Sin]], ciki har da amfani da shafukan sada zumunta na bogi don yada labaran karya cewa allurar rigakafin Sinovac ta ƙunshi sinadaran da aka samo daga naman alade kuma saboda haka ''haramun'' ne a karkashin [[Shari'a|dokar Musulunci]] . Kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters ya ce an tsara kamfen din ChinaAngVirus ne don "kawar da abin da ta dauka a matsayin tasirin da China ke yi a Philippines" kuma "[tsoron] cewa diflomasiyyar China da farfagandar COVID na iya jawo hankalin sauran kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kamar Cambodia da Malaysia, kusa da Beijing". <ref name=":6" /> An kuma bayyana kamfen ɗin a matsayin "ramuwar gayya ga ƙoƙarin Beijing na ɗora wa Washington alhakin annobar". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toropin |first=Konstantin |date=2024-06-14 |title=Pentagon Stands by Secret Anti-Vaccination Disinformation Campaign in Philippines After Reuters Report |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2024/06/14/pentagon-stands-secret-anti-vaccination-disinformation-campaign-philippines-after-reuters-report.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614223757/https://www.military.com/daily-news/2024/06/14/pentagon-stands-secret-anti-vaccination-disinformation-campaign-philippines-after-reuters-report.html |archive-date=2024-06-14 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=[[Military.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓen ya fi mayar da hankali kan mutane a [[Filipin|Philippines]] kuma ya yi amfani da hashtag na kafofin sada zumunta na "China ita ce cutar" a cikin [[Harshen Tagalog|Tagalog]] . <ref name=":6" /> Yaƙin neman zaɓen ya fara ne daga shekarar 2020 zuwa tsakiyar shekarar 2021. <ref name=":6" /> Babban kamfanin kwangilar da ya yi aikin sojan Amurka shi ne Janar Dynamics IT, wanda ya sami dala miliyan 493 saboda rawar da ya taka. <ref name=":6" /> Tun daga shekarar 2023, 'yan jam'iyyar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka sun kai hari kan masu bincike da ke nazarin bayanan karya a matsayin wadanda suka saba wa 'yancin [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|fadin albarkacin baki]] da kuma a matsayin karin magana ga takunkumin gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jankowicz |first=Nina |date=2025-04-09 |title=Republicans Are Obsessed with a Censorship Lie |url=https://www.thebulwark.com/p/republicans-are-obsessed-with-a-censorship-lie-twitter-files-taibbi-goebbels |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=thebulwark.com |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2025, ta ambaci Dokar Zartarwa da Trump ya sanya wa hannu, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Scire |first=Sarah |date=2025-04-21 |title=National Science Foundation cancels research grants related to misinformation and disinformation |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2025/04/national-science-foundation-cancels-research-grants-related-to-misinformation-and-disinformation/ |website=niemanlab.org}}</ref> Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ta soke tallafin kuɗi don binciken bayanan ƙarya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=Updates on NSF Priorities |url=https://www.nsf.gov/updates-on-priorities |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=NSF - National Science Foundation |language=en}}</ref> tana mai cewa bai dace da fifikon NSF ba, "gami da amma ba'a iyakance ga waɗanda suka shafi bambancin ra'ayi, daidaito, da haɗaka ( DEI ) da kuma bayanan ƙarya/bayanan ƙarya ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carnell |first=Henry |date=2025-04-22 |title=Government cancels disinformation grants in disinformation-filled statement |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2025/04/nsf-science-disinformation-research-grants-cancelled/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref> === Labarai marasa tushe a kuri'ar raba gardama ta zama memba a Tarayyar Turai ta Burtaniya ta 2016 === Kuri'ar raba gardama ta zama memba a Tarayyar Turai ta Burtaniya ta 2016 ta ga alkaluman da aka samu daga yakin neman zaben 'Yanci sun yaɗa labaran ƙarya a shafukan sada zumunta. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Höller |first=Maximilian |year=2021 |title=The human component in social media and fake news: the performance of UK opinion leaders on Twitter during the Brexit campaign |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13825577.2021.1918842 |journal=European Journal of English Studies |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=91–93 |via=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan muhawarar sun yi tasiri ga motsin zuciyar masu zaɓe da alaƙar su, kamar iƙirarin cewa fam miliyan 350 da Birtaniya ke aika wa EU kowace mako za a iya ware su ga NHS, wanda hakan ya sa suka yi tasiri sosai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaber |first=Ivor |last2=Fisher |first2=Caroline |date=2022-04-01 |title="Strategic Lying": The Case of Brexit and the 2019 U.K. Election |journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics |language=EN |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=466–467 |doi=10.1177/1940161221994100 |issn=1940-1612}}</ref> Ofcom ta bukaci masu watsa labarai su kasance tsaka-tsaki, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Section five: Due impartiality and due accuracy |url=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/broadcast-standards/section-five-due-impartiality-accuracy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113215619/https://www.ofcom.org.uk/tv-radio-and-on-demand/broadcast-standards/section-five-due-impartiality-accuracy |archive-date=13 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=ofcom.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> duk da haka wannan bin doka da oda ya haifar da daidaiton karya a muhawarar Brexit, wanda ya sa masu watsa labarai su yada labaran karya ba tare da sani ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Hannah |last2=Drieschova |first2=Alena |date=2018-10-01 |title=Post-Truth Politics in the UK's Brexit Referendum |journal=New Perspectives |language=EN |volume=26 |issue=3 |page=96 |doi=10.1177/2336825X1802600305 |issn=2336-825X}}</ref> == Martani == === Martani daga shugabannin al'adu === [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi Allah wadai da labaran karya a wata hira da ya yi da shi a shekarar 2016, bayan da aka mayar da shi batun wani gidan yanar gizo na labaran karya a lokacin zabubbukan Amurka na 2016 wanda ya yi ikirarin karya cewa yana goyon bayan [[Donald Trump]] . Ya bayyana cewa mafi munin abin da kafofin watsa labarai za su iya yi shi ne yaɗa labaran ƙarya kuma ya ce wannan laifi ne, kwatanta waɗanda ke yaɗa labaran ƙarya da mutanen da ke aikata laifukan lalata . === Ɗabi'a a yaƙi === A cikin wata gudummawa da suka bayar ga littafin ''Military Ethics and Emerging Technologies'' na shekarar 2014, marubuta David Danks da Joseph H. Danks sun tattauna tasirin ɗabi'a wajen amfani da bayanai marasa tushe a matsayin dabara yayin yaƙin bayanai . Sun lura cewa an yi muhawara mai zurfi ta falsafa game da batun dangane da ɗabi'un yaƙi da amfani da dabarar. <ref name="daviddanks" /> Marubutan sun bayyana matsayin da ake yarda da amfani da bayanan ƙarya a wasu lokutan, amma ba a kowane yanayi ba. <ref name="daviddanks" /> A al'ada, gwajin ɗabi'a da za a yi la'akari da shi shine ko an yi wannan ƙaryar ne bisa ga himma da kuma yarda da dokokin yaƙi . <ref name="daviddanks" /> Ta wannan gwajin, dabarar da aka yi a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu ta sanya tankunan fesawa na bogi a wurare da ake iya gani a [[Jerin tsibirai a cikin Tekun Pacific|Tsibirin Pacific]] domin a nuna cewa akwai manyan rundunonin soji a wurin za a ɗauke ta a matsayin wadda aka yarda da ita a ɗabi'a. <ref name="daviddanks" /> Akasin haka, ɓoye wurin ajiye makamai a matsayin wurin kula da lafiya domin gujewa hari ba zai zama abin da za a iya amfani da shi wajen amfani da bayanan karya a lokacin yaƙi ba. <ref name="daviddanks" /> == Bincike == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Disinformation_and_echo_chambers.jpg|thumb| Ruɗani yana yaɗuwa ta hanyar jayayya. <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022" />]] Binciken da ya shafi nazarin bayanan ƙarya yana ƙaruwa a matsayin wani fanni na bincike da aka yi amfani da shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spies |first=Samuel |date=2019-08-14 |title=Defining "Disinformation", V1.0 |url=https://mediawell.ssrc.org/literature-reviews/defining-disinformation/versions/1-0/ |url-status=live |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030094140/https://mediawell.ssrc.org/literature-reviews/defining-disinformation/versions/1-0/ |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tandoc |first=Edson C. |year=2019 |title=The facts of fake news: A research review |journal=Sociology Compass |language=en |volume=13 |issue=9 |doi=10.1111/soc4.12724 |issn=1751-9020 |s2cid=201392983}}</ref> Masu fafutuka sun yi kiran a ayyana bayanan karya a matsayin barazanar tsaron yanar gizo saboda karuwarsa a shafukan sada zumunta. Duk da yawaitar shafukan yanar gizo na sada zumunta, Facebook da Twitter sun fi nuna mafi yawan ayyukan da ake yi idan aka yi la'akari da kamfen ɗin karya bayanai. Dabaru da aka ruwaito sun haɗa da amfani da na'urorin bot don faɗaɗa kalaman ƙiyayya, tattara bayanai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da kuma biyan kuɗi don cin zarafi da barazana ga 'yan jarida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Samantha Bradshaw & Philip N. Howard. (2019) The Global Disinformation Disorder: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation. Working Paper 2019.2. Oxford, UK: Project on Computational Propaganda |url=https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/09/CyberTroop-Report19.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525105011/https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/09/CyberTroop-Report19.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=University of Oxford}}</ref> Yayin da binciken labaran karya ya fi mayar da hankali kan yadda 'yan wasa ke shirya yaudara a shafukan sada zumunta, musamman ta hanyar [[Labaran ƙarya|labaran karya]], sabon bincike yana bincika yadda mutane ke ɗaukar abin da ya fara a matsayin yaudara sannan su yaɗa shi a matsayin ra'ayinsu na kashin kansu. <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022" /> Sakamakon haka, bincike ya nuna cewa za a iya fahimtar bayanan ƙarya a matsayin shiri wanda ke ƙarfafa shiga cikin tunanin adawa (watau, yaƙe-yaƙen al'adu ), wanda bayanan ƙarya ke yaɗuwa a matsayin makamin maganganu don muhawara marar ƙarewa. <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022" /> Yayin da labaran karya ke da alaƙa da yaƙe-yaƙen al'adu, takaddamar da ke haifar da asalin mutum ta zama hanyar da labaran karya ke yaɗuwa a [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|shafukan sada zumunta]] . Wannan yana nufin cewa labaran ƙarya suna bunƙasa, ba duk da tsangwama ba amma saboda su. Dalili kuwa shi ne cewa jayayya tana samar da tushe mai kyau don muhawara mai ƙarewa wadda ke ƙarfafa ra'ayoyi. <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022" /> Masana sun nuna cewa labaran karya ba wai kawai barazana ce ga ƙasashen waje ba, domin masu samar da labaran karya a cikin gida suna amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya kamar jaridu, gidajen rediyo, da gidajen talabijin don yaɗa labaran karya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miller |first=Michael L. |last2=Vaccari |first2=Cristian |date=July 2020 |title=Digital Threats to Democracy: Comparative Lessons and Possible Remedies |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161220922323 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=333–356 |doi=10.1177/1940161220922323 |issn=1940-1612 |s2cid=218962159 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214125205/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161220922323 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> Binciken da ake yi a yanzu ya nuna cewa masu fafutukar siyasa ta yanar gizo na dama a Amurka na iya amfani da bayanan karya a matsayin dabara da dabara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Freelon |first=Deen |last2=Marwick |first2=Alice |last3=Kreiss |first3=Daniel |date=2020-09-04 |title=False equivalencies: Online activism from left to right |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abb2428 |url-status=live |journal=Science |language=EN |volume=369 |issue=6508 |pages=1197–1201 |bibcode=2020Sci...369.1197F |doi=10.1126/science.abb2428 |pmid=32883863 |s2cid=221471947 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021142705/https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abb2428 |archive-date=21 October 2021 |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref> Kuri'ar raba gardama ta Tarayyar Turai ta 2016 a Burtaniya ta kuma ga 'yan siyasar Burtaniya da ke goyon bayan yakin neman zabe na barin kasar sun yada labaran karya a shafin Twitter. <ref name=":9" /> An kuma zargi Jam'iyyar Conservative da yada labaran karya game da Jam'iyyar Labour a gabanin [[2019 United Kingdom general election|babban zaben 2019.]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaber |first=Ivor |last2=Fisher |first2=Caroline |year=2022 |title="Strategic Lying": The Case of Brexit and the 2019 U.K. Election |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1940161221994100 |journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=469–470 |via=SAGE Publications}}</ref> Gwamnatoci sun mayar da martani da manufofi daban-daban don magance damuwa game da barazanar da labaran karya ke haifarwa ga dimokuradiyya, duk da haka, babu wata yarjejeniya a cikin tattaunawar manufofi na manyan mutane ko rubuce-rubucen ilimi game da ma'anar labaran karya na barazana ga dimokuradiyya, da kuma yadda manufofi daban-daban za su iya taimakawa wajen magance mummunan tasirinsa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tenove |first=Chris |date=July 2020 |title=Protecting Democracy from Disinformation: Normative Threats and Policy Responses |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161220918740 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of Press/Politics |language=en |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=517–537 |doi=10.1177/1940161220918740 |issn=1940-1612 |s2cid=219437151 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214125205/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1940161220918740 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |access-date=14 December 2022}}</ref> === Sakamakon fallasa labaran karya a intanet === Akwai cikakkiyar fahimta tsakanin masana cewa akwai babban matakin rashin bayanai, rashin bayanai, da kuma farfaganda a yanar gizo; duk da haka, ba a san irin wannan rashin bayanai ba game da ra'ayoyin siyasa a cikin jama'a da kuma sakamakon siyasa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Tucker |first=Joshua |last2=Guess |first2=Andrew |last3=Barbera |first3=Pablo |last4=Vaccari |first4=Cristian |last5=Siegel |first5=Alexandra |last6=Sanovich |first6=Sergey |last7=Stukal |first7=Denis |last8=Nyhan |first8=Brendan |year=2018 |title=Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature |url=https://www.ssrn.com/abstract=3144139 |url-status=live |journal=SSRN Working Paper Series |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3144139 |issn=1556-5068 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221202942/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3144139 |archive-date=21 February 2021 |access-date=29 October 2019}}</ref> Wannan hikima ta al'ada ta fito ne daga 'yan jarida masu bincike, tare da ƙaruwa musamman a lokacin zaɓen Amurka na 2016: wasu daga cikin ayyukan farko sun fito ne daga Craig Silverman a Buzzfeed News. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2016 |title=This Analysis Shows How Viral Fake Election News Stories Outperformed Real News On Facebook |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717155014/https://www.buzzfeed.com/craigsilverman/viral-fake-election-news-outperformed-real-news-on-facebook |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref> Cass Sunstein ya goyi bayan hakan a ''#Republic,'' yana mai jayayya cewa intanet za ta cika da ɗakunan amsa-amo da tarin bayanai na bayanai waɗanda ke haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna da rashin ilimi. Daga baya bincike ya tabbatar da wanzuwar ɗakunan amsa-amo a shafukan sada zumunta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cinelli |first=Matteo |last2=De Francisci Morales |first2=Gianmarco |last3=Galeazzi |first3=Alessandro |last4=Quattrociocchi |first4=Walter |last5=Starnini |first5=Michele |date=2021-03-02 |title=The echo chamber effect on social media |url=https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2023301118 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=118 |issue=9 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2023301118 |pmc=7936330 |pmid=33622786}}</ref> Bincike bayan zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Amurka na 2016 ya gano cewa: (1) ga kashi 14% na Amurkawa kafofin sada zumunta su ne tushen "mafi mahimmanci" na labaran zaɓe; 2) labaran ƙarya da aka sani "an raba jimillar sau miliyan 30 a Facebook, yayin da waɗanda ke goyon bayan Clinton aka raba sau miliyan 8"; 3) matsakaicin balagaggen Amurka ya ga labaran ƙarya, "tare da kusan rabin waɗanda suka tuna sun gan su suna yarda da su"; kuma 4) mutane sun fi "amincewa da labaran da ke fifita ɗan takarar da suka fi so, musamman idan sun raba hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewa ta hanyar akida." [1] Haka kuma, duk da cewa akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa cewa yaɗuwar da kuma karɓar labaran ƙarya ta hanyar intanet a lokacin zaɓen 2016 ya yi yawa kuma wataƙila wakilan ƙasashen waje ne suka taimaka masa, akwai muhawara kan ko duk wannan ya yi tasiri a zaɓen. Misali, wani gwaji mai ban mamaki da masu bincike daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London (LSE) suka gudanar, ya gano cewa fallasa labaran karya ta yanar gizo game da Trump ko Clinton ba shi da wani tasiri mai mahimmanci kan niyyar kaɗa ƙuri'a ga waɗannan 'yan takara. Masu binciken da suka binciki tasirin labaran karya na Rasha a shafin Twitter a lokacin yakin neman zaben shugaban Amurka na 2016 sun gano cewa fallasa labaran karya (1) ya ta'allaka ne a tsakanin ƙaramin rukuni na masu amfani, (2) galibi a tsakanin 'yan Republican, da kuma (3) fallasa labaran siyasa da 'yan siyasa na halal. A ƙarshe, sun ga "babu wata shaida ta alaƙa mai ma'ana tsakanin fallasa ga kamfen ɗin tasirin Rasha a ƙasashen waje da canje-canje a cikin halaye, rarrabuwar kawuna, ko halayen zaɓe." [2] Saboda haka, duk da yaɗuwar da aka yi a lokacin zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2016, labaran karya ko labaran ƙarya a yanar gizo wataƙila ba su sa Hillary Clinton ta rasa kuri'un da ake buƙata don samun shugabancin ƙasa ba. [3] Bincike kan wannan batu har yanzu bai kammala ba, misali, bayanai marasa tushe ba su canza ilimin siyasa game da waɗanda aka fallasa su ba sosai. <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Allcott |first=Hunt |last2=Gentzkow |first2=Matthew |date=May 2017 |title=Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=211–236 |doi=10.1257/jep.31.2.211 |issn=0895-3309 |s2cid=32730475 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Da alama akwai babban matakin bambancin kafofin labarai da masu amfani ke nunawa a Facebook da Twitter fiye da yadda hikimar gargajiya za ta nuna, da kuma yawan tattaunawa tsakanin mutane daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakshy |first=E. |last2=Messing |first2=S. |last3=Adamic |first3=L. A. |date=2015-06-05 |title=Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook |journal=Science |volume=348 |issue=6239 |pages=1130–1132 |bibcode=2015Sci...348.1130B |doi=10.1126/science.aaa1160 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=25953820 |s2cid=206632821 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wojcieszak |first=Magdalena E. |last2=Mutz |first2=Diana C. |date=2009-03-01 |title=Online Groups and Political Discourse: Do Online Discussion Spaces Facilitate Exposure to Political Disagreement? |journal=Journal of Communication |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=40–56 |doi=10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01403.x |issn=0021-9916 |s2cid=18865773}}</ref> Wasu shaidu sun gano cewa yakin neman zabe na karya bayanai ba kasafai yake samun nasara wajen sauya manufofin kasashen waje na kasashen da aka yi wa hari ba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lanoszka |first=Alexander |year=2019 |title=Disinformation in international politics |journal=European Journal of International Security |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=227–248 |doi=10.1017/eis.2019.6 |issn=2057-5637 |s2cid=211312944}}</ref> Bincike kuma yana da ƙalubale saboda ana nufin bayanan ƙarya su yi wahalar gano su kuma wasu kamfanonin kafofin sada zumunta sun hana ƙoƙarin bincike a waje. [1] Misali, masu bincike sun gano cewa bayanan karya sun sa "tsarin gano bayanai na zamani daga kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya bai yi tasiri ba ko kuma bai dace ba...[saboda bayanan karya] an rubuta su ne da gangan don yaudarar masu karatu...[kuma] hulɗar zamantakewa da masu amfani da labaran karya ke yi yana samar da bayanai masu girma, marasa cikawa, marasa tsari, kuma masu hayaniya." [1] 'Yan jarida da masana masu nazari sun soki Facebook, babbar kamfanin kafofin sada zumunta, saboda hana binciken da ake yi a waje na labaran karya. [2] [3] [4] [5] === Madadin ra'ayoyi da suka === An gabatar da wasu ra'ayoyi daban-daban: # Ba tare da ''duba gaskiya da kuma [[Karatun jarida|sanin kafofin watsa labarai]]'' ba, sai a yi nazarin wani abu da ya mamaye duniya a matsayin wani abu da ya shafi fiye da labaran da ake yadawa. # Ci gaba fiye da ''hanyoyin fasaha,'' gami da binciken gaskiya da aka inganta ta hanyar AI, don fahimtar tushen tsarin rashin bayanai. # Samar da ka'ida wadda ta wuce ta ''Amurka'' don haɓaka hangen nesa na duniya, fahimtar mulkin mallaka na al'adu da dogaro da Duniya ta Uku akan labaran Yamma '', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tworek |first=Heidi |date=2022-08-02 |title=Can We Move Beyond Disinformation Studies? |url=https://www.cigionline.org/articles/can-we-move-beyond-disinformation-studies/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601164258/https://www.cigionline.org/articles/can-we-move-beyond-disinformation-studies/ |archive-date=2023-06-01 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=[[Centre for International Governance Innovation]]}}</ref>'' da kuma fahimtar bayanai marasa tushe a Kudancin Duniya. # Haɓaka ''binciken ƙarya da ya shafi kasuwa'' wanda ke bincika abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa na kuɗi da samfuran kasuwanci waɗanda ke tura masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki da dandamali na dijital su yaɗa labaran ƙarya akan layi. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Diaz Ruiz |first=Carlos A. |date=2024-10-30 |title=Disinformation and fake news as externalities of digital advertising: a close reading of sociotechnical imaginaries in programmatic advertising |journal=Journal of Marketing Management |language=en |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1080/0267257X.2024.2421860 |issn=0267-257X |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> # ''Haɗa da tsarin ilimi daban-daban'', wanda ya haɗa da [[tarihi]], tattalin arzikin siyasa, nazarin ƙabilanci, nazarin mata, da kuma nazarin kimiyya da fasaha . # Haɓaka fahimtar ''labaran karya da suka dogara da jinsi (GBD)'' da aka ayyana a matsayin "yaɗa labaran ƙarya ko na ɓatarwa da ke kai hari ga mata (musamman shugabannin siyasa, 'yan jarida da manyan mutane), suna mai da hankali kan asalinsu na mata." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sessa |first=Maria Giovanna |date=2020-12-04 |title=Misogyny and Misinformation: An analysis of gendered disinformation tactics during the COVID-19 pandemic |url=https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/misogyny-and-misinformation:-an-analysis-of-gendered-disinformation-tactics-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919005420/https://www.disinfo.eu/publications/misogyny-and-misinformation:-an-analysis-of-gendered-disinformation-tactics-during-the-covid-19-pandemic/ |archive-date=2023-09-19 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=EU DisinfoLab |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sessa |first=Maria Giovanna |date=2022-01-26 |title=What is Gendered Disinformation? |url=https://il.boell.org/en/2022/01/26/what-gendered-disinformation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721155302/https://il.boell.org/en/2022/01/26/what-gendered-disinformation |archive-date=2022-07-21 |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=[[Heinrich Böll Foundation]] |language=en}}</ref> == Dabaru don yaɗa labaran ƙarya == === Harin lalata bayanai === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>Littattafan bincike kan yadda labaran karya ke yaɗuwa suna ƙaruwa. <ref name=":1" /> Bincike ya nuna cewa labaran karya da ake yadawa a shafukan sada zumunta za a iya raba su zuwa matakai biyu: shuka da kuma bayyana ra'ayi. <ref name="DiazRuizNilsson2022" /> "Tushewa", lokacin da masu aikata mugunta ke saka yaudara, kamar labaran karya, cikin tsarin zamantakewa na kafofin watsa labarun, kuma "echoing" shine lokacin da masu sauraro ke yaɗa labaran ƙarya a matsayin ra'ayoyinsu akai-akai ta hanyar haɗa bayanan ƙarya cikin tatsuniyoyi masu karo da juna. === Sarrafa Intanet === [[File:20260711_Rage_baiting.svg|thumb| Ba kamar rahotannin gaskiya ba, dabarun kamar cin zarafin fushi, batsa mai tayar da hankali, da sauransu sun haɗa da watsa shirye-shiryen kafofin watsa labarai don sarrafa karuwar hulɗar masu kallo, sau da yawa ta hanyar haifar da mummunan martani na motsin rai da suka yi daidai da labaran siyasa ko wasu. <ref name="Oxford_20251201">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2025 |title=The Oxford Word of the Year 2025 is rage bait |url=https://corp.oup.com/news/the-oxford-word-of-the-year-2025-is-rage-bait/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260625163629/https://corp.oup.com/news/the-oxford-word-of-the-year-2025-is-rage-bait/ |archive-date=25 June 2026 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> <ref name="Feldman_summary">{{Cite journal |last=Feldman |first=Lauren |date=21 September 2024 |title=''Irony and Outrage: The Polarized Landscape of Rage, Fear, and Laughter in the United States'' by Dannagal Goldthwaite Young (review) |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/937790 |journal=American Book Review |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=49-53 |doi=10.1353/abr.2024.a937790 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ]] {{excerpt|Internet manipulation}}Bincike ya nuna manyan hanyoyi guda huɗu na shuka bayanai marasa tushe a yanar gizo: <ref name=":1" /> # Takunkumin zaɓe # Sarrafa matsayin bincike # Kutse da kuma sakin bayanai # Raba bayanai na ƙarya kai tsaye Kwanan nan, an nuna damuwa cewa fasahar AI za ta iya ba ƙungiyoyin shirye-shiryen AI, waɗanda aka sani da 'ƙungiyoyin AI,' damar yin aiki da kansu don sarrafa tattaunawar dimokuradiyya, ta hanyar ci gaba da riƙe asalin karya da kuma kwaikwayon yanayin zamantakewar ɗan adam na tsawon lokaci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Daniel Thilo |last2=Cha |first2=Meeyoung |last3=Baronchelli |first3=Andrea |last4=Bostrom |first4=Nick |last5=Christakis |first5=Nicholas A. |last6=Garcia |first6=David |last7=Goldenberg |first7=Amit |last8=Kyrychenko |first8=Yara |last9=Leyton-Brown |first9=Kevin |last10=Lutz |first10=Nina |last11=Marcus |first11=Gary |last12=Menczer |first12=Filippo |last13=Pennycook |first13=Gordon |last14=Rand |first14=David G. |last15=Ressa |first15=Maria |date=2026-01-22 |title=How malicious AI swarms can threaten democracy |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz1697 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=391 |issue=6783 |pages=354–357 |doi=10.1126/science.adz1697 |issn=0036-8075 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> === Amfani da fasahar tallan kan layi === Ana ƙara samun ƙaruwar bayanai marasa tushe a yanar gizo saboda rashin da'a da suka shafi tallan kan layi, musamman hulɗar na'ura-da-machine na tsarin bayar da tayin a ainihin lokaci . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Braun |first=Joshua A. |last2=Eklund |first2=Jessica L. |date=2019-01-02 |title=Fake News, Real Money: Ad Tech Platforms, Profit-Driven Hoaxes, and the Business of Journalism |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2018.1556314 |journal=Digital Journalism |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1080/21670811.2018.1556314 |issn=2167-0811 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An yi amfani da fasahar talla ta yanar gizo don faɗaɗa labaran ƙarya saboda ƙarfafa kuɗi da kuma samun kuɗi daga abubuwan da masu amfani suka samar da kuma [[labaran ƙarya]] . <ref name=":7" /> Za a iya amfani da sakaci wajen sa ido kan kasuwar tallan yanar gizo don faɗaɗa labaran ƙarya, gami da amfani da kuɗi mai duhu da ake amfani da shi don tallan siyasa . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadler |first=Anthony |last2=Donovan |first2=Joan |last3=Crane |first3=Matthew |date=2018-10-17 |title=Weaponizing the Digital Influence Machine |url=https://datasociety.net/library/weaponizing-the-digital-influence-machine/ |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=Data & Society |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Bayanan kula == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}} == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karatu == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * . * . * . * O'Connor, Cailin, da James Owen Weatherall, "Dalilin da Ya Sa Muke Dogara da Ƙarya: Mafi ingancin rashin fahimta yana farawa da tsaban [[gaskiya]] ", ''Scientific American'', vol. 321, lamba ta 3 (Satumba 2019), shafi na 10.&nbsp;54–61. * . * . * . * . * . == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20071025061754/http://www.bl.uk/learning/cult/disinfo/disinformation.html bayanan karya] – tushen ilmantarwa daga Laburaren Burtaniya gami da fim mai hulɗa da ayyuka. * [https://mediawell.ssrc.org/ MediaWell] – wani shiri na Majalisar Bincike ta Kimiyyar Zamani mai zaman kanta wanda ke neman bin diddigin da kuma tattara bayanai na karya, bayanai marasa tushe, da kuma binciken labaran karya. * [https://commonslibrary.org/how-civil-society-can-counter-disinformation/ Yadda Ƙungiyar Farar Hula Za Ta Iya Magance Matsalar Rushewar Bayanai] ta Commons {{Disinformation|state=expanded}}{{Propaganda}}{{Media culture}}{{Military deception}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fo6c3ijnenx8gosd1b2g5bqrr7sd28a 0 177576 964663 960792 2026-10-08T08:18:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zangomari''' wani ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Akko (Nigeria)|ƙaramar hukumar Akko]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Gona na ƙaramar hukumar Akko, kuma lambar gidan wasiku ta yankin ita ce 771104.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akko Postal or Zip Codes |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/location/gombe/akko/?page=3 |website=Nigeria Postcode |access-date=30 Satumba 2026 }}</ref> Akwai [[Zangomari Primary School]] a yankin, wanda aka jera a cikin kundin rukunin rumfunan zaɓe na [[INEC]] a matsayin wurin rumfar zaɓe. Haka kuma, bayanan gwamnati sun ambaci Zangomari Junior Secondary School a Akko.<ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units — Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=30 Satumba 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=2026-08-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2010 Reconciled Projects — North-East Zone |url=https://tetfund.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2010-RECONCILED-PROJECTS-1.pdf |website=TETFund |access-date=30 Satumba 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Garuruwa da ƙauyuka a Jihar Gombe]] [[Category:Akko]] fa8lf3oc9z1n72it636zrpmvl88lzp3 0 177726 964541 961300 2026-10-07T23:17:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Warren S. George''' ɗan gwagwarmayar ƙungiyar Amurka ne kuma Shugaban kasa na Ƙungiyar Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU), <ref>{{Cite journal |title=News Briefs |url=https://www.atu.org/atu-pdfs/LoRes_ATU_InTransit_May_June2018Can.pdf |journal=InTransit |volume=May–June 2018 |pages=2 |access-date=October 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014305/https://www.atu.org/atu-pdfs/LoRes_ATU_InTransit_May_June2018Can.pdf |archive-date=October 13, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi masu aiki a siyasa a cikin AFL-CIO . Daga 2003 zuwa 2010, George ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kasa da kasa na ATU . <ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Retirement of Warren S. George {{!}} AFL-CIO |url=https://aflcio.org/about/leadership/statements/retirement-warren-s-george |access-date=2018-10-12 |website=aflcio.org |language=en}}</ref> An ambaci George a cikin waƙar "Workin' for the MTA" a kan kundin Harlem River Blues na Justin Townes Earle na 2010. Kalmomin sun karanta: ''"Hakika, lokutan wahala suna tafiya, lokutan da wuya suna tafiya, lokuta masu wahala suna tafiya' kusa, suna da sa'a a garin New York. Amma ni ban' a kan ATU, ban' a ranar ATU, ni ban'a a kan ATu, Brother George zai gan ni. "'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] r8rc2djgfg7lkcrbns5hb4zk5yu9ha3 0 177739 964351 964314 2026-10-07T14:00:56Z HK RIGASA2 28228 964351 wikitext text/x-wiki Aikin jarida a Najeriya ya samo asali tun zamanin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa labarai, ilimantar da jama'a da kuma tattauna harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa<ref>.Akinfeleye, Ralph. Essentials of Journalism. Lagos: Miral Printing Press.</ref> ==Rediyo== A shekarar 1978, aka kafa Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN), wadda ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyukan rediyon tarayya a Najeriya. Rediyo ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu, wasanni da nishaɗi ga jama'a. ==Talabijin== A shekarar 1959, aka kafa Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) a Ibadan. An danganta WNTV da kasancewarta tashar talabijin ta farko a Afirka. A shekarar 1977, aka kafa Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) domin gudanar da tsarin talabijin na ƙasa. Talabijin ta ƙara faɗaɗa damar jama'a wajen samun labarai da shirye-shiryen ilimi, al'adu da nishaɗi. ==Aikin jarida a lokacin mulkin soja== A lokacin mulkin soja a Najeriya, kafafen yaɗa labarai sun fuskanci dokoki da ƙuntatawa daban-daban. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa gwamnatocin soja sun yi amfani da dokoki, dokokin soja da wasu matakai na gudanarwa wajen takaita 'yancin aikin jarida.<ref>Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2004). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993: An Historical and Legal Narrative. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press</ref> Duk da waɗannan ƙuntatawa, jaridun Najeriya sun ci gaba da taka rawa wajen bayyana ra'ayoyi da tattauna harkokin gwamnati da siyasa.<ref>Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2004). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993: An Historical and Legal Narrative. Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press</ref> ==Bayyanar kafafen watsa labarai masu zaman kansu== A shekarun 1990, tsarin watsa shirye-shirye a Najeriya ya fara samun ƙarin buɗewa ga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A shekarar 1992, aka kafa National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) domin tsara harkokin watsa shirye-shirye, ciki har da bayar da lasisi da sa ido kan gidajen rediyo da talabijin. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wajen ƙaruwa da yawan kafafen watsa shirye-shiryen kasuwanci da masu zaman kansu a Najeriya. ==Aikin jarida a zamanin intanet== Zuwan intanet ya kawo babban sauyi a aikin jarida a Najeriya. Jaridu suka fara kafa shafukan yanar gizo, yayin da gidajen rediyo da talabijin suka fara amfani da intanet wajen yaɗa labarai da shirye-shirye. Kafafen sada zumunta kamar Facebook, X, YouTube da Instagram sun kuma zama hanyoyin yaɗa labarai da tattauna al'amuran jama'a. ==Aikin jarida na zamani== A yau, aikin jarida a Najeriya ya ƙunshi jaridu, mujallu, rediyo, talabijin, shafukan yanar gizo da kafafen sada zumunta. Ci gaban wayoyin hannu da intanet ya sauƙaƙa samarwa da rarraba labarai. A lokaci guda, ya ƙara muhimmancin tantance sahihancin bayanai da bambance labaran gaskiya da bayanan ƙarya. <ref>Oloyede, Isikilu Bayo (2023). The Press Under Military Rule in Nigeria, 1966–1993. CODESRIA.</ref> ==Tasirin aikin jarida a Najeriya== A tsawon tarihinsa, aikin jarida ya taka rawa a fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar Najeriya, ciki har da: * yaɗa labarai da bayanai; * ilimantar da jama'a; * wayar da kan al'umma; * tattauna harkokin siyasa; * adana bayanan tarihi; * yaɗa al'adu da harsuna; * ba jama'a damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu. ==Duba kuma== * [[Aikin jarida]] * [[Kafofin watsa labarai a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin rediyo a Najeriya]] * [[Tarihin talabijin a Najeriya]] * [[Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria]] * [[Nigerian Television Authority]] * [[National Broadcasting Commission]] ==Manazarta== aesjdp758999s74ua4qdamzubzh181h 0 177755 964722 961463 2026-10-08T11:25:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox organization|name=International Blind Sports Federation|type=Sports federation|headquarters=[[Bonn]], Germany<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ibsasport.org/about/who-we-are/history/|title=History}}</ref>|membership=|language=}}'''Ƙungiyar Wasannin Makafi ta Duniya''' ( '''{{Not a typo|IBSA}}''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a shekarar 1981 a [[Faris|birnin Paris]], Faransa. A da an san ta da Ƙungiyar Wasannin Makafi ta Duniya. Manufar IBSA ita ce ta haɓaka cikakken haɗin kai tsakanin mutane [[Makanta|makafi]] da marasa gani sosai a cikin al'umma ta hanyar wasanni da kuma ƙarfafa mutanen da ke da [[Makanta|nakasa ta gani]] su fara yin wasanni da kuma yin wasanni. IBSA cikakken memba ne kuma wanda ya kafa [[Kwamitin Wasannin Paralympic na Duniya|Kwamitin Paralympic na Duniya]] (IPC). A watan Maris na 2022, dangane da mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine a shekarar 2022, ta haramta wa 'yan wasa da jami'ai na Rasha da Belarus shiga wasanninta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2022 |title=International Blind Sports Federation latest body to ban Russia and Belarus |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120614/ibsa-russia-belarus-ban |website=www.insidethegames.biz}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Ƙungiyar Wasannin Makafi ta Duniya, wacce aka fi sani da suna 'IBSA', a shekarar 1981. <ref name="IBSA40">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2021 |title=Former Presidents mark IBSA's 40th anniversary |url=https://ibsasport.org/former-presidents-mark-ibsas-40th-anniversary/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA)}}</ref> Shugaban IBSA na farko shi ne mai tseren gudu na Paralympic kuma mai wasan tsalle-tsalle a kan dusar ƙanƙara, Jens Bromann (daga Denmark) wanda ya yi shekaru takwas, kafin ya shiga Kwamitin Wasannin Paralympic na Duniya daga 1988 zuwa 1992. <ref name="IBSA40" /> <ref name="IBSAhistory">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://ibsasport.org/about/who-we-are/history/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA)}}</ref> IBSA tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi huɗu, daga baya ta zama shida, waɗanda suka kafa 'Kwamitin Haɗin gwiwa na Duniya na Wasanni ga Nakasassu a Duniya' (ICC) a 1982, wanda a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1989 ya zama [[Kwamitin Wasannin Paralympic na Duniya|Kwamitin Nakasassu na Duniya]], a matsayin hukumar gudanarwa ta duniya ta ƙungiyar Paralympic. <ref name="IBSAhistory" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paralympics history |url=https://www.paralympic.org/ipc/history |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> Shugaban ƙasa na biyu (1993 zuwa 2001) shine Enrique Sanz (daga Spain), sai kuma Enrique Perrez (daga 2001 zuwa 2005; shi ma daga Spain). <ref name="IBSAhistory" /> Shugaba na huɗu Michael Barredo (daga Philippines) ya yi wa'adi biyu, daga 2005 zuwa 2013. <ref name="IBSA40" /> Jannie Hammershøi (daga Denmark), tsohuwar 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Paralympic, ta fara aiki a watan Satumba na 2013 don yin wa'adi uku. Ƙungiyar ta canza sunanta zuwa tarayya tsakanin 2002 da 2003, lokacin da take zaune a Spain kuma ta yi amfani da adireshin yanar gizo www.ibsa.es. Daga baya aka mayar da ƙungiyar zuwa birnin Bonn, Jamus. Tambarin ta kuma canza a wani lokaci daga wakilcin duniya, zuwa farkon sunayenta tare da sunan ƙungiyar da ke ƙasa; a cikin tambarin biyu, ana wakiltar kalmar IBSA a cikin dige-dige [[Braille|na Braille]] . Shugaban ƙungiyar wasanni ta makafi ta Italiya, Sandro Di Girolamo, na shida (daga Italiya), ya fara wa'adin shekaru huɗu daga ranar Litinin 11 ga Oktoba, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2021 |title=Di Girolamo elected IBSA President |url=https://ibsasport.org/di-girolamo-elected-ibsa-president/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA)}}</ref> An yanke wa'adin ne da wani babban taro na musamman a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2023, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Candidates for the IBSA Extraordinary General Assembly |url=https://ibsasport.org/candidates-for-the-ibsa-extraordinary-general-assembly/ |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) |publisher=International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA)}}</ref> inda Ilgar Rahimov (daga Azerbaijan) ya fara wa'adinsa na shekaru huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2023 |title=Ilgar Rahimov is the new IBSA president |url=https://ibsasport.org/ilgar-rahimov-is-the-new-ibsa-president/ |access-date=22 December 2023 |website=International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) |publisher=International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA)}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2025, ƙungiyar ta fitar da kasafin kuɗi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2025 |title=IBSA Budget 2026: A New Financial Policy and a New Framework for Sustainable Development |url=https://www.ibsasport.org/news/ibsa-budget-2026-a-new-financial-policy-and-a-new-framework-for-sustainable-development/ |access-date=31 December 2025 |website=International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA)}}</ref> da kuma tsarin dabarun da aka fi sani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 December 2025 |title=IBSA Executive Board Approves the Strategic Framework 2025–2030 |url=https://www.ibsasport.org/news/ibsa-executive-board-approves-the-strategic-framework-20252030/ |access-date=31 December 2025 |website=International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA)}}</ref> == Wasanni == IBSA ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta wasanni da dama ga mutanen da ke da nakasa ta gani, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasannin [[Wasannin Paralympic|Paralympic]] guda uku ( ƙwallon ƙafa ta makafi, ƙwallon raga, da Para judo ), [[Dara (Chess)|wasan dara]], [[Wasan motsa jiki na Paralympic|ɗagawa da ƙarfi]], wasan bowling na pin goma, wasan bowling na pin tara, wasan torball, da kuma wasan hamayya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2016 |title=Sports |url=http://www.ibsasport.org/sports/ |website=ibsasport.org}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2026, an ƙara wasan tennis na makafi da na ƙarancin gani a cikin wasannin IBSA. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2026 |title=IBSA establishes Blind Tennis Committee, opening a new chapter for the sport |url=https://ibsasport.org/news/ibsa-establishes-blind-tennis-committee-opening-a-new-chapter-for-the-sport/ |access-date=10 August 2026 |publisher=[[International Blind Sports Federation]]}}</ref> Ana gudanar da gasar a cikin yankuna biyar: Afirka, Amurka, Asiya, Turai, da Oceania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IBSA regions |url=https://ibsasport.org/about/who-we-are/ibsa-regions/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA)}}</ref> A fannin ƙwallon raga, an haɗa Asiya da Oceania a matsayin yankin 'Asiya-Pacific'. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rules and download |url=https://goalball.sport/about-goalball/rules-and-downloads/ |access-date=28 November 2021 |website=IBSA Goalball |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008164125/https://goalball.sport/about-goalball/rules-and-downloads/ |archive-date=8 October 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Wasannin motsa jiki == Taron IBSA shine Gasar Wasannin Duniya da IBSA, wanda ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru huɗu. Wasannin farko sun faru ne a shekarar 1998 a [[Madrid]], Spain, sannan kuma a shekarar 2003 a [[Kebek (birni)|birnin Quebec]], Kanada. An gudanar da bugu na uku na wasannin a [[São Paulo]], Brazil, a shekarar 2007, kuma an gudanar da wasannin 2011 a [[Antalya]], Turkiyya. A shekarar 2015, tsakanin 8 zuwa 18 ga Mayu, an gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya ta IBSA karo na 5 a [[Seoul]], Koriya ta Kudu, kuma an fafata a gasar powerlifting, judo, ballball, kwallon kafa, dara, tenpin bowling, tandem cycling, iyo, iyo, da kuma wasannin motsa jiki. IBSA kuma tana shirya gasar cin kofin duniya da ta yankuna a yawancin wasanninta. Gasar cin kofin yankuna ko na nahiyar galibi ana gudanar da ita ne a cikin shekaru daban-daban, yayin da gasar cin kofin duniya ke gudana duk bayan shekaru hudu a cikin shekaru ma'ana idan babu wasannin Paralympic. == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Wasannin Duniya na IBSA === {{main|Wasannin Duniya na IBSA}} {|class=wikitable !Buga ||Shekara ||Mai masaukin baki ||Kwanan wata ||Wasanni |- |align=center |1 ||1998 ||{{flagicon|Spain}} Sifaniya, Madrid ||18–26 Yuli<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibsa.es/esp/galeria/13/campeonato/campe_i.htm |publisher=IBSA |title=Madrid '98 |access-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701055046/http://www.ibsa.es/esp/galeria/13/campeonato/campe_i.htm |archive-date=1 July 2012 }}</ref> || 4 |- |align=center |2 ||2003 ||{{flagicon|Canada}} Kanada, Quebec ||5–10 Agusta<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibsa.es/esp/deportes/swimming/Quebec%202003%20Swimming%20results.pdf |publisher=IBSA |title=II IBSA World Championships and Games |access-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041122153314/http://www.ibsa.es/esp/deportes/swimming/Quebec%202003%20Swimming%20results.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2004 }}</ref> || 4 |- |align=center |3 ||2007 ||{{flagicon|Brazil}} Brazil, São Paulo ||28 Yuli – 8 Agusta<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibsa.es/eng/deportes/swimming/noticia.asp?Idnoticia=581 |publisher=IBSA |title=3rd IBSA World Championships and Games Brazil 2007 |access-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://achive.today/20070502070716/http://www.ibsa.es/eng/deportes/swimming/noticia.asp?Idnoticia=581 |archive-date=2 May 2007 }}</ref> || 6 |- |align=center |4 ||2011 ||{{flagicon|Turkey}} Turkiyya, Antalya ||1–10 Afirilu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibsa.es/eng/noticias/noticia.asp?Idnoticia=1242 |publisher=IBSA |title=IBSA World Championships and Games Antalya 2011 |access-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911002554/http://www.ibsa.es/eng/noticias/noticia.asp?Idnoticia=1242 |archive-date=11 September 2012 }}</ref> || 7 |- |align=center |5 ||2015 ||{{flagicon|South Korea}} Koriya ta Kudu, Seoul ||8–18 Mayu || 10 |- |align=center |6 ||2019 ||{{center|''Ba a gudanar ba'' }} ||{{center|— }} || |- |align=center |7 ||2023 ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Birtaniya, Birmingham ||18–27 Agusta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1094115/birmingham-2023-ibsa-world-games-host|title = Birmingham named as host of 2023 IBSA World Games| date=11 May 2020 }}</ref> || 11 |- |align=center |8 ||2027 ||{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}} Uzbekistan, Tashkent || ||align=center |<ref>{{cite web |title=President’s Blog: IBSA Board meeting of November 15, 2024 |url=https://ibsasport.org/presidents-blog-ibsa-board-meeting-of-november-15-2024/#content-section |website=IBSA News |publisher=International Blind Sports Federation |access-date=17 January 2025 |date=16 November 2024}}</ref> |} === Wasannin Matasa na Duniya na IBSA (WYC) === * Tsohon suna: Wasannin Matasa da Dalibai na Duniya na IBSA {| class="wikitable" ! width="20" |Bugun ! width="20" | Shekara ! width="200" | Mai masaukin baki ! width="120" | Kwanaki ! width="20" | Wasanni |- | align="center" | 1 | 2005 |{{Flag|USA}} , [[Colorado Springs]] | 4–10 ga Agusta | align="center" | 5 |- | align="center" | 2 | 2007 |{{Flag|USA}}, [[Colorado Springs]] | 11–17 Yuli | align="center" | 5 |- | align="center" | 3 | 2009 |{{Flag|USA}}, [[Colorado Springs]] | 15–20 Yuli | align="center" | 3 |- | align="center" | 4 | 2011 |{{Flag|USA}}, [[Colorado Springs]] | 13–18 ga Yuli | align="center" | 3 |- | align="center" | 5 | 2013 |{{Flag|USA}}, [[Colorado Springs]] | 13–15 Satumba | align="center" | 2 |- | align="center" | 6 | 2015 |{{Flag|USA}} , [[Colorado Springs]] | 26–30 Yuli | align="center" | 1 |- | align="center" | 7 | 2017 |{{Flag|HUN}} , [[Budaörs]] | 1–9 ga Yuli | align="center" | 1 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Results: 2017 IBSA Goalball World Youth Championships – News – IBSA |url=http://www.ibsasport.org/news/1235/final-results-2017-ibsa-goalball-world-youth-championships |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100225/http://www.ibsasport.org/news/1235/final-results-2017-ibsa-goalball-world-youth-championships |archive-date=9 December 2017 |access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref> |} == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] meqw6v5whv3pr99k98a1v4ngfe20jzx 0 177840 964445 961803 2026-10-07T19:33:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tudu Kwaya | settlement_type = Ward and settlement | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Nigeria]] | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Gombe State]] | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = [[Billiri]] | postal_code = 771101 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Tudu Kwaya''' yanki ne da ke cikin [[Billiri Local Government Area]] na [[Gombe State]], [[Nigeria]]. Tudu Kwaya kuma yana daga cikin yankuna da aka ayyana a matsayin ''ward'' a Billiri, kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu ƙauyuka da wuraren zama da dama da ke ƙarƙashinsa. Bayanan Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa (INEC) sun nuna cewa Tudu Kwaya yana da lambar Registration Area/ward ta 10 a cikin Billiri Local Government Area. <ref>{{cite web |title=RA-LGA Analysis Nationwide |url=https://wp1.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/RA-LGA-ANALYSIS-NATIONWIDE.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi da matsayi == Tudu Kwaya yana cikin jerin garuruwa da ƙauyukan Billiri Local Government Area na Jihar Gombe. Jerin ƙauyukan Jihar Gombe ya ambaci Tudu Kwaya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da ke ƙarƙashin Billiri, tare da wasu wurare kamar Tal, Tanglang da Todi. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A tsarin gudanarwa na zaɓe, INEC ta ware Tudu Kwaya a matsayin Registration Area/ward mai lamba 10 a Billiri Local Government Area. Wannan ya bambanta da wasu yankunan Billiri kamar Todi, Tal, Tanglang, Kalmai da Bare, waɗanda su ma suke da nasu Registration Areas. <ref>{{cite web |title=RA-LGA Analysis Nationwide |url=https://wp1.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/RA-LGA-ANALYSIS-NATIONWIDE.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Makarantu da wuraren zaɓe == Tudu Kwaya na da wuraren kaɗa kuri'a da dama. Kundin INEC ya nuna Tudu Kwaya I da Tudu Kwaya II a makarantar firamare ta Kwaya, yayin da Tudu Kwaya III yake a K. Sarki Tudu. Wannan bayanin ya nuna cewa makarantu da wuraren taruwar al'umma suna daga cikin muhimman wuraren da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da zaɓe a yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Baya ga wuraren da ke ɗauke da sunan Tudu Kwaya kai tsaye, Registration Area ɗin ya haɗa da wurare kamar Yol­de, Lawishi, Lakondo, Layona, Fulani Jilo, Latana I, Latana II, Poshalo da Panguru. Kundin INEC ya lissafa waɗannan wurare a matsayin polling units da ke ƙarƙashin Tudu Kwaya Registration Area. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Zaɓe == Tudu Kwaya yana da muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin gudanar da zaɓe a Billiri saboda matsayinsa na ward. Bayanai kan polling units na yankin sun nuna cewa akwai wuraren kaɗa kuri'a da suka haɗa da Tudu Kwaya I, Tudu Kwaya II, Tudu Kwaya III, Yol­de, Lawishi, Lakondo, Layona, Fulani Jilo, Latana, Poshalo da Panguru. <ref>{{cite web |title=Billiri L.G.A Polling Units/Wards |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/billiri-l-g-a-polling-units-wards/ |publisher=Media Nigeria |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin kundin INEC da aka sake tsara, an nuna cewa Tudu Kwaya Registration Area tana da polling units 12 a cikin bayanan da aka wallafa na shekarar 2015. Daga cikinsu akwai wuraren da ke Tudu Kwaya kai tsaye da kuma wasu wurare da ke cikin wannan Registration Area. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wasu bayanan da aka wallafa daga baya sun nuna ƙarin polling units a Tudu Kwaya ward, ciki har da sabbin wuraren da aka danganta da Tudu Kwaya da Layona. Wannan yana nuna cewa tsarin polling units na yankin ya samu sauye-sauye tun bayan kundin INEC na 2015. <ref>{{cite web |title=Billiri L.G.A Polling Units/Wards |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/billiri-l-g-a-polling-units-wards/ |publisher=Media Nigeria |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Noma == Billiri Local Government Area tana cikin yankin Guinea savanna na Najeriya, kuma noma yana daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki a yankin. Wani binciken ilimi kan noman masara a Billiri ya yi amfani da Tudu Kwaya a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wards ɗin da aka gudanar da bincike a kansu, tare da sauran wards na ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Production and marketing of quality protein maize in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development |volume=3 |number=1 |year=2020 |url=https://www.njaat.com.ng/index.php/jasd/article/download/110/78 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken ya nuna cewa manoma daga Tudu Kwaya suna cikin al'ummar manoman da aka yi nazari a kai a Billiri. An zaɓi manoma daga wards daban-daban na ƙaramar hukumar domin nazarin samarwa da tallata irin masarar da ake kira Quality Protein Maize. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Production and marketing of quality protein maize in Billiri Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Journal of Agripreneurship and Sustainable Development |volume=3 |number=1 |year=2020 |url=https://www.njaat.com.ng/index.php/jasd/article/download/110 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Ruwa da ayyukan gwamnati == An kuma ambaci Tudu Kwaya a cikin takardun kasafin kuɗin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya da suka shafi ayyukan samar da ruwa. Wata takardar kasafin kuɗi ta ambaci samar da rijiyoyin burtsatse masu amfani da hasken rana a Tudu Kwaya Ward, Billiri Local Government Area, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ayyukan samar da ruwa a yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=2013 Appropriation: Summary of Water Projects |url=https://budgetoffice.gov.ng/pdfs/2013%20appropriation/8.%20Summary_Water.pdf |publisher=Budget Office of the Federation, Federal Government of Nigeria |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuraren da ke ƙarƙashin Tudu Kwaya == A cikin bayanan wuraren zama na Billiri, Tudu Kwaya Registration Area tana da wurare da dama waɗanda suka haɗa da Tudu Kwaya, Yol­de, Lawishi, Lakondo, Layona, Fulani Jilo, Latana, Poshalo da Panguru. Waɗannan sunaye suna bayyana a cikin bayanan polling units da na wuraren zama na yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Billiri]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Tangale]] * [[Todi]] * [[Tal]] * [[Tanglang]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} n6wrjuox2ujk8l7nvteg35yngihnkhy 0 177847 964559 961815 2026-10-08T00:03:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Waziri | settlement_type = Registration Areas | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Nigeria]] | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Gombe State]] | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = [[Dukku]] | government_type = Registration Area | parts_type = Registration Areas | parts = Waziri North; Waziri South/Central | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Waziri''' yanki ne da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Dukku]] ta [[Gombe State]], [[Nigeria]]. A tsarin [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC), an raba yankin Waziri zuwa Registration Areas guda biyu, wato '''Waziri North''' da '''Waziri South/Central'''. Waziri North tana da lambar 07, yayin da Waziri South/Central take da lambar 08. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin kundin INEC na rumfunan zaɓe na Gombe State, an nuna cewa Waziri North tana da rumfunan zaɓe guda 29, yayin da Waziri South/Central take da rumfunan zaɓe guda 40. Jimillar rumfunan zaɓe na waɗannan yankuna biyu a kundin na shekarar 2015 ita ce 69. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Waziri North ita ce Registration Area mai lamba 07 a Dukku. Bayanai na INEC sun nuna cewa yankin yana da rumfunan zaɓe da aka ware a wurare daban-daban domin gudanar da zaɓe, kuma wannan Registration Area na daga cikin yankunan da suka samar da tsarin zaɓe na ƙaramar hukumar Dukku. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Waziri South/Central kuwa ita ce Registration Area mai lamba 08 a Dukku. A kundin INEC na 2015, an ware mata rumfunan zaɓe guda 40, waɗanda suka bazu cikin wurare daban-daban a yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Daga cikin wuraren da aka ambata a cikin jerin rumfunan zaɓe na Waziri South/Central akwai Lafiya, Tilel, Nayelwa, Dugge, Gona, Shabewa, Nakuja, Wedu-Kole, Wakalo, Shalludi da Dashi. Haka kuma akwai wasu wurare kamar Bulbul Tongoyel, Wuro Amale, Gabulu, Yarra/Nakaya, Gambe/Galumji, Jonde, Damba, Dile da Tarau. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sauran wuraren da aka lissafa a ƙarƙashin Waziri South/Central sun haɗa da Gombe Doggize, Bozonshulwa, Wakili Adamu, Tinda, Banigayi, Yado, Jardade, Malalayel, Shuwe, Nappe da Birni. Waɗannan sunayen sun bayyana ne a cikin bayanan wuraren rumfunan zaɓe na INEC. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin wuraren rumfunan zaɓe na Waziri South/Central suna cikin makarantu da cibiyoyin jama'a. Misalan wuraren da aka ambata a bayanan INEC sun haɗa da Dukku West Primary School, Dukku Central Primary School, Gona East School, Shabewa Primary School da Dashi Primary School. Wannan yana nuna yadda ake amfani da wasu cibiyoyin jama'a wajen samar da wuraren kada kuri'a. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> INEC ta kuma wallafa cibiyoyin karɓar katin zaɓe na matakin Registration Area. A wannan bayanin, an ware '''Dukku Central Primary School''' a matsayin cibiyar karɓar katin zaɓe ga Waziri North, yayin da '''Dukku West Primary School''' aka ware wa Waziri South/Central. <ref>{{cite web |title=PVC Collection Centres for Ward Level |url=https://wp1.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PVC-Collection-centers-for-Ward-level-1.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Bayanan International Organization for Migration (IOM) sun kuma jera Waziri North da Waziri South/Central a matsayin yankuna biyu daban a cikin Dukku. A cikin zagaye na 25 na Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM), an tantance Waziri North da gidaje 47 da mutane 250, yayin da Waziri South/Central aka tantance gidaje 57 da mutane 310. Waɗannan alkaluma na IOM ne na mutanen da aka tantance a lokacin wannan zagayen, ba wai ƙidayar yawan jama'ar yankunan gaba ɗaya ba. <ref>{{cite web |title=DTM Round 25 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://dtm.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1461/files/reports/DTM%20RND%2025%20LIST%20OF%20WARDS%20ASSESSED.pdf |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A zagaye na 31 na DTM, IOM ta sake jera Waziri North da Waziri South/Central daban. A wannan zagayen, an tantance gidaje 25 da mutane 125 a Waziri North, yayin da Waziri South/Central aka tantance gidaje 48 da mutane 236. Kamar yadda yake a sauran rahotannin DTM, waɗannan alkaluma suna nufin wuraren da aka tantance a wannan aikin ne kawai. <ref>{{cite web |title=DTM Round 31 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://dtm.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1461/files/reports/DTM%20R31%20WARDS%20ASSESSED.pdf |website=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Saboda haka, '''Waziri''' a cikin bayanan ƙaramar hukumar Dukku yana da alaƙa da Registration Areas guda biyu: '''Waziri North''' da '''Waziri South/Central'''. Bambancin waɗannan yankuna yana da muhimmanci wajen fahimtar tsarin rumfunan zaɓe, cibiyoyin karɓar katin zaɓe da bayanan gudanarwa na Dukku. <ref>{{cite web |title=PVC Collection Centres for Ward Level |url=https://wp1.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PVC-Collection-centers-for-Ward-level-1.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Dukku]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Waziri North]] * [[Waziri South/Central]] * [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 10cuyjwikegq19rgt37boupil3o0tpo 0 177848 964662 961817 2026-10-08T08:18:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Zange | settlement_type = Registration Area | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Nigeria]] | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = [[Gombe State]] | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = [[Dukku]] | government_type = Registration Area | established_title = Registration Area code | established_date = 10 | population_as_of = 2006 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Zange''' yanki ne da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar [[Dukku]] ta [[Gombe State]], [[Nigeria]]. A tsarin [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC), Zange ita ce Registration Area mai lamba '''10''' a ƙaramar hukumar Dukku. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Zange na daga cikin Registration Areas 11 da aka bayyana a cikin bayanan zaɓe na ƙaramar hukumar Dukku. Sauran Registration Areas ɗin sun haɗa da Gombe Abba, Hashidu, Jamari, Kunde, Lafiya, Malala, Waziri North, Waziri South/Central, Wuro Tale da Zaune. <ref>{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in DUKKU LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-dukku-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin bayanan rumfunan zaɓe na Zange, an yi amfani da lambar yankin '''15-04-10''', inda 15 ke wakiltar Gombe State, 04 kuma ke wakiltar Dukku Local Government Area, yayin da 10 ke wakiltar Zange Registration Area. Wannan tsarin lamba yana taimakawa wajen gano rumfunan zaɓe na yankin cikin bayanan INEC. <ref>{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in DUKKU LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-dukku-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Bayanan rumfunan zaɓe da aka wallafa sun nuna cewa Zange tana da rumfunan zaɓe guda '''25'''. Daga cikin lambobin rumfunan zaɓen akwai 15-04-10-001 zuwa 15-04-10-025, wanda na ƙarshe yake matsayin sabuwar rumfar zaɓe a bayanan da aka wallafa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in DUKKU LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-dukku-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Daga cikin wuraren da aka lissafa a ƙarƙashin Zange akwai '''Tumpure''', '''Wangi''', '''Zagala''', '''Jombo''', '''Seyum''', '''Damba Dabe''', '''Kuni''', '''Kobini Zange''' da '''Kobin'''. Waɗannan sunaye suna cikin jerin wuraren da aka ware rumfunan zaɓe a Zange Registration Area. <ref>{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in DUKKU LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-dukku-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran wuraren da aka bayyana a jerin rumfunan zaɓe na Zange sun haɗa da '''Balaje''', '''Damba Dukku''', '''Gusho''', '''Bagadaza''', '''Bani''', '''Jale''', '''Bomala''', '''Dabewo''' da '''Wawa Zange'''. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan rumfunan zaɓe an sanya su a Kofar Sarki, yayin da wasu suke kusa da makarantu ko wasu wuraren jama'a. <ref>{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in DUKKU LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-dukku-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin jerin rumfunan zaɓen Zange akwai kuma '''Bokkiru''', '''Nasarawo Da'u''', '''Wuro Kudu''', '''Pauya Fulbe''' da '''Koblo'''. Wasu daga cikin wuraren suna da rumfunan zaɓe a makarantu, kamar Bokkiru Primary School da Zange Primary School, yayin da wasu aka sanya su a Kofar Sarki ko Kofar Jauro. <ref>{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in DUKKU LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-dukku-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Daga cikin muhimman wuraren da aka ambata a bayanan Zange akwai '''Zange Primary School'''. An yi amfani da sunan wannan makaranta wajen bayyana wuraren rumfunan zaɓe na Zange, ciki har da Kobini Zange, inda aka nuna Zange Primary School a matsayin wurin rumfar zaɓe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in DUKKU LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-dukku-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Bayanan da aka wallafa kan Zange sun kuma nuna cewa rumfar '''15-04-10-025''' tana Kobini Zange, Zange Primary School I, kuma an yi mata alamar '''NEW PU'''. Wannan yana nuna cewa an ƙara wannan rumfar a cikin bayanan rumfunan zaɓe da aka sabunta. <ref>{{cite web |title=Full List of Polling Unit Numbers and ID Codes in DUKKU LGA, Gombe State |url=https://www.eduweb.com.ng/full-list-of-polling-unit-numbers-and-id-codes-in-dukku-lga-gombe-state/ |website=Eduweb |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A tsarin cibiyoyin karɓar katin zaɓe na INEC, an ware '''Zange Primary School''' a matsayin cibiyar karɓar katin zaɓe ta Zange Registration Area. Wannan ya nuna cewa makarantar tana daga cikin cibiyoyin jama'a da ake amfani da su wajen ayyukan zaɓe a yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State PVC Collection Centres |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PVC-Collection-centers-for-Ward-level-1.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Zange tana cikin tsarin gudanarwa na ƙaramar hukumar Dukku, wadda ke ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomin [[Gombe State]]. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin Dukku, kuma bayanan yankin sun nuna cewa akwai Registration Areas da dama da aka ware domin gudanar da ayyukan zaɓe da sauran harkokin gudanarwa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Dukku |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5313235 |website=Wikidata |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A bayanan zaɓe na baya-bayan nan da aka tattara kan Dukku, Zange tana ci gaba da bayyana a matsayin ward/Registration Area mai lamba 10, tare da rumfunan zaɓe 25. Wannan ya bambanta da wasu yankunan Dukku kamar Malala, wadda take da lamba 06, da Zaune, wadda take da lamba 11. <ref>{{cite web |title=Polling Units in Gombe State: How Many & Full Directory |url=https://nigeria2.com/states/gombe/polling-units/ |website=Nigeria 2.0 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Saboda haka, '''Zange''' yanki ne na ƙaramar hukumar Dukku a Gombe State wanda aka tsara a matsayin Registration Area mai lamba 10. Bayanan INEC da jerin rumfunan zaɓe sun nuna cewa yankin ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka da wurare da dama, tare da rumfunan zaɓe da aka kafa a wurare kamar makarantu, Kofar Sarki da Kofar Jauro. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |website=Independent National Electoral Commission |date=January 2015 |access-date=2 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Dukku]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Zange]] * [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mgrchz94ic0p1hr6fg7axwuzwppnd4x 0 177953 964581 962156 2026-10-08T03:48:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964581 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yankari''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yankin yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) '''771104'''. == Ilimi == Akwai makarantar firamare ta '''Yankari Primary School''' a yankin. Bayanai daga hukumar kula da ilimin firamare ta Gombe sun nuna cewa makarantar tana cikin makarantu ƙarƙashin [[Akko]] Local Education Authority (LEA). == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == A fannin zaɓe, Yankari yana cikin [[Garko]] Registration Area na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Bayanan [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC) sun jera rumfunan zaɓe uku a Yankari, waɗanda suka haɗa da '''Yankari Pri. Sch. I''', '''Yankari Pri. Sch. II''' da '''Yankari Pri. Sch. III'''. Tsoffin wuraren da aka danganta da waɗannan rumfunan sun haɗa da Yankari, Kofar Sarki Yaki; Domdomti/Yankari, Kofar Jauro; da Yankari Arewa/Yamma, Kofar J. Daji. == Ruwa == Akwai aikin samar da ruwa a Yankari da ke ƙarƙashin ayyukan [[Livestock Productivity and Resilience Support Project]] na Jihar Gombe. An jera Yankari, Akko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka samar da kayan aikin ruwa. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Yankari ita ce '''771104'''. Wannan lambar tana aiki ga Yankari da sauran wurare da ke cikin Gundumar Gona ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC: Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State] * [https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/download/staff-count-local-government-education-authority-lgea-gombe-state/ Gombe State Ministry of Finance: Staff Count] * [https://lpres.gm.gov.ng/home/project/ Gombe State LPRES Project] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-gona-yankari.html Nigeria Postcode: Yankari, Akko] ffefz0ip1s0e2wf5cdzpl6dwcf8b8u0 0 177972 964446 962243 2026-10-07T19:37:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964446 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tulmi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Tulmi yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Ilimi == Tulmi na da makarantar firamare mai suna '''Tulmi Primary School'''. Kundin Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ([[INEC]]) ya nuna wurin kaɗa ƙuri'a mai suna '''Tulmi Ala Gabi, Tulmi Pri. Sch.''' a yankin Tumu na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Tulmi yana cikin tsarin gudanarwar zaɓe na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Bayanan INEC sun danganta Tulmi da yankin '''Tumu''' kuma sun nuna '''Tulmi Ala Gabi''' a matsayin wurin kaɗa ƙuri'a da ke makarantar Tulmi Primary School. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Tulmi yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda ta shafi yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771103/ Nigeria Postcode — 771103] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State] bifxtwosrnqfkw416ike7v863cx8u0h 0 177975 964657 962246 2026-10-08T07:52:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zabin Kani''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Zabin Kani yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Zabin Kani yana cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. Bayanai na taswirar ƙasa sun nuna cewa ƙauyen yana a kusan '''10.102304°N, 11.002534°E''', kuma yana da tsayin kusan mita 404 sama da matakin teku. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Zabin Kani yana cikin tsarin gudanarwar zaɓe na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]]. Kundin wuraren kaɗa ƙuri'a na [[INEC]] ya nuna wurin kaɗa ƙuri'a mai suna '''Zabin Kani, Kofar Jauro''' a yankin Tumu. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Zabin Kani yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda aka ware wa yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://postzipcode.com/nigeria/gombe/akko/pindiga/ Pindiga Postal Codes] — bayanan lambar akwatin wasiƙa na Pindiga. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771103/ Nigeria Postcode — 771103] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260815145348/https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State] * [https://elevationmap.net/zabin-kani-pindiga-akko-ng-1001382941 Zabin Kani — Elevation Map] 62ponizt7m4gxmez89kubdncw6nttu4 0 178068 964451 962412 2026-10-07T19:54:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An '''kafa gasar Premier''' a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila a farkon shekarun 1990. An gabatar da shawarar kafa sabuwar lig a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 1990-91 . Ta sami goyon bayan wakilan dukkan ƙungiyoyi goma sha takwas na rukuni na farko, da kuma [[The Football Association|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]] (FA) ta hanyar wallafa littafinta na "Blueprint for the Future of Football". An fara [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] a matakai daban-daban: sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar membobin da suka kafa ta a ranar 17 ga Yuli 1991, kungiyoyi sun mika sanarwar yin murabus daga gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, da kuma sanarwar karshe daga hukumar kwallon kafa ta Ingila (FA) wacce ke gudanar da harkokinta. {{Sfn|Bose}} An ƙirƙiri gasar Premier "don hana manyan ƙungiyoyi asarar kuɗin shiga ga ƙananan lig", amma kuma ya yi amfani da manufar haɓaka matsayin ƙungiyoyin a lokacin da kwangilar talabijin ta gaba za ta ƙare. {{Sfn|King}} ITV tana da haƙƙin musamman na wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa kai tsaye, bayan ta biya fam miliyan 44 a cikin shekaru huɗu (1988–1992). Shirin ya zo ne bayan janye tayin haɗin gwiwa da [[BBC]] da British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB) suka yi. Daga baya masu watsa shirye-shirye biyu sun sami damar shiga gasar [[FA Cup|cin kofin FA]] . Ba kamar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ba, an kafa gasar Premier League da kwamitin gudanarwa na mutum biyu: Rick Parry, babban jami'in gudanarwa, da [[John Quinton (mai banki)|Sir John Quinton]] wanda aka naɗa a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar a watan Disamba na 1991. {{Sfn|Bose}} Duk membobin za su yanke shawara, ta hanyar ƙuri'a ɗaya-ɗaya ta ƙungiyar. Mafi rinjaye bayyananne yana buƙatar kashi biyu bisa uku. {{Sfn|Morrow}} == Manyan Biyar == Babban mataki na farko na kafa ta ya faru ne a watan Oktoban 1990, lokacin da manajan daraktan London Weekend Television (LWT), Greg Dyke, ya gana da wakilan manyan ƙungiyoyi biyar - David Dein na [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], Philip Carter na [[Everton FC|Everton]], Noel White na [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], Martin Edwards na [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] da Irving Scholar na [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Anthony |last2=Conolly, Thomas |last3=Lai, Stephen |last4=Whitfield, Matthew |last5=Bainbridge, James |last6=Mellor, Andrew |date=27 December 2005 |title=Kerry Packer (1937-2005) |url=http://thefilter.blogs.com/thefilter/Sports/page/2/ |website=The Filter^ |access-date=3 October 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328060117/https://thefilter.blogs.com/thefilter/Sports/page/2/ |archive-date=28 March 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An yi taron ne domin share fagen rabuwa da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta . Dyke ya yi imanin cewa zai fi riba ga ITV idan manyan ƙungiyoyi a ƙasar kawai aka nuna su a talabijin na ƙasa kuma suna son tabbatar da ko ƙungiyoyin za su yi sha'awar samun ƙarin kaso na kuɗin haƙƙin talabijin. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980, hukumomin ƙwallon ƙafa daban-daban da kuma kafofin watsa labarai sun sha ambaton batun ƙungiyar manyan ƙungiyoyin Ingila. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-28 |title=UEFA survived Super League breakaway, but here's how they could fix what's broken in European soccer |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/uefa-champions-league/story/4372418/uefa-survived-super-league-breakawaybut-heres-how-they-could-fix-whats-broken-in-european-soccer |access-date=2021-10-14 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> Babban bambanci tsakanin tsohuwar gasar ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma gasar da ta ɓalle (abin da ya zama [[Premier League|gasar Premier]] ) shi ne cewa kuɗin da ke cikin gasar da ta ɓalle za a raba su ne kawai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki a wannan rukunin, yayin da a tsarin da ya gabata, an raba su ne tsakanin dukkan ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa a dukkan sassan. An tsara shirin ne don ƙirƙirar gasar Premier mai ƙungiyoyi 18 a kan lokaci don kakar wasa ta 1992-93, kodayake shirin da aka sanar kwanan nan na ƙara ƙungiyoyi na farko daga 20 zuwa 22 a kakar wasa ta 1991-92 har yanzu yana ci gaba, saboda har yanzu ba a tabbatar da ƙirƙirar gasar Premier ba a wannan matakin. Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyi 14 daga cikin 22 da za su fafata a gasar rukuni na farko ta wannan kakar sun amince su kafa ƙungiyar da za ta balle idan ƙoƙarin [[The Football Association|Hukumar Kwallon Kafa]] na ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar da za ta balle ya gaza. Kungiyoyin biyar sun yanke shawarar cewa ra'ayin ya dace kuma sun yanke shawarar ci gaba da hakan, duk da haka gasar ba za ta samu karbuwa ba tare da goyon bayan [[The Football Association|Hukumar Kwallon Kafa]] ba, don haka David Dein na [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] ya yi tattaunawa don ganin ko FA ta amince da ra'ayin. Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Ingila (FA) ba ta da wata kyakkyawar alaƙa da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin, kuma ta yi la'akari da hakan a matsayin wata hanya ta raunana matsayin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa. Shugaban gasar ƙwallon ƙafa Bill Fox ma ya bayyana shirin FA na kafa ƙungiyar da ta wargaje a matsayin yunƙurin "sace" ƙungiyar farko. == Haƙƙin watsa labarai == [[File:Rick_Parry_(8556154909).jpg|right|thumb|223x223px| Rick Parry ya shiga cikin tattaunawa sosai da masu watsa shirye-shirye.]] An kafa [[Premier League|gasar Premier League]] da nufin manyan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Ingila su yi amfani da damar talabijin. Yayin da ake rarraba kuɗin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ga ƙananan lig-lig, gasar Premier ta yi niyyar sayar da haƙƙinta, inda ake raba kuɗin shiga daga watsa shirye-shirye tsakanin ƙungiyoyin mambobi kawai. Shawarar rabuwa da fara sabuwar gasar ta kuma bai wa ƙungiyoyi damar kaɗa ƙuri'a kan yanke shawara ta hanyar ƙuri'a ɗaya-ɗaya ta ƙungiyar. [[File:Rupert_Murdoch_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2009.jpg|left|thumb|225x225px| [[Rupert Murdoch]] yana son ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League ta inganta ribar BSkyB.]] A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1990, gidan talabijin na [[Rupert Murdoch]] 's Sky Television ya haɗu da kamfanin BSB mai fafatawa da tauraron dan adam don kafa sabon kamfani - BSkyB . Karɓar kamfanin ya haifar da matsala ga Murdoch yayin da kamfanin ke asarar fam miliyan 14 a kowane mako. {{Sfn|Bose}} Sabon babban jami'in gudanarwa na BSkyB, Sam Chisholm, ya sanya matakan rage farashi, daya daga cikinsu shine nasarar tattaunawa kan kwangiloli masu rahusa don nuna fina-finai daga ɗakunan studio na Hollywood. Duk da cewa matsayinsu na kuɗi ya fi kwanciyar hankali a ƙarshen 1991, BSkyB ta tara bashin fam biliyan 2 kuma ta yi asarar fam miliyan 1.5 a kowane mako. {{Sfn|Bose}} Domin dakile wannan, kamfanin ya yi la'akari da sayen Thames Television, amma Murdoch ya yanke shawarar kin amincewa da hakan saboda farashin ya yi tsada sosai. {{Sfn|Bose}} Saboda haka BSkyB ta sami zaɓuɓɓuka uku: bayar da hotunan batsa, manyan fina-finai ko kuma wasannin motsa jiki na musamman. Na farko ya gabatar da kansa da "matsaloli da yawa" kuma na biyu BSkyB ba su shirya sake tattaunawa da masana'antar fina-finai ba {{Sfn|Bose}} don haka an ɗauki wasanni a matsayin mafi kyawun zaɓi. BSkyB ta riga ta mallaki haƙƙin yin wasan kurket da rugby kuma ta tattara hazikan 'yan wasa don gabatar da ci gaban da take samu a fagen ƙwallon ƙafa. {{Sfn|Bose}} Chisholm ya bayyana gasar Premier a matsayin wadda za a yi wa hari, yana sane da cewa ƙananan ƙungiyoyi ba sa fifita labaran ITV. {{Sfn|Bose}} Haƙƙin kai tsaye na buga ƙwallon ƙafa a saman teburi ya fi ƙarfin BBC, wanda fifikonsa shine dawo ''da Wasan Ranar'' zuwa matsayinsa na yau da kullun a daren Asabar. An bai wa babban jami'in gudanarwa na gasar Premier Rick Parry da kuma shugaban kungiyar [[John Quinton (mai banki)|Sir John Quinton]] aikin nemo wadanda za su fafata. Da farko Parry ya fi son yin aiki da ITV, karkashin jagorancin Greg Dyke, amma yana son cibiyar sadarwar ta biya sama da fam miliyan 30 don buga kwallon kafa kai tsaye. A halin yanzu BSkyB - wani kamfani da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar [[Rupert Murdoch]] 's Sky Television, da British Satellite Broadcasting - ya duba yiwuwar samun haƙƙin shiga gasar Premier. Babban jami'in BSkyB, Sam Chisholm, ya yi ƙoƙarin yin tayin haɗin gwiwa da ITV wanda bai cimma nasara ba, don haka ya ƙulla yarjejeniya da [[BBC]], domin ya san kamfanin yana son wani babban shiri. Duk da cewa Chisholm ya ƙi ra'ayin Parry na kafa tashar ƙwallon ƙafa kawai, ya gina dangantaka da Premier League kuma kamfaninsa ya gayyaci Parry zuwa wuraren da ke Livingston, inda ya yi magana da Murdoch da kansa. === Tsarin yin tayin === Gasar Premier ta yi niyyar sayar da haƙƙin talabijin nata, inda kuɗin zai tafi kai tsaye ga ƙungiyoyi 22 da ke cikinta. An bai wa Parry da Quinton aikin nemo waɗanda za su yi takarar, amma ƙwarewarsa ta tattaunawa ta damu shugaban [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] David Dein . Ya shawo kan ƙungiyoyin su kafa wata ƙungiya ta daban, wadda Ron Noades da Bill Fotherby suka jagoranta a watan Oktoban 1991, suka cimma yarjejeniyar sayar da wani fakitin da aka raba. {{Sfn|Bose}} Duk da haka, jam'iyyar ba ta daɗe ba; ƙiyayya ga Dein na nufin sauran ƙungiyoyin sun zauna tare da Parry da Quinton waɗanda ke kula da al'amura. Kamar yadda Mihir Bose, marubucin littafin ''Game Changer: How the English Premier League Came to Dominate the World'' ya lura, "Wannan bai hana shugaban ƙungiyar abokan hamayyarsa ganawa da masu watsa shirye-shirye masu fafatawa da su ba." {{Sfn|Bose}} Misali, Dein ya ziyarci Greg Dyke, shugaban gidan talabijin na London Weekend Television (LWT), kuma an yi masa tayin fam miliyan 4 a kowace shekara, tsawon shekaru hudu saboda wasannin gida kai tsaye na Arsenal, Tottenham Hotspur, [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] da [[Everton FC|Everton]] a ITV. Dyke ya yi niyyar yin irin wannan tayin ga sauran ƙungiyoyi goma sha biyar na gasar Premier. {{Sfn|Bose}} Zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1991, sha'awar BSkyB game da haƙƙin Premier League ta fara bayyana. Kamfanin ya gana da Noades da shugaban [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] Ken Bates, duk da cewa babu abin da ya faru. Bates yana son kawo ƙarshen ikon mallakar ITV, yayin da Noades ke ganin cewa biyan kuɗi (PPV) shine mafita. Shugaban wasanni na BSkyB, David Hill, ya yi imanin cewa akwai ƙwallon ƙafa da yawa kuma yana son a rage kakar wasa kamar yadda aka tsara a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa . Parry, wanda ke wurin tattaunawar bai burge shi ba kuma an rubuta shi a cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarsa na ranar 21 ga Nuwamba 1991: "Shambles. Noades/Bates a kan manufa ɗaya - ra'ayoyi marasa daɗi daga Hill!" {{Sfn|Bose}} [[File:Greg_Dyke_from_acrofan.jpg|thumb|231x231px| Greg Dyke ya ƙi amincewa da haɗin gwiwar Sky]] A halin yanzu Dein ya nemi tayin daga wata ƙungiyar talabijin, wacce Kamfanin Bankin Switzerland (SBC) ke ɗaukar nauyinta. Sun yi niyyar ƙirƙirar tashar ƙwallon ƙafa kawai, wadda ake samu a na'urar transponder ta tauraron ɗan adam ta Astra. ''Jaridar Observer'' ta yi imanin cewa baya ga watsa wasannin lig, SBC za ta bayar da zaɓaɓɓun kuɗaɗen manyan ƙungiyoyi don watsa wasannin da takwarorinsu na Turai. Dein ya yi matukar farin ciki da shawarar - mai ba da kuɗi Chris Akers ya yi hasashen ribar da za ta kai fam miliyan 50 - don haka ya tura ta ga Parry. {{Sfn|Bose}} Duk da cewa shi ma ya yi farin ciki, tayin SBC daga ƙarshe ya gaza saboda shakku game da tallafin. A farkon shekarar 1992, Parry ya fi son yin yarjejeniya da ITV, amma ya yi tunanin cewa ya kamata cibiyar sadarwar ta shirya biyan har zuwa fam miliyan 30 don buga ƙwallon ƙafa kai tsaye. {{Sfn|Bose}} A wani taro da aka yi a watan Janairun 1992, Dyke ya bayyana karara cewa ITV ba za ta dauki mataki ba domin sun riga sun biya kudi da yawa don buga kwallon kafa. Shi da babban darakta Trevor East sun yi tsokaci game da bashin BSkyB kuma sun ji cewa za a tilasta wa kamfanin ya ƙara rancen idan aka ba su kwangila. {{Sfn|Bose}} Wannan bai hana Quinton yin takara ba, wanda ya bukaci Murdoch ya yi takara. Quinton ma ya sanar da Chisholm cewa babu ƙa'idojin yin tayin. {{Sfn|Bose}} Kafin Sky ta yi tayin da aka tsara, Murdoch ya nemi Chisholm ya yi magana da Dyke game da yin tayin haɗin gwiwa. {{Sfn|Bose}} Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan taron ba su da tabbas, amma abin da ya bayyana a fili shi ne cewa Chisholm ya yanke shawarar kin yin aiki da ITV. Maimakon haka, ya zaɓi ya bi sahun haɗin gwiwa da BBC, yana sane da muhimmancin al'adu na ''Match of the Day'' . {{Sfn|Bose}} A watan Fabrairun 1992, Quinton ya haɗu da Murdoch a lokacin cin abincin rana don tattauna abubuwan da yake tsammani, tare da ra'ayin tashar da aka keɓe ta Premier League a matsayin mafi fifiko a gare shi. {{Sfn|Bose}} A cikin wannan watan ne ITV ta bayyana shirinta na bayar da fam miliyan 80 ga ƙungiyar a cikin shekaru huɗu domin samun haƙƙin mallakar ƙungiyar. Dyke ya yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyarsu za ta kare BSkyB, amma ra'ayin BBC na shiru ya raunana matsayin ITV. {{Sfn|Bose}} Lokacin da aka gabatar da tayin farko kafin Maris 1992, Parry da Quinton sun nemi taimakon Academy, wani kamfanin bincike kan kasuwa don duba yuwuwar tallafawa, da kuma David Plowright don neman shawara kan batutuwan watsa labarai. {{Sfn|Bose}} SBC a wannan lokacin ta gabatar da shirye-shiryen wani tashar ƙwallon ƙafa ta musamman kuma ta rubuta wa Parry game da matsalolin dogon lokaci da gasar za ta fuskanta idan ta sayar wa Sky. {{Sfn|Bose}} Chisholm ya yi adawa da wata tashar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kawai; Parry ya rubuta wani taro tsakanin su biyun a cikin littafin tarihin rayuwarsa na ranar 12 ga Maris 1992: {{Blockquote|"Sees football on sub channel with other sports. On Swiss Bank proposals, 'people will not [pay] £10 per month for wall-to-wall football' Will match ITV + pay-per-view possibilities. Wants RP to go to LA to meet Rupert! Formal bid within 14 days."{{sfn|Bose|p=85}}}} Chisholm ya gabatar da tayinsa ga BBC, wanda ya ƙarfafa dawowar ''Wasan Match of the Day'' . Ya shaida wa Parry cewa BSkyB za ta sauya tsarin kula da wasanni bisa ga biyan kuɗi idan suka sami haƙƙoƙi - kuɗaɗen shiga na cibiyar sadarwar har zuwa lokacin "sun samo asali ne gaba ɗaya daga tallace-tallace na talla na yau da kullun." {{Sfn|Bose}} Domin ƙarfafa goyon baya, Sky ta watsa ''shirin ƙwallon ƙafa na 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa'' - wani shiri mai ban sha'awa wanda ya gayyaci shugabannin gasar Premier don bayar da haske game da wasan. Wannan dabarar ta shafi ITV, wanda a halin yanzu ya shirya neman haƙƙin ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin wanda zai koma baya. {{Sfn|Bose}} Da lokacin zaɓen ya kusa, Sky ta gayyaci Parry zuwa wuraren da take aiki a Livingston. An ba shi lokaci ya yi magana da Murdoch, wanda ya yi masa alƙawarin jaridunsa za su goyi bayan gasar Premier idan BSkyB ta sami 'yancin yin hakan. {{Sfn|Bose}} A watan Afrilun 1992, ITV ta bai wa Parry tayin da ya inganta na fam miliyan 34 a kowace shekara, wanda hakan ya fi na BBC da BSkyB damar yin tayin haɗin gwiwa. East yana da kwarin gwiwar kammala yarjejeniyar - shugabannin kulob 11 sun goyi bayansa kuma an sanar da shi cewa abokan hamayyar ITV za su samar da fam miliyan 100 a shekara domin inganta tayinsu. {{Sfn|Bose}} Parry bai yanke shawara kan wacce tayi yake so ba; duk da cewa ya fi son yin yarjejeniya ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba da ITV, yana son sake duba shawarar da ya yanke na yin aiki da kamfanonin biyan kuɗi. Ya yi imanin cewa akwai wata tashar kwallon kafa a duniya, kuma ya lura da amincewar SBC a tsakanin sauran ƙungiyoyi. Parry ya kuma yi fatan BSkyB za ta ƙara tayinta, wanda daga baya suka yi. {{Sfn|Bose}} ==== "Ku fitar da su daga cikin ruwa" ==== [[File:Sir_Alan_Sugar_at_the_BAFTA's_crop.jpg|left|thumb|223x223px| Alan Sugar ya sanar da sansanin BSkyB game da ingantaccen tayin da ITV ta yi.]] Parry ya shirya shugabannin gasar su kaɗa ƙuri'a a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1992. Kwanaki huɗu da suka gabata BSkyB da ITV sun gabatar da gabatarwarsu ta hukuma ga shugabannin jam'iyyar; Chisholm ya yi wa masu sauraronsa nuni cewa BSkyB za ta ƙara tayin da suke yi. Wannan ya damu Dyke, wanda a ƙarshen mako kafin zaɓen ya shirya wani taro na gaggawa da East. {{Sfn|Bose}} Dukansu sun kira kamfanonin ITV don shawo kansu su ƙara tayin haɗin gwiwa. Jimillar kuɗin ya kai fam miliyan 262 – fam miliyan 155 wanda aka raba shi tsawon shekaru biyar, don wasanni 30 kai tsaye a kowace kakar wasa. East ya gabatar da sabuwar tayinsu ga shugabannin da Parry. {{Sfn|Bose}} Bayan samun ingantaccen tayin ITV, Parry a ranar zaɓen ya kira Chisholm mai cike da damuwa. Ya roƙe shi da ya yi takara mafi girma kuma ya amince ya jinkirta tsarin zaɓen. {{Sfn|Bose}} Chisholm ya kira taron gaggawa, inda wani mai ba shi shawara kan harkokin kasuwanci ya gaya masa cewa kada ya dace da tayin ITV. Chisholm ya yanke shawara a kan hakan kuma ya kira Murdoch a New York da sassafe don neman izini don ƙara tayin BSkyB. {{Sfn|Bose}} Sabon tayin da suka yi ya kai fam miliyan 304; fam miliyan 35 don wasanni 60 kai tsaye, wanda ya kai fam miliyan 40 a shekara ta biyar. Chisholm ya kira Parry ta waya ya kuma aika masa da bayanan tayin BSkyB ta hanyar fakis. An yi iƙirarin cewa East ya ga Sugar a safiyar ranar zaɓen yana magana da wani game da takarar ITV kuma yana gaya musu su "busa su daga ruwa." Da farko dai Sugar ta musanta hakan, amma a shekarun baya ta yarda cewa a zahiri Chisholm ne. Parry ya ci gaba da taron ƙungiyoyin kuma ya ba da shawarar tayin BSkyB ga shugabannin. Ya yi imanin cewa kamfanin yana kan gaba a ayyukan ɓoye bayanai kuma ya yi farin ciki da suka bayar da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin 50 zuwa 50 da Premier League don amfani da PPV. {{Sfn|Bose}} Haɗin gwiwar BSkyB da BBC ya kuma shawo kan Parry; lokacin da ya sanar da Dyke game da wannan, shugaban ITV ya yi barazanar yin yarjejeniya kai tsaye da ƙungiyoyin, wanda ya fusata shi. {{Sfn|Bose}} A lokacin taron, Dein ya yi ƙoƙarin hana Sugar kada kuri'arsa saboda shugaban Tottenham Hotspur yana da sha'awarsa, amma aka yi watsi da shi. Dein ya kuma yi tambaya game da bashin BSkyB, inda Quinton ya amsa da cewa "Akwai wani garantin cewa za mu sami kuɗinmu? Kowanne kamfani yana bin bashi." Daga ƙarshe BSkyB ta lashe ƙuri'un da ƙuri'u 14 da 6, tare da ƙuri'u biyu da suka kaurace. Arsenal, Aston Villa, Everton, Leeds United, Liverpool da Manchester United sun kaɗa ƙuri'ar amincewa da ITV. Da ace Tottenham Hotspur ma ta goyi bayan ITV, da kashi biyu bisa uku na rinjayen jama'a ba za su yi amfani da shi ba. === Martani === Parry ya yi farin ciki da sakamakon: "Bayan kwanaki da yawa na kasancewa a bayan ƙofofi a rufe, muna da tabbacin cewa BSkyB kuma BBC za ta himmatu wajen kai mu ƙarni na gaba." Chisholm ya ji cewa yarjejeniyar za ta nuna sabon zamani a fagen kwallon kafa, inda ya kara da cewa: "Mun yi wa masu biyan kuɗi na Sky alƙawarin mafi girman zaɓi a wasanni da nishaɗi lokacin da muka ƙaddamar da ita kuma wannan alkawari ne da muke da niyyar cikawa." Dawowar ''Match of the Day'' ta faranta wa Martin rai, kamar yadda kuma aka samu damar shiga wasannin Turai na Liverpool a kakar wasa mai zuwa: "Bayan Kofin FA, 'yan wasan Ingila na gida da kuma dawowar ''Match of the Day'' tare da wasannin Premier League, tsarin BBC na yada labaran kwallon kafa yana tafiya yadda ya kamata." Shugaban tashar Channel 4, Michael Grade, ya yi bincike game da kiran waya da Marmaduke Hussey da Michael Checkland suka yi wanda hakan ya nuna cewa kamfanin ya koma ga turbar da ya kamata, kuma ya ce BSkyB "dodanniya ce da za ta iya cinye ta a kan lokaci." [[File:Royal_Court2.jpg|right|thumb|230x230px| Babbar Kotun ta yi watsi da ƙarar da ITV ta shigar na dakatar da shirin.]] Dyke ya yi imanin cewa yana da mahimmanci cewa "shida daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi" sun kaɗa ƙuri'a a kan BSkyB. [1] Ya rubuta wa Quinton wasiƙa a hukumance wadda ta nemi a sake buɗe tsarin yin tayin saboda an hana hanyar sadarwa inganta tayin BSkyB. [2] Duk da haka Quinton ya yi watsi da rokon kuma ya fayyace matsayin gasar: tayin BSkyB ya fi kyau "... ba wai kawai a fannin kuɗi [3] har ma da batun yuwuwar samun kuɗin shiga nan gaba. Kamfanonin ITV sun nemi a shigar da ƙarar shari'a, suna da'awar karya doka a madadin Quinton da Parry. East ya bayyana cewa sai bayan BSkyB ta yi nasara ne suka gano cewa kamfanin ya gabatar da tayin da ya inganta: "A wani lokaci ba a sanar da mu cewa Sky ta sake yin tayin ba kuma ba a ba mu wata dama ta ƙara tayinmu ba." [2] Parry ya ce ITV za ta sami haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye idan sun "ba mu damar samun hanyar biyan kuɗi a cikin dogon lokaci kuma tana da ɗaukar hoto a duniya a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci." [4] Kotun Koli ta ƙi amincewa da umarnin kotu; alkalin ya kammala da cewa lamarin "ya fi wahala fiye da yadda ake gani a farko" kuma ba daidai ba ne a tilasta wa ƙungiyar ta yi la'akari da sabbin tayi. [5] Duk da haka kotun ta sami wata shari'a mai jayayya game da keta amana . [5] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ITV ta fitar da takardar neman diyya ga FA da Premier League. [6] Sun kuma gabatar da wani korafi daban ga Ofishin Ciniki Mai Kyau don duba jaridun Murdoch. [7] Yarjejeniyar ta jawo hankalin jama'a daga kafofin watsa labarai. ''Jaridar Independent'' ta lura cewa wannan "juyin mulki ne mai ban mamaki" ga BSkyB, idan aka yi la'akari da yadda kamfanin ke fuskantar sauyi a kasuwa. Wakilin jaridar ''[[The Guardian|Guardian,]]'' David Lacey, ya ba da shawarar cewa magoya baya su ne suka fi shan kaye: "Mutane da yawa da ke son kallon wasanni akai-akai a nan gaba za su sayi bond ko dish." Bryan Davies, Baron Davies na Oldham ya bayyana shirin a matsayin "abin ban tsoro kwarai da gaske" kuma shugaban kungiyar magoya bayan kwallon kafa Craig Brewin ya soki "adadin kudin da kungiyoyin suka samu a matsayin wani bangare na yarjejeniyar." Shugaban Everton David Marsh ya nuna takaici game da gabatar da ƙwallon ƙafa a daren Litinin, domin ya kawo cikas ga "rayuwar zamantakewa ta al'ummar Birtaniya da magoya baya." Liverpool ma ta yi suka; lokacin da aka tambaye ta ko kulob din zai ƙi buga wasannin da aka tsara a wannan ranar, babban jami'in gudanarwa Peter Robinson ya amsa: "Ba zan iya amsa hakan ba saboda ban san ko za mu iya ƙin amincewa da kwangila ba." <ref name="lp" /> Kungiyoyin Merseyside guda biyu sun bai wa masu tikitin kakar wasa kudi domin su biya kudin wasannin da aka sake tsarawa a daren Litinin, muddin magoya baya suka bayar da sanarwar kwanaki bakwai. Kocin Manchester United [[Alex Ferguson]] ya ce damar yin wasa a ranar Lahadi da Litinin wani koma-baya ne ga damar da yake da ita da sauran ƙungiyoyin a Turai. Ya yi kira da a yi tattaunawa ta gaggawa da sauran manajoji game da makomar wasan: "An kulla yarjejeniya ba tare da tattaunawa da manyan mutane a wasan ba, manajoji da 'yan wasan da rayuwarsu ke cikin hatsari."&nbsp;... Wannan ita ce shawara mafi ban dariya da koma baya da ƙwallon ƙafa ta ɗauka. Mu manajoji dole ne mu yi shakkar hikimarta sosai." <ref name="fer" /> ITV ta nemi a shigar da ƙarar kotu bayan ta gano cewa BSkyB ta gabatar da ƙarar da ta inganta ba tare da saninsu ba, amma an yi watsi da ƙarar tasu daga Babbar Kotun . === Gado ===   Gasar Premier ta amfana da kuɗi daga shigar BSkyB a ƙwallon ƙafa kuma tun daga lokacin ta ga ƙaruwar darajar haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye da adadin wasannin da aka yi a talabijin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crawford |first=Gerry |title=Fact Sheet 8: British Football on Television |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/sociology/css/resources/factsheets/fs8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606080220/http://www.le.ac.uk/sociology/css/resources/factsheets/fs8.html |archive-date=6 June 2011 |access-date=13 August 2014 |publisher=Centre for the Sociology of Sport, University of Leicester}}</ref> Wani sharhi da Deloitte ta yi a shekarar 2014 ya nuna cewa gasar Premier League ta samar da kudaden shiga fiye da kowace gasar kwallon kafa a duniya, inda jimillar kudaden shiga na kulob din ya kai fam biliyan 2.5 a tsakanin shekarar 2012 zuwa 2013. BSkyB ta samu riba daga mallakar haƙƙin mallakar ƙwallon ƙafa na musamman; kamfanin ya sami ribar fam miliyan 62 a shekarar 1993 bayan asarar da ya yi a shekarar da ta gabata. A cikin wani rubutu da ya yi wa ''jaridar The Guardian,'' ɗan jarida David Conn ya lura da yadda BSkyB ta yi amfani da ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League wajen gina kasuwancinta tsawon shekaru ashirin, inda ya ƙara da cewa "...&nbsp;saboda haka ikon kuɗi na daular Murdoch, ya kasance bisa ga biyayyar magoya bayan ƙwallon cikin jini. [[File:2009-3-14_ManUtd_vs_LFC_Ronaldo_Freekick_Back.JPG|left|thumb|240x240px| Masu kallon gasar Premier League sun biya kuɗin biyan kuɗi kai tsaye daga Birtaniya tun daga shekarar 1992.]] Ci gaba da haɗin gwiwar BSkyB da Premier League ya haifar da ƙaruwar darajar haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye da wasannin da aka nuna a talabijin. Duk da haka, manajoji sun bayyana damuwarsu game da wannan kuma tsadar 'yancin kai na rayuwa wani ɓangare ne na dalilin da ya sa ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko ba ta koma BBC ko ITV ba, kuma ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko ta Ingila ba ta shiga talabijin kyauta a Burtaniya, ban da kaɗan. {{Refn|ESPN's coverage of Manchester City's game against Fulham in February 2012 was broadcast unencrypted on [[Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom|digital terrestrial television]] (DTT).<ref>{{cite news |title=ESPN to show live Premier League match for free |url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2012-01-24/espn-to-show-live-premier-league-match-for-free |first=Paul |last=Jones |work=Radio Times |date=24 January 2012 |access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref> In the 2013–14 season, Swansea City v Manchester United and Crystal Palace v Arsenal were free to non-subscribers of Sky Sports and BT Sport respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sky to show Swansea v Man Utd free-to-air on Aug 17th |url=http://www.uswitch.com/broadband/news/2013/07/sky_to_show_swansea_v_man_utd_free_to_air_on_aug_17th/ |first=Oliver |last=Folkard |publisher=uSwitch |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Free access this weekend |url=http://sport.bt.com/watchnow/programmes/free-access-this-weekend-S11363841724478 |publisher=BT Sport |date=25 October 2013 |access-date=13 August 2014}}</ref> Amidst the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]] and the subsequent ban on mass gatherings, 33 of the remaining 92 games of the [[2019–20 Premier League]] were [[free-to-air]] on the [[BBC]] and [[Sky UK|Sky]] (via [[Pick (TV channel)|Pick]]), or [[free-to-view]] on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref name="ftaprem">{{cite news |title=How to watch the Premier League on free-to-air TV |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1680741 |website=Premier League |access-date=6 August 2020 |date=10 July 2020}}</ref> Eight further games were broadcast on the BBC during the [[2020–21 Premier League|2020–21 season]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A record-breaking season |url=https://www.premierleague.com/season-review/the-fans/2164581 |website=Premier League |access-date=23 January 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123023720/https://www.premierleague.com/season-review/the-fans/2164581 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} Sai a shekarar 2006 ne aka karya ikon mallakar BSkyB kan haƙƙin talabijin na Premier League; wannan ya zo ne bayan wani bincike da Hukumar Turai ta gudanar wanda ya yanke hukuncin cewa bai kamata a sayar wa wani kamfanin talabijin haƙƙoƙi na musamman ba. An ba Setanta Sports fakiti biyu, amma ta fuskanci matsalolin kuɗi a shekarar 2009 kuma ta shiga harkokin gudanarwa. An sayar da haƙƙinsu ga ESPN, wanda ya nuna jimillar wasanni 46 da aka samu a kakar wasa ta 2009-10 sannan daga baya aka buga wasanni 23 daga 2010-11 zuwa 2012-13 . A watan Yunin 2012, gasar Premier ta ba wa BT damar yin wasanni 38 a cikin kakar wasa uku, tun daga 2013–14 . An yi la'akari da shigar BT cikin kasuwar watsa shirye-shiryen ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin barazana ga rinjayen BSkyB, musamman ganin cewa an ba kamfanin haƙƙin zama na ƙwallon ƙafa [[UEFA Champions League|ta UEFA Champions League]] a shekarar 2013. Duk da cewa daga baya Ferguson ya yaba da rawar da talabijin ta taka wajen taimakawa gasar Premier, amma ya ci gaba da 'yancin mallakar gasar ya ci gaba da rage damar da kulob din ke da ita a gasar Turai: "Kuna samun wasu yanayi masu ban dariya idan kuna wasa a daren Laraba a Turai sannan kuma a lokacin cin abincin rana a ranar Asabar mai zuwa. Kuna tambayar kowane manaja ko zai zaɓi hakan da kansa.&nbsp;... ba za a sami dama ba." Ya kwatanta talabijin da Allah kuma ya ce "Idan ka yi musabaha da shaidan dole ne ka biya kuɗin." <ref name="ferg" /> Arsene Wenger ya kuma soki tasirin da kamfanonin talabijin ke da shi kan jadawalin wasanni: "A yanzu, talabijin yana yanke shawara. Ba za ku iya samun wasanni masu mahimmanci tare da ƙungiya ɗaya da ke wasa ranar Juma'a da Talata ba, da kuma wata ranar Lahadi da Talata." == 1992 == A ranar 27 ga Mayu 1992, aka kafa gasar Premier a hukumance, inda aka fara buga wasannin farko a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1992. Sabuwar gasar za ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi 19 mafi matsayi a rukunin farko na wannan kakar da kuma zakarun gasar, waɗanda suka zo na biyu da kuma waɗanda suka lashe gasar playoffs daga rukunin na biyu. Za a sake wa tsohon Sashe na Biyu suna Sashe na Ɗaya, Sashe na Uku kuma zai zama Sashe na Biyu, Sashe na Huɗu kuma zai zama Sashe na Uku. Tsarin haɓakawa da faɗuwa ƙasa mai matakai uku, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1974{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} (kodayake tun daga lokacin akwai keɓancewa ga tsarin a lokutan da ake sake tsara gasar) za a ci gaba da shi a nan gaba. == Bitar shari'a == Bayan shari'ar da aka yi a Sashen Zaɓen Sarauniya na Babbar Kotun a gaban Mista Justice Rose, an yanke hukuncin cewa kafa gasar Premier ba ta ƙarƙashin [[Binciken shari'a|sake duba shari'a]] ba, [[The Football Association|Hukumar Kwallon Kafa]] tana ƙarƙashin dokokin sirri . == Nassoshi == '''Takamaiman''' === Littattafan tarihi === *   *   * {{Cite book|edition=Benoit}} *   == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |date=July 1992 |title=An indictment of Premier League politics from 1992 |url=http://www.wsc.co.uk/wsc-daily/1011-April-2011/7212-an-indictment-of-premier-league-politics-from-1992 |url-status=dead |journal=When Saturday Comes |issue=65 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602083233/http://www.wsc.co.uk/wsc-daily/1011-April-2011/7212-an-indictment-of-premier-league-politics-from-1992 |archive-date=2 June 2015 |access-date=20 July 2014}} * {{Cite journal |last=Ronay |first=Barney |date=January 2004 |title=Vision excess |url=http://www.wsc.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1928&Itemid=29 |journal=When Saturday Comes |issue=203 |access-date=20 July 2014}} *   *   [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l1oimepr8t1q9fddu67z2vz2bmb9ksp 0 178116 964714 962649 2026-10-08T11:03:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964714 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|map=|type=Professional Association|headquarters=ANAN House, Plot 559, Mabushi District, off Ahmadu Bello Way, [[Abuja]], [[Nigeria]]|language=English|budget=|name=Association of National Accountants of Nigeria|abbreviation=ANAN|membership=}}'''Ƙungiyar Masu Lissafi na Kasa na [[Najeriya]]''' (ANAN) tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru guda biyu da ke da ikon sarrafawa a Najeriya, ɗayan kuma shine Cibiyar Masu Lissafi na Najeriya (ICAN). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yushau Abdulhameed Shuaib |title=MEMBERSHIP OF PROFESSIONAL BODIES |url=http://www.yashuaib.com/bodies.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722205550/http://www.yashuaib.com/bodies.htm |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> Mai ba da shawara wanda ke ba da sabis na kuɗi a Najeriya dole ne ya zama memba na ko dai ANAN ko ICAN. == Ƙungiya == An kafa ANAN a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1979 kuma an kafa ta a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1983. An kafa kungiyar ne a ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1993 ta hanyar Dokar 76 ta shekara ta 1993. Kwamitin gudanarwa na ANAN ana zabar shi ne ta hanyar mambobinta. Ya haɗa da wakilan Auditors Janar na Tarayyar, Jiha, da Karamar Hukumar, da wakilan jami'o'i da polytechnics. Kafin a shigar da shi cikin membobin ANAN dole ne ya gudanar da karatun ilimi, gami da shekara guda a Kwalejin Lissafi ta Najeriya ta ANAN, sannan ya biyo bayan shirin horar da mai lissafi na shekaru biyu, wanda ke haifar da cancanta a matsayin mai ba da takardar shaidar lissafi na kasa. Dole ne membobin ANAN su bi ka'idojin halayensu na sana'a, wanda ya dace da bukatun Tarayyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, ANAN tana da jimlar mambobi 10,260. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 membobin sun karu zuwa 16,207. An shigar da ANAN a matsayin memba na Ƙungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun Najeriya a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2010. ANAN kuma memba ne na Majalisar Rahoton Kudi ta Najeriya (FRCN), wanda ke kafa ka'idojin lissafi ga ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member bodies |url=http://www.nasbnigeria.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=178 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928150408/http://www.nasbnigeria.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=178 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=2011-06-05 |publisher=Nigerian Accounting Standards Board}}</ref> Dukansu ANAN da ICAN sun zabi mambobi biyu zuwa kwamitin NASB. ANAN memba ce ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Ilimi da Bincike (IAAER). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Institutional Members |url=http://www.iaaer.org/about/institutions.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227165908/http://www.iaaer.org/about/institutions.htm |archive-date=27 December 2011 |access-date=2011-06-04 |publisher=IAAER}}</ref> ANAN memba ne mai ba da labari na XBRL International, wanda ke haɓaka ma'auni don wakilcin lantarki na bayanan lissafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=http://xbrlplanet.org/wp/?page_id=441 |access-date=2011-06-04 |website=XBRL Planet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406221557/http://xbrlplanet.org/wp/?page_id=441 |archive-date=2012-04-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dukansu ANAN da ICAN suna aiki tare da Cibiyar Harkokin Kudi da Lissafi ta Burtaniya (CIPFA) don inganta ayyukan mafi kyau a cikin sana'ar. Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, ANAN ta nemi zama memba na Association of Accountancy Bodies in West Africa (ABWA) kuma yanzu an jera shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar ABWA. An shigar da ANAN cikin memba na Tarayyar Masu Lissafi ta Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANAN &#124; ANAN Profile |url=http://www.anan.org.ng/general.aspx?id=MenuCol1I |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215152552/http://www.anan.org.ng/general.aspx?id=MenuCol1I |archive-date=15 February 2020 |access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref> ANAN yanzu memba ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙididdigar Ƙasashen Duniya (IFAC). == Ayyukan ilimi == Dukansu ANAN da abokin hamayyarta ICAN, da kuma Cibiyar Haraji ta Yarjejeniyar Najeriya (CITN), an soki su saboda rashin samar da isasshen horo ga membobin a farashin tallafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=IHEANYI NWACHUKWU |date=19 May 2011 |title=ICAN, CITN agree to down divide |url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/markets/companies-and-market/21664-ican-citn-agree-to-down-divide |url-status=dead |journal=[[Business Day (Nigeria)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928151132/http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/markets/companies-and-market/21664-ican-citn-agree-to-down-divide |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> Koyaya, ANAN tana gudanar da makarantar horo ga masu lissafi a [[Jos]], Jihar Plateau.A wani bikin a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006 Shugaban ANAN, Farfesa E. R. Iwok, ya kafa harsashin ginin wani ɗakin karatu na zamani na [[Kwalejin Lissafi ta Najeriya]]. Ya ce ANAN ta shirya gina babban harabar lissafi a Afirka da kuma sanya Jos Makka ta sana'ar lissafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moses Ezulike |date=13 March 2006 |title=ANAN to Build Accountancy Village |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200603130685.html |journal=[[Daily Champion]] |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekara ta 2011 kwalejin, wanda ke jan hankalin ɗalibai masu yawa daga wasu ƙasashe a Afirka, har yanzu yana aiki daga wuraren wucin gadi.Ginin da aka kammala a shafin na dindindin sune manyan dakunan jarrabawa guda biyu tare da damar 3,000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raymond Gukas |date=17 March 2011 |title=Anan Expresses Satisfaction With Foreign Students in NCA |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201103170570.html |journal=Daily Champion |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> Kwalejin memba ne na Jami'ar IAAER . <ref>{{Cite journal |year=2009 |title=Cosmos Accountancy Chronicle Vol 21 |url=http://www.iaaer.org/publications/files/cosmos2009vol21no1.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cosmos Accountancy Chronicle |volume=21 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324234242/http://www.iaaer.org/publications/files/cosmos2009vol21no1.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012}}</ref> == Kungiyoyin da ke gasa == A cikin takardar shaidarta, gwamnati ta ba ANAN ikon da ake buƙata don yin gasa da ICAN. A shekara ta 1994 kungiyoyin biyu suna gwagwarmaya don kula da sana'ar Chartered Accountants. A shekara ta 2002 ICAN ta yi amfani da ita ga kotuna don hana Mista Clement Akpamgbo wakiltar ANAN, kuma an tura batun zuwa ƙaramar kotu. ANAN ta daukaka kara game da shawarar, amma an yi watsi da roko saboda rashin cancanta.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=25 June 2002 |title=ANAN's Appeal Against ICAN Suffers Setback |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200206250193.html |journal=[[Daily Champion]] |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007 babbar kotun tarayya a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] ta yi watsi da karar da ICAN ta yi ta nemi kotun ta bayyana cewa dokar da ta kafa ANAN ba ta da amfani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohammed Shosanya |date=23 November 2007 |title=ICAN Loses Bid to Void ANAN |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200711230029.html |journal=Daily Trust |access-date=2011-06-05}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, Shugaban ANAN Dokta Samuel Nzekwe ya ki amincewa da yunkurin da ICAN ta yi na kafa ka'idojin binciken ga mambobinta. Ya ce Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lissafi ta Najeriya (NASB) ta 2003 ta ce kawai hukumar za ta iya saita ka'idoji ga aikin lissafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adelanwa Bamgboye |date=29 March 2009 |title=Anan Faults Ican on Audit Standards |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200903301240.html |journal=Daily Trust |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2010 Mista Godson Nnadi, Babban Sakataren Hukumar Kula da Ka'idojin Kasuwancin Najeriya, ya yi magana don amincewa da sabon jiki don saita ka'idojin lissafi da binciken ga Najeriya da sauran kasashen Afirka. Sabuwar jikin za ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga ANAN da ICAN.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peter Egwuatu |date=28 June 2010 |title=NASB Clamours for Independent Regulation of Financial Reporting |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201006281638.html |journal=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]] |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2008 Majalisar Wakilai ta ki amincewa da lissafin da za a kafa Cibiyar Kula da Lissafi ta Najeriya (CIMA) a matsayin madadin duka ANAN da ICAN. Gidan ya damu game da yaduwar ƙungiyoyin lissafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanley Nkwazema |date=15 May 2008 |title=House Halts Proliferation of Accounting Bodies |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200805150203.html |journal=[[ThisDay]] |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2009 an yi jinkiri a cikin wucewa ta Majalisar Dattijai na lissafin kuɗi a Cibiyar Chartered Public Accountants (CPA) da Cibiyar Charrated Institute of Management and Cost Accountants (CIMCA). Dukkanin gidaje biyu sun amince da kudirin a lokacin gwamnatin Shugaba [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], amma ya kasa sanya hannu a cikin doka kafin karshen wa'adinsa. A sakamakon haka, Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Yar'Adua]] ya sake gabatar da takardun kudi lokacin da ya hau mulki a shekara ta 2007. ANAN ba ta yi adawa da sabbin kungiyoyin ba amma ICAN ta nuna damuwa game da yaduwarsu. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012, Shugaban ICAN Farfesa Francis Ojaide, ya ce hukumar da kungiyar National Accountants of Nigeria sun daidaita dangantakarsu don amfanin tattalin arzikin kasar. == Abubuwan da suka faru a labarai == Da yake magana a watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, shugaban ANAN Chief (Mrs). Iyamide Gafar ya soki korar shugabannin bankunan biyar da aka yi kwanan nan kamar yadda aka zaɓa, tare da masu laifi biyar kawai. Da yake cewa matsalolin sun fi yaduwa, ta kuma ba da shawarar sauyawa akai-akai na masu lissafi da masu binciken kudi tsakanin bankunan don hana su kusanci da gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peter Duru |date=22 August 2009 |title=ANAN President condemns sack of Bank CEOs |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/08/anan-president-condemns-sack-of-bank-ceos/ |journal=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]] |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2009 an yi zargin cewa Babban Mai Kula da Kula da Kwastam na Najeriya, Abdullahi Inde Dikko, ya sami takardar shaidar karya ta Majalisar Bincike ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEC) mai kwanan wata 1980. An ce lokacin da ICAN ta gano karya, Dikko ya watsar da yunkurin zama ɗan'uwan ICAN kuma a maimakon haka ya zaɓi zama memba na ANAN.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=9 September 2009 |title=Scandal Puts Customs Boss on the Brink |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200909100628.html |journal=[[The Daily Independent (Lagos)]] |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> Wadannan zarge-zargen daga baya an tabbatar da karyane, kuma 'yan sanda sun bayyana wanda ke zargin Dikko Olajide Ibrahim da ake nema saboda yin zarge-zarge na karya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Annete Oghenerhaboke |date=30 May 2010 |title=The Hunter Now the Hunted |url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2117 |journal=[[Newswatch (Nigeria)]] |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010 Shugaba [[Goodluck Jonathan]] ya yi magana a taron shekara-shekara na ANAN . Ya kalubalanci masu sauraronsa su goyi bayan nuna gaskiya da yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta hanyar ƙin ba da izinin sarrafa bayanan lissafi da matakai don dalilai na cin hanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Odidison Omankhanlen |date=18 October 2010 |title=National accounting models: Jonathan seeks accountants' support |url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/index.php/money-market/12194-national-accounting-models-jonathan-seeks-accountants-support- |url-status=dead |journal=[[Nigerian Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329060858/http://www.tribune.com.ng/index.php/money-market/12194-national-accounting-models-jonathan-seeks-accountants-support- |archive-date=29 March 2012 |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> ANAN ta ba da gudummawar cibiyar bincike ga [[Jami'ar Jihar Nasarawa]], [[Keffi]], wacce aka buɗe a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, mai yiwuwa gudummawar farko ta wannan nau'in a Najeriya. Manufar bincike ita ce neman hanyoyin da za a tabbatar da cewa sana'ar lissafi ta cika burinta a cikin ingantaccen isar da sabis na jama'a da masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=UMAR MUHAMMED |date=26 May 2011 |title=Accounting body donates research centre to university |url=http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/5704835-146/story.csp |url-status=dead |journal=[[Next (Nigeria)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013414/http://234next.com/csp/cms/sites/Next/Home/5704835-146/story.csp |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2011 mace ta farko mai binciken janar na [[Jihar Kogi]], Maryam Ladi-Ibrahim, ta gaji Iyamide Gafar a matsayin Shugaban ANAN. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=3 May 2011 |title=First female auditor-general inaugurated as new ANAN president |url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/typography/the-news/20817-first-female-auditor-general-inaugurated-as-new-anan-president |url-status=dead |journal=Business Day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928151209/http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/typography/the-news/20817-first-female-auditor-general-inaugurated-as-new-anan-president |archive-date=28 September 2011 |access-date=2011-05-30}}</ref> JohnsonO.Oluata FCNA tana wakiltar ANAN a Taron Kasa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a2yp8lv29bcq307qoz2f32u44h98yhj 0 178250 964484 963374 2026-10-07T21:14:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Valentin_Magnan.jpg|right|thumb| Valentin Magnan (1835-1916)]] '''Valentin Magnan''' (16 Maris 1835 &#x2013; 27 Satumba 1916) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke aiki a ƙarni na 19. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Valentin Magnan ɗan asalin Perpignan ne. Ya yi karatun likitanci a [[Lyon]] da [[Faris|Paris]], inda ya kasance ɗalibi a makarantar Jules Baillarger (1809–1890) da Jean-Pierre Falret (1794–1870). Daga shekarar 1867 zuwa ƙarshen aikinsa, an haɗa shi da Hôpital Sainte-Anne da ke Paris. A Sainte-Anne, ya daɗe yana aiki tare da Gustave Bouchereau (1835–1900). Magnan mutum ne mai tasiri a fannin ilimin tabin hankali na Faransa a rabin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19. Ana tuna shi da faɗaɗa ra'ayin lalacewar kwakwalwa wanda Bénédict Augustin Morel (1809–1873) ya fara gabatar da shi a fannin ilimin tabin hankali. Ka'idar Magnan ta lalacewa wani nau'i ne na "ilimin halittu na juyin halitta" wanda ya dogara ne akan ka'idar gado. Ya yi amfani da kalmomi irin su ''bouffée délirante'' (transitory delusional psychosis ) da ''délire chronique evolution systématique'' (cututtukan tsarin ruɗi na yau da kullun) a matsayin nau'ikan cututtukan tabin hankali. A cikin 1892 tare da likitan tabin hankali Paul Sérieux (1864-1947), ya buga littafi guda ɗaya akan yanayin tunani na ƙarshe mai suna ''Le délire chronique a evolution systématique'' . Magnan ya yi imanin cewa yawan shan barasa, musamman absinthe, babban abin da ya fahimta shi ne raguwar al'adun Faransa. A cikin bincikensa kan absinthe, ya yi ƙoƙarin gano wani takamaiman "tasirin absinthe" wanda ba ya cikin wasu nau'ikan barasa, kuma ya nuna cewa delirium na absinthe ya bambanta da delirium tremens da ake fuskanta a cikin maye . A cikin bincikensa da dabbobin dakin gwaje-gwaje, Magnan ya yi amfani da sinadarin absinthe ( tsutsa ), maimakon abin sha da kansa, wanda ke ɗauke da ƙaramin kashi na tsutsa. Daga gwaje-gwajensa, ya lura cewa dabbobi suna fuskantar farfadiya idan aka fallasa su ga tarin tsutsotsi. == Sunan da ke da alaƙa == * " Alamar Magnan ": Jin wani abu na ruɗani na wani abu da ke rarrafe a ƙarƙashin fata; rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa a cikin tabin hankali na masu shan hodar iblis . == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyukan rubutu == * ''Etude expérimentale et clinique sur l'alcoolisme, alcool et absinthe; Epilepsie absinthique'', 1871 * ''De l'hémi-anesthésie, de la sensibilité générale et des sens dans l'alcoolisme chronique'' * ''Gazette hebdomadaire de médecine et de chirurgie'', 1873. * ''De l'alcoolisme, des diverses forms de délire alcoolique at de leur traitement'', 1874. * ''Recherches sur les cibiyoyin nerveux.'' ''Pathology da Physiology Pathology'' , 1876 * ''Des anomalies, des aberrations et des perversions sexuelles'', 1885. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of published works at Who Named It |url=https://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/811.html |publisher= |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425162354/http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/811.html |archive-date=2025-04-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == lstxrqfv1gzz7njur1v951lh1s6h662 0 178260 964409 963430 2026-10-07T18:17:32Z Beehra 15944 /* Hanyoyi */ 964409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kudin jin dadi wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu). {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}</ref>}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.<ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951). A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). <ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|<blockquote>Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]<br /><br />Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.<ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref></blockquote>}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]] A cikin Daular Romawa, sarki na farko [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga 'yan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya fadada jin dadin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva & Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> An gabatar da wasu tanadi ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon Roma, kamar Alimenta. Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, "[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...". {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da "mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara".Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, "tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi". A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.<ref name="Pashley1852" />:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) "sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. " A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19. A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin "Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus") da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na "Kayan Al'ada," wanda a ƙarƙashinsa "Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. " Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa "akwatin kowa" don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, "Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa".Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa "Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata". An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca, Daular Aztec, Daular Ottoman, [4] da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona. [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}</ref> Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa. Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical). Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki. [[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]] Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911, tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya. Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands, da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy & Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}</ref> Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}</ref> Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa "yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki". == Hanyoyi == Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin daɗi: * Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi. * Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji. * Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai. * Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa. * Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend . * Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai. Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health & Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi == Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi * girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) * ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) * kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) * tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) * hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji). [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na "na wucin gadi" ko "na wariya" ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa. Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.<ref name="s131">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="e014">{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} spf0jinrkx0feejn1s2asnxgxll7igx 964426 964409 2026-10-07T18:59:35Z Beehra 15944 /* Tarihi */ 964426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kudin jin dadi wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu). {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}</ref>}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.<ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951). A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). <ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|<blockquote>Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]<br /><br />Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.<ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref></blockquote>}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]] A cikin Daular [[Romawa]], sarki na farko [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga 'yan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya fadada jin dadin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva & Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> An gabatar da wasu tanadi ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon Roma, kamar Alimenta. Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, "[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...". {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da "mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara".Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, "tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi". A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.<ref name="Pashley1852" />:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) "sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. " A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19. A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin "Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus") da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na "Kayan Al'ada," wanda a ƙarƙashinsa "Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. " Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa "akwatin kowa" don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, "Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa".Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa "Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata". An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca, Daular Aztec, Daular Ottoman, [4] da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona. [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}</ref> Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa. Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical). Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki. [[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]] Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911, tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya. Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands, da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy & Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}</ref> Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}</ref> Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa "yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki". == Hanyoyi == Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin daɗi: * Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi. * Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji. * Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai. * Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa. * Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend . * Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai. Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health & Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi == Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi * girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) * ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) * kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) * tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) * hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji). [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na "na wucin gadi" ko "na wariya" ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa. Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.<ref name="s131">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="e014">{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} k3idlhoyq1gh0p6i5pzps4gtydtly65 964439 964426 2026-10-07T19:08:50Z Beehra 15944 /* Tarihi */ 964439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kudin jin dadi wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu). {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}</ref>}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.<ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951). A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). <ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|<blockquote>Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]<br /><br />Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.<ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref></blockquote>}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]] A cikin Daular [[Romawa]], sarki na farko ya hau a [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga 'yan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya fadada jin dadin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva & Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> An gabatar da wasu tanadi ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon Roma, kamar Alimenta. Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, "[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...". {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da "mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara".Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, "tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi". A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.<ref name="Pashley1852" />:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) "sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. " A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19. A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin "Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus") da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na "Kayan Al'ada," wanda a ƙarƙashinsa "Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. " Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa "akwatin kowa" don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, "Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa".Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa "Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata". An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca, Daular Aztec, Daular Ottoman, [4] da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona. [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}</ref> Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa. Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical). Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki. [[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]] Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911, tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya. Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands, da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy & Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}</ref> Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}</ref> Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa "yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki". == Hanyoyi == Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin daɗi: * Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi. * Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji. * Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai. * Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa. * Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend . * Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai. Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health & Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi == Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi * girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) * ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) * kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) * tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) * hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji). [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na "na wucin gadi" ko "na wariya" ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa. Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.<ref name="s131">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="e014">{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pabhj23k0fjgqhnzg48aa42d7u25huk 964519 964439 2026-10-07T21:32:51Z Beehra 15944 /* Tarihi */ 964519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kudin jin dadi wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu). {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}</ref>}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.<ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951). A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). <ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|<blockquote>Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]<br /><br />Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.<ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref></blockquote>}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]] A cikin Daular [[Romawa]], sarki na farko ya hau a [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya fadada jin dadin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva & Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> An gabatar da wasu tanadi ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon Roma, kamar Alimenta. Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, "[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...". {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da "mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara".Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, "tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi". A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.<ref name="Pashley1852" />:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) "sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. " A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19. A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin "Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus") da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na "Kayan Al'ada," wanda a ƙarƙashinsa "Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. " Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa "akwatin kowa" don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, "Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa".Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa "Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata". An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca, Daular Aztec, Daular Ottoman, [4] da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona. [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}</ref> Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa. Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical). Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki. [[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]] Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911, tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya. Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands, da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy & Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}</ref> Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}</ref> Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa "yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki". == Hanyoyi == Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin daɗi: * Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi. * Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji. * Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai. * Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa. * Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend . * Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai. Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health & Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi == Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi * girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) * ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) * kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) * tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) * hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji). [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na "na wucin gadi" ko "na wariya" ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa. Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.<ref name="s131">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="e014">{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jot0pf6rc2ziwmrszfmutpgys1kbnsk 964520 964519 2026-10-07T21:34:19Z Beehra 15944 /* Tarihi */ 964520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kudin jin dadi wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu). {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}</ref>}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.<ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951). A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). <ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|<blockquote>Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]<br /><br />Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.<ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref></blockquote>}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]] A cikin Daular [[Romawa]], sarki na farko ya hau a [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya faɗaɗa jin dadin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva & Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> An gabatar da wasu tanadi ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon Roma, kamar Alimenta. Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, "[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...". {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da "mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara".Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, "tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi". A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.<ref name="Pashley1852" />:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) "sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. " A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19. A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin "Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus") da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na "Kayan Al'ada," wanda a ƙarƙashinsa "Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. " Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa "akwatin kowa" don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, "Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa".Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa "Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata". An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca, Daular Aztec, Daular Ottoman, [4] da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona. [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}</ref> Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa. Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical). Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki. [[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]] Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911, tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya. Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands, da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy & Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}</ref> Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}</ref> Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa "yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki". == Hanyoyi == Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin daɗi: * Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi. * Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji. * Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai. * Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa. * Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend . * Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai. Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health & Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi == Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi * girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) * ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) * kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) * tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) * hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji). [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na "na wucin gadi" ko "na wariya" ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa. Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.<ref name="s131">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="e014">{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} iywx1swmn7eg2bb9tq0zo5odss29wyf 964521 964520 2026-10-07T21:35:40Z Beehra 15944 /* Tarihi */ 964521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kudin jin dadi wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu). {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}</ref>}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.<ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951). A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). <ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|<blockquote>Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]<br /><br />Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.<ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref></blockquote>}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]] A cikin Daular [[Romawa]], sarki na farko ya hau a [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya faɗaɗa jin dadin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva & Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> An gabatar da wasu tanadi na taimaka ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon Roma, kamar Alimenta. Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, "[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...". {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da "mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara".Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, "tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi". A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.<ref name="Pashley1852" />:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) "sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. " A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19. A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin "Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus") da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na "Kayan Al'ada," wanda a ƙarƙashinsa "Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. " Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa "akwatin kowa" don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, "Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa".Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa "Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata". An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca, Daular Aztec, Daular Ottoman, [4] da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona. [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}</ref> Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa. Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical). Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki. [[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]] Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911, tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya. Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands, da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy & Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}</ref> Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}</ref> Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa "yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki". == Hanyoyi == Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin daɗi: * Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi. * Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji. * Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai. * Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa. * Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend . * Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai. Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health & Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi == Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi * girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) * ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) * kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) * tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) * hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji). [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na "na wucin gadi" ko "na wariya" ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa. Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.<ref name="s131">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="e014">{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 87adat5fjhvwiwub9oz3rzew2i82q3z 964522 964521 2026-10-07T21:36:35Z Beehra 15944 /* Tarihi */ 964522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kudin jin dadi wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu). {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}</ref>}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.<ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951). A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). <ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|<blockquote>Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]<br /><br />Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.<ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref></blockquote>}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]] A cikin Daular [[Romawa]], sarki na farko ya hau a [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya faɗaɗa jin dadin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva & Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> An gabatar da wasu tanadi na taimako ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon Roma, kamar Alimenta. Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, "[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...". {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da "mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara".Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, "tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi". A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.<ref name="Pashley1852" />:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) "sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. " A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19. A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin "Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus") da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na "Kayan Al'ada," wanda a ƙarƙashinsa "Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. " Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa "akwatin kowa" don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, "Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa".Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa "Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata". An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca, Daular Aztec, Daular Ottoman, [4] da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona. [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}</ref> Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa. Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical). Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki. [[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]] Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911, tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya. Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands, da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy & Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}</ref> Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}</ref> Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa "yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki". == Hanyoyi == Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin daɗi: * Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi. * Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji. * Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai. * Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa. * Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend . * Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai. Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health & Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi == Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi * girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) * ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) * kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) * tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) * hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji). [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na "na wucin gadi" ko "na wariya" ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa. Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.<ref name="s131">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="e014">{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5qr22ngd9aim6r16jibw1jugzvdz8eu 964523 964522 2026-10-07T21:37:25Z Beehra 15944 /* Tarihi */ 964523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kudin jin dadi wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu). {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}</ref>}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.<ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951). A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). <ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|<blockquote>Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]<br /><br />Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.<ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref></blockquote>}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]] A cikin Daular [[Romawa]], sarki na farko ya hau a [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya faɗaɗa jin dadin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva & Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> An gabatar da wasu tanadi na taimako ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon sarkin Roma, kamar Alimenta. Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, "[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...". {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen Italiya sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da "mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara".Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, "tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi". A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.<ref name="Pashley1852" />:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) "sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. " A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19. A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin "Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus") da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na "Kayan Al'ada," wanda a ƙarƙashinsa "Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. " Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa "akwatin kowa" don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, "Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa".Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa "Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata". An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca, Daular Aztec, Daular Ottoman, [4] da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona. [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}</ref> Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa. Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical). Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki. [[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]] Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911, tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya. Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands, da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy & Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}</ref> Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}</ref> Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa "yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki". == Hanyoyi == Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin daɗi: * Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi. * Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji. * Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai. * Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa. * Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend . * Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai. Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health & Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi == Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi * girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) * ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) * kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) * tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) * hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji). [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na "na wucin gadi" ko "na wariya" ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa. Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.<ref name="s131">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="e014">{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} a91ac05o0sqngda39h79mcwshomtm83 964524 964523 2026-10-07T21:40:02Z Beehra 15944 /* Tarihi */ 964524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kudin jin dadi wani nau'in tallafin gwamnati ne wanda aka nufa don tabbatar da cewa membobin al'umma za su iya biyan [[Bukatun asali|bukatun ɗan adam na asali]] kamar abinci da mafaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2024 |title=Social welfare program |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-welfare-program |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Tsaron zamantakewa na iya zama daidai da jin dadin jama'a, ko kuma yana nufin musamman ga shirye-shiryen inshora na zamantakewa waɗanda ke ba da tallafi kawai ga waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa a baya (misali fansho), sabanin shirye-shirye na taimakon jama'a waɗanda ke ba le tallafi bisa ga buƙata kadai (misali yawancin fa'idodin nakasassu). {{Efn|Except in [[Social programs in the United States|the United States]] and [[Social programs in Canada|Canada]], where ''welfare'' refers only to direct financial assistance for poor or disabled people.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Taylor Kate |title=How US welfare compares around the globe |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37159686 |website=BBC News |date=26 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Gilles Séguin |url=http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |title=Welfare |publisher=Canadian Social Research |access-date=10 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504000202/http://www.canadiansocialresearch.net/welfare.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012}}</ref> In the United States, it often refers to the [[Temporary Assistance for Needy Families]] program, while [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] is a specific social insurance program.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security Versus Welfare: Differences and Similarities |url=https://www.easy-apply.us/social-security-versus-welfare/ |website=e-forms.us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Social Security And Welfare – What Is The Difference? |url=https://www.get.com/guide/social-security-and-welfare/ |website=www.get.com}}</ref>}} Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta bayyana tsaro na zamantakewa a matsayin rufe tallafi ga tsofaffi, tallafi don kula da yara, magani, hutun [[Hutun iyaye|Iyaye]] da marasa lafiya, rashin aikin yi da fa'idodin nakasassu, da tallafi ga masu fama da rauni a aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Labour Standards on Social security |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/social-security/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organization |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da haka, jin dadin na iya haɗawa da ƙoƙarin samar da matakin jin daɗi ta hanyar ''Ayyukan zamantakewa'' masu tallafi kamar [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|kiwon lafiya]], ilimi, ababen more rayuwa, Horar da sana'a, da gidajen jama'a. A cikin jihar jin dadin jama'a, jihar tana ɗaukar alhakin kiwon lafiya, ilimi, ababen more rayuwa da jin dadin al'umma, samar da ayyuka da yawa na zamantakewa kamar waɗanda aka bayyana.<ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Wasu masana tarihi suna kallon tsarin bayar da sadaka, kamar manufofin ''zakat'' na karni na bakwai (634 AZ) Rashidun Khalifa [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]], a matsayin misalai na farko na jin dadin gwamnati ta duniya. Jiha ta farko ta jin dadin ita ce Imperial Jamus (1871-1918), inda gwamnatin Bismarck ta gabatar da tsaro na jama'a a cikin 1889.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2019 |title=Social Security History |url=https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928175734/https://www.ssa.gov/history/ottob.html |archive-date=28 September 2019 |access-date=28 September 2019 |website=Social Security}}</ref> A farkon karni na 20, Ƙasar Ingila ta gabatar da tsaron jama'a a kusa da 1913, kuma ta karɓi jihar jin dadin tare da Dokar Inshora ta Kasa ta 1946, a lokacin Gwamnatin Attlee (1944-1951). A Yammacin Turai, Ostiraliya, da New Zealand, galibi gwamnati ce ke ba da jin dadin jama'a daga kudaden shiga na haraji na kasa, kuma zuwa ƙarami daga kungiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba (NGOs), da kuma agaji (na zamantakewa da na addini). <ref name="Modern Thought Third Edition 1999 p. 919" /> Hakki ga tsaron jama'a da [[Yancin Samun Ingataccen Tsarin Rayuwa|isasshen yanayin rayuwa]] an tabbatar da shi a cikin Mataki na 22 da 25 na Universal Declaration of Human Rights . {{Efn|<blockquote>Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the [[economic, social and cultural rights]] indispensable for his [[human dignity|dignity]] and the free development of his personality. [...]<br /><br />Everyone has the right to a [[standard of living]] adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, [[right to housing|housing]] and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.<ref name="UVvM">United Nations, [http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'']</ref></blockquote>}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Abbey_of_Port-Royal,_Distributing_Alms_to_the_Poor_by_Louise-Magdeleine_Hortemels_c._1710.jpg|thumb|Distributing alms to the poor, abbey of Port-Royal des Champs {{Circa|1710}}]] A cikin Daular [[Romawa]], sarki na farko ya hau a [[Augustus]] ya ba da ''Cura Annonae'' ko abincin hatsi ga ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ba za su iya siyan abinci a kowane wata ba. Sarkin sarakuna Trajan ya faɗaɗa jin dadin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trajan |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/602150/Trajan#tab=active~checked%2Citems~checked&title=Trajan%20%20Britannica%20Online%20Encyclopædia |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Britannica}}</ref> Shirin Trajan ya kawo yabo daga mutane da yawa, ciki har da [[Pliny the Younger]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Roman Empire: in the First Century. The Roman Empire. Emperors. Nerva & Trajan – PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/nerva_trajan.html |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=Pbs.org}}</ref> An gabatar da wasu tanadi na taimako ga matalauta a lokacin tarihin Tsohon sarkin Roma, kamar Alimenta. Gwamnatin Daular Song (960 AZ) ta goyi bayan shirye-shirye da yawa waɗanda za a iya rarraba su azaman jin dadin jama'a, gami da asibitocin jihohi, rance mai ƙarancin riba ga manoma, marayu na jihohi, kantin magani kyauta ga matalauta, ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi masu cike da wuta da ɗakunan karatu a cikin manyan birane, gidajen ritaya, asibitoci na jama'a da makabarta. A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Robert Henry Nelson, "[[Cocin katolika|Cocin Roman Katolika]] na zamani yana aiki da tsarin jin dadin talakawa mai zurfi ...". {{Spaces}}Tsohon biranen Girka sun ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya kyauta ga matalauta da bayi. Daga karni na 14 zuwa gaba, gwamnatocin biranen [[Italiya]] sun fara haɗin gwiwa tare da coci don samar da jin daɗi da ilimi ga ƙananan ɗalibai. A cikin karni na 18, bisa ga wani binciken, Daular Qing tana da "mafi kyawun tsarin taimako a tarihin duniya, wanda ya dogara da ɗakunan ajiya na jihohi da na gida waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a lokutan ƙaranci don daidaita farashin abinci da samar da taimako ga matalauta na birane da na karkara".Wannan tsarin, duk da haka, ya raunana bayan mulkin mallaka ya shiga kasar Sin bayan yakin Opium na 1840 da Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860), wanda ya haifar da rikici a Daular Qing. Bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyar a 1912 da kuma shekaru masu zuwa na yaƙe-yaƙe da yaƙe-yanayin yaƙi, "tsarin hatsi na jihar ya zama kusan babu shi". A cikin tarihin Daular Byzantine, an kafa ayyuka da cibiyoyi daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a.: 135-136 An kuma yi tanadi ga Jiha don samar da abinci da tufafi ga yara waɗanda iyaye ba su iya kawowa ba saboda talauci.<ref name="Pashley1852" />:{{Rp|page=137}} A Tsohon Indiya, an ce sarakuna sun adana shagunan hatsi na musamman don taimakawa mutane a lokutan bukata, kuma (bisa ga wani binciken) "sun ba matalauta abinci da masara don ba su damar fara noma. " A cikin ƙasashen Turai na Furotesta kamar Jamhuriyar Dutch, ƙungiyoyi gida ne ke kula da jin dadin har zuwa lokacin da aka kawar da tsarin ƙungiyoyi a farkon karni na 19. A cikin biranen mulkin mallaka na [[Daular Roma Mai Tsarki|Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki]], gwamnatocin birane a biranen kamar [[Nuremberg]] na iya karɓar iko da tattarawa da rarraba jin daɗin jama'a. A cikin 1520, Martin Luther ya yi kira ga (a cikin "Kiran ga Kiristoci na al'ummar Jamus") da kawar da bara da tanadi ga waɗanda ke cikin bukata. A cikin shekara ta 1523, biyo bayan buƙatar da 'yan ƙasa na Leisnig, a Saxony, Luther ya tsara wani shiri na "Kayan Al'ada," wanda a ƙarƙashinsa "Za a ba da umarni ga gidan Allah kuma a ajiye shi a wurin koyaushe, kwalba biyu ko akwatunan majalisa waɗanda za a sanya burodi, cuku, ƙwai, nama da sauran abinci da wadata; kuma za a sami akwati ko biyu inda za a iya sanya kuɗi don kula da akwati na al'ada. " Da yake nuna ra'ayoyin Luther, a cikin 1522 umarnin Ikilisiyar Wittenberg ya kafa "akwatin kowa" don aikin jin dadin da ya ba da hanyoyi daban-daban na tallafawa matalauta. A Faransa a cikin 1536, kamar yadda wani binciken ya lura, "Francis I ya umarci kowane Ikklisiya da ya yi rajistar matalauta da kuma samar da marasa ƙarfi daga kudaden da aka ba da gudummawa".Kafin wannan, an kafa tsarin agaji a Rouen, Lyons, da Paris. Har ila yau game da Turai, wani masanin tarihi ya yi jayayya cewa "Yaren mutanen Holland sun shahara da goyon bayansu ga matalauta masu kyau da matasa masu bukata". An kuma kafa nau'o'i daban-daban na jin dadin jama'a a Daular Inca, Daular Aztec, Daular Ottoman, [4] da kuma Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka. [5][] A karkashin Sarkin Mughal Akbar, an ba da rancen noma tare da rage haraji a lokuta na gazawar amfanin gona. [[Khalifofi|Khalifa]] [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar]] na ƙarni na bakwai ya aiwatar da wani nau'i na ''[[Zakka|zakat]]'', ɗaya daga cikin [[Rukunnan Musulunci|Ginshiƙai biyar na Islama]], a matsayin harajin tsaro na duniya. A al'adance an kiyasta a kashi 2.5% na dukiyar mutum, an rarraba kudaden ''zakat'' na gwamnati ga kungiyoyi daban-daban na Musulmai, gami da matalauta da wadanda ke cikin bashi mai tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Benthal, Jonathan |title=The Qur'an's Call to Alms Zakat, the Muslim Tradition of Alms-giving |url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/16762/ISIM_1_The_Qur-an-s_Call_to_Alms_Zakat_the_Muslim_Tradition_of_Alms-giving.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=ISIM Newsletter |volume=98 |issue=1 |page=13}}</ref> Tarin ''zakat'' ya karu a lokacin [[Khalifancin Umayyawa|Umayyad]] da [[Daular Abbasiyyah|Abbasid]] caliphates, kodayake tsarin ''zakat'' sau da yawa ba shi da inganci kuma yana da cin hanci da rashawa; Masu shari'ar Musulunci galibi suna umurni da Musulmai su rarraba kuɗi ga mabukata kai tsaye maimakon kara tasirinsa. Hakazalika, a cikin al'adar Yahudawa, sadaka (wanda tzedakah ke wakilta) lamari ne na wajibai na addini maimakon alheri. Ana ɗaukar sadaka ta zamani a matsayin ci gaba da Maaser Ani na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, ko matalauta-goma, da kuma ayyukan Littafi Mai-Msarki, kamar ba da izinin matalauta su tattara kusurwoyin filin da girbi a lokacin Shmita (shekara Sabbatical). Akwai ƙananan bayanai game da biyan kuɗi na canja wuri kafin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A cikin zamani na tsakiya har zuwa [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], an sami aikin biyan kuɗi a Turai ta hanyar bayar da kyauta ko sadaka, ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi da yawa da ayyukan addinai daban-daban. Shirye-shiryen jin dadin farko a Turanci sun haɗa da Dokar Taimako ta Talakawa ta Ingilishi 1601, wanda ya ba majami'u alhakin samar da biyan kuɗi ga matalauta. Wannan tsarin ya canza sosai ta hanyar Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Talakawa ta ƙarni na 19, wanda ya gabatar da tsarin gidajen aiki. [[File:Vsi_na_ulice_Protest_v_Ljubljani_3_12_12_SAM_1671.JPG|thumb|zanga-zangar '[[Anarchism|Mai tawaye]] game da raguwar jin dadin jama'a da tsattsauran ra'ayi, Slovenia 2012]] Ya kasance mafi yawa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20 cewa an gabatar da tsarin tsarin tsarin jin dadin jihar a ƙasashe da yawa. [[Otto von Bismarck]], Shugaba Jamusanci, ya gabatar da ɗayan tsarin jin dadin farko ga ɗaliban ma'aikata. A cikin Burtaniya gwamnatin Liberal ta Henry Campbell-Bannerman da David Lloyd George sun gabatar da tsarin Inshora ta Kasa a cikin 1911, tsarin da Clement Attlee ya fadada daga baya. Jihohin jin dadin zamani sun hada da Jamus, Faransa, Netherlands, da kuma kasashen Nordic, kamar Iceland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, da Finland waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin da aka sani da samfurin Nordic. Esping-Andersen ya rarraba tsarin jin dadin jihohi mafi ci gaba zuwa kashi uku; Social Democratic, Conservative, da Liberal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ferragina |first=Emanuele |last2=Seeleib-Kaiser |first2=Martin |date=30 October 2011 |title=Thematic Review: Welfare regime debate: past, present, futures? |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf |journal=Policy & Politics |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=583–611 |doi=10.1332/030557311X603592 |s2cid=146986126}}</ref> Wani rahoto da ILO ta buga a shekarar 2014 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 27% ne kawai na yawan mutanen duniya ke da damar samun cikakken tsaro na jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=More than 70 per cent of the world population lacks proper social protection |url=http://ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_244748/lang--en/index.htm |access-date=24 March 2018 |website=ilo.org}}</ref> Rahoton Ci gaban Duniya na 2019 na [[Bankin Duniya]] ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin al'ada na albashi na nau'ikan inshorar zamantakewa da yawa "yana ƙalubale ta hanyar shirye-shiryen aiki a waje da kwangilar aiki". == Hanyoyi == Welfare na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i daban-daban, kamar biyan kuɗi, tallafi da takardun shaida, ko taimakon gidaje. Tsarin jin dadin ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, amma ana ba da jin dadin mutane waɗanda ba su da aikin yi, waɗanda ke da rashin lafiya ko [[nakasa]], Tsofaffi, waɗanda ke ɗauke da yara masu dogaro, da tsofaffi. Shirye-shiryen na iya samun yanayi daban-daban don mutum ya sami jin daɗi: * Inshorar zamantakewa, shirye-shiryen da jihar ke tallafawa wanda ya dogara da gudummawar mutum da ma'aikaci da aka biya don fa'idodi kamar kiwon lafiya, biyan bashin rashin aikin yi, da fensho na tsofaffi. * Fa'idodin da aka gwada, taimakon kuɗi da aka bayar ga waɗanda ba su iya biyan bukatun asali ba, kamar abinci, tufafi da gidaje, saboda talauci ko rashin samun kudin shiga saboda rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, ko kula da yara. Duk da yake taimako sau da yawa a cikin hanyar biyan kuɗi, waɗanda suka cancanci jin daɗin jama'a yawanci suna iya samun damar kiwon lafiya da sabis na ilimi kyauta. Adadin tallafi ya isa ya rufe bukatun asali kuma cancanta sau da yawa yana ƙarƙashin cikakken ƙididdigar rikitarwa game da yanayin zamantakewa da na kudi na mai nema. Dubi kuma Taimako na Haraji. * Fa'idodin da ba su da gudummawa. Kasashe da yawa suna da tsare-tsare na musamman, waɗanda ake gudanarwa ba tare da buƙata don gudummawa ba kuma ba tare da gwaji ba, ga mutane a wasu nau'ikan buƙatu, kamar tsoffin sojoji, mutanen da ke da nakasa, da tsofaffi sosai. * Amfanin rarrabewa. Wasu tsare-tsaren sun dogara ne akan shawarar wani jami'in, kamar ma'aikacin zamantakewa. * Fa'idodi na duniya ko na rukuni, wanda aka fi sani da demogrants. Wadannan fa'idodi ne marasa gudummawa da aka bayar ga dukkan sassan jama'a ba tare da gwajin hanya ba, kamar alawus na iyali ko fansho na jama'a a New Zealand (wanda aka sani da New Zealand Superannuation). Dubi kuma Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend . * Albarka don aiki: Wannan shine lokacin da gwamnati ke ba da fa'idodin walbarka ga mai karɓa yayin da ake buƙatar mai karɓa ya ɗauki aikin da aka biya ko a wasu lokuta ilimi na tilas. Manufar ita ce ta taimaka wa masu karɓar jin dadin rayuwa wajen motsawa daga taimakon gwamnati zuwa aiki da samun wadatar kai. Ba duk 'yan ƙasa suke amfani da hakkinsu na zamantakewa ba. 'Yancin zamantakewa na zaɓaɓɓu suna da ƙimar da ba ta ɗauka ba fiye da haƙƙin zamantakewa na duniya saboda rikitarwa na bayanai da Bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2023-12-08 |editor-last=Skouteris |editor-first=Helen |title=Non-Take-Up of Benefits and Rights: The Universality-Selectivity Debate as Reflected in Online Information and User Patterns |journal=Health & Social Care in the Community |language=en |volume=2023 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1155/2023/8830139 |issn=0966-0410 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani lokaci mutane suna buƙatar taimakon wasu mutane don yin sulhu da hakkinsu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Elek-BenMoshe |first=Frida |last2=Rafaeli |first2=Sheizaf |date=2024-10-03 |title='Asking for a friend': Mediation needs in Israeli social media conversations on benefits and rights |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01655515241281318 |journal=Journal of Information Science |language=en |doi=10.1177/01655515241281318 |issn=0165-5515 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi == Dangane da binciken bita na 2012, ko shirin jin dadin yana samar da tallafin jama'a ya dogara da: <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |date=11 May 2012 |title=Policy Makes Mass Politics |journal=Annual Review of Political Science |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=333–351 |doi=10.1146/annurev-polisci-012610-135202 |issn=1094-2939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * ko shirin na duniya ne ko kuma an yi niyya ga wasu kungiyoyi * girman fa'idodin shirin zamantakewa (mafi yawan fa'idodi suna ƙarfafa mafi girma don kare shirin zamantakewa) * ganuwa da ganowa na fa'idodi (ko masu karɓa sun san inda fa'idorin suka fito) * kusanci da kuma mayar da hankali ga masu cin gajiyar (wannan yana shafar sauƙin da masu cin gajiyawa zasu iya shirya don kare shirin zamantakewa) * tsawon lokacin fa'idodi (fa'idodi masu tsawo suna ƙarfafa ƙarin tattarawa don kare shirin zamantakewa) * hanyar da ake gudanar da shirin (ko shirin ya hada da kuma bin ka'idoji). [[Francis (fafaroma)|Paparoma Francis]] ya yi nuni da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar yadda suke da mahimmanci kawai a matsayin martani na "na wucin gadi" ko "na wariya" ga matsalolin talauci: ana buƙatar canje-canje na dindindin da daidaito don kauce wa dogaro da jin dadin jamaʼa. Bambance-bambance a cikin nuna gaskiya na gudummawar jin dadin mutum da gudummawar ma'aikaci ta hanyar harajin albashi yana shafar siyasa.<ref name="s131">{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Andrea Louise |last2=Morgan |first2=Kimberly J. |date=2005 |title=Financing the Welfare State: Elite Politics and the Decline of the Social Insurance Model in America |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898588X05000118/type/journal_article |journal=Studies in American Political Development |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |doi=10.1017/S0898588X05000118 |issn=0898-588X |access-date=2026-02-07 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="e014">{{Cite journal |last=Wiß |first=Tobias |date=2015 |title=From welfare states to welfare sectors: Explaining sectoral differences in occupational pensions with economic and political power of employees |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0958928715611006 |journal=Journal of European Social Policy |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=489–504 |doi=10.1177/0958928715611006 |issn=0958-9287 |pmc=4657390 |pmid=26663983 |access-date=2026-02-07}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} l3c5q0t82mr5hii50bhvlfrooo145ey 0 178275 964323 963889 2026-10-07T12:56:28Z Dilshan.rehman33 49697 An ƙara bayani, gyara fassara da inganta sassan labarin tare da ƙarin nassoshi. 964323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Soumyabrata Sengupta | birth_place = India | residence = Kolkata, West Bengal, India | nationality = Indian | education = Amity University, Noida (BA) <br>Andhra University (MA) <br>Officers Training Academy, Gaya (Military training) | known_for = Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, rubuce-rubuce | notable_works = ''Detech: How Technology Controls Your Life and How to Use It Wisely''(2024)<br>''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke''(2025)<br>''War's Hidden Ledger: Power, Profit, and the Politics of Conflict''(2026) | party = Bharatiya Janata Party (2021–2025) (2026–yanzu), Biju Janata Dal (2025) }} '''Soumyabrata Sengupta''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Mayu 1999) ɗan Indiya ne mai binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa kuma ƙwararre a fannin dabarun sadarwa. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai, sadarwar dijital, horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki, sadarwar siyasa, harkokin jama'a da binciken dangantakar da ke tsakanin kafafen yaɗa labarai da al'umma.<ref name="borok-media">{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta's Shift from Strategic Communications to Media Research |url=https://boroktimes.com/soumyabrata-senguptas-shift-from-strategic-communications-to-media-research/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}</ref> == Iyali == Sengupta ya fito daga wani dangin na sarauta (zamindari) mai dogon tarihin hidimar jama'a da aikin soja. Iyalin ya samo asali ne daga daular Sena ta Bengal, kuma Sengupta zuriyar kai tsaye ce ta tsohuwar daular Sena. Mahaifinsa, Rajarshi Sengupta, ya yi aiki a Rundunar Sojin Indiya a matsayin jami'in likita kuma ya kai matsayin Lieutenant Colonel, tare da yin aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Kargil na shekarar 1999. Kakaninsa, Bipul Kumar Sengupta, ya kasance Deputy Commandant a Border Security Force, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Major da Company Commander tare da Kumaon Regiment a lokacin Yaƙin Indiya da Pakistan na shekarar 1971.<ref name="family">{{cite web |title=The Sengupta Family: A Legacy of Public Service, Military Leadership, Scholarship, and Enterprise |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/28078/the-sengupta-family-a-legacy-of-public-service-military-leadership |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Loktej }}</ref> == Ilimi == Sengupta ya yi karatun Jarida da Sadarwa a Amity University, Noida, inda ya kammala digirinsa na farko a shekarar 2021. Daga baya ya yi digiri na biyu a fannin Jarida da Sadarwa a Andhra University. Ya kuma sami horon soja a Officers Training Academy, Gaya. == Kasuwanci == Sengupta ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci da ayyukan kafafen yaɗa labarai tun yana matashi. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai Spearkraft, wani kamfanin sadarwa da gina alamar kasuwanci. Wani rahoto na ''Loktej'' ya bayyana tarihin Spearkraft da Sengupta a matsayin matashin ɗan kasuwa a fannin kafafen yaɗa labarai.<ref name="loktej-spearkraft">{{cite web |title=The Spearkraft Story: From a Young Media Entrepreneur's Vision to Building India's Next Generation Communication Ecosystem |url=https://english.loktej.com/article/27807/the-spearkraft-story-from-a-young-media-entrepreneur%E2%80%99s-vision-to |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Loktej}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ''The Times of India'' ta yi rahoto kan karuwar makarantun masu tasiri a Indiya, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft Academy da Sengupta wajen tattauna horar da masu ƙirƙirar abun ciki da masu tasiri a kafafen sada zumunta.<ref name="toi">{{cite web |title=Reeling them in: Schools for aspiring influencers mushroom in country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/reeling-them-in-schools-for-aspiring-influencers-mushroom-in-country/amp_articleshow/102258010.cms |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Mint'' ta kuma yi rahoto kan shirye-shiryen koyar da yara da matasa yadda ake ƙirƙirar abun ciki na dijital, inda ta ambaci Spearkraft da Sengupta.<ref name="mint">{{cite web |title=Workshops training children to be digital content creators |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/ideas/workshops-training-children-to-be-digital-content-creators/amp-11715869363407.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Mint}}</ref> ''Social Samosa'' ta bayar da rahoto cewa Spearkraft ta samu aikin tallata Audio Nirvana.<ref name="socialsamosa">{{cite web |title=Spearkraft wins marketing mandate for Audio Nirvana |url=https://www.socialsamosa.com/industry-updates/spearkraft-wins-marketing-mandate-for-audio-nirvana-1519426 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Social Samosa}}</ref> Baya ga Spearkraft da Spearkraft Academy, Sengupta shi ne wanda ya kafa wasu fitattun kamfanoni da dama, ciki har da Qavrion Communications. Kamfanoni biyu da ya kafa, BHACo da Chanakya Strategic Advisors, sun samu saye daga kamfanonin ƙasa da ƙasa kan darajar miliyoyin daloli. == Binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce == Sengupta ya kuma yi aiki a fannin binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai da rubuce-rubuce. Abubuwan da bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali a kansu sun haɗa da kafafen yaɗa labarai na dijital, sadarwar siyasa, halayen masu sauraro, tsarin kafafen yaɗa labarai da dangantakar da ke tsakanin fasaha da al'umma.<ref name="borok-media" /> A shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta yi rahoto kan sauyin aikin Sengupta daga dabarun sadarwa zuwa binciken kafafen yaɗa labarai, inda ta bayyana ayyukansa a fannonin sadarwa, bincike da kafafen yaɗa labarai.<ref name="borok-media" /> == Littattafai == Sengupta marubuci ne wanda ya rubuta kan fasaha, rikice-rikice, kafafen yaɗa labarai da dabarun ƙasa. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da ''Detech: How Technology Controls Your Life and How to Use It Wisely''(2024), ''Operation Sindoor: India's Shadow War and the Truth Behind the Smoke''(2025) da ''War's Hidden Ledger: Power, Profit, and the Politics of Conflict''(2026). == Sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a == Sengupta ya yi aiki a fannin sadarwar siyasa da harkokin jama'a. ''MyNation'' ta saka sunansa cikin wani rahoto mai taken ''India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns'', wanda ya tattauna dabarun masu ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa a Indiya.<ref name="mynation">{{cite web |title=India's Top 10 Political Consultants: The Strategists Behind Modern Campaigns |url=https://www.mynation.com/amp/business/indias-top-10-political-consultants-the-strategists-behind-modern-campaigns-articleshow-0wettn7 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=MyNation}}</ref> Daga watan Maris na 2025, Sengupta ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci na tsawon watanni shida a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara na Musamman (Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai) kan Tsaron Ƙasa da Harkokin Waje ga Gwamnatin Indiya. A lokacin wannan ɗan gajeren wa'adin, ya kuma gudanar da wani aiki tare da Intelligence Bureau.<ref name="borok-media" /> A watan Yuli na shekarar 2026, ''Borok Times'' ta ruwaito cewa reshen Bharatiya Janata Party na West Bengal ya naɗa Sengupta a matsayin State Vice President (Digital).<ref name="bjp-appointment">{{cite web |title=BJP West Bengal Appoints Soumyabrata Sengupta as State Vice President – Digital Narratives |url=https://boroktimes.com/bjp-west-bengal-appoints-soumyabrata-sengupta-as-state-vice-president-digital-narratives/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2026, an kuma ruwaito cewa an naɗa Sengupta a matsayin Mai Ba da Shawara ga Gwamnatin Yammacin Bengal mai darajar Cabinet Rank.<ref name="cabinet">{{cite web |title=What Cabinet Rank Means for Soumyabrata Sengupta |url=https://bharatexclusive.com/what-cabinet-rank-means-for-soumyabrata-sengupta/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Bharat Exclusive}}</ref> == Jawabi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya == ''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.<ref name="un">{{cite web |title=Youngest Indian Male at 27 to Address UN General Assembly: Soumyabrata Sengupta Takes Up Environment, Women's Safety and Sustainable Growth |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/youngest-indian-male-at-27-to-address-un-general-assembly-soumyabrata-sengupta-takes-up-environment-womens-safety-and-sustainable-growth/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}</ref> Rahoton ya bayyana shi a matsayin youngest Indian male da ya yi jawabi a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yana da shekaru 27.<ref name="un" /> == Ƙaddamarwar Jama'a == ''The Entrepreneur Bytes'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Gwamnatin Indiya wajen ƙaddamar da CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative.<ref name="scholarship">{{cite web |title=Soumyabrata Sengupta Collaborates with Government of India to Launch CQMH Abdul Hamid Scholarship Initiative |url=https://theentrepreneurbytes.com/soumyabrata-sengupta-collaborates-with-government-of-india-to-launch-cqmh-abdul-hamid-scholarship-initiative/ |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=The Entrepreneur Bytes}}</ref> Ayyukansa na jama'a sun kuma haɗa da batutuwan kare muhalli, tsaron mata da ci gaba mai ɗorewa.<ref name="un" /> ''Hindustan Metro'' ta yi rahoto cewa Ramakrishna Mission ta karrama Sengupta saboda wata gudummawa da ta ce ta wuce ₹50 crore.<ref name="ramakrishna">{{cite web |title=Ramakrishna Mission Honours Soumyabrata Sengupta for Contribution of More Than 50 Crore |url=https://hindustanmetro.com/ramakrishna-mission-honours-soumyabrata-sengupta-for-contribution-of-more-than-50-crore |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Hindustan Metro}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya bayar da gudummawar fiye da ₹100 crore daga cikin dukiyar kansa da ta kai ₹300 crore. == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == A shekarar 2026, ''Ahmedabad Mirror'' ta ruwaito cewa Sengupta ya samu Rabindra Ratna Puraskar 2026 daga Indian NGO Awards Council da kuma Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Leadership Award daga Asian Council for Education and Research.<ref name="ahmedabad">{{cite web |title=Two Honours in One Day: Soumyabrata Sengupta Recognised for Contributions to Media, Research and Public Communication |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/two-honours-in-one-day-soumyabrata-sengupta-recognised-for-contributions-to-media-research-and-public-communication/81914248.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoto cewa tsofaffin jami'an Territorial Army sun karrama Sengupta da wata karramawa ta alama mai suna “Honorary Major” saboda ayyukansa na bincike da aiki a Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya. Ko da yake ba Shugaban Jamhuriyar Indiya ne ya naɗa shi a matsayin jami'in soja ba, Gwamnatin Indiya tana ba Sengupta damar sanya wata rigar soja ta musamman yayin da yake wakiltar Territorial Army.<ref name="ta-veterans">{{cite web |title=Civilian Researcher Honoured by TA Veterans for Work in India's North East |url=https://boroktimes.com/civilian-researcher-honoured-by-ta-veterans-for-work-in-indias-north-east/?amp=1 |access-date=2026-10-05 |website=Borok Times}}</ref> Sengupta ya kuma samu yabo daga Firayim Ministan Indiya Narendra Modi da Dalai Lama saboda aikinsa. == Sukar == An soki ayyukan Sengupta saboda sake fassara abubuwan tarihi domin samun moriyar siyasa. Hanyoyin kasuwancin Sengupta tare da Chanakya Strategic Advisors sun kuma yi kama da tsarin lobbying na tsari. Wasu masu suka sun kira shi mai yaɗa farfaganda, yayin da aka yi kwatance tsakanin salon aikinsa da na Joseph Goebbels da Niccolò Machiavelli. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gjansqu6pzkvqjodel445moucvq31td 0 178457 964530 964217 2026-10-07T22:24:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vlad Ioan Munteanu''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1981) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon]] ƙafa ne na ƙasar Romania wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/ |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=worldfootball.net}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === FCM Bacău === An haifi Munteanu a ranar 16 ga Janairu 1981 a Bacău, Romania. <ref name="GSP">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu s-a întors în România să o transforme pe Dinamo într-o campioană: "Am plecat băiat, m-am întors bărbat" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu returned in Romania to transform Dinamo into a champion: "I left as a boy, I came back as a man" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/vlad-munteanu-s-a-intors-in-romania-sa-o-transforme-pe-dinamo-intr-o-campioana-am-plecat-baiat-m-am-intors-barbat-226903.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙungiyar FCM Bacău ta gida inda ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Divizia A a ranar 6 ga Maris 1999 a ƙarƙashin koci Florin Halagian a wasan da suka yi nasara a gida da ci 2-0 a kan Astra Ploiești . <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="ziare">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu - despre Torje si Mansour |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu - about Torje and Mansour |url=https://ziare.com/dinamo/stiri-dinamo/vlad-munteanu-despre-torje-si-mansour-216907 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2019 |title=Vlad Munteanu, poveste incredibilă de la Bacău: "S-a pus în genunchi, și-a făcut cruce și mi-a spus că nu voi ajunge niciodată fotbalist" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, incredible story from Bacău: "He got on his knees, made the sign of the cross and told me that I would never become a footballer" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/gsp-live-video-vlad-munteanu-poveste-incredibila-de-la-bacau-s-a-pus-in-genunchi-si-a-facut-cruce-si-mi-a-spus-ca-nu-voi-ajunge-niciodata-fotbalist-579108.html |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=FCM Bacau vs Astra Giurgiu 2-0 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/romania/1998-1999/divizia-a/18/fcm-bacau-15-vs-astra-ploiesti-237-14718/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar kimanin mako guda bayan haka a wasan da suka doke Universitatea Craiova da ci 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu goals 1999/2000 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/s/?cdx=21755a1&pp=190&l=1&s=65&c=15&ppgm=1 |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=FCU Craiova vs FCM Bacau 0-1 |url=https://www.labtof.ro/romania/1998-1999/divizia-a/19/universitatea-craiova-167-vs-fcm-bacau-15-14895/ |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Labtof}}</ref> === Dinamo București === After two seasons with FCM, he spent six seasons at Dinamo București.<ref name="GSP" /> There, he won the only trophies of his career and made his only appearances in European competitions, playing a total of 10 UEFA Cup matches and scoring two goals.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /> His first performance was winning the 2000–01 Cupa României, even though coach Cornel Dinu did not use him in the final.<ref name="GSP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2000–2001 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2000_2001.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the following season, Munteanu helped Dinamo win the title under coaches Dinu and Marin Ion who gave him 19 appearances in which he scored five goals.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="RSC">{{Cite web |title=Romania National Champions |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/menu_items/champions.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> During the same season he played a few games in the second league at Poiana Câmpina, then a satellite team of Dinamo.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="ziare" /><ref name="EVZ">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu a revenit la Dinamo |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu returned to Dinamo |url=https://evz.ro/vlad-munteanu-a-revenit-la-dinamo-918864.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2023 |title=Pagini memorabile din istoria fotbalului prahovean (XXXIII)/La Câmpina au jucat Dănciulescu, Zicu, Marica, Mitea… |trans-title=Memorable pages from the history of Prahova football (XXXIII)/Dănciulescu, Zicu, Marica, Mitea played at Câmpina... |url=https://ziarulprahova.ro/2023/04/pagini-memorabile-din-istoria-fotbalului-prahovean-xxxiii-la-campina-au-jucat-danciulescu-zicu-marica-mitea/ |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Ziarulprahova.ro |language=Romanian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102193555/https://ziarulprahova.ro/2023/04/pagini-memorabile-din-istoria-fotbalului-prahovean-xxxiii-la-campina-au-jucat-danciulescu-zicu-marica-mitea/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His next trophy won with ''The Red Dogs'' was the 2002–03 Cupa României, as coach Ioan Andone sent him in the 90+2 minute to replace Florentin Petre in the 1–0 victory against Național București in the final.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2002–2003 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2002_2003.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the 2003–04 season, Munteanu helped the club win The Double, appearing in 18 league games under Andone and scoring one goal.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="RSC" /> He was again a substitute in the Cupa României final, entering in the 55th minute to replace Ionuț Badea, and then opening the scoring approximately 10 minutes later in their 2–0 victory against Oțelul Galați.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romanian Cup – Season 2003–2004 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/romanian_cup/2003_2004.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> He also provided two perfect assists for goals by Claudiu Niculescu and Ianis Zicu in the 2–0 home victory against Shakhtar Donetsk, which helped them eliminate the Ukrainians in the UEFA Cup.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=Dinamo s-a îmbogăţit de pe urma ucrainenilor! A cîştigat milioane de euro şi l-a pus pe Lucescu antrenor la Şahtior |trans-title=Dinamo got rich from the Ukrainians! They won millions of euros and made Lucescu coach at Şahtior |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/europa-league/dinamo-s-a-imbogatit-de-pe-urma-ucrainenilor-a-cistigat-milioane-de-euro-si-l-a-pus-pe-lucescu-antrenor-la-sahtior-253240.html |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> After playing only a few games in the first half of the 2004–05 season, Andone informed Munteanu that he would not be part of his plans for the rest of the season, leading to a loan to Național București.<ref name="RS" /><ref name="GSP" /><ref name="ziare" /><ref name="EVZ" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2005 |title=FC National - Steaua si Dinamo ii intaresc pe "bancari" |trans-title=FC National - Steaua and Dinamo strengthen the "bankers" |url=https://jurnalul.ro/sport/fc-national-steaua-si-dinamo-ii-intaresc-pe-bancari-51837.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Jurnalul.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> He returned to Dinamo for the 2005–06 season.<ref name="RS" /> Andone used him as a starter until the 69th minute, when he replaced him with Ianis Zicu in the 3–2 victory against rivals Steaua București that earned them their first Supercupa României.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2005 |title=Dinamo invinge Steaua si castiga Supercupa Romaniei |trans-title=Dinamo defeats Steaua and wins the Romanian Supercup |url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-arhiva-1217612-dinamo-invinge-steaua-castiga-supercupa-romaniei.htm |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Hotnews.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Romanian Super Cup – Season 2005 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/super_cup/2005.shtml |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> In the 2005–06 UEFA Cup campaign, the team eliminated Omonia Nicosia against whom Munteanu scored a goal, and [[Everton FC|Everton]] with a historical 5–2 on aggregate, reaching the group stage.<ref name="RS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=VIDEO 15 ani de la istoricul Dinamo - Everton 5-1. 3 dintre oamenii-cheie au rememorat meciul pentru GSP: "Sincer să fiu, am fost cel mai bun!" |trans-title=VIDEO 15 years since the historic Dinamo - Everton 5-1. 3 of the key people recalled the match for GSP:" To be honest, I was the best! " |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/15-ani-de-la-istoricul-dinamo-everton-5-1-3-dintre-oamenii-cheie-au-rememorat-meciul-pentru-gsp-610142.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=13 August 2005 |title=Dinamo si-a complicat situatia |trans-title=Dinamo complicated their situation |url=https://www.gds.ro/Sport/2005-08-13/Dinamo-si-a-complicat-situatia/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gds.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> There, the campaign ended but he scored the only goal of a 1–0 victory against title holders CSKA Moscow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2005 |title=Bucharest shuts down CSKA Moscow |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2005/12/03/2003282865 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Taipeitimes.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> During these years, he scored two league goals in the derby against Steaua which helped his side earn two draws, also netting two times in two victories in the Cupa României.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dinamo – FCSB, în Cupa României! Bilanțul all-time, cele mai clare victorii, cei mai buni marcatori și meciul cu cele mai multe goluri |url=https://www.prosport.ro/cupa-romaniei/dinamo-fcsb-in-cupa-romaniei-bilantul-all-time-cele-mai-clare-victorii-cei-mai-buni-marcatori-si-meciul-cu-cele-mai-multe-goluri-20019474 |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=Prosport.ro}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Dinamo Bucuresti in 2001–02 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/stiri/68418/dinamo-bucuresti-in-2001-02.htm |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Dinamo Bucuresti in 2002–03 |url=https://www.romaniansoccer.ro/stiri/68419/dinamo-bucuresti-in-2002-03.htm |access-date=29 October 2025 |publisher=RomanianSoccer}}</ref> === Makamashin Cottbus === A shekara ta 2006, Munteanu ya sanya hannu da Energie Cottbus na gasar Bundesliga ta Jamus. <ref name="GSP" /> Ya fara buga gasar a ranar 12 ga Agusta 2006 lokacin da kocin Petrik Sander ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai fara wasa a wasan da Borussia Mönchengladbach ta sha kashi a waje da ci 2-0. <ref name="WF">{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Bundesliga 2006/2007 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co12/germany-bundesliga/se580/2006-2007/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Borussia Mönchengladbach - Energie Cottbus 2:0 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma48591/lineup/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> A zagaye na gaba, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Hamburg . <ref name="WF" /> Munteanu ya samu tarihin kwallaye 11 a karshen kakar wasa ta 2006-07, ciki har da kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Borussia Dortmund da ci 3-2 a waje. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="WF" /> Ya ƙulla haɗin gwiwa a harin da ƙungiyar ta kai tare da abokin wasansa na Romania Sergiu Radu kuma 'yan jaridar Jamus sun yi musu laƙabi da "Tagwayen Goal". <ref name="GSP2">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=La pachet |trans-title=Package deal |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/la-pachet-113.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="gemenii">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title="Gemenii golului", la Wolfsburg pentru 4,5 milioane de euro! |trans-title="The twins of the goal", in Wolfsburg for 4.5 million euros! |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/gemenii-golului-la-wolfsburg-pentru-45-1323385.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 May 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu si Sergiu Radu - La Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu and Sergiu Radu - At Wolfsburg |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-si-sergiu-radu-la-wolfsburg.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title="Gemenii golului" s-au transferat la Wolfsburg |trans-title=The "twins of the goal" transferred to Wolfsburg |url=https://www.crisana.ro/stiri/sport-7/gemenii-golului-s-au-transferat-la-wolfsburg-142107.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Crisana.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="gemenii2">{{Cite web |date=18 June 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu: "Piturca poate sa nu ma cheme la nationala, nu ma mai intereseaza" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu: "Piturca may not call me to the national team, I'm not interested anymore" |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-piturca-poate-sa-nu-ma-cheme-la-nationala-nu-ma-mai-intereseaza.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=25 August 2007 |title=Piturca si-a calcat pe inima si l-a convocat pe "Schija" |trans-title=Piturca stepped on his heart and summoned "Schija" |url=https://evz.ro/piturca-si-a-calcat-pe-inima-si-l-a-convocat-pe-schija-457282.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=Sergiu Radu: "Am marcat cat Mutu. Vreau la nationala!" |trans-title=Sergiu Radu: "I scored as much as Mutu. I want to be at the national team!" |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/sergiu-radu-am-marcat-cat-mutu-vreau-la-nationala.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> <ref name="EVZ2">{{Cite web |date=26 May 2007 |title=Sergiu Radu si Vlad Munteanu, la VfL Wolfsburg |trans-title=Sergiu Radu and Vlad Munteanu, at VfL Wolfsburg |url=https://evz.ro/sergiu-radu-si-vlad-munteanu-la-vfl-wolfsburg-444414.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Evz.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Da kwallaye 11 da Munteanu ya zura da kuma yadda Radu ya zura kwallaye sau 14, tare suka zura kwallaye sama da rabin jimillar kwallaye 38 da kungiyar ta zura wanda ya taimaka mata ta kauce wa faduwa daga gasar. <ref name="gemenii" /> <ref name="gemenii2" /> === VfL Wolfsburg da lamuni === A lokacin bazara na 2007, VfL Wolfsburg ta canja wurin shi da Radu, inda ta biya € 4.5 miliyan a gare su, wanda daga ciki € 1.5 miliyan ne na Munteanu. <ref name="GSP2" /> <ref name="gemenii" /> <ref name="EVZ2" /> Bayan da koci Felix Magath ya yi amfani da shi a rabin farko na kakar wasa ta 2007-08 a wasanni 10 na gasar, an tura Munteanu aro a rabin na biyu zuwa kungiyar Auxerre ta Faransa a karkashin koci Jean Fernandez don ya buga wasa tare da 'yan kasarsa Daniel Niculae da Gabriel Tamaș . <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2007 |title=Vlad Munteanu nu se sperie de "Sadam" Magath! |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu is not afraid of "Sadam" Magath! |url=https://www.sport.ro/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-nu-se-sperie-de-sadam-magath.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=29 January 2008 |title=Exclusiv Prosport, Vlad Munteanu merge la Auxerre |trans-title=Exclusive Prosport, Vlad Munteanu goes to Auxerre |url=https://www.sport.ro/franta/exclusiv-prosport-vlad-munteanu-merge-la-auxerre.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=30 January 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu la Auxerre |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu at Auxerre |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-la-auxerre-50669.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Ya fara buga gasar [[Ligue 1]] a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 2008 lokacin da koci Fernandez ya tura shi a minti na 90 don maye gurbin Kévin Lejeune a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Rennes da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Ligue 1 2007/2008 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co71/france-ligue-1/se5116/2007-2008/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Stade Rennais - AJ Auxerre 1:2 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/match-report/ma2105777/lineup/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=11 February 2008 |title=Românii lui Auxerre, învingători in extremis |trans-title=The Romanians of Auxerre, victorious in extremis |url=https://www.gds.ro/Sport/2008-02-11/Romanii-lui-Auxerre-invingatori-in-extremis/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gds.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> Bayan wasanni 12 kacal a dukkan gasa, Munteanu ya koma Wolfsburg, yana mai ikirarin cewa yana da matsala wajen daidaitawa da dogaro da ƙarfin jiki na ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu, intre Auxerre si Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, between Auxerre and Wolfsburg |url=https://ziaruldebacau.ro/vlad-munteanu-intre-auxerre-si-wolfsburg/ |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziaruldebacau.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=Auxerre renunță la Vlad Munteanu |trans-title=Auxerre waives Vlad Munteanu |url=https://jurnalul.ro/fun/auxerre-renunta-la-vlad-munteanu-123933.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Jurnalul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title="După o lună, le-am zis că nu vreau să rămân!". EXCLUSIV Românul care a ajuns în Ligue 1 și s-a speriat după un singur meci:"Pulpa unui adversar era cât ambele ale mele!" |trans-title="After a month, I told them I don't want to stay!". EXCLUSIVE The Romanian who reached Ligue 1 and got scared after a single match: "An opponent's pulp was as big as both of mine!" |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/dupa-o-luna-le-am-zis-ca-nu-vreau-sa-raman-exclusiv-romanul-care-a-ajuns-in-ligue-1-si-s-a-speriat-dupa-un-singur-meci-pulpa-unui-adversar-era-cat-ambele-ale-mele-17584339 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=7 May 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu nu mai este dorit la Auxerre |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu is no longer wanted at Auxerre |url=https://ziare.com/vfl-wolfsburg/stiri-vfl-wolfsburg/vlad-munteanu-nu-mai-este-dorit-la-auxerre-304272 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}</ref> Bayan an cire shi daga shirin Magath na ''ƙungiyar Wolves'' a kakar wasa ta 2008-09, yana wasa ne kawai a ƙungiyar tauraron ɗan wasa ta ƙungiyar a rukuni na huɗu, an ba shi aro na rabin lokaci na biyu na kakar wasa ga Arminia Bielefeld . <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu: "Vreau să plec de la Wolfsburg" |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu: "I want to leave Wolfsburg" |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-vreau-sa-plec-de-la-wolfsburg-88642.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=29 August 2008 |title="Rapid este mai experimentată, dar Wolfsburg e mai valoroasă" |trans-title="Rapid is more experienced, but Wolfsburg is more valuable" |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/cupa-uefa/rapid-este-mai-experimentata-dar-wolfsburg-e-mai-valoroasa-3050806 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 August 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu părăseşte pe Wolfsburg |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu leaves Wolfsburg |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/vlad-munteanu-paraseste-pe-wolfsburg-1306601.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 December 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu a fost imprumutat la Arminia Bielefeld! |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu was loaned to Arminia Bielefeld! |url=https://www.sport.ro/germania/vlad-munteanu-a-fost-imprumutat-la-arminia-bielefeld.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=28 December 2008 |title=Vlad Munteanu, împrumutat şase luni la Arminia Bielefeld |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, on loan for six months at Arminia Bielefeld |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-imprumutat-sase-luni-la-arminia-bielefeld-115545.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=18 December 2008 |title=EXCLUSIV Vlad Munteanu s-a transferat la Arminia Bielefeld ! |trans-title=EXCLUSIVE Vlad Munteanu has transferred to Arminia Bielefeld! |url=https://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-extern/stranieri/exclusiv-vlad-munteanu-s-a-transferat-la-arminia-bielefeld-3669999 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Prosport.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> A can, a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2009 ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe a gasar Bundesliga a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 2-2 da Hannover 96, jimillar wasanni 58 tare da kwallaye 13 a gasar. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu. Bundesliga 2008/2009 |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe1364/vlad-munteanu/co12/germany-bundesliga/se12/2008-2009/club-matches/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=WorldFootball}}</ref> A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Munteanu ya fara da buga wa ƙungiyar Wolfsburg ta tauraron ɗan wasa a rabin farko na wasan, kafin a ba shi aro ga 2. Kungiyar Bundesliga FSV Frankfurt a zagaye na biyu. <ref name="RS" /> <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="EVZ" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Vlad Munteanu, la FSV Frankfurt |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, at FSV Frankfurt |url=https://ziare.com/vfl-wolfsburg/bundesliga/vlad-munteanu-la-fsv-frankfurt-990850 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Ziare.com |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=27 January 2010 |title=Vlad Munteanu la FSV Frankfurt |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu at FSV Frankfurt |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/vlad-munteanu-la-fsv-frankfurt-173689.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> === Aikin da ya makara === A watan Janairun 2011, ya kawo karshen kwangilarsa da Wolfsburg kuma ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa, Dinamo, na tsawon watanni shida. <ref name="GSP" /> <ref name="EVZ" /> Bayan haka ya buga wasa a kakar wasa ta 2011–12 a Concordia Chiajna inda ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe a gasar La Liga ta 1 a ranar 9 ga Mayu 2012 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1 a kan Pandurii Târgu Jiu, jimilla wasanni 172 tare da kwallaye 19 a gasar. <ref name="RS" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2011 |title=Vlad Munteanu continuă în Liga 1. Va juca pentru Concordia Chiajna |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu continues in Liga 1. He will play for Concordia Chiajna |url=https://www.gsp.ro/fotbal/liga-1/exclusiv-vlad-munteanu-continua-in-liga-1-va-juca-pentru-concordia-chiajna-257441.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, bayan kakar wasa daya da ta yi a matsayi na biyu. A lokacin da yake buga wasa shida a Bundesliga, Munteanu ya yi ritaya yana da shekaru 32. <ref name="RS" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2011 |title=Pa, Chiajna! Vlad Munteanu va evolua în liga secundă germană |trans-title=Bye, Chiajna! Vlad Munteanu will perform in the German second league |url=https://www.gsp.ro/international/stranieri/pa-chiajna-vlad-munteanu-va-evolua-in-liga-secunda-germana-337463.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Gsp.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=8 November 2013 |title=Vlad Munteanu, din "iarbă", direct în fotoliul de conducător |trans-title=Vlad Munteanu, from the "grass", directly into the leader's chair |url=https://www.zcj.ro/sport/--119623.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Zcj.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Munteanu ya buga wasa ɗaya a Romania a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2002 lokacin da koci Anghel Iordănescu ya tura shi a minti na 79 don maye gurbin Paul Codrea a wasan sada zumunci da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Girka . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vlad Munteanu profile |url=https://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=14617 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=European Football}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Romania 0-1 Greece |url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=25779 |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=European Football}}</ref> A shekara ta 2007, a lokacin kakar wasansa mai kayatarwa a Energie Cottbus tare da Sergiu Radu, 'yan jaridar Romania sun dage cewa ya kamata a kira su don buga wa tawagar ƙasa amma kocinsu Victor Pițurcă bai yarda ba, yana mai cewa game da gasar Bundesliga : "Ba kamar yadda take a da ba! Ƙungiyoyin suna cikin ƙarancin matsayi kuma 'yan wasan suna da matsakaicin ƙima." <ref name="gemenii2" /> <ref name="EVZ2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=Piturca: "Bundesliga este un campionat slab, cu jucatori mediocri" |trans-title=Piturca: "Bundesliga is a weak championship, with mediocre players" |url=https://www.sport.ro/liga-1/piturca-bundesliga-este-un-campionat-slab-cu-jucatori-mediocri.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Sport.ro |language=Romanian}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |date=3 February 2007 |title=Piţurcă: "Privesc fiecare etapă din Bundesliga" |trans-title=Pițurcă: "I watch every round of the Bundesliga" |url=https://adevarul.ro/sport/piturca-privesc-fiecare-etapa-din-bundesliga-1267733.html |access-date=25 August 2023 |publisher=Adevarul.ro |language=Romanian}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Munteanu's father, Ion, was also a footballer who played for FCM Bacău and Universitatea Cluj and had over 250 Divizia A appearances in which he scored 60 goals.<ref>{{Cite web |title='U' Cluj: Vlad Munteanu are pedigree 'studenţesc' |trans-title="U" Cluj: Vlad Munteanu has a student "pedigree" |url=https://transilvaniareporter.ro/sport/u-cluj-vlad-munteanu-are-pedigree-studentesc/ |access-date=29 October 2017 |publisher=transilvaniareporter.ro |language=ro}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Istoria scrisa in familie! Tatal lui Vlad Munteanu a adus ultima victorie a lui U Cluj in fata CFR-ului, in urma cu 42 de ani! |trans-title=History written in the family! Vlad Munteanu's father brought Cluj's last victory in front of CFR, 42 years ago! |url=https://www.sport.ro/liga-1/istoria-scrisa-in-familie-tatal-lui-vlad-munteanu-a-adus-ultima-victorie-a-lui-u-cluj-in-fata-cfr-ului.html |access-date=29 October 2017 |publisher=sport.ro |language=ro}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Aşchia nu sare departe de trunchi! TOP 10 perechi tată-fiu care au scris istorie pentru fotbalul românesc |trans-title=The splinter does not fall far from the tree! TOP 10 father-son pairs who have written history for Romanian football |url=http://www.prosport.ro/fotbal-intern/liga-1/aschia-nu-sare-departe-de-trunchi-top-10-perechi-tata-fiu-care-au-scris-istorie-pentru-fotbalul-romanesc-6443565 |access-date=29 October 2017 |publisher=prosport.ro |language=ro}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Dinamo București''' * Divizia A : 2001-02, 2003-04 <ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|vlad-munteanu/1613|Vlad Munteanu}}</ref> * Cupa Romaniei : 2000–01, 2002–03, 2003–04 <ref name="SW" /> * Supercupa Romaniei : 2005 <ref name="SW" /> * Bundesliga : 2008–09 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Vlad Ioan MUNTEANU at RomanianSoccer.ro (in Romanian) * Vlad Ioan MUNTEANU – French league stats at Ligue 1 – also available in French (archived) * Vlad Munteanu at L'Équipe Football (in French) * {{NFT player|5415/Vlad_Munteanu|Vlad Munteanu}} * {{Soccerway|vlad-munteanu/1613|Vlad Munteanu}} * [https://www.labtof.ro/profil/vlad-munteanu-190/ Vlad Munteanu] at Labtof.ro [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 2hlk635ctq1g07nzfgsq1ej3wo1zvnf 0 178471 964321 2026-10-07T12:41:00Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Sabuwar mukala 964321 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Ojukwu da Juyin Mulkin 15 ga Janairu, 1966== A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1966, lokacin da aka fara juyin mulkin soji na farko a Najeriya, Laftanar Kanar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu shi ne kwamandan Bataliya ta 5 da ke Kano. A wannan lokaci, Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu ne ya jagoranci ayyukan masu juyin mulkin a Kaduna, inda aka kashe Sardaunan Sokoto, Sir Ahmadu Bello, tare da wasu manyan jami’an gwamnati da sojoji. ==Matsayin Ojukwu a Kano== Ojukwu ya kasance a Kano a lokacin da labarin juyin mulkin ya iso. Bayan samun labarin abin da ke faruwa, ya ɗauki matakan tabbatar da cewa Bataliya ta 5 ta kasance cikin shiri. Daga nan ya tuntubi Manjo Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, wanda a lokacin yake jagorantar rundunar sojojin Najeriya, domin samun bayani kan halin da ake ciki. A cewar bayanan da suka danganci bayanan Ojukwu da wasu tarihin abubuwan da suka faru, lokacin da Ironsi ya tambaye shi wane ɓangare yake tare da shi, Ojukwu ya tabbatar masa cewa yana tare da shi. Wannan ya nuna cewa Ojukwu bai amince da yunƙurin Nzeogwu na kwace iko ba. ==Kin shiga juyin mulkin== Daga baya, Nzeogwu ya tuntubi Ojukwu tare da neman haɗin kan Bataliya ta 5 da ke Kano. Ojukwu ya ƙi shiga cikin yunƙurin juyin mulkin, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin jami’an da suke goyon bayan tsarin rundunar sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin Ironsi. Bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa Nzeogwu ya yi ƙoƙarin samun haɗin kan Ojukwu. A wani lokaci kuma an tura Captain Goddy Ude daga Kaduna zuwa Kano. A cewar wasu bayanan tarihi, manufar aikinsa ita ce samun haɗin kan Ojukwu, yayin da wasu majiyoyi suka gabatar da wasu bayanai daban game da manufar wannan tafiya. Saboda haka, batun ainihin manufar Ude ya kasance mai saɓani a tsakanin majiyoyi. Daga ƙarshe, Ojukwu ya ci gaba da riƙe iko da Bataliya ta 5 a Kano, kuma hakan ya taimaka wajen hana yunƙurin juyin mulkin samun cikakken iko a yankin Arewa. ==Ojukwu da Sarkin Kano== A cikin rikicin da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin, Ojukwu ya kuma yi hulɗa da Sarkin Kano, Alhaji Ado Bayero. Wasu bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa Ojukwu ya nemi haɗin kan Sarkin wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiya a Kano. Ado Bayero ya kasance daga cikin mutanen da suka shaida wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a Kano a wannan rana. ==Kariyar ’yan siyasar Arewa== Wasu daga cikin ’yan siyasar da suka kasance a Lagos a lokacin juyin mulkin sun isa Kano bayan rikicin ya fara. Bayanai sun nuna cewa Ojukwu ya ƙi aiwatar da umarnin masu juyin mulkin na kama manyan ’yan siyasa a yankinsa, kuma ya ba wasu daga cikinsu kariya. Wannan mataki ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka nuna cewa Ojukwu bai shiga cikin yunƙurin juyin mulkin ba. ==Muhimmancin matsayinsa== Matsayin Ojukwu a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1966 ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin juyin mulkin. Yayin da Nzeogwu ya sami nasarar kwace iko a Kaduna, Ojukwu ya ci gaba da biyayya ga Ironsi a Kano. Wannan ya nuna cewa ba dukkan jami’an soja daga wani yanki ko ƙabila ba ne suka ɗauki matsayi ɗaya a lokacin juyin mulkin. Abubuwan da suka faru a Kano sun kuma taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda juyin mulkin Janairu 1966 ya kasance mai sarkakiya, tare da samun bambance-bambancen matsayi tsakanin jami’an sojoji da rundunoni daban-daban. Masana tarihi sun ci gaba da yin muhawara kan manufar juyin mulkin, yadda aka shirya shi da kuma rawar da kowane jami’i ya taka. ==Manazarta== * Siollun, Max. Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966–1976). Algora Publishing. * Achebe, Chinua. There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra. Penguin Press, 2012. * Ojukwu, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu. Because I Am Involved. * Ademoyega, Adewale. Why We Struck: The Story of the First Nigerian Coup. Evans Brothers. * Gbulie, Ben. Nigeria's Five Majors: The 1966 Coup and Its Consequences. * Nigerian Police Special Branch. Report on the Military Rebellion of 15 January 1966. tlfvowctuk70xwxdp78xxu2f1cgs150 964322 964321 2026-10-07T12:48:44Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Daura hoto 964322 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Ojukwu da Juyin Mulkin 15 ga Janairu, 1966==1[[File:Ojukwu da Juyin Mulkin 15 ga Janairu, 1966.jpg|thumb|Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu a Kano a lokacin Juyin Mulkin 15 ga Janairu, 1966, inda ya ƙi shiga yunƙurin juyin mulkin tare da ci gaba da biyayya ga rundunar sojojin Najeriya ƙarƙashin Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi.]] A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1966, lokacin da aka fara juyin mulkin soji na farko a Najeriya, Laftanar Kanar Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu shi ne kwamandan Bataliya ta 5 da ke Kano. A wannan lokaci, Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu ne ya jagoranci ayyukan masu juyin mulkin a Kaduna, inda aka kashe Sardaunan Sokoto, Sir Ahmadu Bello, tare da wasu manyan jami’an gwamnati da sojoji. ==Matsayin Ojukwu a Kano== Ojukwu ya kasance a Kano a lokacin da labarin juyin mulkin ya iso. Bayan samun labarin abin da ke faruwa, ya ɗauki matakan tabbatar da cewa Bataliya ta 5 ta kasance cikin shiri. Daga nan ya tuntubi Manjo Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, wanda a lokacin yake jagorantar rundunar sojojin Najeriya, domin samun bayani kan halin da ake ciki. A cewar bayanan da suka danganci bayanan Ojukwu da wasu tarihin abubuwan da suka faru, lokacin da Ironsi ya tambaye shi wane ɓangare yake tare da shi, Ojukwu ya tabbatar masa cewa yana tare da shi. Wannan ya nuna cewa Ojukwu bai amince da yunƙurin Nzeogwu na kwace iko ba. ==Kin shiga juyin mulkin== Daga baya, Nzeogwu ya tuntubi Ojukwu tare da neman haɗin kan Bataliya ta 5 da ke Kano. Ojukwu ya ƙi shiga cikin yunƙurin juyin mulkin, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin jami’an da suke goyon bayan tsarin rundunar sojojin da ke ƙarƙashin Ironsi. Bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa Nzeogwu ya yi ƙoƙarin samun haɗin kan Ojukwu. A wani lokaci kuma an tura Captain Goddy Ude daga Kaduna zuwa Kano. A cewar wasu bayanan tarihi, manufar aikinsa ita ce samun haɗin kan Ojukwu, yayin da wasu majiyoyi suka gabatar da wasu bayanai daban game da manufar wannan tafiya. Saboda haka, batun ainihin manufar Ude ya kasance mai saɓani a tsakanin majiyoyi. Daga ƙarshe, Ojukwu ya ci gaba da riƙe iko da Bataliya ta 5 a Kano, kuma hakan ya taimaka wajen hana yunƙurin juyin mulkin samun cikakken iko a yankin Arewa. ==Ojukwu da Sarkin Kano== A cikin rikicin da ya biyo bayan juyin mulkin, Ojukwu ya kuma yi hulɗa da Sarkin Kano, Alhaji Ado Bayero. Wasu bayanan tarihi sun nuna cewa Ojukwu ya nemi haɗin kan Sarkin wajen tabbatar da zaman lafiya a Kano. Ado Bayero ya kasance daga cikin mutanen da suka shaida wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a Kano a wannan rana. ==Kariyar ’yan siyasar Arewa== Wasu daga cikin ’yan siyasar da suka kasance a Lagos a lokacin juyin mulkin sun isa Kano bayan rikicin ya fara. Bayanai sun nuna cewa Ojukwu ya ƙi aiwatar da umarnin masu juyin mulkin na kama manyan ’yan siyasa a yankinsa, kuma ya ba wasu daga cikinsu kariya. Wannan mataki ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka nuna cewa Ojukwu bai shiga cikin yunƙurin juyin mulkin ba. ==Muhimmancin matsayinsa== Matsayin Ojukwu a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1966 ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin juyin mulkin. Yayin da Nzeogwu ya sami nasarar kwace iko a Kaduna, Ojukwu ya ci gaba da biyayya ga Ironsi a Kano. Wannan ya nuna cewa ba dukkan jami’an soja daga wani yanki ko ƙabila ba ne suka ɗauki matsayi ɗaya a lokacin juyin mulkin. Abubuwan da suka faru a Kano sun kuma taimaka wajen fahimtar yadda juyin mulkin Janairu 1966 ya kasance mai sarkakiya, tare da samun bambance-bambancen matsayi tsakanin jami’an sojoji da rundunoni daban-daban. Masana tarihi sun ci gaba da yin muhawara kan manufar juyin mulkin, yadda aka shirya shi da kuma rawar da kowane jami’i ya taka. ==Manazarta== * Siollun, Max. Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966–1976). Algora Publishing. * Achebe, Chinua. There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra. Penguin Press, 2012. * Ojukwu, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu. Because I Am Involved. * Ademoyega, Adewale. Why We Struck: The Story of the First Nigerian Coup. Evans Brothers. * Gbulie, Ben. Nigeria's Five Majors: The 1966 Coup and Its Consequences. * Nigerian Police Special Branch. Report on the Military Rebellion of 15 January 1966. 7b3gj617oju1khc2hgxepdsvika17mv 0 178472 964328 2026-10-07T13:17:10Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366481803|Ryder Anderson]]" 964328 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ryder Patrick Anderson''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1998) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Ole Miss Rebels da Indiana Hoosiers . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Anderson a [[Katy, Texas]] . Babban ɗan'uwansa, Rodney, ya kasance mai gudu a duk jihar. Dukansu Andersons sun lashe gasar zakarun jihohi daban-daban a shekarar 2012 da 2015, bi da bi, a makarantar sakandare ta Texas mai suna Katy High School. Ryder ya fara makarantar sakandare a matsayin mai tsaron gida amma da sauri ya wuce matsayin, don haka babban kocinsa ya sauya shi zuwa mai tsaron baya. == Ayyukan kwaleji == A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2016, Anderson ya himmatu ga Ole Miss . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryan Anderson |url=https://247sports.com/Player/Ryder-Anderson-87787/ |website=247sports.com}}</ref> A Ole Miss, Anderson yana da 98 tackles, 15 don asarar, 9.5 sacks, daya wucewa kare, daya fumble dawo, da daya tilasta fumble. A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2021, Anderson ya shiga tashar canja wurin kwallon kafa ta kwaleji. Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, ya koma Indiya. A Indiana, yana da 47 tackles, 7.5 tackles don asarar, 2.5 sacks, da 1 tilasta fumble. Gabaɗaya a cikin aikinsa na kwaleji, yana da jimlar tackles 147, jimlar tackle 22.5 don asarar, jimlar sacks 9.5, tsaron da aka kare, wanda aka dawo da shi, da jimlar fumbles guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryder Anderson College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/ryder-anderson-1.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kakar 2021, Anderson ya bayyana don shirin NFL na 2022. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} === New York Giants === Anderson ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Draft na NFL na 2022. Ya sanya hannu tare da New York Giants a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2022.<ref name="u467">{{Cite web |last=Schumann |first=Mike |date=2022-05-14 |title=Former IU defensive end Ryder Anderson signs undrafted free agent deal with Giants |url=https://www.thedailyhoosier.com/former-iu-defensive-end-ryder-anderson-signs-undrafted-free-agent-deal-with-giants/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=The Daily Hoosier}}</ref> An dakatar da Anderson a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, kuma ya sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eisen, Michael |date=August 31, 2022 |title=Giants sign 15 players to practice squad; 1 spot remains |url=https://www.giants.com/news/practice-squad-roster-2022-nfl-season-davis-webb-quincy-roche |website=Giants.com}}</ref> An ɗaga Anderson daga tawagar motsa jiki don wasannin mako na 6 da mako na 7 a kan Baltimore Ravens da Jacksonville Jaguars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salomone, Dan |date=October 15, 2022 |title=Giants elevate DL Ryder Anderson, WR Marcus Johnson; DB Tony Jefferson to IR |url=https://www.giants.com/news/ryder-anderson-marcus-johnson-tony-jefferson-roster-baltimore-ravens |website=Giants.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salomone, Dan |date=October 22, 2022 |title=Landon Collins activated, Azeez Ojulari to IR among series of roster moves |url=https://www.giants.com/news/landon-collins-azeez-ojulari-ryder-anderson-quincy-roche0 |website=Giants.com}}</ref> An ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba. A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Giants sun dakatar da Anderson kuma sun sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eisen, Michael |date=August 29, 2023 |title=Giants announce 53-man roster for 2023 |url=https://www.giants.com/news/new-york-giants-roster-2023-nfl-season-joe-schoen-brian-daboll-transactions |website=Giants.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eisen, Michael |date=August 30, 2023 |title=Giants sign 12 players to practice squad |url=https://www.giants.com/news/new-york-giants-practice-squad-roster-nfl-2023-cole-beasley-darrian-beavers |website=Giants.com}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar wasa ta yau da kullun ta 2023, Giants sun sanya hannu a kansa zuwa kwangilar ajiya / gaba a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2024 |title=Giants sign 10 players to reserve/future contracts |url=https://www.giants.com/news/giants-sign-10-players-to-reserve-future-contracts-2024-joe-schoen |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=Giants.com}}</ref> New York ta dakatar da Anderson a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citak, Matt |date=August 20, 2024 |title=Giants sign 3 defenders; DL Ryder Anderson waived/injured |url=https://www.giants.com/news/giants-sign-kyler-baugh-trey-kiser-ryder-anderson-waived-yodny-cajuste-injured-reserve-roster-moves |website=Giants.com}}</ref> === Masu Tsarki na New Orleans === A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2024, Anderson ya shiga cikin tawagar 'yan wasan New Orleans Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Orleans Saints announce roster moves |url=https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/will-harris-practice-squad-new-orleans-saints-roster-moves-announced-transactions-november-6-2024 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=NewOrleansSaints.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2025 |title=New Orleans Saints announce roster moves |url=https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-1-6-2025 |website=NewOrleansSaints.com}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya/gaba da Saints a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2025. An yi wa Anderson afuwa daga New Orleans a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=Saints cut DE Ryder Anderson |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/saints-cut-de-ryder-anderson |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=NBC Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> === Birmingham Stallions === A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2026, Anderson ya sanya hannu tare da Birmingham Stallions . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=James |title=Birmingham Stallions Sign Six New Players, Lose One |url=https://pfnewsroom.com/news/birmingham-stallions-sign-six-new-players-lose-one/ |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=PF Newsroom}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 19 ga watan Maris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=James |title=Birmingham Stallions Finalize 2026 UFL Roster With Cutdowns |url=https://pfnewsroom.com/news/birmingham-stallions-finalize-2026-ufl-roster-with-cutdowns/ |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=PF Newsroom}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Anderson ɗan Rod ne da Jobie Anderson . 'Yan uwansa sune Rodney Anderson da Nic Anderson kuma kawunsa shine Mark Anderson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryder Anderson - Football |url=https://olemisssports.com/sports/football/roster/ryder-anderson/2616 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=Ole Miss Athletics - Hotty Toddy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crittenden |first=Jesse |date=September 21, 2023 |title=Behind family support and hard work, Nic Anderson's patience is paying off |url=https://oklahoma.rivals.com/news/behind-family-support-and-hard-work-nic-anderson-s-patience-is-paying-off |access-date=September 26, 2023 |website=[[Rivals.com]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://iuhoosiers.com/sports/football/roster/ryder-anderson/15457 Rayuwar Indiya Hoosiers] * [https://olemisssports.com/sports/football/roster/ryder-anderson/2616 Ole Miss Rebels bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] 97xb7ntzs7ixdvluhhe2zniu1izrhkn 964329 964328 2026-10-07T13:17:43Z Aluja 30485 964329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ryder Patrick Anderson''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1998) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa. Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Ole Miss Rebels da Indiana Hoosiers . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Anderson a [[Katy, Texas]] . Babban ɗan'uwansa, Rodney, ya kasance mai gudu a duk jihar. Dukansu Andersons sun lashe gasar zakarun jihohi daban-daban a shekarar 2012 da 2015, bi da bi, a makarantar sakandare ta Texas mai suna Katy High School. Ryder ya fara makarantar sakandare a matsayin mai tsaron gida amma da sauri ya wuce matsayin, don haka babban kocinsa ya sauya shi zuwa mai tsaron baya. == Ayyukan kwaleji == A ranar 28 ga Nuwamba, 2016, Anderson ya himmatu ga Ole Miss . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryan Anderson |url=https://247sports.com/Player/Ryder-Anderson-87787/ |website=247sports.com}}</ref> A Ole Miss, Anderson yana da 98 tackles, 15 don asarar, 9.5 sacks, daya wucewa kare, daya fumble dawo, da daya tilasta fumble. A ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2021, Anderson ya shiga tashar canja wurin kwallon kafa ta kwaleji. Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, ya koma Indiya. A Indiana, yana da 47 tackles, 7.5 tackles don asarar, 2.5 sacks, da 1 tilasta fumble. Gabaɗaya a cikin aikinsa na kwaleji, yana da jimlar tackles 147, jimlar tackle 22.5 don asarar, jimlar sacks 9.5, tsaron da aka kare, wanda aka dawo da shi, da jimlar fumbles guda biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryder Anderson College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/ryder-anderson-1.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> Bayan kakar 2021, Anderson ya bayyana don shirin NFL na 2022. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} === New York Giants === Anderson ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Draft na NFL na 2022. Ya sanya hannu tare da New York Giants a matsayin mai ba da kyauta a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2022.<ref name="u467">{{Cite web |last=Schumann |first=Mike |date=2022-05-14 |title=Former IU defensive end Ryder Anderson signs undrafted free agent deal with Giants |url=https://www.thedailyhoosier.com/former-iu-defensive-end-ryder-anderson-signs-undrafted-free-agent-deal-with-giants/ |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=The Daily Hoosier}}</ref> An dakatar da Anderson a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, kuma ya sanya hannu a tawagar motsa jiki washegari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eisen, Michael |date=August 31, 2022 |title=Giants sign 15 players to practice squad; 1 spot remains |url=https://www.giants.com/news/practice-squad-roster-2022-nfl-season-davis-webb-quincy-roche |website=Giants.com}}</ref> An ɗaga Anderson daga tawagar motsa jiki don wasannin mako na 6 da mako na 7 a kan Baltimore Ravens da Jacksonville Jaguars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Salomone, Dan |date=October 15, 2022 |title=Giants elevate DL Ryder Anderson, WR Marcus Johnson; DB Tony Jefferson to IR |url=https://www.giants.com/news/ryder-anderson-marcus-johnson-tony-jefferson-roster-baltimore-ravens |website=Giants.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salomone, Dan |date=October 22, 2022 |title=Landon Collins activated, Azeez Ojulari to IR among series of roster moves |url=https://www.giants.com/news/landon-collins-azeez-ojulari-ryder-anderson-quincy-roche0 |website=Giants.com}}</ref> An ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba. A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2023, Giants sun dakatar da Anderson kuma sun sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar motsa jiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eisen, Michael |date=August 29, 2023 |title=Giants announce 53-man roster for 2023 |url=https://www.giants.com/news/new-york-giants-roster-2023-nfl-season-joe-schoen-brian-daboll-transactions |website=Giants.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Eisen, Michael |date=August 30, 2023 |title=Giants sign 12 players to practice squad |url=https://www.giants.com/news/new-york-giants-practice-squad-roster-nfl-2023-cole-beasley-darrian-beavers |website=Giants.com}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar wasa ta yau da kullun ta 2023, Giants sun sanya hannu a kansa zuwa kwangilar ajiya / gaba a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2024 |title=Giants sign 10 players to reserve/future contracts |url=https://www.giants.com/news/giants-sign-10-players-to-reserve-future-contracts-2024-joe-schoen |access-date=January 9, 2024 |website=Giants.com}}</ref> New York ta dakatar da Anderson a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citak, Matt |date=August 20, 2024 |title=Giants sign 3 defenders; DL Ryder Anderson waived/injured |url=https://www.giants.com/news/giants-sign-kyler-baugh-trey-kiser-ryder-anderson-waived-yodny-cajuste-injured-reserve-roster-moves |website=Giants.com}}</ref> === Masu Tsarki na New Orleans === A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 2024, Anderson ya shiga cikin tawagar 'yan wasan New Orleans Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Orleans Saints announce roster moves |url=https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/will-harris-practice-squad-new-orleans-saints-roster-moves-announced-transactions-november-6-2024 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=NewOrleansSaints.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2025 |title=New Orleans Saints announce roster moves |url=https://www.neworleanssaints.com/news/new-orleans-saints-announce-roster-moves-1-6-2025 |website=NewOrleansSaints.com}}</ref> Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ajiya/gaba da Saints a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 2025. An yi wa Anderson afuwa daga New Orleans a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=Saints cut DE Ryder Anderson |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/saints-cut-de-ryder-anderson |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=NBC Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> === Birmingham Stallions === A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2026, Anderson ya sanya hannu tare da Birmingham Stallions . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=James |title=Birmingham Stallions Sign Six New Players, Lose One |url=https://pfnewsroom.com/news/birmingham-stallions-sign-six-new-players-lose-one/ |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=PF Newsroom}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 19 ga watan Maris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Larsen |first=James |title=Birmingham Stallions Finalize 2026 UFL Roster With Cutdowns |url=https://pfnewsroom.com/news/birmingham-stallions-finalize-2026-ufl-roster-with-cutdowns/ |access-date=20 March 2026 |website=PF Newsroom}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Anderson ɗan Rod ne da Jobie Anderson . 'Yan uwansa sune Rodney Anderson da Nic Anderson kuma kawunsa shine Mark Anderson . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ryder Anderson - Football |url=https://olemisssports.com/sports/football/roster/ryder-anderson/2616 |access-date=28 October 2024 |website=Ole Miss Athletics - Hotty Toddy |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Crittenden |first=Jesse |date=September 21, 2023 |title=Behind family support and hard work, Nic Anderson's patience is paying off |url=https://oklahoma.rivals.com/news/behind-family-support-and-hard-work-nic-anderson-s-patience-is-paying-off |access-date=September 26, 2023 |website=[[Rivals.com]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://iuhoosiers.com/sports/football/roster/ryder-anderson/15457 Rayuwar Indiya Hoosiers] * [https://olemisssports.com/sports/football/roster/ryder-anderson/2616 Ole Miss Rebels bio] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1998]] a24wzkyh3q11kn2ni1lphkyq2xnp300 0 178473 964330 2026-10-07T13:18:10Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Sheik malam dalibi = 964330 wikitext text/x-wiki = Sheik malam dalibi = fv0rq55ur2oczvhyj7ulyzf9iw83h63 0 178474 964334 2026-10-07T13:32:29Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1349479071|Sturgills, North Carolina]]" 964334 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Sturgills''' wata al'umma ce da ba a kafa ta ba a cikin Ashe County, North Carolina, Amurka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sturgills, North Carolina 28643 |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sturgills,+NC+28643/@36.5633054,-81.5086822,7039m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x8851b35c97b5aa8b:0x8ec8db9fc868701!8m2!3d36.5553994!4d-81.4984418!16s/m/03cr6j2?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIxOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=February 21, 2025 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sturgills Populated Place Profile / Ashe County, North Carolina Data |url=https://northcarolina.hometownlocator.com/nc/ashe/sturgills.cfm |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=northcarolina.hometownlocator.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sturgills, NC, Lansing, NC 28643, US - MapQuest |url=https://www.mapquest.com/us/north-carolina/sturgills-nc-283472145 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.mapquest.com |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Sturgills tana cikin arewacin Ashe County . Al'ummar tana kan iyaka da jihar [[Virginia]].<ref name=":0" /> Sturgills yana cikin Garin Helton a cikin Ashe County . Lambar ZIP ita ce 28643.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZIP Code 28643 |url=https://www.unitedstateszipcodes.org/28643/ |access-date=February 21, 2025 |website=United States ZIP Codes}}</ref> == Tarihi == An sanya sunan Sturgills ne ga tsohon Sheriff na Ashe County B. Sturgills, wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa tsohon Ofishin gidan waya na al'umma (, shafi na . == Manazarta ==   <references /> 823von08601wm6u6q4ht3m8kdbipelu 964335 964334 2026-10-07T13:32:59Z Aluja 30485 964335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sturgills''' wata al'umma ce da ba a kafa ta ba a cikin Ashe County, North Carolina, Amurka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sturgills, North Carolina 28643 |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sturgills,+NC+28643/@36.5633054,-81.5086822,7039m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x8851b35c97b5aa8b:0x8ec8db9fc868701!8m2!3d36.5553994!4d-81.4984418!16s/m/03cr6j2?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIxOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=February 21, 2025 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sturgills Populated Place Profile / Ashe County, North Carolina Data |url=https://northcarolina.hometownlocator.com/nc/ashe/sturgills.cfm |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=northcarolina.hometownlocator.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sturgills, NC, Lansing, NC 28643, US - MapQuest |url=https://www.mapquest.com/us/north-carolina/sturgills-nc-283472145 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.mapquest.com |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Sturgills tana cikin arewacin Ashe County . Al'ummar tana kan iyaka da jihar [[Virginia]].<ref name=":0" /> Sturgills yana cikin Garin Helton a cikin Ashe County . Lambar ZIP ita ce 28643.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZIP Code 28643 |url=https://www.unitedstateszipcodes.org/28643/ |access-date=February 21, 2025 |website=United States ZIP Codes}}</ref> == Tarihi == An sanya sunan Sturgills ne ga tsohon Sheriff na Ashe County B. Sturgills, wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa tsohon Ofishin gidan waya na al'umma (, shafi na . == Manazarta ==   <references /> e2yhwqrlsn0xdl2hnutv9rc91edg0z4 964336 964335 2026-10-07T13:33:27Z Aluja 30485 964336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sturgills''' wata al'umma ce da ba a kafa ta ba a cikin Ashe County, North Carolina, Amurka. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sturgills, North Carolina 28643 |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sturgills,+NC+28643/@36.5633054,-81.5086822,7039m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x8851b35c97b5aa8b:0x8ec8db9fc868701!8m2!3d36.5553994!4d-81.4984418!16s/m/03cr6j2?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIxOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=February 21, 2025 |website=Google Maps |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sturgills Populated Place Profile / Ashe County, North Carolina Data |url=https://northcarolina.hometownlocator.com/nc/ashe/sturgills.cfm |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=northcarolina.hometownlocator.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sturgills, NC, Lansing, NC 28643, US - MapQuest |url=https://www.mapquest.com/us/north-carolina/sturgills-nc-283472145 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.mapquest.com |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Sturgills tana cikin arewacin Ashe County . Al'ummar tana kan iyaka da jihar [[Virginia]].<ref name=":0" /> Sturgills yana cikin Garin Helton a cikin Ashe County . Lambar ZIP ita ce 28643.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZIP Code 28643 |url=https://www.unitedstateszipcodes.org/28643/ |access-date=February 21, 2025 |website=United States ZIP Codes}}</ref> == Tarihi == An sanya sunan Sturgills ne ga tsohon Sheriff na Ashe County B. Sturgills, wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa tsohon Ofishin gidan waya na al'umma (, shafi na . == Manazarta ==   <references /> hakjua5scs2elnb8ln5bvlbgnr1opf1 0 178475 964337 2026-10-07T13:34:37Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Jakar hannu = jakah madauqin kayah jakah dan adanah kumah dan amanah jakah stirring mai shiy ana amfani da [[JAKA|jaka]] ta hanyoyi daban daban wanda ake amfanuwa dasu matuqa wajen ajiya . === Nau ikan jaka === jakar hannu Jakar goyo Jakar qugu Jakar sa kaya Dakumah qaramar jaka(foss) 964337 wikitext text/x-wiki = Jakar hannu = jakah madauqin kayah jakah dan adanah kumah dan amanah jakah stirring mai shiy ana amfani da [[JAKA|jaka]] ta hanyoyi daban daban wanda ake amfanuwa dasu matuqa wajen ajiya . === Nau ikan jaka === jakar hannu Jakar goyo Jakar qugu Jakar sa kaya Dakumah qaramar jaka(foss) n8asqkfdgpl5xx6tlqbmg9xyhk10fki 0 178476 964339 2026-10-07T13:44:27Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Ilimi = ilimi gishirin rayuwa kumah hasten rayuwa ,ilimi wani abune da ake nemanshiy domin sanin menene kankah dakumah rayuwa tahanyar ilimi ake ibadan kumah sai dai ilimi zakasan waye kaii kakumah kulah da rayuwar ko lafiyarkah 964339 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ilimi = ilimi gishirin rayuwa kumah hasten rayuwa ,ilimi wani abune da ake nemanshiy domin sanin menene kankah dakumah rayuwa tahanyar ilimi ake ibadan kumah sai dai ilimi zakasan waye kaii kakumah kulah da rayuwar ko lafiyarkah 1np4fejga8nshe0t1thkm3qg8b9ng9h 0 178477 964340 2026-10-07T13:46:41Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313990164|B. B. Davis]]" 964340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad B. B. Davis''' (an haife shi a shekara ta ) tsohon dan wasan kwando ne na Amurka wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Lamar tsakanin 1977-78 da 1980-81. == Ayyukan kwaleji == An haife shi a Beaumont, Texas, Davis ya zauna a garinsu don buga wasan kwando ga Lamar. Ya tsaya 6'8" kuma ya auna kilo 218 a farkonsa yayin da yake wasa a matsayin mai karfi.<ref name="DRAFTREV">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=B.B. Davis |url=http://www.thedraftreview.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4984 |access-date=August 22, 2011 |publisher=TheDraftReview}}</ref> &nbsp;Nan take ya yi tasiri a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya, ya fara wa tawagar nan da nan yayin da yake da maki 17.6 da 10.2 a kowane wasa.<ref name="DRAFTREV" /><ref name="RETIRE">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2009 |title=Lamar Set to Retire Three Former Men's Basketball Player Jerseys |url=http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/020709aad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719144415/http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/020709aad.html |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=August 22, 2011 |website=LamarCardinals.com |publisher=Lamar University}}</ref> A wannan kakar, Cardinals sun gama 18-9 gabaɗaya (8-2 taron) kuma sun lashe gasar zakarun Southland Conference na yau da kullun.<ref name="RETIRE" /> A shekara ta 1978-79, shekarar Davis ta biyu, yana da mafi kyawun lokacin kansa na aikinsa. <ref name="RETIRE" /> Ya sami maki 20.2 da 10.8 a kowane wasa yayin da yake tara maki 651 da 344 rebounds. Wadannan adadi har yanzu suna cikin manyan goma na Lamar da manyan biyar na kakar wasa daya, bi da bi.<ref name="RETIRE" /> Bayan rikodin 23-9 (9-1), Cardinals sun sami matsayi na farko a Gasar kwallon kwando ta maza ta NCAA Division I.<ref name="RETIRE" /> An sanya su a matsayin iri na # 10 a yankin Midwest, sun ci Detroit mai matsayi na kasa da kuma # 7 don ci gaba zuwa zagaye na biyu. Daga nan sai suka rasa maki 31 ga zakaran kasa na Michigan State Spartans wanda Earvin "Magic" Johnson ya jagoranta. Yayinda yake ƙarami a 1979-80, Davis ya sami maki 16.5 da 8.6 a kowane wasa.<ref name="DRAFTREV" /> Duk da raguwa a cikin kididdigarsa, ya yi rikodin aiki-babban 2.5 a kowane wasa, kuma harbe-harbe 75 da aka katange ya kafa rikodin makaranta na kakar wasa daya.<ref name="RETIRE" /> Lamar ya gama a saman taron Southland kuma tare da rikodin 22-11 (8-2), kuma a karo na biyu a jere ya sami tafiya zuwa Gasar NCAA. A matsayin iri na # 10, sun kai # 7 Weber State, 87-86, a zagaye na farko. Abokin hamayyarsu na zagaye na biyu shi ne iri na 2 kuma na huɗu a cikin ƙasar, Oregon . <ref name="RETIRE" /> Lamar ya samar da daya daga cikin manyan tashin hankali na gasar ta wannan shekarar ta hanyar kayar da su, 81-77, kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Sweet 16 na farko.<ref name="RETIRE" /> Clemson Tigers na # 6 sun kori Cardinals a wasan na gaba, duk da haka, 74-66, don haka sun kawo karshen kakar su. A kakar wasa ta karshe, yawan Davis sun kasance mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin aikinsa.<ref name="DRAFTREV" /> Har yanzu yana da maki 15.4 da 8.1 a kowane wasa na shekara, amma ya bayyana a wasanni 20 kawai (kasa da bakwai fiye da aikinsa na baya). <ref name="DRAFTREV" /> Duk da wannan, Davis ya sami zabinsa na uku na farko na All-Conference (ya sami lambar yabo ta biyu a matsayin ƙarami) kuma ya jagoranci Cardinals zuwa duka wasanni na yau da kullun da kuma gasar zakarun taro, wanda shine na farko a tarihin makaranta. Lamar ya gama 25-5 (8-2) kuma ya ci gaba zuwa zagaye na biyu na Gasar NCAA na shekara ta uku a jere.<ref name="RETIRE" /><ref name="ENCY" /> A lokacin aikin kwaleji na Davis na shekaru hudu, ya tara jimlar aiki na maki 2,084 da sakewa 1,122 a wasanni 119 da aka buga.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Lamar University Cardinals Individual Career Records |url=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/lama/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/Career_Records.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523103100/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/lama/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/Career_Records.pdf |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=August 22, 2011 |publisher=Lamar University}}</ref> Yana cikin kulob na musamman na 'yan wasan kwando na maza na Division I don isa duka biyu a cikin aiki. Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Kasa ta Kansas City Kings ta zaba shi a zagaye na huɗu (82nd overall) a cikin shirin NBA na 1981, kodayake Davis bai taba taka leda a gasar ba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=1981 NBA Draft |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/draft/NBA_1981.html |access-date=August 22, 2011 |website=basketball-reference.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * Zaɓin taron sau huɗu ** Kungiyar Farko (1978, 1979, 1981) ** Ƙungiyar ta Biyu (1980) * Kungiyar Taron Southland All-Tournament Team (1981) * Sau biyu USBWA All-District VI Team (1980, 1981) * Makarantar ta biyu a duk lokacin da ta fi samun kwallo (2,084) kuma ta biyu a kowane lokaci (1,122) ** Ayyukan 2000-points, mai yin wasan kwaikwayo na 1000Mai wasan kwaikwayo na 2000-points, 1000-rebound * Lambar Jersey da ta yi ritaya (#52) * Rubuce-rubucen Lamar a lokacin mulkinsa ya kasance 88-34 gabaɗaya (taron 33-7) ** Yana da tarihin lashe gasar NCAA (4-3) * An kira shi daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa biyar a tarihin kwando na maza na Lamar a cikin littafin 2009, ''ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: Cikakken Tarihin Wasanni na Maza'' * "Kadinal Hall of Honor" wanda aka shigar a shekarar 1992 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kr2qen3drpfvye4y68gds6wx10z5m3n 964341 964340 2026-10-07T13:47:29Z Aluja 30485 964341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''B. B. Davis''' (an haife shi a shekara ta ) tsohon dan wasan kwando ne na Amurka wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Lamar tsakanin 1977-78 da 1980-81. == Ayyukan kwaleji == An haife shi a Beaumont, Texas, Davis ya zauna a garinsu don buga wasan kwando ga Lamar. Ya tsaya 6'8" kuma ya auna kilo 218 a farkonsa yayin da yake wasa a matsayin mai karfi.<ref name="DRAFTREV">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=B.B. Davis |url=http://www.thedraftreview.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4984 |access-date=August 22, 2011 |publisher=TheDraftReview}}</ref> &nbsp;Nan take ya yi tasiri a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya, ya fara wa tawagar nan da nan yayin da yake da maki 17.6 da 10.2 a kowane wasa.<ref name="DRAFTREV" /><ref name="RETIRE">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2009 |title=Lamar Set to Retire Three Former Men's Basketball Player Jerseys |url=http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/020709aad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719144415/http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/020709aad.html |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=August 22, 2011 |website=LamarCardinals.com |publisher=Lamar University}}</ref> A wannan kakar, Cardinals sun gama 18-9 gabaɗaya (8-2 taron) kuma sun lashe gasar zakarun Southland Conference na yau da kullun.<ref name="RETIRE" /> A shekara ta 1978-79, shekarar Davis ta biyu, yana da mafi kyawun lokacin kansa na aikinsa. <ref name="RETIRE" /> Ya sami maki 20.2 da 10.8 a kowane wasa yayin da yake tara maki 651 da 344 rebounds. Wadannan adadi har yanzu suna cikin manyan goma na Lamar da manyan biyar na kakar wasa daya, bi da bi.<ref name="RETIRE" /> Bayan rikodin 23-9 (9-1), Cardinals sun sami matsayi na farko a Gasar kwallon kwando ta maza ta NCAA Division I.<ref name="RETIRE" /> An sanya su a matsayin iri na # 10 a yankin Midwest, sun ci Detroit mai matsayi na kasa da kuma # 7 don ci gaba zuwa zagaye na biyu. Daga nan sai suka rasa maki 31 ga zakaran kasa na Michigan State Spartans wanda Earvin "Magic" Johnson ya jagoranta. Yayinda yake ƙarami a 1979-80, Davis ya sami maki 16.5 da 8.6 a kowane wasa.<ref name="DRAFTREV" /> Duk da raguwa a cikin kididdigarsa, ya yi rikodin aiki-babban 2.5 a kowane wasa, kuma harbe-harbe 75 da aka katange ya kafa rikodin makaranta na kakar wasa daya.<ref name="RETIRE" /> Lamar ya gama a saman taron Southland kuma tare da rikodin 22-11 (8-2), kuma a karo na biyu a jere ya sami tafiya zuwa Gasar NCAA. A matsayin iri na # 10, sun kai # 7 Weber State, 87-86, a zagaye na farko. Abokin hamayyarsu na zagaye na biyu shi ne iri na 2 kuma na huɗu a cikin ƙasar, Oregon . <ref name="RETIRE" /> Lamar ya samar da daya daga cikin manyan tashin hankali na gasar ta wannan shekarar ta hanyar kayar da su, 81-77, kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Sweet 16 na farko.<ref name="RETIRE" /> Clemson Tigers na # 6 sun kori Cardinals a wasan na gaba, duk da haka, 74-66, don haka sun kawo karshen kakar su. A kakar wasa ta karshe, yawan Davis sun kasance mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin aikinsa.<ref name="DRAFTREV" /> Har yanzu yana da maki 15.4 da 8.1 a kowane wasa na shekara, amma ya bayyana a wasanni 20 kawai (kasa da bakwai fiye da aikinsa na baya). <ref name="DRAFTREV" /> Duk da wannan, Davis ya sami zabinsa na uku na farko na All-Conference (ya sami lambar yabo ta biyu a matsayin ƙarami) kuma ya jagoranci Cardinals zuwa duka wasanni na yau da kullun da kuma gasar zakarun taro, wanda shine na farko a tarihin makaranta. Lamar ya gama 25-5 (8-2) kuma ya ci gaba zuwa zagaye na biyu na Gasar NCAA na shekara ta uku a jere.<ref name="RETIRE" /><ref name="ENCY" /> A lokacin aikin kwaleji na Davis na shekaru hudu, ya tara jimlar aiki na maki 2,084 da sakewa 1,122 a wasanni 119 da aka buga.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Lamar University Cardinals Individual Career Records |url=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/lama/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/Career_Records.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523103100/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/lama/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/Career_Records.pdf |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=August 22, 2011 |publisher=Lamar University}}</ref> Yana cikin kulob na musamman na 'yan wasan kwando na maza na Division I don isa duka biyu a cikin aiki. Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Kasa ta Kansas City Kings ta zaba shi a zagaye na huɗu (82nd overall) a cikin shirin NBA na 1981, kodayake Davis bai taba taka leda a gasar ba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=1981 NBA Draft |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/draft/NBA_1981.html |access-date=August 22, 2011 |website=basketball-reference.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * Zaɓin taron sau huɗu ** Kungiyar Farko (1978, 1979, 1981) ** Ƙungiyar ta Biyu (1980) * Kungiyar Taron Southland All-Tournament Team (1981) * Sau biyu USBWA All-District VI Team (1980, 1981) * Makarantar ta biyu a duk lokacin da ta fi samun kwallo (2,084) kuma ta biyu a kowane lokaci (1,122) ** Ayyukan 2000-points, mai yin wasan kwaikwayo na 1000Mai wasan kwaikwayo na 2000-points, 1000-rebound * Lambar Jersey da ta yi ritaya (#52) * Rubuce-rubucen Lamar a lokacin mulkinsa ya kasance 88-34 gabaɗaya (taron 33-7) ** Yana da tarihin lashe gasar NCAA (4-3) * An kira shi daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa biyar a tarihin kwando na maza na Lamar a cikin littafin 2009, ''ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: Cikakken Tarihin Wasanni na Maza'' * "Kadinal Hall of Honor" wanda aka shigar a shekarar 1992 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jhowynkcqpp6atg6e2rm31ttl9gzda0 964342 964341 2026-10-07T13:47:54Z Aluja 30485 964342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''B. B. Davis''' (an haife shi a shekara ta ) tsohon dan wasan kwando ne na Amurka wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Lamar tsakanin 1977-78 da 1980-81. == Ayyukan kwaleji == An haife shi a Beaumont, Texas, Davis ya zauna a garinsu don buga wasan kwando ga Lamar. Ya tsaya 6'8" kuma ya auna kilo 218 a farkonsa yayin da yake wasa a matsayin mai karfi.<ref name="DRAFTREV">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=B.B. Davis |url=http://www.thedraftreview.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4984 |access-date=August 22, 2011 |publisher=TheDraftReview}}</ref> &nbsp;Nan take ya yi tasiri a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya, ya fara wa tawagar nan da nan yayin da yake da maki 17.6 da 10.2 a kowane wasa.<ref name="DRAFTREV" /><ref name="RETIRE">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2009 |title=Lamar Set to Retire Three Former Men's Basketball Player Jerseys |url=http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/020709aad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719144415/http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/020709aad.html |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=August 22, 2011 |website=LamarCardinals.com |publisher=Lamar University}}</ref> A wannan kakar, Cardinals sun gama 18-9 gabaɗaya (8-2 taron) kuma sun lashe gasar zakarun Southland Conference na yau da kullun.<ref name="RETIRE" /> A shekara ta 1978-79, shekarar Davis ta biyu, yana da mafi kyawun lokacin kansa na aikinsa. <ref name="RETIRE" /> Ya sami maki 20.2 da 10.8 a kowane wasa yayin da yake tara maki 651 da 344 rebounds. Wadannan adadi har yanzu suna cikin manyan goma na Lamar da manyan biyar na kakar wasa daya, bi da bi.<ref name="RETIRE" /> Bayan rikodin 23-9 (9-1), Cardinals sun sami matsayi na farko a Gasar kwallon kwando ta maza ta NCAA Division I.<ref name="RETIRE" /> An sanya su a matsayin iri na # 10 a yankin Midwest, sun ci Detroit mai matsayi na kasa da kuma # 7 don ci gaba zuwa zagaye na biyu. Daga nan sai suka rasa maki 31 ga zakaran kasa na Michigan State Spartans wanda Earvin "Magic" Johnson ya jagoranta. Yayinda yake ƙarami a 1979-80, Davis ya sami maki 16.5 da 8.6 a kowane wasa.<ref name="DRAFTREV" /> Duk da raguwa a cikin kididdigarsa, ya yi rikodin aiki-babban 2.5 a kowane wasa, kuma harbe-harbe 75 da aka katange ya kafa rikodin makaranta na kakar wasa daya.<ref name="RETIRE" /> Lamar ya gama a saman taron Southland kuma tare da rikodin 22-11 (8-2), kuma a karo na biyu a jere ya sami tafiya zuwa Gasar NCAA. A matsayin iri na # 10, sun kai # 7 Weber State, 87-86, a zagaye na farko. Abokin hamayyarsu na zagaye na biyu shi ne iri na 2 kuma na huɗu a cikin ƙasar, Oregon . <ref name="RETIRE" /> Lamar ya samar da daya daga cikin manyan tashin hankali na gasar ta wannan shekarar ta hanyar kayar da su, 81-77, kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Sweet 16 na farko.<ref name="RETIRE" /> Clemson Tigers na # 6 sun kori Cardinals a wasan na gaba, duk da haka, 74-66, don haka sun kawo karshen kakar su. A kakar wasa ta karshe, yawan Davis sun kasance mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin aikinsa.<ref name="DRAFTREV" /> Har yanzu yana da maki 15.4 da 8.1 a kowane wasa na shekara, amma ya bayyana a wasanni 20 kawai (kasa da bakwai fiye da aikinsa na baya). <ref name="DRAFTREV" /> Duk da wannan, Davis ya sami zabinsa na uku na farko na All-Conference (ya sami lambar yabo ta biyu a matsayin ƙarami) kuma ya jagoranci Cardinals zuwa duka wasanni na yau da kullun da kuma gasar zakarun taro, wanda shine na farko a tarihin makaranta. Lamar ya gama 25-5 (8-2) kuma ya ci gaba zuwa zagaye na biyu na Gasar NCAA na shekara ta uku a jere.<ref name="RETIRE" /><ref name="ENCY" /> A lokacin aikin kwaleji na Davis na shekaru hudu, ya tara jimlar aiki na maki 2,084 da sakewa 1,122 a wasanni 119 da aka buga.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Lamar University Cardinals Individual Career Records |url=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/lama/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/Career_Records.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523103100/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/lama/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/Career_Records.pdf |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=August 22, 2011 |publisher=Lamar University}}</ref> Yana cikin kulob na musamman na 'yan wasan kwando na maza na Division I don isa duka biyu a cikin aiki. Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Kasa ta Kansas City Kings ta zaba shi a zagaye na huɗu (82nd overall) a cikin shirin NBA na 1981, kodayake Davis bai taba taka leda a gasar ba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=1981 NBA Draft |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/draft/NBA_1981.html |access-date=August 22, 2011 |website=basketball-reference.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * Zaɓin taron sau huɗu ** Kungiyar Farko (1978, 1979, 1981) ** Ƙungiyar ta Biyu (1980) * Kungiyar Taron Southland All-Tournament Team (1981) * Sau biyu USBWA All-District VI Team (1980, 1981) * Makarantar ta biyu a duk lokacin da ta fi samun kwallo (2,084) kuma ta biyu a kowane lokaci (1,122) ** Ayyukan 2000-points, mai yin wasan kwaikwayo na 1000Mai wasan kwaikwayo na 2000-points, 1000-rebound * Lambar Jersey da ta yi ritaya (#52) * Rubuce-rubucen Lamar a lokacin mulkinsa ya kasance 88-34 gabaɗaya (taron 33-7) ** Yana da tarihin lashe gasar NCAA (4-3) * An kira shi daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa biyar a tarihin kwando na maza na Lamar a cikin littafin 2009, ''ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: Cikakken Tarihin Wasanni na Maza'' * "Kadinal Hall of Honor" wanda aka shigar a shekarar 1992 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7nnps2q0hnwx7un5c5eqrchg2a5eion 964358 964342 2026-10-07T14:20:30Z Aluja 30485 964358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''B. B. Davis''' (an haife shi a shekara ta ) tsohon dan wasan kwando ne na Amurka wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Lamar tsakanin 1977-78 da 1980-81. == Ayyukan kwaleji == An haife shi a Beaumont, Texas, Davis ya zauna a garinsu don buga wasan kwando ga Lamar. Ya tsaya 6'8" kuma ya auna kilo 218 a farkonsa yayin da yake wasa a matsayin mai karfi.<ref name="DRAFTREV">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=B.B. Davis |url=http://www.thedraftreview.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4984 |access-date=August 22, 2011 |publisher=TheDraftReview}}</ref> &nbsp;Nan take ya yi tasiri a matsayin sabon dan wasa na gaskiya, ya fara wa tawagar nan da nan yayin da yake da maki 17.6 da 10.2 a kowane wasa.<ref name="DRAFTREV" /><ref name="RETIRE">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2009 |title=Lamar Set to Retire Three Former Men's Basketball Player Jerseys |url=http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/020709aad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719144415/http://www.lamarcardinals.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/020709aad.html |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=August 22, 2011 |website=LamarCardinals.com |publisher=Lamar University}}</ref> A wannan kakar, Cardinals sun gama 18-9 gabaɗaya (8-2 taron) kuma sun lashe gasar zakarun Southland Conference na yau da kullun.<ref name="RETIRE" /><ref name=ENCY>{{Cite book| title = ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game| publisher = ESPN, Inc| date = October 6, 2009| location = New York| pages = 241–242| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g42TyP-V5C8C&q=college%20basketball%20encyclopedia%20lamar&pg=PA311| isbn =978-0-345-51392-2}}</ref> A shekara ta 1978-79, shekarar Davis ta biyu, yana da mafi kyawun lokacin kansa na aikinsa. <ref name="RETIRE" /> Ya sami maki 20.2 da 10.8 a kowane wasa yayin da yake tara maki 651 da 344 rebounds. Wadannan adadi har yanzu suna cikin manyan goma na Lamar da manyan biyar na kakar wasa daya, bi da bi.<ref name="RETIRE" /> Bayan rikodin 23-9 (9-1), Cardinals sun sami matsayi na farko a Gasar kwallon kwando ta maza ta NCAA Division I.<ref name="RETIRE" /> An sanya su a matsayin iri na # 10 a yankin Midwest, sun ci Detroit mai matsayi na kasa da kuma # 7 don ci gaba zuwa zagaye na biyu. Daga nan sai suka rasa maki 31 ga zakaran kasa na Michigan State Spartans wanda Earvin "Magic" Johnson ya jagoranta. Yayinda yake ƙarami a 1979-80, Davis ya sami maki 16.5 da 8.6 a kowane wasa.<ref name="DRAFTREV" /> Duk da raguwa a cikin kididdigarsa, ya yi rikodin aiki-babban 2.5 a kowane wasa, kuma harbe-harbe 75 da aka katange ya kafa rikodin makaranta na kakar wasa daya.<ref name="RETIRE" /> Lamar ya gama a saman taron Southland kuma tare da rikodin 22-11 (8-2), kuma a karo na biyu a jere ya sami tafiya zuwa Gasar NCAA. A matsayin iri na # 10, sun kai # 7 Weber State, 87-86, a zagaye na farko. Abokin hamayyarsu na zagaye na biyu shi ne iri na 2 kuma na huɗu a cikin ƙasar, Oregon . <ref name="RETIRE" /> Lamar ya samar da daya daga cikin manyan tashin hankali na gasar ta wannan shekarar ta hanyar kayar da su, 81-77, kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Sweet 16 na farko.<ref name="RETIRE" /> Clemson Tigers na # 6 sun kori Cardinals a wasan na gaba, duk da haka, 74-66, don haka sun kawo karshen kakar su. A kakar wasa ta karshe, yawan Davis sun kasance mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin aikinsa.<ref name="DRAFTREV" /> Har yanzu yana da maki 15.4 da 8.1 a kowane wasa na shekara, amma ya bayyana a wasanni 20 kawai (kasa da bakwai fiye da aikinsa na baya). <ref name="DRAFTREV" /> Duk da wannan, Davis ya sami zabinsa na uku na farko na All-Conference (ya sami lambar yabo ta biyu a matsayin ƙarami) kuma ya jagoranci Cardinals zuwa duka wasanni na yau da kullun da kuma gasar zakarun taro, wanda shine na farko a tarihin makaranta. Lamar ya gama 25-5 (8-2) kuma ya ci gaba zuwa zagaye na biyu na Gasar NCAA na shekara ta uku a jere.<ref name="RETIRE" /><ref name="ENCY" /> A lokacin aikin kwaleji na Davis na shekaru hudu, ya tara jimlar aiki na maki 2,084 da sakewa 1,122 a wasanni 119 da aka buga.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Lamar University Cardinals Individual Career Records |url=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/lama/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/Career_Records.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523103100/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/lama/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/Career_Records.pdf |archive-date=May 23, 2011 |access-date=August 22, 2011 |publisher=Lamar University}}</ref> Yana cikin kulob na musamman na 'yan wasan kwando na maza na Division I don isa duka biyu a cikin aiki. Kungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Kasa ta Kansas City Kings ta zaba shi a zagaye na huɗu (82nd overall) a cikin shirin NBA na 1981, kodayake Davis bai taba taka leda a gasar ba.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=1981 NBA Draft |url=https://www.basketball-reference.com/draft/NBA_1981.html |access-date=August 22, 2011 |website=basketball-reference.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * Zaɓin taron sau huɗu ** Kungiyar Farko (1978, 1979, 1981) ** Ƙungiyar ta Biyu (1980) * Kungiyar Taron Southland All-Tournament Team (1981) * Sau biyu USBWA All-District VI Team (1980, 1981) * Makarantar ta biyu a duk lokacin da ta fi samun kwallo (2,084) kuma ta biyu a kowane lokaci (1,122) ** Ayyukan 2000-points, mai yin wasan kwaikwayo na 1000Mai wasan kwaikwayo na 2000-points, 1000-rebound * Lambar Jersey da ta yi ritaya (#52) * Rubuce-rubucen Lamar a lokacin mulkinsa ya kasance 88-34 gabaɗaya (taron 33-7) ** Yana da tarihin lashe gasar NCAA (4-3) * An kira shi daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa biyar a tarihin kwando na maza na Lamar a cikin littafin 2009, ''ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: Cikakken Tarihin Wasanni na Maza'' * "Kadinal Hall of Honor" wanda aka shigar a shekarar 1992 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jh2t1jl40p002j9zv5zv2zl654eow7u 0 178478 964345 2026-10-07T13:52:14Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345900347|Brian Liddy]]" 964345 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brian Liddy''' tsohon jami'in sashen 'yan sanda ne na Los Angeles . Liddy, tare da Sgt. Edward Ortiz da tsohon Jami'in Michael Buchanan, sune na farko da aka tuhume su da aikata laifi a cikin Rampart Scandal. Liddy shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun jami'in LAPD wanda Rafael Perez ya danganta shi kai tsaye, bisa ga shaidarsa da zarge-zargensa. <ref name="Liddy Interview">{{Cite web |title=The Rampart Division |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/interviews/liddy.html |access-date=2008-09-16 |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Wani alƙali ne ya fitar da hukuncin da suka yi a cikin Abin kunya na Rampart. Daga baya jami'an sun kai karar a cikin shari'ar farar hula kuma, shekaru bakwai bayan haka, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta tara ta amince da hukuncin kotun da ta fi dacewa da su. Kusan dala miliyan 19 sun tafi don warware hukuncin juriya na tarayya daga 2006 wanda ya ba da dala miliyan 5 kowannensu ga Liddy, Jami'in LAPD Paul Harper, da LAPD Sgt. Edward Ortiz. Mutum na huɗu, tsohon jami'in LAPD Michael Buchanan, ya raba cikin ƙaramin sasantawa a wani lamari. dala miliyan 20.5 sun warware shari'o'i shida da suka shafi jami'an.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aftermath - Outcome Of The Rampart Scandal Investigations &#124; PBS - L.a.p.d. Blues &#124; FRONTLINE |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/later/outcome.html |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Liddy v. City of Los Angeles |url=http://dockets.justia.com/docket/court-cacdce/case_no-2:2008cv03089/case_id-415451/ |access-date=2008-09-16}}</ref> ya haifar da tambayoyi game da amincin Perez. == Farkon aiki == A shekara ta 1993, kusan shekaru uku bayan ya shiga rundunar a shekarar 1990, an ba Liddy lambar yabo ta sashen Valor saboda ayyukan da aka dauka a lokacin harbi a lokacin tashin hankali na Rodney King a shekarar 1992, yayin da yake tsaye a 77th Street Division.<ref name="Liddy Interview" /><ref name="1993 Medal of Valor">{{Cite web |title=Medal of Valor |url=http://www.lapdonline.org/inside_the_lapd/content_basic_view/27325 |access-date=2008-09-16}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, Liddy ya koma sashin CRASH na Rampart Division a lokaci guda da Rafael Perez, wanda daga baya zai haɗa da Sgt. Liddy da wasu jami'ai sama da 70 a lokuta da yawa na rashin halin 'yan sanda. == Rampart Scandal == Fiye da shari'o'in aikata laifuka 100 an soke su bayan tsohon jami'in LAPD Rafael Perez ya ba da shaida cewa shi, abokin aikinsa da sauran jami'an (ciki har da Liddy) da ke cikin sashin Rampart CRASH sun tsara 'yan kungiyar don laifuka da ba su aikata ba.<ref name="Eye of the Storm">{{Cite web |title=Eye of the Storm |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/eyeofstorm.html |access-date=2008-09-16 |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Perez ya yi zarginsa don musayar gafara bayan an kama shi yana satar cocaine daga akwatin shaidar 'yan sanda. Koyaya, amincin Perez ya lalace ta hanyar shaidarsa a cikin bincike da yawa na harkokin cikin gida inda jami'ai uku, gami da Liddy, waɗanda ake zargi da laifuka ko rashin hali aka same su ba su da laifi ko kuma an sauke tuhumar. === Shari'a === Liddy, tare da Sgt. Edward Ortiz da Jami'in Paul Harper, sune na farko da aka tuhume su da makirci don hana adalci ta hanyar Lauyan Gundumar Los Angeles na lokacin Gil Garcetti bisa ga shaidar Perez. Shari'ar aikata laifuka a kan jami'an Rampart ta shafi wani abin da ya faru a shekarar 1996 inda aka yanke wa 'yan kungiyar biyu hukunci kan bugawa Harper da Liddy da babbar mota a cikin wata hanya. Perez ya gaya wa hukumomi shekaru uku bayan haka cewa jami'an sun kirkiro labarin don tsara su biyu. A cikin shari'ar da aka yada sosai a shekara ta 2000, wani juri na Kotun Koli ya yanke wa jami'an uku hukunci, bisa ga shaidar Perez. Bayan haka, duk da haka, Alkalin Jacqueline Connor ya watsar da hukuncin, yana mai cewa ta yi "kuskuren kisa" ba tare da sanin cewa masu juriya na iya kuskuren karanta wasu "jargon" a cikin rahoton 'yan sanda wanda ba da gangan ba ya ba da goyon baya ga da'awar cewa jami'an sun yi ƙarya ba. === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] k2yqi78j6anuocwzcpssz40gddgcd4e 964346 964345 2026-10-07T13:52:44Z Usman saadu 46863 964346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Brian Liddy''' tsohon jami'in sashen 'yan sanda ne na Los Angeles . Liddy, tare da Sgt. Edward Ortiz da tsohon Jami'in Michael Buchanan, sune na farko da aka tuhume su da aikata laifi a cikin Rampart Scandal. Liddy shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun jami'in LAPD wanda Rafael Perez ya danganta shi kai tsaye, bisa ga shaidarsa da zarge-zargensa. <ref name="Liddy Interview">{{Cite web |title=The Rampart Division |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/interviews/liddy.html |access-date=2008-09-16 |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Wani alƙali ne ya fitar da hukuncin da suka yi a cikin Abin kunya na Rampart. Daga baya jami'an sun kai karar a cikin shari'ar farar hula kuma, shekaru bakwai bayan haka, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta tara ta amince da hukuncin kotun da ta fi dacewa da su. Kusan dala miliyan 19 sun tafi don warware hukuncin juriya na tarayya daga 2006 wanda ya ba da dala miliyan 5 kowannensu ga Liddy, Jami'in LAPD Paul Harper, da LAPD Sgt. Edward Ortiz. Mutum na huɗu, tsohon jami'in LAPD Michael Buchanan, ya raba cikin ƙaramin sasantawa a wani lamari. dala miliyan 20.5 sun warware shari'o'i shida da suka shafi jami'an.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aftermath - Outcome Of The Rampart Scandal Investigations &#124; PBS - L.a.p.d. Blues &#124; FRONTLINE |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/later/outcome.html |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Liddy v. City of Los Angeles |url=http://dockets.justia.com/docket/court-cacdce/case_no-2:2008cv03089/case_id-415451/ |access-date=2008-09-16}}</ref> ya haifar da tambayoyi game da amincin Perez. == Farkon aiki == A shekara ta 1993, kusan shekaru uku bayan ya shiga rundunar a shekarar 1990, an ba Liddy lambar yabo ta sashen Valor saboda ayyukan da aka dauka a lokacin harbi a lokacin tashin hankali na Rodney King a shekarar 1992, yayin da yake tsaye a 77th Street Division.<ref name="Liddy Interview" /><ref name="1993 Medal of Valor">{{Cite web |title=Medal of Valor |url=http://www.lapdonline.org/inside_the_lapd/content_basic_view/27325 |access-date=2008-09-16}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, Liddy ya koma sashin CRASH na Rampart Division a lokaci guda da Rafael Perez, wanda daga baya zai haɗa da Sgt. Liddy da wasu jami'ai sama da 70 a lokuta da yawa na rashin halin 'yan sanda. == Rampart Scandal == Fiye da shari'o'in aikata laifuka 100 an soke su bayan tsohon jami'in LAPD Rafael Perez ya ba da shaida cewa shi, abokin aikinsa da sauran jami'an (ciki har da Liddy) da ke cikin sashin Rampart CRASH sun tsara 'yan kungiyar don laifuka da ba su aikata ba.<ref name="Eye of the Storm">{{Cite web |title=Eye of the Storm |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/eyeofstorm.html |access-date=2008-09-16 |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Perez ya yi zarginsa don musayar gafara bayan an kama shi yana satar cocaine daga akwatin shaidar 'yan sanda. Koyaya, amincin Perez ya lalace ta hanyar shaidarsa a cikin bincike da yawa na harkokin cikin gida inda jami'ai uku, gami da Liddy, waɗanda ake zargi da laifuka ko rashin hali aka same su ba su da laifi ko kuma an sauke tuhumar. === Shari'a === Liddy, tare da Sgt. Edward Ortiz da Jami'in Paul Harper, sune na farko da aka tuhume su da makirci don hana adalci ta hanyar Lauyan Gundumar Los Angeles na lokacin Gil Garcetti bisa ga shaidar Perez. Shari'ar aikata laifuka a kan jami'an Rampart ta shafi wani abin da ya faru a shekarar 1996 inda aka yanke wa 'yan kungiyar biyu hukunci kan bugawa Harper da Liddy da babbar mota a cikin wata hanya. Perez ya gaya wa hukumomi shekaru uku bayan haka cewa jami'an sun kirkiro labarin don tsara su biyu. A cikin shari'ar da aka yada sosai a shekara ta 2000, wani juri na Kotun Koli ya yanke wa jami'an uku hukunci, bisa ga shaidar Perez. Bayan haka, duk da haka, Alkalin Jacqueline Connor ya watsar da hukuncin, yana mai cewa ta yi "kuskuren kisa" ba tare da sanin cewa masu juriya na iya kuskuren karanta wasu "jargon" a cikin rahoton 'yan sanda wanda ba da gangan ba ya ba da goyon baya ga da'awar cewa jami'an sun yi ƙarya ba. === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] gsxcnrzb2kp7x9lnvmxrrly0qxgccrs 964347 964346 2026-10-07T13:53:38Z Usman saadu 46863 964347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Brian Liddy''' tsohon jami'in sashen 'yan sanda ne na Los Angeles . Liddy, tare da Sgt. Edward Ortiz da tsohon Jami'in Michael Buchanan, sune na farko da aka tuhume su da aikata laifi a cikin Rampart Scandal. Liddy shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun jami'in LAPD wanda Rafael Perez ya danganta shi kai tsaye, bisa ga shaidarsa da zarge-zargensa. <ref name="Liddy Interview">{{Cite web |title=The Rampart Division |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/interviews/liddy.html |access-date=2008-09-16 |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Wani alƙali ne ya fitar da hukuncin da suka yi a cikin Abin kunya na Rampart. Daga baya jami'an sun kai karar a cikin shari'ar farar hula kuma, shekaru bakwai bayan haka, Kotun daukaka kara ta Amurka ta tara ta amince da hukuncin kotun da ta fi dacewa da su. Kusan dala miliyan 19 sun tafi don warware hukuncin juriya na tarayya daga 2006 wanda ya ba da dala miliyan 5 kowannensu ga Liddy, Jami'in LAPD Paul Harper, da LAPD Sgt. Edward Ortiz. Mutum na huɗu, tsohon jami'in LAPD Michael Buchanan, ya raba cikin ƙaramin sasantawa a wani lamari. dala miliyan 20.5 sun warware shari'o'i shida da suka shafi jami'an.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Aftermath - Outcome Of The Rampart Scandal Investigations &#124; PBS - L.a.p.d. Blues &#124; FRONTLINE |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/later/outcome.html |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Liddy v. City of Los Angeles |url=http://dockets.justia.com/docket/court-cacdce/case_no-2:2008cv03089/case_id-415451/ |access-date=2008-09-16}}</ref> ya haifar da tambayoyi game da amincin Perez. == Farkon aiki == A shekara ta 1993, kusan shekaru uku bayan ya shiga rundunar a shekarar 1990, an ba Liddy lambar yabo ta sashen Valor saboda ayyukan da aka dauka a lokacin harbi a lokacin tashin hankali na Rodney King a shekarar 1992, yayin da yake tsaye a 77th Street Division.<ref name="Liddy Interview" /><ref name="1993 Medal of Valor">{{Cite web |title=Medal of Valor |url=http://www.lapdonline.org/inside_the_lapd/content_basic_view/27325 |access-date=2008-09-16}}</ref> A shekara ta 1995, Liddy ya koma sashin CRASH na Rampart Division a lokaci guda da Rafael Perez, wanda daga baya zai haɗa da Sgt. Liddy da wasu jami'ai sama da 70 a lokuta da yawa na rashin halin 'yan sanda. == Rampart Scandal == Fiye da shari'o'in aikata laifuka 100 an soke su bayan tsohon jami'in LAPD Rafael Perez ya ba da shaida cewa shi, abokin aikinsa da sauran jami'an ciki har da Liddy da ke cikin sashin Rampart CRASH sun tsara 'yan kungiyar don laifuka da ba su aikata ba.<ref name="Eye of the Storm">{{Cite web |title=Eye of the Storm |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/eyeofstorm.html |access-date=2008-09-16 |website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> Perez ya yi zarginsa don musayar gafara bayan an kama shi yana satar cocaine daga akwatin shaidar 'yan sanda. Koyaya, amincin Perez ya lalace ta hanyar shaidarsa a cikin bincike da yawa na harkokin cikin gida inda jami'ai uku, gami da Liddy, waɗanda ake zargi da laifuka ko rashin hali aka same su ba su da laifi ko kuma an sauke tuhumar. === Shari'a === Liddy, tare da Sgt. Edward Ortiz da Jami'in Paul Harper, sune na farko da aka tuhume su da makirci don hana adalci ta hanyar Lauyan Gundumar Los Angeles na lokacin Gil Garcetti bisa ga shaidar Perez. Shari'ar aikata laifuka a kan jami'an Rampart ta shafi wani abin da ya faru a shekarar 1996 inda aka yanke wa 'yan kungiyar biyu hukunci kan bugawa Harper da Liddy da babbar mota a cikin wata hanya. Perez ya gaya wa hukumomi shekaru uku bayan haka cewa jami'an sun kirkiro labarin don tsara su biyu. A cikin shari'ar da aka yada sosai a shekara ta 2000, wani juri na Kotun Koli ya yanke wa jami'an uku hukunci, bisa ga shaidar Perez. Bayan haka, duk da haka, Alkalin Jacqueline Connor ya watsar da hukuncin, yana mai cewa ta yi kuskuren kisa ba tare da sanin cewa masu juriya na iya kuskuren karanta wasu jargon a cikin rahoton 'yan sanda wanda ba da gangan ba ya ba da goyon baya ga da'awar cewa jami'an sun yi ƙarya ba. === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] 3rtlavan12fect78l1xopbgq6nztov0 0 178479 964348 2026-10-07T13:57:36Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Kalaman soyayyah = idan aka tambayeni mafi kyawun abuh dayataba faruwa daniy zan ambachi shigowarka chikin rayuwa tah koh kalmomi sunqare zuchiyata bazata tabah gajiyawa da bayyanah irin qaunar danake maka bah kaine nutsuwatah ah lokachin damuwa tah farin chiki ah lokachin baqin chiki da murmuring ah kowaniy lokachi 964348 wikitext text/x-wiki = Kalaman soyayyah = idan aka tambayeni mafi kyawun abuh dayataba faruwa daniy zan ambachi shigowarka chikin rayuwa tah koh kalmomi sunqare zuchiyata bazata tabah gajiyawa da bayyanah irin qaunar danake maka bah kaine nutsuwatah ah lokachin damuwa tah farin chiki ah lokachin baqin chiki da murmuring ah kowaniy lokachi jzpybamnabq07p6xuxjnbak8ukbsp3x 0 178480 964349 2026-10-07T13:58:09Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344391627|City Point (Brooklyn)]]" 964349 wikitext text/x-wiki City Point wani babban tsari ne mai dauke da gine-gine da dama da ake amfani da su wajen zama da kuma harkokin kasuwanci, wanda yake a tsakiyar yankin Brooklyn a [[birnin New York]]. Idan aka yi la'akari da girman fadin wurin, City Point shi ne babban aikin gine-gine mai hade ayyuka daban-daban (na zama da kasuwanci) mafi girma a birnin. Gine-ginen City Point III, mai tsayin ƙafa 720, a halin yanzu shi ne gini na biyu mafi tsayi a Brooklyn (bayan Brooklyn Tower) tare da kasancewa gini na huɗu mafi tsayi a yankin Long Island (bayan Brooklyn Tower, Skyline Tower da ke Long Island City a Queens, da kuma Sven da ke Long Island City).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Natalie |date=April 28, 2016 |title=Inside City Tower, the Future of Downtown Brooklyn |url=http://www.bkmag.com/2016/04/28/tour-city-tower-new-downtown-brooklyn/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Brooklyn Magazine}}</ref> Cibiyar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki ta Birnin New York ta goyi bayan City Point a matsayin ci gaba mai amfani da kayan sayarwa da gidaje.<ref name="nycedc.com">{{Cite web |title=City Point |url=https://www.nycedc.com/project/city-point |access-date=September 12, 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> Albee Development LLC ne ya kirkiro aikin kuma Cook + Fox architects ne suka tsara shi, kuma yana da takardar shaidar LEED-azurfa.<ref name="nycedc.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=City Point |url=https://www.islandfacades.com/portfolio/city-point |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Island Exterior Fabricators |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana sa ran zai haifar da akalla ayyukan gine-gine 328 da ayyuka na dindindin 108. An gina hadaddun ne a kan ƙofa tashar DeKalB Avenue a kan na B, , da R na New York City Subway. Yana a fadin Flatbush Avenue Extension daga harabar Jami'ar Long Island ta Brooklyn, kuma a fadin Fleet Street daga Hasumiyar Brooklyn. City Point yana kan tsohon shafin yanar gizon Albee Square Mall, <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2012 |title=Albee Square - Downtown Brooklyn |url=http://downtownbrooklyn.com/listings/albee-square |access-date=September 12, 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> kuma ƙofar kudancin ta tsakiya a kan Fulton Street Mall. == Bayyanawa ga tarihi == [[File:City_Point_Tower_II_Brooklyn_NY_2015_06_10_08.jpg|thumb|Dubi kudu maso gabas tare da Flatbush Avenue Extension a cikin 2015 a City Point Tower II a hagu da City Point Tower I a dama. Shafin yanar gizon City Point Tower III, wanda aka kammala a cikin 2020, yana cikin gaba.]] A shekara ta 2004, Kamfanin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Birnin New York ya karɓi "Tsarin Downtown Brooklyn", wanda ya ƙunshi jerin canje-canje da ayyukan jama'a.<ref name="nycedc.com" /> City Point na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka ci gaba da aka gabatar, suna zaune a kan ƙasar mallakar birni, a cikin wani yanki da aka riga aka kafa a matsayin hanyar cin kasuwa.<ref name="nycedc.com" /> An dakatar da aikin ginin ne saboda ba da izinin ginawa, amma Shugaban gundumar Brooklyn na wancan lokacin Marty Markowitz ya taimaka masa, lokacin da masu haɓaka ginin, Acadia Realty, suka ba da gudummawa ga wani kamfani mai zaman kansa mai suna Markowitz wanda ke gudanar da Markowitz, kuma Acadia ta musanta aikata ba daidai ba, ta kuma ɗora alhakin dagewar wani kamfanin haɗin gwiwa, PA Associates, wanda daga baya aka tuhume shi da cin hanci ga tsohon Sanata Carl Kruger na Jihar New York.<ref name="Markowitz">{{Cite news |last1=Robbins |first1=Liz |last2=Cowan |first2=Alison Leigh |date=October 25, 2011 |title=From Brooklyn Office, Mixing Clout and Charity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/25/nyregion/for-brooklyn-leader-marty-markowitz-mix-of-business-charity-and-power.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> === Hasumiyoyi === Hasumiyar farko, City Point Tower I (wanda aka fi sani da '''7 DeKalb'''), <ref>{{Cite web |title=7 DEKALB / City Point / Brooklyn Full-service Rentals |url=http://7dekalb.com/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=7dekalb.com}}</ref> an buɗe ta a cikin 2015. Yana da hawa 19, hasu mai murabba'in ƙafa ,000 tare da raka'a 200 na gidaje masu araha, da murabba'i 50,000 (4,600 m2) na sararin sayar da kaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warerkar |first=Tanay |date=March 16, 2016 |title=City Point Tower Received 90,000 Applications for 200 Affordable Apartments |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2016/3/16/11246584/city-point-affordable-housing-applications |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319072650/http://ny.curbed.com/2016/3/16/11246584/city-point-affordable-housing-applications |archive-date=March 19, 2016 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref><ref name="nycedc.com" /> Hasumiya ta biyu, City Point Tower II (wanda aka fi sani da 1 DeKalb Avenue), <ref name="SkyscraperCenter15744">{{Cite web |last=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |author-link=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |title=City Point Tower II |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/city-point-tower-ii/15744 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714171236/http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/city-point-tower-ii/15744 |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=July 11, 2015 |website=The Skyscraper Center |publisher=[[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]]}}</ref> ko 10 City Point, yana kasuwanci a matsayin City Tower <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Apartments in Brooklyn &#124; City Tower Brooklyn |url=http://citytowerbk.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419193904/http://citytowerbk.com/ |archive-date=April 19, 2016 |access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref> an kammala shi a cikin 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Cate |date=June 4, 2015 |title=City Point Phase 2 Tops out at 43 Stories With Glassy Facade |url=http://www.brownstoner.com/development/city-point-phase-2-tops-out-at-43-stories-with-glassy-facade/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Brownstoner}}</ref> kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 2016. Yana da hawa 30, hasumiya mai murabba'in ƙafa 335,000 tare da raka'a 440 na kasuwa. <ref name="nycedc.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Plitt |first=Amy |date=October 8, 2015 |title=Inside Downtown Brooklyn's New 440-Unit Rental Tower |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2015/10/8/9913456/inside-downtown-brooklyns-new-440-unit-rental-tower |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420130813/http://ny.curbed.com/2015/10/8/9913456/inside-downtown-brooklyns-new-440-unit-rental-tower |archive-date=April 20, 2016 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> [[File:Andrews_classic_roadside_hamburgers_in_Dekalb_Hall_jeh.jpg|left|thumb|Burger tsaye a cikin DeKalb Hall]] Hasumiya ta uku - City Point Tower III, wanda ke a 138 Willoughby Street an shirya ya zama {{Convert|720|ft|m}} tsawo, yana mai da shi mafi tsayi a Brooklyn a cikin 2020.<ref name="curbed.com">{{Cite web |last=Warerkar |first=Tanay |date=August 7, 2017 |title=Downtown Brooklyn's final City Point tower starts construction |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/8/7/16109500/city-point-downtown-brooklyn-extell-construction |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808013350/https://ny.curbed.com/2017/8/7/16109500/city-point-downtown-brooklyn-extell-construction |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> 9 DeKalb Avenue (yanzu The Brooklyn Tower) ya wuce City Point Tower III a tsawo a cikin 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michael |date=October 29, 2021 |title=YIMBY Scopes Views From SHoP's Topped-Out 'Brooklyn Tower' At 9 DeKalb Avenue In Downtown Brooklyn |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2021/10/yimby-scopes-views-from-shops-topped-out-brooklyn-tower-at-9-dekalb-avenue-in-downtown-brooklyn.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029120819/https://newyorkyimby.com/2021/10/yimby-scopes-views-from-shops-topped-out-brooklyn-tower-at-9-dekalb-avenue-in-downtown-brooklyn.html |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=New York YIMBY}}</ref> An shirya shi don ƙunsar raka'a 458 na kasuwa wanda ke ɗaukar 'in ƙafa 1,08,218 (100,541.3 m2), tare da hawa uku na sararin kasuwanci da ke ɗaukar murabus ƙafa 502,460 (46,680 m2).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devlin |first=Seán |date=August 7, 2017 |title=Construction Under Way on 50-Plus-Story Tower at DoBro's City Point |url=http://www.brownstoner.com/development/brooklyn-development-downtown-brooklyn-city-point-extell-138-willoughby-street/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Brownstoner}}</ref> Hasumiyar III za ta yi kasuwanci a matsayin Brooklyn Point kuma kamfanin Kohn Pedersen Fox ne ya tsara ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Pamela |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Brooklyn Point: New Downtown Condo Tower Will Be Borough's Tallest—For Now |url=https://bklyner.com/brooklyn-point-new-downtown-condo-tower-will-boroughs-tallest-now/ |access-date=December 19, 2017 |website=Bklyner}}</ref> Wannan zai zama kawai ci gaban zama na sayarwa a City Point . === Siyayya === Ana iya shiga wani wurin sayayya ta hanyar kofofi dake kan titunan Flatbush Avenue Extension da Fulton Street; wurin ya ƙunshi manyan shaguna na kamfanoni masu rassa a faɗin ƙasa, ƙananan shaguna, gidan sinima, mashaya, da shagon sayar da kayan abinci, tare da gidajen cin abinci da kuma wani babban wurin cin abinci mai faɗin murabba'in ƙafa 27,000 a ƙarƙashin ginin Tower II, wanda ake kira DeKalb Market Hall..<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Point Tower One |url=http://www.citypointtower1.com/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=www.citypointtower1.com}}</ref><ref name="DMH">{{Cite web |last=Casey |first=Nell |date=June 16, 2017 |title=Inside DeKalb Market Hall, The Gigantic New Brooklyn Food Hall With A Katz's Outpost |url=http://gothamist.com/2017/06/16/dekalb_market_hall.php#photo-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903134608/http://gothamist.com/2017/06/16/dekalb_market_hall.php#photo-1 |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> DeKalb Market Hall yana da masu siyarwa daban-daban 40, ƙananan kasuwanni da ke yankin Birnin New York. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DeKalb Market Hall |url=http://dekalbmarkethall.com/ |access-date=May 2, 2018 |website=dekalbmarkethall.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Arden |date=May 2, 2018 |title=Inside the Hustle and Bustle of Small Business in Brooklyn |url=https://thebridgebk.com/inside-hustle-bustle-small-business-brooklyn/ |access-date=May 7, 2018 |website=The Bridge}}</ref> Tsakanin hasu ta farko da ta biyu shine "dandalin", wanda aka gina murabba'in ƙafa 660,000 (61,000 m2) na sararin sayar da kayayyaki, gami da kantin sayar da Primark mai hawa 4.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle 2022">{{Cite web |last=Frost |first=Mary |date=December 20, 2022 |title=Primark opening creates a sensation in Downtown Brooklyn |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2022/12/20/primark-opening-creates-a-sensation-in-downtown-brooklyn/ |access-date=January 4, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> da kuma gidan zane-zane na Alamo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Rizk |date=August 5, 2024 |title=Brooklyn’s Alamo Drafthouse receives major upgrade, enhancing theater experience |url=https://pix11.com/news/local-news/brooklyn/brooklyns-alamo-drafthouse-receives-major-upgrade-enhancing-theater-experience/ |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=[[PIX11]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amato |first=Rowley |date=May 23, 2015 |title=Checking in on DoBro's Almost Complete City Point Towers |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2015/5/23/9957420/checking-in-on-dobros-almost-complete-city-point-towers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605085437/http://ny.curbed.com/2015/5/23/9957420/checking-in-on-dobros-almost-complete-city-point-towers |archive-date=June 5, 2016 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Target ta bude kantin sayar da ita a City Point Tower II, tare da budewar Trader Joe a watan Yunin wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Plitt |first=Amy |date=January 19, 2017 |title=Brooklyn's newest Target will open in City Point on January 29 |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/1/19/14327780/downtown-brooklyn-target-city-point-opening |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120151532/http://ny.curbed.com/2017/1/19/14327780/downtown-brooklyn-target-city-point-opening |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |access-date=October 31, 2020 |website=Curbed NY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanay Warerkar |date=June 22, 2017 |title=Trader Joe's will finally open its Downtown Brooklyn store this Friday |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/6/22/15852504/trader-joes-downtown-brooklyn-city-point-opening |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622194143/https://ny.curbed.com/2017/6/22/15852504/trader-joes-downtown-brooklyn-city-point-opening |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=NY Curbed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seán Devlin |date=June 23, 2017 |title=Trader Joe's Highly Anticipated Second Brooklyn Outpost Opens at City Point in Downtown Brooklyn |url=https://www.brownstoner.com/neighborhood/downtown-brooklyn/trader-joes-brooklyn-downtown-brooklyn-city-point-445-gold-street/ |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=Brownstoner}}</ref> An bude gidan cin abinci na Fogo de Chão a matakin ƙasa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neil |first=Meaghan McGoldrick |date=2024-04-02 |title=Firing up in Downtown Brooklyn: Fogo de Chão to open April 15 at City Point • Brooklyn Paper |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/fogo-de-chao-city-point-opening/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=www.brooklynpaper.com |language=en-US}}</ref> === Siffar Ruth Bader Ginsburg === An shigar da mutum-mutumi na Ruth Bader Ginsburg a waje da 445 Albee Square a City Point a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2021. Hoton ya kunshi mutum-mutumi na {{Convert|1|ft|m}} {{Convert|6|ft|m}} , wanda aka saita a kan tushe na 1 m), wanda ke nuna [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], mace ta biyu da ta yi aiki a [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dole |first=Kimberly |date=October 15, 2020 |title=Statue of Ruth Bader Ginsburg to be unveiled during Women's History Month in March |url=https://www.radio.com/wbbm780/news/statue-of-late-justice-ginsburg-to-be-unveiled-in-brooklyn |website=WBBM News Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2020 |title=New mural honoring Ruth Bader Ginsburg going up in East Village |url=https://abc7ny.com/rbg-mural-east-village-ruth-bader-ginsburg-tribute/7877048/ |website=ABC 7}}</ref> An motsa mutum-mutumi a watan Oktoba 2022 kuma an sake shi zuwa asibitin Ruth Bader Ginsburg na Kudancin Brooklyn, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Bader Ginsburg |url=https://gillieandmarc.art/blogs/find-our-art/ruth-bader-ginsburg-city-point-brooklyn-usa |access-date=February 17, 2025 |website=Gille and Marc}}</ref> == Shahararrun masu haya == * Gidan zane na Alamo * Wutar Chão * Firayim Minista * Abincin Katz * Manufar * Mai siyarwa Joe == Dubi kuma == * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsawo a Brooklyn == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 837b7o0yf6dqoahat5ry97x5iw7e0v6 964350 964349 2026-10-07T13:58:51Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 964350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} City Point wani babban tsari ne mai dauke da gine-gine da dama da ake amfani da su wajen zama da kuma harkokin kasuwanci, wanda yake a tsakiyar yankin Brooklyn a [[birnin New York]]. Idan aka yi la'akari da girman fadin wurin, City Point shi ne babban aikin gine-gine mai hade ayyuka daban-daban (na zama da kasuwanci) mafi girma a birnin. Gine-ginen City Point III, mai tsayin ƙafa 720, a halin yanzu shi ne gini na biyu mafi tsayi a Brooklyn (bayan Brooklyn Tower) tare da kasancewa gini na huɗu mafi tsayi a yankin Long Island (bayan Brooklyn Tower, Skyline Tower da ke Long Island City a Queens, da kuma Sven da ke Long Island City).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Natalie |date=April 28, 2016 |title=Inside City Tower, the Future of Downtown Brooklyn |url=http://www.bkmag.com/2016/04/28/tour-city-tower-new-downtown-brooklyn/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Brooklyn Magazine}}</ref> Cibiyar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki ta Birnin New York ta goyi bayan City Point a matsayin ci gaba mai amfani da kayan sayarwa da gidaje.<ref name="nycedc.com">{{Cite web |title=City Point |url=https://www.nycedc.com/project/city-point |access-date=September 12, 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> Albee Development LLC ne ya kirkiro aikin kuma Cook + Fox architects ne suka tsara shi, kuma yana da takardar shaidar LEED-azurfa.<ref name="nycedc.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=City Point |url=https://www.islandfacades.com/portfolio/city-point |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Island Exterior Fabricators |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana sa ran zai haifar da akalla ayyukan gine-gine 328 da ayyuka na dindindin 108. An gina hadaddun ne a kan ƙofa tashar DeKalB Avenue a kan na B, , da R na New York City Subway. Yana a fadin Flatbush Avenue Extension daga harabar Jami'ar Long Island ta Brooklyn, kuma a fadin Fleet Street daga Hasumiyar Brooklyn. City Point yana kan tsohon shafin yanar gizon Albee Square Mall, <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2012 |title=Albee Square - Downtown Brooklyn |url=http://downtownbrooklyn.com/listings/albee-square |access-date=September 12, 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> kuma ƙofar kudancin ta tsakiya a kan Fulton Street Mall. == Bayyanawa ga tarihi == [[File:City_Point_Tower_II_Brooklyn_NY_2015_06_10_08.jpg|thumb|Dubi kudu maso gabas tare da Flatbush Avenue Extension a cikin 2015 a City Point Tower II a hagu da City Point Tower I a dama. Shafin yanar gizon City Point Tower III, wanda aka kammala a cikin 2020, yana cikin gaba.]] A shekara ta 2004, Kamfanin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Birnin New York ya karɓi "Tsarin Downtown Brooklyn", wanda ya ƙunshi jerin canje-canje da ayyukan jama'a.<ref name="nycedc.com" /> City Point na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka ci gaba da aka gabatar, suna zaune a kan ƙasar mallakar birni, a cikin wani yanki da aka riga aka kafa a matsayin hanyar cin kasuwa.<ref name="nycedc.com" /> An dakatar da aikin ginin ne saboda ba da izinin ginawa, amma Shugaban gundumar Brooklyn na wancan lokacin Marty Markowitz ya taimaka masa, lokacin da masu haɓaka ginin, Acadia Realty, suka ba da gudummawa ga wani kamfani mai zaman kansa mai suna Markowitz wanda ke gudanar da Markowitz, kuma Acadia ta musanta aikata ba daidai ba, ta kuma ɗora alhakin dagewar wani kamfanin haɗin gwiwa, PA Associates, wanda daga baya aka tuhume shi da cin hanci ga tsohon Sanata Carl Kruger na Jihar New York.<ref name="Markowitz">{{Cite news |last1=Robbins |first1=Liz |last2=Cowan |first2=Alison Leigh |date=October 25, 2011 |title=From Brooklyn Office, Mixing Clout and Charity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/25/nyregion/for-brooklyn-leader-marty-markowitz-mix-of-business-charity-and-power.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> === Hasumiyoyi === Hasumiyar farko, City Point Tower I (wanda aka fi sani da '''7 DeKalb'''), <ref>{{Cite web |title=7 DEKALB / City Point / Brooklyn Full-service Rentals |url=http://7dekalb.com/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=7dekalb.com}}</ref> an buɗe ta a cikin 2015. Yana da hawa 19, hasu mai murabba'in ƙafa ,000 tare da raka'a 200 na gidaje masu araha, da murabba'i 50,000 (4,600 m2) na sararin sayar da kaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warerkar |first=Tanay |date=March 16, 2016 |title=City Point Tower Received 90,000 Applications for 200 Affordable Apartments |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2016/3/16/11246584/city-point-affordable-housing-applications |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319072650/http://ny.curbed.com/2016/3/16/11246584/city-point-affordable-housing-applications |archive-date=March 19, 2016 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref><ref name="nycedc.com" /> Hasumiya ta biyu, City Point Tower II (wanda aka fi sani da 1 DeKalb Avenue), <ref name="SkyscraperCenter15744">{{Cite web |last=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |author-link=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |title=City Point Tower II |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/city-point-tower-ii/15744 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714171236/http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/city-point-tower-ii/15744 |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=July 11, 2015 |website=The Skyscraper Center |publisher=[[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]]}}</ref> ko 10 City Point, yana kasuwanci a matsayin City Tower <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Apartments in Brooklyn &#124; City Tower Brooklyn |url=http://citytowerbk.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419193904/http://citytowerbk.com/ |archive-date=April 19, 2016 |access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref> an kammala shi a cikin 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Cate |date=June 4, 2015 |title=City Point Phase 2 Tops out at 43 Stories With Glassy Facade |url=http://www.brownstoner.com/development/city-point-phase-2-tops-out-at-43-stories-with-glassy-facade/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Brownstoner}}</ref> kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 2016. Yana da hawa 30, hasumiya mai murabba'in ƙafa 335,000 tare da raka'a 440 na kasuwa. <ref name="nycedc.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Plitt |first=Amy |date=October 8, 2015 |title=Inside Downtown Brooklyn's New 440-Unit Rental Tower |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2015/10/8/9913456/inside-downtown-brooklyns-new-440-unit-rental-tower |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420130813/http://ny.curbed.com/2015/10/8/9913456/inside-downtown-brooklyns-new-440-unit-rental-tower |archive-date=April 20, 2016 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> [[File:Andrews_classic_roadside_hamburgers_in_Dekalb_Hall_jeh.jpg|left|thumb|Burger tsaye a cikin DeKalb Hall]] Hasumiya ta uku - City Point Tower III, wanda ke a 138 Willoughby Street an shirya ya zama {{Convert|720|ft|m}} tsawo, yana mai da shi mafi tsayi a Brooklyn a cikin 2020.<ref name="curbed.com">{{Cite web |last=Warerkar |first=Tanay |date=August 7, 2017 |title=Downtown Brooklyn's final City Point tower starts construction |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/8/7/16109500/city-point-downtown-brooklyn-extell-construction |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808013350/https://ny.curbed.com/2017/8/7/16109500/city-point-downtown-brooklyn-extell-construction |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> 9 DeKalb Avenue (yanzu The Brooklyn Tower) ya wuce City Point Tower III a tsawo a cikin 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michael |date=October 29, 2021 |title=YIMBY Scopes Views From SHoP's Topped-Out 'Brooklyn Tower' At 9 DeKalb Avenue In Downtown Brooklyn |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2021/10/yimby-scopes-views-from-shops-topped-out-brooklyn-tower-at-9-dekalb-avenue-in-downtown-brooklyn.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029120819/https://newyorkyimby.com/2021/10/yimby-scopes-views-from-shops-topped-out-brooklyn-tower-at-9-dekalb-avenue-in-downtown-brooklyn.html |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=New York YIMBY}}</ref> An shirya shi don ƙunsar raka'a 458 na kasuwa wanda ke ɗaukar 'in ƙafa 1,08,218 (100,541.3 m2), tare da hawa uku na sararin kasuwanci da ke ɗaukar murabus ƙafa 502,460 (46,680 m2).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devlin |first=Seán |date=August 7, 2017 |title=Construction Under Way on 50-Plus-Story Tower at DoBro's City Point |url=http://www.brownstoner.com/development/brooklyn-development-downtown-brooklyn-city-point-extell-138-willoughby-street/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Brownstoner}}</ref> Hasumiyar III za ta yi kasuwanci a matsayin Brooklyn Point kuma kamfanin Kohn Pedersen Fox ne ya tsara ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Pamela |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Brooklyn Point: New Downtown Condo Tower Will Be Borough's Tallest—For Now |url=https://bklyner.com/brooklyn-point-new-downtown-condo-tower-will-boroughs-tallest-now/ |access-date=December 19, 2017 |website=Bklyner}}</ref> Wannan zai zama kawai ci gaban zama na sayarwa a City Point . === Siyayya === Ana iya shiga wani wurin sayayya ta hanyar kofofi dake kan titunan Flatbush Avenue Extension da Fulton Street; wurin ya ƙunshi manyan shaguna na kamfanoni masu rassa a faɗin ƙasa, ƙananan shaguna, gidan sinima, mashaya, da shagon sayar da kayan abinci, tare da gidajen cin abinci da kuma wani babban wurin cin abinci mai faɗin murabba'in ƙafa 27,000 a ƙarƙashin ginin Tower II, wanda ake kira DeKalb Market Hall..<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Point Tower One |url=http://www.citypointtower1.com/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=www.citypointtower1.com}}</ref><ref name="DMH">{{Cite web |last=Casey |first=Nell |date=June 16, 2017 |title=Inside DeKalb Market Hall, The Gigantic New Brooklyn Food Hall With A Katz's Outpost |url=http://gothamist.com/2017/06/16/dekalb_market_hall.php#photo-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903134608/http://gothamist.com/2017/06/16/dekalb_market_hall.php#photo-1 |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> DeKalb Market Hall yana da masu siyarwa daban-daban 40, ƙananan kasuwanni da ke yankin Birnin New York. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DeKalb Market Hall |url=http://dekalbmarkethall.com/ |access-date=May 2, 2018 |website=dekalbmarkethall.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Arden |date=May 2, 2018 |title=Inside the Hustle and Bustle of Small Business in Brooklyn |url=https://thebridgebk.com/inside-hustle-bustle-small-business-brooklyn/ |access-date=May 7, 2018 |website=The Bridge}}</ref> Tsakanin hasu ta farko da ta biyu shine "dandalin", wanda aka gina murabba'in ƙafa 660,000 (61,000 m2) na sararin sayar da kayayyaki, gami da kantin sayar da Primark mai hawa 4.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle 2022">{{Cite web |last=Frost |first=Mary |date=December 20, 2022 |title=Primark opening creates a sensation in Downtown Brooklyn |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2022/12/20/primark-opening-creates-a-sensation-in-downtown-brooklyn/ |access-date=January 4, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> da kuma gidan zane-zane na Alamo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Rizk |date=August 5, 2024 |title=Brooklyn’s Alamo Drafthouse receives major upgrade, enhancing theater experience |url=https://pix11.com/news/local-news/brooklyn/brooklyns-alamo-drafthouse-receives-major-upgrade-enhancing-theater-experience/ |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=[[PIX11]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amato |first=Rowley |date=May 23, 2015 |title=Checking in on DoBro's Almost Complete City Point Towers |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2015/5/23/9957420/checking-in-on-dobros-almost-complete-city-point-towers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605085437/http://ny.curbed.com/2015/5/23/9957420/checking-in-on-dobros-almost-complete-city-point-towers |archive-date=June 5, 2016 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Target ta bude kantin sayar da ita a City Point Tower II, tare da budewar Trader Joe a watan Yunin wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Plitt |first=Amy |date=January 19, 2017 |title=Brooklyn's newest Target will open in City Point on January 29 |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/1/19/14327780/downtown-brooklyn-target-city-point-opening |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120151532/http://ny.curbed.com/2017/1/19/14327780/downtown-brooklyn-target-city-point-opening |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |access-date=October 31, 2020 |website=Curbed NY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanay Warerkar |date=June 22, 2017 |title=Trader Joe's will finally open its Downtown Brooklyn store this Friday |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/6/22/15852504/trader-joes-downtown-brooklyn-city-point-opening |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622194143/https://ny.curbed.com/2017/6/22/15852504/trader-joes-downtown-brooklyn-city-point-opening |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=NY Curbed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seán Devlin |date=June 23, 2017 |title=Trader Joe's Highly Anticipated Second Brooklyn Outpost Opens at City Point in Downtown Brooklyn |url=https://www.brownstoner.com/neighborhood/downtown-brooklyn/trader-joes-brooklyn-downtown-brooklyn-city-point-445-gold-street/ |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=Brownstoner}}</ref> An bude gidan cin abinci na Fogo de Chão a matakin ƙasa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neil |first=Meaghan McGoldrick |date=2024-04-02 |title=Firing up in Downtown Brooklyn: Fogo de Chão to open April 15 at City Point • Brooklyn Paper |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/fogo-de-chao-city-point-opening/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=www.brooklynpaper.com |language=en-US}}</ref> === Siffar Ruth Bader Ginsburg === An shigar da mutum-mutumi na Ruth Bader Ginsburg a waje da 445 Albee Square a City Point a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2021. Hoton ya kunshi mutum-mutumi na {{Convert|1|ft|m}} {{Convert|6|ft|m}} , wanda aka saita a kan tushe na 1 m), wanda ke nuna [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], mace ta biyu da ta yi aiki a [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dole |first=Kimberly |date=October 15, 2020 |title=Statue of Ruth Bader Ginsburg to be unveiled during Women's History Month in March |url=https://www.radio.com/wbbm780/news/statue-of-late-justice-ginsburg-to-be-unveiled-in-brooklyn |website=WBBM News Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2020 |title=New mural honoring Ruth Bader Ginsburg going up in East Village |url=https://abc7ny.com/rbg-mural-east-village-ruth-bader-ginsburg-tribute/7877048/ |website=ABC 7}}</ref> An motsa mutum-mutumi a watan Oktoba 2022 kuma an sake shi zuwa asibitin Ruth Bader Ginsburg na Kudancin Brooklyn, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Bader Ginsburg |url=https://gillieandmarc.art/blogs/find-our-art/ruth-bader-ginsburg-city-point-brooklyn-usa |access-date=February 17, 2025 |website=Gille and Marc}}</ref> == Shahararrun masu haya == * Gidan zane na Alamo * Wutar Chão * Firayim Minista * Abincin Katz * Manufar * Mai siyarwa Joe == Dubi kuma == * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsawo a Brooklyn == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rp7jr1c6g1yhzeg28ue6qvzdjcjiwmb 964568 964350 2026-10-08T01:25:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 964568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} City Point wani babban tsari ne mai dauke da gine-gine da dama da ake amfani da su wajen zama da kuma harkokin kasuwanci, wanda yake a tsakiyar yankin Brooklyn a [[birnin New York]]. Idan aka yi la'akari da girman fadin wurin, City Point shi ne babban aikin gine-gine mai hade ayyuka daban-daban (na zama da kasuwanci) mafi girma a birnin. Gine-ginen City Point III, mai tsayin ƙafa 720, a halin yanzu shi ne gini na biyu mafi tsayi a Brooklyn (bayan Brooklyn Tower) tare da kasancewa gini na huɗu mafi tsayi a yankin Long Island (bayan Brooklyn Tower, Skyline Tower da ke Long Island City a Queens, da kuma Sven da ke Long Island City).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Natalie |date=April 28, 2016 |title=Inside City Tower, the Future of Downtown Brooklyn |url=http://www.bkmag.com/2016/04/28/tour-city-tower-new-downtown-brooklyn/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Brooklyn Magazine}}</ref> Cibiyar Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki ta Birnin New York ta goyi bayan City Point a matsayin ci gaba mai amfani da kayan sayarwa da gidaje.<ref name="nycedc.com">{{Cite web |title=City Point |url=https://www.nycedc.com/project/city-point |access-date=September 12, 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> Albee Development LLC ne ya kirkiro aikin kuma Cook + Fox architects ne suka tsara shi, kuma yana da takardar shaidar LEED-azurfa.<ref name="nycedc.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=City Point |url=https://www.islandfacades.com/portfolio/city-point |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Island Exterior Fabricators |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana sa ran zai haifar da akalla ayyukan gine-gine 328 da ayyuka na dindindin 108. An gina hadaddun ne a kan ƙofa tashar DeKalB Avenue a kan na B, , da R na New York City Subway. Yana a fadin Flatbush Avenue Extension daga harabar Jami'ar Long Island ta Brooklyn, kuma a fadin Fleet Street daga Hasumiyar Brooklyn. City Point yana kan tsohon shafin yanar gizon Albee Square Mall, <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2012 |title=Albee Square - Downtown Brooklyn |url=http://downtownbrooklyn.com/listings/albee-square |access-date=September 12, 2017 |publisher=}}</ref> kuma ƙofar kudancin ta tsakiya a kan Fulton Street Mall. == Bayyanawa ga tarihi == [[File:City_Point_Tower_II_Brooklyn_NY_2015_06_10_08.jpg|thumb|Dubi kudu maso gabas tare da Flatbush Avenue Extension a cikin 2015 a City Point Tower II a hagu da City Point Tower I a dama. Shafin yanar gizon City Point Tower III, wanda aka kammala a cikin 2020, yana cikin gaba.]] A shekara ta 2004, Kamfanin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki na Birnin New York ya karɓi "Tsarin Downtown Brooklyn", wanda ya ƙunshi jerin canje-canje da ayyukan jama'a.<ref name="nycedc.com" /> City Point na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka ci gaba da aka gabatar, suna zaune a kan ƙasar mallakar birni, a cikin wani yanki da aka riga aka kafa a matsayin hanyar cin kasuwa.<ref name="nycedc.com" /> An dakatar da aikin ginin ne saboda ba da izinin ginawa, amma Shugaban gundumar Brooklyn na wancan lokacin Marty Markowitz ya taimaka masa, lokacin da masu haɓaka ginin, Acadia Realty, suka ba da gudummawa ga wani kamfani mai zaman kansa mai suna Markowitz wanda ke gudanar da Markowitz, kuma Acadia ta musanta aikata ba daidai ba, ta kuma ɗora alhakin dagewar wani kamfanin haɗin gwiwa, PA Associates, wanda daga baya aka tuhume shi da cin hanci ga tsohon Sanata Carl Kruger na Jihar New York.<ref name="Markowitz">{{Cite news |last1=Robbins |first1=Liz |last2=Cowan |first2=Alison Leigh |date=October 25, 2011 |title=From Brooklyn Office, Mixing Clout and Charity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/25/nyregion/for-brooklyn-leader-marty-markowitz-mix-of-business-charity-and-power.html |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> === Hasumiyoyi === Hasumiyar farko, City Point Tower I (wanda aka fi sani da '''7 DeKalb'''), <ref>{{Cite web |title=7 DEKALB / City Point / Brooklyn Full-service Rentals |url=http://7dekalb.com/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=7dekalb.com}}</ref> an buɗe ta a cikin 2015. Yana da hawa 19, hasu mai murabba'in ƙafa ,000 tare da raka'a 200 na gidaje masu araha, da murabba'i 50,000 (4,600 m2) na sararin sayar da kaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warerkar |first=Tanay |date=March 16, 2016 |title=City Point Tower Received 90,000 Applications for 200 Affordable Apartments |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2016/3/16/11246584/city-point-affordable-housing-applications |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319072650/http://ny.curbed.com/2016/3/16/11246584/city-point-affordable-housing-applications |archive-date=March 19, 2016 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref><ref name="nycedc.com" /> Hasumiya ta biyu, City Point Tower II (wanda aka fi sani da 1 DeKalb Avenue), <ref name="SkyscraperCenter15744">{{Cite web |last=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |author-link=Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat |title=City Point Tower II |url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/city-point-tower-ii/15744 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714171236/http://skyscrapercenter.com/building/city-point-tower-ii/15744 |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=July 11, 2015 |website=The Skyscraper Center |publisher=[[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]]}}</ref> ko 10 City Point, yana kasuwanci a matsayin City Tower <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Apartments in Brooklyn &#124; City Tower Brooklyn |url=http://citytowerbk.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419193904/http://citytowerbk.com/ |archive-date=April 19, 2016 |access-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref> an kammala shi a cikin 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Corcoran |first=Cate |date=June 4, 2015 |title=City Point Phase 2 Tops out at 43 Stories With Glassy Facade |url=http://www.brownstoner.com/development/city-point-phase-2-tops-out-at-43-stories-with-glassy-facade/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Brownstoner}}</ref> kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 2016. Yana da hawa 30, hasumiya mai murabba'in ƙafa 335,000 tare da raka'a 440 na kasuwa. <ref name="nycedc.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Plitt |first=Amy |date=October 8, 2015 |title=Inside Downtown Brooklyn's New 440-Unit Rental Tower |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2015/10/8/9913456/inside-downtown-brooklyns-new-440-unit-rental-tower |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420130813/http://ny.curbed.com/2015/10/8/9913456/inside-downtown-brooklyns-new-440-unit-rental-tower |archive-date=April 20, 2016 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> [[File:Andrews_classic_roadside_hamburgers_in_Dekalb_Hall_jeh.jpg|left|thumb|Burger tsaye a cikin DeKalb Hall]] Hasumiya ta uku - City Point Tower III, wanda ke a 138 Willoughby Street an shirya ya zama {{Convert|720|ft|m}} tsawo, yana mai da shi mafi tsayi a Brooklyn a cikin 2020.<ref name="curbed.com">{{Cite web |last=Warerkar |first=Tanay |date=August 7, 2017 |title=Downtown Brooklyn's final City Point tower starts construction |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/8/7/16109500/city-point-downtown-brooklyn-extell-construction |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808013350/https://ny.curbed.com/2017/8/7/16109500/city-point-downtown-brooklyn-extell-construction |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> 9 DeKalb Avenue (yanzu The Brooklyn Tower) ya wuce City Point Tower III a tsawo a cikin 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Michael |date=October 29, 2021 |title=YIMBY Scopes Views From SHoP's Topped-Out 'Brooklyn Tower' At 9 DeKalb Avenue In Downtown Brooklyn |url=https://newyorkyimby.com/2021/10/yimby-scopes-views-from-shops-topped-out-brooklyn-tower-at-9-dekalb-avenue-in-downtown-brooklyn.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029120819/https://newyorkyimby.com/2021/10/yimby-scopes-views-from-shops-topped-out-brooklyn-tower-at-9-dekalb-avenue-in-downtown-brooklyn.html |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |access-date=October 29, 2021 |website=New York YIMBY}}</ref> An shirya shi don ƙunsar raka'a 458 na kasuwa wanda ke ɗaukar 'in ƙafa 1,08,218 (100,541.3 m2), tare da hawa uku na sararin kasuwanci da ke ɗaukar murabus ƙafa 502,460 (46,680 m2).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devlin |first=Seán |date=August 7, 2017 |title=Construction Under Way on 50-Plus-Story Tower at DoBro's City Point |url=http://www.brownstoner.com/development/brooklyn-development-downtown-brooklyn-city-point-extell-138-willoughby-street/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Brownstoner}}</ref> Hasumiyar III za ta yi kasuwanci a matsayin Brooklyn Point kuma kamfanin Kohn Pedersen Fox ne ya tsara ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wong |first=Pamela |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Brooklyn Point: New Downtown Condo Tower Will Be Borough's Tallest—For Now |url=https://bklyner.com/brooklyn-point-new-downtown-condo-tower-will-boroughs-tallest-now/ |access-date=December 19, 2017 |website=Bklyner}}</ref> Wannan zai zama kawai ci gaban zama na sayarwa a City Point . === Siyayya === Ana iya shiga wani wurin sayayya ta hanyar kofofi dake kan titunan Flatbush Avenue Extension da Fulton Street; wurin ya ƙunshi manyan shaguna na kamfanoni masu rassa a faɗin ƙasa, ƙananan shaguna, gidan sinima, mashaya, da shagon sayar da kayan abinci, tare da gidajen cin abinci da kuma wani babban wurin cin abinci mai faɗin murabba'in ƙafa 27,000 a ƙarƙashin ginin Tower II, wanda ake kira DeKalb Market Hall..<ref>{{Cite web |title=City Point Tower One |url=http://www.citypointtower1.com/ |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=www.citypointtower1.com}}</ref><ref name="DMH">{{Cite web |last=Casey |first=Nell |date=June 16, 2017 |title=Inside DeKalb Market Hall, The Gigantic New Brooklyn Food Hall With A Katz's Outpost |url=http://gothamist.com/2017/06/16/dekalb_market_hall.php#photo-1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903134608/http://gothamist.com/2017/06/16/dekalb_market_hall.php#photo-1 |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Gothamist}}</ref> DeKalb Market Hall yana da masu siyarwa daban-daban 40, ƙananan kasuwanni da ke yankin Birnin New York. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DeKalb Market Hall |url=http://dekalbmarkethall.com/ |access-date=May 2, 2018 |website=dekalbmarkethall.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Arden |date=May 2, 2018 |title=Inside the Hustle and Bustle of Small Business in Brooklyn |url=https://thebridgebk.com/inside-hustle-bustle-small-business-brooklyn/ |access-date=May 7, 2018 |website=The Bridge}}</ref> Tsakanin hasu ta farko da ta biyu shine "dandalin", wanda aka gina murabba'in ƙafa 660,000 (61,000 m2) na sararin sayar da kayayyaki, gami da kantin sayar da Primark mai hawa 4.<ref name="Brooklyn Eagle 2022">{{Cite web |last=Frost |first=Mary |date=December 20, 2022 |title=Primark opening creates a sensation in Downtown Brooklyn |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2022/12/20/primark-opening-creates-a-sensation-in-downtown-brooklyn/ |access-date=January 4, 2023 |website=Brooklyn Eagle}}</ref> da kuma gidan zane-zane na Alamo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Rizk |date=August 5, 2024 |title=Brooklyn’s Alamo Drafthouse receives major upgrade, enhancing theater experience |url=https://pix11.com/news/local-news/brooklyn/brooklyns-alamo-drafthouse-receives-major-upgrade-enhancing-theater-experience/ |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=[[PIX11]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Amato |first=Rowley |date=May 23, 2015 |title=Checking in on DoBro's Almost Complete City Point Towers |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2015/5/23/9957420/checking-in-on-dobros-almost-complete-city-point-towers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605085437/http://ny.curbed.com/2015/5/23/9957420/checking-in-on-dobros-almost-complete-city-point-towers |archive-date=June 5, 2016 |access-date=September 12, 2017 |website=Curbed NY}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2017, Target ta bude kantin sayar da ita a City Point Tower II, tare da budewar Trader Joe a watan Yunin wannan shekarar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Plitt |first=Amy |date=January 19, 2017 |title=Brooklyn's newest Target will open in City Point on January 29 |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/1/19/14327780/downtown-brooklyn-target-city-point-opening |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120151532/http://ny.curbed.com/2017/1/19/14327780/downtown-brooklyn-target-city-point-opening |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |access-date=October 31, 2020 |website=Curbed NY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanay Warerkar |date=June 22, 2017 |title=Trader Joe's will finally open its Downtown Brooklyn store this Friday |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2017/6/22/15852504/trader-joes-downtown-brooklyn-city-point-opening |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622194143/https://ny.curbed.com/2017/6/22/15852504/trader-joes-downtown-brooklyn-city-point-opening |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=NY Curbed}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Seán Devlin |date=June 23, 2017 |title=Trader Joe's Highly Anticipated Second Brooklyn Outpost Opens at City Point in Downtown Brooklyn |url=https://www.brownstoner.com/neighborhood/downtown-brooklyn/trader-joes-brooklyn-downtown-brooklyn-city-point-445-gold-street/ |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=Brownstoner}}</ref> An bude gidan cin abinci na Fogo de Chão a matakin ƙasa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Neil |first=Meaghan McGoldrick |date=2024-04-02 |title=Firing up in Downtown Brooklyn: Fogo de Chão to open April 15 at City Point • Brooklyn Paper |url=https://www.brooklynpaper.com/fogo-de-chao-city-point-opening/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=www.brooklynpaper.com |language=en-US}}</ref> === Siffar Ruth Bader Ginsburg === An shigar da mutum-mutumi na Ruth Bader Ginsburg a waje da 445 Albee Square a City Point a ranar 12 ga Maris, 2021. Hoton ya kunshi mutum-mutumi na {{Convert|1|ft|m}} {{Convert|6|ft|m}} , wanda aka saita a kan tushe na 1 m), wanda ke nuna [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], mace ta biyu da ta yi aiki a [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dole |first=Kimberly |date=October 15, 2020 |title=Statue of Ruth Bader Ginsburg to be unveiled during Women's History Month in March |url=https://www.radio.com/wbbm780/news/statue-of-late-justice-ginsburg-to-be-unveiled-in-brooklyn |website=WBBM News Radio |access-date=October 7, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128155048/https://www.radio.com/wbbm780/news/statue-of-late-justice-ginsburg-to-be-unveiled-in-brooklyn |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2020 |title=New mural honoring Ruth Bader Ginsburg going up in East Village |url=https://abc7ny.com/rbg-mural-east-village-ruth-bader-ginsburg-tribute/7877048/ |website=ABC 7}}</ref> An motsa mutum-mutumi a watan Oktoba 2022 kuma an sake shi zuwa asibitin Ruth Bader Ginsburg na Kudancin Brooklyn, wanda aka buɗe a ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Bader Ginsburg |url=https://gillieandmarc.art/blogs/find-our-art/ruth-bader-ginsburg-city-point-brooklyn-usa |access-date=February 17, 2025 |website=Gille and Marc}}</ref> == Shahararrun masu haya == * Gidan zane na Alamo * Wutar Chão * Firayim Minista * Abincin Katz * Manufar * Mai siyarwa Joe == Dubi kuma == * Jerin gine-gine mafi tsawo a Brooklyn == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] grz6u8efz38v48se1q9idfk2w4i0zrm 0 178481 964356 2026-10-07T14:17:13Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372850415|Local government area]]" 964356 wikitext text/x-wiki '''yankin [[Ƙaramar hukuma|karamar hukuma]]''' ('''LGA''') yanki ne na gudanarwa na ƙasar da karamar hukuma ke da alhakin gudanarwa. Girman LGA ya bambanta da ƙasa amma gabaɗaya yankin ne na yanki, lardin, jihar, ko yanki. == Ostiraliya == [[File:Australian_local_government_areas.png|thumb|Taswirar yankunan karamar hukuma ta Australia]] Kalmar ta zama ruwan dare a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] inda take ba da kalmar gaba ɗaya ga shires, municipalities, ko birane. Hukumomin kananan hukumomi a duk faɗin ƙasar suna da irin wannan ayyuka da iko, amma suna da sunayen hukuma daban-daban a jihohi daban-daban, kuma sune birane ko karkara. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}Yawancin LGAs na birane a duk jihohi "birane" ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-16 |title=Local Government Areas (LGAs) - 1270.0.55.003 - Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 3 - Non ABS Structures, June 2020 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1270.0.55.003~June%202020~Main%20Features~Local%20Government%20Areas%20(LGAs)~3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031010950/https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1270.0.55.003~June%202020~Main%20Features~Local%20Government%20Areas%20(LGAs)~3 |archive-date=2021-10-31 |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |language=en}}</ref> Mutane da yawa a Yammacin Ostiraliya a hukumance "biranene", har ma a cikin yankin Perth.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin yankunan karkara a Queensland, New South Wales, (((((The term is particularly common in <nowiki><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Australia" class="cx-link" data-linkid="18">Australia</a></nowiki> where it provides a general term for shires, municipalities, or cities. Local government authorities across the country have similar functions and powers,<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Transclusion" data-mw="{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cn&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cn&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;October 2021&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}"></span></nowiki> but have different official designations in different states, and according to whether they are urban or rural. Most urban LGAs in all states are "cities".<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-16 |title=Local Government Areas (LGAs) - 1270.0.55.003 - Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 3 - Non ABS Structures, June 2020 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1270.0.55.003~June%202020~Main%20Features~Local%20Government%20Areas%20(LGAs)~3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031010950/https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1270.0.55.003~June%202020~Main%20Features~Local%20Government%20Areas%20(LGAs)~3 |archive-date=2021-10-31 |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |language=en}}</ref> Many in Western Australia are officially "towns", even within the Perth metropolitan area.<ref name=":02" /> Many rural areas in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Queensland" class="cx-link" data-linkid="24">Queensland</a>))))Victoria da Yammacin Australia sune "shires", yayin da yankunan karamar hukuma a Kudancin Australia suna da "gundumomin gunduma", kuma waɗanda ke Tasmania suna amfani da taken "karamar hukuma".<ref name=":0" /> Saboda karamin girman Babban Birnin Australiya ba shi da karamar hukuma kuma a maimakon haka Majalisar Dokokin ACT ce ke kula da ita.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Matsayin LGA na Australiya ta jihar / yanki <ref name=":0" /> !Jiha / yanki !Matsayin LGA |- |New South Wales |Birane<br /> |- |Yankin Arewa |CitiesTownsMunicipalitiesShires<br /><br /><br /> |- |Queensland |CitiesShiresTowns Majalisar yanki<br /><br /><br /> |- |Kudancin Australia |Birane-birane Manyan hukumomi / majalisun birni Majalisar Gundumar Gundumar Hukumomin yanki Manyan hukumomin 'yan asalin ƙasar<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |Tasmania |Birane-birane<br /> |- |Victoria |Birane-birane<br /><br /><br /> |- |Yammacin Ostiraliya |Birane-birane<br /><br /> |} Mafi yawa saboda wannan dalili ne cewa kalmar nan "yanki na karamar hukuma", ko kuma kawai "LGA", ana son ta a kan kalmar nan "karamar hukuma ", wanda amfani da shi zai iya haifar da rikicewa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan canje-canje ga tsarin kananan hukumomi sun haifar da sabbin sunayen hukuma, yayin da wasu sharuɗɗa suka fadi daga tagomashi. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s gwamnatin jihar Victoria ta haɗu da kusan dukkanin kananan hukumomi, ta soke birane da yankuna da yawa, dukkan garuruwa da duk sai gari daya. Queenscliff, kudancin Melbourne, yanzu shine wuri daya tilo a Ostiraliya wanda a hukumance shi ne gari. A halin yanzu, an kafa "birane na ƙauyuka" da yawa a yankunan karkara inda babban gari ya isa, dangane da yawan jama'a, don a dauke shi birni. A lokuta da yawa irin wannan garin ya kasance karkashin jagorancin majalisar birni da ta mutu yanzu. Sake fasalin kananan hukumomi a New South Wales da Queensland a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa ya haifar da sunayen birni na "yanki" da "yanki", alal misali, Sunshine Coast na Queensland an raba shi zuwa yankuna da yawa, amma yanzu ana gudanar da shi ta Majalisar Yankin Sunshine Coast guda ɗaya. Yankunan da ba su da yawan jama'a a cikin manyan jihohin Ostiraliya ba su da karamar hukuma, kuma ana kiransu yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba.unincorporated areas.<ref name="ABS2016">{{Census 2016 AUS|id=LGA19399|name=Unincorporated NSW|accessdate=10 April 2018|quick=on}}</ref> == Gambiya == "Yankin karamar hukuma" shine sunan hukuma ga yankuna takwas na [[Gambiya]]. == Najeriya == "Yankin karamar hukuma" kuma suna ne na hukuma a [[Najeriya]]. == Ƙasar Ingila == Ana amfani da wannan magana a matsayin bayanin gama gari a Ƙasar Ingila don komawa ga rarrabuwar siyasa iri-iri kamar yankuna, yankuna, hukumomi guda ɗaya, da birane, dukansu suna da majalisa ko makamancin haka wanda ke nuna matakin gwamnati. Kowacce daga cikin kasashe huɗu na Ƙasar Ingila tana da tsarin karamar hukuma, alal misali Arewacin Ireland tana da gundumomi na gida; sassa da yawa na Ingila suna da yankuna marasa birni waɗanda suka ƙunshi gundumomin karkara; London da sauran birane da yawa suna da yankunan; akwai majalisun tsibirin uku a bakin tekun Scotland; yayin da sauran Scotland da duk Wales suka kasu kashi ɗaya, wasu daga cikinsu an sanya su a matsayin birane. Saboda haka kalmar yankin karamar hukuma alama ce mai dacewa da ke nufin duk waɗannan hukumomi da yankunan da ke cikin ikonsu. == Dubi kuma == * Kamfanin birni * Majalisar birni * Shire * Majalisar gari == Bayanan da aka ambata == lj88p0ifw3rkkyr1cn4vspdn4ca975n 964359 964356 2026-10-07T14:23:21Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 964359 wikitext text/x-wiki '''yankin [[Ƙaramar hukuma|karamar hukuma]]''' ('''LGA''') yanki ne na gudanarwa na ƙasar da karamar hukuma ke da alhakin gudanarwa. Girman LGA ya bambanta da ƙasa amma gabaɗaya yankin ne na yanki, lardin, jihar, ko yanki. == Ostiraliya == [[File:Australian_local_government_areas.png|thumb|Taswirar yankunan karamar hukuma ta Australia]] Kalmar ta zama ruwan dare a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] inda take ba da kalmar gaba ɗaya ga shires, municipalities, ko birane. Hukumomin kananan hukumomi a duk faɗin ƙasar suna da irin wannan ayyuka da iko, amma suna da sunayen hukuma daban-daban a jihohi daban-daban, kuma sune birane ko karkara. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2021}}Yawancin LGAs na birane a duk jihohi "birane" ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-16 |title=Local Government Areas (LGAs) - 1270.0.55.003 - Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 3 - Non ABS Structures, June 2020 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1270.0.55.003~June%202020~Main%20Features~Local%20Government%20Areas%20(LGAs)~3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031010950/https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1270.0.55.003~June%202020~Main%20Features~Local%20Government%20Areas%20(LGAs)~3 |archive-date=2021-10-31 |access-date=2021-10-31 |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |language=en}}</ref> Mutane da yawa a Yammacin Ostiraliya a hukumance "biranene", har ma a cikin yankin Perth.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin yankunan karkara a Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria da Yammacin Australia sune "shires", yayin da yankunan karamar hukuma a Kudancin Australia suna da "gundumomin gunduma", kuma waɗanda ke Tasmania suna amfani da taken "karamar hukuma".<ref name=":0" /> Saboda karamin girman Babban Birnin Australiya ba shi da karamar hukuma kuma a maimakon haka Majalisar Dokokin ACT ce ke kula da ita.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Matsayin LGA na Australiya ta jihar / yanki <ref name=":0" /> !Jiha / yanki !Matsayin LGA |- |New South Wales |Birane<br /> |- |Yankin Arewa |CitiesTownsMunicipalitiesShires<br /><br /><br /> |- |Queensland |CitiesShiresTowns Majalisar yanki<br /><br /><br /> |- |Kudancin Australia |Birane-birane Manyan hukumomi / majalisun birni Majalisar Gundumar Gundumar Hukumomin yanki Manyan hukumomin 'yan asalin ƙasar<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |Tasmania |Birane-birane<br /> |- |Victoria |Birane-birane<br /><br /><br /> |- |Yammacin Ostiraliya |Birane-birane<br /><br /> |} Mafi yawa saboda wannan dalili ne cewa kalmar nan "yanki na karamar hukuma", ko kuma kawai "LGA", ana son ta a kan kalmar nan "karamar hukuma ", wanda amfani da shi zai iya haifar da rikicewa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan canje-canje ga tsarin kananan hukumomi sun haifar da sabbin sunayen hukuma, yayin da wasu sharuɗɗa suka fadi daga tagomashi. A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s gwamnatin jihar Victoria ta haɗu da kusan dukkanin kananan hukumomi, ta soke birane da yankuna da yawa, dukkan garuruwa da duk sai gari daya. Queenscliff, kudancin Melbourne, yanzu shine wuri daya tilo a Ostiraliya wanda a hukumance shi ne gari. A halin yanzu, an kafa "birane na ƙauyuka" da yawa a yankunan karkara inda babban gari ya isa, dangane da yawan jama'a, don a dauke shi birni. A lokuta da yawa irin wannan garin ya kasance karkashin jagorancin majalisar birni da ta mutu yanzu. Sake fasalin kananan hukumomi a New South Wales da Queensland a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa ya haifar da sunayen birni na "yanki" da "yanki", alal misali, Sunshine Coast na Queensland an raba shi zuwa yankuna da yawa, amma yanzu ana gudanar da shi ta Majalisar Yankin Sunshine Coast guda ɗaya. Yankunan da ba su da yawan jama'a a cikin manyan jihohin Ostiraliya ba su da karamar hukuma, kuma ana kiransu yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba.unincorporated areas.<ref name="ABS2016">{{Census 2016 AUS|id=LGA19399|name=Unincorporated NSW|accessdate=10 April 2018|quick=on}}</ref> == Gambiya == "Yankin karamar hukuma" shine sunan hukuma ga yankuna takwas na [[Gambiya]]. == Najeriya == "Yankin karamar hukuma" kuma suna ne na hukuma a [[Najeriya]]. == Ƙasar Ingila == Ana amfani da wannan magana a matsayin bayanin gama gari a Ƙasar Ingila don komawa ga rarrabuwar siyasa iri-iri kamar yankuna, yankuna, hukumomi guda ɗaya, da birane, dukansu suna da majalisa ko makamancin haka wanda ke nuna matakin gwamnati. Kowacce daga cikin kasashe huɗu na Ƙasar Ingila tana da tsarin karamar hukuma, alal misali Arewacin Ireland tana da gundumomi na gida; sassa da yawa na Ingila suna da yankuna marasa birni waɗanda suka ƙunshi gundumomin karkara; London da sauran birane da yawa suna da yankunan; akwai majalisun tsibirin uku a bakin tekun Scotland; yayin da sauran Scotland da duk Wales suka kasu kashi ɗaya, wasu daga cikinsu an sanya su a matsayin birane. Saboda haka kalmar yankin karamar hukuma alama ce mai dacewa da ke nufin duk waɗannan hukumomi da yankunan da ke cikin ikonsu. == Dubi kuma == * Kamfanin birni * Majalisar birni * Shire * Majalisar gari == Bayanan da aka ambata == ogl73ylyz6tepyf8srsso3kk76sqa4x 0 178482 964357 2026-10-07T14:20:13Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Awaniy mataki kake = rayuwa takasan che mataki mataki koh waniy dan adam yanada matakin dayake domin mataki yakasanche kamar matattakalan Benin. === Matakan kamar hakah === # Shegen mai kudi:500m zuwa sama # mai arziqi:100m zuwa 500m # Mai kudi: 20m zuwa 100m # Kwanchiyar hankali:1m zuwa 20m # Talaka:100k zuwa 900k # Basauki:50k zuwa 100k # Akwai allah:10k zuwa 50k # Mungode allah:5k zuwa 10k # Kai jama'a:500 zuwa 1k # Kebula iya kebula:100 zuwa 500 # Hayya hayya:10 zuwa 50. 964357 wikitext text/x-wiki = Awaniy mataki kake = rayuwa takasan che mataki mataki koh waniy dan adam yanada matakin dayake domin mataki yakasanche kamar matattakalan Benin. === Matakan kamar hakah === # Shegen mai kudi:500m zuwa sama # mai arziqi:100m zuwa 500m # Mai kudi: 20m zuwa 100m # Kwanchiyar hankali:1m zuwa 20m # Talaka:100k zuwa 900k # Basauki:50k zuwa 100k # Akwai allah:10k zuwa 50k # Mungode allah:5k zuwa 10k # Kai jama'a:500 zuwa 1k # Kebula iya kebula:100 zuwa 500 # Hayya hayya:10 zuwa 50. exk7kgfsg6h9lpmt216i9xa9rfbt6se 0 178483 964368 2026-10-07T14:39:41Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = zenith school = Zenith school makarantar che dake jihar yobe ah garin potiskum wanda take dauke da maza da mata nursery,primary,secondary,play class . 964368 wikitext text/x-wiki = zenith school = Zenith school makarantar che dake jihar yobe ah garin potiskum wanda take dauke da maza da mata nursery,primary,secondary,play class . m3jrwd7q8v679d9z73fso19sph375jn 0 178484 964369 2026-10-07T14:40:33Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Sabuwar mukala 964369 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Mobolaji Johnson da waƙar “Lagos State” ta Ebenezer Obey== Brigadier General Mobolaji Olufunso Johnson (9 Fabrairu 1936 – 30 Oktoba 2019) jami'in sojan Najeriya ne kuma gwamnan soja na farko na Jihar Lagos. Ya riƙe mukamin gwamnan Lagos daga watan Mayu 1967 zuwa Yulin 1975, a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Yakubu Gowon. An haifi Johnson a Lagos a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1936. Mahaifinsa shi ne Joshua Motola Johnson, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ita ce Gbemisola Johnson. Iyalin mahaifinsa na da asalin Egba. ==Ilimi da aikin soja== Johnson ya fara karatunsa a Reagan Memorial Baptist School da ke Yaba. Daga baya ya yi karatu a Hussey College, Warri, sannan ya halarci Methodist Boys' High School, Lagos, inda ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a shekarar 1957. A shekarar 1958 ya shiga Rundunar Sojin Najeriya, inda ya fara horonsa a Military Depot, Zaria. A shekarar 1959 ya halarci Officer Cadet Training School a Ghana. Daga baya ya yi horo a Mons Officer Cadet School, Aldershot, da kuma Royal Military Academy Sandhurst a Birtaniya tsakanin 1960 da 1961. An naɗa shi Second Lieutenant a Rundunar Sojin Najeriya a shekarar 1961. A shekarar 1962 ya zama Lieutenant sannan Captain. A shekarar 1964 ya riƙe mukamin mataimakin kwamandan Federal Guards, daga baya ya zama kwamandan rundunar. A watan Fabrairun 1966 kuma aka ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin Major. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Congo. ==Mai kula da harkokin Lagos da gwamnan soja== Bayan juyin mulkin Janairun 1966, aka naɗa Johnson a matsayin mai kula da harkokin tsohuwar Federal Territory of Lagos. A watan Mayun 1967, bayan ƙirƙirar Jihar Lagos, ya zama gwamnan soja na farko na jihar. A lokacin mulkinsa, gwamnatin jihar ta fara kafa tsarin ma'aikatar gwamnati da tsarin gudanarwa na jihar. Johnson ya yi aiki tare da wasu manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati, ciki har da Adeyemi-Bero da Folarin Coker, wajen gina tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar jihar. ==Ayyukan raya Lagos== Mulkin Johnson ya kasance cikin lokacin da aka fara wasu manyan ayyukan gine-gine da hanyoyin sufuri a Lagos. Daga cikin manyan ayyukan da aka danganta da gwamnatinsa akwai Lagos–Badagry Expressway, Eko Bridge, da Itoikin Bridge, wadda ta taimaka wajen haɗa yankunan Epe da Ikorodu. Haka kuma an aiwatar da wasu ayyukan hanyoyi da gadoji da kuma aikin kwato fili a yankin Bar Beach. A cewar bayanan da aka wallafa game da ayyukan zamaninsa, Lagos–Badagry Expressway ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da suka haɗa Lagos da yankunan da ke kan iyakar Najeriya da ƙasashen Benin, Togo da Ghana. Johnson ya kuma bayyana a wata hira cewa gwamnatin Lagos ta fara tunanin gina Third Mainland Bridge, kafin daga baya aikin ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen gwamnatin tarayya. ==Binciken gwamnonin soja na 1975== Bayan juyin mulkin Yulin 1975 da ya kawo gwamnatin Janar Murtala Mohammed, an kafa kwamitin mutum uku domin binciken zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da suka shafi wasu gwamnonin soja. Johnson na daga cikin gwamnonin jihohi biyu da kwamitin ya samu ba su da laifin cin hanci da rashawa. Ɗayan shi ne Brigadier Oluwole Rotimi. Duk da haka, Johnson ya yi ritaya daga Rundunar Sojin Najeriya a shekarar 1975. ==Aikinsa bayan ritaya== Bayan ritayarsa daga aikin soja, Johnson ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci. A shekarar 1979 ya zama darakta a Julius Berger Nigeria, sannan daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 2009 ya zama shugaban hukumar kamfanin. Ya kuma taɓa zama shugaban Nigerian Conservation Foundation, sannan ya jagoranci Lagos State University Development Foundation. ==Johnson da al'adun kiɗan Lagos== Lokacin mulkin Johnson ya yi daidai da wani lokaci da kiɗan zamani ke samun babban matsayi a rayuwar jama'ar Lagos. Mawaka da ƙungiyoyin kiɗa sun kasance suna yin waƙoƙin da suka shafi shugabanni, siyasa da al'amuran zamantakewa. Ana danganta sunan Johnson da waƙar “Lagos State” ta shahararren mawakin Najeriya Chief Commander Ebenezer Obey. Waƙar ta yi magana kan Lagos a matsayin wuri da mutane daban-daban za su iya zama da gudanar da harkokinsu. Daga cikin kalmomin da ake dangantawa da waƙar akwai: ==Lagos State is a place for all== Wannan saƙo yana bayyana ra'ayin Lagos a matsayin birni da ke karɓar mutane daga sassa daban-daban. ==Labarin Johnson da rawa== A wasu bayanan da ake bayarwa game da tarihin waƙar, ana cewa waƙoƙin da ake yi a wajen tarukan jama'a sun kasance suna sa Johnson shiga cikin nishaɗin jama'a, har ya yi rawa tare da mutane. Sai dai wannan labarin—musamman iƙirarin cewa waƙar “Lagos State” ce ta sa Johnson ya yi rawa a wani takamaiman lokaci—yana buƙatar ingantacciyar majiya kai tsaye kafin a gabatar da shi a Wikipedia a matsayin tabbataccen tarihi. Saboda haka, a cikin rubutun Wikipedia, ya fi dacewa a rubuta wannan ɓangaren cikin taka-tsantsan, ko kuma a ƙara majiya daga littafin tarihin Johnson, hirar Ebenezer Obey, ko wani rahoton tarihi da ya tabbatar da abin. ==Mutuwarsa== Mobolaji Johnson ya rasu a ranar 30 Oktoba 2019, yana da shekaru 83. Mutuwarsa ta samu sanarwa daga gwamnatin Jihar Lagos, wadda ta bayyana shi a matsayin gwamnan soja na farko na jihar. An binne shi bayan rasuwarsa, kuma bayanansa na tarihin rayuwa sun nuna cewa ya bar ’ya’ya huɗu. ==Gadonsa== An ci gaba da tunawa da Johnson saboda rawar da ya taka a farkon tarihin Jihar Lagos da kuma ayyukan raya ababen more rayuwa da aka aiwatar a lokacin mulkinsa. Daga cikin wuraren da aka sanya wa suna don girmama shi akwai Mobolaji Johnson Arena da wasu tituna da wuraren da ke Lagos. ==Manazarta== 1. The Guardian Nigeria, “Brigadier-General Mobolaji Olufunso Johnson (1936–2019)”, 9 Disamba 2019. 2. DAWN Commission, “Brigadier Mobolaji Johnson (rtd)”, 1 Nuwamba 2019. 3. The Nation, “Mobolaji Johnson (1936–2019)”. 4. Akinwunmi Ambode, “Keynote Address Delivered at the Commissioning of JJT Recreational Park and Garden”. 5. Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation, “Johnson, Brig-Gen Mobolaji Olufunso”. 6. The Sun Nigeria, “Mobolaji Johnson (1936–2019)”. 7. The Boss Newspaper, “Tribute to the Original Lagos Boy, Mobolaji Johnson: 1936–2019”. 8. Tribune Online, “Mobolaji Johnson (1936–2019)”. 9. Channels Television, “First Lagos Governor, Mobolaji Johnson, Dies At 83”, 31 Oktoba 2019. 10. Tribune Online, “We started Lagos State with only 10,000 pounds — Mobolaji Johnson”. 0p0fyxtb4u3xrh6aki5cqlpeegd51ow 964370 964369 2026-10-07T14:48:45Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Daura hoto 964370 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Mobolaji Johnson da waƙar “Lagos State” ta Ebenezer Obey==[[File:Mobolaji Johnson da Waƙar “Lagos State” ta Ebenezer Obey.jpg|thumb|Tarihin Brigadier General Mobolaji Johnson, gwamnan soja na farko na Jihar Lagos, da yadda waƙar “Lagos State” ta Chief Commander Ebenezer Obey ta zama wani ɓangare na tarihin Lagos da zamaninsa]] Brigadier General Mobolaji Olufunso Johnson (9 Fabrairu 1936 – 30 Oktoba 2019) jami'in sojan Najeriya ne kuma gwamnan soja na farko na Jihar Lagos. Ya riƙe mukamin gwamnan Lagos daga watan Mayu 1967 zuwa Yulin 1975, a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Yakubu Gowon. An haifi Johnson a Lagos a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1936. Mahaifinsa shi ne Joshua Motola Johnson, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ita ce Gbemisola Johnson. Iyalin mahaifinsa na da asalin Egba. ==Ilimi da aikin soja== Johnson ya fara karatunsa a Reagan Memorial Baptist School da ke Yaba. Daga baya ya yi karatu a Hussey College, Warri, sannan ya halarci Methodist Boys' High School, Lagos, inda ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare a shekarar 1957. A shekarar 1958 ya shiga Rundunar Sojin Najeriya, inda ya fara horonsa a Military Depot, Zaria. A shekarar 1959 ya halarci Officer Cadet Training School a Ghana. Daga baya ya yi horo a Mons Officer Cadet School, Aldershot, da kuma Royal Military Academy Sandhurst a Birtaniya tsakanin 1960 da 1961. An naɗa shi Second Lieutenant a Rundunar Sojin Najeriya a shekarar 1961. A shekarar 1962 ya zama Lieutenant sannan Captain. A shekarar 1964 ya riƙe mukamin mataimakin kwamandan Federal Guards, daga baya ya zama kwamandan rundunar. A watan Fabrairun 1966 kuma aka ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin Major. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Congo. ==Mai kula da harkokin Lagos da gwamnan soja== Bayan juyin mulkin Janairun 1966, aka naɗa Johnson a matsayin mai kula da harkokin tsohuwar Federal Territory of Lagos. A watan Mayun 1967, bayan ƙirƙirar Jihar Lagos, ya zama gwamnan soja na farko na jihar. A lokacin mulkinsa, gwamnatin jihar ta fara kafa tsarin ma'aikatar gwamnati da tsarin gudanarwa na jihar. Johnson ya yi aiki tare da wasu manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati, ciki har da Adeyemi-Bero da Folarin Coker, wajen gina tsarin gudanarwar sabuwar jihar. ==Ayyukan raya Lagos== Mulkin Johnson ya kasance cikin lokacin da aka fara wasu manyan ayyukan gine-gine da hanyoyin sufuri a Lagos. Daga cikin manyan ayyukan da aka danganta da gwamnatinsa akwai Lagos–Badagry Expressway, Eko Bridge, da Itoikin Bridge, wadda ta taimaka wajen haɗa yankunan Epe da Ikorodu. Haka kuma an aiwatar da wasu ayyukan hanyoyi da gadoji da kuma aikin kwato fili a yankin Bar Beach. A cewar bayanan da aka wallafa game da ayyukan zamaninsa, Lagos–Badagry Expressway ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da suka haɗa Lagos da yankunan da ke kan iyakar Najeriya da ƙasashen Benin, Togo da Ghana. Johnson ya kuma bayyana a wata hira cewa gwamnatin Lagos ta fara tunanin gina Third Mainland Bridge, kafin daga baya aikin ya shiga cikin shirye-shiryen gwamnatin tarayya. ==Binciken gwamnonin soja na 1975== Bayan juyin mulkin Yulin 1975 da ya kawo gwamnatin Janar Murtala Mohammed, an kafa kwamitin mutum uku domin binciken zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da suka shafi wasu gwamnonin soja. Johnson na daga cikin gwamnonin jihohi biyu da kwamitin ya samu ba su da laifin cin hanci da rashawa. Ɗayan shi ne Brigadier Oluwole Rotimi. Duk da haka, Johnson ya yi ritaya daga Rundunar Sojin Najeriya a shekarar 1975. ==Aikinsa bayan ritaya== Bayan ritayarsa daga aikin soja, Johnson ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci. A shekarar 1979 ya zama darakta a Julius Berger Nigeria, sannan daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 2009 ya zama shugaban hukumar kamfanin. Ya kuma taɓa zama shugaban Nigerian Conservation Foundation, sannan ya jagoranci Lagos State University Development Foundation. ==Johnson da al'adun kiɗan Lagos== Lokacin mulkin Johnson ya yi daidai da wani lokaci da kiɗan zamani ke samun babban matsayi a rayuwar jama'ar Lagos. Mawaka da ƙungiyoyin kiɗa sun kasance suna yin waƙoƙin da suka shafi shugabanni, siyasa da al'amuran zamantakewa. Ana danganta sunan Johnson da waƙar “Lagos State” ta shahararren mawakin Najeriya Chief Commander Ebenezer Obey. Waƙar ta yi magana kan Lagos a matsayin wuri da mutane daban-daban za su iya zama da gudanar da harkokinsu. Daga cikin kalmomin da ake dangantawa da waƙar akwai: ==Lagos State is a place for all== Wannan saƙo yana bayyana ra'ayin Lagos a matsayin birni da ke karɓar mutane daga sassa daban-daban. ==Labarin Johnson da rawa== A wasu bayanan da ake bayarwa game da tarihin waƙar, ana cewa waƙoƙin da ake yi a wajen tarukan jama'a sun kasance suna sa Johnson shiga cikin nishaɗin jama'a, har ya yi rawa tare da mutane. Sai dai wannan labarin—musamman iƙirarin cewa waƙar “Lagos State” ce ta sa Johnson ya yi rawa a wani takamaiman lokaci—yana buƙatar ingantacciyar majiya kai tsaye kafin a gabatar da shi a Wikipedia a matsayin tabbataccen tarihi. Saboda haka, a cikin rubutun Wikipedia, ya fi dacewa a rubuta wannan ɓangaren cikin taka-tsantsan, ko kuma a ƙara majiya daga littafin tarihin Johnson, hirar Ebenezer Obey, ko wani rahoton tarihi da ya tabbatar da abin. ==Mutuwarsa== Mobolaji Johnson ya rasu a ranar 30 Oktoba 2019, yana da shekaru 83. Mutuwarsa ta samu sanarwa daga gwamnatin Jihar Lagos, wadda ta bayyana shi a matsayin gwamnan soja na farko na jihar. An binne shi bayan rasuwarsa, kuma bayanansa na tarihin rayuwa sun nuna cewa ya bar ’ya’ya huɗu. ==Gadonsa== An ci gaba da tunawa da Johnson saboda rawar da ya taka a farkon tarihin Jihar Lagos da kuma ayyukan raya ababen more rayuwa da aka aiwatar a lokacin mulkinsa. Daga cikin wuraren da aka sanya wa suna don girmama shi akwai Mobolaji Johnson Arena da wasu tituna da wuraren da ke Lagos. ==Manazarta== 1. The Guardian Nigeria, “Brigadier-General Mobolaji Olufunso Johnson (1936–2019)”, 9 Disamba 2019. 2. DAWN Commission, “Brigadier Mobolaji Johnson (rtd)”, 1 Nuwamba 2019. 3. The Nation, “Mobolaji Johnson (1936–2019)”. 4. Akinwunmi Ambode, “Keynote Address Delivered at the Commissioning of JJT Recreational Park and Garden”. 5. Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation, “Johnson, Brig-Gen Mobolaji Olufunso”. 6. The Sun Nigeria, “Mobolaji Johnson (1936–2019)”. 7. The Boss Newspaper, “Tribute to the Original Lagos Boy, Mobolaji Johnson: 1936–2019”. 8. Tribune Online, “Mobolaji Johnson (1936–2019)”. 9. Channels Television, “First Lagos Governor, Mobolaji Johnson, Dies At 83”, 31 Oktoba 2019. 10. Tribune Online, “We started Lagos State with only 10,000 pounds — Mobolaji Johnson”. 89pde6e01lmoet1f36z0fqwcn83g9yb 0 178485 964374 2026-10-07T15:32:11Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Ganyen bishiyah = al'amari mai girmah 964374 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ganyen bishiyah = al'amari mai girmah gznyj1fjulcupt5g4smsne3l5dp8ik8 964375 964374 2026-10-07T15:33:47Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964375 wikitext text/x-wiki = Ganyen bishiyah = al'amari mai girmah. e5epe7m4dlw1nuom2zhk47fracxlwni 0 178486 964376 2026-10-07T15:38:12Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373467158|Rampart scandal]]" 964376 wikitext text/x-wiki Rampart scandal wani cin hanci da rashawa ne na 'yan sanda wanda ya faru a [[Los Angeles]], California a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000. Wannan abin kunya ya shafi yaduwar ayyukan aikata laifuka a cikin Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH) na ƙungiyar adawa da 'yan sanda ta Sashen Rampart na Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles. Fiye da jami'an 'yan sanda 70 da farko sun kasance da hannu a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na rashin adalci, gami da zalunci na' yan sanda, dasa Shaidar ƙarya, sata, sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Fashi da banki, ƙarya da kuma rufewa su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2000 |title=Editorial; D.A.'s Blind Spot. |url=https://www.losangelescriminallawyer.pro/files/editorial_on_rampart_scandal.pdf |access-date=November 14, 2014 |publisher=Daily News, (Los Angeles, CA)}}</ref> Daga cikin jami'an 70 da ke da hannu, an gano isasshen shaida don kawo 58 a gaban kwamitin gudanarwa na ciki kuma an gano 24 sun aikata laifi tare da dakatarwar 12 da aka ba su na tsawon lokaci daban-daban, bakwai sun tilasta yin murabus ko ritaya kuma biyar sun ƙare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/coverup.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |website=Frontline |publisher=PBS}}</ref> A sakamakon shaidar ƙarya da karya da jami'an Rampart CRASH suka yi, an soke hukuncin aikata laifuka 106.<ref name="PBS Transcripts">{{Cite web |title=Perez's Confessions: Audio Excerpts |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/audio.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wannan abin kunya ya haifar da karar farar hula sama da 140 a kan Birnin Los Angeles, wanda ya kashe birnin kimanin dala miliyan 125 a cikin ƙauyuka.<ref name="PBS Timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wani bangare a sakamakon abin kunya, Magajin garin James Hahn bai sake daukar shugaban 'yan sanda Bernard C. Parks a shekarar 2002 ba. Dukkanin abin kunya da kuma korar Parks an yi imanin sun haifar da shan kashi na Hahn da Antonio Villaraigosa ya yi a Zaben magajin gari na 2005.<ref name="Poole Interview">{{Cite web |title=Interviews: Detective Russell Poole |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/interviews/poole.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> == Jerin lokaci na abin kunya == === Maris 18, 1997 - Jami'in Kevin Gaines ya yi fushi a kan hanya === Kusan karfe 4 na yamma a ranar 18 ga Maris, 1997, jami'in LAPD mai ɓoye [[Frank Lyga]] ya harbe kuma ya kashe wani jami'in Rampart CRASH, Kevin Gaines, a cikin kare kansa, biyo bayan wani lamari na Fushin hanya.<ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |date=2007-09-27 |title=LAPD Rampart Division - Edward Lawson.com |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005414/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref><ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=The Murder of the Notorious B.I.G. |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cewar Lyga da sauran shaidu, Gaines ya ja kore Mitsubishi Montero har zuwa Lyga's [[Buick]] kuma ya haskaka Alamun ƙungiyar.<ref name="Rolling Stone" /> Bayan haka, Gaines ya bi Lyga kuma ya yi amfani da bindiga .45 ACP. Lyga ya fitar da bindigarsa ya kira don madadin ta amfani da ɓoyayyen rediyo wanda aka kunna ta hanyar ƙafafun ƙafa, yana cewa, "Hey, na sami matsala. Ina da baƙar fata a cikin kore Jeep yana zuwa nan! Yana da bindiga!"Da yake tashi a cikin hasken tsayawa, Lyga daga baya ya shaida cewa ya ji Gaines yana ihu, "Zan rufe ku".Lyga ya harbe bindigarsa ta 9×19mm Beretta 92 a cikin SUV na Gaines sau biyu, ɗaya daga cikin harsasai da ke cikin zuciyarsa. Lyga ta watsa shirye-shirye na ƙarshe: "Na harbe wannan mutumin! Ina bukatar taimako! Tashi a nan!"Lyga ya ba da rahoton cewa Gaines shine na farko da ya ja bindiga kuma ya amsa don kare kansa. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a kan [[PBS]]' Frontline, ya ce, "A cikin kwarewar horarwar da na samu wannan mutumin yana da 'Ni memba ne na ƙungiyar' da aka rubuta a duk faɗin shi".A cikin motar Gaines, an sami CD ɗin Death Row Greatest Hits, yayin da yake sauraron shigarwar Death Row na No Vaseline a lokacin gwagwarmaya. A cikin binciken da ya biyo baya, LAPD ta gano cewa Gaines a bayyane yake yana da hannu a cikin irin wannan tashin hankali na hanya, yana barazana ga direbobi ta hanyar ɗaga bindigarsa. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa Gaines yana da alaƙa da lakabin rikodin Death Row Records da mai shi mai rikitarwa da Shugaba, Suge Knight. Masu bincike sun gano cewa Death Row Records, wanda ake zargin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Bloods, yana hayar jami'an LAPD da ba sa aiki don aiki a matsayin masu tsaro. Bayan bincike na ciki guda uku, an wanke Lyga daga duk wani laifi. LAPD ta kammala cewa harbi na Lyga "a cikin manufofi" kuma ba a nuna bambanci ko kuma ba daidai ba.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> A cikin kwanaki uku na lamarin, dangin Gaines sun riƙe lauya Johnnie Cochran kuma sun shigar da karar kisa a kan birnin [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], na dala miliyan 25. Birnin ya zauna tare da Cochran don $ 250,000.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> Lyga ya yi fushi da birnin ya zauna, ya hana shi damar da za a share sunansa gaba ɗaya. Alkalin Schoettler ya rubuta wasika ga Babban Jami'in LAPD Bernard C. Parks, yana mai cewa, "Da an gabatar da batun a gare ni don ƙuduri, da na sami goyon baya ga Birnin Los Angeles. "Wasikar Schoettler ta yi zargin dalilai na siyasa don warware lamarin, wato shirin da Lauyan Birnin James Hahn ya shirya ya yi a matsayin magajin gari da kuma sha'awarsa na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Nuwamba 6, 1997 - Jami'in David Mack fashi da banki === A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1997, an sace $ 722,000 a cikin fashi da makami na reshen [[Bankin Amurka]] na Los Angeles. Bayan wata daya na bincike, mataimakin manajan banki Errolyn Romero ya furta rawar da ta taka a cikin laifin kuma ya sanya saurayinta jami'in LAPD David Mack a matsayin babban mai hankali. An yanke wa Mack hukuncin shekaru goma sha huɗu da watanni uku a Kurkukun tarayya. Bai taɓa bayyana inda kuɗin yake ba kuma, yayin da yake cikin kurkuku, ya yi alfahari ga 'yan fursunoni cewa zai zama miliyoyin a lokacin da aka sake shi.<ref name="Lawson" /> An sake shi daga kurkuku a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2010. <ref name="12866-112">{{Cite web |title=David Anthony Mack |url=http://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |access-date=February 1, 2015 |website=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}</ref> === Fabrairu 26, 1998 - Rampart Station ya doke === A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1998, jami'in Rampart CRASH Brian Hewitt ya kawo Ismael Jimenez, memba na 18th Street Gang, zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na Rampart don yin tambayoyi. A cewar jami'in CRASH Rafael Pérez da ya rubuta, Hewitt "ya fita" a kan doke wadanda ake zargi. A lokacin da ake yi tambaya, ya doke Jimenez da aka ɗaure a kirji da ciki har sai ya fitar da jini. Bayan an sake shi, Jimenez ya tafi dakin gaggawa kuma ya gaya wa likitoci cewa Hewitt da abokin aikinsa Daniel Lujan sun buge shi yayin da yake tsare. Bayan bincike, an kori Hewitt daga LAPD. An ba Jimenez kyautar $ 231,000 a cikin sasantawar farar hula tare da birnin Los Angeles. Jimenez ya yi aiki a kurkuku na tarayya don rarraba kwayoyi da makirci don aikata kisan kai kuma tun daga lokacin an sake shi.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Mayu 1998 - An kirkiro rundunar bincike === A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1998, jami'an LAPD sun gano cewa fam takwas na cocaine sun ɓace daga dakin shaida. A cikin mako guda, masu bincike sun mayar da hankali ga binciken su akan Pérez. Damuwa da ƙungiyar CRASH wacce ke da jami'an da ke aiki ba tare da aiki ba don Death Row Records, sata bankunan, da sata cocaine, Parks ya kafa ƙungiyar bincike ta ciki a watan Mayu 1998. Rundunar, daga baya aka kira Rampart Corruption Task Force, ta mai da hankali kan gurfanar da Pérez. Cikakken binciken ɗakin mallakar LAPD ya bayyana wani fam na cocaine da ya ɓace wanda aka yi rajista bayan kamawar da Lyga ya yi, jami'in da ya harbe Gaines a shekarar da ta gabata. Masu bincike sun yi hasashen cewa Pérez na iya satar cocaine da Lyga ta yi rajista don ramawa ga harbi na Gaines.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r9rrpmzqddtbpsjcuu1mbspv1v41btb 964377 964376 2026-10-07T15:38:58Z Usman saadu 46863 964377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rampart scandal wani cin hanci da rashawa ne na 'yan sanda wanda ya faru a [[Los Angeles]], California a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000. Wannan abin kunya ya shafi yaduwar ayyukan aikata laifuka a cikin Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH) na ƙungiyar adawa da 'yan sanda ta Sashen Rampart na Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles. Fiye da jami'an 'yan sanda 70 da farko sun kasance da hannu a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na rashin adalci, gami da zalunci na' yan sanda, dasa Shaidar ƙarya, sata, sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Fashi da banki, ƙarya da kuma rufewa su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2000 |title=Editorial; D.A.'s Blind Spot. |url=https://www.losangelescriminallawyer.pro/files/editorial_on_rampart_scandal.pdf |access-date=November 14, 2014 |publisher=Daily News, (Los Angeles, CA)}}</ref> Daga cikin jami'an 70 da ke da hannu, an gano isasshen shaida don kawo 58 a gaban kwamitin gudanarwa na ciki kuma an gano 24 sun aikata laifi tare da dakatarwar 12 da aka ba su na tsawon lokaci daban-daban, bakwai sun tilasta yin murabus ko ritaya kuma biyar sun ƙare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/coverup.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |website=Frontline |publisher=PBS}}</ref> A sakamakon shaidar ƙarya da karya da jami'an Rampart CRASH suka yi, an soke hukuncin aikata laifuka 106.<ref name="PBS Transcripts">{{Cite web |title=Perez's Confessions: Audio Excerpts |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/audio.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wannan abin kunya ya haifar da karar farar hula sama da 140 a kan Birnin Los Angeles, wanda ya kashe birnin kimanin dala miliyan 125 a cikin ƙauyuka.<ref name="PBS Timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wani bangare a sakamakon abin kunya, Magajin garin James Hahn bai sake daukar shugaban 'yan sanda Bernard C. Parks a shekarar 2002 ba. Dukkanin abin kunya da kuma korar Parks an yi imanin sun haifar da shan kashi na Hahn da Antonio Villaraigosa ya yi a Zaben magajin gari na 2005.<ref name="Poole Interview">{{Cite web |title=Interviews: Detective Russell Poole |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/interviews/poole.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> == Jerin lokaci na abin kunya == === Maris 18, 1997 - Jami'in Kevin Gaines ya yi fushi a kan hanya === Kusan karfe 4 na yamma a ranar 18 ga Maris, 1997, jami'in LAPD mai ɓoye [[Frank Lyga]] ya harbe kuma ya kashe wani jami'in Rampart CRASH, Kevin Gaines, a cikin kare kansa, biyo bayan wani lamari na Fushin hanya.<ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |date=2007-09-27 |title=LAPD Rampart Division - Edward Lawson.com |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005414/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref><ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=The Murder of the Notorious B.I.G. |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cewar Lyga da sauran shaidu, Gaines ya ja kore Mitsubishi Montero har zuwa Lyga's [[Buick]] kuma ya haskaka Alamun ƙungiyar.<ref name="Rolling Stone" /> Bayan haka, Gaines ya bi Lyga kuma ya yi amfani da bindiga .45 ACP. Lyga ya fitar da bindigarsa ya kira don madadin ta amfani da ɓoyayyen rediyo wanda aka kunna ta hanyar ƙafafun ƙafa, yana cewa, "Hey, na sami matsala. Ina da baƙar fata a cikin kore Jeep yana zuwa nan! Yana da bindiga!"Da yake tashi a cikin hasken tsayawa, Lyga daga baya ya shaida cewa ya ji Gaines yana ihu, "Zan rufe ku".Lyga ya harbe bindigarsa ta 9×19mm Beretta 92 a cikin SUV na Gaines sau biyu, ɗaya daga cikin harsasai da ke cikin zuciyarsa. Lyga ta watsa shirye-shirye na ƙarshe: "Na harbe wannan mutumin! Ina bukatar taimako! Tashi a nan!"Lyga ya ba da rahoton cewa Gaines shine na farko da ya ja bindiga kuma ya amsa don kare kansa. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a kan [[PBS]]' Frontline, ya ce, "A cikin kwarewar horarwar da na samu wannan mutumin yana da 'Ni memba ne na ƙungiyar' da aka rubuta a duk faɗin shi".A cikin motar Gaines, an sami CD ɗin Death Row Greatest Hits, yayin da yake sauraron shigarwar Death Row na No Vaseline a lokacin gwagwarmaya. A cikin binciken da ya biyo baya, LAPD ta gano cewa Gaines a bayyane yake yana da hannu a cikin irin wannan tashin hankali na hanya, yana barazana ga direbobi ta hanyar ɗaga bindigarsa. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa Gaines yana da alaƙa da lakabin rikodin Death Row Records da mai shi mai rikitarwa da Shugaba, Suge Knight. Masu bincike sun gano cewa Death Row Records, wanda ake zargin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Bloods, yana hayar jami'an LAPD da ba sa aiki don aiki a matsayin masu tsaro. Bayan bincike na ciki guda uku, an wanke Lyga daga duk wani laifi. LAPD ta kammala cewa harbi na Lyga "a cikin manufofi" kuma ba a nuna bambanci ko kuma ba daidai ba.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> A cikin kwanaki uku na lamarin, dangin Gaines sun riƙe lauya Johnnie Cochran kuma sun shigar da karar kisa a kan birnin [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], na dala miliyan 25. Birnin ya zauna tare da Cochran don $ 250,000.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> Lyga ya yi fushi da birnin ya zauna, ya hana shi damar da za a share sunansa gaba ɗaya. Alkalin Schoettler ya rubuta wasika ga Babban Jami'in LAPD Bernard C. Parks, yana mai cewa, "Da an gabatar da batun a gare ni don ƙuduri, da na sami goyon baya ga Birnin Los Angeles. "Wasikar Schoettler ta yi zargin dalilai na siyasa don warware lamarin, wato shirin da Lauyan Birnin James Hahn ya shirya ya yi a matsayin magajin gari da kuma sha'awarsa na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Nuwamba 6, 1997 - Jami'in David Mack fashi da banki === A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1997, an sace $ 722,000 a cikin fashi da makami na reshen [[Bankin Amurka]] na Los Angeles. Bayan wata daya na bincike, mataimakin manajan banki Errolyn Romero ya furta rawar da ta taka a cikin laifin kuma ya sanya saurayinta jami'in LAPD David Mack a matsayin babban mai hankali. An yanke wa Mack hukuncin shekaru goma sha huɗu da watanni uku a Kurkukun tarayya. Bai taɓa bayyana inda kuɗin yake ba kuma, yayin da yake cikin kurkuku, ya yi alfahari ga 'yan fursunoni cewa zai zama miliyoyin a lokacin da aka sake shi.<ref name="Lawson" /> An sake shi daga kurkuku a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2010. <ref name="12866-112">{{Cite web |title=David Anthony Mack |url=http://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |access-date=February 1, 2015 |website=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}</ref> === Fabrairu 26, 1998 - Rampart Station ya doke === A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1998, jami'in Rampart CRASH Brian Hewitt ya kawo Ismael Jimenez, memba na 18th Street Gang, zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na Rampart don yin tambayoyi. A cewar jami'in CRASH Rafael Pérez da ya rubuta, Hewitt "ya fita" a kan doke wadanda ake zargi. A lokacin da ake yi tambaya, ya doke Jimenez da aka ɗaure a kirji da ciki har sai ya fitar da jini. Bayan an sake shi, Jimenez ya tafi dakin gaggawa kuma ya gaya wa likitoci cewa Hewitt da abokin aikinsa Daniel Lujan sun buge shi yayin da yake tsare. Bayan bincike, an kori Hewitt daga LAPD. An ba Jimenez kyautar $ 231,000 a cikin sasantawar farar hula tare da birnin Los Angeles. Jimenez ya yi aiki a kurkuku na tarayya don rarraba kwayoyi da makirci don aikata kisan kai kuma tun daga lokacin an sake shi.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Mayu 1998 - An kirkiro rundunar bincike === A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1998, jami'an LAPD sun gano cewa fam takwas na cocaine sun ɓace daga dakin shaida. A cikin mako guda, masu bincike sun mayar da hankali ga binciken su akan Pérez. Damuwa da ƙungiyar CRASH wacce ke da jami'an da ke aiki ba tare da aiki ba don Death Row Records, sata bankunan, da sata cocaine, Parks ya kafa ƙungiyar bincike ta ciki a watan Mayu 1998. Rundunar, daga baya aka kira Rampart Corruption Task Force, ta mai da hankali kan gurfanar da Pérez. Cikakken binciken ɗakin mallakar LAPD ya bayyana wani fam na cocaine da ya ɓace wanda aka yi rajista bayan kamawar da Lyga ya yi, jami'in da ya harbe Gaines a shekarar da ta gabata. Masu bincike sun yi hasashen cewa Pérez na iya satar cocaine da Lyga ta yi rajista don ramawa ga harbi na Gaines.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7qe5t1snmx93yb6sqmwjqka7mpstdxb 964378 964377 2026-10-07T15:39:34Z Usman saadu 46863 964378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rampart scandal wani cin hanci da rashawa ne na 'yan sanda wanda ya faru a [[Los Angeles]], California a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000. Wannan abin kunya ya shafi yaduwar ayyukan aikata laifuka a cikin Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH) na ƙungiyar adawa da 'yan sanda ta Sashen Rampart na Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles. Fiye da jami'an 'yan sanda 70 da farko sun kasance da hannu a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na rashin adalci, gami da zalunci na' yan sanda, dasa Shaidar ƙarya, sata, sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Fashi da banki, ƙarya da kuma rufewa su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2000 |title=Editorial; D.A.'s Blind Spot. |url=https://www.losangelescriminallawyer.pro/files/editorial_on_rampart_scandal.pdf |access-date=November 14, 2014 |publisher=Daily News, (Los Angeles, CA)}}</ref> Daga cikin jami'an 70 da ke da hannu, an gano isasshen shaida don kawo 58 a gaban kwamitin gudanarwa na ciki kuma an gano 24 sun aikata laifi tare da dakatarwar 12 da aka ba su na tsawon lokaci daban-daban, bakwai sun tilasta yin murabus ko ritaya kuma biyar sun ƙare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/coverup.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |website=Frontline |publisher=PBS}}</ref> A sakamakon shaidar ƙarya da karya da jami'an Rampart CRASH suka yi, an soke hukuncin aikata laifuka 106.<ref name="PBS Transcripts">{{Cite web |title=Perez's Confessions: Audio Excerpts |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/audio.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wannan abin kunya ya haifar da karar farar hula sama da 140 a kan Birnin Los Angeles, wanda ya kashe birnin kimanin dala miliyan 125 a cikin ƙauyuka.<ref name="PBS Timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wani bangare a sakamakon abin kunya, Magajin garin James Hahn bai sake daukar shugaban 'yan sanda Bernard C. Parks a shekarar 2002 ba. Dukkanin abin kunya da kuma korar Parks an yi imanin sun haifar da shan kashi na Hahn da Antonio Villaraigosa ya yi a Zaben magajin gari na 2005.<ref name="Poole Interview">{{Cite web |title=Interviews: Detective Russell Poole |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/interviews/poole.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> == Jerin lokaci na abin kunya == === Maris 18, 1997 - Jami'in Kevin Gaines ya yi fushi a kan hanya === Kusan karfe 4 na yamma a ranar 18 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta 1997, jami'in LAPD mai ɓoye [[Frank Lyga]] ya harbe kuma ya kashe wani jami'in Rampart CRASH, Kevin Gaines, a cikin kare kansa, biyo bayan wani lamari na Fushin hanya.<ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |date=2007-09-27 |title=LAPD Rampart Division - Edward Lawson.com |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005414/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref><ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=The Murder of the Notorious B.I.G. |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cewar Lyga da sauran shaidu, Gaines ya ja kore Mitsubishi Montero har zuwa Lyga's [[Buick]] kuma ya haskaka Alamun ƙungiyar.<ref name="Rolling Stone" /> Bayan haka, Gaines ya bi Lyga kuma ya yi amfani da bindiga .45 ACP. Lyga ya fitar da bindigarsa ya kira don madadin ta amfani da ɓoyayyen rediyo wanda aka kunna ta hanyar ƙafafun ƙafa, yana cewa, "Hey, na sami matsala. Ina da baƙar fata a cikin kore Jeep yana zuwa nan! Yana da bindiga!"Da yake tashi a cikin hasken tsayawa, Lyga daga baya ya shaida cewa ya ji Gaines yana ihu, "Zan rufe ku".Lyga ya harbe bindigarsa ta 9×19mm Beretta 92 a cikin SUV na Gaines sau biyu, ɗaya daga cikin harsasai da ke cikin zuciyarsa. Lyga ta watsa shirye-shirye na ƙarshe: "Na harbe wannan mutumin! Ina bukatar taimako! Tashi a nan!"Lyga ya ba da rahoton cewa Gaines shine na farko da ya ja bindiga kuma ya amsa don kare kansa. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a kan [[PBS]]' Frontline, ya ce, "A cikin kwarewar horarwar da na samu wannan mutumin yana da 'Ni memba ne na ƙungiyar' da aka rubuta a duk faɗin shi".A cikin motar Gaines, an sami CD ɗin Death Row Greatest Hits, yayin da yake sauraron shigarwar Death Row na No Vaseline a lokacin gwagwarmaya. A cikin binciken da ya biyo baya, LAPD ta gano cewa Gaines a bayyane yake yana da hannu a cikin irin wannan tashin hankali na hanya, yana barazana ga direbobi ta hanyar ɗaga bindigarsa. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa Gaines yana da alaƙa da lakabin rikodin Death Row Records da mai shi mai rikitarwa da Shugaba, Suge Knight. Masu bincike sun gano cewa Death Row Records, wanda ake zargin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Bloods, yana hayar jami'an LAPD da ba sa aiki don aiki a matsayin masu tsaro. Bayan bincike na ciki guda uku, an wanke Lyga daga duk wani laifi. LAPD ta kammala cewa harbi na Lyga "a cikin manufofi" kuma ba a nuna bambanci ko kuma ba daidai ba.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> A cikin kwanaki uku na lamarin, dangin Gaines sun riƙe lauya Johnnie Cochran kuma sun shigar da karar kisa a kan birnin [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], na dala miliyan 25. Birnin ya zauna tare da Cochran don $ 250,000.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> Lyga ya yi fushi da birnin ya zauna, ya hana shi damar da za a share sunansa gaba ɗaya. Alkalin Schoettler ya rubuta wasika ga Babban Jami'in LAPD Bernard C. Parks, yana mai cewa, "Da an gabatar da batun a gare ni don ƙuduri, da na sami goyon baya ga Birnin Los Angeles. "Wasikar Schoettler ta yi zargin dalilai na siyasa don warware lamarin, wato shirin da Lauyan Birnin James Hahn ya shirya ya yi a matsayin magajin gari da kuma sha'awarsa na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Nuwamba 6, 1997 - Jami'in David Mack fashi da banki === A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1997, an sace $ 722,000 a cikin fashi da makami na reshen [[Bankin Amurka]] na Los Angeles. Bayan wata daya na bincike, mataimakin manajan banki Errolyn Romero ya furta rawar da ta taka a cikin laifin kuma ya sanya saurayinta jami'in LAPD David Mack a matsayin babban mai hankali. An yanke wa Mack hukuncin shekaru goma sha huɗu da watanni uku a Kurkukun tarayya. Bai taɓa bayyana inda kuɗin yake ba kuma, yayin da yake cikin kurkuku, ya yi alfahari ga 'yan fursunoni cewa zai zama miliyoyin a lokacin da aka sake shi.<ref name="Lawson" /> An sake shi daga kurkuku a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2010. <ref name="12866-112">{{Cite web |title=David Anthony Mack |url=http://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |access-date=February 1, 2015 |website=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}</ref> === Fabrairu 26, 1998 - Rampart Station ya doke === A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1998, jami'in Rampart CRASH Brian Hewitt ya kawo Ismael Jimenez, memba na 18th Street Gang, zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na Rampart don yin tambayoyi. A cewar jami'in CRASH Rafael Pérez da ya rubuta, Hewitt "ya fita" a kan doke wadanda ake zargi. A lokacin da ake yi tambaya, ya doke Jimenez da aka ɗaure a kirji da ciki har sai ya fitar da jini. Bayan an sake shi, Jimenez ya tafi dakin gaggawa kuma ya gaya wa likitoci cewa Hewitt da abokin aikinsa Daniel Lujan sun buge shi yayin da yake tsare. Bayan bincike, an kori Hewitt daga LAPD. An ba Jimenez kyautar $ 231,000 a cikin sasantawar farar hula tare da birnin Los Angeles. Jimenez ya yi aiki a kurkuku na tarayya don rarraba kwayoyi da makirci don aikata kisan kai kuma tun daga lokacin an sake shi.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Mayu 1998 - An kirkiro rundunar bincike === A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1998, jami'an LAPD sun gano cewa fam takwas na cocaine sun ɓace daga dakin shaida. A cikin mako guda, masu bincike sun mayar da hankali ga binciken su akan Pérez. Damuwa da ƙungiyar CRASH wacce ke da jami'an da ke aiki ba tare da aiki ba don Death Row Records, sata bankunan, da sata cocaine, Parks ya kafa ƙungiyar bincike ta ciki a watan Mayu 1998. Rundunar, daga baya aka kira Rampart Corruption Task Force, ta mai da hankali kan gurfanar da Pérez. Cikakken binciken ɗakin mallakar LAPD ya bayyana wani fam na cocaine da ya ɓace wanda aka yi rajista bayan kamawar da Lyga ya yi, jami'in da ya harbe Gaines a shekarar da ta gabata. Masu bincike sun yi hasashen cewa Pérez na iya satar cocaine da Lyga ta yi rajista don ramawa ga harbi na Gaines.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4xy834rf1m216iiywkbzfjzplffhr0v 964379 964378 2026-10-07T15:40:27Z Usman saadu 46863 964379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rampart scandal wani cin hanci da rashawa ne na 'yan sanda wanda ya faru a [[Los Angeles]], California a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000. Wannan abin kunya ya shafi yaduwar ayyukan aikata laifuka a cikin Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH) na ƙungiyar adawa da 'yan sanda ta Sashen Rampart na Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles. Fiye da jami'an 'yan sanda 70 da farko sun kasance da hannu a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na rashin adalci, gami da zalunci na' yan sanda, dasa Shaidar ƙarya, sata, sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Fashi da banki, ƙarya da kuma rufewa su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2000 |title=Editorial; D.A.'s Blind Spot. |url=https://www.losangelescriminallawyer.pro/files/editorial_on_rampart_scandal.pdf |access-date=November 14, 2014 |publisher=Daily News, (Los Angeles, CA)}}</ref> Daga cikin jami'an 70 da ke da hannu, an gano isasshen shaida don kawo 58 a gaban kwamitin gudanarwa na ciki kuma an gano 24 sun aikata laifi tare da dakatarwar 12 da aka ba su na tsawon lokaci daban-daban, bakwai sun tilasta yin murabus ko ritaya kuma biyar sun ƙare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/coverup.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |website=Frontline |publisher=PBS}}</ref> A sakamakon shaidar ƙarya da karya da jami'an Rampart CRASH suka yi, an soke hukuncin aikata laifuka 106.<ref name="PBS Transcripts">{{Cite web |title=Perez's Confessions: Audio Excerpts |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/audio.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wannan abin kunya ya haifar da karar farar hula sama da 140 a kan Birnin Los Angeles, wanda ya kashe birnin kimanin dala miliyan 125 a cikin ƙauyuka.<ref name="PBS Timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wani bangare a sakamakon abin kunya, Magajin garin James Hahn bai sake daukar shugaban 'yan sanda Bernard C. Parks a shekarar 2002 ba. Dukkanin abin kunya da kuma korar Parks an yi imanin sun haifar da shan kashi na Hahn da Antonio Villaraigosa ya yi a Zaben magajin gari na 2005.<ref name="Poole Interview">{{Cite web |title=Interviews: Detective Russell Poole |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/interviews/poole.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> == Jerin lokaci na abin kunya == === Maris 18, 1997 - Jami'in Kevin Gaines ya yi fushi a kan hanya === Kusan karfe 4 na yamma a ranar 18 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta 1997, jami'in LAPD mai ɓoye [[Frank Lyga]] ya harbe kuma ya kashe wani jami'in Rampart CRASH, Kevin Gaines, a cikin kare kansa, biyo bayan wani lamari na Fushin hanya.<ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |date=2007-09-27 |title=LAPD Rampart Division - Edward Lawson.com |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005414/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref><ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=The Murder of the Notorious B.I.G. |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cewar Lyga da sauran shaidu, Gaines ya ja kore Mitsubishi Montero har zuwa Lyga's [[Buick]] kuma ya haskaka Alamun ƙungiyar.<ref name="Rolling Stone" /> Bayan haka, Gaines ya bi Lyga kuma ya yi amfani da bindiga .45 ACP. Lyga ya fitar da bindigarsa ya kira don madadin ta amfani da ɓoyayyen rediyo wanda aka kunna ta hanyar ƙafafun ƙafa, yana cewa, Hey, na sami matsala. Ina da baƙar fata a cikin kore Jeep yana zuwa nan! Yana da bindiga!"Da yake tashi a cikin hasken tsayawa, Lyga daga baya ya shaida cewa ya ji Gaines yana ihu, "Zan rufe ku".Lyga ya harbe bindigarsa ta 9×19mm Beretta 92 a cikin SUV na Gaines sau biyu, ɗaya daga cikin harsasai da ke cikin zuciyarsa. Lyga ta watsa shirye-shirye na ƙarshe: Na harbe wannan mutumin! Ina bukatar taimako! Tashi a nan!"Lyga ya ba da rahoton cewa Gaines shine na farko da ya ja bindiga kuma ya amsa don kare kansa. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a kan [[PBS]]' Frontline, ya ce, A cikin kwarewar horarwar da na samu wannan mutumin yana da 'Ni memba ne na ƙungiyar' da aka rubuta a duk faɗin shi A cikin motar Gaines, an sami CD ɗin Death Row Greatest Hits, yayin da yake sauraron shigarwar Death Row na No Vaseline a lokacin gwagwarmaya. A cikin binciken da ya biyo baya, LAPD ta gano cewa Gaines a bayyane yake yana da hannu a cikin irin wannan tashin hankali na hanya, yana barazana ga direbobi ta hanyar ɗaga bindigarsa. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa Gaines yana da alaƙa da lakabin rikodin Death Row Records da mai shi mai rikitarwa da Shugaba, Suge Knight. Masu bincike sun gano cewa Death Row Records, wanda ake zargin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Bloods, yana hayar jami'an LAPD da ba sa aiki don aiki a matsayin masu tsaro. Bayan bincike na ciki guda uku, an wanke Lyga daga duk wani laifi. LAPD ta kammala cewa harbi na Lyga "a cikin manufofi" kuma ba a nuna bambanci ko kuma ba daidai ba.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> A cikin kwanaki uku na lamarin, dangin Gaines sun riƙe lauya Johnnie Cochran kuma sun shigar da karar kisa a kan birnin [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], na dala miliyan 25. Birnin ya zauna tare da Cochran don $ 250,000.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> Lyga ya yi fushi da birnin ya zauna, ya hana shi damar da za a share sunansa gaba ɗaya. Alkalin Schoettler ya rubuta wasika ga Babban Jami'in LAPD Bernard C. Parks, yana mai cewa, "Da an gabatar da batun a gare ni don ƙuduri, da na sami goyon baya ga Birnin Los Angeles. Wasikar Schoettler ta yi zargin dalilai na siyasa don warware lamarin, wato shirin da Lauyan Birnin James Hahn ya shirya ya yi a matsayin magajin gari da kuma sha'awarsa na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Nuwamba 6, 1997 - Jami'in David Mack fashi da banki === A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1997, an sace $ 722,000 a cikin fashi da makami na reshen [[Bankin Amurka]] na Los Angeles. Bayan wata daya na bincike, mataimakin manajan banki Errolyn Romero ya furta rawar da ta taka a cikin laifin kuma ya sanya saurayinta jami'in LAPD David Mack a matsayin babban mai hankali. An yanke wa Mack hukuncin shekaru goma sha huɗu da watanni uku a Kurkukun tarayya. Bai taɓa bayyana inda kuɗin yake ba kuma, yayin da yake cikin kurkuku, ya yi alfahari ga 'yan fursunoni cewa zai zama miliyoyin a lokacin da aka sake shi.<ref name="Lawson" /> An sake shi daga kurkuku a ranar 14 ga Mayu, 2010. <ref name="12866-112">{{Cite web |title=David Anthony Mack |url=http://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |access-date=February 1, 2015 |website=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}</ref> === Fabrairu 26, 1998 - Rampart Station ya doke === A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 1998, jami'in Rampart CRASH Brian Hewitt ya kawo Ismael Jimenez, memba na 18th Street Gang, zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na Rampart don yin tambayoyi. A cewar jami'in CRASH Rafael Pérez da ya rubuta, Hewitt "ya fita" a kan doke wadanda ake zargi. A lokacin da ake yi tambaya, ya doke Jimenez da aka ɗaure a kirji da ciki har sai ya fitar da jini. Bayan an sake shi, Jimenez ya tafi dakin gaggawa kuma ya gaya wa likitoci cewa Hewitt da abokin aikinsa Daniel Lujan sun buge shi yayin da yake tsare. Bayan bincike, an kori Hewitt daga LAPD. An ba Jimenez kyautar $ 231,000 a cikin sasantawar farar hula tare da birnin Los Angeles. Jimenez ya yi aiki a kurkuku na tarayya don rarraba kwayoyi da makirci don aikata kisan kai kuma tun daga lokacin an sake shi.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Mayu 1998 - An kirkiro rundunar bincike === A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1998, jami'an LAPD sun gano cewa fam takwas na cocaine sun ɓace daga dakin shaida. A cikin mako guda, masu bincike sun mayar da hankali ga binciken su akan Pérez. Damuwa da ƙungiyar CRASH wacce ke da jami'an da ke aiki ba tare da aiki ba don Death Row Records, sata bankunan, da sata cocaine, Parks ya kafa ƙungiyar bincike ta ciki a watan Mayu 1998. Rundunar, daga baya aka kira Rampart Corruption Task Force, ta mai da hankali kan gurfanar da Pérez. Cikakken binciken ɗakin mallakar LAPD ya bayyana wani fam na cocaine da ya ɓace wanda aka yi rajista bayan kamawar da Lyga ya yi, jami'in da ya harbe Gaines a shekarar da ta gabata. Masu bincike sun yi hasashen cewa Pérez na iya satar cocaine da Lyga ta yi rajista don ramawa ga harbi na Gaines.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ndi8nnigi3yhqrsldpz3jdbim7fhccu 964380 964379 2026-10-07T15:41:27Z Usman saadu 46863 964380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rampart scandal wani cin hanci da rashawa ne na 'yan sanda wanda ya faru a [[Los Angeles]], California a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000. Wannan abin kunya ya shafi yaduwar ayyukan aikata laifuka a cikin Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH) na ƙungiyar adawa da 'yan sanda ta Sashen Rampart na Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles. Fiye da jami'an 'yan sanda 70 da farko sun kasance da hannu a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na rashin adalci, gami da zalunci na' yan sanda, dasa Shaidar ƙarya, sata, sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Fashi da banki, ƙarya da kuma rufewa su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2000 |title=Editorial; D.A.'s Blind Spot. |url=https://www.losangelescriminallawyer.pro/files/editorial_on_rampart_scandal.pdf |access-date=November 14, 2014 |publisher=Daily News, (Los Angeles, CA)}}</ref> Daga cikin jami'an 70 da ke da hannu, an gano isasshen shaida don kawo 58 a gaban kwamitin gudanarwa na ciki kuma an gano 24 sun aikata laifi tare da dakatarwar 12 da aka ba su na tsawon lokaci daban-daban, bakwai sun tilasta yin murabus ko ritaya kuma biyar sun ƙare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/coverup.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |website=Frontline |publisher=PBS}}</ref> A sakamakon shaidar ƙarya da karya da jami'an Rampart CRASH suka yi, an soke hukuncin aikata laifuka 106.<ref name="PBS Transcripts">{{Cite web |title=Perez's Confessions: Audio Excerpts |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/audio.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wannan abin kunya ya haifar da karar farar hula sama da 140 a kan Birnin Los Angeles, wanda ya kashe birnin kimanin dala miliyan 125 a cikin ƙauyuka.<ref name="PBS Timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wani bangare a sakamakon abin kunya, Magajin garin James Hahn bai sake daukar shugaban 'yan sanda Bernard C. Parks a shekarar 2002 ba. Dukkanin abin kunya da kuma korar Parks an yi imanin sun haifar da shan kashi na Hahn da Antonio Villaraigosa ya yi a Zaben magajin gari na 2005.<ref name="Poole Interview">{{Cite web |title=Interviews: Detective Russell Poole |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/interviews/poole.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> == Jerin lokaci na abin kunya == === Maris 18, 1997 - Jami'in Kevin Gaines ya yi fushi a kan hanya === Kusan karfe 4 na yamma a ranar 18 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta 1997, jami'in LAPD mai ɓoye [[Frank Lyga]] ya harbe kuma ya kashe wani jami'in Rampart CRASH, Kevin Gaines, a cikin kare kansa, biyo bayan wani lamari na Fushin hanya.<ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |date=2007-09-27 |title=LAPD Rampart Division - Edward Lawson.com |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005414/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref><ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=The Murder of the Notorious B.I.G. |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cewar Lyga da sauran shaidu, Gaines ya ja kore Mitsubishi Montero har zuwa Lyga's [[Buick]] kuma ya haskaka Alamun ƙungiyar.<ref name="Rolling Stone" /> Bayan haka, Gaines ya bi Lyga kuma ya yi amfani da bindiga .45 ACP. Lyga ya fitar da bindigarsa ya kira don madadin ta amfani da ɓoyayyen rediyo wanda aka kunna ta hanyar ƙafafun ƙafa, yana cewa, Hey, na sami matsala. Ina da baƙar fata a cikin kore Jeep yana zuwa nan! Yana da bindiga!"Da yake tashi a cikin hasken tsayawa, Lyga daga baya ya shaida cewa ya ji Gaines yana ihu, "Zan rufe ku".Lyga ya harbe bindigarsa ta 9×19mm Beretta 92 a cikin SUV na Gaines sau biyu, ɗaya daga cikin harsasai da ke cikin zuciyarsa. Lyga ta watsa shirye-shirye na ƙarshe: Na harbe wannan mutumin! Ina bukatar taimako! Tashi a nan!"Lyga ya ba da rahoton cewa Gaines shine na farko da ya ja bindiga kuma ya amsa don kare kansa. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a kan [[PBS]]' Frontline, ya ce, A cikin kwarewar horarwar da na samu wannan mutumin yana da 'Ni memba ne na ƙungiyar' da aka rubuta a duk faɗin shi A cikin motar Gaines, an sami CD ɗin Death Row Greatest Hits, yayin da yake sauraron shigarwar Death Row na No Vaseline a lokacin gwagwarmaya. A cikin binciken da ya biyo baya, LAPD ta gano cewa Gaines a bayyane yake yana da hannu a cikin irin wannan tashin hankali na hanya, yana barazana ga direbobi ta hanyar ɗaga bindigarsa. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa Gaines yana da alaƙa da lakabin rikodin Death Row Records da mai shi mai rikitarwa da Shugaba, Suge Knight. Masu bincike sun gano cewa Death Row Records, wanda ake zargin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Bloods, yana hayar jami'an LAPD da ba sa aiki don aiki a matsayin masu tsaro. Bayan bincike na ciki guda uku, an wanke Lyga daga duk wani laifi. LAPD ta kammala cewa harbi na Lyga "a cikin manufofi" kuma ba a nuna bambanci ko kuma ba daidai ba.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> A cikin kwanaki uku na lamarin, dangin Gaines sun riƙe lauya Johnnie Cochran kuma sun shigar da karar kisa a kan birnin [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], na dala miliyan 25. Birnin ya zauna tare da Cochran don $ 250,000.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> Lyga ya yi fushi da birnin ya zauna, ya hana shi damar da za a share sunansa gaba ɗaya. Alkalin Schoettler ya rubuta wasika ga Babban Jami'in LAPD Bernard C. Parks, yana mai cewa, Da an gabatar da batun a gare ni don ƙuduri, da na sami goyon baya ga Birnin Los Angeles. Wasikar Schoettler ta yi zargin dalilai na siyasa don warware lamarin, wato shirin da Lauyan Birnin James Hahn ya shirya ya yi a matsayin magajin gari da kuma sha'awarsa na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Nuwamba 6, 1997 - Jami'in David Mack fashi da banki === A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1997, an sace $ 722,000 a cikin fashi da makami na reshen [[Bankin Amurka]] na Los Angeles. Bayan wata daya na bincike, mataimakin manajan banki Errolyn Romero ya furta rawar da ta taka a cikin laifin kuma ya sanya saurayinta jami'in LAPD David Mack a matsayin babban mai hankali. An yanke wa Mack hukuncin shekaru goma sha huɗu da watanni uku a Kurkukun tarayya. Bai taɓa bayyana inda kuɗin yake ba kuma, yayin da yake cikin kurkuku, ya yi alfahari ga 'yan fursunoni cewa zai zama miliyoyin a lokacin da aka sake shi.<ref name="Lawson" /> An sake shi daga kurkuku a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, a shekarar 2010. <ref name="12866-112">{{Cite web |title=David Anthony Mack |url=http://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |access-date=February 1, 2015 |website=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}</ref> === Fabrairu 26, 1998 - Rampart Station ya doke === A ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1998, jami'in Rampart CRASH Brian Hewitt ya kawo Ismael Jimenez, memba na 18th Street Gang, zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na Rampart don yin tambayoyi. A cewar jami'in CRASH Rafael Pérez da ya rubuta, Hewitt "ya fita" a kan doke wadanda ake zargi. A lokacin da ake yi tambaya, ya doke Jimenez da aka ɗaure a kirji da ciki har sai ya fitar da jini. Bayan an sake shi, Jimenez ya tafi dakin gaggawa kuma ya gaya wa likitoci cewa Hewitt da abokin aikinsa Daniel Lujan sun buge shi yayin da yake tsare. Bayan bincike, an kori Hewitt daga LAPD. An ba Jimenez kyautar $ 231,000 a cikin sasantawar farar hula tare da birnin Los Angeles. Jimenez ya yi aiki a kurkuku na tarayya don rarraba kwayoyi da makirci don aikata kisan kai kuma tun daga lokacin an sake shi.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Mayu 1998 - An kirkiro rundunar bincike === A ranar 27 ga Maris, 1998, jami'an LAPD sun gano cewa fam takwas na cocaine sun ɓace daga dakin shaida. A cikin mako guda, masu bincike sun mayar da hankali ga binciken su akan Pérez. Damuwa da ƙungiyar CRASH wacce ke da jami'an da ke aiki ba tare da aiki ba don Death Row Records, sata bankunan, da sata cocaine, Parks ya kafa ƙungiyar bincike ta ciki a watan Mayu 1998. Rundunar, daga baya aka kira Rampart Corruption Task Force, ta mai da hankali kan gurfanar da Pérez. Cikakken binciken ɗakin mallakar LAPD ya bayyana wani fam na cocaine da ya ɓace wanda aka yi rajista bayan kamawar da Lyga ya yi, jami'in da ya harbe Gaines a shekarar da ta gabata. Masu bincike sun yi hasashen cewa Pérez na iya satar cocaine da Lyga ta yi rajista don ramawa ga harbi na Gaines.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 37mhomag97xxzwqdm3wipdbfq86czgt 964381 964380 2026-10-07T15:42:10Z Usman saadu 46863 964381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rampart scandal wani cin hanci da rashawa ne na 'yan sanda wanda ya faru a [[Los Angeles]], California a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000. Wannan abin kunya ya shafi yaduwar ayyukan aikata laifuka a cikin Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH) na ƙungiyar adawa da 'yan sanda ta Sashen Rampart na Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles. Fiye da jami'an 'yan sanda 70 da farko sun kasance da hannu a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na rashin adalci, gami da zalunci na' yan sanda, dasa Shaidar ƙarya, sata, sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Fashi da banki, ƙarya da kuma rufewa su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2000 |title=Editorial; D.A.'s Blind Spot. |url=https://www.losangelescriminallawyer.pro/files/editorial_on_rampart_scandal.pdf |access-date=November 14, 2014 |publisher=Daily News, (Los Angeles, CA)}}</ref> Daga cikin jami'an 70 da ke da hannu, an gano isasshen shaida don kawo 58 a gaban kwamitin gudanarwa na ciki kuma an gano 24 sun aikata laifi tare da dakatarwar 12 da aka ba su na tsawon lokaci daban-daban, bakwai sun tilasta yin murabus ko ritaya kuma biyar sun ƙare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/coverup.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |website=Frontline |publisher=PBS}}</ref> A sakamakon shaidar ƙarya da karya da jami'an Rampart CRASH suka yi, an soke hukuncin aikata laifuka 106.<ref name="PBS Transcripts">{{Cite web |title=Perez's Confessions: Audio Excerpts |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/audio.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wannan abin kunya ya haifar da karar farar hula sama da 140 a kan Birnin Los Angeles, wanda ya kashe birnin kimanin dala miliyan 125 a cikin ƙauyuka.<ref name="PBS Timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wani bangare a sakamakon abin kunya, Magajin garin James Hahn bai sake daukar shugaban 'yan sanda Bernard C. Parks a shekarar 2002 ba. Dukkanin abin kunya da kuma korar Parks an yi imanin sun haifar da shan kashi na Hahn da Antonio Villaraigosa ya yi a Zaben magajin gari na 2005.<ref name="Poole Interview">{{Cite web |title=Interviews: Detective Russell Poole |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/interviews/poole.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> == Jerin lokaci na abin kunya == === Maris 18, 1997 - Jami'in Kevin Gaines ya yi fushi a kan hanya === Kusan karfe 4 na yamma a ranar 18 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta 1997, jami'in LAPD mai ɓoye [[Frank Lyga]] ya harbe kuma ya kashe wani jami'in Rampart CRASH, Kevin Gaines, a cikin kare kansa, biyo bayan wani lamari na Fushin hanya.<ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |date=2007-09-27 |title=LAPD Rampart Division - Edward Lawson.com |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005414/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref><ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=The Murder of the Notorious B.I.G. |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cewar Lyga da sauran shaidu, Gaines ya ja kore Mitsubishi Montero har zuwa Lyga's [[Buick]] kuma ya haskaka Alamun ƙungiyar.<ref name="Rolling Stone" /> Bayan haka, Gaines ya bi Lyga kuma ya yi amfani da bindiga .45 ACP. Lyga ya fitar da bindigarsa ya kira don madadin ta amfani da ɓoyayyen rediyo wanda aka kunna ta hanyar ƙafafun ƙafa, yana cewa, Hey, na sami matsala. Ina da baƙar fata a cikin kore Jeep yana zuwa nan! Yana da bindiga!"Da yake tashi a cikin hasken tsayawa, Lyga daga baya ya shaida cewa ya ji Gaines yana ihu, "Zan rufe ku".Lyga ya harbe bindigarsa ta 9×19mm Beretta 92 a cikin SUV na Gaines sau biyu, ɗaya daga cikin harsasai da ke cikin zuciyarsa. Lyga ta watsa shirye-shirye na ƙarshe: Na harbe wannan mutumin! Ina bukatar taimako! Tashi a nan!"Lyga ya ba da rahoton cewa Gaines shine na farko da ya ja bindiga kuma ya amsa don kare kansa. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a kan [[PBS]]' Frontline, ya ce, A cikin kwarewar horarwar da na samu wannan mutumin yana da 'Ni memba ne na ƙungiyar' da aka rubuta a duk faɗin shi A cikin motar Gaines, an sami CD ɗin Death Row Greatest Hits, yayin da yake sauraron shigarwar Death Row na No Vaseline a lokacin gwagwarmaya. A cikin binciken da ya biyo baya, LAPD ta gano cewa Gaines a bayyane yake yana da hannu a cikin irin wannan tashin hankali na hanya, yana barazana ga direbobi ta hanyar ɗaga bindigarsa. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa Gaines yana da alaƙa da lakabin rikodin Death Row Records da mai shi mai rikitarwa da Shugaba, Suge Knight. Masu bincike sun gano cewa Death Row Records, wanda ake zargin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Bloods, yana hayar jami'an LAPD da ba sa aiki don aiki a matsayin masu tsaro. Bayan bincike na ciki guda uku, an wanke Lyga daga duk wani laifi. LAPD ta kammala cewa harbi na Lyga "a cikin manufofi" kuma ba a nuna bambanci ko kuma ba daidai ba.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> A cikin kwanaki uku na lamarin, dangin Gaines sun riƙe lauya Johnnie Cochran kuma sun shigar da karar kisa a kan birnin [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], na dala miliyan 25. Birnin ya zauna tare da Cochran don $ 250,000.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> Lyga ya yi fushi da birnin ya zauna, ya hana shi damar da za a share sunansa gaba ɗaya. Alkalin Schoettler ya rubuta wasika ga Babban Jami'in LAPD Bernard C. Parks, yana mai cewa, Da an gabatar da batun a gare ni don ƙuduri, da na sami goyon baya ga Birnin Los Angeles. Wasikar Schoettler ta yi zargin dalilai na siyasa don warware lamarin, wato shirin da Lauyan Birnin James Hahn ya shirya ya yi a matsayin magajin gari da kuma sha'awarsa na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Nuwamba 6, 1997 - Jami'in David Mack fashi da banki === A ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1997, an sace $ 722,000 a cikin fashi da makami na reshen [[Bankin Amurka]] na Los Angeles. Bayan wata daya na bincike, mataimakin manajan banki Errolyn Romero ya furta rawar da ta taka a cikin laifin kuma ya sanya saurayinta jami'in LAPD David Mack a matsayin babban mai hankali. An yanke wa Mack hukuncin shekaru goma sha huɗu da watanni uku a Kurkukun tarayya. Bai taɓa bayyana inda kuɗin yake ba kuma, yayin da yake cikin kurkuku, ya yi alfahari ga 'yan fursunoni cewa zai zama miliyoyin a lokacin da aka sake shi.<ref name="Lawson" /> An sake shi daga kurkuku a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, a shekarar 2010. <ref name="12866-112">{{Cite web |title=David Anthony Mack |url=http://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |access-date=February 1, 2015 |website=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}</ref> === Fabrairu 26, 1998 - Rampart Station ya doke === A ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1998, jami'in Rampart CRASH Brian Hewitt ya kawo Ismael Jimenez, memba na 18th Street Gang, zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na Rampart don yin tambayoyi. A cewar jami'in CRASH Rafael Pérez da ya rubuta, Hewitt "ya fita" a kan doke wadanda ake zargi. A lokacin da ake yi tambaya, ya doke Jimenez da aka ɗaure a kirji da ciki har sai ya fitar da jini. Bayan an sake shi, Jimenez ya tafi dakin gaggawa kuma ya gaya wa likitoci cewa Hewitt da abokin aikinsa Daniel Lujan sun buge shi yayin da yake tsare. Bayan bincike, an kori Hewitt daga LAPD. An ba Jimenez kyautar $ 231,000 a cikin sasantawar farar hula tare da birnin Los Angeles. Jimenez ya yi aiki a kurkuku na tarayya don rarraba kwayoyi da makirci don aikata kisan kai kuma tun daga lokacin an sake shi.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Mayu 1998 - An kirkiro rundunar bincike === A ranar 27 ga watan Maris, 1998, jami'an LAPD sun gano cewa fam takwas na cocaine sun ɓace daga dakin shaida. A cikin mako guda, masu bincike sun mayar da hankali ga binciken su akan Pérez. Damuwa da ƙungiyar CRASH wacce ke da jami'an da ke aiki ba tare da aiki ba don Death Row Records, sata bankunan, da sata cocaine, Parks ya kafa ƙungiyar bincike ta ciki a watan Mayu 1998. Rundunar, daga baya aka kira Rampart Corruption Task Force, ta mai da hankali kan gurfanar da Pérez. Cikakken binciken ɗakin mallakar LAPD ya bayyana wani fam na cocaine da ya ɓace wanda aka yi rajista bayan kamawar da Lyga ya yi, jami'in da ya harbe Gaines a shekarar da ta gabata. Masu bincike sun yi hasashen cewa Pérez na iya satar cocaine da Lyga ta yi rajista don ramawa ga harbi na Gaines.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2pzpv9btol53blq9dg8je1i47arqvay 964382 964381 2026-10-07T15:43:24Z Usman saadu 46863 964382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rampart scandal wani cin hanci da rashawa ne na 'yan sanda wanda ya faru a [[Los Angeles]], California a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 da farkon shekarun 2000. Wannan abin kunya ya shafi yaduwar ayyukan aikata laifuka a cikin Community Resources Against Street Hoodlums (CRASH) na ƙungiyar adawa da 'yan sanda ta Sashen Rampart na Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Los Angeles. Fiye da jami'an 'yan sanda 70 da farko sun kasance da hannu a cikin nau'o'i daban-daban na rashin adalci, gami da zalunci na' yan sanda, dasa Shaidar ƙarya, sata, sayar da miyagun ƙwayoyi, Fashi da banki, ƙarya da kuma rufewa su.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2000 |title=Editorial; D.A.'s Blind Spot. |url=https://www.losangelescriminallawyer.pro/files/editorial_on_rampart_scandal.pdf |access-date=November 14, 2014 |publisher=Daily News, (Los Angeles, CA)}}</ref> Daga cikin jami'an 70 da ke da hannu, an gano isasshen shaida don kawo 58 a gaban kwamitin gudanarwa na ciki kuma an gano 24 sun aikata laifi tare da dakatarwar 12 da aka ba su na tsawon lokaci daban-daban, bakwai sun tilasta yin murabus ko ritaya kuma biyar sun ƙare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/coverup.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |website=Frontline |publisher=PBS}}</ref> A sakamakon shaidar ƙarya da karya da jami'an Rampart CRASH suka yi, an soke hukuncin aikata laifuka 106.<ref name="PBS Transcripts">{{Cite web |title=Perez's Confessions: Audio Excerpts |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/audio.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wannan abin kunya ya haifar da karar farar hula sama da 140 a kan Birnin Los Angeles, wanda ya kashe birnin kimanin dala miliyan 125 a cikin ƙauyuka.<ref name="PBS Timeline">{{Cite web |title=Rampart Scandal Timeline |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/scandal/cron.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> Wani bangare a sakamakon abin kunya, Magajin garin James Hahn bai sake daukar shugaban 'yan sanda Bernard C. Parks a shekarar 2002 ba. Dukkanin abin kunya da kuma korar Parks an yi imanin sun haifar da shan kashi na Hahn da Antonio Villaraigosa ya yi a Zaben magajin gari na 2005.<ref name="Poole Interview">{{Cite web |title=Interviews: Detective Russell Poole |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/lapd/interviews/poole.html |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> == Jerin lokaci na abin kunya == === Maris 18, 1997 - Jami'in Kevin Gaines ya yi fushi a kan hanya === Kusan karfe 4 na yamma a ranar 18 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta 1997, jami'in LAPD mai ɓoye [[Frank Lyga]] ya harbe kuma ya kashe wani jami'in Rampart CRASH, Kevin Gaines, a cikin kare kansa, biyo bayan wani lamari na Fushin hanya.<ref name="Lawson">{{Cite web |date=2007-09-27 |title=LAPD Rampart Division - Edward Lawson.com |url=http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005414/http://edwardlawson.com/Rampart.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref><ref name="Rolling Stone">{{Cite web |title=The Murder of the Notorious B.I.G. |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123123626/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/notoriousbig/articles/story/5933156/the_murder_of_the_notorious_big |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |access-date=August 31, 2012 |publisher=Rolling Stone}}</ref> A cewar Lyga da sauran shaidu, Gaines ya ja kore Mitsubishi Montero har zuwa Lyga's [[Buick]] kuma ya haskaka Alamun ƙungiyar.<ref name="Rolling Stone" /> Bayan haka, Gaines ya bi Lyga kuma ya yi amfani da bindiga .45 ACP. Lyga ya fitar da bindigarsa ya kira don madadin ta amfani da ɓoyayyen rediyo wanda aka kunna ta hanyar ƙafafun ƙafa, yana cewa, Hey, na sami matsala. Ina da baƙar fata a cikin kore Jeep yana zuwa nan! Yana da bindiga!"Da yake tashi a cikin hasken tsayawa, Lyga daga baya ya shaida cewa ya ji Gaines yana ihu, "Zan rufe ku Lugs ya harbe bindigarsa ta 9×19mm Beretta 92 a cikin SUV na Gaines sau biyu, ɗaya daga cikin harsasai da ke cikin zuciyarsa. Lyga ta watsa shirye-shirye na ƙarshe: Na harbe wannan mutumin! Ina bukatar taimako! Tashi a nan Lyga ya ba da rahoton cewa Gaines shine na farko da ya ja bindiga kuma ya amsa don kare kansa. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a kan [[PBS]]' Frontline, ya ce, A cikin kwarewar horarwar da na samu wannan mutumin yana da 'Ni memba ne na ƙungiyar' da aka rubuta a duk faɗin shi A cikin motar Gaines, an sami CD ɗin Death Row Greatest Hits, yayin da yake sauraron shigarwar Death Row na No Vaseline a lokacin gwagwarmaya. A cikin binciken da ya biyo baya, LAPD ta gano cewa Gaines a bayyane yake yana da hannu a cikin irin wannan tashin hankali na hanya, yana barazana ga direbobi ta hanyar ɗaga bindigarsa. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa Gaines yana da alaƙa da lakabin rikodin Death Row Records da mai shi mai rikitarwa da Shugaba, Suge Knight. Masu bincike sun gano cewa Death Row Records, wanda ake zargin yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Bloods, yana hayar jami'an LAPD da ba sa aiki don aiki a matsayin masu tsaro. Bayan bincike na ciki guda uku, an wanke Lyga daga duk wani laifi. LAPD ta kammala cewa harbi na Lyga "a cikin manufofi" kuma ba a nuna bambanci ko kuma ba daidai ba.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> A cikin kwanaki uku na lamarin, dangin Gaines sun riƙe lauya Johnnie Cochran kuma sun shigar da karar kisa a kan birnin [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], na dala miliyan 25. Birnin ya zauna tare da Cochran don $ 250,000.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> Lyga ya yi fushi da birnin ya zauna, ya hana shi damar da za a share sunansa gaba ɗaya. Alkalin Schoettler ya rubuta wasika ga Babban Jami'in LAPD Bernard C. Parks, yana mai cewa, Da an gabatar da batun a gare ni don ƙuduri, da na sami goyon baya ga Birnin Los Angeles. Wasikar Schoettler ta yi zargin dalilai na siyasa don warware lamarin, wato shirin da Lauyan Birnin James Hahn ya shirya ya yi a matsayin magajin gari da kuma sha'awarsa na masu jefa kuri'a.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Nuwamba 6, 1997 - Jami'in David Mack fashi da banki === A ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 1997, an sace $ 722,000 a cikin fashi da makami na reshen [[Bankin Amurka|Bankin ƙasar Amurka]] na Los Angeles. Bayan wata daya na bincike, mataimakin manajan banki Errolyn Romero ya furta rawar da ta taka a cikin laifin kuma ya sanya saurayinta jami'in LAPD David Mack a matsayin babban mai hankali. An yanke wa Mack hukuncin shekaru goma sha huɗu da watanni uku a Kurkukun tarayya. Bai taɓa bayyana inda kuɗin yake ba kuma, yayin da yake cikin kurkuku, ya yi alfahari ga 'yan fursunoni cewa zai zama miliyoyin a lokacin da aka sake shi.<ref name="Lawson" /> An sake shi daga kurkuku a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, a shekarar 2010. <ref name="12866-112">{{Cite web |title=David Anthony Mack |url=http://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |access-date=February 1, 2015 |website=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}</ref> === Fabrairu 26, 1998 - Rampart Station ya doke === A ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1998, jami'in Rampart CRASH Brian Hewitt ya kawo Ismael Jimenez, memba na 18th Street Gang, zuwa ofishin 'yan sanda na Rampart don yin tambayoyi. A cewar jami'in CRASH Rafael Pérez da ya rubuta, Hewitt "ya fita" a kan doke wadanda ake zargi. A lokacin da ake yi tambaya, ya doke Jimenez da aka ɗaure a kirji da ciki har sai ya fitar da jini. Bayan an sake shi, Jimenez ya tafi dakin gaggawa kuma ya gaya wa likitoci cewa Hewitt da abokin aikinsa Daniel Lujan sun buge shi yayin da yake tsare. Bayan bincike, an kori Hewitt daga LAPD. An ba Jimenez kyautar $ 231,000 a cikin sasantawar farar hula tare da birnin Los Angeles. Jimenez ya yi aiki a kurkuku na tarayya don rarraba kwayoyi da makirci don aikata kisan kai kuma tun daga lokacin an sake shi.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Mayu 1998 - An kirkiro rundunar bincike === A ranar 27 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta 1998, jami'an LAPD sun gano cewa fam takwas na cocaine sun ɓace daga dakin shaida. A cikin mako guda, masu bincike sun mayar da hankali ga binciken su akan Pérez. Damuwa da ƙungiyar CRASH wacce ke da jami'an da ke aiki ba tare da aiki ba don Death Row Records, sata bankunan, da sata cocaine, Parks ya kafa ƙungiyar bincike ta ciki a watan Mayu 1998. Rundunar, daga baya aka kira Rampart Corruption Task Force, ta mai da hankali kan gurfanar da Pérez. Cikakken binciken ɗakin mallakar LAPD ya bayyana wani fam na cocaine da ya ɓace wanda aka yi rajista bayan kamawar da Lyga ya yi, jami'in da ya harbe Gaines a shekarar da ta gabata. Masu bincike sun yi hasashen cewa Pérez na iya satar cocaine da Lyga ta yi rajista don ramawa ga harbi na Gaines.<ref name="PBS Timeline" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9f8qmbsdbwi60drbzmkpjm1h3frz5dh 0 178487 964392 2026-10-07T16:42:32Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358985058|Umberto Busani]]" 964392 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umberto Busani''' (1 ga Fabrairu 1915 - 29 ga Oktoba 1957) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan Italiya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ga Kungiyoyin Italiya da yawa a cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940, musamman [[SS Lazio]] da SSC Napoli . == Ayyukan wasa == Umberto Busani an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a tarihin S.S.C. Napoli. Ya fara aikinsa a Chievo, inda ya taimaka wa Chievo ya kai wasan karshe na gasar. Daga nan sai ya koma Alexandria, wanda ya fara buga wasan Serie A a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1935. Ya taka leda a wasan karshe na kofin da aka buga a [[Genoa]] a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1936, amma kungiyarsa ta sha kashi a kan Turin. Daga nan sai ya koma [[SS Lazio]] a 1936 don kuɗin hadin gwiwa na 400,000 lira, tare da abokan aiki [[Luigi Milano]] da [[Giovanni Riccardi]] . Ya fara bugawa a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1936 a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan [[AC Milan|A.C. Milan]] . Kungiyar ta kammala a matsayi na biyu a matsayi na karshe, maki uku a bayan Bologna. Ya kasance na biyar mafi yawan masu zira kwallaye tare da kwallaye goma sha biyar a wannan shekarar.<ref name="rsssf" /> Shekaru masu zuwa ba su da kyau ga ''Biancoazzurri''; matsayi na takwas a gasar ya biyo baya ta hanyar kammala matsayi na tara a 1938-39. A farkon shekarunsa a Roma ya fara wasanni koyaushe, ya rasa wasanni kaɗan kawai, mafi yawa saboda karyewar ƙashin kansa. Ya koma kungiyar Napoli a shekarar 1940, inda kungiyar ta kammala kakar wasa ta 1940–41 a matsayi na takwas. A shekara ta gaba, Busani shi ne ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a kungiyar, amma duk da samun wasu muhimman nasarori a kan kungiyoyin Milan da Juventus, Napoli ta fadi daga gasar (ta koma matakin kasa). A kakar wasa ta 1942–43—wadda ita ce ta farko ga Napoli a gasar Serie B—ya buga dukkan wasannin tare da zura kwallaye 10 (wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasa na uku mafi yawan kwallaye a kungiyar), amma hakan bai isa ya sa kungiyar ta samu damar komawa babban matakin gasar ba. Bayan yakin ya koma Napoli kuma ya gama a matsayin babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din a 1946-47 tare da kwallaye 12. A kakar wasa ta gaba ba ta da kyau ga Napoli da Busani, ta ƙare tare da sakewa a Serie B; ya buga wasanni 12 kawai kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu, don haka ya yanke shawarar kammala aikinsa a Casertana. == Bayan ritaya == Bayan ya yi ritaya, Busani ya zauna a Campania, inda ya gudanar da shagon wasanni kuma ya horar da bangarorin gida. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] 2xnpqsb7mwyxzbzwzd0i7w5d5s0ob8y 964393 964392 2026-10-07T16:43:15Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 964393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Umberto Busani''' (1 ga Fabrairu 1915 - 29 ga Oktoba 1957) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan Italiya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ga Kungiyoyin Italiya da yawa a cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940, musamman [[SS Lazio]] da SSC Napoli . == Ayyukan wasa == Umberto Busani an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a tarihin S.S.C. Napoli. Ya fara aikinsa a Chievo, inda ya taimaka wa Chievo ya kai wasan karshe na gasar. Daga nan sai ya koma Alexandria, wanda ya fara buga wasan Serie A a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1935. Ya taka leda a wasan karshe na kofin da aka buga a [[Genoa]] a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1936, amma kungiyarsa ta sha kashi a kan Turin. Daga nan sai ya koma [[SS Lazio]] a 1936 don kuɗin hadin gwiwa na 400,000 lira, tare da abokan aiki [[Luigi Milano]] da [[Giovanni Riccardi]] . Ya fara bugawa a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1936 a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan [[AC Milan|A.C. Milan]] . Kungiyar ta kammala a matsayi na biyu a matsayi na karshe, maki uku a bayan Bologna. Ya kasance na biyar mafi yawan masu zira kwallaye tare da kwallaye goma sha biyar a wannan shekarar.<ref name="rsssf" /> Shekaru masu zuwa ba su da kyau ga ''Biancoazzurri''; matsayi na takwas a gasar ya biyo baya ta hanyar kammala matsayi na tara a 1938-39. A farkon shekarunsa a Roma ya fara wasanni koyaushe, ya rasa wasanni kaɗan kawai, mafi yawa saboda karyewar ƙashin kansa. Ya koma kungiyar Napoli a shekarar 1940, inda kungiyar ta kammala kakar wasa ta 1940–41 a matsayi na takwas. A shekara ta gaba, Busani shi ne ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a kungiyar, amma duk da samun wasu muhimman nasarori a kan kungiyoyin Milan da Juventus, Napoli ta fadi daga gasar (ta koma matakin kasa). A kakar wasa ta 1942–43—wadda ita ce ta farko ga Napoli a gasar Serie B—ya buga dukkan wasannin tare da zura kwallaye 10 (wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasa na uku mafi yawan kwallaye a kungiyar), amma hakan bai isa ya sa kungiyar ta samu damar komawa babban matakin gasar ba. Bayan yakin ya koma Napoli kuma ya gama a matsayin babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din a 1946-47 tare da kwallaye 12. A kakar wasa ta gaba ba ta da kyau ga Napoli da Busani, ta ƙare tare da sakewa a Serie B; ya buga wasanni 12 kawai kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu, don haka ya yanke shawarar kammala aikinsa a Casertana. == Bayan ritaya == Bayan ya yi ritaya, Busani ya zauna a Campania, inda ya gudanar da shagon wasanni kuma ya horar da bangarorin gida. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] hmuo3xiq33xg6uccdbnr58jfiqscm0t 964395 964393 2026-10-07T16:43:39Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 964395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Umberto Busani''' (1 ga Fabrairu 1915 - 29 ga Oktoba 1957) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan Italiya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ga Kungiyoyin Italiya da yawa a cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940, musamman [[SS Lazio]] da SSC Napoli . == Ayyukan wasa == Umberto Busani an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasa a tarihin S.S.C. Napoli. Ya fara aikinsa a Chievo, inda ya taimaka wa Chievo ya kai wasan karshe na gasar. Daga nan sai ya koma Alexandria, wanda ya fara buga wasan Serie A a ranar 22 ga Satumba 1935. Ya taka leda a wasan karshe na kofin da aka buga a [[Genoa]] a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1936, amma kungiyarsa ta sha kashi a kan Turin. Daga nan sai ya koma [[SS Lazio]] a 1936 don kuɗin hadin gwiwa na 400,000 lira, tare da abokan aiki [[Luigi Milano]] da [[Giovanni Riccardi]] . Ya fara bugawa a ranar 13 ga Satumba 1936 a cikin nasara 3-0 a kan [[AC Milan|A.C. Milan]] . Kungiyar ta kammala a matsayi na biyu a matsayi na karshe, maki uku a bayan Bologna. Ya kasance na biyar mafi yawan masu zira kwallaye tare da kwallaye goma sha biyar a wannan shekarar. Shekaru masu zuwa ba su da kyau ga ''Biancoazzurri''; matsayi na takwas a gasar ya biyo baya ta hanyar kammala matsayi na tara a 1938-39. A farkon shekarunsa a Roma ya fara wasanni koyaushe, ya rasa wasanni kaɗan kawai, mafi yawa saboda karyewar ƙashin kansa. Ya koma kungiyar Napoli a shekarar 1940, inda kungiyar ta kammala kakar wasa ta 1940–41 a matsayi na takwas. A shekara ta gaba, Busani shi ne ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a kungiyar, amma duk da samun wasu muhimman nasarori a kan kungiyoyin Milan da Juventus, Napoli ta fadi daga gasar (ta koma matakin kasa). A kakar wasa ta 1942–43—wadda ita ce ta farko ga Napoli a gasar Serie B—ya buga dukkan wasannin tare da zura kwallaye 10 (wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasa na uku mafi yawan kwallaye a kungiyar), amma hakan bai isa ya sa kungiyar ta samu damar komawa babban matakin gasar ba. Bayan yakin ya koma Napoli kuma ya gama a matsayin babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din a 1946-47 tare da kwallaye 12. A kakar wasa ta gaba ba ta da kyau ga Napoli da Busani, ta ƙare tare da sakewa a Serie B; ya buga wasanni 12 kawai kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu, don haka ya yanke shawarar kammala aikinsa a Casertana. == Bayan ritaya == Bayan ya yi ritaya, Busani ya zauna a Campania, inda ya gudanar da shagon wasanni kuma ya horar da bangarorin gida. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] aurzthlbip85pncta853eyplo5urn4x 0 178488 964394 2026-10-07T16:43:26Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334147485|Herding]]" 964394 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karjus.jpg|right|thumb|270x270px|Mutumin da ke kiwon [[Akwiya|awaki]] a [[Tunisiya]]]] [[File:Mustering_sheep_in_Patagonia.jpg|thumb|Makiyayi yana kiwon tumaki a Patagonia, Argentina]] '''Yin garke''' shine aikin kawo dabbobi daban-daban tare a cikin rukuni (garke), kiyaye rukuni, da kuma motsa rukuni daga wuri zuwa wuri - kowanda ya haɗuwa da waɗannan. Garken dabbobi na iya nufin ko dai tsarin dabbobi da ke samar da garken dabbobi a cikin daji, ko kuma shiga tsakani na mutum da ke samar da garken dabba don wasu dalilai.((((('''Herding''' is the act of bringing individual animals together into a group ([[:en:Herd|herd]]), maintaining the group, and moving the group from place to place&#x2014;or any combination of those. Herding can refer either to the process of animals forming herds in the wild, or to human intervention forming herds for some purpose. While the layperson uses the term "herding" to describe this human intervention, most individuals involved in the process term it [[:en:Muster_(livestock)|mustering]], "working)))))) Duk da yake mai la'akari yana amfani da kalmar "kiwo" don bayyana wannan shigar ɗan adam, yawancin mutane da ke cikin tsarin kalmar da yake tarawa, "tuki", ko motsawa. '''mai garke''' ko '''makiyayi''' ma'aikacin garke ne wanda ke da alhakin kiwo, watou, kula da garken ko garken Dabbobi na gida, yawanci a kan makiyaya. Yana da alaƙa musamman da nomadic ko transshumant gudanar da kaya, ko kuma tare da kiwo na ƙasa na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana yin aikin ne da ƙafa ko a kan abun hawa. Dangane da nau'in dabba da ake kiwo, harshen Ingilishi na iya ba da sunayen ƙwararru daban-daban, misali, cowboy ga shanu, makiyayi ga tumaki, ko makiyayi don awaki. Ana amfani da garken dabbobi a aikin [[Agricultural|noma]] don sarrafa dabbobi na gida. Mutane ko dabbobi masu horar da su na iya yin garken dabbobi kamar karnuka masu kula da motsi na dabbobi a karkashin jagorancin mutum. Wasanni na gasa ya bunkasa a wasu ƙasashe inda aka gwada haɗin ƙwarewar mutum da kare mai kiwo kuma aka yi hukunci a cikin "gwaji", kamar gwajin kare tumaki. Dabbobi kamar tumaki, raƙumi, yak, da awaki galibi ana kiwon su. Suna samar da madara, nama da sauran kayayyaki ga makiyaya da iyalansu. == Ta hanyar ƙasa == === China === Al'ummomin kiwo na Tibet da ke zaune a yankin Tibet a Lardin Sichuan na kudu maso yammacin kasar Sin sun ci gaba da kiwon garken a kan ƙasashe na kowa har ma bayan Tsarin alhakin gida na 1982. An ba da dalilai da yawa don jimrewar salon rayuwar gargajiya na makiyaya: <ref name="herders">{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Han |last2=Ling |first2=Su |title=Supporting Collective Action through Community Development Funds: An Institutional Innovation for Herder Poverty Reduction in Sichuan, China |url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/7238/1260.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> * Yanayin ƙasa mai rikitarwa yana hana rarraba filayen kiwo na yau da kullun tsakanin gidaje * yaks suna buƙatar kiwo kyauta kuma suna rashin lafiya a cikin makiyaya * juyawa na wuraren kiwo Rashin lalacewar ciyawa ya kasance matsala. Al'ummomin garke da shugabanninsu sun dauki matakai don cimma yarjejeniya game da ayyukan [[Sustainable grazing|Kiwo mai ɗorewa]]. Wadannan sun hada da bunkasa kungiyar siyasa ta al'umma don tilasta alkawura ga kiwo na juyawa na yanayi.<ref name="herders" /> == Ta hanyar nau'in dabbobi == === Karnuka === {{Excerpt|Cowboy}}Akwai nau'ukan makiyaya na yanki da yawa, da yawa tare da takamaiman suna; waɗannan sun haɗa da mai kiwon dabbobi na Ostiraliya, buttero, campino, csikós, mai tsaron gida da gulyás a Turai, [[cowboy]]" id="mwWg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cowboy">buckaroo, Charro, cowboy da vaquero a Arewacin Amurka, da gaucho, huaso, llanero, Morochuco da {{Interlanguage link|qorilazo|es}} na Kudancin Amurka.[es] === Awaki === {{Excerpt|Goatherd|paragraphs=1|templates=-Wiktionary}}{{Excerpt|Shepherd}} === Sauran === * [[wiktionary:swineherd|Mai kiwon alade]] ko mai kiwon [[aladu]] yana kiwon aladun. * [[wiktionary:gooseherd|Gooseherd]] yana garken geese. == Dubi kuma == * [[Fulani Makiyaya|Makiyaya na Fulani]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == m3rtdd7k3x4lz4gz907nobezyy2iq2e 964396 964394 2026-10-07T16:44:42Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 964396 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karjus.jpg|right|thumb|270x270px|Mutumin da ke kiwon [[Akwiya|awaki]] a [[Tunisiya]]]] [[File:Mustering_sheep_in_Patagonia.jpg|thumb|Makiyayi yana kiwon tumaki a Patagonia, Argentina]] '''Yin garke''' shine aikin kawo dabbobi daban-daban tare a cikin rukuni (garke), kiyaye rukuni, da kuma motsa rukuni daga wuri zuwa wuri - kowanda ya haɗuwa da waɗannan. Garken dabbobi na iya nufin ko dai tsarin dabbobi da ke samar da garken dabbobi a cikin daji, ko kuma shiga tsakani na mutum da ke samar da garken dabba don wasu dalilai. Duk da yake mai la'akari yana amfani da kalmar "kiwo" don bayyana wannan shigar ɗan adam, yawancin mutane da ke cikin tsarin kalmar da yake tarawa, "tuki", ko motsawa. '''mai garke''' ko '''makiyayi''' ma'aikacin garke ne wanda ke da alhakin kiwo, watou, kula da garken ko garken Dabbobi na gida, yawanci a kan makiyaya. Yana da alaƙa musamman da nomadic ko transshumant gudanar da kaya, ko kuma tare da kiwo na ƙasa na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana yin aikin ne da ƙafa ko a kan abun hawa. Dangane da nau'in dabba da ake kiwo, harshen Ingilishi na iya ba da sunayen ƙwararru daban-daban, misali, cowboy ga shanu, makiyayi ga tumaki, ko makiyayi don awaki. Ana amfani da garken dabbobi a aikin [[Agricultural|noma]] don sarrafa dabbobi na gida. Mutane ko dabbobi masu horar da su na iya yin garken dabbobi kamar karnuka masu kula da motsi na dabbobi a karkashin jagorancin mutum. Wasanni na gasa ya bunkasa a wasu ƙasashe inda aka gwada haɗin ƙwarewar mutum da kare mai kiwo kuma aka yi hukunci a cikin "gwaji", kamar gwajin kare tumaki. Dabbobi kamar tumaki, raƙumi, yak, da awaki galibi ana kiwon su. Suna samar da madara, nama da sauran kayayyaki ga makiyaya da iyalansu. == Ta hanyar ƙasa == === China === Al'ummomin kiwo na Tibet da ke zaune a yankin Tibet a Lardin Sichuan na kudu maso yammacin kasar Sin sun ci gaba da kiwon garken a kan ƙasashe na kowa har ma bayan Tsarin alhakin gida na 1982. An ba da dalilai da yawa don jimrewar salon rayuwar gargajiya na makiyaya: <ref name="herders">{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Han |last2=Ling |first2=Su |title=Supporting Collective Action through Community Development Funds: An Institutional Innovation for Herder Poverty Reduction in Sichuan, China |url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/7238/1260.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> * Yanayin ƙasa mai rikitarwa yana hana rarraba filayen kiwo na yau da kullun tsakanin gidaje * yaks suna buƙatar kiwo kyauta kuma suna rashin lafiya a cikin makiyaya * juyawa na wuraren kiwo Rashin lalacewar ciyawa ya kasance matsala. Al'ummomin garke da shugabanninsu sun dauki matakai don cimma yarjejeniya game da ayyukan [[Sustainable grazing|Kiwo mai ɗorewa]]. Wadannan sun hada da bunkasa kungiyar siyasa ta al'umma don tilasta alkawura ga kiwo na juyawa na yanayi.<ref name="herders" /> == Ta hanyar nau'in dabbobi == === Karnuka === {{Excerpt|Cowboy}}Akwai nau'ukan makiyaya na yanki da yawa, da yawa tare da takamaiman suna; waɗannan sun haɗa da mai kiwon dabbobi na Ostiraliya, buttero, campino, csikós, mai tsaron gida da gulyás a Turai, [[cowboy]]" id="mwWg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cowboy">buckaroo, Charro, cowboy da vaquero a Arewacin Amurka, da gaucho, huaso, llanero, Morochuco da {{Interlanguage link|qorilazo|es}} na Kudancin Amurka.[es] === Awaki === {{Excerpt|Goatherd|paragraphs=1|templates=-Wiktionary}}{{Excerpt|Shepherd}} === Sauran === * [[wiktionary:swineherd|Mai kiwon alade]] ko mai kiwon [[aladu]] yana kiwon aladun. * [[wiktionary:gooseherd|Gooseherd]] yana garken geese. == Dubi kuma == * [[Fulani Makiyaya|Makiyaya na Fulani]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == avcv6s3r6gc6u12r05ptyir75jgfwes 0 178489 964404 2026-10-07T17:52:03Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353887965|Primary sector]]" 964404 wikitext text/x-wiki   A cikin [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]], '''bangaren farko''' shine bangaren tattalin arziki wanda ya ƙunshi masana'antu da ke da hannu a hakar da samar da albarkatun kasa, kamar [[Agricultural|noma]], katako, kamun kifi, [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]] da [[hakar ma'adinai]]. Sashe na farko yana da yawa a cikin tattalin arziki a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]] fiye da yadda yake a kasashe marassa tasowa. Misali, a cikin 2018, noma, gandun daji, da kamun kifi sun ƙunshi fiye da 15% na GDP a yankin Sahara na Afirka amma ƙasa da 1% na GDP a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) {{!}} Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZG |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) {{!}} North America |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=XU |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ɓangaren farko ya zama mafi ci gaba da fasaha, yana ba da damar misali na aikin gona, idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin fasaha na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci.{{Efn|Often using non-powered equipment, sometimes even hand-picking and hand-planting}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) - Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS/countries/1W-US-C5?display=graph |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> Ƙarin tattalin arzikin da ya ci gaba na iya saka hannun jari a cikin hanyoyin samarwa na farko: alal misali, a cikin Ƙasar Masara ta Amurka, haɗuwa na((((((()In developed countries the primary sector has become more technologically advanced, enabling for example the mechanization of farming, as compared with lower-tech methods{{Efn|Often using non-powered equipment, sometimes even hand-picking and hand-planting}} in poorer countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) - Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS/countries/1W-US-C5?display=graph |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> More developed economies may invest additional capital in primary means of production: for example, in the United States [[:en:Corn_Belt|Corn Belt]], [[:en:Combine_harvester|combine harvesters]] pick the corn, and sprayers spray large amounts of [[:en:Insecticide|insecticides]], [[:en:Herbicide|herbicides]] and))) hada masu girbi suna karɓar masara, kuma masu fesawa suna yayyafa adadi mai yawa na Magungunan kashe kwari, magunguna da magungunan fungicides, suna samar da amfanin gona mafi girma fiye da yadda zai yiyu ta amfani da dabarun da ba su da yawa. Wadannan ci gaban fasaha da saka hannun jari suna ba da damar bangaren farko su yi amfani da ƙananan ma'aikata, don haka ƙasashe masu tasowa suna da karamin kashi na ma'aikatarsu da ke cikin ayyukan farko, a maimakon haka suna da mafi girman kashi da ke cikin bangarorin sakandare da na uku. == Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar aikin gona ==   == Dubi kuma == * La'anar albarkatu * Tsarin bangarori uku == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == b9x935wd0blsfpo7ouu5vldt10k4bki 964405 964404 2026-10-07T17:54:06Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 964405 wikitext text/x-wiki   A cikin [[Ikonomi|tattalin arziki]], '''bangaren farko''' shine bangaren tattalin arziki wanda ya ƙunshi masana'antu da ke da hannu a hakar da samar da albarkatun kasa, kamar [[Agricultural|noma]], katako, kamun kifi, [[Gandun -Daji|gandun daji]] da [[hakar ma'adinai]]. Sashe na farko yana da yawa a cikin tattalin arziki a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]] fiye da yadda yake a kasashe marassa tasowa. Misali, a cikin 2018, noma, gandun daji, da kamun kifi sun ƙunshi fiye da 15% na GDP a yankin Sahara na Afirka amma ƙasa da 1% na GDP a [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) {{!}} Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZG |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) {{!}} North America |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=XU |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref> A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa ɓangaren farko ya zama mafi ci gaba da fasaha, yana ba da damar misali na aikin gona, idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin fasaha na ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe mafi talauci.{{Efn|Often using non-powered equipment, sometimes even hand-picking and hand-planting}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate) - Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS/countries/1W-US-C5?display=graph |website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> Ƙarin tattalin arzikin da ya ci gaba na iya saka hannun jari a cikin hanyoyin samarwa na farko: alal misali, a cikin Ƙasar Masara ta Amurka, haɗuwa na hada masu girbi suna karɓar masara, kuma masu fesawa suna yayyafa adadi mai yawa na Magungunan kashe kwari, magunguna da magungunan fungicides, suna samar da amfanin gona mafi girma fiye da yadda zai yiyu ta amfani da dabarun da ba su da yawa. Wadannan ci gaban fasaha da saka hannun jari suna ba da damar bangaren farko su yi amfani da ƙananan ma'aikata, don haka ƙasashe masu tasowa suna da karamin kashi na ma'aikatarsu da ke cikin ayyukan farko, a maimakon haka suna da mafi girman kashi da ke cikin bangarorin sakandare da na uku. == Jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar aikin gona ==   == Dubi kuma == * La'anar albarkatu * Tsarin bangarori uku == Bayani == {{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == ez9yg42klltw1t26pz9apaydbbl0gfz 0 178490 964406 2026-10-07T18:13:21Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378668828|Guyuk]]" 964406 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Guyuk</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]] da gari</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="8" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Guyuk","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q5622889"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Guyuk"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q5622889"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[11.928333333333333,9.905555555555557],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Guyuk","marker-symbol":"village"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Taswirar hulɗa ta Guyuk</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:Nigeria_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Guyuk is located in Nigeria]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:40.944%;left:76.372%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Guyuk]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Guyuk</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Najeriya</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni:<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guyuk&params=9_54_20_N_11_55_42_E_region:NG_type:city(272200) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°54′20′′N</span> <span class="longitude">11°55′42′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.90556°N 11.92833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.90556; 11.92833</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Najeriya]][[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|25x25px]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jiha]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yankin<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |764.6 km² (295.2 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Kimanin 2022) <span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |272,200 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |356.0/km² (922.0/sq mi) &nbsp; |} '''Guyuk''' wani gari ne da kuma karamar hukuma a [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], Najeriya . Guyuk yana da ajiyar dutse mai yawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Samuel |first=TM |last2=Maina |first2=HM |last3=Matera |first3=ON |date=2010 |title=Comparative assessment of limestone resources of Guyuk and Ashaka area for Industrial utilization |journal=J. Phys. Sci. Inno. |volume=2 |pages=1–8}}</ref> Guyuk yana kan hanyar Numan-Biu . <ref name=":0" /> == Yawan jama'a == === Harsuna === A cikin binciken yawan jama'a na 2023 na Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a cikin gida (IDPs), an gano yankin ya fi yawan [[Mutanen Longuda|Longuda]] Harsunan da aka fi bayar da rahoton (wanda ake magana a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) a cikin karamar hukuma sune; [[Harshen Longuda|Longuda]] - 81.1%, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], musamman Gabas ko [[Adamawa Fulfulde]] - 7.1%, [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] - 5.5%, Dera (Kanakuru) - 4.9%, [[Harshen Bura|Bura]] - 0.9% da [[Harshen Daka|Chamba Donga]] - 0.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language use data platform |url=https://clearglobal.org/language-use-data-platform/?dash=LocationDashboard&country=Nigeria&view=Chart&level=2 |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=CLEAR Global}}</ref> Ba a samo wannan bayanan daga ƙididdigar yawan jama'a na ƙasa ba. Lokaci na karshe da Najeriya ta haɗa da bayanan kabilanci da harshe a cikin sigogin ƙididdigar ta kasance a cikin ƙididdigarsa ta ƙasa ta 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Population Census in Nigeria |url=https://nationalpopulation.gov.ng/census-enumeration |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=National Population Commission}}</ref> == Yanayi == Lokacin [[Danshi|ruwa]]<nowiki/>n sama a Guyuk yana da danshi kuma yana da duhu, yayin da [[Rani|Lokacin fari]] yana da zafi kuma yana da ɗan girgije. A cikin shekara, zafin jiki yawanci yana daga {{Convert|62|°F|°C}} ° C (62 ° F) zuwa {{Convert|103|°F|°C}} ° C (103 ° F), tare da [[Temperature|Yanayin zafi]] da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da {{Convert|57|°F|°C}} ° C (57 ° F) ko tashi sama da {{Cvt|108|F}} ° C (108 ° F). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guyuk Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) – Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/68804/Average-Weather-in-Guyuk-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref> === Matsakaicin zafin jiki === Guyuk yana fuskantar lokacin yanayin zafi mai tsawo na tsawon watanni 2.4, farawa daga Fabrairu 6 kuma ya ƙare a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, lokacin da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ya kasance sama da {{Convert|99|°F|°C}} ° C (99 ° F). Maris ya fito ne a matsayin watan da ya fi zafi a shekara a Guyuk, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin {{Convert|103|°F|°C}} ° C (103 ° F) da kuma ƙasa da {{Cvt|75|F}} ° C (75 ° F). <ref name=":1" /> A gefe guda, lokacin sanyi ya ci gaba da watanni 3.4, daga Yuli 2 zuwa Oktoba 13, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun ƙasa da {{Convert|88|°F|°C}} ° C (88 ° F). Disamba tana nuna watan da ya fi sanyi a Guyuk, wanda ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin {{Convert|62|°F|°C}} ° C (62 ° F) da kuma {{Cvt|94|F}} ° C (94 ° F). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Guyuk Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) – Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/68804/Average-Weather-in-Guyuk-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref> === Girgije === A cikin Guyuk, yayin da kaka ke ci gaba, akwai raguwa mai ban sha'awa a cikin girgije, tare da ɓangaren lokacin da sararin sama ya rufe ko kuma mafi yawa girgije yana raguwa daga 71% zuwa 56%.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Ranar da ba ta da girgije a lokacin fall lokacin ana kiyaye ta a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba(((((Guyuk experiences a period of high temperatures lasting 2.4 months, starting from February 6 and ending on April 18, during which the average daily high temperature remains above {{convert|99|°F|°C|abbr=on|order=flip}}. March stands out as the hottest month of the year in Guyuk, with an average high of {{convert|103|°F|°C|abbr=on|order=flip}} and a low of {{cvt|75|F|order=flip}}.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Guyuk Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) – Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/68804/Average-Weather-in-Guyuk-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref>))))), tana nuna a bayyane, galibi bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na girgije kusan kashi 44% na lokacin.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Don samar da mahallin, a ranar 6 ga Mayu, wanda shine ranar da ta fi hazo a shekara, yiwuwar yanayin hazo ko mafi yawan yanayin girgije ya kai 80%, yayin da a ranar 4 ga Janairu, ranar da tafi haske a shekara, akwai damar 57% na fuskantar sararin samaniya, mafi yawa a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na girgije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guyuk Fall Weather, Average Temperature (Nigeria) – Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/s/68804/2/Average-Fall-Weather-in-Guyuk-Nigeria#Figures-PrecipitationProbability |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Unguwanni == * Bobini * Banjiram * Chikila * Dukul * Guyuk * Dunma * Bodeno * Lokoro * Purokayo * Kola * Sili == Ƙauyuka == * Arah * Bodeno * Dakiti * Doma * Dumburi Fulani * Gadajuga * Gargijik * Gimakurje * Gorotoro * Jabi * Kambila * Katte * Kukumli * Labaram * Lakati * Libbo Dutse * Mada * Tsakanin * Shumshi * Vanera * Wadafa * Wawi * Wurotuge * Wuroyanka * Gwalura * Dangir * .Lamza * Zaunan-Bako <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guyuk Local Government Area |url=https://www.finelib.com/listing/Guyuk-Local-Government-Area/62677/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.finelib.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin jihar Adamawa]] nbxqv835yw19kf0imvhb5vxvbb362g0 964408 964406 2026-10-07T18:14:40Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 964408 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Guyuk</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Local Government Areas of Nigeria|LGA]] da gari</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="8" align="center" frameless="1" height="200" width="250">[ {"properties":{"title":"Guyuk","fill-opacity":0.1,"stroke":"#FF0000","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#606060"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","ids":"Q5622889"}, {"properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#FF0000","title":"Guyuk"},"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","ids":"Q5622889"}, {"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[11.928333333333333,9.905555555555557],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#5E74F3","title":"Guyuk","marker-symbol":"village"}} ]</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">Taswirar hulɗa ta Guyuk</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:Nigeria_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Guyuk is located in Nigeria]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:40.944%;left:76.372%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Guyuk]]</div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div>Guyuk</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Wurin da yake a Najeriya</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni:<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guyuk&params=9_54_20_N_11_55_42_E_region:NG_type:city(272200) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°54′20′′N</span> <span class="longitude">11°55′42′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.90556°N 11.92833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.90556; 11.92833</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |[[Najeriya]][[File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|25x25px]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Jiha]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yankin<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |764.6 km² (295.2 sq mi) &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (Kimanin 2022) <span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |272,200 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Ƙarƙashin jama'a&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |356.0/km² (922.0/sq mi) &nbsp; |} '''Guyuk''' wani gari ne da kuma karamar hukuma a [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]], Najeriya . Guyuk yana da ajiyar dutse mai yawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Samuel |first=TM |last2=Maina |first2=HM |last3=Matera |first3=ON |date=2010 |title=Comparative assessment of limestone resources of Guyuk and Ashaka area for Industrial utilization |journal=J. Phys. Sci. Inno. |volume=2 |pages=1–8}}</ref> Guyuk yana kan hanyar Numan-Biu . <ref name=":0" /> == Yawan jama'a == === Harsuna === A cikin binciken yawan jama'a na 2023 na Mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a cikin gida (IDPs), an gano yankin ya fi yawan [[Mutanen Longuda|Longuda]] Harsunan da aka fi bayar da rahoton (wanda ake magana a gidaje da wuraren zama na farko) a cikin karamar hukuma sune; [[Harshen Longuda|Longuda]] - 81.1%, [[Fillanci|Fulfulde]], musamman Gabas ko [[Adamawa Fulfulde]] - 7.1%, [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] - 5.5%, Dera (Kanakuru) - 4.9%, [[Harshen Bura|Bura]] - 0.9% da [[Harshen Daka|Chamba Donga]] - 0.5%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language use data platform |url=https://clearglobal.org/language-use-data-platform/?dash=LocationDashboard&country=Nigeria&view=Chart&level=2 |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=CLEAR Global}}</ref> Ba a samo wannan bayanan daga ƙididdigar yawan jama'a na ƙasa ba. Lokaci na karshe da Najeriya ta haɗa da bayanan kabilanci da harshe a cikin sigogin ƙididdigar ta kasance a cikin ƙididdigarsa ta ƙasa ta 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Population Census in Nigeria |url=https://nationalpopulation.gov.ng/census-enumeration |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=National Population Commission}}</ref> == Yanayi == Lokacin [[Danshi|ruwa]]<nowiki/>n sama a Guyuk yana da danshi kuma yana da duhu, yayin da [[Rani|Lokacin fari]] yana da zafi kuma yana da ɗan girgije. A cikin shekara, zafin jiki yawanci yana daga {{Convert|62|°F|°C}} ° C (62 ° F) zuwa {{Convert|103|°F|°C}} ° C (103 ° F), tare da [[Temperature|Yanayin zafi]] da wuya ya faɗi ƙasa da {{Convert|57|°F|°C}} ° C (57 ° F) ko tashi sama da {{Cvt|108|F}} ° C (108 ° F). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Guyuk Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) – Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/68804/Average-Weather-in-Guyuk-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref> === Matsakaicin zafin jiki === Guyuk yana fuskantar lokacin yanayin zafi mai tsawo na tsawon watanni 2.4, farawa daga Fabrairu 6 kuma ya ƙare a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, lokacin da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun ya kasance sama da {{Convert|99|°F|°C}} ° C (99 ° F). Maris ya fito ne a matsayin watan da ya fi zafi a shekara a Guyuk, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin {{Convert|103|°F|°C}} ° C (103 ° F) da kuma ƙasa da {{Cvt|75|F}} ° C (75 ° F). <ref name=":1" /> A gefe guda, lokacin sanyi ya ci gaba da watanni 3.4, daga Yuli 2 zuwa Oktoba 13, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun ƙasa da {{Convert|88|°F|°C}} ° C (88 ° F). Disamba tana nuna watan da ya fi sanyi a Guyuk, wanda ke da matsakaicin matsakaicin {{Convert|62|°F|°C}} ° C (62 ° F) da kuma {{Cvt|94|F}} ° C (94 ° F). <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Guyuk Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) – Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/68804/Average-Weather-in-Guyuk-Nigeria-Year-Round |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref> === Girgije === A cikin Guyuk, yayin da kaka ke ci gaba, akwai raguwa mai ban sha'awa a cikin girgije, tare da ɓangaren lokacin da sararin sama ya rufe ko kuma mafi yawa girgije yana raguwa daga 71% zuwa 56%.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Ranar da ba ta da girgije a lokacin fall lokacin ana kiyaye ta a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, tana nuna a bayyane, galibi bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na girgije kusan kashi 44% na lokacin.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Don samar da mahallin, a ranar 6 ga Mayu, wanda shine ranar da ta fi hazo a shekara, yiwuwar yanayin hazo ko mafi yawan yanayin girgije ya kai 80%, yayin da a ranar 4 ga Janairu, ranar da tafi haske a shekara, akwai damar 57% na fuskantar sararin samaniya, mafi yawa a bayyane, ko kuma wani ɓangare na girgije.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guyuk Fall Weather, Average Temperature (Nigeria) – Weather Spark |url=https://weatherspark.com/s/68804/2/Average-Fall-Weather-in-Guyuk-Nigeria#Figures-PrecipitationProbability |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=weatherspark.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Unguwanni == * Bobini * Banjiram * Chikila * Dukul * Guyuk * Dunma * Bodeno * Lokoro * Purokayo * Kola * Sili == Ƙauyuka == * Arah * Bodeno * Dakiti * Doma * Dumburi Fulani * Gadajuga * Gargijik * Gimakurje * Gorotoro * Jabi * Kambila * Katte * Kukumli * Labaram * Lakati * Libbo Dutse * Mada * Tsakanin * Shumshi * Vanera * Wadafa * Wawi * Wurotuge * Wuroyanka * Gwalura * Dangir * .Lamza * Zaunan-Bako <ref>{{Cite web |title=Guyuk Local Government Area |url=https://www.finelib.com/listing/Guyuk-Local-Government-Area/62677/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.finelib.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Biranen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Kananan hukumomin jihar Adamawa]] ldastbb2ihy2afnkuz741h8f5ewbrq3 0 178491 964407 2026-10-07T18:13:49Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Takalmi = idan kaji ana kyawu sai mai shi toh. Magana ake tah ado da kwalliyah chikar mutum kenan ,adonwatah hanya che da ake amfaniy da kayan kyale kyale domin qawatah jiki takalmi yana daya dagah chiki Idan anlura dani dole ah surah da takalmin dake sawayena , takalmi chikar kamala ,takalmi chikar mutum , takalmi chikar mutunchi 964407 wikitext text/x-wiki = Takalmi = idan kaji ana kyawu sai mai shi toh. Magana ake tah ado da kwalliyah chikar mutum kenan ,adonwatah hanya che da ake amfaniy da kayan kyale kyale domin qawatah jiki takalmi yana daya dagah chiki Idan anlura dani dole ah surah da takalmin dake sawayena , takalmi chikar kamala ,takalmi chikar mutum , takalmi chikar mutunchi da5eh6guuz6q6g1lsmokzd6vd7i44b3 0 178492 964410 2026-10-07T18:19:01Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Kasuwar potiskum = garin potiskum garine mai girman gaske inda yake dauke da wurare daban daban da kumah hada hadan kasuwan chi hakane yasah kasuwan nintah sukah kasu kashi daban daban wanda kowanne ake shagugul gulah ,kasuwanchin garin potiskum ya habbakah wanda yakasan che akan iyah zuwah daga waniy gari koh qasa domin chin kasuwah. === Kasuwannin kamar hakah === # Kasuwar hatsi # Kasuwar waya # kasuwar shanu # Kasuwar dabbobi # Dakumah babban kasuwah ,wanda yake kusah da... 964410 wikitext text/x-wiki = Kasuwar potiskum = garin potiskum garine mai girman gaske inda yake dauke da wurare daban daban da kumah hada hadan kasuwan chi hakane yasah kasuwan nintah sukah kasu kashi daban daban wanda kowanne ake shagugul gulah ,kasuwanchin garin potiskum ya habbakah wanda yakasan che akan iyah zuwah daga waniy gari koh qasa domin chin kasuwah. === Kasuwannin kamar hakah === # Kasuwar hatsi # Kasuwar waya # kasuwar shanu # Kasuwar dabbobi # Dakumah babban kasuwah ,wanda yake kusah da tsakiyar gari e3k4luhsmx1v3mfc7i7ukwqxc7zv5uj 964412 964410 2026-10-07T18:19:26Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964412 wikitext text/x-wiki = Kasuwar potiskum = garin [[potiskum]] garine mai girman gaske inda yake dauke da wurare daban daban da kumah hada hadan kasuwan chi hakane yasah kasuwan nintah sukah kasu kashi daban daban wanda kowanne ake shagugul gulah ,kasuwanchin garin potiskum ya habbakah wanda yakasan che akan iyah zuwah daga waniy gari koh qasa domin chin kasuwah. === Kasuwannin kamar hakah === # Kasuwar hatsi # Kasuwar waya # kasuwar shanu # Kasuwar dabbobi # Dakumah babban kasuwah ,wanda yake kusah da tsakiyar gari 5b7inm8mpou7cmw4vlnfavhkigcn5iy 964413 964412 2026-10-07T18:20:21Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964413 wikitext text/x-wiki = Kasuwar potiskum = garin [[potiskum]] garine mai girman gaske inda yake dauke da wurare daban daban da kumah hada hadan kasuwan chi hakane yasah kasuwan nintah sukah kasu kashi daban daban wanda kowanne ake shagugul gulah ,kasuwanchin garin potiskum ya habbakah wanda yakasan che akan iyah zuwah daga waniy gari koh qasa domin chin kasuwah. === Kasuwannin kamar hakah === # Kasuwar [[hatsi]] # Kasuwar waya # kasuwar shanu # Kasuwar dabbobi # Dakumah babban kasuwah ,wanda yake kusah da tsakiyar gari l8g7h6g0dqbf3yvxnqajuq8v68xrovu 964414 964413 2026-10-07T18:20:44Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964414 wikitext text/x-wiki = Kasuwar potiskum = garin [[potiskum]] garine mai girman gaske inda yake dauke da wurare daban daban da kumah hada hadan kasuwan chi hakane yasah kasuwan nintah sukah kasu kashi daban daban wanda kowanne ake shagugul gulah ,kasuwanchin garin potiskum ya habbakah wanda yakasan che akan iyah zuwah daga waniy gari koh qasa domin chin kasuwah. === Kasuwannin kamar hakah === # Kasuwar [[hatsi]] # Kasuwar [[Wayar hannu|waya]] # kasuwar shanu # Kasuwar dabbobi # Dakumah babban kasuwah ,wanda yake kusah da tsakiyar gari 78oj7c1waeu47pt39xp0gzvyx6l4yr3 964415 964414 2026-10-07T18:21:02Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964415 wikitext text/x-wiki = Kasuwar potiskum = garin [[potiskum]] garine mai girman gaske inda yake dauke da wurare daban daban da kumah hada hadan kasuwan chi hakane yasah kasuwan nintah sukah kasu kashi daban daban wanda kowanne ake shagugul gulah ,kasuwanchin garin potiskum ya habbakah wanda yakasan che akan iyah zuwah daga waniy gari koh qasa domin chin kasuwah. === Kasuwannin kamar hakah === # Kasuwar [[hatsi]] # Kasuwar [[Wayar hannu|waya]] # kasuwar [[shanu]] # Kasuwar dabbobi # Dakumah babban kasuwah ,wanda yake kusah da tsakiyar gari d2sgpr1391zzatil4uxmdjcif5m8ilo 964416 964415 2026-10-07T18:21:22Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964416 wikitext text/x-wiki = Kasuwar potiskum = garin [[potiskum]] garine mai girman gaske inda yake dauke da wurare daban daban da kumah hada hadan kasuwan chi hakane yasah kasuwan nintah sukah kasu kashi daban daban wanda kowanne ake shagugul gulah ,kasuwanchin garin potiskum ya habbakah wanda yakasan che akan iyah zuwah daga waniy gari koh qasa domin chin kasuwah. === Kasuwannin kamar hakah === # Kasuwar [[hatsi]] # Kasuwar [[Wayar hannu|waya]] # kasuwar [[shanu]] # Kasuwar [[dabbobi]] # Dakumah babban kasuwah ,wanda yake kusah da tsakiyar gari rb25sw16ysfu29hxbtke6a6ex2i7dyk 0 178493 964417 2026-10-07T18:27:21Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376083364|Hawal]]" 964417 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Hawal</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Town|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Sunan lakabi:&nbsp;<div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">[[Downtown Srinagar|Garin gari]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:India_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Union_Territory_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Hawal is located in Jammu and Kashmir]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:38.555%;left:42.368%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Hawal]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Hawal</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Yanayi a Jammu da Kashmir, [[Indiya]]</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Nuna taswirar Jammu da Kashmir</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:India_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|269x269px|Hawal is located in India]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:10.447%;left:24.406%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Hawal]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Hawal</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Hawal (India) </div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar nuna Indiya</span></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni:<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawal&params=34.10481_N_74.81_E_type:city_region:IN-JK <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°06′17′′N</span> <span class="longitude">74°48′36′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.10481°N 74.81°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.10481; 74.81</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:11}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawal&params=34.10481_N_74.81_E_type:city_region:IN-JK <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°06′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">74°48′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.10481°N 74.81°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">34.10481; 74.81</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Indiya]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jihohi a Tarayyar Indiya|Yankin Tarayyar]] | class="infobox-data" |Jammu da Kashmir |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Srinagar |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gwamnati<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Irin wannan&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Gwamnatin Jammu da Kashmir |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Jiki&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data agent" |Kamfanin Srinagar Municipal |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Harsuna<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Jami'i&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Harshen Kashmiri|Kashmiri]], [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]], [[Urdu]], Dogri, [[Turanci]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |UTC+5:30 (IST) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar gidan waya | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">190003</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Rijistar mota | class="infobox-data" |JK01 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://srinagar.nic.in srinagar.nic.in]</span> |} '''Hawal''' yanki ne da aka sanar da shi na unguwar Srinagar, babban birnin bazara na yankin Jammu da Kashmir, [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Srinagar, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} Summer Capital of J&K {{!}} India |url=http://srinagar.nic.in |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=srinagar.nic.in}}</ref> Tana cikin zuciyar Srinagar kusan kilomita {{Cvt|5|km}} (3.1 daga Lal Chowk == An san shi da == An san Hawal da Hari Parbat, Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kasuwanci ta Islamia, Shrine na Mirza Kamil Badakhshi, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-01 |title=Urs Sharief of Hazrat Mirza Akmaludin Badakshi (RA) |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/srinagar/urs-sharief-of-hazrat-mirza-akmaludin-badakshi-ra/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en}}</ref> da sauran wurare. Har ila yau, an san shi da Kisan kiyashi na Hawal na 1990 lokacin da sojojin Indiya suka harbe wani wanda baya daga cikin((((((())Hawal is known for [[:en:Hari_Parbat|Hari Parbat]], [[:en:Islamia_College_of_Science_and_Commerce,_Srinagar|Islamia College of Science and Commerce]], Shrine of [[:en:Mirza_Kamil_Badakhshi|Mirza Kamil Badakhshi]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-01 |title=Urs Sharief of Hazrat Mirza Akmaludin Badakshi (RA) |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/srinagar/urs-sharief-of-hazrat-mirza-akmaludin-badakshi-ra/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en}}</ref> among other places. It is also known for the 1990 [[:en:Hawal_massacre|Hawal massacre]] when the Indian Paramilitary forces fired on an unarmed funeral)) sojoji jana'izar da ba ta da makami dauke da gawar [[Mohammad Farooq Shah|Mirwaiz Moulvi Farooq]], shugaban addini tare da bindigogi daga sansanin da ke kusa da Kwalejin Islama inda suka kashe sama da 60 kuma suka ji rauni fiye da 200.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-21 |title=Hawal massacre: When forces blocked all roads and dead were ferried on handcarts |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/hawal-massacre-when-forces-blocked-all-roads-and-dead-were-ferried-on-handcarts/ |access-date=2019-05-02 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == gapy6fwoycewza514lpl92poh96rik0 964418 964417 2026-10-07T18:28:12Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 964418 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Hawal</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Town|Birni]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Sunan lakabi:&nbsp;<div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">[[Downtown Srinagar|Garin gari]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:India_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Union_Territory_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Hawal is located in Jammu and Kashmir]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:38.555%;left:42.368%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Hawal]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Hawal</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Yanayi a Jammu da Kashmir, [[Indiya]]</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Nuna taswirar Jammu da Kashmir</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:India_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|269x269px|Hawal is located in India]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:10.447%;left:24.406%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Hawal]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Hawal</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Hawal (India) </div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Taswirar nuna Indiya</span></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni:<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawal&params=34.10481_N_74.81_E_type:city_region:IN-JK <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°06′17′′N</span> <span class="longitude">74°48′36′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.10481°N 74.81°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.10481; 74.81</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: {{#parsoid�fragment:11}}<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawal&params=34.10481_N_74.81_E_type:city_region:IN-JK <span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°06′17″N</span> <span class="longitude">74°48′36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.10481°N 74.81°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">34.10481; 74.81</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[File:Flag_of_India.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]] </span>[[Indiya]] |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Jihohi a Tarayyar Indiya|Yankin Tarayyar]] | class="infobox-data" |Jammu da Kashmir |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Gundumar | class="infobox-data" |Srinagar |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gwamnati<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Irin wannan&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Gwamnatin Jammu da Kashmir |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Jiki&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data agent" |Kamfanin Srinagar Municipal |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Harsuna<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |• Jami'i&nbsp;&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Harshen Kashmiri|Kashmiri]], [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]], [[Urdu]], Dogri, [[Turanci]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |UTC+5:30 (IST) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Lambar gidan waya | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">190003</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Rijistar mota | class="infobox-data" |JK01 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://srinagar.nic.in srinagar.nic.in]</span> |} '''Hawal''' yanki ne da aka sanar da shi na unguwar Srinagar, babban birnin bazara na yankin Jammu da Kashmir, [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Srinagar, Government of Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} Summer Capital of J&K {{!}} India |url=http://srinagar.nic.in |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=srinagar.nic.in}}</ref> Tana cikin zuciyar Srinagar kusan kilomita {{Cvt|5|km}} (3.1 daga Lal Chowk == An san shi da == An san Hawal da Hari Parbat, Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kasuwanci ta Islamia, Shrine na Mirza Kamil Badakhshi, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-01 |title=Urs Sharief of Hazrat Mirza Akmaludin Badakshi (RA) |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/srinagar/urs-sharief-of-hazrat-mirza-akmaludin-badakshi-ra/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en}}</ref> da sauran wurare. Har ila yau, an san shi da Kisan kiyashi na Hawal na 1990 lokacin da sojojin Indiya suka harbe wani wanda baya daga cikin sojoji jana'izar da ba ta da makami dauke da gawar [[Mohammad Farooq Shah|Mirwaiz Moulvi Farooq]], shugaban addini tare da bindigogi daga sansanin da ke kusa da Kwalejin Islama inda suka kashe sama da 60 kuma suka ji rauni fiye da 200.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-21 |title=Hawal massacre: When forces blocked all roads and dead were ferried on handcarts |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/hawal-massacre-when-forces-blocked-all-roads-and-dead-were-ferried-on-handcarts/ |access-date=2019-05-02 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == 2h0g57x5gyl96snk6cdlm3kgfo3ezps 0 178494 964419 2026-10-07T18:51:25Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341703193|Enzo Guerrero]]" 964419 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Enzo Francesco Guerrero Segovia''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1991) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|dan wasan kwallon kafa]] ne na Chilean wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida. == Ayyukan kulob din == An haife shi a Andacollo, Chile, Guerrero ya kasance tare da kungiyoyin Unión Placoro da Palestino na gida kafin ya shiga rukunin matasa na Coquimbo Unido a shekara ta 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=Enzo Guerrero, desde las canchas de tierra al profesionalismo |url=https://www.andacolloconectado.cl/index.php/enzo-guerrero-desde-las-canchas-de-tierra-al-profesionalismo/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=AndacolloConectado.cl |language=es}}</ref> Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, Guerrero ya buga wa kungiyar Ñublense ta Chile ta Primera División. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=nublenseSADP|title=¡Ya es oficial!|access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, ya sauya zuwa Deportes La Serena a matakin na biyu. Bayan ya kasance wakilin kyauta a farkon rabin 2025, Guerrero ya sanya hannu tare da Lardin Ovalle a cikin Segunda División Profesional de Chile a ranar 21 ga Yuni na wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=San Martín |first=Lucas |date=22 June 2025 |title=Su fichaje en Primera B estaba cerrado, lo esperaban en la presentación y fue anunciado el mismo día en otro equipo |url=https://chile.as.com/futbol/su-fichaje-en-primera-b-estaba-cerrado-lo-esperaban-en-la-presentacion-y-fue-anunciado-el-mismo-dia-en-otro-equipo-n/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Maris 2026, Guerrero ya sanar da ritayar sa bayan shekaru 18. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya wakilci Chile U20 a gasar zakarun Amurka ta Kudu ta 2011, inda ya buga wasanni shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2010 |title=César Vaccia define nómina para el Sudamericano Sub 20 de Perú |url=https://www.latercera.com/noticia/cesar-vaccia-define-nomina-para-el-sudamericano-sub-20-de-peru/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |publisher=[[La Tercera]] |language=es}}</ref> == Daraja == ; Coquimbo United * Na farko B: 2014-C{{Efn|no promotion to [[Chilean Primera División|Primera División]]}} <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2014 |title=COQUIMBO UNIDO SE CORONÓ CAMPEÓN DEL CLAUSURA TRAS VENCER A CURICÓ UNIDO |trans-title=COQUIMBO UNIDO BECAME CHAMPION OF TORNEO CLAUSURA AFTER DEFEATING CURICÓ UNIDO |url=http://www.anfp.cl/noticia/21010/coquimbo-unido-se-corono-campeon-del-clausura-tras-vencer-a-curico-unido |access-date=15 March 2020 |publisher=[[Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional|ANFP]] |language=es}}</ref> ; Palasdinawa {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] cbn15wat29yb5ln3ok8nak9t4y4z1xe 964421 964419 2026-10-07T18:52:52Z Khaleel767 49732 964421 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Enzo Francesco Guerrero Segovia''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1991) tsohon [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|dan wasan kwallon kafa]] ne na Chilean wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida. == Ayyukan kulob din == An haife shi a Andacollo, Chile, Guerrero ya kasance tare da kungiyoyin Unión Placoro da Palestino na gida kafin ya shiga rukunin matasa na Coquimbo Unido a shekara ta 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=Enzo Guerrero, desde las canchas de tierra al profesionalismo |url=https://www.andacolloconectado.cl/index.php/enzo-guerrero-desde-las-canchas-de-tierra-al-profesionalismo/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=AndacolloConectado.cl |language=es}}</ref> Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, Guerrero ya buga wa kungiyar Ñublense ta Chile ta Primera División. <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=nublenseSADP|title=¡Ya es oficial!|access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, ya sauya zuwa Deportes La Serena a matakin na biyu. Bayan ya kasance wakilin kyauta a farkon rabin 2025, Guerrero ya sanya hannu tare da Lardin Ovalle a cikin Segunda División Profesional de Chile a ranar 21 ga Yuni na wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=San Martín |first=Lucas |date=22 June 2025 |title=Su fichaje en Primera B estaba cerrado, lo esperaban en la presentación y fue anunciado el mismo día en otro equipo |url=https://chile.as.com/futbol/su-fichaje-en-primera-b-estaba-cerrado-lo-esperaban-en-la-presentacion-y-fue-anunciado-el-mismo-dia-en-otro-equipo-n/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Maris 2026, Guerrero ya sanar da ritayar sa bayan shekaru 18. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya wakilci Chile U20 a gasar zakarun Amurka ta Kudu ta 2011, inda ya buga wasanni shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2010 |title=César Vaccia define nómina para el Sudamericano Sub 20 de Perú |url=https://www.latercera.com/noticia/cesar-vaccia-define-nomina-para-el-sudamericano-sub-20-de-peru/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |publisher=[[La Tercera]] |language=es}}</ref> == Daraja == ; Coquimbo United * Na farko B: 2014-C{{Efn|no promotion to [[Chilean Primera División|Primera División]]}} <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2014 |title=COQUIMBO UNIDO SE CORONÓ CAMPEÓN DEL CLAUSURA TRAS VENCER A CURICÓ UNIDO |trans-title=COQUIMBO UNIDO BECAME CHAMPION OF TORNEO CLAUSURA AFTER DEFEATING CURICÓ UNIDO |url=http://www.anfp.cl/noticia/21010/coquimbo-unido-se-corono-campeon-del-clausura-tras-vencer-a-curico-unido |access-date=15 March 2020 |publisher=[[Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional|ANFP]] |language=es}}</ref> ; Palasdinawa {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] d9wq4vhp4wx41v22wzqlcia4mtysu4e 964424 964421 2026-10-07T18:57:59Z Khaleel767 49732 964424 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Enzo Francesco Guerrero Segovia''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1991) tsohon dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Chilean wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida. == Ayyukan kulob din == An haife shi a Andacollo, Chile, Guerrero ya kasance tare da kungiyoyin Unión Placoro da Palestino na gida kafin ya shiga rukunin matasa na Coquimbo Unido a shekara ta 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2016 |title=Enzo Guerrero, desde las canchas de tierra al profesionalismo |url=https://www.andacolloconectado.cl/index.php/enzo-guerrero-desde-las-canchas-de-tierra-al-profesionalismo/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=AndacolloConectado.cl |language=es}}</ref> Daga 2021 zuwa 2023, Guerrero ya buga wa kungiyar Ñublense ta Chile ta Primera División.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=nublenseSADP|title=¡Ya es oficial!|access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref> A shekara ta 2024, ya sauya zuwa Deportes La Serena a matakin na biyu. Bayan ya kasance wakilin kyauta a farkon rabin 2025, Guerrero ya sanya hannu tare da Lardin Ovalle a cikin Segunda División Profesional de Chile a ranar 21 ga Yuni na wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=San Martín |first=Lucas |date=22 June 2025 |title=Su fichaje en Primera B estaba cerrado, lo esperaban en la presentación y fue anunciado el mismo día en otro equipo |url=https://chile.as.com/futbol/su-fichaje-en-primera-b-estaba-cerrado-lo-esperaban-en-la-presentacion-y-fue-anunciado-el-mismo-dia-en-otro-equipo-n/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 3 ga Maris 2026, Guerrero ya sanar da ritayar sa bayan shekaru 18. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ya wakilci Chile U20 a gasar zakarun Amurka ta Kudu ta 2011, inda ya buga wasanni shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2010 |title=César Vaccia define nómina para el Sudamericano Sub 20 de Perú |url=https://www.latercera.com/noticia/cesar-vaccia-define-nomina-para-el-sudamericano-sub-20-de-peru/ |access-date=16 March 2021 |publisher=[[La Tercera]] |language=es}}</ref> == Daraja == ; Coquimbo United * Na farko B: 2014-C{{Efn|no promotion to [[Chilean Primera División|Primera División]]}} <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2014 |title=COQUIMBO UNIDO SE CORONÓ CAMPEÓN DEL CLAUSURA TRAS VENCER A CURICÓ UNIDO |trans-title=COQUIMBO UNIDO BECAME CHAMPION OF TORNEO CLAUSURA AFTER DEFEATING CURICÓ UNIDO |url=http://www.anfp.cl/noticia/21010/coquimbo-unido-se-corono-campeon-del-clausura-tras-vencer-a-curico-unido |access-date=15 March 2020 |publisher=[[Asociación Nacional de Fútbol Profesional|ANFP]] |language=es}}</ref> ; Palasdinawa {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] 084d8cakix49f5mxrz53hnr8em5d26i 2 178495 964423 2026-10-07T18:54:46Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Abunihla001 = 964423 wikitext text/x-wiki = Abunihla001 = 59uvb21tmu50mbfg3hofahohp6rmk2u 0 178496 964427 2026-10-07T19:00:24Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377045475|List of domesticated animals]]" 964427 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin yana ba da '''jerin dabbobi na gida''', <ref name="Table of Domesticated Animals">{{Cite web |title=How did we ever manage to domesticate so many animals? |url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/dterms/a/domestication.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075011/http://archaeology.about.com/od/dterms/a/domestication.htm |archive-date=2011-07-07 |access-date=2009-04-23}}</ref> kuma ya haɗa da jerin dabba waɗanda suke ko suna iya kasancewa a halin yanzu suna fuskantar tsarin domestication da dabbobi waɗanda ke da dangantaka mai zurfi da mutane fiye da farauta mai sauƙi. Wannan ya haɗa da nau'o'in da aka yi amfani da su, ba a kula da su ba amma an tsara su a kan sikelin kasuwanci, ko kuma yawanci da aka kama a daji, aƙalla a wasu lokuta an tsare su, kuma ana iya sarrafa su. Don a dauke su akaisu cikin gidaje, yawancin jinsuna sun sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci na kwayoyin halitta,(((((includes species which are semi-domesticated, undomesticated but [[:en:Captive_breeding|captive-bred]] on a commercial scale, or commonly wild-caught, at least occasionally captive-bred, and [[:en:Tame_animal|tameable]]. In order to be considered fully domesticated, most species have undergone significant [[:en:Heredity|genetic]], [[:en:Behavior|behavioural]] and [[:en:Morphology_(biology)|morphological]] changes from their wild ancestors, while others have changed very little from their wild ancestors despite hundreds or thousands of years of potential [[:en:Selective_breeding|selective breeding]]. Many factors determine how quickly any changes may occur in a species, but there is not always a d())))))) halayyar hali da yanayin halittan su daga kakanninsu na daji, yayin da wasu suka canza kadan daga kakanninsu na daji duk da daruruwan ko dubban shekaru na yiwuwar zaɓaɓɓen kiwo. Abubuwa da yawa suna ƙayyade yadda saurin kowani canji zai iya faruwa a cikin jinsin, amma ba koyaushe akwai sha'awar inganta jinsin daga yanayin daji ba. Domestication tsari ne na sannu a hankali, don haka babu wani lokaci na ainihi a cikin tarihin jinsin da aka ba shi lokacin da za'a iya la'akari da shi ya zama cikakke. Zooarchaeology ya gano nau'o'i uku na dabbobin gida: [[File:Felis_catus-cat_on_snow.jpg|alt=A felis catus|thumb|Katin[[Kyanwa|cat]]]] # Dabbobi (dogs, [[Kyanwa|Cats]], ferrets, hamsters, da dai sauransu) # [[Dabbobin Kiwo|Dabbobi]] (kayan [[Saniya|shanu]], [[Rago|tumaki]], [[aladu]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], da dai sauransu) # Dabbobi masu aiki (dawakai, [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]], [[jaki]], da dai sauransu) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=T. Douglas |last2=Bar-Yosef |first2=Ofer |year=2011 |title=The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |pages=S163–S174 |doi=10.1086/659964 |s2cid=128906192}}</ref> == Dabbobi na gida == {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" !Species and subspecies !Wild ancestor ! data-sort-type="number" |Date !Location of origin !Purposes !Image !Changes from wild ancestor/ Notes !Extent in the wild vs. captivity !Taxon group |- |[[Kare|Domestic dog]] (''Canis familiaris'')<ref name="Gentry2004">{{Cite journal |last=Gentry, A. |last2=Clutton-Brock, J. |last3=Groves, C. P. |author-link3=Colin Groves |year=2004 |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]] |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=645–651 |bibcode=2004JArSc..31..645G |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006}}</ref> |Extinct Pleistocene population of the grey wolf (''Canis lupus'' ssp.)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fan |first=Zhenxin |last2=Silva |first2=Pedro |last3=Gronau |first3=Ilan |last4=Wang |first4=Shuoguo |last5=Armero |first5=Aitor Serres |last6=Schweizer |first6=Rena M. |last7=Ramirez |first7=Oscar |last8=Pollinger |first8=John |last9=Galaverni |first9=Marco |last10=Ortega Del-Vecchyo |first10=Diego |last11=Du |first11=Lianming |last12=Zhang |first12=Wenping |last13=Zhang |first13=Zhihe |last14=Xing |first14=Jinchuan |last15=Vilà |first15=Carles |year=2016 |title=Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=163–173 |doi=10.1101/gr.197517.115 |pmc=4728369 |pmid=26680994}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-29999" |13,000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sablin |first=Mikhail V. |last2=Khlopachev |first2=Gennady A. |year=2002 |title=The Earliest Ice Age Dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi 11 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=795–799 |doi=10.1086/344372 |s2cid=144574445}}</ref><ref name="thalmann2013" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ding |first=Z.-L. |last2=Oskarsson |first2=M. |last3=Ardalan |first3=A. |last4=Angleby |first4=H. |last5=Dahlgren |first5=L.-G. |last6=Tepeli |first6=C. |last7=Kirkness |first7=E. |last8=Savolainen |first8=P. |last9=Zhang |first9=Y.-P. |date=May 2012 |title=Origins of domestic dog in Southern East Asia is supported by analysis of Y-chromosome DNA |journal=Heredity |language=en |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=507–514 |bibcode=2012Hered.108..507D |doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.114 |issn=1365-2540 |pmc=3330686 |pmid=22108628}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Guo-Dong |last2=Zhai |first2=Weiwei |last3=Yang |first3=He-Chuan |last4=Wang |first4=Lu |last5=Zhong |first5=Li |last6=Liu |first6=Yan-Hu |last7=Fan |first7=Ruo-Xi |last8=Yin |first8=Ting-Ting |last9=Zhu |first9=Chun-Ling |last10=Poyarkov |first10=Andrei D. |last11=Irwin |first11=David M. |date=January 2016 |title=Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world |journal=Cell Research |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.1038/cr.2015.147 |issn=1748-7838 |pmc=4816135 |pmid=26667385}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crapon de Caprona |first=Marie-Dominique |last2=Savolainen |first2=Peter |date=2013 |title=Extensive Phenotypic Diversity among South Chinese Dogs |journal=ISRN Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=2013 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.5402/2013/621836 |s2cid=56914841 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Turai|Europe]]<ref name="thalmann2013">{{Cite journal |last=Thalmann |first=O. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |last3=Cui |first3=P. |last4=Schuenemann |first4=V. J. |last5=Sawyer |first5=S. K. |last6=Greenfield |first6=D. L. |last7=Germonpré |first7=M. B. |last8=Sablin |first8=M. V. |last9=López-Giráldez |first9=F. |last10=Domingo-Roura |first10=X. |last11=Napierala |first11=H. |last12=Uerpmann |first12=H. -P. |last13=Loponte |first13=D. M. |last14=Acosta |first14=A. A. |last15=Giemsch |first15=L. |display-authors=29 |year=2013 |title=Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6160 |pages=871–4 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..871T |doi=10.1126/science.1243650 |pmid=24233726 |s2cid=1526260}}</ref> in different places in Asia | style="text-align:center;" |meat, leather, fiber, hunting, herding, guarding, fighting, racing, working, rescuing, guiding, policing, draft, pack, sport, service, therapy, narcotics detection, truffle harvesting, pest control, research, education, show, pets |[[File:Pembroke_Welsh_Corgi_600.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame (with exceptions), significant physical changes, probably significant behavioral changes as well |Domestic and feral dogs both very common,<ref name="Coppinger, Ray 2001" /> ancestor or nearest wild relative less common, but not rare |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |[[Rago|Domestic sheep]] (''Ovis aries'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Possibly the Armenian mouflon (''Ovis gmelini gmelini'') | data-sort-value="-8900" |11 000 BCE to 9000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeder |first=Melinda A. |year=2008 |title=Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=105 |issue=33 |pages=11597–11604 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10511597Z |doi=10.1073/pnas.0801317105 |pmc=2575338 |pmid=18697943 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Anatolia, [[Iran]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, fiber, leather, hides, pelts, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical changes |Common in captivity, threatened in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Aladu|Domestic pig]] (''Sus domesticus'') |Anatolian boar (''Sus scrofa libycus''),<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2017 |title=The Domestication of Pigs - Sus scrofa's Two Distinct Histories |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-domestication-of-pigs-170665 |access-date=26 July 2017 |publisher=[[ThoughtCo]]}}</ref> Northern Chinese boar (''Sus scrofa moupinensis'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2005 |title=Pig Domestication in Ancient China |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/en/Research_work/Archaeological_sciences_and_tec/2013/1025/30259.html |access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-9005" |9400 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giuffra |first=E. |last2=Kijas |first2=J. M. |last3=Amarger |first3=V. |last4=Carlborg |first4=O. |last5=Jeon |first5=J. T. |last6=Andersson |first6=L. |year=2000 |title=The origin of the domestic pig: Independent domestication and subsequent introgression |journal=Genetics |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=1785–91 |doi=10.1093/genetics/154.4.1785 |pmc=1461048 |pmid=10747069}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Dobney |first2=Keith |author-link2=Keith Dobney |last3=Albarella |first3=Umberto |last4=Fang |first4=Meiying |last5=Matisoo-Smith |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Robins |first6=Judith |last7=Lowden |first7=Stewart |last8=Finlayson |first8=Heather |last9=Brand |first9=Tina |last10=Willerslev |first10=Eske |last11=Rowley-Conwy |first11=Peter |last12=Andersson |first12=Leif |last13=Cooper |first13=Alan |year=2005 |title=Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1572125 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5715 |pages=1618–21 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1618L |doi=10.1126/science.1106927 |pmid=15761152 |s2cid=39923483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frantz |first=Laurent A F. |last2=Schraiber |first2=Joshua G. |last3=Madsen |first3=Ole |last4=Megens |first4=Hendrik-Jan |last5=Cagan |first5=Alex |last6=Bosse |first6=Mirte |last7=Paudel |first7=Yogesh |last8=Crooijmans |first8=Richard P M A. |last9=Larson |first9=Greger |last10=Groenen |first10=Martien A M. |year=2015 |title=Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1141–1148 |doi=10.1038/ng.3394 |pmid=26323058 |s2cid=205350534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hotchner |first=Tracie |date=October 14, 2014 |title=The Pig Pet Idea Project: Plausible or Unimaginable? |url=http://www.radiopetlady.com/radio-pet-lady-blog/info/the-pig-pet-idea-project-plausible-or-unimaginable/ |access-date=22 January 2018 |website=Radio Pet Lady Network |publisher=[[Radio Pet Lady Network]]}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]], [[Yammacin Asiya|Western Asia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, leather, tusks, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, truffle harvesting, weed control, research, show, pets |[[File:Sow_with_piglet.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical changes |Common in the wild, much more common in captivity, feral populations common in some areas |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Saniya|European cattle]] or taurine cattle (''Bos taurus'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cailey Rizzo |title=Junkyard Owner Replaces Guard Dogs With Two Fighting Bulls Because It's Spain |url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/animals/junkyard-bulls-spain |website=www.travelandleisure.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Govan |first=Fiona |date=26 October 2016 |title=Bulls replace guard dogs at scrap yard in Valencia |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20161026/bulls-replace-guard-dogs-at-scrap-yard-in-valencia |website=www.thelocal.es}}</ref> |Eurasian aurochs (''Bos primigenius primigenius'')† | data-sort-value="-8000" |8500 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wendorf |first=Fred |last2=Schild |first2=Romuald |year=1998 |title=Nabta Playa and its Role in Northeastern African Prehistory |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=97–123 |doi=10.1006/jaar.1998.0319}}</ref><ref>Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/LABOS/UMR/serveur/recherche/pruvost.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626225631/http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/LABOS/UMR/serveur/recherche/pruvost.html |archive-date=2009-06-26 |access-date=2009-04-17}}, {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of cattle farming in China uncovered |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131108091027.htm |access-date=2020-01-16 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> [[Yammacin Asiya|Western Asia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, leather, hides, fiber, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, draft, mount, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, weed control, worship, show, pets |[[File:Koe_in_weiland_bij_Gorssel.JPG|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes. Some female breeds featuring larger, pronounced udder |Very common in captivity, wild relatives extinct, feral populations fairly common |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Akwiya|Domestic goat]] (''Capra hircus'') |Bezoar ibex (''Capra aegagrus aegagrus'') | data-sort-value="-10000" |8000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeder |first=Melinda A. |year=2011 |title=The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |pages=S221–S235 |doi=10.1086/659307 |s2cid=8202907}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vigne |first=Jean-Denis |year=2011 |title=The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: A major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere |url=https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009/ |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |volume=334 |issue=3 |pages=171–181 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009 |pmid=21377611 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guard Goat |url=http://www.eatwell.com/blog/2015/4/8/guard-goat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072222/http://www.eatwell.com/blog/2015/4/8/guard-goat |archive-date=2018-01-23 |access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Iran]] | style="text-align:center;" |milk, meat, fiber, skin, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, clearing land, show, pets |[[File:Capra,_Crete_4.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in captivity, threatened in the wild, feral populations common |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Zebu, Brahman cattle, indicine cattle or humped cattle (''Bos indicus'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Indian aurochs (''Bos primigenius namadicus'')† | data-sort-value="-8000" |8000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, leather, hides, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, show, pets |[[File:Female_zebu_cattle.JPG|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Common in captivity, wild relatives extinct |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Kyanwa|Domestic cat]] or house cat (''Felis catus'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Common North African wildcat (''Felis lybica lybica'')<ref name="Driscoll07">{{Cite journal |last=Driscoll |first=C. A. |last2=Menotti-Raymond |first2=M. |last3=Roca |first3=A. L. |last4=Hupe |first4=K. |last5=Johnson |first5=W. E. |last6=Geffen |first6=E. |last7=Harley |first7=E. H. |last8=Delibes |first8=M. |last9=Pontier |first9=D. |last10=Kitchener |first10=A. C. |last11=Yamaguchi |first11=N. |last12=O'Brien |first12=S. J. |last13=Macdonald |first13=D. W. |date=2007 |title=The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=317 |issue=5837 |pages=519–523 |bibcode=2007Sci...317..519D |doi=10.1126/science.1139518 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=5612713 |pmid=17600185}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-7900" |8000–7500 BCE<ref name="Driscoll07" /> | style="text-align:center;" |the Near East | style="text-align:center;" |meat, pelts, pest control, research, show, pets |[[File:Jammlich_crop.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Very abundant in captivity; true wildcat species less abundant, though not rare, feral populations very common |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |[[Kaza|Domestic chicken]] (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') |Indian red junglefowl (''Gallus gallus murghi'') with some contribution from the grey junglefowl (''Gallus sonneratii'') | data-sort-value="-6000" |6000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=West |first=Barbara |last2=Zhou |first2=Ben-Xiong |year=1989 |title=Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication |journal=World's Poultry Science Journal |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=205–218 |doi=10.1079/WPS19890012}}</ref>1650 to 1250 BCE<ref>{{Cite web |title=PNAS |url=https://www.pnas.org/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=PNAS |language=en |doi=10.1073/pnas.2121978119 |pmc=9214543 |pmid=35666876}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|India]] and Southeast Asia/Thailand<ref>{{Cite web |title=PNAS |url=https://www.pnas.org/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=PNAS |language=en |doi=10.1073/pnas.2121978119 |pmc=9214543 |pmid=35666876}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, leather, manure, guarding, alarming, fighting, racing, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Poltava_chicken_breed_female.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical changes, considerable reproductive changes |Extremely common in captivity, common in the wild |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus'') |Montane guinea pig (''Cavia tschudii'') | data-sort-value="-5000" |5000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peru]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets |[[File:Caviaklein.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity |'''1d''' ''Rodentia'' |- |[[Jaki|Domestic donkey]], domestic ass or burro (''Equus asinus'') |African wild ass (''Equus africanus''), including subspecies Nubian (''E. a. africanus'') and Somali wild ass (''E. a. somaliensis'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 17, 2010 |title=Identity of Pompeii's mystery horse revealed |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/identity-of-pompeii%E2%80%99s-mystery-horse-revealed |access-date=30 September 2017 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-5000" |5000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beja-Pereira, Albano |display-authors=etal |date=18 June 2004 |title=African Origins of the Domestic Donkey |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=1781 |page=1781 |doi=10.1126/science.1096008 |pmid=15205528 |s2cid=12783335 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Roger Blench, {{Cite web |title=The history and spread of donkeys in Africa |url=https://www.animaltraction.net/donkeys/donkeys-blench-history.pdf}}&nbsp;{{Small|(235&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Nubia | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, manure, working, plowing, guarding, racing, draft, pack, mount, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Donkey_1_arp_750px.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Somewhat common in captivity and as feral populations, wild relatives critically endangered |'''1e''' ''Other mammals'' |- |Gayal or Mithun (''Bos frontalis'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Gaur (''Bos gaurus'') with significant introgression from other ''Bos'' species<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu1 |first=Dong-Dong |last2=Ding |first2=Xiang-Dong |last3=Wang |first3=Sheng |last4=Wójcik |first4=Jan M. |last5=Zhang |first5=Yi |last6=Tokarska |first6=Małgorzata |last7=Li |first7=Yan |last8=Wang |first8=Ming-Shan |last9=Faruque |first9=Omar |last10=Nielsen |first10=Rasmus |last11=Zhang |first11=Qin |last12=Zhang |first12=Ya-Ping |date=July 2018 |title=Pervasive introgression facilitated domestication and adaptation in the Bos species complex |url=https://nielsen-lab.github.io/pdfs/papers/bos.pdf |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=1139–1145 |bibcode=2018NatEE...2.1139W |doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0562-y |pmid=29784979 |s2cid=29154258 |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-5000" |5000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Mohan |last2=Baruah |first2=K K |last3=Rajkhowa |first3=C |date=1 January 2014 |title=Mithun: An Animal of Indian Pride |url=https://www.lrrd.org/lrrd26/1/mond26006.html#:~:text=Mithun%20is%20considered%20as%20the,an%20individual%20in%20the%20society. |journal=Livestock Research for Rural Development |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=6 |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Southeast Asia, Northeast India | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, horns, dung |[[File:Bos_gaurus_(Gayal)_male.JPG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Somewhat common in captivity, threatened in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic duck (''Anas platyrhynchos domesticus'') |[[Kwakkwa|Common mallard]] (''Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos'') | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Pekin_Ducks_cropped.jpg|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Very common in captivity, widespread wild populations |'''2a''' ''Anseriformes'' |- |Domestic water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Wild water buffalo (''Bubalus arnee'') | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|India]], Mainland Southeast Asia, [[Filipin|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, mount, lawn mowing, show |[[File:Water_Buffalo,_Phayao_Lake.jpg|130x130px]] |Mainly unchanged from the wild animal |Common in captivity, endangered in the wild, feral populations common in parts of Australia and South America |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Dromedary or Arabian camel (''Camelus dromedarius'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2015 |title=This is why people drink camel urine |url=https://metro.co.uk/2015/06/11/bad-news-for-anyone-who-likes-to-drink-camel-urine-5240920/ |access-date=18 February 2020 |publisher=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]}}</ref> |Unknown | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Yankin Larabawa|Arabia]], the Horn of Africa | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, urine, racing, hunting, pack, mount, show, pets |[[File:Camelcalf-feeding.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, few physical changes |Moderately common in captivity, small feral population in original range, significant feral population in Australia, truly wild dromedaries may be extinct |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Western honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') including subspecies German (''A. m. mellifera''), Italian (''A. m. ligustica''), Carniolan (''A. m. carnica''), Caucasian (''A. m. caucasia''), Greek (''A. m. cecropia''), Saharan (''A. m. sahariensis'') and Egyptian honey bees (''A. m. lamarckii'') | align="center" | - | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE <small>(the modern era for ''A. m. mellifera'', the 1880s for ''A. m. ligustica'', uncertain for ''A. m. carnica'', ''A. m. caucasia'', ''A. m. cecropia'', ''A. m. sahariensis'' and ''A. m. lamarckii'')</small> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Turai|Europe]] (including [[Jamus|Germany]], [[Italiya|Italy]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Greece]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] and the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]), [[Georgia]], [[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] | style="text-align:center;" |honey, wax, propolis, bee brood, royal jelly, venom, pollen, pollination, research |[[File:Bee-apis.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical and behavioral changes, actual domestication status is still a point of contention<ref>{{Cite web |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref> |Very common in captivity, feral populations common, extent of status in the wild unclear; see Western honey bee for details |'''6a''' ''Hymenoptera'' |- |Domestic horse (''Equus caballus'') |Extinct unknown population of the wild horse (''Equus ferus''), possibly the tarpan or European wild horse (''E. f. ferus'')†<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2016 |title=The Genetic History of Horses |url=https://genestogenomes.org/the-genetic-history-of-horses/ |access-date=22 August 2017 |publisher=[[Genes to Genomes]]}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-3500" |4000-3500 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warmuth |first=Vera |last2=Eriksson |first2=Anders |last3=Bower |first3=Mim Ann |last4=Barker |first4=Graeme |last5=Barrett |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Hanks |first6=Bryan Kent |last7=Li |first7=Shuicheng |last8=Lomitashvili |first8=David |last9=Ochir-Goryaeva |first9=Maria |last10=Sizonov |first10=Grigory V. |last11=Soyonov |first11=Vasiliy |last12=Manica |first12=Andrea |date=2012 |title=Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe |journal=PNAS |volume=109 |issue=21 |pages=8202–8206 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1111122109 |pmc=3361400 |pmid=22566639 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] or [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]] | style="text-align:center;" |milk, meat, leather, hair, manure, working, plowing, fighting, racing, servicing, guiding, draft, pack, mount, execution, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical changes, mainly in colouration |Common in captivity, very rare in the wild, feral populations common |'''1e''' ''Other mammals'' |- |Bali cattle (''Bos javanicus domesticus'') |Banteng (''Bos javanicus'')<ref name="BaliCattle1" /> | data-sort-value="-3500" |3500 BCE<ref name="BaliCattle1">{{Cite journal |last=Mohamad |first=Kusdiantoro |last2=Olsson |first2=Mia |last3=van Tol |first3=Helena T. A. |last4=Mikko |first4=Sofia |last5=Vlamings |first5=Bart H. |last6=Andersson |first6=Göran |last7=Rodríguez-Martínez |first7=Heriberto |last8=Purwantara |first8=Bambang |last9=Paling |first9=Robert W. |date=2009-05-13 |title=On the Origin of Indonesian Cattle |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=5 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5490M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005490 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=2677627 |pmid=19436739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Bali, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, draft, show |[[File:Banteng_Domesticated_Bali_Bull.PNG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in captivity, endangered in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic silkmoth (''Bombyx mori'') |Wild silkmoth (''Bombyx mandarina'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |3000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]] | style="text-align:center;" |silk, animal feed, pets |[[File:Silkworms3000px.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame/held in captivity, some physical changes, flightless |Fairly common in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear |'''6b''' ''Lepidoptera'' |- |Eri silkmoth (''Samia ricini'') |Ailanthus silkmoth (''Samia cynthia'') and wild eri silkmoth (''Samia canningi'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |date uncertain | style="text-align:center;" |[[Indiya|India]] | style="text-align:center;" |silk, pets |[[File:At_Mariposario_del_Drago_2022_006.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame/held in captivity, some physical changes |Common in captivity |'''6b''' ''Lepidoptera'' |- |Domestic pigeon (''Columba livia domestica'') |[[Tantabara|Rock dove]] (''Columba livia'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |3000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |the Mediterranean Basin | style="text-align:center;" |meat, manure, racing, messenger, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Homing_pigeon.jpg|130x130px]] |Artificially selected and bred into many varieties including meat breeds, racing/messenger breeds and fancy plumage breeds |Relatively common in captivity, very common in the wild, feral populations extremely abundant |'''2c''' ''Columbiformes'' |- |Domestic goose and domestic swan goose (''Anser anser domesticus'' and ''A. cygnoides domesticus'') |Greylag goose (''Anser anser'') and swan goose (''A. cygnoides'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |3000 BCE for ''A. anser'', date uncertain for ''A. cygnoides'' | style="text-align:center;" |[[Misra|Egypt]] (''A. anser''), [[Sin|China]] (''A. cygnoides'') | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Neugierige_Hausgans.JPG|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2a''' ''Anseriformes'' |- |Domestic yak (''Bos grunniens'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Wild yak (''Bos mutus'') | data-sort-value="-2500" |2500 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |Tibet, [[Nepal]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, fiber, horns, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, pack, mount, show, pets |[[File:The_Yak.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Fairly common in captivity; threatened in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic Bactrian camel (''Camelus bactrianus'') |Wild Bactrian camel (''Camelus ferus'') | data-sort-value="-2500" |2500 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Tsakiyar Asiya|Central Asia]] ([[Afghanistan]]) | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, hair, dung, pack, mount, show, pets |[[File:Temee.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, few physical changes |Moderately common in captivity, critically endangered in the wild |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Llama (''Lama glama'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Guanaco (''Lama guanicoe cacsilensis'') | data-sort-value="-2400" |2400 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peru]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, fiber, manure, working, guarding, racing, draft, pack, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Pack_llamas_posing_near_Muir_Trail.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Fairly common in the wild and in captivity |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Alpaca (''Lama pacos'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Vicuña (''Lama vicugna mensalis'')<ref name="books.google" /> | data-sort-value="-2400" |2400 BCE<ref name="wichita1" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peru]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, fiber, manure, guarding, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Corazon_Full.jpg|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Fairly common in the wild and in captivity |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic guineafowl (''Numida meleagris domesticus'') |West African helmeted guineafowl (''Numida meleagris galeatus'') | data-sort-value="-2400" |2400 BCE<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea fowl |url=http://www.thecozynest.com/guinea_fowl.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623052252/http://www.thecozynest.com/guinea_fowl.htm |archive-date=2010-06-23 |access-date=2010-01-25 |website=www.thecozynest.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, show, pets |[[File:Domesticated_Guineafowl_-_geograph.org.uk_-_543901.jpg|130x130px]] |Mainly unaltered from the wild population |Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Fuegian dog or Yaghan dog†<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrigh |first=Romina S. |last2=Fugassa |first2=Martín H. |date=December 13, 2013 |title=Molecular identification of a Fuegian dog belonging to the Fagnano Regional Museum ethnographic collection, Tierra del Fuego |url=http://fulltext.study/preview/pdf/1041543.pdf |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |volume=317 |pages=14–18 |bibcode=2013QuInt.317...14P |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.030 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220121042/http://fulltext.study/preview/pdf/1041543.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=September 2, 2020}}</ref> |Culpeo or Andean fox (''Lycalopex culpaeus'') | data-sort-value="-9999" |date uncertain<ref>{{Cite book|last3=:fr:Louis-Ferdinand Martial}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Argentina]], [[Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" |hunting, guarding, warmth, pets |[[File:Fuegian_dog_(1863).jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Extinct |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |Domestic ferret (''Mustela furo'') |Common polecat (''Mustela putorius putorius'') and Mediterranean polecat (''M. p. aureola'') | data-sort-value="-1500" |1500 BCE<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glover |first=James |title=The Ancestry Of The Domestic Ferret |url=http://www.petpeoplesplace.com/resources/advice/small/117-ancestry-of-domestic-ferret.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102407/http://www.petpeoplesplace.com/resources/advice/small/117-ancestry-of-domestic-ferret.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2006-09-12 |publisher=PetPeoplesPlace.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]], Iberia | style="text-align:center;" |hunting, racing, pest control, show, pets |[[File:Ferret_2008.png|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Common in captivity, somewhat common in the wild, feral populations rare |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |Domestic Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata domestica'') |Wild Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata sylvestris'') | data-sort-value="-690" |700–600 BCE<ref name="wichita1" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets |[[File:MuscovyDuck.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical changes |Common in captivity, feral populations rare |'''2a''' ''Anseriformes'' |- |Barbary dove or ringed turtle dove (''Streptopelia risoria'') |African collared dove (''Streptopelia roseogrisea'') | data-sort-value="-500" |500 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, show, pets |[[File:Feral_Barbary_Dove.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in both captivity and feral populations |'''2c''' ''Columbiformes'' |- |Domestic turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo domesticus'') |South Mexican wild turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo'') | data-sort-value="180" |180 CE<ref name="wichita1" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets |[[File:White_turkeys.jpg|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Goldfish (''Carassius auratus'') |Prussian carp ''(Carassius gibelio)'' | data-sort-value="300" |300 CE to 400 CE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]] | style="text-align:center;" |racing, pest control, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Gullfiskur.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, significant physical changes |Very common and abundant in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear |'''5a''' ''Cyprinidae'' |- |Domestic rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus'') |Iberian rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2014 |title=New study reveals how wild rabbits were genetically transformed into tame rabbits |url=https://phys.org/news/2014-08-reveals-wild-rabbits-genetically.html |access-date=6 July 2017 |publisher=[[Phys]]}}</ref> | data-sort-value="600" |600 CE<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2005 |title=Interesting Rabbit Domestication History |url=http://www.albc-usa.org/news/sept1a_05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153939/http://www.albc-usa.org/news/sept1a_05.html |archive-date=Oct 5, 2023 |website=The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Turai|Europe]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, fiber, pelts, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets |[[File:EnglishSpotRabbitChocolate1(cropped).jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, significant physical changes |Common in captivity, rare in native habitat, common in introduced range |'''1e''' ''Other mammals'' |- |Koi (''Cyprinus rubrofuscus'') |Amur carp (''Cyprinus rubrofuscus'') | data-sort-value="1000" |the 11th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Ojiya_Nishikigoi_no_Sato_ac_(3).jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, considerable physical changes |Fairly common in captivity, threatened in the wild |'''5a''' ''Cyprinidae'' |- |- |Japanese quail (''Coturnix japonica'') or Domesticated quail |Japanese quail (''Coturnix japonica'') | data-sort-value="1000" |the 11~12th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, research, pets |[[File:Japanese_Quail.jpg|161x161px]] |considerable physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Domestic canary (''Serinus canaria domestica'') |Wild canary (''Serinus canaria canaria'') | data-sort-value="1450" |the 15th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |the [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Canary Islands]], [[Turai|Europe]] | style="text-align:center;" |coal mining, fighting, research, show, pets |[[File:Zwei_Kanarienvögel.JPG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2d''' ''Passeriformes'' |- |Society finch or Bengalese finch (''Lonchura striata domestica'') |White-rumped munia or striated finch (''Lonchura striata swinhoei'') with some contribution from the Indian silverbill or white-throated munia (''Euodice malabarica'') | data-sort-value="1717" |unknown, may have been introduced to Japan sometime around the early 18th century CE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Svanberg |first=Ingvar |year=2008 |title=Towards a cultural history of the Bengalese Finch (''Lonchura domestica'') |journal=Der Zoologische Garten |volume=77 |issue=5–6 |pages=334–344 |bibcode=2008DZGar..77..334S |doi=10.1016/j.zoolgart.2008.05.003}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |pets, show, research |[[File:Rbruni.JPG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Fairly common in captivity; both parent species common in the wild |'''2d''' ''Passeriformes'' |- |Fancy mouse or laboratory mouse (''Mus musculus domestica'') |Western European house mouse (''Mus musculus domesticus''), Japanese house mouse (''Mus musculus molossinus'') | data-sort-value="1600" |1100 BCE (China), then the 17th century CE (Europe),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royer |first=Nichole |date=Feb 23, 2015 |title=The History of Fancy Mice |url=https://www.afrma.org/historymse.htm |access-date=2015-12-25 |website=American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association}}</ref> the 18th Century (Japan) | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]], [[Turai|Europe]], [[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |animal feed, racing, research, show, pets |[[File:Minimouse.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, significant physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''1d''' ''Rodentia'' |- |Fancy rat or laboratory rat (''Rattus norvegicus domestica'') |Brown rat (''Rattus norvegicus'') | data-sort-value="1840" |the 19th century CE<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royer |first=Nichole |date=February 23, 2015 |title=The History of Fancy Rats |url=https://www.afrma.org/historyrat.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313223915/https://www.afrma.org/historyrat.htm |archive-date=Mar 13, 2024 |website=American Fancy Rat & Mouse Association}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] | style="text-align:center;" |animal feed, research, show, pets |[[File:Ratte-Vache.jpeg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical and psychological changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''1d''' ''Rodentia'' |- |Domestic mink (''Neogale vison domesticus'')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Decuypere |first=E. |title=Is the Mink Domesticated? |url=http://www.fureurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Annex2-Mink-Domestication-E.Decuypere-April-2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317143748/http://www.fureurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Annex2-Mink-Domestication-E.Decuypere-April-2010.pdf |archive-date=March 17, 2017}}</ref> |Eastern mink (''Neogale vison vison''), Kenai mink (''N. v. melampeplus'') and Alaskan mink (''N. v. ingens'') | data-sort-value="1845" |Early 1860s | style="text-align:center;" |Cassadaga Lakes, New York | style="text-align:center;" |fur, hunting, pest control, pets |[[File:Norka_amerykańska_(neovison_vison)_(cropped).jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical and psychological changes |Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |Domesticated silver fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') |Red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') | data-sort-value="1951" |late 19th century to 20th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |Prince Edward Island/[[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet Union]] ([[Rasha|Russia]])<ref name="Statham2011">{{Cite journal |last=Statham |first=Mark J. |last2=Trut |first2=Lyudmila N. |last3=Sacks |first3=Ben N. |last4=Kharlamova |first4=Anastasiya V. |last5=Oskina |first5=Irina N. |last6=Gulevich |first6=Rimma G. |last7=Johnson |first7=Jennifer L. |last8=Temnykh |first8=Svetlana V. |last9=Acland |first9=Gregory M. |last10=Kukekova |first10=Anna V. |date=May 2011 |title=On the origin of a domesticated species: identifying the parent population of Russian silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes): THE ORIGIN OF RUSSIAN SILVER FOXES |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=168–175 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01629.x |pmc=3101803 |pmid=21625363}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |fur, pelts, research, pets |[[File:Silberfuchs_08.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical changes |Very small domestic population, wild relatives fairly common |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |} == Tame, dabbobin da aka yi da su a gida, da kuma dabbobin == Saboda wasu siffofi da ba a bayyana su ba game da abin da ke tattare da domestication, akwai wasu nau'o'in da za a iya ko kuma ba za a iya zama cikakke ba. Har ila yau, akwai wasu nau'o'in da mutane ke amfani da su sosai don kasuwanci, amma ba a canza su sosai daga nau'in dabbobi na daji ba. Dabbobi da yawa a kan wannan tebur na biyu aƙalla sun ɗan canza daga nau'ukan dabbobi na daji saboda hulɗarsu mai yawa da mutane, ko da yake ba har zuwa inda ake ɗaukar su a matsayin siffofi daban-daban ba (saboda haka, babu kakannin daji daban-daban da aka lura) ko kuma ba za su iya tsira ba idan an sake gabatar da su cikin daji. Kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin shafi na rukuni na Taxon sune: * '''1a:''' ''Artiodactyla'' ban da ''Bovidae'', '''1b:''' ''Bovidae'', 3c: Carnivora, '''1d:''' Rodentia, 1e: ''Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa'' * 2a: Anseriformes, '''2b:''' Galliformes, '''2c:''' Columbiformes, '''2d:''' Passeriformes, na 2: ''Psittaciformes'', '''2f:''' ''Palaeognathae'', '''2g:''' Accipitridae, 2h: ''Sauran [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]]'' * '''3a:''' Macizai, '''3b:''' ''[[Kadangare|Lacertilia]]'', '''3c:''' ''[[Afifiya|Testudines]]'', '''3d:''' ''Sauran Dabbobi masu rarrafe'' * '''4a:''' ''[[Kwaɗo|Anura]]'', '''4b:''' Sauran amphibians''Sauran dabbobi masu rai da ruwa'' * '''5a:''' ''Cyprinidae'', '''5b:''' ''Carangiforms'' ''', 5c:''' ''Anabantiforms'', '''5d:''' ''Salmonidae'', 5e: ''Sauran [[kifi]]'' * '''6a:''' ''Hymenoptera'', '''6b:''' ''Lepidoptera'', 7c: ''[[Kyankyaso|Blattodea]]'', '''6d:''' ''Sauran kwari'', 6e: Sauran arthropods''Sauran [[Arthropod|ƙwayoyin cuta]]'' * '''7a:''' ''Mollusca'', '''7b:''' ''Annelida'', '''7c:''' ''Sauran [[Dabba|Dabbobi]]'' == Dubi kuma == * Jerin shuke-shuke na gida * Jerin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta == Bayanan da aka ambata == 7rdxmryyrkxcfpwikhva7wmeh5acjlv 964430 964427 2026-10-07T19:01:58Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 964430 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin yana ba da '''jerin dabbobi na gida''', <ref name="Table of Domesticated Animals">{{Cite web |title=How did we ever manage to domesticate so many animals? |url=http://archaeology.about.com/od/dterms/a/domestication.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707075011/http://archaeology.about.com/od/dterms/a/domestication.htm |archive-date=2011-07-07 |access-date=2009-04-23}}</ref> kuma ya haɗa da jerin dabba waɗanda suke ko suna iya kasancewa a halin yanzu suna fuskantar tsarin domestication da dabbobi waɗanda ke da dangantaka mai zurfi da mutane fiye da farauta mai sauƙi. Wannan ya haɗa da nau'o'in da aka yi amfani da su, ba a kula da su ba amma an tsara su a kan sikelin kasuwanci, ko kuma yawanci da aka kama a daji, aƙalla a wasu lokuta an tsare su, kuma ana iya sarrafa su. Don a dauke su akaisu cikin gidaje, yawancin jinsuna sun sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci na kwayoyin halitta, halayyar hali da yanayin halittan su daga kakanninsu na daji, yayin da wasu suka canza kadan daga kakanninsu na daji duk da daruruwan ko dubban shekaru na yiwuwar zaɓaɓɓen kiwo. Abubuwa da yawa suna ƙayyade yadda saurin kowani canji zai iya faruwa a cikin jinsin, amma ba koyaushe akwai sha'awar inganta jinsin daga yanayin daji ba. Domestication tsari ne na sannu a hankali, don haka babu wani lokaci na ainihi a cikin tarihin jinsin da aka ba shi lokacin da za'a iya la'akari da shi ya zama cikakke. Zooarchaeology ya gano nau'o'i uku na dabbobin gida: [[File:Felis_catus-cat_on_snow.jpg|alt=A felis catus|thumb|Katin[[Kyanwa|cat]]]] # Dabbobi (dogs, [[Kyanwa|Cats]], ferrets, hamsters, da dai sauransu) # [[Dabbobin Kiwo|Dabbobi]] (kayan [[Saniya|shanu]], [[Rago|tumaki]], [[aladu]], [[Akwiya|awaki]], da dai sauransu) # Dabbobi masu aiki (dawakai, [[Raƙumi|raƙuma]], [[jaki]], da dai sauransu) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Price |first=T. Douglas |last2=Bar-Yosef |first2=Ofer |year=2011 |title=The Origins of Agriculture: New Data, New Ideas |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |pages=S163–S174 |doi=10.1086/659964 |s2cid=128906192}}</ref> == Dabbobi na gida == {| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" !Species and subspecies !Wild ancestor ! data-sort-type="number" |Date !Location of origin !Purposes !Image !Changes from wild ancestor/ Notes !Extent in the wild vs. captivity !Taxon group |- |[[Kare|Domestic dog]] (''Canis familiaris'')<ref name="Gentry2004">{{Cite journal |last=Gentry, A. |last2=Clutton-Brock, J. |last3=Groves, C. P. |author-link3=Colin Groves |year=2004 |title=The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives |url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/129/1297897712.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Archaeological Science]] |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=645–651 |bibcode=2004JArSc..31..645G |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006}}</ref> |Extinct Pleistocene population of the grey wolf (''Canis lupus'' ssp.)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fan |first=Zhenxin |last2=Silva |first2=Pedro |last3=Gronau |first3=Ilan |last4=Wang |first4=Shuoguo |last5=Armero |first5=Aitor Serres |last6=Schweizer |first6=Rena M. |last7=Ramirez |first7=Oscar |last8=Pollinger |first8=John |last9=Galaverni |first9=Marco |last10=Ortega Del-Vecchyo |first10=Diego |last11=Du |first11=Lianming |last12=Zhang |first12=Wenping |last13=Zhang |first13=Zhihe |last14=Xing |first14=Jinchuan |last15=Vilà |first15=Carles |year=2016 |title=Worldwide patterns of genomic variation and admixture in gray wolves |journal=Genome Research |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=163–173 |doi=10.1101/gr.197517.115 |pmc=4728369 |pmid=26680994}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-29999" |13,000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sablin |first=Mikhail V. |last2=Khlopachev |first2=Gennady A. |year=2002 |title=The Earliest Ice Age Dogs: Evidence from Eliseevichi 11 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=795–799 |doi=10.1086/344372 |s2cid=144574445}}</ref><ref name="thalmann2013" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ding |first=Z.-L. |last2=Oskarsson |first2=M. |last3=Ardalan |first3=A. |last4=Angleby |first4=H. |last5=Dahlgren |first5=L.-G. |last6=Tepeli |first6=C. |last7=Kirkness |first7=E. |last8=Savolainen |first8=P. |last9=Zhang |first9=Y.-P. |date=May 2012 |title=Origins of domestic dog in Southern East Asia is supported by analysis of Y-chromosome DNA |journal=Heredity |language=en |volume=108 |issue=5 |pages=507–514 |bibcode=2012Hered.108..507D |doi=10.1038/hdy.2011.114 |issn=1365-2540 |pmc=3330686 |pmid=22108628}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Guo-Dong |last2=Zhai |first2=Weiwei |last3=Yang |first3=He-Chuan |last4=Wang |first4=Lu |last5=Zhong |first5=Li |last6=Liu |first6=Yan-Hu |last7=Fan |first7=Ruo-Xi |last8=Yin |first8=Ting-Ting |last9=Zhu |first9=Chun-Ling |last10=Poyarkov |first10=Andrei D. |last11=Irwin |first11=David M. |date=January 2016 |title=Out of southern East Asia: the natural history of domestic dogs across the world |journal=Cell Research |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=21–33 |doi=10.1038/cr.2015.147 |issn=1748-7838 |pmc=4816135 |pmid=26667385}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crapon de Caprona |first=Marie-Dominique |last2=Savolainen |first2=Peter |date=2013 |title=Extensive Phenotypic Diversity among South Chinese Dogs |journal=ISRN Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=2013 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.5402/2013/621836 |s2cid=56914841 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Turai|Europe]]<ref name="thalmann2013">{{Cite journal |last=Thalmann |first=O. |last2=Shapiro |first2=B. |last3=Cui |first3=P. |last4=Schuenemann |first4=V. J. |last5=Sawyer |first5=S. K. |last6=Greenfield |first6=D. L. |last7=Germonpré |first7=M. B. |last8=Sablin |first8=M. V. |last9=López-Giráldez |first9=F. |last10=Domingo-Roura |first10=X. |last11=Napierala |first11=H. |last12=Uerpmann |first12=H. -P. |last13=Loponte |first13=D. M. |last14=Acosta |first14=A. A. |last15=Giemsch |first15=L. |display-authors=29 |year=2013 |title=Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs |journal=Science |volume=342 |issue=6160 |pages=871–4 |bibcode=2013Sci...342..871T |doi=10.1126/science.1243650 |pmid=24233726 |s2cid=1526260}}</ref> in different places in Asia | style="text-align:center;" |meat, leather, fiber, hunting, herding, guarding, fighting, racing, working, rescuing, guiding, policing, draft, pack, sport, service, therapy, narcotics detection, truffle harvesting, pest control, research, education, show, pets |[[File:Pembroke_Welsh_Corgi_600.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame (with exceptions), significant physical changes, probably significant behavioral changes as well |Domestic and feral dogs both very common,<ref name="Coppinger, Ray 2001" /> ancestor or nearest wild relative less common, but not rare |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |[[Rago|Domestic sheep]] (''Ovis aries'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Possibly the Armenian mouflon (''Ovis gmelini gmelini'') | data-sort-value="-8900" |11 000 BCE to 9000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeder |first=Melinda A. |year=2008 |title=Domestication and early agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=105 |issue=33 |pages=11597–11604 |bibcode=2008PNAS..10511597Z |doi=10.1073/pnas.0801317105 |pmc=2575338 |pmid=18697943 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Anatolia, [[Iran]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, fiber, leather, hides, pelts, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Pair_of_Icelandic_Sheep.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical changes |Common in captivity, threatened in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Aladu|Domestic pig]] (''Sus domesticus'') |Anatolian boar (''Sus scrofa libycus''),<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2017 |title=The Domestication of Pigs - Sus scrofa's Two Distinct Histories |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/the-domestication-of-pigs-170665 |access-date=26 July 2017 |publisher=[[ThoughtCo]]}}</ref> Northern Chinese boar (''Sus scrofa moupinensis'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2005 |title=Pig Domestication in Ancient China |url=http://www.kaogu.cn/en/Research_work/Archaeological_sciences_and_tec/2013/1025/30259.html |access-date=26 July 2017}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-9005" |9400 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Giuffra |first=E. |last2=Kijas |first2=J. M. |last3=Amarger |first3=V. |last4=Carlborg |first4=O. |last5=Jeon |first5=J. T. |last6=Andersson |first6=L. |year=2000 |title=The origin of the domestic pig: Independent domestication and subsequent introgression |journal=Genetics |volume=154 |issue=4 |pages=1785–91 |doi=10.1093/genetics/154.4.1785 |pmc=1461048 |pmid=10747069}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Larson |first=Greger |last2=Dobney |first2=Keith |author-link2=Keith Dobney |last3=Albarella |first3=Umberto |last4=Fang |first4=Meiying |last5=Matisoo-Smith |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Robins |first6=Judith |last7=Lowden |first7=Stewart |last8=Finlayson |first8=Heather |last9=Brand |first9=Tina |last10=Willerslev |first10=Eske |last11=Rowley-Conwy |first11=Peter |last12=Andersson |first12=Leif |last13=Cooper |first13=Alan |year=2005 |title=Worldwide Phylogeography of Wild Boar Reveals Multiple Centers of Pig Domestication |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1572125 |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5715 |pages=1618–21 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1618L |doi=10.1126/science.1106927 |pmid=15761152 |s2cid=39923483}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frantz |first=Laurent A F. |last2=Schraiber |first2=Joshua G. |last3=Madsen |first3=Ole |last4=Megens |first4=Hendrik-Jan |last5=Cagan |first5=Alex |last6=Bosse |first6=Mirte |last7=Paudel |first7=Yogesh |last8=Crooijmans |first8=Richard P M A. |last9=Larson |first9=Greger |last10=Groenen |first10=Martien A M. |year=2015 |title=Evidence of long-term gene flow and selection during domestication from analyses of Eurasian wild and domestic pig genomes |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=1141–1148 |doi=10.1038/ng.3394 |pmid=26323058 |s2cid=205350534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hotchner |first=Tracie |date=October 14, 2014 |title=The Pig Pet Idea Project: Plausible or Unimaginable? |url=http://www.radiopetlady.com/radio-pet-lady-blog/info/the-pig-pet-idea-project-plausible-or-unimaginable/ |access-date=22 January 2018 |website=Radio Pet Lady Network |publisher=[[Radio Pet Lady Network]]}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]], [[Yammacin Asiya|Western Asia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, leather, tusks, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, truffle harvesting, weed control, research, show, pets |[[File:Sow_with_piglet.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical changes |Common in the wild, much more common in captivity, feral populations common in some areas |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Saniya|European cattle]] or taurine cattle (''Bos taurus'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cailey Rizzo |title=Junkyard Owner Replaces Guard Dogs With Two Fighting Bulls Because It's Spain |url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/animals/junkyard-bulls-spain |website=www.travelandleisure.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Govan |first=Fiona |date=26 October 2016 |title=Bulls replace guard dogs at scrap yard in Valencia |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20161026/bulls-replace-guard-dogs-at-scrap-yard-in-valencia |website=www.thelocal.es}}</ref> |Eurasian aurochs (''Bos primigenius primigenius'')† | data-sort-value="-8000" |8500 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wendorf |first=Fred |last2=Schild |first2=Romuald |year=1998 |title=Nabta Playa and its Role in Northeastern African Prehistory |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=97–123 |doi=10.1006/jaar.1998.0319}}</ref><ref>Source : Laboratoire de Préhistoire et Protohistoire de l'Ouest de la France {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/LABOS/UMR/serveur/recherche/pruvost.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626225631/http://palissy.humana.univ-nantes.fr/LABOS/UMR/serveur/recherche/pruvost.html |archive-date=2009-06-26 |access-date=2009-04-17}}, {{In lang|fr}}.</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Origins of cattle farming in China uncovered |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131108091027.htm |access-date=2020-01-16 |website=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref> [[Yammacin Asiya|Western Asia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, leather, hides, fiber, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, draft, mount, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, weed control, worship, show, pets |[[File:Koe_in_weiland_bij_Gorssel.JPG|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes. Some female breeds featuring larger, pronounced udder |Very common in captivity, wild relatives extinct, feral populations fairly common |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Akwiya|Domestic goat]] (''Capra hircus'') |Bezoar ibex (''Capra aegagrus aegagrus'') | data-sort-value="-10000" |8000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeder |first=Melinda A. |year=2011 |title=The Origins of Agriculture in the Near East |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=52 |pages=S221–S235 |doi=10.1086/659307 |s2cid=8202907}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vigne |first=Jean-Denis |year=2011 |title=The origins of animal domestication and husbandry: A major change in the history of humanity and the biosphere |url=https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009/ |journal=Comptes Rendus Biologies |volume=334 |issue=3 |pages=171–181 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2010.12.009 |pmid=21377611 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guard Goat |url=http://www.eatwell.com/blog/2015/4/8/guard-goat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072222/http://www.eatwell.com/blog/2015/4/8/guard-goat |archive-date=2018-01-23 |access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Iran]] | style="text-align:center;" |milk, meat, fiber, skin, horns, vellum, manure, guarding, fighting, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, clearing land, show, pets |[[File:Capra,_Crete_4.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in captivity, threatened in the wild, feral populations common |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Zebu, Brahman cattle, indicine cattle or humped cattle (''Bos indicus'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Indian aurochs (''Bos primigenius namadicus'')† | data-sort-value="-8000" |8000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|Indian subcontinent]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, leather, hides, horns, vellum, blood, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, soil fertilization, lawn mowing, show, pets |[[File:Female_zebu_cattle.JPG|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Common in captivity, wild relatives extinct |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |[[Kyanwa|Domestic cat]] or house cat (''Felis catus'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Common North African wildcat (''Felis lybica lybica'')<ref name="Driscoll07">{{Cite journal |last=Driscoll |first=C. A. |last2=Menotti-Raymond |first2=M. |last3=Roca |first3=A. L. |last4=Hupe |first4=K. |last5=Johnson |first5=W. E. |last6=Geffen |first6=E. |last7=Harley |first7=E. H. |last8=Delibes |first8=M. |last9=Pontier |first9=D. |last10=Kitchener |first10=A. C. |last11=Yamaguchi |first11=N. |last12=O'Brien |first12=S. J. |last13=Macdonald |first13=D. W. |date=2007 |title=The Near Eastern Origin of Cat Domestication |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=317 |issue=5837 |pages=519–523 |bibcode=2007Sci...317..519D |doi=10.1126/science.1139518 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=5612713 |pmid=17600185}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-7900" |8000–7500 BCE<ref name="Driscoll07" /> | style="text-align:center;" |the Near East | style="text-align:center;" |meat, pelts, pest control, research, show, pets |[[File:Jammlich_crop.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Very abundant in captivity; true wildcat species less abundant, though not rare, feral populations very common |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |[[Kaza|Domestic chicken]] (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') |Indian red junglefowl (''Gallus gallus murghi'') with some contribution from the grey junglefowl (''Gallus sonneratii'') | data-sort-value="-6000" |6000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=West |first=Barbara |last2=Zhou |first2=Ben-Xiong |year=1989 |title=Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication |journal=World's Poultry Science Journal |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=205–218 |doi=10.1079/WPS19890012}}</ref>1650 to 1250 BCE<ref>{{Cite web |title=PNAS |url=https://www.pnas.org/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=PNAS |language=en |doi=10.1073/pnas.2121978119 |pmc=9214543 |pmid=35666876}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|India]] and Southeast Asia/Thailand<ref>{{Cite web |title=PNAS |url=https://www.pnas.org/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-05-18 |website=PNAS |language=en |doi=10.1073/pnas.2121978119 |pmc=9214543 |pmid=35666876}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, leather, manure, guarding, alarming, fighting, racing, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Poltava_chicken_breed_female.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical changes, considerable reproductive changes |Extremely common in captivity, common in the wild |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus'') |Montane guinea pig (''Cavia tschudii'') | data-sort-value="-5000" |5000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peru]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets |[[File:Caviaklein.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity |'''1d''' ''Rodentia'' |- |[[Jaki|Domestic donkey]], domestic ass or burro (''Equus asinus'') |African wild ass (''Equus africanus''), including subspecies Nubian (''E. a. africanus'') and Somali wild ass (''E. a. somaliensis'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 17, 2010 |title=Identity of Pompeii's mystery horse revealed |url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/identity-of-pompeii%E2%80%99s-mystery-horse-revealed |access-date=30 September 2017 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge]]}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-5000" |5000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beja-Pereira, Albano |display-authors=etal |date=18 June 2004 |title=African Origins of the Domestic Donkey |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=1781 |page=1781 |doi=10.1126/science.1096008 |pmid=15205528 |s2cid=12783335 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>Roger Blench, {{Cite web |title=The history and spread of donkeys in Africa |url=https://www.animaltraction.net/donkeys/donkeys-blench-history.pdf}}&nbsp;{{Small|(235&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Nubia | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, manure, working, plowing, guarding, racing, draft, pack, mount, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Donkey_1_arp_750px.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Somewhat common in captivity and as feral populations, wild relatives critically endangered |'''1e''' ''Other mammals'' |- |Gayal or Mithun (''Bos frontalis'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Gaur (''Bos gaurus'') with significant introgression from other ''Bos'' species<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu1 |first=Dong-Dong |last2=Ding |first2=Xiang-Dong |last3=Wang |first3=Sheng |last4=Wójcik |first4=Jan M. |last5=Zhang |first5=Yi |last6=Tokarska |first6=Małgorzata |last7=Li |first7=Yan |last8=Wang |first8=Ming-Shan |last9=Faruque |first9=Omar |last10=Nielsen |first10=Rasmus |last11=Zhang |first11=Qin |last12=Zhang |first12=Ya-Ping |date=July 2018 |title=Pervasive introgression facilitated domestication and adaptation in the Bos species complex |url=https://nielsen-lab.github.io/pdfs/papers/bos.pdf |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=2 |issue=7 |pages=1139–1145 |bibcode=2018NatEE...2.1139W |doi=10.1038/s41559-018-0562-y |pmid=29784979 |s2cid=29154258 |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-5000" |5000 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mondal |first=Mohan |last2=Baruah |first2=K K |last3=Rajkhowa |first3=C |date=1 January 2014 |title=Mithun: An Animal of Indian Pride |url=https://www.lrrd.org/lrrd26/1/mond26006.html#:~:text=Mithun%20is%20considered%20as%20the,an%20individual%20in%20the%20society. |journal=Livestock Research for Rural Development |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=6 |access-date=10 December 2022}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Southeast Asia, Northeast India | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, horns, dung |[[File:Bos_gaurus_(Gayal)_male.JPG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Somewhat common in captivity, threatened in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic duck (''Anas platyrhynchos domesticus'') |[[Kwakkwa|Common mallard]] (''Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos'') | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, weed control, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Pekin_Ducks_cropped.jpg|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Very common in captivity, widespread wild populations |'''2a''' ''Anseriformes'' |- |Domestic water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Wild water buffalo (''Bubalus arnee'') | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Geology na yankin Indiya|India]], Mainland Southeast Asia, [[Filipin|Philippines]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, fighting, racing, draft, mount, lawn mowing, show |[[File:Water_Buffalo,_Phayao_Lake.jpg|130x130px]] |Mainly unchanged from the wild animal |Common in captivity, endangered in the wild, feral populations common in parts of Australia and South America |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Dromedary or Arabian camel (''Camelus dromedarius'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2015 |title=This is why people drink camel urine |url=https://metro.co.uk/2015/06/11/bad-news-for-anyone-who-likes-to-drink-camel-urine-5240920/ |access-date=18 February 2020 |publisher=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]}}</ref> |Unknown | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Yankin Larabawa|Arabia]], the Horn of Africa | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, urine, racing, hunting, pack, mount, show, pets |[[File:Camelcalf-feeding.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, few physical changes |Moderately common in captivity, small feral population in original range, significant feral population in Australia, truly wild dromedaries may be extinct |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Western honey bee (''Apis mellifera'') including subspecies German (''A. m. mellifera''), Italian (''A. m. ligustica''), Carniolan (''A. m. carnica''), Caucasian (''A. m. caucasia''), Greek (''A. m. cecropia''), Saharan (''A. m. sahariensis'') and Egyptian honey bees (''A. m. lamarckii'') | align="center" | - | data-sort-value="-4000" |4000 BCE <small>(the modern era for ''A. m. mellifera'', the 1880s for ''A. m. ligustica'', uncertain for ''A. m. carnica'', ''A. m. caucasia'', ''A. m. cecropia'', ''A. m. sahariensis'' and ''A. m. lamarckii'')</small> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Turai|Europe]] (including [[Jamus|Germany]], [[Italiya|Italy]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Greece]], [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] and the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]]), [[Georgia]], [[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] | style="text-align:center;" |honey, wax, propolis, bee brood, royal jelly, venom, pollen, pollination, research |[[File:Bee-apis.jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical and behavioral changes, actual domestication status is still a point of contention<ref>{{Cite web |title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species}}</ref> |Very common in captivity, feral populations common, extent of status in the wild unclear; see Western honey bee for details |'''6a''' ''Hymenoptera'' |- |Domestic horse (''Equus caballus'') |Extinct unknown population of the wild horse (''Equus ferus''), possibly the tarpan or European wild horse (''E. f. ferus'')†<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2016 |title=The Genetic History of Horses |url=https://genestogenomes.org/the-genetic-history-of-horses/ |access-date=22 August 2017 |publisher=[[Genes to Genomes]]}}</ref> | data-sort-value="-3500" |4000-3500 BCE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warmuth |first=Vera |last2=Eriksson |first2=Anders |last3=Bower |first3=Mim Ann |last4=Barker |first4=Graeme |last5=Barrett |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Hanks |first6=Bryan Kent |last7=Li |first7=Shuicheng |last8=Lomitashvili |first8=David |last9=Ochir-Goryaeva |first9=Maria |last10=Sizonov |first10=Grigory V. |last11=Soyonov |first11=Vasiliy |last12=Manica |first12=Andrea |date=2012 |title=Reconstructing the origin and spread of horse domestication in the Eurasian steppe |journal=PNAS |volume=109 |issue=21 |pages=8202–8206 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1111122109 |pmc=3361400 |pmid=22566639 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] or [[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]] | style="text-align:center;" |milk, meat, leather, hair, manure, working, plowing, fighting, racing, servicing, guiding, draft, pack, mount, execution, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Nokota_Horses_cropped.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical changes, mainly in colouration |Common in captivity, very rare in the wild, feral populations common |'''1e''' ''Other mammals'' |- |Bali cattle (''Bos javanicus domesticus'') |Banteng (''Bos javanicus'')<ref name="BaliCattle1" /> | data-sort-value="-3500" |3500 BCE<ref name="BaliCattle1">{{Cite journal |last=Mohamad |first=Kusdiantoro |last2=Olsson |first2=Mia |last3=van Tol |first3=Helena T. A. |last4=Mikko |first4=Sofia |last5=Vlamings |first5=Bart H. |last6=Andersson |first6=Göran |last7=Rodríguez-Martínez |first7=Heriberto |last8=Purwantara |first8=Bambang |last9=Paling |first9=Robert W. |date=2009-05-13 |title=On the Origin of Indonesian Cattle |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=4 |issue=5 |bibcode=2009PLoSO...4.5490M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0005490 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=2677627 |pmid=19436739 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |Bali, [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, horns, dung, working, plowing, draft, show |[[File:Banteng_Domesticated_Bali_Bull.PNG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in captivity, endangered in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic silkmoth (''Bombyx mori'') |Wild silkmoth (''Bombyx mandarina'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |3000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]] | style="text-align:center;" |silk, animal feed, pets |[[File:Silkworms3000px.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame/held in captivity, some physical changes, flightless |Fairly common in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear |'''6b''' ''Lepidoptera'' |- |Eri silkmoth (''Samia ricini'') |Ailanthus silkmoth (''Samia cynthia'') and wild eri silkmoth (''Samia canningi'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |date uncertain | style="text-align:center;" |[[Indiya|India]] | style="text-align:center;" |silk, pets |[[File:At_Mariposario_del_Drago_2022_006.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame/held in captivity, some physical changes |Common in captivity |'''6b''' ''Lepidoptera'' |- |Domestic pigeon (''Columba livia domestica'') |[[Tantabara|Rock dove]] (''Columba livia'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |3000 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |the Mediterranean Basin | style="text-align:center;" |meat, manure, racing, messenger, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Homing_pigeon.jpg|130x130px]] |Artificially selected and bred into many varieties including meat breeds, racing/messenger breeds and fancy plumage breeds |Relatively common in captivity, very common in the wild, feral populations extremely abundant |'''2c''' ''Columbiformes'' |- |Domestic goose and domestic swan goose (''Anser anser domesticus'' and ''A. cygnoides domesticus'') |Greylag goose (''Anser anser'') and swan goose (''A. cygnoides'') | data-sort-value="-3000" |3000 BCE for ''A. anser'', date uncertain for ''A. cygnoides'' | style="text-align:center;" |[[Misra|Egypt]] (''A. anser''), [[Sin|China]] (''A. cygnoides'') | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Neugierige_Hausgans.JPG|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2a''' ''Anseriformes'' |- |Domestic yak (''Bos grunniens'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Wild yak (''Bos mutus'') | data-sort-value="-2500" |2500 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |Tibet, [[Nepal]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, fiber, horns, dung, working, plowing, guarding, fighting, racing, pack, mount, show, pets |[[File:The_Yak.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Fairly common in captivity; threatened in the wild |'''1b''' ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic Bactrian camel (''Camelus bactrianus'') |Wild Bactrian camel (''Camelus ferus'') | data-sort-value="-2500" |2500 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Tsakiyar Asiya|Central Asia]] ([[Afghanistan]]) | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, hair, dung, pack, mount, show, pets |[[File:Temee.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, few physical changes |Moderately common in captivity, critically endangered in the wild |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Llama (''Lama glama'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Guanaco (''Lama guanicoe cacsilensis'') | data-sort-value="-2400" |2400 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peru]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, fiber, manure, working, guarding, racing, draft, pack, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Pack_llamas_posing_near_Muir_Trail.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Fairly common in the wild and in captivity |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Alpaca (''Lama pacos'')<ref name="Gentry2004" /> |Vicuña (''Lama vicugna mensalis'')<ref name="books.google" /> | data-sort-value="-2400" |2400 BCE<ref name="wichita1" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Peru]], [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, milk, fiber, manure, guarding, lawn mowing, weed control, show, pets |[[File:Corazon_Full.jpg|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Fairly common in the wild and in captivity |'''1a''' ''Artiodactyla'' except ''Bovidae'' |- |Domestic guineafowl (''Numida meleagris domesticus'') |West African helmeted guineafowl (''Numida meleagris galeatus'') | data-sort-value="-2400" |2400 BCE<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea fowl |url=http://www.thecozynest.com/guinea_fowl.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100623052252/http://www.thecozynest.com/guinea_fowl.htm |archive-date=2010-06-23 |access-date=2010-01-25 |website=www.thecozynest.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Afirka ta Yamma|West Africa]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, manure, guarding, alarming, pest control, show, pets |[[File:Domesticated_Guineafowl_-_geograph.org.uk_-_543901.jpg|130x130px]] |Mainly unaltered from the wild population |Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Fuegian dog or Yaghan dog†<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petrigh |first=Romina S. |last2=Fugassa |first2=Martín H. |date=December 13, 2013 |title=Molecular identification of a Fuegian dog belonging to the Fagnano Regional Museum ethnographic collection, Tierra del Fuego |url=http://fulltext.study/preview/pdf/1041543.pdf |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |volume=317 |pages=14–18 |bibcode=2013QuInt.317...14P |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2013.07.030 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220121042/http://fulltext.study/preview/pdf/1041543.pdf |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=September 2, 2020}}</ref> |Culpeo or Andean fox (''Lycalopex culpaeus'') | data-sort-value="-9999" |date uncertain<ref>{{Cite book|last3=:fr:Louis-Ferdinand Martial}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Argentina]], [[Chile]] | style="text-align:center;" |hunting, guarding, warmth, pets |[[File:Fuegian_dog_(1863).jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Extinct |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |Domestic ferret (''Mustela furo'') |Common polecat (''Mustela putorius putorius'') and Mediterranean polecat (''M. p. aureola'') | data-sort-value="-1500" |1500 BCE<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glover |first=James |title=The Ancestry Of The Domestic Ferret |url=http://www.petpeoplesplace.com/resources/advice/small/117-ancestry-of-domestic-ferret.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102407/http://www.petpeoplesplace.com/resources/advice/small/117-ancestry-of-domestic-ferret.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2006-09-12 |publisher=PetPeoplesPlace.com}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]], Iberia | style="text-align:center;" |hunting, racing, pest control, show, pets |[[File:Ferret_2008.png|130x130px]] |Tame, slight physical changes |Common in captivity, somewhat common in the wild, feral populations rare |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |Domestic Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata domestica'') |Wild Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata sylvestris'') | data-sort-value="-690" |700–600 BCE<ref name="wichita1" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Amurka ta Kudu|South America]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets |[[File:MuscovyDuck.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical changes |Common in captivity, feral populations rare |'''2a''' ''Anseriformes'' |- |Barbary dove or ringed turtle dove (''Streptopelia risoria'') |African collared dove (''Streptopelia roseogrisea'') | data-sort-value="-500" |500 BCE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Arewacin Afirka|North Africa]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, show, pets |[[File:Feral_Barbary_Dove.jpg|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in both captivity and feral populations |'''2c''' ''Columbiformes'' |- |Domestic turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo domesticus'') |South Mexican wild turkey (''Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo'') | data-sort-value="180" |180 CE<ref name="wichita1" /> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, feathers, manure, guarding, pest control, show, pets |[[File:White_turkeys.jpg|130x130px]] |Considerable physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Goldfish (''Carassius auratus'') |Prussian carp ''(Carassius gibelio)'' | data-sort-value="300" |300 CE to 400 CE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]] | style="text-align:center;" |racing, pest control, ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Gullfiskur.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, significant physical changes |Very common and abundant in captivity, extent of status in the wild unclear |'''5a''' ''Cyprinidae'' |- |Domestic rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus'') |Iberian rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus'')<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 28, 2014 |title=New study reveals how wild rabbits were genetically transformed into tame rabbits |url=https://phys.org/news/2014-08-reveals-wild-rabbits-genetically.html |access-date=6 July 2017 |publisher=[[Phys]]}}</ref> | data-sort-value="600" |600 CE<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 1, 2005 |title=Interesting Rabbit Domestication History |url=http://www.albc-usa.org/news/sept1a_05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153939/http://www.albc-usa.org/news/sept1a_05.html |archive-date=Oct 5, 2023 |website=The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Turai|Europe]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, fiber, pelts, manure, racing, lawn mowing, weed control, research, show, pets |[[File:EnglishSpotRabbitChocolate1(cropped).jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, significant physical changes |Common in captivity, rare in native habitat, common in introduced range |'''1e''' ''Other mammals'' |- |Koi (''Cyprinus rubrofuscus'') |Amur carp (''Cyprinus rubrofuscus'') | data-sort-value="1000" |the 11th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |ornamental, show, pets |[[File:Ojiya_Nishikigoi_no_Sato_ac_(3).jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, considerable physical changes |Fairly common in captivity, threatened in the wild |'''5a''' ''Cyprinidae'' |- |- |Japanese quail (''Coturnix japonica'') or Domesticated quail |Japanese quail (''Coturnix japonica'') | data-sort-value="1000" |the 11~12th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |[[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |meat, eggs, research, pets |[[File:Japanese_Quail.jpg|161x161px]] |considerable physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2b''' ''Galliformes'' |- |Domestic canary (''Serinus canaria domestica'') |Wild canary (''Serinus canaria canaria'') | data-sort-value="1450" |the 15th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |the [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Canary Islands]], [[Turai|Europe]] | style="text-align:center;" |coal mining, fighting, research, show, pets |[[File:Zwei_Kanarienvögel.JPG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''2d''' ''Passeriformes'' |- |Society finch or Bengalese finch (''Lonchura striata domestica'') |White-rumped munia or striated finch (''Lonchura striata swinhoei'') with some contribution from the Indian silverbill or white-throated munia (''Euodice malabarica'') | data-sort-value="1717" |unknown, may have been introduced to Japan sometime around the early 18th century CE<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Svanberg |first=Ingvar |year=2008 |title=Towards a cultural history of the Bengalese Finch (''Lonchura domestica'') |journal=Der Zoologische Garten |volume=77 |issue=5–6 |pages=334–344 |bibcode=2008DZGar..77..334S |doi=10.1016/j.zoolgart.2008.05.003}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |[[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |pets, show, research |[[File:Rbruni.JPG|130x130px]] |Slight physical changes |Fairly common in captivity; both parent species common in the wild |'''2d''' ''Passeriformes'' |- |Fancy mouse or laboratory mouse (''Mus musculus domestica'') |Western European house mouse (''Mus musculus domesticus''), Japanese house mouse (''Mus musculus molossinus'') | data-sort-value="1600" |1100 BCE (China), then the 17th century CE (Europe),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royer |first=Nichole |date=Feb 23, 2015 |title=The History of Fancy Mice |url=https://www.afrma.org/historymse.htm |access-date=2015-12-25 |website=American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association}}</ref> the 18th Century (Japan) | style="text-align:center;" |[[Sin|China]], [[Turai|Europe]], [[Japan]] | style="text-align:center;" |animal feed, racing, research, show, pets |[[File:Minimouse.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, significant physical changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''1d''' ''Rodentia'' |- |Fancy rat or laboratory rat (''Rattus norvegicus domestica'') |Brown rat (''Rattus norvegicus'') | data-sort-value="1840" |the 19th century CE<ref>{{Cite web |last=Royer |first=Nichole |date=February 23, 2015 |title=The History of Fancy Rats |url=https://www.afrma.org/historyrat.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313223915/https://www.afrma.org/historyrat.htm |archive-date=Mar 13, 2024 |website=American Fancy Rat & Mouse Association}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |the [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] | style="text-align:center;" |animal feed, research, show, pets |[[File:Ratte-Vache.jpeg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical and psychological changes |Common in the wild and in captivity |'''1d''' ''Rodentia'' |- |Domestic mink (''Neogale vison domesticus'')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Decuypere |first=E. |title=Is the Mink Domesticated? |url=http://www.fureurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Annex2-Mink-Domestication-E.Decuypere-April-2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317143748/http://www.fureurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Annex2-Mink-Domestication-E.Decuypere-April-2010.pdf |archive-date=March 17, 2017}}</ref> |Eastern mink (''Neogale vison vison''), Kenai mink (''N. v. melampeplus'') and Alaskan mink (''N. v. ingens'') | data-sort-value="1845" |Early 1860s | style="text-align:center;" |Cassadaga Lakes, New York | style="text-align:center;" |fur, hunting, pest control, pets |[[File:Norka_amerykańska_(neovison_vison)_(cropped).jpg|130x130px]] |Some physical and psychological changes |Somewhat common in the wild and in captivity |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |- |Domesticated silver fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') |Red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') | data-sort-value="1951" |late 19th century to 20th century CE | style="text-align:center;" |Prince Edward Island/[[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Soviet Union]] ([[Rasha|Russia]])<ref name="Statham2011">{{Cite journal |last=Statham |first=Mark J. |last2=Trut |first2=Lyudmila N. |last3=Sacks |first3=Ben N. |last4=Kharlamova |first4=Anastasiya V. |last5=Oskina |first5=Irina N. |last6=Gulevich |first6=Rimma G. |last7=Johnson |first7=Jennifer L. |last8=Temnykh |first8=Svetlana V. |last9=Acland |first9=Gregory M. |last10=Kukekova |first10=Anna V. |date=May 2011 |title=On the origin of a domesticated species: identifying the parent population of Russian silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes): THE ORIGIN OF RUSSIAN SILVER FOXES |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=168–175 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01629.x |pmc=3101803 |pmid=21625363}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;" |fur, pelts, research, pets |[[File:Silberfuchs_08.jpg|130x130px]] |Tame, some physical changes |Very small domestic population, wild relatives fairly common |'''1c''' ''Carnivora'' |} == Tame, dabbobin da aka yi da su a gida, da kuma dabbobin == Saboda wasu siffofi da ba a bayyana su ba game da abin da ke tattare da domestication, akwai wasu nau'o'in da za a iya ko kuma ba za a iya zama cikakke ba. Har ila yau, akwai wasu nau'o'in da mutane ke amfani da su sosai don kasuwanci, amma ba a canza su sosai daga nau'in dabbobi na daji ba. Dabbobi da yawa a kan wannan tebur na biyu aƙalla sun ɗan canza daga nau'ukan dabbobi na daji saboda hulɗarsu mai yawa da mutane, ko da yake ba har zuwa inda ake ɗaukar su a matsayin siffofi daban-daban ba (saboda haka, babu kakannin daji daban-daban da aka lura) ko kuma ba za su iya tsira ba idan an sake gabatar da su cikin daji. Kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin shafi na rukuni na Taxon sune: * '''1a:''' ''Artiodactyla'' ban da ''Bovidae'', '''1b:''' ''Bovidae'', 3c: Carnivora, '''1d:''' Rodentia, 1e: ''Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa'' * 2a: Anseriformes, '''2b:''' Galliformes, '''2c:''' Columbiformes, '''2d:''' Passeriformes, na 2: ''Psittaciformes'', '''2f:''' ''Palaeognathae'', '''2g:''' Accipitridae, 2h: ''Sauran [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]]'' * '''3a:''' Macizai, '''3b:''' ''[[Kadangare|Lacertilia]]'', '''3c:''' ''[[Afifiya|Testudines]]'', '''3d:''' ''Sauran Dabbobi masu rarrafe'' * '''4a:''' ''[[Kwaɗo|Anura]]'', '''4b:''' Sauran amphibians''Sauran dabbobi masu rai da ruwa'' * '''5a:''' ''Cyprinidae'', '''5b:''' ''Carangiforms'' ''', 5c:''' ''Anabantiforms'', '''5d:''' ''Salmonidae'', 5e: ''Sauran [[kifi]]'' * '''6a:''' ''Hymenoptera'', '''6b:''' ''Lepidoptera'', 7c: ''[[Kyankyaso|Blattodea]]'', '''6d:''' ''Sauran kwari'', 6e: Sauran arthropods''Sauran [[Arthropod|ƙwayoyin cuta]]'' * '''7a:''' ''Mollusca'', '''7b:''' ''Annelida'', '''7c:''' ''Sauran [[Dabba|Dabbobi]]'' == Dubi kuma == * Jerin shuke-shuke na gida * Jerin ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta == Bayanan da aka ambata == 7qlhadt68tv1pg5i0lkb5j6h27v6e5j 0 178497 964447 2026-10-07T19:45:56Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315232189|Poly(trimethylene carbonate)]]" 964447 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Poly(trimethylene carbonate)''' (PTMC) wani polycarbonate ne na aliphatic wanda aka haɗa daga cyclic carbonate mai membobi 6, trimethylene carbonate (1,3-propylene carbonate ko 1,3-Dioxan-2-one). Trimethylene carbonate (TMC) wani abu ne mai ƙarfi wanda ba shi da launi, inda zafin ya ke tsakanin 45°C da 48°C, sannan kuma zafin ya kai 255°C (a 760 mmHg). An fara samar da TMC ne daga 1,3-propanediol tare da phosgene ko carbon monoxide, waɗanda gas ne masu guba sosai.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}} Wata hanya kuma ita ce daga transesterification na 1,3-propanediol da dialkylcarbonates . Ana ɗaukar wannan hanyar a matsayin "mafi kyawun kore" idan aka kwatanta da ɗayan, tunda ana iya samun abubuwan da suka riga suka fara aiki daga albarkatun da ake sabuntawa da kuma iskar carbon dioxide. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Darensbourg |first=Donald J. |last2=Horn |first2=Adolfo Jr. |last3=Moncada |first3=Adriana I. |date=Aug 2010 |title=A facile catalytic synthesis of trimethylene carbonate from trimethylene oxide and carbon dioxide |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/gc/c0gc00136h |journal=Green Chemistry |language=en |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=1376–1379 |doi=10.1039/C0GC00136H |issn=1463-9270 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tsarin == Sabanin carbonate mai membobi biyar, waɗanda ke da membobi shida kamar trimethylene carbonate ba su da ƙarfi sosai fiye da polymer ɗinsu, suna fuskantar polymerization na buɗe zobe tare da riƙe CO2. <math>_2</math> a cikin tsarin polymer, da kuma samar da polycarbonate na aliphatic. <ref name=":3" /> [[File:TCM_polymerization.png|thumb| TMC polymerization ta hanyar catalysts]] Tsarin polymerization na buɗe zobe (ROP) shine mafi yawan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don haɗa poly (trimethylene carbonate) da copolymers ɗinsu, tunda wannan hanyar roba na iya ba da damar yanayin amsawa mai sauƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}} An yi amfani da masu haɓaka ROP da dama don haɗa polymer ɗin, daga cikinsu akwai polymerization da aka yi da ƙarfe ta amfani da oxides, gishiri da hadaddun ƙarfe na Al, K, Ti, Zn, Zr, Sn da ƙarfe masu ƙarancin ƙasa ; polymerization da aka yi da enzyme ; da polymerization da aka fara da barasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okada |first=Takao |last2=Imamura |first2=Yukari |last3=Matsuda |first3=Takehisa |date=2010-04-01 |title=Polymerization of trimethylene carbonate in aqueous solutions: Reaction mechanism and characterization: Polymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |language=en |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=1485–1492 |doi=10.1002/pola.23891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brignou |first=Pierre |last2=Guillaume |first2=Sophie M. |last3=Roisnel |first3=Thierry |last4=Bourissou |first4=Didier |last5=Carpentier |first5=Jean-François |date=Jul 2012 |title=Discrete Cationic Zinc and Magnesium Complexes for Dual Organic/Organometallic-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.201200336 |journal=Chemistry – A European Journal |language=en |volume=18 |issue=30 |pages=9360–9370 |doi=10.1002/chem.201200336 |pmid=22736527 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Sifofin jiki == PTMC wani nau'in polymer ne mai launin ruwan kasa wanda galibi ba shi da tsari a yanayin da aka sassauta amma yana iya nuna ɗan lu'ulu'u, musamman lokacin da aka shimfiɗa sarƙoƙin. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Pêgo |first=Ana Paula |last2=Grijpma |first2=Dirk W. |last3=Feijen |first3=Jan |date=Oct 2003 |title=Enhanced mechanical properties of 1,3-trimethylene carbonate polymers and networks |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0032386103006682 |journal=Polymer |language=en |volume=44 |issue=21 |pages=6495–6504 |doi=10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00668-2 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Polymer yana nuna yanayin canjin gilashi ( <math>T_g</math> ) tsakanin -15 da -30 °C da zafin narkewa ( <math>T_m</math> ) yana farawa daga 38 zuwa 41°C. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brossier |first=Thomas |last2=Volpi |first2=Gael |last3=Lapinte |first3=Vincent |last4=Blanquer |first4=Sebastien |date=Jan 2021 |title=Synthesis of Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate) from Amine Group Initiation: Role of Urethane Bonds in the Crystallinity |journal=Polymers |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |page=280 |doi=10.3390/polym13020280 |issn=2073-4360 |pmc=7829917 |pmid=33467051 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙananan nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta PTMC wani polymer ne mai roba wanda ke da rashin daidaiton girma, rashin tauri, da kuma rashin isasshen kayan aikin injiniya. Duk da haka, PTMC mai nauyin kwayoyin halitta mai girman amorphous (sama da 100,000) yana da sassauƙa sosai, tare da ƙarancin modulus na roba (5-7 MPa) a zafin ɗaki, mai tauri kuma yana ba da kyakkyawan sifofin injiniya. Ana iya inganta halayen injina na robar idan aka haɗa ta hanyar hasken gamma. <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=van Leeuwen |first=A. C. |last2=Huddleston Slater |first2=J. J. R. |last3=Gielkens |first3=P. F. M. |last4=de Jong |first4=J. R. |last5=Grijpma |first5=D. W. |last6=Bos |first6=R. R. M. |date=2012-04-01 |title=Guided bone regeneration in rat mandibular defects using resorbable poly(trimethylene carbonate) barrier membranes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S174270611100540X |journal=Acta Biomaterialia |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=1422–1429 |doi=10.1016/j.actbio.2011.12.004 |issn=1742-7061 |pmid=22186161 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> PTMC tana da juriya ga hydrolysis mara enzymatic, idan aka kwatanta da yawancin polyester na aliphatic, amma enzymes na iya lalata shi ''a cikin jiki'' . Abu ne mai iya sake narkewa tun lokacin da haɗin ester zai iya karyewa ta hanyar enzyme, yana samar da CO2 <math>_2</math> da ruwa. Don haka, ''a cikin jiki'', yana lalacewa ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa kuma samfuran ruɓewa ba su da wani sinadarin acid na halitta, wanda ke hana yiwuwar amsawar kumburi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mindemark |first=Jonas |last2=Hilborn |first2=Jöns |last3=Bowden |first3=Tim |date=Apr 2007 |title=End-Group-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma0629081 |journal=Macromolecules |language=en |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=3515–3517 |bibcode=2007MaMol..40.3515M |doi=10.1021/ma0629081 |issn=0024-9297 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Aikace-aikace == Saboda yanayin rashin tsari, PTMC wani nau'in polymer ne mai sassauƙa tare da halayyar roba. Bugu da ƙari, lalacewar halitta da kuma daidaiton biocompatibility na PTMC sun sa ya zama da amfani sosai a aikace-aikacen likitanci a matsayin kayan aiki don sake farfaɗo da nama da na'urorin isar da magunguna. An yi amfani da PTMC a matsayin kayan aiki don injiniyan nama musamman ga wasu nau'ikan kyallen takarda masu laushi waɗanda kiyaye halayen injiniya yana da mahimmanci don sake gina kyallen takarda. An kuma kimanta membranes ɗin da aka yi da PTMC a matsayin shinge don amfani a cikin sake farfaɗo da kyallen takarda mai tauri kamar ƙashi. Aikin waɗannan membranes yana kama da na collagen na kasuwanci da membranes na e-PTFE, wanda ke nuna dacewa sosai don amfani a cikin sake farfaɗo da ƙashi mai jagora . Saboda yanayin roba da kuma kama ruwa, an haɗa ƙwayoyin copolymers na tushen PTMC waɗanda aka samar daga ROP na TMC tare da comonomers na tushen lactone don gyara waɗannan halaye, suna ƙara yawan amfani. Saboda haka, an gabatar da shawarar amfani da shi azaman na'urorin likitanci masu iya maye gurbinsu waɗanda ake son sarrafa tauri da lokacin lalatawar halitta. Manyan misalan waɗannan copolymers sune poly(L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate), <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Braghirolli |first=D.I. |last2=Caberlon |first2=B. |last3=Gamba |first3=D. |last4=Petry |first4=Jftc. |last5=Dias |first5=M.L. |last6=Pranke |first6=P. |date=2019 |title=Poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-L-lactide) electrospun scaffolds for use as vascular grafts |journal=Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research |volume=52 |issue=8 |doi=10.1590/1414-431x20198318 |issn=1414-431X |pmc=6694404 |pmid=31411247}}</ref> poly(glycolide- ''co'' -trimethylene carbonate) <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Noorsal |first=K. |last2=Mantle |first2=M. D. |last3=Gladden |first3=L. F. |last4=Cameron |first4=R. E. |date=May 2005 |title=Degradation and drug-release studies of a poly(glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate) copolymer (Maxon) |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |language=en |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1002/app.21108 |issn=0021-8995 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da poly(caprolactone- ''co-'' trimethylene carbonate). <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Rocha |first=Daniela Nogueira |last2=Brites |first2=Pedro |last3=Fonseca |first3=Carlos |last4=Pêgo |first4=Ana Paula |date=Feb 2014 |title=Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate-co-ε-Caprolactone) Promotes Axonal Growth |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...988593R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0088593 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3937290 |pmid=24586346 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gabatar da Poly(L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) don amfani a matsayin ƙananan diamita na jijiyoyin jini. <ref name=":1" /> Poly(glycolide ''-co'' -trimethylene carbonate) wani nau'in monofilament ne na kasuwanci da ake amfani da shi don dinki mai jinkirin lalacewa wanda ke ba da damar kula da ƙarfin injina mai girma wanda ya dace da murmurewa daga tiyata. <ref name=":0" /> An gabatar da Poly(caprolactone- ''co'' -trimethylene carbonate) a matsayin kayan halitta don hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin sake farfaɗo da tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya. <ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pi89zp0it54rox6a9nns04foa8h3ayv 964449 964447 2026-10-07T19:46:42Z Baffa ali 47435 964449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Poly(trimethylene carbonate)''' (PTMC) wani polycarbonate ne na aliphatic wanda aka haɗa daga cyclic carbonate mai membobi 6, trimethylene carbonate (1,3-propylene carbonate ko 1,3-Dioxan-2-one). Trimethylene carbonate (TMC) wani abu ne mai ƙarfi wanda ba shi da launi, inda zafin ya ke tsakanin 45°C da 48°C, sannan kuma zafin ya kai 255°C (a 760 mmHg). An fara samar da TMC ne daga 1,3-propanediol tare da phosgene ko carbon monoxide, waɗanda gas ne masu guba sosai.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}} Wata hanya kuma ita ce daga transesterification na 1,3-propanediol da dialkylcarbonates . Ana ɗaukar wannan hanyar a matsayin "mafi kyawun kore" idan aka kwatanta da ɗayan, tunda ana iya samun abubuwan da suka riga suka fara aiki daga albarkatun da ake sabuntawa da kuma iskar carbon dioxide. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Darensbourg |first=Donald J. |last2=Horn |first2=Adolfo Jr. |last3=Moncada |first3=Adriana I. |date=Aug 2010 |title=A facile catalytic synthesis of trimethylene carbonate from trimethylene oxide and carbon dioxide |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/gc/c0gc00136h |journal=Green Chemistry |language=en |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=1376–1379 |doi=10.1039/C0GC00136H |issn=1463-9270 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tsarin == Sabanin carbonate mai membobi biyar, waɗanda ke da membobi shida kamar trimethylene carbonate ba su da ƙarfi sosai fiye da polymer ɗinsu, suna fuskantar polymerization na buɗe zobe tare da riƙe CO2. <math>_2</math> a cikin tsarin polymer, da kuma samar da polycarbonate na aliphatic. <ref name=":3" /> [[File:TCM_polymerization.png|thumb| TMC polymerization ta hanyar catalysts]] Tsarin polymerization na buɗe zobe (ROP) shine mafi yawan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don haɗa poly (trimethylene carbonate) da copolymers ɗinsu, tunda wannan hanyar roba na iya ba da damar yanayin amsawa mai sauƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}} An yi amfani da masu haɓaka ROP da dama don haɗa polymer ɗin, daga cikinsu akwai polymerization da aka yi da ƙarfe ta amfani da oxides, gishiri da hadaddun ƙarfe na Al, K, Ti, Zn, Zr, Sn da ƙarfe masu ƙarancin ƙasa ; polymerization da aka yi da enzyme ; da polymerization da aka fara da barasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okada |first=Takao |last2=Imamura |first2=Yukari |last3=Matsuda |first3=Takehisa |date=2010-04-01 |title=Polymerization of trimethylene carbonate in aqueous solutions: Reaction mechanism and characterization: Polymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |language=en |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=1485–1492 |doi=10.1002/pola.23891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brignou |first=Pierre |last2=Guillaume |first2=Sophie M. |last3=Roisnel |first3=Thierry |last4=Bourissou |first4=Didier |last5=Carpentier |first5=Jean-François |date=Jul 2012 |title=Discrete Cationic Zinc and Magnesium Complexes for Dual Organic/Organometallic-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.201200336 |journal=Chemistry – A European Journal |language=en |volume=18 |issue=30 |pages=9360–9370 |doi=10.1002/chem.201200336 |pmid=22736527 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Sifofin jiki == PTMC wani nau'in polymer ne mai launin ruwan kasa wanda galibi ba shi da tsari a yanayin da aka sassauta amma yana iya nuna ɗan lu'ulu'u, musamman lokacin da aka shimfiɗa sarƙoƙin. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Pêgo |first=Ana Paula |last2=Grijpma |first2=Dirk W. |last3=Feijen |first3=Jan |date=Oct 2003 |title=Enhanced mechanical properties of 1,3-trimethylene carbonate polymers and networks |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0032386103006682 |journal=Polymer |language=en |volume=44 |issue=21 |pages=6495–6504 |doi=10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00668-2 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Polymer yana nuna yanayin canjin gilashi ( <math>T_g</math> ) tsakanin -15 da -30 °C da zafin narkewa ( <math>T_m</math> ) yana farawa daga 38 zuwa 41°C. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brossier |first=Thomas |last2=Volpi |first2=Gael |last3=Lapinte |first3=Vincent |last4=Blanquer |first4=Sebastien |date=Jan 2021 |title=Synthesis of Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate) from Amine Group Initiation: Role of Urethane Bonds in the Crystallinity |journal=Polymers |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |page=280 |doi=10.3390/polym13020280 |issn=2073-4360 |pmc=7829917 |pmid=33467051 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙananan nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta PTMC wani polymer ne mai roba wanda ke da rashin daidaiton girma, rashin tauri, da kuma rashin isasshen kayan aikin injiniya. Duk da haka, PTMC mai nauyin kwayoyin halitta mai girman amorphous (sama da 100,000) yana da sassauƙa sosai, tare da ƙarancin modulus na roba (5-7 MPa) a zafin ɗaki, mai tauri kuma yana ba da kyakkyawan sifofin injiniya. Ana iya inganta halayen injina na robar idan aka haɗa ta hanyar hasken gamma. <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=van Leeuwen |first=A. C. |last2=Huddleston Slater |first2=J. J. R. |last3=Gielkens |first3=P. F. M. |last4=de Jong |first4=J. R. |last5=Grijpma |first5=D. W. |last6=Bos |first6=R. R. M. |date=2012-04-01 |title=Guided bone regeneration in rat mandibular defects using resorbable poly(trimethylene carbonate) barrier membranes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S174270611100540X |journal=Acta Biomaterialia |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=1422–1429 |doi=10.1016/j.actbio.2011.12.004 |issn=1742-7061 |pmid=22186161 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> PTMC tana da juriya ga hydrolysis mara enzymatic, idan aka kwatanta da yawancin polyester na aliphatic, amma enzymes na iya lalata shi ''a cikin jiki'' . Abu ne mai iya sake narkewa tun lokacin da haɗin ester zai iya karyewa ta hanyar enzyme, yana samar da CO2 <math>_2</math> da ruwa. Don haka, ''a cikin jiki'', yana lalacewa ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa kuma samfuran ruɓewa ba su da wani sinadarin acid na halitta, wanda ke hana yiwuwar amsawar kumburi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mindemark |first=Jonas |last2=Hilborn |first2=Jöns |last3=Bowden |first3=Tim |date=Apr 2007 |title=End-Group-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma0629081 |journal=Macromolecules |language=en |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=3515–3517 |bibcode=2007MaMol..40.3515M |doi=10.1021/ma0629081 |issn=0024-9297 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Aikace-aikace == Saboda yanayin rashin tsari, PTMC wani nau'in polymer ne mai sassauƙa tare da halayyar roba. Bugu da ƙari, lalacewar halitta da kuma daidaiton biocompatibility na PTMC sun sa ya zama da amfani sosai a aikace-aikacen likitanci a matsayin kayan aiki don sake farfaɗo da nama da na'urorin isar da magunguna. An yi amfani da PTMC a matsayin kayan aiki don injiniyan nama musamman ga wasu nau'ikan kyallen takarda masu laushi waɗanda kiyaye halayen injiniya yana da mahimmanci don sake gina kyallen takarda. An kuma kimanta membranes ɗin da aka yi da PTMC a matsayin shinge don amfani a cikin sake farfaɗo da kyallen takarda mai tauri kamar ƙashi. Aikin waɗannan membranes yana kama da na collagen na kasuwanci da membranes na e-PTFE, wanda ke nuna dacewa sosai don amfani a cikin sake farfaɗo da ƙashi mai jagora . Saboda yanayin roba da kuma kama ruwa, an haɗa ƙwayoyin copolymers na tushen PTMC waɗanda aka samar daga ROP na TMC tare da comonomers na tushen lactone don gyara waɗannan halaye, suna ƙara yawan amfani. Saboda haka, an gabatar da shawarar amfani da shi azaman na'urorin likitanci masu iya maye gurbinsu waɗanda ake son sarrafa tauri da lokacin lalatawar halitta. Manyan misalan waɗannan copolymers sune poly(L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate), <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Braghirolli |first=D.I. |last2=Caberlon |first2=B. |last3=Gamba |first3=D. |last4=Petry |first4=Jftc. |last5=Dias |first5=M.L. |last6=Pranke |first6=P. |date=2019 |title=Poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-L-lactide) electrospun scaffolds for use as vascular grafts |journal=Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research |volume=52 |issue=8 |doi=10.1590/1414-431x20198318 |issn=1414-431X |pmc=6694404 |pmid=31411247}}</ref> poly(glycolide- ''co'' -trimethylene carbonate) <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Noorsal |first=K. |last2=Mantle |first2=M. D. |last3=Gladden |first3=L. F. |last4=Cameron |first4=R. E. |date=May 2005 |title=Degradation and drug-release studies of a poly(glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate) copolymer (Maxon) |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |language=en |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1002/app.21108 |issn=0021-8995 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da poly(caprolactone- ''co-'' trimethylene carbonate). <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Rocha |first=Daniela Nogueira |last2=Brites |first2=Pedro |last3=Fonseca |first3=Carlos |last4=Pêgo |first4=Ana Paula |date=Feb 2014 |title=Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate-co-ε-Caprolactone) Promotes Axonal Growth |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...988593R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0088593 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3937290 |pmid=24586346 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gabatar da Poly(L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) don amfani a matsayin ƙananan diamita na jijiyoyin jini. <ref name=":1" /> Poly(glycolide ''-co'' -trimethylene carbonate) wani nau'in monofilament ne na kasuwanci da ake amfani da shi don dinki mai jinkirin lalacewa wanda ke ba da damar kula da ƙarfin injina mai girma wanda ya dace da murmurewa daga tiyata. <ref name=":0" /> An gabatar da Poly(caprolactone- ''co'' -trimethylene carbonate) a matsayin kayan halitta don hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin sake farfaɗo da tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya. <ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jltmdy9y1xx7g9v8hmujs3uqm9dzp7f 964450 964449 2026-10-07T19:48:13Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Aikace-aikace */ 964450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Poly(trimethylene carbonate)''' (PTMC) wani polycarbonate ne na aliphatic wanda aka haɗa daga cyclic carbonate mai membobi 6, trimethylene carbonate (1,3-propylene carbonate ko 1,3-Dioxan-2-one). Trimethylene carbonate (TMC) wani abu ne mai ƙarfi wanda ba shi da launi, inda zafin ya ke tsakanin 45°C da 48°C, sannan kuma zafin ya kai 255°C (a 760 mmHg). An fara samar da TMC ne daga 1,3-propanediol tare da phosgene ko carbon monoxide, waɗanda gas ne masu guba sosai.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}} Wata hanya kuma ita ce daga transesterification na 1,3-propanediol da dialkylcarbonates . Ana ɗaukar wannan hanyar a matsayin "mafi kyawun kore" idan aka kwatanta da ɗayan, tunda ana iya samun abubuwan da suka riga suka fara aiki daga albarkatun da ake sabuntawa da kuma iskar carbon dioxide. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Darensbourg |first=Donald J. |last2=Horn |first2=Adolfo Jr. |last3=Moncada |first3=Adriana I. |date=Aug 2010 |title=A facile catalytic synthesis of trimethylene carbonate from trimethylene oxide and carbon dioxide |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2010/gc/c0gc00136h |journal=Green Chemistry |language=en |volume=12 |issue=8 |pages=1376–1379 |doi=10.1039/C0GC00136H |issn=1463-9270 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Tsarin == Sabanin carbonate mai membobi biyar, waɗanda ke da membobi shida kamar trimethylene carbonate ba su da ƙarfi sosai fiye da polymer ɗinsu, suna fuskantar polymerization na buɗe zobe tare da riƙe CO2. <math>_2</math> a cikin tsarin polymer, da kuma samar da polycarbonate na aliphatic. <ref name=":3" /> [[File:TCM_polymerization.png|thumb| TMC polymerization ta hanyar catalysts]] Tsarin polymerization na buɗe zobe (ROP) shine mafi yawan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don haɗa poly (trimethylene carbonate) da copolymers ɗinsu, tunda wannan hanyar roba na iya ba da damar yanayin amsawa mai sauƙi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}} An yi amfani da masu haɓaka ROP da dama don haɗa polymer ɗin, daga cikinsu akwai polymerization da aka yi da ƙarfe ta amfani da oxides, gishiri da hadaddun ƙarfe na Al, K, Ti, Zn, Zr, Sn da ƙarfe masu ƙarancin ƙasa ; polymerization da aka yi da enzyme ; da polymerization da aka fara da barasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okada |first=Takao |last2=Imamura |first2=Yukari |last3=Matsuda |first3=Takehisa |date=2010-04-01 |title=Polymerization of trimethylene carbonate in aqueous solutions: Reaction mechanism and characterization: Polymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate |journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry |language=en |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=1485–1492 |doi=10.1002/pola.23891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brignou |first=Pierre |last2=Guillaume |first2=Sophie M. |last3=Roisnel |first3=Thierry |last4=Bourissou |first4=Didier |last5=Carpentier |first5=Jean-François |date=Jul 2012 |title=Discrete Cationic Zinc and Magnesium Complexes for Dual Organic/Organometallic-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.201200336 |journal=Chemistry – A European Journal |language=en |volume=18 |issue=30 |pages=9360–9370 |doi=10.1002/chem.201200336 |pmid=22736527 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Sifofin jiki == PTMC wani nau'in polymer ne mai launin ruwan kasa wanda galibi ba shi da tsari a yanayin da aka sassauta amma yana iya nuna ɗan lu'ulu'u, musamman lokacin da aka shimfiɗa sarƙoƙin. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Pêgo |first=Ana Paula |last2=Grijpma |first2=Dirk W. |last3=Feijen |first3=Jan |date=Oct 2003 |title=Enhanced mechanical properties of 1,3-trimethylene carbonate polymers and networks |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0032386103006682 |journal=Polymer |language=en |volume=44 |issue=21 |pages=6495–6504 |doi=10.1016/S0032-3861(03)00668-2 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Polymer yana nuna yanayin canjin gilashi ( <math>T_g</math> ) tsakanin -15 da -30 °C da zafin narkewa ( <math>T_m</math> ) yana farawa daga 38 zuwa 41°C. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brossier |first=Thomas |last2=Volpi |first2=Gael |last3=Lapinte |first3=Vincent |last4=Blanquer |first4=Sebastien |date=Jan 2021 |title=Synthesis of Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate) from Amine Group Initiation: Role of Urethane Bonds in the Crystallinity |journal=Polymers |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |page=280 |doi=10.3390/polym13020280 |issn=2073-4360 |pmc=7829917 |pmid=33467051 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙananan nauyin ƙwayoyin halitta PTMC wani polymer ne mai roba wanda ke da rashin daidaiton girma, rashin tauri, da kuma rashin isasshen kayan aikin injiniya. Duk da haka, PTMC mai nauyin kwayoyin halitta mai girman amorphous (sama da 100,000) yana da sassauƙa sosai, tare da ƙarancin modulus na roba (5-7 MPa) a zafin ɗaki, mai tauri kuma yana ba da kyakkyawan sifofin injiniya. Ana iya inganta halayen injina na robar idan aka haɗa ta hanyar hasken gamma. <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=van Leeuwen |first=A. C. |last2=Huddleston Slater |first2=J. J. R. |last3=Gielkens |first3=P. F. M. |last4=de Jong |first4=J. R. |last5=Grijpma |first5=D. W. |last6=Bos |first6=R. R. M. |date=2012-04-01 |title=Guided bone regeneration in rat mandibular defects using resorbable poly(trimethylene carbonate) barrier membranes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S174270611100540X |journal=Acta Biomaterialia |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=1422–1429 |doi=10.1016/j.actbio.2011.12.004 |issn=1742-7061 |pmid=22186161 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> PTMC tana da juriya ga hydrolysis mara enzymatic, idan aka kwatanta da yawancin polyester na aliphatic, amma enzymes na iya lalata shi ''a cikin jiki'' . Abu ne mai iya sake narkewa tun lokacin da haɗin ester zai iya karyewa ta hanyar enzyme, yana samar da CO2 <math>_2</math> da ruwa. Don haka, ''a cikin jiki'', yana lalacewa ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa kuma samfuran ruɓewa ba su da wani sinadarin acid na halitta, wanda ke hana yiwuwar amsawar kumburi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mindemark |first=Jonas |last2=Hilborn |first2=Jöns |last3=Bowden |first3=Tim |date=Apr 2007 |title=End-Group-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma0629081 |journal=Macromolecules |language=en |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=3515–3517 |bibcode=2007MaMol..40.3515M |doi=10.1021/ma0629081 |issn=0024-9297 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Aikace-aikace == Saboda yanayin rashin tsari, PTMC wani nau'in polymer ne mai sassauƙa tare da halayyar roba. Bugu da ƙari, lalacewar halitta da kuma daidaiton biocompatibility na PTMC sun sa ya zama da amfani sosai a aikace-aikacen likitanci a matsayin kayan aiki don sake farfaɗo da nama da na'urorin isar da magunguna. An yi amfani da PTMC a matsayin kayan aiki don injiniyan nama musamman ga wasu nau'ikan kyallen takarda masu laushi waɗanda kiyaye halayen injiniya yana da mahimmanci don sake gina kyallen takarda. An kuma kimanta membranes ɗin da aka yi da PTMC a matsayin shinge don amfani a cikin sake farfaɗo da kyallen takarda mai tauri kamar ƙashi. Aikin waɗannan membranes yana kama da na collagen na kasuwanci da membranes na e-PTFE, wanda ke nuna dacewa sosai don amfani a cikin sake farfaɗo da ƙashi mai jagora . <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Saboda yanayin roba da kuma kama ruwa, an haɗa ƙwayoyin copolymers na tushen PTMC waɗanda aka samar daga ROP na TMC tare da comonomers na tushen lactone don gyara waɗannan halaye, suna ƙara yawan amfani. Saboda haka, an gabatar da shawarar amfani da shi azaman na'urorin likitanci masu iya maye gurbinsu waɗanda ake son sarrafa tauri da lokacin lalatawar halitta. Manyan misalan waɗannan copolymers sune poly(L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate), <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Braghirolli |first=D.I. |last2=Caberlon |first2=B. |last3=Gamba |first3=D. |last4=Petry |first4=Jftc. |last5=Dias |first5=M.L. |last6=Pranke |first6=P. |date=2019 |title=Poly(trimethylene carbonate-co-L-lactide) electrospun scaffolds for use as vascular grafts |journal=Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research |volume=52 |issue=8 |doi=10.1590/1414-431x20198318 |issn=1414-431X |pmc=6694404 |pmid=31411247}}</ref> poly(glycolide- ''co'' -trimethylene carbonate) <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Noorsal |first=K. |last2=Mantle |first2=M. D. |last3=Gladden |first3=L. F. |last4=Cameron |first4=R. E. |date=May 2005 |title=Degradation and drug-release studies of a poly(glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate) copolymer (Maxon) |journal=Journal of Applied Polymer Science |language=en |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=475–486 |doi=10.1002/app.21108 |issn=0021-8995 |doi-access=free}}</ref> da poly(caprolactone- ''co-'' trimethylene carbonate). <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Rocha |first=Daniela Nogueira |last2=Brites |first2=Pedro |last3=Fonseca |first3=Carlos |last4=Pêgo |first4=Ana Paula |date=Feb 2014 |title=Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate-co-ε-Caprolactone) Promotes Axonal Growth |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...988593R |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0088593 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3937290 |pmid=24586346 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An gabatar da Poly(L-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) don amfani a matsayin ƙananan diamita na jijiyoyin jini. <ref name=":1" /> Poly(glycolide ''-co'' -trimethylene carbonate) wani nau'in monofilament ne na kasuwanci da ake amfani da shi don dinki mai jinkirin lalacewa wanda ke ba da damar kula da ƙarfin injina mai girma wanda ya dace da murmurewa daga tiyata. <ref name=":0" /> An gabatar da Poly(caprolactone- ''co'' -trimethylene carbonate) a matsayin kayan halitta don hanyoyin sadarwa a cikin sake farfaɗo da tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya. <ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s7ogysexf0oy8nyxwocpv2sok2sis6a 0 178498 964455 2026-10-07T20:11:01Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Manazartah ilimi = 964455 wikitext text/x-wiki = Manazartah ilimi = mewrooequ34mxpwfmnht61zbvpt88sy 0 178499 964460 2026-10-07T20:31:47Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336547578|Gonyautoxin]]" 964460 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gonyautoxins''' ( '''GTX''' ) wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ne masu guba iri ɗaya waɗanda algae ke samarwa ta halitta. Suna cikin rukunin saxitoxins, babban rukuni na neurotoxins tare da kwayar halitta wadda kuma ake kira saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NSTX) da decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX). A halin yanzu an sanya ƙwayoyin cuta guda takwas ga rukunin gonyautoxins, wanda aka sani da gonyautoxin 1 (GTX-1) ga gonyautoxin 8 (GTX-8). Cin gonyautoxins ta hanyar cin mollusks da algae mai guba ya gurɓata na iya haifar da wata cuta ta ɗan adam da ake kira gubar kifin da ke ɗauke da gurguwar ƙwayoyin cuta (PSP). == Majiyoyin halitta == Ana samar da Gonyautoxins ta hanyar halitta ta hanyar nau'ikan dinoflagellates na ruwa da yawa ( Alexandrium sp., Gonyaulax sp., Protogonyaulax sp.). Gubar da ke haifar da gurɓataccen kifin da waɗannan gubobi ke haifarwa yana da alaƙa da furannin dinoflagellate da aka sani da "ja tides", duk da cewa launin ruwan ba lallai ba ne. Yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke iya samar da guba ya yi ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin yawan da za a iya gani a gani. [3] Bayan haka, kifin shellfish yana ɗauke da gubobi kuma yana yin bioaccumulation . == Tsarin gini == A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar saxitoxins, gonyautoxins suna da tsarinsu bisa ga kwarangwal na 2,6-diamino-4-methyl-pyrrolo[1,2-c]-purin-10-ol (wanda kuma aka sani da kwarangwal na Saxitoxin-gonyautoxin). Kwayoyin halittar daban-daban suna bambanta da juna ne kawai ta hanyar maye gurbinsu, wasu daga cikinsu kawai ta hanyar stereoisomerism kamar GTX-2 da GTX-3. <ref name="THMD" /> <ref name="TRC">{{Cite web |title=Toronto Research Chemicals website |url=http://www.trc-canada.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970601191256/http://www.trc-canada.com/ |archive-date=1997-06-01 |access-date=2016-03-09}}</ref> Ana iya gano Gonyautoxins ta hanyar amfani da High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), wanda aka gwada akan beraye. , A shekara ta 2009 an ƙirƙiro wani maganin rigakafi na monoclonal don gano gonyautoxin 2 ko 3 a cikin kayayyakin ruwa. An auna iyakar ganowa da ƙasa da microgram 0.74 a kowace millilita. <ref name="icelesa">{{Cite journal |last=Tang |first=Y. |last2=Wang |first2=H. |last3=Xiang |first3=J. |last4=Chen |first4=Y. |last5=He |first5=W. |last6=Deng |first6=N. |last7=Yang |first7=H. |date=2009 |title=A sensitive immunosorbent bio-barcode assay combining PCR with icELISA for detection of gonyautoxin 2/3 |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=657 |issue=2 |pages=210–214 |doi=10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.045 |pmid=20005334}}</ref> == Tsarin == Duk da cewa ana samun gonyautoxins ta halitta, ana kuma san hanyar haɗa wasu daga cikinsu. Misali, ana iya haɗa Gonyautoxin 2 daga [[L-serine methyl ester]], ta hanyar gonyautoxin 3. A wannan tsari da farko, ana yi wa L-serine methyl ester magani da aldehyde, don ya iya mayar da martani ga rufe tsarin zoben. Allyl da aka samar yana da [[Deprotected|kariya]] ta hanyar ƙara [[ _SO3 _CH2 CCl ₃ ]]. <ref name="synth">{{Cite journal |last=Mulcahy |first=V. M. |last2=Du Bois |first2=J. |date=2008 |title=A Stereoselective Synthesis of (+)-Gonyautoxin 3 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=130 |issue=38 |pages=12630–12631 |bibcode=2008JAChS.13012630M |doi=10.1021/ja805651g |pmc=2597710 |pmid=18759394}}</ref> Daga baya, ana bin wani martanin RH-catalyzed amino acid tare da guanidine, wanda ke samar da firam ɗin GTX-3 mai tricyclic. Ana gyara tsaka-tsakin martani da dama a cikin wannan tsari ta hanyar amfani da ƙungiyoyi uku masu kariya. Cire waɗannan ƙungiyoyin yana ba da [[11β-hydrosaxitoxin]] a matsayin samfuri, wanda daga nan za a haɗa shi da sinadarin sulfate a cikin barasa na C 11. Ana samar da GTX-2 ta hanyar sanya samfurin a cikin ruwan da ke da pH 8, domin a ci gaba da samun epimerization a C11. <ref name="synth" /> == Guba da rashin lafiya == === Toxicology === Kamar kowace cuta ta hanyar saxitoxin, gonyautoxins suna haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani kuma suna haifar da wata cuta da aka sani da gubar kifi mai kama da gurgu (PSP). <ref name="alkaloids">{{Cite journal |last=Christophersen |first=C. |date=24 May 1986 |title=Marine Alkaloids |journal=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology |volume=24}}</ref> Ga mutane, ana ba da allurai 1-4&nbsp;mg na waɗannan guba sun riga sun mutu. Kifin Shellfish na iya ƙunsar fiye da microgram 10 na gonyautoxin a kowace gram 100 na nauyinsa, wanda hakan ke haifar da cewa shan wasu mussels na iya zama haɗari ga ɗan adam. Kowace shekara ana samun rahotannin kusan shari'o'i 2000 na PSP, wanda kusan kashi 15% daga cikinsu suna ƙarewa da mutuwa. <ref name="algal">{{Cite journal |last=Van Dolah |first=F. M. |date=2000 |title=Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=108 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=133–141 |bibcode=2000EnvHP.108S.133V |doi=10.1289/ehp.00108s1133 |pmc=1637787 |pmid=10698729}}</ref> === Tsarin aiki === A matsayin neurotoxins, gonyautoxins suna shafar tsarin juyayi . Suna iya ɗaurewa da babban ƙarfi a wurin 1 na α-subunit na tashoshin sodium masu dogaro da ƙarfin lantarki a cikin membrane na postsynaptic . Waɗannan tashoshi suna da alhakin fara ƙarfin aiki, bayan synapse . Haɗa sinadarin PSP yana hana samar da waɗannan ƙarfin da kuma yaɗuwar su, don haka yana toshe aikin synaptic. <ref name="saxitoxin">{{Cite journal |last=Andrinolo |first=D. |last2=Michea |first2=L. F. |last3=Lagos |first3=N. |date=1999 |title=Toxic effects, pharmacokinetics and clearance of saxitoxin, a component of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP), in cats |journal=Toxicon |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=447–464 |bibcode=1999Txcn...37..447A |doi=10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00173-1 |pmid=10080350 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Alamomin === Alamomin su ne alamun da ake gani na gubar kifi a cikin kifi. Yana farawa da farfadiya a fuska, wanda daga baya zai bazu a jiki. Wannan zai biyo bayan jin kasala da ciwon kai. A cikin mawuyacin hali, akwai yiwuwar [[vertigos]] . Bayan lokaci, bugun jini yana ƙaruwa kuma ciwon tsoka yana faruwa. Bugu da ƙari, makanta da matsalolin gani suma alamu ne masu yiwuwa. Mutuwa ta fi faruwa a cikin sa'o'i goma sha biyu na farko, wanda hakan ke haifar da gurguwar hanyar numfashi. Yawancin marasa lafiya da suka sami damar yin barci na ɗan lokaci, za su tsira daga gubar. <ref name="gift-tiere" /> === Maganin tsarkakewa === Canjin halitta a jikin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a matsayin cirewar sinadarai daga jiki ta hanyar oxidizing kwayar gonyautoxin. Kayayyakin da aka samar sune wasu nau'ikan gonyautoxins da aka yi oxidized. A mataki na biyu na kawar da gubobi, glucuronidation yana faruwa wanda ke samar da [[Glucuronic gonyautoxin|glucuronic-GTX]], wanda ke da karuwar hydrophilicity idan aka kwatanta da GTX kuma don haka ana iya fitar da shi cikin sauƙi. <ref name="saxitoxin" /> === Magani === Tunda ba a sami wani maganin kashe guba ba tukuna, maganin yana cikin jerin alamun farko na gubar kifin da ke da gurguwar nama. Baya ga yiwuwar numfashi ta wucin gadi, maganin da [[gawayi]] ma zaɓi ne saboda wannan sinadarin yana iya shanye gubar kifin. Wataƙila maganin da aka tattauna sosai game da neostigmine, ephedrine, ko [[Amphetamine|DL-amphetamine]] na iya taimakawa. <ref name="gift-tiere" /> == Sauran amfani == Ana iya amfani da Gonyautoxins a matsayin magani ga tsagewar dubura mai tsanani ko ta yau da kullun. Guba na taimakawa tsoka wajen hutawa da kuma kashe radadi. A wani bincike, zubar jinin marasa lafiya da aka sanya wa guba ya tsaya cikin awanni 48. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gurguwar da aka samu na ɗan lokaci a wurin allurar, wanda da alama yana ɗaukar sama da mako guda. <ref name="fissure">{{Cite journal |last=Garrido |first=R. |last2=Lagos |first2=N. |last3=Lattes |first3=K. |last4=Abedrapo |first4=M. |last5=Bocic |first5=G. |last6=Cuneo |first6=A. |last7=Chiong |first7=H. |last8=Jensen |first8=C. |last9=Azolas |first9=R. |last10=Henriquez |first10=A. |last11=Garcia |first11=C. |date=2005 |title=Gonyautoxin: new treatment for healing acute and chronic anal fissures |journal=Diseases of the Colon and Rectum |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=335–340 |doi=10.1007/s10350-004-0893-4 |pmid=15812585}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Gubar kifin guragu mai gurgunta * Ƙarfin aiki * [[Furen algal mai lahani|Furen algae mai cutarwa]] * Saxitoxin == Manazarta == 52ijbrq9q1mjy39985kx53pjakdwkg5 964462 964460 2026-10-07T20:35:31Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Majiyoyin halitta */ 964462 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gonyautoxins''' ( '''GTX''' ) wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ne masu guba iri ɗaya waɗanda algae ke samarwa ta halitta. Suna cikin rukunin saxitoxins, babban rukuni na neurotoxins tare da kwayar halitta wadda kuma ake kira saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NSTX) da decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX). A halin yanzu an sanya ƙwayoyin cuta guda takwas ga rukunin gonyautoxins, wanda aka sani da gonyautoxin 1 (GTX-1) ga gonyautoxin 8 (GTX-8). Cin gonyautoxins ta hanyar cin mollusks da algae mai guba ya gurɓata na iya haifar da wata cuta ta ɗan adam da ake kira gubar kifin da ke ɗauke da gurguwar ƙwayoyin cuta (PSP). == Majiyoyin halitta == Ana samar da Gonyautoxins ta hanyar halitta ta hanyar nau'ikan dinoflagellates na ruwa da yawa ( Alexandrium sp., Gonyaulax sp., Protogonyaulax sp.). <ref name="gift-tiere">{{Cite book | last1 = Habermehl | first1 = G. | title = Gift-Tiere und ihre Waffen: Eine Einführung für Biologen, Chemiker und Mediziner Ein Leitfaden für Touristen | date=2013}}</ref><ref name="THMD">[http://www.hmdb.ca The Human Metabolome Database]</ref> Gubar da ke haifar da gurɓataccen kifin da waɗannan gubobi ke haifarwa yana da alaƙa da furannin dinoflagellate da aka sani da "ja tides", duk da cewa launin ruwan ba lallai ba ne. Yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke iya samar da guba ya yi ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin yawan da za a iya gani a gani. [3] Bayan haka, kifin shellfish yana ɗauke da gubobi kuma yana yin bioaccumulation . == Tsarin gini == A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar saxitoxins, gonyautoxins suna da tsarinsu bisa ga kwarangwal na 2,6-diamino-4-methyl-pyrrolo[1,2-c]-purin-10-ol (wanda kuma aka sani da kwarangwal na Saxitoxin-gonyautoxin). Kwayoyin halittar daban-daban suna bambanta da juna ne kawai ta hanyar maye gurbinsu, wasu daga cikinsu kawai ta hanyar stereoisomerism kamar GTX-2 da GTX-3. <ref name="THMD" /> <ref name="TRC">{{Cite web |title=Toronto Research Chemicals website |url=http://www.trc-canada.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970601191256/http://www.trc-canada.com/ |archive-date=1997-06-01 |access-date=2016-03-09}}</ref> Ana iya gano Gonyautoxins ta hanyar amfani da High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), wanda aka gwada akan beraye. , A shekara ta 2009 an ƙirƙiro wani maganin rigakafi na monoclonal don gano gonyautoxin 2 ko 3 a cikin kayayyakin ruwa. An auna iyakar ganowa da ƙasa da microgram 0.74 a kowace millilita. <ref name="icelesa">{{Cite journal |last=Tang |first=Y. |last2=Wang |first2=H. |last3=Xiang |first3=J. |last4=Chen |first4=Y. |last5=He |first5=W. |last6=Deng |first6=N. |last7=Yang |first7=H. |date=2009 |title=A sensitive immunosorbent bio-barcode assay combining PCR with icELISA for detection of gonyautoxin 2/3 |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=657 |issue=2 |pages=210–214 |doi=10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.045 |pmid=20005334}}</ref> == Tsarin == Duk da cewa ana samun gonyautoxins ta halitta, ana kuma san hanyar haɗa wasu daga cikinsu. Misali, ana iya haɗa Gonyautoxin 2 daga [[L-serine methyl ester]], ta hanyar gonyautoxin 3. A wannan tsari da farko, ana yi wa L-serine methyl ester magani da aldehyde, don ya iya mayar da martani ga rufe tsarin zoben. Allyl da aka samar yana da [[Deprotected|kariya]] ta hanyar ƙara [[ _SO3 _CH2 CCl ₃ ]]. <ref name="synth">{{Cite journal |last=Mulcahy |first=V. M. |last2=Du Bois |first2=J. |date=2008 |title=A Stereoselective Synthesis of (+)-Gonyautoxin 3 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=130 |issue=38 |pages=12630–12631 |bibcode=2008JAChS.13012630M |doi=10.1021/ja805651g |pmc=2597710 |pmid=18759394}}</ref> Daga baya, ana bin wani martanin RH-catalyzed amino acid tare da guanidine, wanda ke samar da firam ɗin GTX-3 mai tricyclic. Ana gyara tsaka-tsakin martani da dama a cikin wannan tsari ta hanyar amfani da ƙungiyoyi uku masu kariya. Cire waɗannan ƙungiyoyin yana ba da [[11β-hydrosaxitoxin]] a matsayin samfuri, wanda daga nan za a haɗa shi da sinadarin sulfate a cikin barasa na C 11. Ana samar da GTX-2 ta hanyar sanya samfurin a cikin ruwan da ke da pH 8, domin a ci gaba da samun epimerization a C11. <ref name="synth" /> == Guba da rashin lafiya == === Toxicology === Kamar kowace cuta ta hanyar saxitoxin, gonyautoxins suna haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani kuma suna haifar da wata cuta da aka sani da gubar kifi mai kama da gurgu (PSP). <ref name="alkaloids">{{Cite journal |last=Christophersen |first=C. |date=24 May 1986 |title=Marine Alkaloids |journal=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology |volume=24}}</ref> Ga mutane, ana ba da allurai 1-4&nbsp;mg na waɗannan guba sun riga sun mutu. Kifin Shellfish na iya ƙunsar fiye da microgram 10 na gonyautoxin a kowace gram 100 na nauyinsa, wanda hakan ke haifar da cewa shan wasu mussels na iya zama haɗari ga ɗan adam. Kowace shekara ana samun rahotannin kusan shari'o'i 2000 na PSP, wanda kusan kashi 15% daga cikinsu suna ƙarewa da mutuwa. <ref name="algal">{{Cite journal |last=Van Dolah |first=F. M. |date=2000 |title=Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=108 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=133–141 |bibcode=2000EnvHP.108S.133V |doi=10.1289/ehp.00108s1133 |pmc=1637787 |pmid=10698729}}</ref> === Tsarin aiki === A matsayin neurotoxins, gonyautoxins suna shafar tsarin juyayi . Suna iya ɗaurewa da babban ƙarfi a wurin 1 na α-subunit na tashoshin sodium masu dogaro da ƙarfin lantarki a cikin membrane na postsynaptic . Waɗannan tashoshi suna da alhakin fara ƙarfin aiki, bayan synapse . Haɗa sinadarin PSP yana hana samar da waɗannan ƙarfin da kuma yaɗuwar su, don haka yana toshe aikin synaptic. <ref name="saxitoxin">{{Cite journal |last=Andrinolo |first=D. |last2=Michea |first2=L. F. |last3=Lagos |first3=N. |date=1999 |title=Toxic effects, pharmacokinetics and clearance of saxitoxin, a component of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP), in cats |journal=Toxicon |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=447–464 |bibcode=1999Txcn...37..447A |doi=10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00173-1 |pmid=10080350 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Alamomin === Alamomin su ne alamun da ake gani na gubar kifi a cikin kifi. Yana farawa da farfadiya a fuska, wanda daga baya zai bazu a jiki. Wannan zai biyo bayan jin kasala da ciwon kai. A cikin mawuyacin hali, akwai yiwuwar [[vertigos]] . Bayan lokaci, bugun jini yana ƙaruwa kuma ciwon tsoka yana faruwa. Bugu da ƙari, makanta da matsalolin gani suma alamu ne masu yiwuwa. Mutuwa ta fi faruwa a cikin sa'o'i goma sha biyu na farko, wanda hakan ke haifar da gurguwar hanyar numfashi. Yawancin marasa lafiya da suka sami damar yin barci na ɗan lokaci, za su tsira daga gubar. <ref name="gift-tiere" /> === Maganin tsarkakewa === Canjin halitta a jikin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a matsayin cirewar sinadarai daga jiki ta hanyar oxidizing kwayar gonyautoxin. Kayayyakin da aka samar sune wasu nau'ikan gonyautoxins da aka yi oxidized. A mataki na biyu na kawar da gubobi, glucuronidation yana faruwa wanda ke samar da [[Glucuronic gonyautoxin|glucuronic-GTX]], wanda ke da karuwar hydrophilicity idan aka kwatanta da GTX kuma don haka ana iya fitar da shi cikin sauƙi. <ref name="saxitoxin" /> === Magani === Tunda ba a sami wani maganin kashe guba ba tukuna, maganin yana cikin jerin alamun farko na gubar kifin da ke da gurguwar nama. Baya ga yiwuwar numfashi ta wucin gadi, maganin da [[gawayi]] ma zaɓi ne saboda wannan sinadarin yana iya shanye gubar kifin. Wataƙila maganin da aka tattauna sosai game da neostigmine, ephedrine, ko [[Amphetamine|DL-amphetamine]] na iya taimakawa. <ref name="gift-tiere" /> == Sauran amfani == Ana iya amfani da Gonyautoxins a matsayin magani ga tsagewar dubura mai tsanani ko ta yau da kullun. Guba na taimakawa tsoka wajen hutawa da kuma kashe radadi. A wani bincike, zubar jinin marasa lafiya da aka sanya wa guba ya tsaya cikin awanni 48. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gurguwar da aka samu na ɗan lokaci a wurin allurar, wanda da alama yana ɗaukar sama da mako guda. <ref name="fissure">{{Cite journal |last=Garrido |first=R. |last2=Lagos |first2=N. |last3=Lattes |first3=K. |last4=Abedrapo |first4=M. |last5=Bocic |first5=G. |last6=Cuneo |first6=A. |last7=Chiong |first7=H. |last8=Jensen |first8=C. |last9=Azolas |first9=R. |last10=Henriquez |first10=A. |last11=Garcia |first11=C. |date=2005 |title=Gonyautoxin: new treatment for healing acute and chronic anal fissures |journal=Diseases of the Colon and Rectum |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=335–340 |doi=10.1007/s10350-004-0893-4 |pmid=15812585}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Gubar kifin guragu mai gurgunta * Ƙarfin aiki * [[Furen algal mai lahani|Furen algae mai cutarwa]] * Saxitoxin == Manazarta == aaqnlizi89xbygatcfzbi6yjwantwe0 964463 964462 2026-10-07T20:37:16Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Majiyoyin halitta */ 964463 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gonyautoxins''' ( '''GTX''' ) wasu ƙwayoyin cuta ne masu guba iri ɗaya waɗanda algae ke samarwa ta halitta. Suna cikin rukunin saxitoxins, babban rukuni na neurotoxins tare da kwayar halitta wadda kuma ake kira saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (NSTX) da decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX). A halin yanzu an sanya ƙwayoyin cuta guda takwas ga rukunin gonyautoxins, wanda aka sani da gonyautoxin 1 (GTX-1) ga gonyautoxin 8 (GTX-8). Cin gonyautoxins ta hanyar cin mollusks da algae mai guba ya gurɓata na iya haifar da wata cuta ta ɗan adam da ake kira gubar kifin da ke ɗauke da gurguwar ƙwayoyin cuta (PSP). == Majiyoyin halitta == Ana samar da Gonyautoxins ta hanyar halitta ta hanyar nau'ikan dinoflagellates na ruwa da yawa ( Alexandrium sp., Gonyaulax sp., Protogonyaulax sp.). <ref name="gift-tiere">{{Cite book | last1 = Habermehl | first1 = G. | title = Gift-Tiere und ihre Waffen: Eine Einführung für Biologen, Chemiker und Mediziner Ein Leitfaden für Touristen | date=2013}}</ref><ref name="THMD">[http://www.hmdb.ca The Human Metabolome Database]</ref> Gubar da ke haifar da gurɓataccen kifin da waɗannan gubobi ke haifarwa yana da alaƙa da furannin dinoflagellate da aka sani da "ja tides", duk da cewa launin ruwan ba lallai ba ne. Yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da ke iya samar da guba ya yi ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin yawan da za a iya gani a gani. <ref name="alkaloids">{{Cite journal | title=Marine Alkaloids|last1=Christophersen|first1=C.|journal = The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology | volume = 24 | date=24 May 1986 }}</ref> Bayan haka, kifin shellfish yana ɗauke da gubobi kuma yana yin bioaccumulation . == Tsarin gini == A matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar saxitoxins, gonyautoxins suna da tsarinsu bisa ga kwarangwal na 2,6-diamino-4-methyl-pyrrolo[1,2-c]-purin-10-ol (wanda kuma aka sani da kwarangwal na Saxitoxin-gonyautoxin). Kwayoyin halittar daban-daban suna bambanta da juna ne kawai ta hanyar maye gurbinsu, wasu daga cikinsu kawai ta hanyar stereoisomerism kamar GTX-2 da GTX-3. <ref name="THMD" /> <ref name="TRC">{{Cite web |title=Toronto Research Chemicals website |url=http://www.trc-canada.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970601191256/http://www.trc-canada.com/ |archive-date=1997-06-01 |access-date=2016-03-09}}</ref> Ana iya gano Gonyautoxins ta hanyar amfani da High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), wanda aka gwada akan beraye. , A shekara ta 2009 an ƙirƙiro wani maganin rigakafi na monoclonal don gano gonyautoxin 2 ko 3 a cikin kayayyakin ruwa. An auna iyakar ganowa da ƙasa da microgram 0.74 a kowace millilita. <ref name="icelesa">{{Cite journal |last=Tang |first=Y. |last2=Wang |first2=H. |last3=Xiang |first3=J. |last4=Chen |first4=Y. |last5=He |first5=W. |last6=Deng |first6=N. |last7=Yang |first7=H. |date=2009 |title=A sensitive immunosorbent bio-barcode assay combining PCR with icELISA for detection of gonyautoxin 2/3 |journal=Analytica Chimica Acta |volume=657 |issue=2 |pages=210–214 |doi=10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.045 |pmid=20005334}}</ref> == Tsarin == Duk da cewa ana samun gonyautoxins ta halitta, ana kuma san hanyar haɗa wasu daga cikinsu. Misali, ana iya haɗa Gonyautoxin 2 daga [[L-serine methyl ester]], ta hanyar gonyautoxin 3. A wannan tsari da farko, ana yi wa L-serine methyl ester magani da aldehyde, don ya iya mayar da martani ga rufe tsarin zoben. Allyl da aka samar yana da [[Deprotected|kariya]] ta hanyar ƙara [[ _SO3 _CH2 CCl ₃ ]]. <ref name="synth">{{Cite journal |last=Mulcahy |first=V. M. |last2=Du Bois |first2=J. |date=2008 |title=A Stereoselective Synthesis of (+)-Gonyautoxin 3 |journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=130 |issue=38 |pages=12630–12631 |bibcode=2008JAChS.13012630M |doi=10.1021/ja805651g |pmc=2597710 |pmid=18759394}}</ref> Daga baya, ana bin wani martanin RH-catalyzed amino acid tare da guanidine, wanda ke samar da firam ɗin GTX-3 mai tricyclic. Ana gyara tsaka-tsakin martani da dama a cikin wannan tsari ta hanyar amfani da ƙungiyoyi uku masu kariya. Cire waɗannan ƙungiyoyin yana ba da [[11β-hydrosaxitoxin]] a matsayin samfuri, wanda daga nan za a haɗa shi da sinadarin sulfate a cikin barasa na C 11. Ana samar da GTX-2 ta hanyar sanya samfurin a cikin ruwan da ke da pH 8, domin a ci gaba da samun epimerization a C11. <ref name="synth" /> == Guba da rashin lafiya == === Toxicology === Kamar kowace cuta ta hanyar saxitoxin, gonyautoxins suna haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani kuma suna haifar da wata cuta da aka sani da gubar kifi mai kama da gurgu (PSP). <ref name="alkaloids">{{Cite journal |last=Christophersen |first=C. |date=24 May 1986 |title=Marine Alkaloids |journal=The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology |volume=24}}</ref> Ga mutane, ana ba da allurai 1-4&nbsp;mg na waɗannan guba sun riga sun mutu. Kifin Shellfish na iya ƙunsar fiye da microgram 10 na gonyautoxin a kowace gram 100 na nauyinsa, wanda hakan ke haifar da cewa shan wasu mussels na iya zama haɗari ga ɗan adam. Kowace shekara ana samun rahotannin kusan shari'o'i 2000 na PSP, wanda kusan kashi 15% daga cikinsu suna ƙarewa da mutuwa. <ref name="algal">{{Cite journal |last=Van Dolah |first=F. M. |date=2000 |title=Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=108 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=133–141 |bibcode=2000EnvHP.108S.133V |doi=10.1289/ehp.00108s1133 |pmc=1637787 |pmid=10698729}}</ref> === Tsarin aiki === A matsayin neurotoxins, gonyautoxins suna shafar tsarin juyayi . Suna iya ɗaurewa da babban ƙarfi a wurin 1 na α-subunit na tashoshin sodium masu dogaro da ƙarfin lantarki a cikin membrane na postsynaptic . Waɗannan tashoshi suna da alhakin fara ƙarfin aiki, bayan synapse . Haɗa sinadarin PSP yana hana samar da waɗannan ƙarfin da kuma yaɗuwar su, don haka yana toshe aikin synaptic. <ref name="saxitoxin">{{Cite journal |last=Andrinolo |first=D. |last2=Michea |first2=L. F. |last3=Lagos |first3=N. |date=1999 |title=Toxic effects, pharmacokinetics and clearance of saxitoxin, a component of paralytic shellfish poison (PSP), in cats |journal=Toxicon |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=447–464 |bibcode=1999Txcn...37..447A |doi=10.1016/s0041-0101(98)00173-1 |pmid=10080350 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Alamomin === Alamomin su ne alamun da ake gani na gubar kifi a cikin kifi. Yana farawa da farfadiya a fuska, wanda daga baya zai bazu a jiki. Wannan zai biyo bayan jin kasala da ciwon kai. A cikin mawuyacin hali, akwai yiwuwar [[vertigos]] . Bayan lokaci, bugun jini yana ƙaruwa kuma ciwon tsoka yana faruwa. Bugu da ƙari, makanta da matsalolin gani suma alamu ne masu yiwuwa. Mutuwa ta fi faruwa a cikin sa'o'i goma sha biyu na farko, wanda hakan ke haifar da gurguwar hanyar numfashi. Yawancin marasa lafiya da suka sami damar yin barci na ɗan lokaci, za su tsira daga gubar. <ref name="gift-tiere" /> === Maganin tsarkakewa === Canjin halitta a jikin ɗan adam yana faruwa ne a matsayin cirewar sinadarai daga jiki ta hanyar oxidizing kwayar gonyautoxin. Kayayyakin da aka samar sune wasu nau'ikan gonyautoxins da aka yi oxidized. A mataki na biyu na kawar da gubobi, glucuronidation yana faruwa wanda ke samar da [[Glucuronic gonyautoxin|glucuronic-GTX]], wanda ke da karuwar hydrophilicity idan aka kwatanta da GTX kuma don haka ana iya fitar da shi cikin sauƙi. <ref name="saxitoxin" /> === Magani === Tunda ba a sami wani maganin kashe guba ba tukuna, maganin yana cikin jerin alamun farko na gubar kifin da ke da gurguwar nama. Baya ga yiwuwar numfashi ta wucin gadi, maganin da [[gawayi]] ma zaɓi ne saboda wannan sinadarin yana iya shanye gubar kifin. Wataƙila maganin da aka tattauna sosai game da neostigmine, ephedrine, ko [[Amphetamine|DL-amphetamine]] na iya taimakawa. <ref name="gift-tiere" /> == Sauran amfani == Ana iya amfani da Gonyautoxins a matsayin magani ga tsagewar dubura mai tsanani ko ta yau da kullun. Guba na taimakawa tsoka wajen hutawa da kuma kashe radadi. A wani bincike, zubar jinin marasa lafiya da aka sanya wa guba ya tsaya cikin awanni 48. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gurguwar da aka samu na ɗan lokaci a wurin allurar, wanda da alama yana ɗaukar sama da mako guda. <ref name="fissure">{{Cite journal |last=Garrido |first=R. |last2=Lagos |first2=N. |last3=Lattes |first3=K. |last4=Abedrapo |first4=M. |last5=Bocic |first5=G. |last6=Cuneo |first6=A. |last7=Chiong |first7=H. |last8=Jensen |first8=C. |last9=Azolas |first9=R. |last10=Henriquez |first10=A. |last11=Garcia |first11=C. |date=2005 |title=Gonyautoxin: new treatment for healing acute and chronic anal fissures |journal=Diseases of the Colon and Rectum |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=335–340 |doi=10.1007/s10350-004-0893-4 |pmid=15812585}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Gubar kifin guragu mai gurgunta * Ƙarfin aiki * [[Furen algal mai lahani|Furen algae mai cutarwa]] * Saxitoxin == Manazarta == s7vp29lnu1xkwh3eqo00pvflz6bhfr1 0 178500 964475 2026-10-07T20:57:20Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330678799|Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots]]" 964475 wikitext text/x-wiki <nowiki>'''</nowiki>Zane-zanen Iyalin Psittacidae, ko Parrots <nowiki>'''</nowiki>littafi ne na 1832 wanda ya ƙunshi lithographs 42 masu launin hannu na Edward Lear . Ya samar da kwafi 175 don sayarwa ga masu biyan kuɗi a matsayin wani ɓangare na bugawa, wanda daga baya aka haɗa shi a matsayin littafi. Lear ya fara zana aku a shekara ta 1830 lokacin yana ɗan shekara 18, kuma don samun kayan aikin littafinsa, ya yi nazarin tsuntsaye masu rai a gidan namun daji na London da kuma tarin kayan tarihi na sirri. Na ƙarshen sun haɗa da na Edward Smith Stanley, wanda daga baya ya zama Earl na Derby na 13, wanda ke da babban gidan cin abinci a Knowsley Hall, da Benjamin Leadbeater, wani mai sayar da taxider kuma mai ciniki a cikin samfuran dabbobi. Lear ya zana a kan faranti na lithographic don bugawa ta Charles Joseph Hullmandel, wanda aka san shi da ingancin kwafi na zane-zane masu kyau. Duk da cewa littafin ya gaza a fannin kuɗi, zane-zanen aku na Lear sun tabbatar da sunansa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu fasahar tarihin halitta na zamaninsa. Ya same shi yana aiki tare da John Gould, Stanley da sauran manyan masana kimiyyar halitta na zamani, kuma Sarauniya Victoria matashiya ta ɗauke shi aiki don taimaka mata da fasahar zane. Parrots ya kasance jagora ga manyan kundin zane-zanen tsuntsaye na Gould, kuma aikin Lear mai mahimmanci ya rinjayi ƙwararrun tsuntsaye kamar William T. Cooper, Elizabeth Butterworth, da Walton Ford . Lear ya ci gaba da zane-zanen yanayi na wasu shekaru, amma daga kusan shekara ta 1835 ya fara damuwa game da gazawar ganinsa, kuma ya ƙara mai da hankali kan ayyukansa marasa amfani da kuma zanen shimfidar wuri, kodayake yana iya ba da gudummawa ga zane-zanen [[Charles Darwin]] 's ''Voyage of the Beagle'' . == Bayani == [[File:Pepys_copy_of_Willughby's_Ornithology.jpg|alt=A set of coloured bird prints, showing (clockwise top to bottom) a Hawfinch, a Northern Cardinal, a Bullfinch, a House Sparrow, a Crossbill and a Greenfinch.|thumb| Faranti na XLIII daga kwafin Samuel Pepys na Francis Willughby na 1678 ''Ornithology'' mai launin hannu <ref name="pepys">{{Cite journal |last=Birkhead |first=Tim R |last2=Montgomerie |first2=Robert |year=2009 |title=Samuel Pepys's hand-coloured copy of John Ray's 'The Ornithology of Francis Willughby' (1678) |url= |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=883–891 |bibcode=2009JOrni.150..883M |doi=10.1007/s10336-009-0413-3 |s2cid=39409738}}</ref>]] Ayyukan kimiyya na farko kan tsuntsaye, kamar na Conrad Gessner, Ulisse Aldrovandi da Pierre Belon, sun dogara ne akan yawancin abubuwan da suka ƙunsa bisa ga ikon [[Falsafa|masanin falsafa]] na Girka na zamanin da [[Aristotle]] da koyarwar coci, kuma sun haɗa da abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi nau'in halittu, kamar [[karin magana]], nassoshi a tarihi da adabi, ko amfani da shi azaman alama . Tsarin nau'in ya kasance ta tsarin haruffa a cikin Gessner's {{Lang|la|[[Historia animalium (Gessner book)|Historia animalium]]}}, kuma ta hanyar ƙa'idodi marasa tsari a yawancin sauran ayyukan farko. <ref name="birkheadwis18" /> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 da farkon ƙarni na 17, [[Francis Bacon]] ya yi kira ga ci gaban ilimi ta hanyar lura da gwaji, <ref name="birkhead11" /> kuma ƙungiyar Royal Society ta Ingila da membobinta kamar John Ray, John Wilkins da Francis Willughby sun yi ƙoƙarin aiwatar da hanyar gwaji, gami da yin tafiye-tafiye sosai don tattara samfura da bayanai. Ilimin tsuntsaye na zamani na farko, wanda aka yi niyya don bayyana duk tsuntsayen da aka sani a duniya a wancan lokacin, Ray da Willughby ne suka samar da shi kuma aka buga shi da [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] a matsayin {{Lang|la|Ornithologiae Libri Tres}} ( ''Littattafai Uku na Ilimin Halittar Kwaikwayo'' ) a shekarar 1676, da kuma a Turanci, kamar yadda aka rubuta a ''littafin The Ornithology na Francis Willughby na Middleton'', a shekarar 1678. Sabbin fasalulluka nasa sun haɗa da ingantaccen tsarin rarrabuwa bisa ga siffofin [[Anatomy|jiki]], gami da bakin tsuntsu, ƙafafu da girmansa gabaɗaya, da kuma maɓalli mai faɗi iri ɗaya, wanda ya taimaka wa masu karatu su gano tsuntsaye ta hanyar shiryar da su zuwa shafin da ke bayyana wannan rukunin. Marubutan sun kuma sanya alamar tauraro a kan nau'ikan halittu waɗanda ba su da masaniya a kansu, don haka ba su iya tabbatar da hakan ba. Ba a san nasarar kasuwanci ta ''Ornithology'' ba, amma ta kasance mai muhimmanci a tarihi, ta rinjayi marubuta ciki har da René Réaumur, Mathurin Jacques Brisson, Georges Cuvier da [[Karl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] wajen tattara nasu ayyukan. George Edwards fitaccen masanin kimiyyar halittu ne kuma mai zane-zane na Birtaniya a ƙarni na 17. Ya kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Royal College tare da damar samun tarin littattafai 8,000, kuma ya yi amfani da waɗannan, tare da dabbobi masu cike da kayan abinci da kuma dabbobi masu rai, don ƙirƙirar littattafai masu zane-zane. Littafinsa mai jigo huɗu mai suna ''A Natural History of Uncommon Tsuntsaye'' (1743–1751) da kuma ƙarin abubuwan da ya ƙunsa guda uku sun shafi batutuwa sama da 600 na tarihin halitta, kuma littattafansa sun ba Linnaeus damar ambaton nau'ikan tsuntsaye 350, gami da samfuran nau'ikan da yawa. A farkon 19th&nbsp;A ƙarni na 1980, an rubuta ilimin ornithologies da yawa cikin Turanci, <ref name="davison">{{Cite journal |last=Davison |first=G W H |year=2013 |title=Dresser, Seebohm, and the Scope of Palaearctic Ornithology |url=https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/s29rbz259-268.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |at=Supplement No. 29: 259–268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019173622/https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/s29rbz259-268.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> kuma babban gudummawar da Edward Lear ya bayar ga ci gaban zanen tsuntsaye shine mayar da hankali kan rukunin tsuntsaye guda ɗaya, a cikin yanayinsa aku, fenti galibi daga tsuntsaye masu rai maimakon samfuran da aka cika ko fatun da aka yi da fata, kuma suna amfani da babban girman shafi. Ba Lear ne ya fara samar da wani zane mai siffar aku ba. Mawaƙin Faransa Jacques Barraband ya ƙirƙiri hotuna 145 don Tarihin François Levaillant {{Lang|fr|Histoire Naturelle des Perroquets}} (1801–1805). Littafin Lear ya yi tasiri nan take, gami da tasirinsa ga littafin John Gould mai jigo biyar na ''Tsuntsayen Turai'', wanda aka buga tsakanin 1832 da 1837. == Edward Lear ==   [[File:HMS_Blossom_(1806).jpg|alt=A watercolour of an 18th-century naval ship|thumb| Tafiyar HMS <nowiki><i id="mwvQ">Blossom</i></nowiki> ta bai wa Edward Lear babban kwamiti na farko.]] An haifi Edward Lear a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba&nbsp;Mayu 1812 a Holloway, Arewacin London, {{Efn|Until he was middle-aged, Lear celebrated his birthday on 13 May. It appears that he was born shortly before midnight, leading to some confusion in the family.<ref name=uglow10>Uglow (2017) p. 10.</ref><ref name=noakes>Noakes (1986) p. 74.</ref> Lear usually said he was from [[Highgate]], Holloway's much smarter neighbouring suburb.<ref name=uglow12/>}} wanda ya zo na ƙarshe (kuma mafi ƙanƙanta da ya tsira) na wataƙila 'ya'yan Jeremiah da Ann (née Skerrett) Lear 21. {{Efn|Lear himself was not consistent on the number of his siblings, and the fact that the family reused the names of children who died young means that the true figure could be lower.<ref name=Uglow534>Uglow (2017) p. 534.</ref>}} Jeremiah dillalin hannun jari ne wanda a shekara ta 1816 ya ƙi shiga kasuwar hannayen jari ta London har zuwa fam 2150&nbsp;11s.&nbsp;1d. {{Efn|About £168,300 at 2020 prices calculated using MeasuringWorth.<ref>[https://www.measuringworth.com/index.php Measuring Worth - Relative Worth Comparators and Data Sets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628124108/https://measuringworth.com/index.php |date=28 June 2021 }} MeasuringWorth</ref>}} a cikin rikicin tattalin arziki bayan Yaƙin Napoleon . Iyalan sun bar gidansu, Bowmans Lodge, kuma babbar 'yar'uwarsa, wacce aka sanya wa suna Ann, ta girma a cikin shekaru 21. Saboda yana fama da [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], mashako da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], Ann ta zama uwa a gare shi tun yana ɗan shekara huɗu har zuwa rasuwarta lokacin da yake kusan shekara 50. Ann da wata 'yar'uwar Edward, Sarah, dukkansu ƙwararru ne a fannin fasaha kuma sun koya wa ɗan'uwansu zane da zane. Tun daga shekarar 1827, yana da shekaru kusan 15, Edward yana ɗaukar aikin albashi, gami da zane-zanen likitanci. Babban aikin da ya fara yi shi ne ya ba da misalin binciken kimiyya na wani balaguron Royal Navy zuwa [[Tekun Pacific|Pacific]] . HMS <nowiki><i id="mw5g">Blossom</i></nowiki>, wanda Kyaftin Frederick W. Beechey ya jagoranta, ya yi tafiya mai nasara ta tsawon shekaru uku (1825–1828), inda ya ziyarci [[California]], Tsibirin Pitcairn, Tahiti, da kuma sassan arewa maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka da ba a san su ba a da. Lear ya zana faranti 12 na tsuntsaye da kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa guda biyu a cikin littafin ''The Zoology of Captain Beechey's Voyage'', wataƙila a shekarar 1829, lokacin yana ɗan shekara 17, ko kuma a shekarar 1830. Jinkirin da wani mai ba da gudummawa ya yi, mai kula da ilimin dabbobi a [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]], Edward Gray, ya yi, ya nuna cewa littafin ya wuce shekaru goma lokacin da aka buga shi a shekarar 1839, wasu tafiye-tafiye da dama sun faru a wannan lokacin. == Bincike == [[File:Edward_Lear_drawing.jpg|alt=sketch of a young man with spectacles and a moustache|thumb| Lear a shekarar 1840]] Shirin Lear shine ya samar da kwafi 175 na wani babban littafin folio, {{Efn|Large folio is {{convert|53.7|x|36.5|cm}}.<ref name=christies>{{cite web|url=https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/valuable-books-manuscripts/edward-lear-1812-1888-141/93449|author=Christies|title=Edward Lear (1812–1888): Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots [1830–] 1832|work=Online Auction 18887:Valuable Books & Manuscripts|publisher=Christies|date=30 July 2020|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214918/https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/valuable-books-manuscripts/edward-lear-1812-1888-141/93449|url-status=live}}</ref>}} wanda ya fi girma fiye da duk wani mai zane na yanayi na Turai da ya yi amfani da shi a baya. Ya haɗu kuma ya zama abokai da [[John James Audubon]], wanda ya buga littafinsa mai girman giwa biyu mai suna ''The Twins of America'' a shekarar 1827, kuma wannan littafin wataƙila ya zaburar da shi ya zaɓi babban tsari. Za a sayar da littafin ta hanyar biyan kuɗi a matsayin sassa goma sha huɗu, kowanne akan shilling goma, jimillar kuɗinsa shine £7. {{Efn|About £630 at 2020 prices, calculated using MeasuringWorth.<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/index.php |title=Measuring Worth - Relative Worth Comparators and Data Sets |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628124108/https://measuringworth.com/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Cikakken taken sa kamar yadda aka buga shi ne ''Zane-zane na dangin Psittacidæ, ko aku: mafi yawansu nau'ikan da ba a siffanta su ba ne, suna ɗauke da faranti arba'in da biyu na lithographic, waɗanda aka zana daga rai, da kuma a kan dutse'', kamar yadda aka buga a shafin taken littafin. Masu biyan kuɗi na farko sun haɗa da wata ƙawata, Mrs Anne Wentworth, da 'yan'uwanta mata da 'yarta, sai kuma manyan masana kimiyyar halitta, ciki har da Nicholas Vigors na London Zoo da shugaban ƙungiyar Linnean Society, Edward Smith-Stanley, wanda daga baya ya zama Earl na Derby na 13. Masu biyan kuɗi daga manyan mutane sun haɗa da Duke na Norfolk, Earl na Egremont, da Duke na Northumberland da Duchess ɗinsa. Ƙungiyar Kula da Dabbobin Landan da Ƙungiyar Linnean suma sun yi rajista a matsayin ƙungiyoyi. <ref name="Uglow45" /> Littattafan farko na Lear sun haɗa da zane-zane da zane-zanen aku, gami da cockatoo mai siffar citron, launin ruwa na aku biyu masu kore, da kuma wani kan macaw mai launin shuɗi mai gashin fuka-fukansa guda biyu, amma don aikinsa yana buƙatar samun tsuntsaye masu rai. A watan Yuni&nbsp;A shekarar 1830, ƙungiyar dabbobi ta London (ZSL) ta ba shi izinin yin zane a gidan namun daji na London, kuma yana da damar zuwa gidan kayan tarihi na gidan namun daji da ke titin Bruton da ke kusa. Baya ga fatun da aka cika da tsuntsaye, gidan kayan tarihi yana da filayen kiwo tare da wasu tsuntsaye masu rai. Duk da cewa ba a ba wa wasu masu fasaha irin wannan damar ba, {{Efn|The zoologist and author [[William Swainson]] was refused similar access, and when he nevertheless entered in the company of Audubon, he was prevented from taking notes.<ref name =peck25>Peck (2020) p. 25.</ref>}} An gabatar da Lear ga ZSL ta hannun Mrs Wentworth, wacce take da alaƙa da fasaha da tarihin halitta . Ya kuma zana aku mallakar Stanley da Vigors, <ref name="Uglow45" /> kuma ya ga nau'ikan aku da dama, ciki har da baƙar cockatoo na Baudin, a cikin tarin Benjamin Leadbeater, ƙwararren mai sayar da taxidermist kuma mai ciniki a cikin samfuran. <ref name="Uglow45" /> Lokacin da bai iya ganin tsuntsaye masu rai ba, Lear ya koma ga samfuran Gould da aka cika da kayan lambu. <ref name="Uglow45" /> == Samarwa == [[File:Ara_macao_-painting_by_Edward_Lear.jpg|alt=large red, yellow and blue parrot|thumb| Macaw mai launin ja da rawaya, an yi masa lakabi da ''Macrocercus Aracanga'' a kan farantin 7, tare da [[Nomenclature na binomial|sunan da]] ba daidai ba da kuma sunan gama gari .]] An samar da zane-zanen Lear ta amfani da lithography, inda masu fasaha suka kwafi zane-zanensu a kan wani kyakkyawan zanen dutse mai laushi ta amfani da wani fenti na musamman mai kakin zuma. Sai aka yi wa tubalan magani da nitric acid da gum arabic domin a goge sassan dutsen da kakin ba ya kare su. An jika saman da aka yi wa fenti kafin a ƙara tawada mai, wadda za a riƙe ta ne kawai da layukan fenti mai mai, sannan a buga kwafi daga dutsen. An yi wa faranti da aka buga fenti da hannu, galibin 'yan mata ne. <ref name="dress139" /> Lear ya yi amfani da dutse mai daraja kai tsaye maimakon fara yin zane sannan ya kwafi shi a kan dutsen, wanda hakan ya cece shi kuɗi mai yawa. Ko da yake wannan hanyar ta fi wahala a zahiri, zane kai tsaye a kan dutse zai iya ba da yanayi mai kyau ga hoton ƙarshe, kuma wasu masu fasahar tsuntsaye na zamani kamar John Gerrard Keulemans sun fi so. Lear ya koyar da kansa dabarun lithographic, ta amfani da duwatsun da aka haya a ɗakin buga littattafansa, Charles Joseph Hullmandel . Hullmandel shi ne marubucin littafin ''The Art of Drawing on Stone'' (1824), kuma babban mai tallata buga lithographic a Birtaniya. {{Efn|Hullmandel charged 4[[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)|d]] to 18d per month for his blocks, depending on size.<ref name=uglow52/>}} Masu yin launinsa sun yi amfani da farin kwai don ba da haske ga fatar aku da kuma haskaka idon tsuntsu. Lear ya tsara marufi don kowane ɓangare, amma ya canza ƙirar lokacin da aka ba shi izinin sadaukar da littafinsa ga Sarauniya Adelaide, matar Sarki William na Huɗu . <ref name="uglow52" /> Lear ya sha wahala da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen samar da littafinsa, duk da goge zane-zanensa da zarar ya sami kwafi 175 da ake buƙata, don rage kuɗaɗen hayar tubalan lithographic. Kuɗinsa ya ƙare lokacin da ya buga sassa goma sha biyu kacal daga cikin sassa goma sha huɗu da aka yi niyya, tare da faranti 42 kuma babu rubutu. Ya sayar da rajista 125 kacal, kuma ba duk masu biyan kuɗinsa ne suka biya abin da suke bin sa ba. Domin taimakawa da kuɗi, Lear ya yi aiki a Gould daga 1832 zuwa 1837, yana kwatanta littafinsa mai sassa biyar ''na Tsuntsayen Turai'' kuma yana koyar da lithography ga matar Gould, Elizabeth . Lear har yanzu yana bin bashin littafin aku nasa, kuma a watan Maris&nbsp;A shekara ta 1833 ya sayar da sauran kwafin 50 da kuma haƙƙin mallakar faranti ga Gould akan £50. {{Efn|About £4,850 at 2020 prices calculated using MeasuringWorth.<ref name="Archived copy"/>}} Kuɗin da aka kashe wajen rubuta littafinsa ya nuna cewa ba a taɓa kammala sassan biyu na ƙarshe ba kuma gazawar kuɗi ce, kodayake Lear ya yi hasashen wannan yiwuwar, yana cewa "Buga littafinsu hasashe ne wanda - gwargwadon yadda ya sa na san shi & ya samar mini aiki a fannin zane-zanen dabbobi - ya amsa tsammanina - amma a fannin kuɗi ya jawo mini asara mai yawa." An buga sassa biyu na farko a ranar 1 ga Disamba&nbsp;A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1830, kuma Lear, wanda har yanzu yana da shekaru 18 kacal, an zaɓe shi nan take don zama memba na ƙungiyar Linnean Society ta Vigors da [[Zoology|masana dabbobi]] Thomas Bell da Edward Bennett . Audubon ya sayi kwafin littafin ƙarshe da aka ɗaure, duk da farashinsa da kuma ƙarancin kuɗinsa, William Swainson ya nemi kwafin faranti biyu da zai iya sanya su a firam ɗin kuma ya rataye kusa da zane-zanen Audubon ɗinsa, kuma Prideaux John Selby ya ce faranti "suna da launuka masu kyau kuma ina tsammanin sun fi na Audubon kyau sosai a laushi da kuma zane mai kyau". <ref name="uglow52" /> ''Parrots'' ya kafa Lear a matsayin fitaccen mai zane na halitta, kuma daga baya aka ci gaba da nemansa. == Ayyukan da suka shafi == [[File:Illustrations_of_the_family_of_Psittacidœ,_or_parrots_(Plate_23)_(8116343907).jpg|alt=A mainly red and green parrot|thumb| Parrakeet na maza na Stanley, wanda yanzu ake kira da rosella ta yamma, farantin 23, an zana shi daga ɗaya daga cikin tsuntsayen Lord Stanley ]] Lokacin da Lear ya sayar da sauran kwafin ''Parrots'' ga Gould, wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar ita ce Lear zai yi tafiya zuwa gidajen namun daji na nahiyar Turai tare da shi don tattara kayan don ''Tsuntsayen Turai'' . An dage tafiyar ne saboda nakudar Elizabeth Gould da kuma kamuwa [[Influenza|da mura]] a lokacin da take ɗauke da ita, kuma an fara jinkirta ta ne a watan Yuli.&nbsp;1833, kuma Lear daga ƙarshe ya samar da faranti 68 don littafin, Gould ya amince da hakan. Ya samar da aƙalla faranti goma don littafin Gould mai ''suna A Monograph of the Ramphastidae, ko Family of Toucans'' . Duk da cewa ya sanya hannu kan faranti da dama a bugu na farko, sa hannun sa ya ɓace a bugu na biyu na 1854. Yi amfani da fenti mai ban sha'awa don wasu faranti a cikin ''A Monograph of the Trogonidae, ko Family of Trogons'' (1835–1838) amma duk faranti 36 an sanya musu hannu ne kawai kamar yadda John da Elizabeth Gould suka sanya musu. Lear yana son Elizabeth Gould, kuma yana yaba wa John saboda ɗabi'ar aikinsa, amma bai so shi a matsayin mutum ba. Lokacin da Gould ya mutu a shekara ta 1881, Lear ya rubuta "Wanda ban taɓa sonsa ba... mutum mai tsaurin kai da tashin hankali... wanda bai taɓa jin tausayin waɗanda ke tare da shi ba." Lear bai yi aiki ga Gould kaɗai ba. Ya kasance yana yin fenti mai launin ruwa don Selby's ''British Ornithology'' (1821–1834) tun yana ɗan shekara 16, kuma daga 1825 ya yi zane don haɗin gwiwar Selby da William Jardine, ''Illustrations of Ornithology'' . Ya kuma zana ''zane-zanen Jardine na ƙabilar agwagwa'', kuma ya ƙirƙiri zane-zane, galibi na tattabaru da aku, don ɗakin karatu na Jardine na ''The Naturalist's Library'' . Stanley ya zama babban mai kula da Lear lokacin da ya gaji sarautar mahaifinsa a shekarar 1834. Yanzu Lord Derby, ya yi amfani da filin gidan kakanninsa, Knowsley Hall, don ƙirƙirar gidan namun daji mai zaman kansa a cikin yankinsa {{Convert|69|hectare|acre}}, kuma ya ɗauki Lear aiki don zana launukan ruwa na halittu da yawa a cikin gidan nasa. {{Efn|At its peak, Knowsley's collection contained around 20,000 individual animals. It had representatives of 619 bird species, including 114 species of parrots, 51 [[Raptor (bird)|raptors]] and 60 [[Galliformes|game birds]].<ref name=peck90>Peck (2021) pp. 90–91.</ref>}} Tun daga kusan shekarar 1835, Lear ya fara damuwa da ganinsa, yana mai da'awar "babu tsuntsaye a ƙarƙashin jimina da zan iya gani nan ba da jimawa ba", kuma ya ƙara mai da hankali kan ayyukansa na banza da zane-zanen shimfidar wuri, kodayake yana iya bayar da gudummawa ga zane-zanen [[Charles Darwin]] 's ''Voyage of the Beagle'' . A shekara ta 1846, an gayyace shi ya ba da darussa ga [[Sarauniya Victoria]] matashiya don inganta zanen shimfidar wuri. Ya ba wa sarauniyar matashin darussa goma a gidan Osborne a watan Yuli, sannan ya ba ta darussa biyu a Fadar Buckingham a watan Agusta. Victoria ta aika wa Lear wani zane a matsayin kyauta a lokacin hunturu mai zuwa; Lear ya gaya wa 'yar'uwarsa Ann game da kyautar, amma ya ce kada ta gaya wa kowa don kada ta yi kama da alfahari. == Gado == [[File:Anodorhynchus_leari_by_Edward_Lear.jpg|alt=A large blue parrot|thumb| Faranti na 9 na Lear's Macaw, wanda aka yi masa taken ''Macrocercus hyacinthinus'', Hyacinthine macaw]] [[File:Cacatua_galerita_-Plyctolophus_galeritus_Greater_Sulphur-crested_Cockatoo_-by_Edward_Lear_1812-1888.jpg|thumb| Cockato mai siffar sulfur mai girma, farantin 3, wanda aka yiwa alama da cacatua galerita]] Tasirin nasarar da littafin Lear na aku ya samu nan take shi ne tasirinsa ga Gould. <ref name="Uglow57" /> Har zuwa lokacin, ya kasance ƙwararren masanin ilmin dabbobi, wanda galibi yana aiki da Ƙungiyar Dabbobin Gida ta London, tare da littafi ɗaya kawai da aka buga, littafinsa na 1832 ''A Century of Tsuntsaye daga Dutsen Himalaya'', tare da zane-zanen bango da Lear ya zana. {{Efn|The term "century" in the title refers to a count of 100 birds, rather than a 100-year period, as Lear aimed to depict a hundred rare Indian bird species; 102 were actually included.<ref name=lederer96/>}} Bayan ''Parrots'', Gould ya yanke shawarar samar da littattafai bisa ga samfurin Lear, ta amfani da Hullmandel a matsayin firintarsa, kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa ya samar da kimanin kundin littattafai 40. Charles Lucien Bonaparte ne ya ba wa Lear Macaw mai suna ''Anodorhynchus leari'' suna a shekarar 1856. Bonaparte ya gano shi a matsayin sabon nau'in halitta daga zane mai kyau na Lear a cikin littafinsa, wanda aka sanya masa taken macaw na hyacinthine . Wasu nau'ikan aku guda biyu da aka sanya wa suna Lear, wato cockatoo ''Lapochroa leari'' (wanda yanzu ake kira Major Mitchell's cockatoo ) da kuma parakeet ''Platycercus leari'' (wanda yanzu ake kira Crimson rosella ) ba a yarda da su a ƙarƙashin waɗannan sunayen ba. Lear shine na farko da ya bayyana nau'ikan halittu guda biyar da kuma nau'ikan halittun da aka nuna. Farantinsa sune holotypes ɗin kuma shi ne mai iko. Waɗannan su ne nau'in Baudin's black cockatoo (Flate 6 a matsayin Calyptorhynchus Baudinii), Antipodes parakeet ( {{Abbr|Pl|Plate}} 25 a matsayin Platycercus unicolor), regent aku ( {{Abbr|Pl|Plate}} 29 a matsayin Platycercus anthopeplus), variety lorikeet ( {{Abbr|Pl|Plate}} 36 a matsayin Trichoglossus versicolor) da kuma nau'in rosella mai launin fari ''Platycercus adscitus palliceps'' ( {{Abbr|Pl|Plate}} 19 a matsayin Platycercus palliceps). <ref name="peters">{{Cite book|last=James L. Peters}}</ref> <ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen |title=Parrots, cockatoos |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731161741/https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union |ref=none}}</ref> Tasirin Lear akan masu zane-zanen littattafan yara, kamar Beatrix Potter da Maurice Sendak ya fi fitowa ne daga littattafansa marasa amfani fiye da zane-zanen tsuntsayensa, amma sauran masu zane-zane sun fi amfani da ayyukansa na tsuntsaye da sanin yakamata. William T. Cooper da Elizabeth Butterworth duk sun zana tsuntsaye daga rayuwa, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari sosai don haɗa abubuwan da suka dace da salon Lear; Butterworth ya zana littattafai huɗu kan aku, ciki har da ''Amazon Parrots: A Monograph'', wanda Rosemary Low ta rubuta. Sauran masu fasahar zamani sun yi amfani da salon Lear tare da wani salo na zamani. Walton Ford yana fenti aku, amma sau da yawa a wurare da ke nuna su a cikin yanayi mai yuwuwar mutuwa da ya shafi tarko ko dabbobin daji. Kamar Lear, Ford sau da yawa yana da bayanin gefe a kan zane-zanen, kodayake a yanayinsa don amfanin masu sauraronsa, maimakon a matsayin tunatarwa kai. James Prosek ya shahara ta hanyar zana kifi, amma kuma ya haɗa abubuwa marasa amfani a cikin aikinsa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar tsuntsayen da aka yi tunaninsu a cikin salon Lear, tare da bayanan da suka haɗa da wasu sunaye, bayanan ɗabi'u da kuma wuraren da ake tsammanin an gani. {{Efn|His "cockatool" is just like a Lear-painted cockatoo, but its crest consists of [[Swiss Army knife]]-like tools. The annotations include "efficient at most simple carpentry jobs".<ref name=peck165/> Lear himself created nonsense birds, such as his "Cockatooka Superba", in which the cockatoo is emerging as the flower of a [[narcissus (plant)|narcissus-like]] plant.<ref name=peck136>Peck (2021) pp. 136, 138.</ref>}} An haɗa tarin zane-zane da nazarce-nazarce na ''Parrots'' a cikin babban tarin zane-zane na Lear da aka gudanar a ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Harvard Houghton . <ref name="Ireland">{{Cite web |last=Ireland |first=Corydon |date=27 June 2012 |title=Edward Lear's natural history |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/06/edward-lears-natural-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625103212/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/06/edward-lears-natural-history/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=25 June 2021 |publisher=Harvard Gazette}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Bonhams ta sayar da kwafin ''Parrots'' a gwanjo kan £90,000, <ref name="bonhams">{{Cite web |last=Bonhams |date=30 May 2018 |title=Lear (Edward) Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/24913/lot/121/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722121910/https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/24913/lot/121/ |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |publisher=Bonhams}}</ref> kuma a shekarar 2020 Christie's ta sake lissafa wani kwafin tare da farashin jagora na £40,000–60,000, kuma ta sami £60,000. == Bayanan kula == == Manazarta == == Zaɓaɓɓun littattafan karatu == * *   Publication dates on title pages: Part I 1743, Part II 1747, Part III 1750, Part IV 1751 *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots (1832) by Edward Lear|''Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots'' (1832) by Edward Lear}} *   [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rztgyvza89rgbry32a25f4y0genxskl 964476 964475 2026-10-07T20:59:52Z Baffa ali 47435 964476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''<nowiki>'''</nowiki>Zane-zanen Iyalin Psittacidae, ko Parrots '''<nowiki>'''</nowiki>littafi ne na 1832 wanda ya ƙunshi lithographs 42 masu launin hannu na Edward Lear . Ya samar da kwafi 175 don sayarwa ga masu biyan kuɗi a matsayin wani ɓangare na bugawa, wanda daga baya aka haɗa shi a matsayin littafi. Lear ya fara zana aku a shekara ta 1830 lokacin yana ɗan shekara 18, kuma don samun kayan aikin littafinsa, ya yi nazarin tsuntsaye masu rai a gidan namun daji na London da kuma tarin kayan tarihi na sirri. Na ƙarshen sun haɗa da na Edward Smith Stanley, wanda daga baya ya zama Earl na Derby na 13, wanda ke da babban gidan cin abinci a Knowsley Hall, da Benjamin Leadbeater, wani mai sayar da taxider kuma mai ciniki a cikin samfuran dabbobi. Lear ya zana a kan faranti na lithographic don bugawa ta Charles Joseph Hullmandel, wanda aka san shi da ingancin kwafi na zane-zane masu kyau. Duk da cewa littafin ya gaza a fannin kuɗi, zane-zanen aku na Lear sun tabbatar da sunansa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun masu fasahar tarihin halitta na zamaninsa. Ya same shi yana aiki tare da John Gould, Stanley da sauran manyan masana kimiyyar halitta na zamani, kuma Sarauniya Victoria matashiya ta ɗauke shi aiki don taimaka mata da fasahar zane. Parrots ya kasance jagora ga manyan kundin zane-zanen tsuntsaye na Gould, kuma aikin Lear mai mahimmanci ya rinjayi ƙwararrun tsuntsaye kamar William T. Cooper, Elizabeth Butterworth, da Walton Ford . Lear ya ci gaba da zane-zanen yanayi na wasu shekaru, amma daga kusan shekara ta 1835 ya fara damuwa game da gazawar ganinsa, kuma ya ƙara mai da hankali kan ayyukansa marasa amfani da kuma zanen shimfidar wuri, kodayake yana iya ba da gudummawa ga zane-zanen [[Charles Darwin]] 's ''Voyage of the Beagle'' . == Bayani == [[File:Pepys_copy_of_Willughby's_Ornithology.jpg|alt=A set of coloured bird prints, showing (clockwise top to bottom) a Hawfinch, a Northern Cardinal, a Bullfinch, a House Sparrow, a Crossbill and a Greenfinch.|thumb| Faranti na XLIII daga kwafin Samuel Pepys na Francis Willughby na 1678 ''Ornithology'' mai launin hannu <ref name="pepys">{{Cite journal |last=Birkhead |first=Tim R |last2=Montgomerie |first2=Robert |year=2009 |title=Samuel Pepys's hand-coloured copy of John Ray's 'The Ornithology of Francis Willughby' (1678) |url= |journal=Journal of Ornithology |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=883–891 |bibcode=2009JOrni.150..883M |doi=10.1007/s10336-009-0413-3 |s2cid=39409738}}</ref>]] Ayyukan kimiyya na farko kan tsuntsaye, kamar na Conrad Gessner, Ulisse Aldrovandi da Pierre Belon, sun dogara ne akan yawancin abubuwan da suka ƙunsa bisa ga ikon [[Falsafa|masanin falsafa]] na Girka na zamanin da [[Aristotle]] da koyarwar coci, kuma sun haɗa da abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi nau'in halittu, kamar [[karin magana]], nassoshi a tarihi da adabi, ko amfani da shi azaman alama . Tsarin nau'in ya kasance ta tsarin haruffa a cikin Gessner's {{Lang|la|[[Historia animalium (Gessner book)|Historia animalium]]}}, kuma ta hanyar ƙa'idodi marasa tsari a yawancin sauran ayyukan farko. <ref name="birkheadwis18" /> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 da farkon ƙarni na 17, [[Francis Bacon]] ya yi kira ga ci gaban ilimi ta hanyar lura da gwaji, <ref name="birkhead11" /> kuma ƙungiyar Royal Society ta Ingila da membobinta kamar John Ray, John Wilkins da Francis Willughby sun yi ƙoƙarin aiwatar da hanyar gwaji, gami da yin tafiye-tafiye sosai don tattara samfura da bayanai. Ilimin tsuntsaye na zamani na farko, wanda aka yi niyya don bayyana duk tsuntsayen da aka sani a duniya a wancan lokacin, Ray da Willughby ne suka samar da shi kuma aka buga shi da [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] a matsayin {{Lang|la|Ornithologiae Libri Tres}} ( ''Littattafai Uku na Ilimin Halittar Kwaikwayo'' ) a shekarar 1676, da kuma a Turanci, kamar yadda aka rubuta a ''littafin The Ornithology na Francis Willughby na Middleton'', a shekarar 1678. Sabbin fasalulluka nasa sun haɗa da ingantaccen tsarin rarrabuwa bisa ga siffofin [[Anatomy|jiki]], gami da bakin tsuntsu, ƙafafu da girmansa gabaɗaya, da kuma maɓalli mai faɗi iri ɗaya, wanda ya taimaka wa masu karatu su gano tsuntsaye ta hanyar shiryar da su zuwa shafin da ke bayyana wannan rukunin. Marubutan sun kuma sanya alamar tauraro a kan nau'ikan halittu waɗanda ba su da masaniya a kansu, don haka ba su iya tabbatar da hakan ba. Ba a san nasarar kasuwanci ta ''Ornithology'' ba, amma ta kasance mai muhimmanci a tarihi, ta rinjayi marubuta ciki har da René Réaumur, Mathurin Jacques Brisson, Georges Cuvier da [[Karl Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] wajen tattara nasu ayyukan. George Edwards fitaccen masanin kimiyyar halittu ne kuma mai zane-zane na Birtaniya a ƙarni na 17. Ya kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na Kwalejin Likitoci ta Royal College tare da damar samun tarin littattafai 8,000, kuma ya yi amfani da waɗannan, tare da dabbobi masu cike da kayan abinci da kuma dabbobi masu rai, don ƙirƙirar littattafai masu zane-zane. Littafinsa mai jigo huɗu mai suna ''A Natural History of Uncommon Tsuntsaye'' (1743–1751) da kuma ƙarin abubuwan da ya ƙunsa guda uku sun shafi batutuwa sama da 600 na tarihin halitta, kuma littattafansa sun ba Linnaeus damar ambaton nau'ikan tsuntsaye 350, gami da samfuran nau'ikan da yawa. A farkon 19th&nbsp;A ƙarni na 1980, an rubuta ilimin ornithologies da yawa cikin Turanci, <ref name="davison">{{Cite journal |last=Davison |first=G W H |year=2013 |title=Dresser, Seebohm, and the Scope of Palaearctic Ornithology |url=https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/s29rbz259-268.pdf |url-status=live |journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |at=Supplement No. 29: 259–268 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019173622/https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/s29rbz259-268.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref> kuma babban gudummawar da Edward Lear ya bayar ga ci gaban zanen tsuntsaye shine mayar da hankali kan rukunin tsuntsaye guda ɗaya, a cikin yanayinsa aku, fenti galibi daga tsuntsaye masu rai maimakon samfuran da aka cika ko fatun da aka yi da fata, kuma suna amfani da babban girman shafi. Ba Lear ne ya fara samar da wani zane mai siffar aku ba. Mawaƙin Faransa Jacques Barraband ya ƙirƙiri hotuna 145 don Tarihin François Levaillant {{Lang|fr|Histoire Naturelle des Perroquets}} (1801–1805). Littafin Lear ya yi tasiri nan take, gami da tasirinsa ga littafin John Gould mai jigo biyar na ''Tsuntsayen Turai'', wanda aka buga tsakanin 1832 da 1837. == Edward Lear ==   [[File:HMS_Blossom_(1806).jpg|alt=A watercolour of an 18th-century naval ship|thumb| Tafiyar HMS <nowiki><i id="mwvQ">Blossom</i></nowiki> ta bai wa Edward Lear babban kwamiti na farko.]] An haifi Edward Lear a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba&nbsp;Mayu 1812 a Holloway, Arewacin London, {{Efn|Until he was middle-aged, Lear celebrated his birthday on 13 May. It appears that he was born shortly before midnight, leading to some confusion in the family.<ref name=uglow10>Uglow (2017) p. 10.</ref><ref name=noakes>Noakes (1986) p. 74.</ref> Lear usually said he was from [[Highgate]], Holloway's much smarter neighbouring suburb.<ref name=uglow12/>}} wanda ya zo na ƙarshe (kuma mafi ƙanƙanta da ya tsira) na wataƙila 'ya'yan Jeremiah da Ann (née Skerrett) Lear 21. {{Efn|Lear himself was not consistent on the number of his siblings, and the fact that the family reused the names of children who died young means that the true figure could be lower.<ref name=Uglow534>Uglow (2017) p. 534.</ref>}} Jeremiah dillalin hannun jari ne wanda a shekara ta 1816 ya ƙi shiga kasuwar hannayen jari ta London har zuwa fam 2150&nbsp;11s.&nbsp;1d. {{Efn|About £168,300 at 2020 prices calculated using MeasuringWorth.<ref>[https://www.measuringworth.com/index.php Measuring Worth - Relative Worth Comparators and Data Sets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628124108/https://measuringworth.com/index.php |date=28 June 2021 }} MeasuringWorth</ref>}} a cikin rikicin tattalin arziki bayan Yaƙin Napoleon . Iyalan sun bar gidansu, Bowmans Lodge, kuma babbar 'yar'uwarsa, wacce aka sanya wa suna Ann, ta girma a cikin shekaru 21. Saboda yana fama da [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], mashako da [[Cutar Asthma|asma]], Ann ta zama uwa a gare shi tun yana ɗan shekara huɗu har zuwa rasuwarta lokacin da yake kusan shekara 50. Ann da wata 'yar'uwar Edward, Sarah, dukkansu ƙwararru ne a fannin fasaha kuma sun koya wa ɗan'uwansu zane da zane. Tun daga shekarar 1827, yana da shekaru kusan 15, Edward yana ɗaukar aikin albashi, gami da zane-zanen likitanci. Babban aikin da ya fara yi shi ne ya ba da misalin binciken kimiyya na wani balaguron Royal Navy zuwa [[Tekun Pacific|Pacific]] . HMS <nowiki><i id="mw5g">Blossom</i></nowiki>, wanda Kyaftin Frederick W. Beechey ya jagoranta, ya yi tafiya mai nasara ta tsawon shekaru uku (1825–1828), inda ya ziyarci [[California]], Tsibirin Pitcairn, Tahiti, da kuma sassan arewa maso yammacin Arewacin Amurka da ba a san su ba a da. Lear ya zana faranti 12 na tsuntsaye da kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa guda biyu a cikin littafin ''The Zoology of Captain Beechey's Voyage'', wataƙila a shekarar 1829, lokacin yana ɗan shekara 17, ko kuma a shekarar 1830. Jinkirin da wani mai ba da gudummawa ya yi, mai kula da ilimin dabbobi a [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]], Edward Gray, ya yi, ya nuna cewa littafin ya wuce shekaru goma lokacin da aka buga shi a shekarar 1839, wasu tafiye-tafiye da dama sun faru a wannan lokacin. == Bincike == [[File:Edward_Lear_drawing.jpg|alt=sketch of a young man with spectacles and a moustache|thumb| Lear a shekarar 1840]] Shirin Lear shine ya samar da kwafi 175 na wani babban littafin folio, {{Efn|Large folio is {{convert|53.7|x|36.5|cm}}.<ref name=christies>{{cite web|url=https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/valuable-books-manuscripts/edward-lear-1812-1888-141/93449|author=Christies|title=Edward Lear (1812–1888): Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots [1830–] 1832|work=Online Auction 18887:Valuable Books & Manuscripts|publisher=Christies|date=30 July 2020|access-date=23 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214918/https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/valuable-books-manuscripts/edward-lear-1812-1888-141/93449|url-status=live}}</ref>}} wanda ya fi girma fiye da duk wani mai zane na yanayi na Turai da ya yi amfani da shi a baya. Ya haɗu kuma ya zama abokai da [[John James Audubon]], wanda ya buga littafinsa mai girman giwa biyu mai suna ''The Twins of America'' a shekarar 1827, kuma wannan littafin wataƙila ya zaburar da shi ya zaɓi babban tsari. Za a sayar da littafin ta hanyar biyan kuɗi a matsayin sassa goma sha huɗu, kowanne akan shilling goma, jimillar kuɗinsa shine £7. {{Efn|About £630 at 2020 prices, calculated using MeasuringWorth.<ref name="Archived copy">{{Cite web |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/index.php |title=Measuring Worth - Relative Worth Comparators and Data Sets |access-date=23 June 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628124108/https://measuringworth.com/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref>}} Cikakken taken sa kamar yadda aka buga shi ne ''Zane-zane na dangin Psittacidæ, ko aku: mafi yawansu nau'ikan da ba a siffanta su ba ne, suna ɗauke da faranti arba'in da biyu na lithographic, waɗanda aka zana daga rai, da kuma a kan dutse'', kamar yadda aka buga a shafin taken littafin. Masu biyan kuɗi na farko sun haɗa da wata ƙawata, Mrs Anne Wentworth, da 'yan'uwanta mata da 'yarta, sai kuma manyan masana kimiyyar halitta, ciki har da Nicholas Vigors na London Zoo da shugaban ƙungiyar Linnean Society, Edward Smith-Stanley, wanda daga baya ya zama Earl na Derby na 13. Masu biyan kuɗi daga manyan mutane sun haɗa da Duke na Norfolk, Earl na Egremont, da Duke na Northumberland da Duchess ɗinsa. Ƙungiyar Kula da Dabbobin Landan da Ƙungiyar Linnean suma sun yi rajista a matsayin ƙungiyoyi. <ref name="Uglow45" /> Littattafan farko na Lear sun haɗa da zane-zane da zane-zanen aku, gami da cockatoo mai siffar citron, launin ruwa na aku biyu masu kore, da kuma wani kan macaw mai launin shuɗi mai gashin fuka-fukansa guda biyu, amma don aikinsa yana buƙatar samun tsuntsaye masu rai. A watan Yuni&nbsp;A shekarar 1830, ƙungiyar dabbobi ta London (ZSL) ta ba shi izinin yin zane a gidan namun daji na London, kuma yana da damar zuwa gidan kayan tarihi na gidan namun daji da ke titin Bruton da ke kusa. Baya ga fatun da aka cika da tsuntsaye, gidan kayan tarihi yana da filayen kiwo tare da wasu tsuntsaye masu rai. Duk da cewa ba a ba wa wasu masu fasaha irin wannan damar ba, {{Efn|The zoologist and author [[William Swainson]] was refused similar access, and when he nevertheless entered in the company of Audubon, he was prevented from taking notes.<ref name =peck25>Peck (2020) p. 25.</ref>}} An gabatar da Lear ga ZSL ta hannun Mrs Wentworth, wacce take da alaƙa da fasaha da tarihin halitta . Ya kuma zana aku mallakar Stanley da Vigors, <ref name="Uglow45" /> kuma ya ga nau'ikan aku da dama, ciki har da baƙar cockatoo na Baudin, a cikin tarin Benjamin Leadbeater, ƙwararren mai sayar da taxidermist kuma mai ciniki a cikin samfuran. <ref name="Uglow45" /> Lokacin da bai iya ganin tsuntsaye masu rai ba, Lear ya koma ga samfuran Gould da aka cika da kayan lambu. <ref name="Uglow45" /> == Samarwa == [[File:Ara_macao_-painting_by_Edward_Lear.jpg|alt=large red, yellow and blue parrot|thumb| Macaw mai launin ja da rawaya, an yi masa lakabi da ''Macrocercus Aracanga'' a kan farantin 7, tare da [[Nomenclature na binomial|sunan da]] ba daidai ba da kuma sunan gama gari .]] An samar da zane-zanen Lear ta amfani da lithography, inda masu fasaha suka kwafi zane-zanensu a kan wani kyakkyawan zanen dutse mai laushi ta amfani da wani fenti na musamman mai kakin zuma. Sai aka yi wa tubalan magani da nitric acid da gum arabic domin a goge sassan dutsen da kakin ba ya kare su. An jika saman da aka yi wa fenti kafin a ƙara tawada mai, wadda za a riƙe ta ne kawai da layukan fenti mai mai, sannan a buga kwafi daga dutsen. An yi wa faranti da aka buga fenti da hannu, galibin 'yan mata ne. <ref name="dress139" /> Lear ya yi amfani da dutse mai daraja kai tsaye maimakon fara yin zane sannan ya kwafi shi a kan dutsen, wanda hakan ya cece shi kuɗi mai yawa. Ko da yake wannan hanyar ta fi wahala a zahiri, zane kai tsaye a kan dutse zai iya ba da yanayi mai kyau ga hoton ƙarshe, kuma wasu masu fasahar tsuntsaye na zamani kamar John Gerrard Keulemans sun fi so. Lear ya koyar da kansa dabarun lithographic, ta amfani da duwatsun da aka haya a ɗakin buga littattafansa, Charles Joseph Hullmandel . Hullmandel shi ne marubucin littafin ''The Art of Drawing on Stone'' (1824), kuma babban mai tallata buga lithographic a Birtaniya. {{Efn|Hullmandel charged 4[[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)|d]] to 18d per month for his blocks, depending on size.<ref name=uglow52/>}} Masu yin launinsa sun yi amfani da farin kwai don ba da haske ga fatar aku da kuma haskaka idon tsuntsu. Lear ya tsara marufi don kowane ɓangare, amma ya canza ƙirar lokacin da aka ba shi izinin sadaukar da littafinsa ga Sarauniya Adelaide, matar Sarki William na Huɗu . <ref name="uglow52" /> Lear ya sha wahala da kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen samar da littafinsa, duk da goge zane-zanensa da zarar ya sami kwafi 175 da ake buƙata, don rage kuɗaɗen hayar tubalan lithographic. Kuɗinsa ya ƙare lokacin da ya buga sassa goma sha biyu kacal daga cikin sassa goma sha huɗu da aka yi niyya, tare da faranti 42 kuma babu rubutu. Ya sayar da rajista 125 kacal, kuma ba duk masu biyan kuɗinsa ne suka biya abin da suke bin sa ba. Domin taimakawa da kuɗi, Lear ya yi aiki a Gould daga 1832 zuwa 1837, yana kwatanta littafinsa mai sassa biyar ''na Tsuntsayen Turai'' kuma yana koyar da lithography ga matar Gould, Elizabeth . Lear har yanzu yana bin bashin littafin aku nasa, kuma a watan Maris&nbsp;A shekara ta 1833 ya sayar da sauran kwafin 50 da kuma haƙƙin mallakar faranti ga Gould akan £50. {{Efn|About £4,850 at 2020 prices calculated using MeasuringWorth.<ref name="Archived copy"/>}} Kuɗin da aka kashe wajen rubuta littafinsa ya nuna cewa ba a taɓa kammala sassan biyu na ƙarshe ba kuma gazawar kuɗi ce, kodayake Lear ya yi hasashen wannan yiwuwar, yana cewa "Buga littafinsu hasashe ne wanda - gwargwadon yadda ya sa na san shi & ya samar mini aiki a fannin zane-zanen dabbobi - ya amsa tsammanina - amma a fannin kuɗi ya jawo mini asara mai yawa." An buga sassa biyu na farko a ranar 1 ga Disamba&nbsp;A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1830, kuma Lear, wanda har yanzu yana da shekaru 18 kacal, an zaɓe shi nan take don zama memba na ƙungiyar Linnean Society ta Vigors da [[Zoology|masana dabbobi]] Thomas Bell da Edward Bennett . Audubon ya sayi kwafin littafin ƙarshe da aka ɗaure, duk da farashinsa da kuma ƙarancin kuɗinsa, William Swainson ya nemi kwafin faranti biyu da zai iya sanya su a firam ɗin kuma ya rataye kusa da zane-zanen Audubon ɗinsa, kuma Prideaux John Selby ya ce faranti "suna da launuka masu kyau kuma ina tsammanin sun fi na Audubon kyau sosai a laushi da kuma zane mai kyau". <ref name="uglow52" /> ''Parrots'' ya kafa Lear a matsayin fitaccen mai zane na halitta, kuma daga baya aka ci gaba da nemansa. == Ayyukan da suka shafi == [[File:Illustrations_of_the_family_of_Psittacidœ,_or_parrots_(Plate_23)_(8116343907).jpg|alt=A mainly red and green parrot|thumb| Parrakeet na maza na Stanley, wanda yanzu ake kira da rosella ta yamma, farantin 23, an zana shi daga ɗaya daga cikin tsuntsayen Lord Stanley ]] Lokacin da Lear ya sayar da sauran kwafin ''Parrots'' ga Gould, wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar ita ce Lear zai yi tafiya zuwa gidajen namun daji na nahiyar Turai tare da shi don tattara kayan don ''Tsuntsayen Turai'' . An dage tafiyar ne saboda nakudar Elizabeth Gould da kuma kamuwa [[Influenza|da mura]] a lokacin da take ɗauke da ita, kuma an fara jinkirta ta ne a watan Yuli.&nbsp;1833, kuma Lear daga ƙarshe ya samar da faranti 68 don littafin, Gould ya amince da hakan. Ya samar da aƙalla faranti goma don littafin Gould mai ''suna A Monograph of the Ramphastidae, ko Family of Toucans'' . Duk da cewa ya sanya hannu kan faranti da dama a bugu na farko, sa hannun sa ya ɓace a bugu na biyu na 1854. Yi amfani da fenti mai ban sha'awa don wasu faranti a cikin ''A Monograph of the Trogonidae, ko Family of Trogons'' (1835–1838) amma duk faranti 36 an sanya musu hannu ne kawai kamar yadda John da Elizabeth Gould suka sanya musu. Lear yana son Elizabeth Gould, kuma yana yaba wa John saboda ɗabi'ar aikinsa, amma bai so shi a matsayin mutum ba. Lokacin da Gould ya mutu a shekara ta 1881, Lear ya rubuta "Wanda ban taɓa sonsa ba... mutum mai tsaurin kai da tashin hankali... wanda bai taɓa jin tausayin waɗanda ke tare da shi ba." Lear bai yi aiki ga Gould kaɗai ba. Ya kasance yana yin fenti mai launin ruwa don Selby's ''British Ornithology'' (1821–1834) tun yana ɗan shekara 16, kuma daga 1825 ya yi zane don haɗin gwiwar Selby da William Jardine, ''Illustrations of Ornithology'' . Ya kuma zana ''zane-zanen Jardine na ƙabilar agwagwa'', kuma ya ƙirƙiri zane-zane, galibi na tattabaru da aku, don ɗakin karatu na Jardine na ''The Naturalist's Library'' . Stanley ya zama babban mai kula da Lear lokacin da ya gaji sarautar mahaifinsa a shekarar 1834. Yanzu Lord Derby, ya yi amfani da filin gidan kakanninsa, Knowsley Hall, don ƙirƙirar gidan namun daji mai zaman kansa a cikin yankinsa {{Convert|69|hectare|acre}}, kuma ya ɗauki Lear aiki don zana launukan ruwa na halittu da yawa a cikin gidan nasa. {{Efn|At its peak, Knowsley's collection contained around 20,000 individual animals. It had representatives of 619 bird species, including 114 species of parrots, 51 [[Raptor (bird)|raptors]] and 60 [[Galliformes|game birds]].<ref name=peck90>Peck (2021) pp. 90–91.</ref>}} Tun daga kusan shekarar 1835, Lear ya fara damuwa da ganinsa, yana mai da'awar "babu tsuntsaye a ƙarƙashin jimina da zan iya gani nan ba da jimawa ba", kuma ya ƙara mai da hankali kan ayyukansa na banza da zane-zanen shimfidar wuri, kodayake yana iya bayar da gudummawa ga zane-zanen [[Charles Darwin]] 's ''Voyage of the Beagle'' . A shekara ta 1846, an gayyace shi ya ba da darussa ga [[Sarauniya Victoria]] matashiya don inganta zanen shimfidar wuri. Ya ba wa sarauniyar matashin darussa goma a gidan Osborne a watan Yuli, sannan ya ba ta darussa biyu a Fadar Buckingham a watan Agusta. Victoria ta aika wa Lear wani zane a matsayin kyauta a lokacin hunturu mai zuwa; Lear ya gaya wa 'yar'uwarsa Ann game da kyautar, amma ya ce kada ta gaya wa kowa don kada ta yi kama da alfahari. == Gado == [[File:Anodorhynchus_leari_by_Edward_Lear.jpg|alt=A large blue parrot|thumb| Faranti na 9 na Lear's Macaw, wanda aka yi masa taken ''Macrocercus hyacinthinus'', Hyacinthine macaw]] [[File:Cacatua_galerita_-Plyctolophus_galeritus_Greater_Sulphur-crested_Cockatoo_-by_Edward_Lear_1812-1888.jpg|thumb| Cockato mai siffar sulfur mai girma, farantin 3, wanda aka yiwa alama da cacatua galerita]] Tasirin nasarar da littafin Lear na aku ya samu nan take shi ne tasirinsa ga Gould. <ref name="Uglow57" /> Har zuwa lokacin, ya kasance ƙwararren masanin ilmin dabbobi, wanda galibi yana aiki da Ƙungiyar Dabbobin Gida ta London, tare da littafi ɗaya kawai da aka buga, littafinsa na 1832 ''A Century of Tsuntsaye daga Dutsen Himalaya'', tare da zane-zanen bango da Lear ya zana. {{Efn|The term "century" in the title refers to a count of 100 birds, rather than a 100-year period, as Lear aimed to depict a hundred rare Indian bird species; 102 were actually included.<ref name=lederer96/>}} Bayan ''Parrots'', Gould ya yanke shawarar samar da littattafai bisa ga samfurin Lear, ta amfani da Hullmandel a matsayin firintarsa, kuma a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa ya samar da kimanin kundin littattafai 40. Charles Lucien Bonaparte ne ya ba wa Lear Macaw mai suna ''Anodorhynchus leari'' suna a shekarar 1856. Bonaparte ya gano shi a matsayin sabon nau'in halitta daga zane mai kyau na Lear a cikin littafinsa, wanda aka sanya masa taken macaw na hyacinthine . Wasu nau'ikan aku guda biyu da aka sanya wa suna Lear, wato cockatoo ''Lapochroa leari'' (wanda yanzu ake kira Major Mitchell's cockatoo ) da kuma parakeet ''Platycercus leari'' (wanda yanzu ake kira Crimson rosella ) ba a yarda da su a ƙarƙashin waɗannan sunayen ba. Lear shine na farko da ya bayyana nau'ikan halittu guda biyar da kuma nau'ikan halittun da aka nuna. Farantinsa sune holotypes ɗin kuma shi ne mai iko. Waɗannan su ne nau'in Baudin's black cockatoo (Flate 6 a matsayin Calyptorhynchus Baudinii), Antipodes parakeet ( {{Abbr|Pl|Plate}} 25 a matsayin Platycercus unicolor), regent aku ( {{Abbr|Pl|Plate}} 29 a matsayin Platycercus anthopeplus), variety lorikeet ( {{Abbr|Pl|Plate}} 36 a matsayin Trichoglossus versicolor) da kuma nau'in rosella mai launin fari ''Platycercus adscitus palliceps'' ( {{Abbr|Pl|Plate}} 19 a matsayin Platycercus palliceps). <ref name="peters">{{Cite book|last=James L. Peters}}</ref> <ref name="ioc">{{Cite web |date=July 2021 |editor-last=Gill |editor-first=Frank |editor-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) |editor2-last=Donsker |editor2-first=David |editor3-last=Rasmussen |editor3-first=Pamela |editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen |title=Parrots, cockatoos |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731161741/https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/parrots/ |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 |publisher=International Ornithologists' Union |ref=none}}</ref> Tasirin Lear akan masu zane-zanen littattafan yara, kamar Beatrix Potter da Maurice Sendak ya fi fitowa ne daga littattafansa marasa amfani fiye da zane-zanen tsuntsayensa, amma sauran masu zane-zane sun fi amfani da ayyukansa na tsuntsaye da sanin yakamata. William T. Cooper da Elizabeth Butterworth duk sun zana tsuntsaye daga rayuwa, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari sosai don haɗa abubuwan da suka dace da salon Lear; Butterworth ya zana littattafai huɗu kan aku, ciki har da ''Amazon Parrots: A Monograph'', wanda Rosemary Low ta rubuta. Sauran masu fasahar zamani sun yi amfani da salon Lear tare da wani salo na zamani. Walton Ford yana fenti aku, amma sau da yawa a wurare da ke nuna su a cikin yanayi mai yuwuwar mutuwa da ya shafi tarko ko dabbobin daji. Kamar Lear, Ford sau da yawa yana da bayanin gefe a kan zane-zanen, kodayake a yanayinsa don amfanin masu sauraronsa, maimakon a matsayin tunatarwa kai. James Prosek ya shahara ta hanyar zana kifi, amma kuma ya haɗa abubuwa marasa amfani a cikin aikinsa ta hanyar ƙirƙirar tsuntsayen da aka yi tunaninsu a cikin salon Lear, tare da bayanan da suka haɗa da wasu sunaye, bayanan ɗabi'u da kuma wuraren da ake tsammanin an gani. {{Efn|His "cockatool" is just like a Lear-painted cockatoo, but its crest consists of [[Swiss Army knife]]-like tools. The annotations include "efficient at most simple carpentry jobs".<ref name=peck165/> Lear himself created nonsense birds, such as his "Cockatooka Superba", in which the cockatoo is emerging as the flower of a [[narcissus (plant)|narcissus-like]] plant.<ref name=peck136>Peck (2021) pp. 136, 138.</ref>}} An haɗa tarin zane-zane da nazarce-nazarce na ''Parrots'' a cikin babban tarin zane-zane na Lear da aka gudanar a ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Harvard Houghton . <ref name="Ireland">{{Cite web |last=Ireland |first=Corydon |date=27 June 2012 |title=Edward Lear's natural history |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/06/edward-lears-natural-history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625103212/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/06/edward-lears-natural-history/ |archive-date=25 June 2021 |access-date=25 June 2021 |publisher=Harvard Gazette}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, Bonhams ta sayar da kwafin ''Parrots'' a gwanjo kan £90,000, <ref name="bonhams">{{Cite web |last=Bonhams |date=30 May 2018 |title=Lear (Edward) Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/24913/lot/121/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722121910/https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/24913/lot/121/ |archive-date=22 July 2021 |access-date=22 July 2021 |publisher=Bonhams}}</ref> kuma a shekarar 2020 Christie's ta sake lissafa wani kwafin tare da farashin jagora na £40,000–60,000, kuma ta sami £60,000. == Bayanan kula == == Manazarta == == Zaɓaɓɓun littattafan karatu == * *   Publication dates on title pages: Part I 1743, Part II 1747, Part III 1750, Part IV 1751 *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Commons category-inline|Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots (1832) by Edward Lear|''Illustrations of the Family of Psittacidae, or Parrots'' (1832) by Edward Lear}} *   [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f2bl1df4peoszr9v3bfc7vl7n3hdruh 0 178501 964481 2026-10-07T21:11:53Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1314960522|Abibaʻl inscription]]" 964481 wikitext text/x-wiki Rubutun Abiba'l rubutun Phoenician ne daga Byblos a kan kursiyin da aka sanya mutum-mutumi na Sheshonq I. An gudanar da shi a Gidan Tarihi na Vorderasiatisches na Berlin . An samo shi a cikin 1895, wanda aka buga a cikin 1903. Charles Clermont-Ganneau ne ya samo shi ta hanyar jami'in diflomasiyyar Denmark Julius Loytved . A halin yanzu a cikin tarihin Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, VA 3361 . An san shi da KAI 5, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman rubuce-rubuce goma sha uku da aka gano a Byblos. == Rubutun rubutun == Rubutun ya karanta: == Bayanan littattafai == * [Hasiya] "Yana iya samun ma'anar ma'aikata, Sarkin BYBLOS?"Revue Biblique (1892-1940) 35, No. 3 (1926): 321-27 * Rubuce-rubucen André [http://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2006_num_150_4_88119 Lokacin sarakunan Byblos Abibaal da Élibaal da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin Masar da Levant a ƙarni na goma K.Z. Zamaninmu]. In: Bayanan da aka bayar na zaman Kwal^e Rubuce-rubuce da Littattafai, shekara ta 150, N. 4, 2006. shafi na 1697-1716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.2006.88119 == Manazarta == dzeu1k2i89iaqbl6upe4u5b3ien2dih 964483 964481 2026-10-07T21:12:44Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rubutun Abiba'l rubutun Phoenician ne daga Byblos a kan kursiyin da aka sanya mutum-mutumi na Sheshonq I. An gudanar da shi a Gidan Tarihi na Vorderasiatisches na Berlin . An samo shi a cikin 1895, wanda aka buga a cikin 1903. Charles Clermont-Ganneau ne ya samo shi ta hanyar jami'in diflomasiyyar Denmark Julius Loytved . A halin yanzu a cikin tarihin Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, VA 3361 . An san shi da KAI 5, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman rubuce-rubuce goma sha uku da aka gano a Byblos. == Rubutun rubutun == Rubutun ya karanta: == Bayanan littattafai == * [Hasiya] "Yana iya samun ma'anar ma'aikata, Sarkin BYBLOS?"Revue Biblique (1892-1940) 35, No. 3 (1926): 321-27 * Rubuce-rubucen André [http://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2006_num_150_4_88119 Lokacin sarakunan Byblos Abibaal da Élibaal da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin Masar da Levant a ƙarni na goma K.Z. Zamaninmu]. In: Bayanan da aka bayar na zaman Kwal^e Rubuce-rubuce da Littattafai, shekara ta 150, N. 4, 2006. shafi na 1697-1716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.2006.88119 == Manazarta == i3zys9f6zbd8er6arwbx9zxscjfs46b 964485 964483 2026-10-07T21:16:24Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Rubutun Abiba'l rubutun Phoenician ne daga Byblos a kan kursiyin da aka sanya mutum-mutumi na Sheshonq I. An gudanar da shi a Gidan Tarihi na Vorderasiatisches na Berlin .<ref>Vriezen, Theodoor Christiaan (1951). Palestine Inscriptions. Brill Archive. p. 9. GGKEY:WGXUQKP9C87.</ref> An samo shi a cikin 1895, wanda aka buga a cikin 1903. Charles Clermont-Ganneau ne ya samo shi ta hanyar jami'in diflomasiyyar Denmark Julius Loytved . A halin yanzu a cikin tarihin Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, VA 3361<ref>Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau, Inscription égypto-phénicienne de Byblos, Comptes rendu, Académie des inscriptions et belies-lettres (Paris, 1903).</ref> . An san shi da KAI 5, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman rubuce-rubuce goma sha uku da aka gano a Byblos. == Rubutun rubutun == Rubutun ya karanta: == Bayanan littattafai == * [Hasiya] "Yana iya samun ma'anar ma'aikata, Sarkin BYBLOS?"Revue Biblique (1892-1940) 35, No. 3 (1926): 321-27 * Rubuce-rubucen André [http://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_2006_num_150_4_88119 Lokacin sarakunan Byblos Abibaal da Élibaal da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin Masar da Levant a ƙarni na goma K.Z. Zamaninmu]. In: Bayanan da aka bayar na zaman Kwal^e Rubuce-rubuce da Littattafai, shekara ta 150, N. 4, 2006. shafi na 1697-1716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.2006.88119 == Manazarta == 5t509hcsegexj0z81lde7rk8nl2hqxy 0 178502 964486 2026-10-07T21:16:40Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305123975|Abu Simbel Phoenician graffiti]]" 964486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Abu Simbel]] rubutun Phoenician''' wasu rubutun Phoenicians ne da aka samo a daya daga cikin manyan kafafu na haikalin a Abu Simbel . An kwatanta su da Rubutun Abydos. An san su da CIS I 111-113. A cikin 1845, Jean-Jacques Ampère ya fara lura da rubuce-rubuce biyu a kan ɗayan ƙafafun Ramses II, kuma ya aika kwafin su ga Louis Félicien de Saulcy . [1] de Saulcy ya bayyana su kamar haka:<blockquote>Wadannan rubuce-rubucen an tsara su ne a cikin haruffa na Phoenician masu girma, amma waɗanda aka canza su a wataƙila tun da daɗewa, ta hanyar ƙara wasu layin parasitic da aka zana ta hannun jahilci da barbaric. Abin farin ciki waɗannan canje-canje na matani na asali suna da sauƙin ganewa, don haka ana iya dawo da waɗannan matani masu daraja tare da isasshen yiwuwar.</blockquote>Richard Lepsius ne ya gano su shekara ko biyu da suka gabata, amma ba a buga aikinsa ba sai 1860. <ref>Philip Schmitz, [https://www.academia.edu/1132459/_The_Phoenician_Contingent_in_the_Campaign_of_Psammetichus_II_against_Kush._Journal_of_Egyptian_History_3.2_2010_321-37 The Phoenician Contingent in the Campaign of Psammetichus II against Kush]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} Journal of Egyptian History 3.2 (2010): 321-37</ref> Biyu nau'i-nau'i na manyan siffofi na Rameses II suna dauke da nau'o'i daban-daban na rubutu; wanda aka fi sani da shi shine rubutun Ionic na layi biyar wanda ya ambaci duka Psamtik I (Girkanci: ) da Amasis II (Girkancin: ːμασις), wanda ke waje da gefen hagu yana kallon haikalin daga waje); kai tsaye a gabansa a waje na hannun dama na Colossus 112 sune rubuce na Phoenician (CdIS). Greek-language_text" id="mwKg" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>Littattafan Helenanci da na Phoenician suna fuskantar juna. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Phoenician_Graffiti_in_Abydos_from_Corpus_inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_Table_XIX_01.jpg|From the [[Corpus inscriptionum Semiticarum]] (the bottom shows some of the Abydos graffiti File:The_Great_Temple_of_Ramses_II,_Abu_Simbel,_AG,_EGY_(48017075887).jpg|Graffiti on the legs File:The_Great_Temple_of_Ramses_II,_Abu_Simbel,_AG,_EGY_(48016982241).jpg|Graffiti from another angle </gallery> == Manazarta == db6w5prf3hdnsnat9cv0psrp1awljzt 964487 964486 2026-10-07T21:18:11Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[Abu Simbel]] rubutun Phoenician''' wasu rubutun Phoenicians ne da aka samo a daya daga cikin manyan kafafu na haikalin a Abu Simbel . An kwatanta su da Rubutun Abydos. An san su da CIS I 111-113. A cikin 1845, Jean-Jacques Ampère ya fara lura da rubuce-rubuce biyu a kan ɗayan ƙafafun Ramses II, kuma ya aika kwafin su ga Louis Félicien de Saulcy . [1] de Saulcy ya bayyana su kamar haka:<blockquote>Wadannan rubuce-rubucen an tsara su ne a cikin haruffa na Phoenician masu girma, amma waɗanda aka canza su a wataƙila tun da daɗewa, ta hanyar ƙara wasu layin parasitic da aka zana ta hannun jahilci da barbaric. Abin farin ciki waɗannan canje-canje na matani na asali suna da sauƙin ganewa, don haka ana iya dawo da waɗannan matani masu daraja tare da isasshen yiwuwar.</blockquote>Richard Lepsius ne ya gano su shekara ko biyu da suka gabata, amma ba a buga aikinsa ba sai 1860. <ref>Philip Schmitz, [https://www.academia.edu/1132459/_The_Phoenician_Contingent_in_the_Campaign_of_Psammetichus_II_against_Kush._Journal_of_Egyptian_History_3.2_2010_321-37 The Phoenician Contingent in the Campaign of Psammetichus II against Kush]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}} Journal of Egyptian History 3.2 (2010): 321-37</ref> Biyu nau'i-nau'i na manyan siffofi na Rameses II suna dauke da nau'o'i daban-daban na rubutu; wanda aka fi sani da shi shine rubutun Ionic na layi biyar wanda ya ambaci duka Psamtik I (Girkanci: ) da Amasis II (Girkancin: ːμασις), wanda ke waje da gefen hagu yana kallon haikalin daga waje); kai tsaye a gabansa a waje na hannun dama na Colossus 112 sune rubuce na Phoenician (CdIS). Greek-language_text" id="mwKg" rel="mw:PageProp/Category"/>Littattafan Helenanci da na Phoenician suna fuskantar juna. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Phoenician_Graffiti_in_Abydos_from_Corpus_inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_Table_XIX_01.jpg|From the [[Corpus inscriptionum Semiticarum]] (the bottom shows some of the Abydos graffiti File:The_Great_Temple_of_Ramses_II,_Abu_Simbel,_AG,_EGY_(48017075887).jpg|Graffiti on the legs File:The_Great_Temple_of_Ramses_II,_Abu_Simbel,_AG,_EGY_(48016982241).jpg|Graffiti from another angle </gallery> == Manazarta == casjxo7c34hd1exjnitixvfiq6l5r5w 0 178503 964488 2026-10-07T21:18:37Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305124826|Abydos graffiti]]" 964488 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rubutun Abydos''' shine Rubutun Phoenician da Aramaic da aka samo a bangon Haikali na Seti I a Abydos, Misira. An san rubutun da KAI 49, CIS I 99-110 da RÉS 1302ff. Yawancin rubutun suna wakiltar addu'o'i da sadaukarwa. Kafin gano rubutun Abydos, an sami rubuce-rubuce kaɗan na Semitic a Misira - wasu matani na Aramaic, rubutun Abu Simbel Phoenician (wanda Ampère, Lepsius, da Graham suka buga), da kuma rubutun da aka samo a cikin Serapeum na Saqqara. An yi la'akari da Abydos yana dauke da kabarin Osiris, allahn bayan rayuwa, saboda haka an dauke shi wuri mai tsarki kuma ya ja hankalin aikin hajji.[1] == Bincike == Theodule Devéria ne ya rubuta rubutun Phoenician da Aramaic na farko a lokacin binciken Mariette a Abydos; Hermann Zotenberg ne ya buga rubutun 13 a 1868. Heinrich Karl Brugsch daga baya ya yi bayanin kula na rubuce-rubuce 16. An buga rubutun Deveria da Brugsch a cikin bugu na farko na Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum . A cikin 1885, Joseph Derenbourg da ɗansa Hartwig sun buga fassarar rubuce-rubuce 61 da Archibald Sayce ya lura a ziyarar da ya kai a 1883. [[Margaret Murray]] ta buga karamin rubutu a cikin 1904, tare da binciken da ta yi a Osireion (lura cewa babu wani rubutun Phoenician ko Aramaic da aka samu a kan Osireion wanda, ba kamar sauran temples ba, an ɓoye shi a karkashin kasa na ƙarni da yawa). An gano rubutun Phoenician "an yi masa rauni a bangon, har ma da kusan Girkanci".<ref name="Murray" /> == Jituwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Deveria !CIS I !Brugsch !Sayce |- |1 |99 |6, 16 |18 |- |2 |100a-b | - | - |- |4 | - | - |5 |- |6 |101 | - |25 |- |7 | - | - |4 |- |8 |102a-d |1, 2, 10 |36–38, 40 |- |9 | - | - |61 |- |10 |103a-c | - |21-23 |- |11 |104 | - | - |- |12 |105 | - |1 |- |13 | - | - |41 |- | - |106 |8, 13 |2 |- | - |110 | - |3 |- | - |109 |15 |19 |- | - |107 |12 |31 |- | - |108 |14 | - |} == Bayanan da aka rubuta da hannu == === CIS, ciki har da Deveria da Brugsch === <gallery> File:Phoenician_Graffiti_in_Abydos_from_Corpus_inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_Table_XVII.jpg|Deveria 8, 9, 11 File:Phoenician_Graffiti_in_Abydos_from_Corpus_inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_Table_XVI.jpg|Deveria 1–7, 10, 12-13 File:Phoenician_Graffiti_in_Abydos_from_Corpus_inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_Table_XVIII.jpg|Brugsch 1-16 File:Phoenician_Graffiti_in_Abydos_from_Corpus_inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_Table_XIX_01.jpg|CIS I 98, 110 </gallery> === Murray === <gallery> File:Abydos_Sety_Temple_Phoenician_and_Greek_Graffiti.jpg </gallery> === Sayce === <gallery> File:Abydos_Graffiti_Sayce_1-15.jpg|Sayce 1-15 File:Abydos_Graffiti_Sayce_16-31.jpg|Sayce 16-31 File:Abydos_Graffiti_Sayce_32-46.jpg|Sayce 32-46 File:Abydos_Graffiti_Sayce_47-60.jpg|Sayce 47-61 </gallery> == Manazarta == 9pqq42pg5wmswknv27iatvielb1o1m2 964489 964488 2026-10-07T21:19:14Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubutun Abydos''' shine Rubutun Phoenician da Aramaic da aka samo a bangon Haikali na Seti I a Abydos, Misira. An san rubutun da KAI 49, CIS I 99-110 da RÉS 1302ff. Yawancin rubutun suna wakiltar addu'o'i da sadaukarwa. Kafin gano rubutun Abydos, an sami rubuce-rubuce kaɗan na Semitic a Misira - wasu matani na Aramaic, rubutun Abu Simbel Phoenician (wanda Ampère, Lepsius, da Graham suka buga), da kuma rubutun da aka samo a cikin Serapeum na Saqqara. An yi la'akari da Abydos yana dauke da kabarin Osiris, allahn bayan rayuwa, saboda haka an dauke shi wuri mai tsarki kuma ya ja hankalin aikin hajji.[1] == Bincike == Theodule Devéria ne ya rubuta rubutun Phoenician da Aramaic na farko a lokacin binciken Mariette a Abydos; Hermann Zotenberg ne ya buga rubutun 13 a 1868. Heinrich Karl Brugsch daga baya ya yi bayanin kula na rubuce-rubuce 16. An buga rubutun Deveria da Brugsch a cikin bugu na farko na Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum . A cikin 1885, Joseph Derenbourg da ɗansa Hartwig sun buga fassarar rubuce-rubuce 61 da Archibald Sayce ya lura a ziyarar da ya kai a 1883. [[Margaret Murray]] ta buga karamin rubutu a cikin 1904, tare da binciken da ta yi a Osireion (lura cewa babu wani rubutun Phoenician ko Aramaic da aka samu a kan Osireion wanda, ba kamar sauran temples ba, an ɓoye shi a karkashin kasa na ƙarni da yawa). An gano rubutun Phoenician "an yi masa rauni a bangon, har ma da kusan Girkanci".<ref name="Murray" /> == Jituwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Deveria !CIS I !Brugsch !Sayce |- |1 |99 |6, 16 |18 |- |2 |100a-b | - | - |- |4 | - | - |5 |- |6 |101 | - |25 |- |7 | - | - |4 |- |8 |102a-d |1, 2, 10 |36–38, 40 |- |9 | - | - |61 |- |10 |103a-c | - |21-23 |- |11 |104 | - | - |- |12 |105 | - |1 |- |13 | - | - |41 |- | - |106 |8, 13 |2 |- | - |110 | - |3 |- | - |109 |15 |19 |- | - |107 |12 |31 |- | - |108 |14 | - |} == Bayanan da aka rubuta da hannu == === CIS, ciki har da Deveria da Brugsch === <gallery> File:Phoenician_Graffiti_in_Abydos_from_Corpus_inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_Table_XVII.jpg|Deveria 8, 9, 11 File:Phoenician_Graffiti_in_Abydos_from_Corpus_inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_Table_XVI.jpg|Deveria 1–7, 10, 12-13 File:Phoenician_Graffiti_in_Abydos_from_Corpus_inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_Table_XVIII.jpg|Brugsch 1-16 File:Phoenician_Graffiti_in_Abydos_from_Corpus_inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_Table_XIX_01.jpg|CIS I 98, 110 </gallery> === Murray === <gallery> File:Abydos_Sety_Temple_Phoenician_and_Greek_Graffiti.jpg </gallery> === Sayce === <gallery> File:Abydos_Graffiti_Sayce_1-15.jpg|Sayce 1-15 File:Abydos_Graffiti_Sayce_16-31.jpg|Sayce 16-31 File:Abydos_Graffiti_Sayce_32-46.jpg|Sayce 32-46 File:Abydos_Graffiti_Sayce_47-60.jpg|Sayce 47-61 </gallery> == Manazarta == iyxk9ggbf94x63rbol6se56l6i13kir 0 178504 964490 2026-10-07T21:19:35Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367887925|Acesander's cup]]" 964490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kofin Acesander''' (kuma '''Hakesandros''' ko '''Hakesander''') kofin sha ne daga Methone na dā, birni a Makidoniya (wanda ya dace da Methoni na zamani, Pieria), wanda ya ƙunshi ɗayan rubutun da aka samo a cikin haruffa na Helenanci. An samo shi ne daga farkon rabin karni na takwas BC ({{Circa}} 750-720), an yi tukunyar don amfani a taron kuma an gano shi a lokacin binciken archaeological na 2003-04. Rubutun, wanda aka rubuta a cikin haruffa na Euboean, yana aiki ne a matsayin alamar mallaka kuma ya haɗa da ɗan gajeren la'ana mai ban dariya a cikin aya ta Iambic wanda ke gargadi masu shaye-shaye game da sata kofin. Tare da irin wannan rubutun na wannan lokacin, ana ganin rubutun a matsayin alamar farko ta karatu da rubutu da waka mai kyau a tsohuwar Girka. Kofin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga nazarin haruffa na Helenanci na farko da rubutun rubutu.{{Sfn|Tzifopoulos|2023}} == WKayan tarihi == An gano kofin Acesander, wanda aka gano a matsayin skyphos, <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cazzato|Prodi|Obbink|2016}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Janko|2015}}</ref> tare da wasu tasoshin shan giya da yawa a cikin wani ajiya mai hatimi a Methoni, Pieria.{{Sfn|Tzifopoulos|2023}} Wani zamani na tsohuwar da aka gano a baya kuma an adana shi da kyau a Nestor's Cup, an sanya shi a farkon rabin karni na takwas BC. Nelson (2023) ya rubuta cewa binciken kofin Acesander ya tabbatar da cewa an rubuta waka a tsakiyar karni na takwas BC; Lopez-Ruiz (2022) ya sanya kofin tsakanin 750 da 735 BC. {{Sfn|Nelson|2023}}{{Sfn|Lopez-Ruiz|2022}}Janko (2015) ya sanya kofin Acesander a cikin sauran rubuce-rubucen haruffa na Helenanci na farko a cikin BC ko a baya, yayin da Tzifopoulos, Bessios, da Kotsonas (2017) suka sanya shi tsakanin {{Circa|730}} 730 da 720 BC.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Janko|2015}}; Per Janko, the cup of Acesander, among other artifacts, confirms that verse was written down by 735 BC at the latest.</ref>{{Sfn|Tzifopoulos|Bessios|Kotsonas|2017}}Kasancewar tukwane tare da rubutun Euboean a Methone daga wannan takamaiman kwanan wata ya bayyana don tallafawa asusun Plutarch cewa mazauna Eretrian ne suka kafa birnin a farkon rabin karni na takwas BC.{{Sfn|Janko|2015}}Wannan shaidar daga Methone tana cikin layi tare da ka'idar cewa Euboeans mai yiwuwa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rikodin da yada waƙoƙin [[Homer|Homeric]].{{Sfn|Janko|2015}} == Rubuce-rubuce == Rubutun da ke kan kofin Acesander ya yi daidai da na tasoshin shan giya da yawa na zamani ciki har da Kofin Nestor, dukansu biyu suna ba da shaida ga al'adun waka na farko wanda ya kasance tare da shan ruwan inabi.{{Sfn|Cazzato|Prodi|Obbink|2016}}Kofin Acesander yana nuna rubutun da aka rubuta a hankali wanda ke gudana a kusa da jirgin tare da ƙungiyar kayan ado wanda ƙwararren mai rajista ya kirkira.{{Efn|{{harvnb|Cazzato|Prodi|Obbink|2016|p=4}}; {{harvnb|Day|2019|pp=234–235}} notes that only the final five letters appear to dip beneath the straight line; either a misculculation of space by the writer or an intentional choice to indicate where one should begin reading.}}<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Oikonomaki|2017}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Wecowski|2017}}</ref> Wannan shaidar farko ta epigraphic tana nuna farkon karatu da rubutu a tsohuwar Girka, kamar yadda haruffa, tsarin epigraphique, da dabarun, ba a iyakance su ba a cikin yanayin bureaucratic, a hankali suna fara fadadawa ga fannoni na rayuwar yau da kullun, musamman a cikin mahallin sympotic, kuma mutane daban-daban na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki suna raba su.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Oikonomaki|2017}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Tzifopoulos|Bessios|Kotsonas|2017}}</ref> Rubutun ya bayyana yana bin sautin Iambic (υ - υ - υ -). <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Tzifopoulos|Bessios|Kotsonas|2017}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Janko|2015}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi ɗan gajeren dimeter iambic ot trimeter, mai yiwuwa misali na farko da aka rubuta na wannan nau'in, wanda ke bin alamar mallakar farko a cikin rubutu.{{Sfn|Tzifopoulos|Bessios|Kotsonas|2017}}Harshen ya nuna cewa an rubuta rubutun a cikin sautin wasa kuma an yi amfani da kofin a cikin mahallin jin dadi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Tzifopoulos|Bessios|Kotsonas|2017}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Cazzato|Prodi|Obbink|2016}}</ref> Kofin ya bi tsarin al'ada na alamar mallaka mai basira, a nan yana ɗaukar nau'in la'ana mai ban dariya, wanda ya zama sanannen rubutun epigraphic a cikin tukwane na Girka na dā, musamman a kan tasoshin da ake nufi da za a yi amfani da su a cikin ƙungiyar abokantaka ta symposiasts.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cazzato|Prodi|Obbink|2016}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Wecowski|2017}}</ref><templatestyles src="Verse transliteration-translation/styles.css" />  Kodayake an adana shi a cikin raguwa, an sake gina rubutun kusan bin harshen irin waɗannan tasoshin na wannan lokacin.[1] Fassarar kwatankwacin rubuce-rubucen alama ta nuna cewa kofin Acesander ba misali ne mai zaman kansa ba, amma wani ɓangare ne na al'adar epigraphic tare da yaduwa a sarari da lokaci.[1]Kalmomin farko εἰμί "Ni ne" yana nuna cewa kofin yana amfani da sanannen tsari na abu mai magana watau "Na kasance na X".[1]Wata maido da alamar mallakar ta haɗa da Ηακεσάνδρο[ί__hau____hau____hau__] "Ni ne Hakesaner's [cup]".[1]Kalmomin karshe, wanda aka dawo da shi a matsayin σ утиήσ[ετ]αι (sterēs[et]ai, "za a hana shi", nau'i na uku na gaba na σ Leslieῦμαι), kalmar ]ατον ko ]ατων ce ta gaba, wanda aka sake gina shi a matsayin [ομμ]άτων (ommatōn, "idanu") ko [χρημ]άτων, "dukiyauta, kudi".[lower-alpha 1] A karkashin jerin sunayen tasoshin da irin wannan rubutun, ana iya sake gina shi, kamar yadda za a iya sake gina su:[1] == Manazarta == 0i62aaqg16gaja5t3q17yiy5yya759g 964491 964490 2026-10-07T21:20:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kofin Acesander''' (kuma '''Hakesandros''' ko '''Hakesander''') kofin sha ne daga Methone na dā, birni a Makidoniya (wanda ya dace da Methoni na zamani, Pieria), wanda ya ƙunshi ɗayan rubutun da aka samo a cikin haruffa na Helenanci. An samo shi ne daga farkon rabin karni na takwas BC ({{Circa}} 750-720), an yi tukunyar don amfani a taron kuma an gano shi a lokacin binciken archaeological na 2003-04. Rubutun, wanda aka rubuta a cikin haruffa na Euboean, yana aiki ne a matsayin alamar mallaka kuma ya haɗa da ɗan gajeren la'ana mai ban dariya a cikin aya ta Iambic wanda ke gargadi masu shaye-shaye game da sata kofin. Tare da irin wannan rubutun na wannan lokacin, ana ganin rubutun a matsayin alamar farko ta karatu da rubutu da waka mai kyau a tsohuwar Girka. Kofin ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga nazarin haruffa na Helenanci na farko da rubutun rubutu.{{Sfn|Tzifopoulos|2023}} == WKayan tarihi == An gano kofin Acesander, wanda aka gano a matsayin skyphos, <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cazzato|Prodi|Obbink|2016}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Janko|2015}}</ref> tare da wasu tasoshin shan giya da yawa a cikin wani ajiya mai hatimi a Methoni, Pieria.{{Sfn|Tzifopoulos|2023}} Wani zamani na tsohuwar da aka gano a baya kuma an adana shi da kyau a Nestor's Cup, an sanya shi a farkon rabin karni na takwas BC. Nelson (2023) ya rubuta cewa binciken kofin Acesander ya tabbatar da cewa an rubuta waka a tsakiyar karni na takwas BC; Lopez-Ruiz (2022) ya sanya kofin tsakanin 750 da 735 BC. {{Sfn|Nelson|2023}}{{Sfn|Lopez-Ruiz|2022}}Janko (2015) ya sanya kofin Acesander a cikin sauran rubuce-rubucen haruffa na Helenanci na farko a cikin BC ko a baya, yayin da Tzifopoulos, Bessios, da Kotsonas (2017) suka sanya shi tsakanin {{Circa|730}} 730 da 720 BC.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Janko|2015}}; Per Janko, the cup of Acesander, among other artifacts, confirms that verse was written down by 735 BC at the latest.</ref>{{Sfn|Tzifopoulos|Bessios|Kotsonas|2017}}Kasancewar tukwane tare da rubutun Euboean a Methone daga wannan takamaiman kwanan wata ya bayyana don tallafawa asusun Plutarch cewa mazauna Eretrian ne suka kafa birnin a farkon rabin karni na takwas BC.{{Sfn|Janko|2015}}Wannan shaidar daga Methone tana cikin layi tare da ka'idar cewa Euboeans mai yiwuwa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rikodin da yada waƙoƙin [[Homer|Homeric]].{{Sfn|Janko|2015}} == Rubuce-rubuce == Rubutun da ke kan kofin Acesander ya yi daidai da na tasoshin shan giya da yawa na zamani ciki har da Kofin Nestor, dukansu biyu suna ba da shaida ga al'adun waka na farko wanda ya kasance tare da shan ruwan inabi.{{Sfn|Cazzato|Prodi|Obbink|2016}}Kofin Acesander yana nuna rubutun da aka rubuta a hankali wanda ke gudana a kusa da jirgin tare da ƙungiyar kayan ado wanda ƙwararren mai rajista ya kirkira.{{Efn|{{harvnb|Cazzato|Prodi|Obbink|2016|p=4}}; {{harvnb|Day|2019|pp=234–235}} notes that only the final five letters appear to dip beneath the straight line; either a misculculation of space by the writer or an intentional choice to indicate where one should begin reading.}}<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Oikonomaki|2017}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Wecowski|2017}}</ref> Wannan shaidar farko ta epigraphic tana nuna farkon karatu da rubutu a tsohuwar Girka, kamar yadda haruffa, tsarin epigraphique, da dabarun, ba a iyakance su ba a cikin yanayin bureaucratic, a hankali suna fara fadadawa ga fannoni na rayuwar yau da kullun, musamman a cikin mahallin sympotic, kuma mutane daban-daban na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki suna raba su.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Oikonomaki|2017}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Tzifopoulos|Bessios|Kotsonas|2017}}</ref> Rubutun ya bayyana yana bin sautin Iambic (υ - υ - υ -). <ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Tzifopoulos|Bessios|Kotsonas|2017}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Janko|2015}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi ɗan gajeren dimeter iambic ot trimeter, mai yiwuwa misali na farko da aka rubuta na wannan nau'in, wanda ke bin alamar mallakar farko a cikin rubutu.{{Sfn|Tzifopoulos|Bessios|Kotsonas|2017}}Harshen ya nuna cewa an rubuta rubutun a cikin sautin wasa kuma an yi amfani da kofin a cikin mahallin jin dadi.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Tzifopoulos|Bessios|Kotsonas|2017}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Cazzato|Prodi|Obbink|2016}}</ref> Kofin ya bi tsarin al'ada na alamar mallaka mai basira, a nan yana ɗaukar nau'in la'ana mai ban dariya, wanda ya zama sanannen rubutun epigraphic a cikin tukwane na Girka na dā, musamman a kan tasoshin da ake nufi da za a yi amfani da su a cikin ƙungiyar abokantaka ta symposiasts.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Cazzato|Prodi|Obbink|2016}}; {{Harvard citation no brackets|Wecowski|2017}}</ref><templatestyles src="Verse transliteration-translation/styles.css" />  Kodayake an adana shi a cikin raguwa, an sake gina rubutun kusan bin harshen irin waɗannan tasoshin na wannan lokacin.[1] Fassarar kwatankwacin rubuce-rubucen alama ta nuna cewa kofin Acesander ba misali ne mai zaman kansa ba, amma wani ɓangare ne na al'adar epigraphic tare da yaduwa a sarari da lokaci.[1]Kalmomin farko εἰμί "Ni ne" yana nuna cewa kofin yana amfani da sanannen tsari na abu mai magana watau "Na kasance na X".[1]Wata maido da alamar mallakar ta haɗa da Ηακεσάνδρο[ί__hau____hau____hau__] "Ni ne Hakesaner's [cup]".[1]Kalmomin karshe, wanda aka dawo da shi a matsayin σ утиήσ[ετ]αι (sterēs[et]ai, "za a hana shi", nau'i na uku na gaba na σ Leslieῦμαι), kalmar ]ατον ko ]ατων ce ta gaba, wanda aka sake gina shi a matsayin [ομμ]άτων (ommatōn, "idanu") ko [χρημ]άτων, "dukiyauta, kudi".[lower-alpha 1] A karkashin jerin sunayen tasoshin da irin wannan rubutun, ana iya sake gina shi, kamar yadda za a iya sake gina su:[1] == Manazarta == <references /> 4w27xl4167chdc9zlv471ftvf0btmwy 3 178505 964493 2026-10-07T21:23:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964493 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Brayndl! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Brayndl|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0kzfpp8j1v7bsc5i5i2wzn1e4aor5v3 3 178506 964494 2026-10-07T21:23:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964494 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Renanrib2005! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Renanrib2005|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ow6j2ybepjg4dt36lns95f4bgr58cwu 3 178507 964495 2026-10-07T21:23:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964495 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, RJ Raawat! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/RJ Raawat|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 5qxnep62860hfplik4wf6ajsro44chz 3 178508 964496 2026-10-07T21:23:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964496 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Massaoud Illa Sadikou! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Massaoud Illa Sadikou|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) sf1nf3kxlxo9jvu22xii3m11w7wjw0d 3 178509 964497 2026-10-07T21:23:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964497 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SpanskKo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SpanskKo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) fkvabojj1e9sopv0kq3gu4cslcj3r26 3 178510 964498 2026-10-07T21:24:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964498 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ساجده امیری! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ساجده امیری|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) d0a244uqpnm6jhdur6jqzkqimapoh24 3 178511 964499 2026-10-07T21:24:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964499 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fyzzyio! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fyzzyio|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) elr9gfmrqsab5gg9dv9yxiuh5pm3itd 3 178512 964500 2026-10-07T21:24:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964500 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gangniy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gangniy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 4d0gbyl8a7iqv15qh3x06828vqzyyc5 3 178513 964501 2026-10-07T21:24:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964501 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abrotem! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abrotem|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) e8biyiluvsdwseqkh4m8o515j61khsf 3 178514 964502 2026-10-07T21:24:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964502 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TothMPeter! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TothMPeter|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 2bo1fbmfgaywqff22cpcoccv47w06j6 3 178515 964503 2026-10-07T21:24:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964503 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Guido-Gilch! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Guido-Gilch|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) t7lctzhp55v0s8f4swtvxhqxc717pua 3 178516 964504 2026-10-07T21:25:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964504 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 犭! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/犭|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) e3uxzni3bbaa9c1l9gkpdwsxb1wnx2a 3 178517 964505 2026-10-07T21:25:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964505 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ummujannah! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ummujannah|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 3k9e3wqr9xrqz1j5774sg4qfmjorx1x 3 178518 964506 2026-10-07T21:25:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964506 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, ISheix! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/ISheix|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) tht7wzzlkp7tkqpjj7tkpsk6pwir2xx 3 178519 964507 2026-10-07T21:25:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964507 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abubakar ali abubakar! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abubakar ali abubakar|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) fzr1tqu6vswyy2l5190yess6mg1ez8l 3 178520 964508 2026-10-07T21:25:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964508 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, LGap! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/LGap|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) b07s6zxznu5mqfxcidlkwwr7jf0gtpz 3 178521 964509 2026-10-07T21:25:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964509 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Quiasmos! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Quiasmos|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 72vnsljkoi8t2ejfuks8r26u51anwi9 3 178522 964510 2026-10-07T21:26:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964510 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Haruna Usman Ginsau! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Haruna Usman Ginsau|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 6hdvxxkwg05sk47yk9d3zh2laf67lgh 3 178523 964511 2026-10-07T21:26:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964511 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Alsmoowhohoo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Alsmoowhohoo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 1ipex8j1o2vmg5n5awyl8zwcw5hiib7 3 178524 964512 2026-10-07T21:26:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964512 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Alex Blokha! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Alex Blokha|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 6z4fd6q3iwqpzmwg1nzdv7luzzskay0 3 178525 964513 2026-10-07T21:26:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964513 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Fudge68! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Fudge68|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0sbs8z756xyoxz21yfn9ovp90bf67zt 3 178526 964514 2026-10-07T21:26:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964514 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Xhuks! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Xhuks|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 6zoj0j41vly46rkotk4nqxhswaauigb 3 178527 964515 2026-10-07T21:26:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964515 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Doaa970! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Doaa970|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 72ypvuz55qemnlfoq7deimtwkzhwi3p 3 178528 964516 2026-10-07T21:27:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964516 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, PharaohCrab! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/PharaohCrab|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 6sgb7hlu2bkmeg1tn8d2sfr6nyzt1qj 3 178529 964517 2026-10-07T21:27:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 964517 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Justus Tolutope Kolawole! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Justus Tolutope Kolawole|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 7 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) fit2vmuxu9319m12vphs5zwk0puuq0n 0 178530 964531 2026-10-07T22:36:17Z HK RIGASA2 28228 Sabuwar mukala 964531 wikitext text/x-wiki Jerin gwamnonin Jihar Katsina Jerin gwamnonin Jihar Katsina ya ƙunshi mutanen da suka jagoranci Jihar Katsina tun lokacin da aka kafa jihar a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1987, bayan an raba ta da tsohuwar Jihar Kaduna. A cikin tarihin jihar, an samu gwamnonin soja, masu gudanarwa na soja da kuma zaɓaɓɓun gwamnonin farar hula. ==Gwamnonin soja da na farar hula= ==Abdullahi Sarki Mukhtar== Abdullahi Sarki Mukhtar shi ne gwamna na farko na Jihar Katsina. Ya fara mulki ne a watan Satumba 1987, bayan kafuwar jihar, sannan ya bar mulki a watan Yuli 1988. Ya kasance jami'in soja a lokacin mulkin Janar Ibrahim Babangida. ==Lawrence Onoja== Lawrence Onoja ya maye gurbin Abdullahi Sarki Mukhtar a watan Yuli 1988. Ya mulki jihar har zuwa watan Disamba 1989. Shi ma jami'in soja ne kuma an naɗa shi gwamnan jihar a lokacin mulkin soja. ==John Yahaya Madaki== John Yahaya Madaki ya zama gwamnan Katsina a watan Disamba 1989. Ya ci gaba da mulki har zuwa Janairu 1992, lokacin da aka mika mulki ga gwamnatin farar hula bayan zaɓen da aka gudanar a ƙarƙashin Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Uku. ==Sa'idu Barda== Sa'idu Barda ya zama gwamnan Jihar Katsina a watan Janairu 1992. Shi ne gwamna na farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin farar hula a jihar, kuma ya riƙe mukamin har zuwa Nuwamba 1993. Ya kasance ɗan jam'iyyar National Republican Convention (NRC). ==Masu gudanarwa a lokacin mulkin soja== Bayan juyin mulkin soja na Disamba 1993 da ya kawo gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha, an koma tsarin naɗa masu gudanarwa na soja a jihohin Najeriya. ==Emmanuel Acholonu== Emmanuel Acholonu ya zama Administrator na Jihar Katsina a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1993. Ya riƙe mukamin har zuwa ranar 22 ga Agusta 1996. ==Samaila Bature Chamah== Samaila Bature Chamah ya maye gurbin Acholonu a ranar 22 ga Agusta 1996. Ya ci gaba da zama Administrator na jihar har zuwa watan Agusta 1998. ==Joseph Akaagerger== Joseph Akaagerger ya zama Administrator na Jihar Katsina a watan Agusta 1998. Ya riƙe mukamin har zuwa Mayu 1999, lokacin da aka dawo da mulkin farar hula a Najeriya. ==Gwamnonin Jamhuriyar Hudu= ==Umaru Musa Yar'Adua== Umaru Musa Yar'Adua ya zama gwamnan Jihar Katsina a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1999, bayan komawar Najeriya zuwa mulkin dimokraɗiyya. Ya yi wa'adi biyu, daga 1999 zuwa 2007. A watan Afrilu 2007 aka zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Najeriya, sannan ya bar kujerar gwamnan Katsina a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2007. ==Ibrahim Shehu Shema== Ibrahim Shehu Shema ya zama gwamnan Jihar Katsina a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2007. Ya riƙe mukamin har zuwa ranar 29 ga Mayu 2015. Ya kasance ɗan jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP). ==Aminu Bello Masari== Aminu Bello Masari ya zama gwamnan Jihar Katsina a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2015. Ya yi wa'adi biyu a matsayin gwamna, sannan ya bar mulki a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2023. ==Dikko Umar Radda== Dikko Umar Radda ya zama gwamnan Jihar Katsina a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2023, bayan ya lashe zaɓen gwamnan jihar na 2023. Shi ne gwamnan jihar a halin yanzu. ==Jerin shugabannin Jihar Katsina== #| Suna| Matsayi| Lokacin mulki 1| Abdullahi Sarki Mukhtar| Gwamna| Satumba 1987 – Yuli 1988 2| Lawrence Onoja| Gwamna| Yuli 1988 – Disamba 1989 3| John Yahaya Madaki| Gwamna| Disamba 1989 – Janairu 1992 4| Sa'idu Barda| Gwamna| Janairu 1992 – Nuwamba 1993 5| Emmanuel Acholonu| Administrator| Disamba 1993 – Agusta 1996 6| Samaila Bature Chamah| Administrator| Agusta 1996 – Agusta 1998 7| Joseph Akaagerger| Administrator| Agusta 1998 – Mayu 1999 8| Umaru Musa Yar'Adua| Gwamna| 29 Mayu 1999 – 29 Mayu 2007 9| Ibrahim Shehu Shema| Gwamna| 29 Mayu 2007 – 29 Mayu 2015 10| Aminu Bello Masari| Gwamna| 29 Mayu 2015 – 29 Mayu 2023 11| Dikko Umar Radda| Gwamna| 29 Mayu 2023 – yanzu ==Manazarta== 1. List of governors of Katsina State. 2. World Statesmen, Nigerian Federal States. 3. Military Government and Development in Northern Nigeria: A Case Study of Katsina City, 1969–1999. 4. Abdullahi Sarki Mukhtar. 5. Lawrence Onoja. 6. John Madaki. 7. Emmanuel Acholonu. tk5eltd2gaabvjipi49w0cdo7to52li 0 178531 964532 2026-10-07T22:48:29Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340636829|SPAD S.A]]" 964532 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''SPAD SA''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''SAL''' ) wani jirgin sama ne na tarakta mai kujeru biyu na Faransa wanda aka fara tashi da shi a shekarar 1915. Faransa da Rasha sun yi amfani da shi a farkon [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] a cikin ayyukan yaƙi da leƙen asiri. Jirgin sama ne na musamman wanda ke ɗauke da mai lura da shi a cikin nacelle a gaban fikafikai, injin da kuma propeller. == Zane da haɓakawa == Samfurin SPAD A.1 shine jirgin sama na farko da SPAD ta samar bayan sake tsara shi daga kamfanin Deperdussin kafin yaƙi. Babban mai tsara, Louis Béchereau, ya kasance yana da hannu wajen tsara jiragen saman tsere na monocoque masu nasara na wannan kamfanin, kuma an tattara bayanai da yawa daga Deperdussins. An ƙera jirgin ne don ba kawai matukinsa ya ɗauki matsayinsa na yau da kullun ba, har ma da mai lura a cikin nacelle mai laushi a gaban propeller. Wannan tsari ya kasance yunƙuri ne na haɗa fa'idodin tarakta da nau'ikan mai turawa, yana ba wa mai lura fili mai haske a gaba da gefen ba tare da hukuncin jan na'urar turawa ta yau da kullun ba. Duk da haka, sadarwa tsakanin matukin jirgin da mai lura ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Mumbarin (kamar yadda aka fi sani da shi a Turanci) ko kwando (kamar yadda aka fi sani da shi a Rashanci) ya yi rawar jiki sosai kuma, a lokuta da yawa, ya rabu da sauran jirgin yayin da yake tashi. Kamar sauran masu tura mutane, hakan kuma yana sanya mai lura cikin haɗarin murƙushewa koda kuwa a cikin ɗan ƙaramin hatsari ko kuma "hanci a kan hanci". Wani bincike da Birtaniya ta yi kan nau'in jirgin ya nuna cewa "zai yi tsada ga masu sa ido idan matukan jirgin da ba su damu ba suka yi amfani da shi". Duk da cewa ba a tsara shi a fili a matsayin matsayin mai harbi ba, ƙwarewar yaƙi ta farko ta nuna buƙatar bindigogin harba bindiga gaba. Amma hanyoyin da za a bi don barin bindiga ta yi harbi ta cikin propeller ba su samu ba tukuna, kuma nacelle na mai lura akan SA-1 ya wakilci mafita ta wucin gadi. Baya ga nau'ikan SA masu kujeru 2, an kuma samar da wani jirgin yaƙi na kujera ɗaya, SPAD SG, da bindigogi masu harbi a hanci, ba tare da wani mai shiga ba. Bindigogin SG ba su isa ga matukin jirgin ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsaloli lokacin da aka dakatar da aiki da kuma amfani da bindigogin don yaƙi. Banda na'urorin farko da SPAD SG, an sanya wa nacelle bindiga mai sauƙi a kan wani bututu mai sassauƙa, kuma ya haɗa da iska a gefunansa da ƙasansa don tura iska zuwa ga injin juyawa na Le Rhône, wanda nacelle ya rufe shi. Fara injin yana buƙatar a juya abin ɗagawa daga gefen fuselage. An ɗaure nacelle a ƙasa don samar da ɗan damar shiga injin don gyarawa, amma wannan bai isa ba, kuma an ƙara ƙarin bangarorin zamiya a gefunan jirgin. An yi niyyar sanya wani allo a bayan mai lura da na'urar don hana bugun propeller. Samfuran farko ba su da makamai, amma ba da daɗewa ba sai mayaƙan gargajiya suka mamaye samfurin SA, kamar Nieuport 10 da Nieuport 11 . Banda tsarin da ba na al'ada ba, jirgin ya kasance na katako da masaka na yau da kullun a lokacin. Fikafikan suna da rami ɗaya, amma don hana dogon wayoyi masu tashi da sauka daga girgiza yayin tashi, an ƙara sandunan tsaye masu haske a tsakiyar teku don ɗaure wayoyin, wanda ya ba jirgin kamannin jirgin sama mai hawa biyu, kamar yadda aka yi wa mayaƙan SPAD S.VII da SPAD S.XIII na baya-bayan nan, waɗanda suka fi zama na yau da kullun. [[File:Somme-Vesle._Biplan_SPAD_-_Fonds_Berthelé_-_49Fi494.jpg|thumb| SPAD SA-2 a Somme-Vesle a cikin 1915]] SPAD SA2 sigar SA1 ce da aka inganta wadda ta fara tashi a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1915. SA-2's 110&nbsp;Injin hp sau da yawa yana fama da zafi sosai, don haka ƙirar ta koma SA-1s 80&nbsp;hp Le Rhone a cikin SA-4, tare da injin iri ɗaya da aka sake haɗa shi da wasu SA-2s. Sauran canje-canjen sun haɗa da rarraba ƙananan ailerons a kan ƙananan fikafikan da ke da kunkuntar igiya da kuma babban jirgin ƙasa don kawar da buƙatar bungee don taimakawa wajen gyarawa. Samfuran Rasha suna da ƙananan bambance-bambancen tsari ga reshe na sama, suna haɗa da wani sashe na tsakiya daban maimakon kowane reshe na reshe da aka haɗa shi da layin tsakiya. Duk da rashin nasarar da aka samu, ƙirar ta kawo ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci ga Béchereau da tawagarsa. Nasarar da aka samu a cikin S.VII ta kasance ci gaba kai tsaye na jerin A. Yana da abubuwa da yawa iri ɗaya. Duk da haka, bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da cire mumbari, sake haɗa shi da Hispano-Suiza V8, yana da jirgin ƙasa mai siffar delta, an sanya wa jirgin saman ƙarin igiyoyi masu ɗaurewa, gefuna na waya masu lanƙwasa, raguwar tazara tsakanin haƙarƙari, da kuma daidaita girmansa kaɗan. An ajiye yawancin sauran cikakkun bayanai na ƙira. == Tarihin aiki == [[File:SPAD_S.A-2_named_Ma_Jeanne.jpg|thumb| SPAD SA-2 "Ma Jeanne"]] Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta yi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma mara kyau a ''rundunar sojojin saman Faransa,'' kuma an maye gurbinta da jiragen sama marasa haɗari cikin sauri. Majiyoyin zamani sun nuna cewa ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba. Akwai ɗan bayani kaɗan game da aikin firam ɗin jirgin sama na SA-2 guda 42 da aka kawo, kuma bai taɓa samar da dukkan kayan aikin jirgin ba. Hukumar Jiragen Sama ta Imperial Russian Air Service ta yi amfani da SPAD SA-2 da SA-4 na tsawon lokaci saboda karancin jiragen da ake da su. Kimanin jiragen saman SA-2 da SA-4 guda 57 ne suka je aikin jiragen saman Imperial Russian Air Service . A lokacin ayyukan hunturu, jiragen saman Rasha sun sanya musu kayan wasan tsere maimakon ƙafafun hawa. Duk da cewa ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan Rasha ba su yi tunani sosai game da SPAD ba (wanda ba a ƙara masa suna SPAD ( [[wiktionary:спад|СПАД]] ) a cikin harshen Rashanci ba, ma'anarsa ita ce "slump" ko "plummet"), aƙalla ma'aikata biyu sun sami nasara da shi. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1916, matukin jirgin saman Rasha Karpov da mai harbinsa, Bratolyubov Jurij Aleksandrovich, sun yi ikirarin cewa wani jirgin saman Jamus ne kusa da ƙauyen [[Vulka]] . Akalla misali ɗaya ya tsira wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta yi amfani da shi na ɗan lokaci kafin su yi ritaya daga dukkan tsoffin nau'ikan. == Nau'ikan == * '''SPAD SA-1''' - nau'in farko na samarwa tare da 80&nbsp;Injin hp Le Rhône 9C da kuma jirgin ƙasa mai tauri – an gina shi da 11. * '''SPAD SA-2''' – babban nau'in samarwa tare da madaidaicin igiyar wutsiya da kuma 110&nbsp;hp Le Rhône 9J . – An gina 35 * '''SPAD SA-3''' – mai horar da bindigogi masu sarrafawa biyu, tare da matukin jirgi da mai lura da aka ba su damar sanya bindigogi masu sassauƙa - guda biyu an gina su da 110&nbsp;hp Le Rhône 9J . * '''SPAD SA-4''' – injin A.2 mai inganci wanda injin Le Rhône 9C mai ƙarfin hp 80 bai yi ƙarfi ba. <ref name="Somer, 1990, p.18" /> – An gina guda 59. <ref name="SPADA-3" /> * '''SPAD SD''' - jirgin sama mai ɗan girma kaɗan tare da ƙarin matsayin bindiga a bayan matukin jirgi, wanda injin Renault 8Fg mai ƙarfin 220-hp ke amfani da shi - wanda aka gina shi * '''SPAD SG''' – SA tare da maye gurbin mai lura da bindigogi da aka sanya a cikin nacelle – ɗaya an gina ɗaya kuma an gyara shi. <ref name="SPADA-3" /> * '''SPAD SH''' - ci gaba mara ginawa ba tare da mumbari ba, wanda ya riga ya zama SPAD SV (5), wanda shine samfurin SPAD S.VII == Masu aiki == ;  France * Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Faransa ; {{Flag|Russian Empire}} * Rundunar Jiragen Sama ta Rasha ta Imperial ;  Soviet Union : Workers' and Peasants' Air Fleet == Bayani dalla-dalla (SA-2) == [[File:SPAD_S.A.2_colour_3-view_drawing.jpg|thumb| zane mai launi 3 na jirgin yaƙi mai kujeru biyu na SPAD SA2]] {{Aircraft specs|ref=''French aircraft of the First World War,<ref name=Davilla>{{cite book |last1=Davilla |first1=Dr. James J. |last2=Soltan |first2=Arthur |title=French Aircraft of the First World War |publisher=Flying Machines Press |location=Mountain View California |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-9637110-4-5 |pages=474–479}}</ref> Aviafrance : SPAD S.A-2<ref name=avfrspada2>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=2433&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=1231&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |work=aviafrance.com |title=SPAD S.A-2|access-date=28 December 2019 |language=fr |last=Parmentier |first=Bruno |date=25 September 1997}}</ref>''|prime units?=met <!--General characteristics-->|crew=Two|length m=7.3|span m=9.55|span note=some sources give {{cvt|9.10|m}}|height m=2.6|height note=|wing area sqm=25.36|wing area note=|airfoil=|empty weight kg=414|gross weight kg=674 <!--Powerplant-->|eng1 number=1|eng1 name=[[Le Rhône 9J]]|eng1 type=9-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engine|eng1 hp=110|prop blade number=2|prop name=wooden fixed-pitch propeller|prop dia m=|prop dia note=<!--Performance-->|max speed kmh=140|max speed note=at sea level|endurance=3 hours|ceiling m=|ceiling note=|time to altitude=<br> :*{{cvt|1000|m}} in 6 minutes 30 seconds :*{{cvt|2000|m}} in 12 minutes 30 seconds :*{{cvt|3000|m}} in 23 minutes 30 seconds <!--Armament-->|guns=1 x {{cvt|.303|in}} light aircraft machine gun – types used include [[Lewis gun|Lewis]], [[M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun|Colt]], [[Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun|Hotchkiss]] and [[Madsen machine gun|Madsen]].}}{{aircontent <!-- include as many lines are appropriate. additional lines/entries with carriage return. -->|see also=|related=*[[Deperdussin Monocoque]]/[[Deperdussin TT]] *[[SPAD S.VII]]<!-- related developments -->|similar aircraft=*[[Gallaudet D-4]] *[[Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.9]]|lists=<!-- related lists -->}} == Manazarta == == Littattafan tarihi == * * {{Cite journal |last=Cony |first=Christophe |date=January 1997 |title=L'histoire inconnue des SPAD type A (première partie) |trans-title=The Unknown History of Type A SPADs (Part One) |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |language=French |issue=46 |pages=28–35 |issn=1243-8650}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cony |first=Christophe |date=February 1997 |title=L'histoire inconnue des SPAD type A (deuxième partie) |trans-title=The Unknown History of Type A SPADs (Part Two) |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |language=French |issue=47 |pages=28–33 |issn=1243-8650}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cony |first=Christophe |date=April 1997 |title=L'histoire inconnue des SPAD type A (quatrième partie) |trans-title=The Unknown History of Type A SPADs (Part Four) |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |language=French |issue=49 |pages=32–38 |issn=1243-8650}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cony |first=Christophe |last2=Kulikov |first2=Victor |name-list-style=amp |date=January 1999 |title=Du nouveau sur les SPAD-Nacelles |trans-title=Again on the SPAD-Nacelles |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |language=French |issue=70 |pages=37–44 |issn=1243-8650}} *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Somer |first=Ellic |date=February 1990 |title=Pulpit SPADs: A-series |journal=WW1 Aero |publisher=WW1 Aeroplanes, Inc |pages=10–27}} * {{Cite web |date=17 September 1997 |title=SPAD S-A1 |url=http://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=3139&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=1231&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=aviafrance.com}} * {{Cite web |date=22 April 1997 |title=SPAD S-A2 |url=http://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=2433&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=1231&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=aviafrance.com}} * {{Cite web |date=22 April 1997 |title=SPAD S-A4 |url=http://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=2432&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=1231&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=aviafrance.com}} * {{Cite web |date=25 September 1997 |title=SPAD S-G2 |url=http://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=3206&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=1231&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=aviafrance.com}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151122044905/http://asoublies14-18.cosadgip.com/Default.asp?367332D3741663E62613329332D36D47262334233D166E6236233D077462361332233DE6 Essais du SPAD SAL] (a cikin Faransanci) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gqu9ojruvjrvmj3a6ko5448ukt1x4lu 964533 964532 2026-10-07T22:50:27Z Baffa ali 47435 964533 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''SPAD SA''' (wanda kuma ake kira '''SAL''' ) wani jirgin sama ne na tarakta mai kujeru biyu na Faransa wanda aka fara tashi da shi a shekarar 1915. Faransa da Rasha sun yi amfani da shi a farkon [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] a cikin ayyukan yaƙi da leƙen asiri. Jirgin sama ne na musamman wanda ke ɗauke da mai lura da shi a cikin nacelle a gaban fikafikai, injin da kuma propeller. == Zane da haɓakawa == Samfurin SPAD A.1 shine jirgin sama na farko da SPAD ta samar bayan sake tsara shi daga kamfanin Deperdussin kafin yaƙi. Babban mai tsara, Louis Béchereau, ya kasance yana da hannu wajen tsara jiragen saman tsere na monocoque masu nasara na wannan kamfanin, kuma an tattara bayanai da yawa daga Deperdussins. An ƙera jirgin ne don ba kawai matukinsa ya ɗauki matsayinsa na yau da kullun ba, har ma da mai lura a cikin nacelle mai laushi a gaban propeller. Wannan tsari ya kasance yunƙuri ne na haɗa fa'idodin tarakta da nau'ikan mai turawa, yana ba wa mai lura fili mai haske a gaba da gefen ba tare da hukuncin jan na'urar turawa ta yau da kullun ba. Duk da haka, sadarwa tsakanin matukin jirgin da mai lura ya kusan ba zai yiwu ba. Mumbarin (kamar yadda aka fi sani da shi a Turanci) ko kwando (kamar yadda aka fi sani da shi a Rashanci) ya yi rawar jiki sosai kuma, a lokuta da yawa, ya rabu da sauran jirgin yayin da yake tashi. Kamar sauran masu tura mutane, hakan kuma yana sanya mai lura cikin haɗarin murƙushewa koda kuwa a cikin ɗan ƙaramin hatsari ko kuma "hanci a kan hanci". Wani bincike da Birtaniya ta yi kan nau'in jirgin ya nuna cewa "zai yi tsada ga masu sa ido idan matukan jirgin da ba su damu ba suka yi amfani da shi". Duk da cewa ba a tsara shi a fili a matsayin matsayin mai harbi ba, ƙwarewar yaƙi ta farko ta nuna buƙatar bindigogin harba bindiga gaba. Amma hanyoyin da za a bi don barin bindiga ta yi harbi ta cikin propeller ba su samu ba tukuna, kuma nacelle na mai lura akan SA-1 ya wakilci mafita ta wucin gadi. Baya ga nau'ikan SA masu kujeru 2, an kuma samar da wani jirgin yaƙi na kujera ɗaya, SPAD SG, da bindigogi masu harbi a hanci, ba tare da wani mai shiga ba. Bindigogin SG ba su isa ga matukin jirgin ba, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsaloli lokacin da aka dakatar da aiki da kuma amfani da bindigogin don yaƙi. Banda na'urorin farko da SPAD SG, an sanya wa nacelle bindiga mai sauƙi a kan wani bututu mai sassauƙa, kuma ya haɗa da iska a gefunansa da ƙasansa don tura iska zuwa ga injin juyawa na Le Rhône, wanda nacelle ya rufe shi. Fara injin yana buƙatar a juya abin ɗagawa daga gefen fuselage. An ɗaure nacelle a ƙasa don samar da ɗan damar shiga injin don gyarawa, amma wannan bai isa ba, kuma an ƙara ƙarin bangarorin zamiya a gefunan jirgin. An yi niyyar sanya wani allo a bayan mai lura da na'urar don hana bugun propeller. Samfuran farko ba su da makamai, amma ba da daɗewa ba sai mayaƙan gargajiya suka mamaye samfurin SA, kamar Nieuport 10 da Nieuport 11 . Banda tsarin da ba na al'ada ba, jirgin ya kasance na katako da masaka na yau da kullun a lokacin. Fikafikan suna da rami ɗaya, amma don hana dogon wayoyi masu tashi da sauka daga girgiza yayin tashi, an ƙara sandunan tsaye masu haske a tsakiyar teku don ɗaure wayoyin, wanda ya ba jirgin kamannin jirgin sama mai hawa biyu, kamar yadda aka yi wa mayaƙan SPAD S.VII da SPAD S.XIII na baya-bayan nan, waɗanda suka fi zama na yau da kullun. [[File:Somme-Vesle._Biplan_SPAD_-_Fonds_Berthelé_-_49Fi494.jpg|thumb| SPAD SA-2 a Somme-Vesle a cikin 1915]] SPAD SA2 sigar SA1 ce da aka inganta wadda ta fara tashi a ranar 21 ga Mayu 1915. SA-2's 110&nbsp;Injin hp sau da yawa yana fama da zafi sosai, don haka ƙirar ta koma SA-1s 80&nbsp;hp Le Rhone a cikin SA-4, tare da injin iri ɗaya da aka sake haɗa shi da wasu SA-2s. Sauran canje-canjen sun haɗa da rarraba ƙananan ailerons a kan ƙananan fikafikan da ke da kunkuntar igiya da kuma babban jirgin ƙasa don kawar da buƙatar bungee don taimakawa wajen gyarawa. Samfuran Rasha suna da ƙananan bambance-bambancen tsari ga reshe na sama, suna haɗa da wani sashe na tsakiya daban maimakon kowane reshe na reshe da aka haɗa shi da layin tsakiya. Duk da rashin nasarar da aka samu, ƙirar ta kawo ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci ga Béchereau da tawagarsa. Nasarar da aka samu a cikin S.VII ta kasance ci gaba kai tsaye na jerin A. Yana da abubuwa da yawa iri ɗaya. Duk da haka, bambance-bambancen sun haɗa da cire mumbari, sake haɗa shi da Hispano-Suiza V8, yana da jirgin ƙasa mai siffar delta, an sanya wa jirgin saman ƙarin igiyoyi masu ɗaurewa, gefuna na waya masu lanƙwasa, raguwar tazara tsakanin haƙarƙari, da kuma daidaita girmansa kaɗan. An ajiye yawancin sauran cikakkun bayanai na ƙira. == Tarihin aiki == [[File:SPAD_S.A-2_named_Ma_Jeanne.jpg|thumb| SPAD SA-2 "Ma Jeanne"]] Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta yi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma mara kyau a ''rundunar sojojin saman Faransa,'' kuma an maye gurbinta da jiragen sama marasa haɗari cikin sauri. Majiyoyin zamani sun nuna cewa ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba. Akwai ɗan bayani kaɗan game da aikin firam ɗin jirgin sama na SA-2 guda 42 da aka kawo, kuma bai taɓa samar da dukkan kayan aikin jirgin ba. Hukumar Jiragen Sama ta Imperial Russian Air Service ta yi amfani da SPAD SA-2 da SA-4 na tsawon lokaci saboda karancin jiragen da ake da su. Kimanin jiragen saman SA-2 da SA-4 guda 57 ne suka je aikin jiragen saman Imperial Russian Air Service . A lokacin ayyukan hunturu, jiragen saman Rasha sun sanya musu kayan wasan tsere maimakon ƙafafun hawa. Duk da cewa ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan Rasha ba su yi tunani sosai game da SPAD ba (wanda ba a ƙara masa suna SPAD ( [[wiktionary:спад|СПАД]] ) a cikin harshen Rashanci ba, ma'anarsa ita ce "slump" ko "plummet"), aƙalla ma'aikata biyu sun sami nasara da shi. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1916, matukin jirgin saman Rasha Karpov da mai harbinsa, Bratolyubov Jurij Aleksandrovich, sun yi ikirarin cewa wani jirgin saman Jamus ne kusa da ƙauyen [[Vulka]] . Akalla misali ɗaya ya tsira wanda Tarayyar Soviet ta yi amfani da shi na ɗan lokaci kafin su yi ritaya daga dukkan tsoffin nau'ikan. == Nau'ikan == * '''SPAD SA-1''' - nau'in farko na samarwa tare da 80&nbsp;Injin hp Le Rhône 9C da kuma jirgin ƙasa mai tauri – an gina shi da 11. * '''SPAD SA-2''' – babban nau'in samarwa tare da madaidaicin igiyar wutsiya da kuma 110&nbsp;hp Le Rhône 9J . – An gina 35 * '''SPAD SA-3''' – mai horar da bindigogi masu sarrafawa biyu, tare da matukin jirgi da mai lura da aka ba su damar sanya bindigogi masu sassauƙa - guda biyu an gina su da 110&nbsp;hp Le Rhône 9J . * '''SPAD SA-4''' – injin A.2 mai inganci wanda injin Le Rhône 9C mai ƙarfin hp 80 bai yi ƙarfi ba. <ref name="Somer, 1990, p.18" /> – An gina guda 59. <ref name="SPADA-3" /> * '''SPAD SD''' - jirgin sama mai ɗan girma kaɗan tare da ƙarin matsayin bindiga a bayan matukin jirgi, wanda injin Renault 8Fg mai ƙarfin 220-hp ke amfani da shi - wanda aka gina shi * '''SPAD SG''' – SA tare da maye gurbin mai lura da bindigogi da aka sanya a cikin nacelle – ɗaya an gina ɗaya kuma an gyara shi. <ref name="SPADA-3" /> * '''SPAD SH''' - ci gaba mara ginawa ba tare da mumbari ba, wanda ya riga ya zama SPAD SV (5), wanda shine samfurin SPAD S.VII == Masu aiki == ;  France * Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Faransa ; {{Flag|Russian Empire}} * Rundunar Jiragen Sama ta Rasha ta Imperial ;  Soviet Union : Workers' and Peasants' Air Fleet == Bayani dalla-dalla (SA-2) == [[File:SPAD_S.A.2_colour_3-view_drawing.jpg|thumb| zane mai launi 3 na jirgin yaƙi mai kujeru biyu na SPAD SA2]] {{Aircraft specs|ref=''French aircraft of the First World War,<ref name=Davilla>{{cite book |last1=Davilla |first1=Dr. James J. |last2=Soltan |first2=Arthur |title=French Aircraft of the First World War |publisher=Flying Machines Press |location=Mountain View California |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-9637110-4-5 |pages=474–479}}</ref> Aviafrance : SPAD S.A-2<ref name=avfrspada2>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=2433&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=1231&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |work=aviafrance.com |title=SPAD S.A-2|access-date=28 December 2019 |language=fr |last=Parmentier |first=Bruno |date=25 September 1997}}</ref>''|prime units?=met <!--General characteristics-->|crew=Two|length m=7.3|span m=9.55|span note=some sources give {{cvt|9.10|m}}|height m=2.6|height note=|wing area sqm=25.36|wing area note=|airfoil=|empty weight kg=414|gross weight kg=674 <!--Powerplant-->|eng1 number=1|eng1 name=[[Le Rhône 9J]]|eng1 type=9-cylinder air-cooled rotary piston engine|eng1 hp=110|prop blade number=2|prop name=wooden fixed-pitch propeller|prop dia m=|prop dia note=<!--Performance-->|max speed kmh=140|max speed note=at sea level|endurance=3 hours|ceiling m=|ceiling note=|time to altitude=<br> :*{{cvt|1000|m}} in 6 minutes 30 seconds :*{{cvt|2000|m}} in 12 minutes 30 seconds :*{{cvt|3000|m}} in 23 minutes 30 seconds <!--Armament-->|guns=1 x {{cvt|.303|in}} light aircraft machine gun – types used include [[Lewis gun|Lewis]], [[M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun|Colt]], [[Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun|Hotchkiss]] and [[Madsen machine gun|Madsen]].}}{{aircontent <!-- include as many lines are appropriate. additional lines/entries with carriage return. -->|see also=|related=*[[Deperdussin Monocoque]]/[[Deperdussin TT]] *[[SPAD S.VII]]<!-- related developments -->|similar aircraft=*[[Gallaudet D-4]] *[[Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.9]]|lists=<!-- related lists -->}} == Manazarta == == Littattafan tarihi == * * {{Cite journal |last=Cony |first=Christophe |date=January 1997 |title=L'histoire inconnue des SPAD type A (première partie) |trans-title=The Unknown History of Type A SPADs (Part One) |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |language=French |issue=46 |pages=28–35 |issn=1243-8650}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cony |first=Christophe |date=February 1997 |title=L'histoire inconnue des SPAD type A (deuxième partie) |trans-title=The Unknown History of Type A SPADs (Part Two) |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |language=French |issue=47 |pages=28–33 |issn=1243-8650}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cony |first=Christophe |date=April 1997 |title=L'histoire inconnue des SPAD type A (quatrième partie) |trans-title=The Unknown History of Type A SPADs (Part Four) |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |language=French |issue=49 |pages=32–38 |issn=1243-8650}} * {{Cite journal |last=Cony |first=Christophe |last2=Kulikov |first2=Victor |name-list-style=amp |date=January 1999 |title=Du nouveau sur les SPAD-Nacelles |trans-title=Again on the SPAD-Nacelles |journal=Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire |language=French |issue=70 |pages=37–44 |issn=1243-8650}} *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Somer |first=Ellic |date=February 1990 |title=Pulpit SPADs: A-series |journal=WW1 Aero |publisher=WW1 Aeroplanes, Inc |pages=10–27}} * {{Cite web |date=17 September 1997 |title=SPAD S-A1 |url=http://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=3139&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=1231&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=aviafrance.com}} * {{Cite web |date=22 April 1997 |title=SPAD S-A2 |url=http://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=2433&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=1231&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=aviafrance.com}} * {{Cite web |date=22 April 1997 |title=SPAD S-A4 |url=http://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=2432&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=1231&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=aviafrance.com}} * {{Cite web |date=25 September 1997 |title=SPAD S-G2 |url=http://www.aviafrance.com/aviafrance1.php?ID=3206&ID_CONSTRUCTEUR=1231&ANNEE=0&ID_MISSION=0&MOTCLEF= |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=aviafrance.com}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151122044905/http://asoublies14-18.cosadgip.com/Default.asp?367332D3741663E62613329332D36D47262334233D166E6236233D077462361332233DE6 Essais du SPAD SAL] (a cikin Faransanci) [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e1j66e3c6k951u0v2dtg5k29j89ge6x 0 178532 964536 2026-10-07T23:03:23Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371996469|Simon Fishel]]" 964536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simon Fishel''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1953) masanin ilimin lissafi ne na Ingila, masanin kimiyyar halittu kuma masanin ilimin ''in vitro'' fertilization (IVF) . Fishel ya haɗu da Robert Edwards a shekarar 1975 kuma daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki tare da Edwards da Patrick Steptoe, waɗanda suka yi nasarar samar da juna biyu ta hanyar IVF, wanda ya kai ga haihuwar Louise Brown a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1978. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Simon Brian Fishel a cikin [[Yahudawa|iyalin Yahudawa]] a [[Liverpool]] kuma ya girma kusa da Calderstones Park . Mahaifinsa, Joseph, mai dinki ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma, Jane, ɗaya ce daga cikin 'yan'uwa 12 daga cikin dangin 'yan gudun hijira na Gabashin Turai. Fishel ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta King David, Liverpool, inda ya zama Babban Yaro. Bayan samun A-Levels, Fishel da farko ya koyar a wata makaranta a Speke, a wajen Liverpool. Daga nan ya yi karatun Physiology da Biochemistry a Jami'ar Salford, ya kammala karatu a 1975 tare da girmamawa na BSc na farko sau biyu. Fishel ya koma Jami'ar Cambridge bayan an nada shi a matsayin PhD a fannin ilimin cututtuka, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya yanke shawarar cewa aikinsa na nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta ba nasa ba ne. Daga nan sai ya haɗu da Robert Edwards, wanda zai lashe kyautar Nobel nan gaba, wanda zai sami digirin PhD sannan ya sami fannin da zai sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga ayyukansa. A shekara ta 1978, an nada Fishel a matsayin Don a Kwalejin Churchill, Cambridge kuma an ba shi kyautar Beit Memorial Foundation Fellowship . == Ayyuka == A Cambridge, Fishel ya yi aiki tare da Robert Edwards da Patrick Steptoe tsawon shekaru da dama kafin haihuwar jaririyar IVF ta farko a duniya, Louise Brown, a Oldham a shekarar 1978. Wannan nasarar ta zama tarihi a fannin likitanci, inda aka kafa takin zamani a cikin jiki a matsayin sabon maganin da zai iya taimaka wa ma'aurata marasa haihuwa su haifi 'ya'ya. Yayinda yake ci gaba da aikinsa a Cambridge, an nada Fishel a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Kimiyya a asibitin IVF na farko a duniya, Bourn Hall, ya shiga Darakta Na Kimiyya Edwards, Darakta Steptoe da Mataimakin Daraktan Kiwon Lafiya John Webster a 1980. A cikin waɗannan shekarun farko na IVF, Fishel da abokan aikinsa sun sami adawa mai yawa daga masu sukar a waje da kuma cikin al'ummomin likita da kimiyya, gami da takardar farar hula don kisan kai. Fishel tun daga lokacin ya bayyana cewa "dukan ma'aikata sun yi fushi" da aikin su na farko kuma mutane sun yi tunanin cewa shi "mai yiwuwa masanin kimiyya ne". A cikin 1981, Fishel, Robert Edwards da sauran abokan aiki a Bourn Hall sun shirya taron farko na IVF na kasa da kasa, wanda likitoci da masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka halarta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, abokin aikin Fishel Robert Edwards zai haɗu da European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology kuma ya kafa mujallar Human Reproducation don ba da ƙarin rahoto game da ci gaba da ci gaba a fagen. Ayyukan Fishel sun haɗa da nasarori da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin gudummawar da ya bayar na farko shi ne ya ƙaura daga bututun gwaji (saboda haka kalmar 'wurin gwajin-tube') kuma zuwa ga amfani da jita-jita na petri tare da matsakaicin al'adu da aka rufe da man paraffin a cikin aikin ilimin embryology na asibiti, wani mataki wanda ya sa ya zama mafi amfani lokacin da aka yi amfani da IVF don dawo da ƙwai da yawa yayin motsawar ovarian don manufar samar da follicles da yawa. Fishel ya nuna a karo na farko cewa tayin ɗan adam yana ɓoye hormone na ciki hCG a cikin littafin 1984 tare da Edwards da Chris Evans a Kimiyya wanda aka ambata sau 196 kuma Outi Hovatta ya gano shi a matsayin bayanin farko na yiwuwar IVF da fasahar ƙwayar cuta dangane da fa'idar magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fishel |first=S. B. |last2=Edwards |first2=R. G. |last3=Evans |first3=C. J. |date=24 February 1984 |title=Human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.6546453 |journal=Science |publisher=Science, vol 223 no. 4638, pp 816 - 818 |volume=223 |issue=4638 |pages=816–818 |bibcode=1984Sci...223..816F |doi=10.1126/science.6546453 |pmid=6546453 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2014-08-22}}</ref> Ya kuma nuna bukatar dakatar da wutsiyar [[maniyyi]] har abada don samun nasarar allura ta maniyyi (ICSI). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=S. U. |last2=Ho |first2=H. N. |last3=Chen |first3=H. F. |last4=Huang |first4=S. C. |last5=Lee |first5=T. Y. |last6=Yang |first6=Y. S. |date=1996 |title=Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for severe semen abnormalities: dissecting the tail of spermatozoa at the tip |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=2640–2644 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019185 |pmid=9021366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s, Fishel ya nemi kamfanin bincike na micro-electronics na Falmouth don taimaka masa wajen bunkasa kayan aiki don farkon farkon microinjection na maniyyi. Koyaya, masu kula da Burtaniya ba za su ba Fishel lasisi don shirin matukin jirgi ba, ma'ana dole ne ya fara dabarar, wanda aka sani da insemination sub-zonal (SUZI), a [[Italiya]]. A [[Rum|Roma]], Fishel da tawagarsa sun ba da rahoton haihuwar farko daga SUZI a cikin 1990, wanda gidan talabijin na Italiya Rai Uno ya watsa shi, kuma ya bayyana yawan ciki na asibiti na kashi 15 cikin dari daga 225 SUZI cycles shekara guda bayan haka. A matsayin dabarar micro-insemination ta farko don magance rashin haihuwa na namiji, SUZI sabuwar fasaha ce da ta ba da damar maza da ke da ma'aunin maniyyi mara kyau kuma babu wata dama ta samun taki ga mahaifin 'ya'yansu. An ba da lasisi a matsayin dabara a Burtaniya a cikin 1991, tare da haihuwar SUZI ta farko a Burtaniya da ta faru a watan Satumbar 1992 a asibitin Park da ke Nottingham . Fishel da abokan aiki sun ci gaba da ba da allurar maniyyi kai tsaye a cikin cytoplasm na oocyte, ko 'DISCO', a matsayin madadin magani ga marasa lafiya waɗanda SUZI ta kasa. Wadannan dabarun za a ci gaba da su a cikin allurar maniyyi ta intracytoplasmic, yayin da Kayan Bincike za su ci gaba da samar da kayan aikin IVF da fasaha ga asibitoci a duniya. Fishel ya gabatar da vitrification na embryo zuwa Burtaniya a cikin 1991, tare da jariri na farko da aka haifa a cikin ƙasar daga wannan dabarar da aka kawo a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1992. Koyaya, wannan hanyar ta fara haramta ta Hukumar Kula da Farin Ciki da Embryology (HFEA), wani yanke shawara daga baya Fishel ya soki lokacin da ya ba da ƙarin yarjejeniya a majalisa a cikin 1997 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Draft Human Tissue and Embryos Bill. Fishel ya wallafa takardu sama da 200, da kuma littattafai da yawa, gami da littafin da aka fi sayarwa a shekarar 1986 In Vitro Fertilisation: Past Present and Future . A shekara ta 1987, ya kasance daga cikin tawagar farko da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta gayyaci don gabatar da IVF ga kasar Sin. Tare da Steven D. Fleming, a cikin 1992 Fishel ya kafa darussan digiri na farko a duniya a cikin fasahar haihuwa a Jami'ar Nottingham, inda ya riga ya buɗe sabis na haihuwa. Fishel ya kafa kwararren kwararre mai zaman kansa CARE Fertility a cikin 1997 don samar da sabis na haihuwa ga marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu da NHS. Fishel ya sami kyaututtuka na girmamawa daga ƙasashe kamar [[Japan]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], Austria da [[Italiya]], kuma ya ba da shawara ga gwamnatocin duniya da yawa, da kuma Vatican. A shekara ta 2009, ya sami Kyautar girmamawa daga Jami'ar Liverpool John Moores saboda "babban gudummawarsa ga fannin maganin haihuwa, gami da ilimin embryology da IVF". An ambaci Fishel a lamba goma a cikin '100 mafi kyawun masu kiwon lafiya' ta hanyar mujallar kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi ta mata Top Santé a cikin fitowar Satumba 2013, wanda aka zaba saboda haɗin gwiwar da ya yi na tsarin daukar hoto na CAREmaps, ci gaban da Fishel da kansa ya kira mafi ban sha'awa da mahimmanci tun lokacin da ya fara aikinsa. A cikin fitowar Nuwamba 2013 na mujallar Reproductive BioMedicine Online, Fishel ya yi kira ga NHS da ta ba da izinin marasa lafiya na IVF su shiga cikin gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu na sabbin ƙarin dabarun, yana ƙara cewa matsayin yanzu "yana hana ci gaba". == Rayuwa ta mutum == Fishel yana zaune a Nottingham kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu da jikoki daya. Yaronsa na biyu mafi girma shine mawaƙi, furodusa da mai mallakar lakabin rikodin Matt Fishel . A shekara ta 1993, masu karatu na Liverpool Echo sun zabi Fishel a matsayin daya daga cikin 'babban almara 100 masu rai' na Merseyside. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2000, Fishel yana cikin jirgin kasa da ke cikin Hadarin jirgin kasa na Hatfield . Ya tsere tare da ƙananan raunuka kuma ya taimaka wa wasu fasinjoji a wurin kafin sabis na gaggawa ya iso. == Dubi kuma == * Dokar aiki ta Burtaniya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t0ffc3bgi77o0dz05rhlh5e0vnioui0 964538 964536 2026-10-07T23:10:09Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Ayyuka */ 964538 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simon Fishel''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1953) masanin ilimin lissafi ne na Ingila, masanin kimiyyar halittu kuma masanin ilimin ''in vitro'' fertilization (IVF) . Fishel ya haɗu da Robert Edwards a shekarar 1975 kuma daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki tare da Edwards da Patrick Steptoe, waɗanda suka yi nasarar samar da juna biyu ta hanyar IVF, wanda ya kai ga haihuwar Louise Brown a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1978. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Simon Brian Fishel a cikin [[Yahudawa|iyalin Yahudawa]] a [[Liverpool]] kuma ya girma kusa da Calderstones Park . Mahaifinsa, Joseph, mai dinki ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma, Jane, ɗaya ce daga cikin 'yan'uwa 12 daga cikin dangin 'yan gudun hijira na Gabashin Turai. Fishel ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta King David, Liverpool, inda ya zama Babban Yaro. Bayan samun A-Levels, Fishel da farko ya koyar a wata makaranta a Speke, a wajen Liverpool. Daga nan ya yi karatun Physiology da Biochemistry a Jami'ar Salford, ya kammala karatu a 1975 tare da girmamawa na BSc na farko sau biyu. Fishel ya koma Jami'ar Cambridge bayan an nada shi a matsayin PhD a fannin ilimin cututtuka, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya yanke shawarar cewa aikinsa na nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta ba nasa ba ne. Daga nan sai ya haɗu da Robert Edwards, wanda zai lashe kyautar Nobel nan gaba, wanda zai sami digirin PhD sannan ya sami fannin da zai sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga ayyukansa. A shekara ta 1978, an nada Fishel a matsayin Don a Kwalejin Churchill, Cambridge kuma an ba shi kyautar Beit Memorial Foundation Fellowship . == Ayyuka == A Cambridge, Fishel ya yi aiki tare da Robert Edwards da Patrick Steptoe tsawon shekaru da dama kafin haihuwar jaririyar IVF ta farko a duniya, Louise Brown, a Oldham a shekarar 1978. <ref>{{cite news | title = Professor Simon Fishel | url = http://www.carefertility.com/fertility-treatments-sc1/support-sj4/page-4/ | publisher = CARE Fertility | access-date = 2014-07-30 | date= 2014}}</ref> Wannan nasarar ta zama tarihi a fannin likitanci, inda aka kafa takin zamani a cikin jiki a matsayin sabon maganin da zai iya taimaka wa ma'aurata marasa haihuwa su haifi 'ya'ya. Yayinda yake ci gaba da aikinsa a Cambridge, an nada Fishel a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Kimiyya a asibitin IVF na farko a duniya, Bourn Hall, ya shiga Darakta Na Kimiyya Edwards, Darakta Steptoe da Mataimakin Daraktan Kiwon Lafiya John Webster a 1980.<ref>{{cite news | title = Pushing the envelope on fertility care | url = http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=20261 | publisher = Irish Health | access-date = 2014-08-21 | date= 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Obituary: Robert Edwards, test-tube baby pioneer | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22095512 | publisher = BBC News online | access-date = 2014-08-21 | date= 10 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author1=David K Gardner |author2=Ariel Weissman |author3=Colin M Howles |author4=Zeev Shoham |title=Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques: Laboratory and Clinical Perspectives|pages= 12}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan shekarun farko na IVF, Fishel da abokan aikinsa sun sami adawa mai yawa daga masu sukar a waje da kuma cikin al'ummomin likita da kimiyya, gami da takardar farar hula don kisan kai. Fishel tun daga lokacin ya bayyana cewa "dukan ma'aikata sun yi fushi" da aikin su na farko kuma mutane sun yi tunanin cewa shi "mai yiwuwa masanin kimiyya ne". A cikin 1981, Fishel, Robert Edwards da sauran abokan aiki a Bourn Hall sun shirya taron farko na IVF na kasa da kasa, wanda likitoci da masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka halarta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, abokin aikin Fishel Robert Edwards zai haɗu da European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology kuma ya kafa mujallar Human Reproducation don ba da ƙarin rahoto game da ci gaba da ci gaba a fagen. Ayyukan Fishel sun haɗa da nasarori da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin gudummawar da ya bayar na farko shi ne ya ƙaura daga bututun gwaji (saboda haka kalmar 'wurin gwajin-tube') kuma zuwa ga amfani da jita-jita na petri tare da matsakaicin al'adu da aka rufe da man paraffin a cikin aikin ilimin embryology na asibiti, wani mataki wanda ya sa ya zama mafi amfani lokacin da aka yi amfani da IVF don dawo da ƙwai da yawa yayin motsawar ovarian don manufar samar da follicles da yawa. Fishel ya nuna a karo na farko cewa tayin ɗan adam yana ɓoye hormone na ciki hCG a cikin littafin 1984 tare da Edwards da Chris Evans a Kimiyya wanda aka ambata sau 196 kuma Outi Hovatta ya gano shi a matsayin bayanin farko na yiwuwar IVF da fasahar ƙwayar cuta dangane da fa'idar magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fishel |first=S. B. |last2=Edwards |first2=R. G. |last3=Evans |first3=C. J. |date=24 February 1984 |title=Human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.6546453 |journal=Science |publisher=Science, vol 223 no. 4638, pp 816 - 818 |volume=223 |issue=4638 |pages=816–818 |bibcode=1984Sci...223..816F |doi=10.1126/science.6546453 |pmid=6546453 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2014-08-22}}</ref> Ya kuma nuna bukatar dakatar da wutsiyar [[maniyyi]] har abada don samun nasarar allura ta maniyyi (ICSI). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=S. U. |last2=Ho |first2=H. N. |last3=Chen |first3=H. F. |last4=Huang |first4=S. C. |last5=Lee |first5=T. Y. |last6=Yang |first6=Y. S. |date=1996 |title=Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for severe semen abnormalities: dissecting the tail of spermatozoa at the tip |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=2640–2644 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019185 |pmid=9021366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s, Fishel ya nemi kamfanin bincike na micro-electronics na Falmouth don taimaka masa wajen bunkasa kayan aiki don farkon farkon microinjection na maniyyi. Koyaya, masu kula da Burtaniya ba za su ba Fishel lasisi don shirin matukin jirgi ba, ma'ana dole ne ya fara dabarar, wanda aka sani da insemination sub-zonal (SUZI), a [[Italiya]]. A [[Rum|Roma]], Fishel da tawagarsa sun ba da rahoton haihuwar farko daga SUZI a cikin 1990, wanda gidan talabijin na Italiya Rai Uno ya watsa shi, kuma ya bayyana yawan ciki na asibiti na kashi 15 cikin dari daga 225 SUZI cycles shekara guda bayan haka. A matsayin dabarar micro-insemination ta farko don magance rashin haihuwa na namiji, SUZI sabuwar fasaha ce da ta ba da damar maza da ke da ma'aunin maniyyi mara kyau kuma babu wata dama ta samun taki ga mahaifin 'ya'yansu. An ba da lasisi a matsayin dabara a Burtaniya a cikin 1991, tare da haihuwar SUZI ta farko a Burtaniya da ta faru a watan Satumbar 1992 a asibitin Park da ke Nottingham . Fishel da abokan aiki sun ci gaba da ba da allurar maniyyi kai tsaye a cikin cytoplasm na oocyte, ko 'DISCO', a matsayin madadin magani ga marasa lafiya waɗanda SUZI ta kasa. Wadannan dabarun za a ci gaba da su a cikin allurar maniyyi ta intracytoplasmic, yayin da Kayan Bincike za su ci gaba da samar da kayan aikin IVF da fasaha ga asibitoci a duniya. Fishel ya gabatar da vitrification na embryo zuwa Burtaniya a cikin 1991, tare da jariri na farko da aka haifa a cikin ƙasar daga wannan dabarar da aka kawo a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1992. Koyaya, wannan hanyar ta fara haramta ta Hukumar Kula da Farin Ciki da Embryology (HFEA), wani yanke shawara daga baya Fishel ya soki lokacin da ya ba da ƙarin yarjejeniya a majalisa a cikin 1997 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Draft Human Tissue and Embryos Bill. Fishel ya wallafa takardu sama da 200, da kuma littattafai da yawa, gami da littafin da aka fi sayarwa a shekarar 1986 In Vitro Fertilisation: Past Present and Future . A shekara ta 1987, ya kasance daga cikin tawagar farko da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta gayyaci don gabatar da IVF ga kasar Sin. Tare da Steven D. Fleming, a cikin 1992 Fishel ya kafa darussan digiri na farko a duniya a cikin fasahar haihuwa a Jami'ar Nottingham, inda ya riga ya buɗe sabis na haihuwa. Fishel ya kafa kwararren kwararre mai zaman kansa CARE Fertility a cikin 1997 don samar da sabis na haihuwa ga marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu da NHS. Fishel ya sami kyaututtuka na girmamawa daga ƙasashe kamar [[Japan]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], Austria da [[Italiya]], kuma ya ba da shawara ga gwamnatocin duniya da yawa, da kuma Vatican. A shekara ta 2009, ya sami Kyautar girmamawa daga Jami'ar Liverpool John Moores saboda "babban gudummawarsa ga fannin maganin haihuwa, gami da ilimin embryology da IVF". An ambaci Fishel a lamba goma a cikin '100 mafi kyawun masu kiwon lafiya' ta hanyar mujallar kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi ta mata Top Santé a cikin fitowar Satumba 2013, wanda aka zaba saboda haɗin gwiwar da ya yi na tsarin daukar hoto na CAREmaps, ci gaban da Fishel da kansa ya kira mafi ban sha'awa da mahimmanci tun lokacin da ya fara aikinsa. A cikin fitowar Nuwamba 2013 na mujallar Reproductive BioMedicine Online, Fishel ya yi kira ga NHS da ta ba da izinin marasa lafiya na IVF su shiga cikin gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu na sabbin ƙarin dabarun, yana ƙara cewa matsayin yanzu "yana hana ci gaba". == Rayuwa ta mutum == Fishel yana zaune a Nottingham kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu da jikoki daya. Yaronsa na biyu mafi girma shine mawaƙi, furodusa da mai mallakar lakabin rikodin Matt Fishel . A shekara ta 1993, masu karatu na Liverpool Echo sun zabi Fishel a matsayin daya daga cikin 'babban almara 100 masu rai' na Merseyside. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2000, Fishel yana cikin jirgin kasa da ke cikin Hadarin jirgin kasa na Hatfield . Ya tsere tare da ƙananan raunuka kuma ya taimaka wa wasu fasinjoji a wurin kafin sabis na gaggawa ya iso. == Dubi kuma == * Dokar aiki ta Burtaniya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] spo883funrauspln9rbb4uuo16nie35 964539 964538 2026-10-07T23:13:02Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Ayyuka */ 964539 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simon Fishel''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1953) masanin ilimin lissafi ne na Ingila, masanin kimiyyar halittu kuma masanin ilimin ''in vitro'' fertilization (IVF) . Fishel ya haɗu da Robert Edwards a shekarar 1975 kuma daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki tare da Edwards da Patrick Steptoe, waɗanda suka yi nasarar samar da juna biyu ta hanyar IVF, wanda ya kai ga haihuwar Louise Brown a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1978. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Simon Brian Fishel a cikin [[Yahudawa|iyalin Yahudawa]] a [[Liverpool]] kuma ya girma kusa da Calderstones Park . Mahaifinsa, Joseph, mai dinki ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma, Jane, ɗaya ce daga cikin 'yan'uwa 12 daga cikin dangin 'yan gudun hijira na Gabashin Turai. Fishel ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta King David, Liverpool, inda ya zama Babban Yaro. Bayan samun A-Levels, Fishel da farko ya koyar a wata makaranta a Speke, a wajen Liverpool. Daga nan ya yi karatun Physiology da Biochemistry a Jami'ar Salford, ya kammala karatu a 1975 tare da girmamawa na BSc na farko sau biyu. Fishel ya koma Jami'ar Cambridge bayan an nada shi a matsayin PhD a fannin ilimin cututtuka, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya yanke shawarar cewa aikinsa na nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta ba nasa ba ne. Daga nan sai ya haɗu da Robert Edwards, wanda zai lashe kyautar Nobel nan gaba, wanda zai sami digirin PhD sannan ya sami fannin da zai sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga ayyukansa. A shekara ta 1978, an nada Fishel a matsayin Don a Kwalejin Churchill, Cambridge kuma an ba shi kyautar Beit Memorial Foundation Fellowship . == Ayyuka == A Cambridge, Fishel ya yi aiki tare da Robert Edwards da Patrick Steptoe tsawon shekaru da dama kafin haihuwar jaririyar IVF ta farko a duniya, Louise Brown, a Oldham a shekarar 1978. <ref>{{cite news | title = Professor Simon Fishel | url = http://www.carefertility.com/fertility-treatments-sc1/support-sj4/page-4/ | publisher = CARE Fertility | access-date = 2014-07-30 | date= 2014}}</ref> Wannan nasarar ta zama tarihi a fannin likitanci, inda aka kafa takin zamani a cikin jiki a matsayin sabon maganin da zai iya taimaka wa ma'aurata marasa haihuwa su haifi 'ya'ya. Yayinda yake ci gaba da aikinsa a Cambridge, an nada Fishel a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Kimiyya a asibitin IVF na farko a duniya, Bourn Hall, ya shiga Darakta Na Kimiyya Edwards, Darakta Steptoe da Mataimakin Daraktan Kiwon Lafiya John Webster a 1980.<ref>{{cite news | title = Pushing the envelope on fertility care | url = http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=20261 | publisher = Irish Health | access-date = 2014-08-21 | date= 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Obituary: Robert Edwards, test-tube baby pioneer | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22095512 | publisher = BBC News online | access-date = 2014-08-21 | date= 10 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author1=David K Gardner |author2=Ariel Weissman |author3=Colin M Howles |author4=Zeev Shoham |title=Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques: Laboratory and Clinical Perspectives|pages= 12}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan shekarun farko na IVF, Fishel da abokan aikinsa sun sami adawa mai yawa daga masu sukar a waje da kuma cikin al'ummomin likita da kimiyya, gami da takardar farar hula don kisan kai. Fishel tun daga lokacin ya bayyana cewa "dukan ma'aikata sun yi fushi" da aikin su na farko kuma mutane sun yi tunanin cewa shi "mai yiwuwa masanin kimiyya ne".<ref>{{cite news | title = Celebration of 25 years of IVF | url = http://www.nottinghampost.com/Miracle-families-celebrate-25-years-IVF-Nottingham/story-12256525-detail/story.html | newspaper = Nottingham Post | access-date = 2014-08-21 | date= 9 June 2010}}</ref> A cikin 1981, Fishel, Robert Edwards da sauran abokan aiki a Bourn Hall sun shirya taron farko na IVF na kasa da kasa, wanda likitoci da masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka halarta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, abokin aikin Fishel Robert Edwards zai haɗu da European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology kuma ya kafa mujallar Human Reproducation don ba da ƙarin rahoto game da ci gaba da ci gaba a fagen. Ayyukan Fishel sun haɗa da nasarori da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin gudummawar da ya bayar na farko shi ne ya ƙaura daga bututun gwaji (saboda haka kalmar 'wurin gwajin-tube') kuma zuwa ga amfani da jita-jita na petri tare da matsakaicin al'adu da aka rufe da man paraffin a cikin aikin ilimin embryology na asibiti, wani mataki wanda ya sa ya zama mafi amfani lokacin da aka yi amfani da IVF don dawo da ƙwai da yawa yayin motsawar ovarian don manufar samar da follicles da yawa. Fishel ya nuna a karo na farko cewa tayin ɗan adam yana ɓoye hormone na ciki hCG a cikin littafin 1984 tare da Edwards da Chris Evans a Kimiyya wanda aka ambata sau 196 kuma Outi Hovatta ya gano shi a matsayin bayanin farko na yiwuwar IVF da fasahar ƙwayar cuta dangane da fa'idar magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fishel |first=S. B. |last2=Edwards |first2=R. G. |last3=Evans |first3=C. J. |date=24 February 1984 |title=Human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.6546453 |journal=Science |publisher=Science, vol 223 no. 4638, pp 816 - 818 |volume=223 |issue=4638 |pages=816–818 |bibcode=1984Sci...223..816F |doi=10.1126/science.6546453 |pmid=6546453 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2014-08-22}}</ref> Ya kuma nuna bukatar dakatar da wutsiyar [[maniyyi]] har abada don samun nasarar allura ta maniyyi (ICSI). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=S. U. |last2=Ho |first2=H. N. |last3=Chen |first3=H. F. |last4=Huang |first4=S. C. |last5=Lee |first5=T. Y. |last6=Yang |first6=Y. S. |date=1996 |title=Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for severe semen abnormalities: dissecting the tail of spermatozoa at the tip |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=2640–2644 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019185 |pmid=9021366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s, Fishel ya nemi kamfanin bincike na micro-electronics na Falmouth don taimaka masa wajen bunkasa kayan aiki don farkon farkon microinjection na maniyyi. Koyaya, masu kula da Burtaniya ba za su ba Fishel lasisi don shirin matukin jirgi ba, ma'ana dole ne ya fara dabarar, wanda aka sani da insemination sub-zonal (SUZI), a [[Italiya]]. A [[Rum|Roma]], Fishel da tawagarsa sun ba da rahoton haihuwar farko daga SUZI a cikin 1990, wanda gidan talabijin na Italiya Rai Uno ya watsa shi, kuma ya bayyana yawan ciki na asibiti na kashi 15 cikin dari daga 225 SUZI cycles shekara guda bayan haka. A matsayin dabarar micro-insemination ta farko don magance rashin haihuwa na namiji, SUZI sabuwar fasaha ce da ta ba da damar maza da ke da ma'aunin maniyyi mara kyau kuma babu wata dama ta samun taki ga mahaifin 'ya'yansu. An ba da lasisi a matsayin dabara a Burtaniya a cikin 1991, tare da haihuwar SUZI ta farko a Burtaniya da ta faru a watan Satumbar 1992 a asibitin Park da ke Nottingham . Fishel da abokan aiki sun ci gaba da ba da allurar maniyyi kai tsaye a cikin cytoplasm na oocyte, ko 'DISCO', a matsayin madadin magani ga marasa lafiya waɗanda SUZI ta kasa. Wadannan dabarun za a ci gaba da su a cikin allurar maniyyi ta intracytoplasmic, yayin da Kayan Bincike za su ci gaba da samar da kayan aikin IVF da fasaha ga asibitoci a duniya. Fishel ya gabatar da vitrification na embryo zuwa Burtaniya a cikin 1991, tare da jariri na farko da aka haifa a cikin ƙasar daga wannan dabarar da aka kawo a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1992. Koyaya, wannan hanyar ta fara haramta ta Hukumar Kula da Farin Ciki da Embryology (HFEA), wani yanke shawara daga baya Fishel ya soki lokacin da ya ba da ƙarin yarjejeniya a majalisa a cikin 1997 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Draft Human Tissue and Embryos Bill. Fishel ya wallafa takardu sama da 200, da kuma littattafai da yawa, gami da littafin da aka fi sayarwa a shekarar 1986 In Vitro Fertilisation: Past Present and Future . A shekara ta 1987, ya kasance daga cikin tawagar farko da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta gayyaci don gabatar da IVF ga kasar Sin. Tare da Steven D. Fleming, a cikin 1992 Fishel ya kafa darussan digiri na farko a duniya a cikin fasahar haihuwa a Jami'ar Nottingham, inda ya riga ya buɗe sabis na haihuwa. Fishel ya kafa kwararren kwararre mai zaman kansa CARE Fertility a cikin 1997 don samar da sabis na haihuwa ga marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu da NHS. Fishel ya sami kyaututtuka na girmamawa daga ƙasashe kamar [[Japan]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], Austria da [[Italiya]], kuma ya ba da shawara ga gwamnatocin duniya da yawa, da kuma Vatican. A shekara ta 2009, ya sami Kyautar girmamawa daga Jami'ar Liverpool John Moores saboda "babban gudummawarsa ga fannin maganin haihuwa, gami da ilimin embryology da IVF". An ambaci Fishel a lamba goma a cikin '100 mafi kyawun masu kiwon lafiya' ta hanyar mujallar kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi ta mata Top Santé a cikin fitowar Satumba 2013, wanda aka zaba saboda haɗin gwiwar da ya yi na tsarin daukar hoto na CAREmaps, ci gaban da Fishel da kansa ya kira mafi ban sha'awa da mahimmanci tun lokacin da ya fara aikinsa. A cikin fitowar Nuwamba 2013 na mujallar Reproductive BioMedicine Online, Fishel ya yi kira ga NHS da ta ba da izinin marasa lafiya na IVF su shiga cikin gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu na sabbin ƙarin dabarun, yana ƙara cewa matsayin yanzu "yana hana ci gaba". == Rayuwa ta mutum == Fishel yana zaune a Nottingham kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu da jikoki daya. Yaronsa na biyu mafi girma shine mawaƙi, furodusa da mai mallakar lakabin rikodin Matt Fishel . A shekara ta 1993, masu karatu na Liverpool Echo sun zabi Fishel a matsayin daya daga cikin 'babban almara 100 masu rai' na Merseyside. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2000, Fishel yana cikin jirgin kasa da ke cikin Hadarin jirgin kasa na Hatfield . Ya tsere tare da ƙananan raunuka kuma ya taimaka wa wasu fasinjoji a wurin kafin sabis na gaggawa ya iso. == Dubi kuma == * Dokar aiki ta Burtaniya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 882b6pibcn7cqsm82d1n6sjkes4cl2f 964540 964539 2026-10-07T23:15:51Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Ayyuka */ 964540 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simon Fishel''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1953) masanin ilimin lissafi ne na Ingila, masanin kimiyyar halittu kuma masanin ilimin ''in vitro'' fertilization (IVF) . Fishel ya haɗu da Robert Edwards a shekarar 1975 kuma daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki tare da Edwards da Patrick Steptoe, waɗanda suka yi nasarar samar da juna biyu ta hanyar IVF, wanda ya kai ga haihuwar Louise Brown a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1978. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Simon Brian Fishel a cikin [[Yahudawa|iyalin Yahudawa]] a [[Liverpool]] kuma ya girma kusa da Calderstones Park . Mahaifinsa, Joseph, mai dinki ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma, Jane, ɗaya ce daga cikin 'yan'uwa 12 daga cikin dangin 'yan gudun hijira na Gabashin Turai. Fishel ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta King David, Liverpool, inda ya zama Babban Yaro. Bayan samun A-Levels, Fishel da farko ya koyar a wata makaranta a Speke, a wajen Liverpool. Daga nan ya yi karatun Physiology da Biochemistry a Jami'ar Salford, ya kammala karatu a 1975 tare da girmamawa na BSc na farko sau biyu. Fishel ya koma Jami'ar Cambridge bayan an nada shi a matsayin PhD a fannin ilimin cututtuka, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya yanke shawarar cewa aikinsa na nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta ba nasa ba ne. Daga nan sai ya haɗu da Robert Edwards, wanda zai lashe kyautar Nobel nan gaba, wanda zai sami digirin PhD sannan ya sami fannin da zai sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga ayyukansa. A shekara ta 1978, an nada Fishel a matsayin Don a Kwalejin Churchill, Cambridge kuma an ba shi kyautar Beit Memorial Foundation Fellowship . == Ayyuka == A Cambridge, Fishel ya yi aiki tare da Robert Edwards da Patrick Steptoe tsawon shekaru da dama kafin haihuwar jaririyar IVF ta farko a duniya, Louise Brown, a Oldham a shekarar 1978. <ref>{{cite news | title = Professor Simon Fishel | url = http://www.carefertility.com/fertility-treatments-sc1/support-sj4/page-4/ | publisher = CARE Fertility | access-date = 2014-07-30 | date= 2014}}</ref> Wannan nasarar ta zama tarihi a fannin likitanci, inda aka kafa takin zamani a cikin jiki a matsayin sabon maganin da zai iya taimaka wa ma'aurata marasa haihuwa su haifi 'ya'ya. Yayinda yake ci gaba da aikinsa a Cambridge, an nada Fishel a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Kimiyya a asibitin IVF na farko a duniya, Bourn Hall, ya shiga Darakta Na Kimiyya Edwards, Darakta Steptoe da Mataimakin Daraktan Kiwon Lafiya John Webster a 1980.<ref>{{cite news | title = Pushing the envelope on fertility care | url = http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=20261 | publisher = Irish Health | access-date = 2014-08-21 | date= 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Obituary: Robert Edwards, test-tube baby pioneer | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22095512 | publisher = BBC News online | access-date = 2014-08-21 | date= 10 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author1=David K Gardner |author2=Ariel Weissman |author3=Colin M Howles |author4=Zeev Shoham |title=Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques: Laboratory and Clinical Perspectives|pages= 12}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan shekarun farko na IVF, Fishel da abokan aikinsa sun sami adawa mai yawa daga masu sukar a waje da kuma cikin al'ummomin likita da kimiyya, gami da takardar farar hula don kisan kai. Fishel tun daga lokacin ya bayyana cewa "dukan ma'aikata sun yi fushi" da aikin su na farko kuma mutane sun yi tunanin cewa shi "mai yiwuwa masanin kimiyya ne".<ref>{{cite news | title = Celebration of 25 years of IVF | url = http://www.nottinghampost.com/Miracle-families-celebrate-25-years-IVF-Nottingham/story-12256525-detail/story.html | newspaper = Nottingham Post | access-date = 2014-08-21 | date= 9 June 2010}}</ref> A cikin 1981, Fishel, Robert Edwards da sauran abokan aiki a Bourn Hall sun shirya taron farko na IVF na kasa da kasa, wanda likitoci da masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka halarta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, abokin aikin Fishel Robert Edwards zai haɗu da European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology kuma ya kafa mujallar Human Reproducation don ba da ƙarin rahoto game da ci gaba da ci gaba a fagen.<ref>{{cite news | title = A child against all odds | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QRpAPNSwoswC | publisher = Transworld Publishers, London | access-date = 2014-09-16 | date= 2006|isbn = 9781446437568}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Principles and practice of fertility preservation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=11sFXv10o6cC&q=bourn+hall+clinic+1981+first+ivf&pg=PA5 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | access-date = 2014-08-22 | date= 2011|isbn = 9781139496124}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = 40 years of IVF commemorative programme | url = http://www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/40yearsivf/commemorative_programme.pdf | publisher = Christ's College, Cambridge | access-date = 2014-08-22 | date= 2009}}</ref> Ayyukan Fishel sun haɗa da nasarori da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin gudummawar da ya bayar na farko shi ne ya ƙaura daga bututun gwaji (saboda haka kalmar 'wurin gwajin-tube') kuma zuwa ga amfani da jita-jita na petri tare da matsakaicin al'adu da aka rufe da man paraffin a cikin aikin ilimin embryology na asibiti, wani mataki wanda ya sa ya zama mafi amfani lokacin da aka yi amfani da IVF don dawo da ƙwai da yawa yayin motsawar ovarian don manufar samar da follicles da yawa. Fishel ya nuna a karo na farko cewa tayin ɗan adam yana ɓoye hormone na ciki hCG a cikin littafin 1984 tare da Edwards da Chris Evans a Kimiyya wanda aka ambata sau 196 kuma Outi Hovatta ya gano shi a matsayin bayanin farko na yiwuwar IVF da fasahar ƙwayar cuta dangane da fa'idar magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fishel |first=S. B. |last2=Edwards |first2=R. G. |last3=Evans |first3=C. J. |date=24 February 1984 |title=Human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.6546453 |journal=Science |publisher=Science, vol 223 no. 4638, pp 816 - 818 |volume=223 |issue=4638 |pages=816–818 |bibcode=1984Sci...223..816F |doi=10.1126/science.6546453 |pmid=6546453 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2014-08-22}}</ref> Ya kuma nuna bukatar dakatar da wutsiyar [[maniyyi]] har abada don samun nasarar allura ta maniyyi (ICSI). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=S. U. |last2=Ho |first2=H. N. |last3=Chen |first3=H. F. |last4=Huang |first4=S. C. |last5=Lee |first5=T. Y. |last6=Yang |first6=Y. S. |date=1996 |title=Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for severe semen abnormalities: dissecting the tail of spermatozoa at the tip |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=2640–2644 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019185 |pmid=9021366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s, Fishel ya nemi kamfanin bincike na micro-electronics na Falmouth don taimaka masa wajen bunkasa kayan aiki don farkon farkon microinjection na maniyyi. Koyaya, masu kula da Burtaniya ba za su ba Fishel lasisi don shirin matukin jirgi ba, ma'ana dole ne ya fara dabarar, wanda aka sani da insemination sub-zonal (SUZI), a [[Italiya]]. A [[Rum|Roma]], Fishel da tawagarsa sun ba da rahoton haihuwar farko daga SUZI a cikin 1990, wanda gidan talabijin na Italiya Rai Uno ya watsa shi, kuma ya bayyana yawan ciki na asibiti na kashi 15 cikin dari daga 225 SUZI cycles shekara guda bayan haka. A matsayin dabarar micro-insemination ta farko don magance rashin haihuwa na namiji, SUZI sabuwar fasaha ce da ta ba da damar maza da ke da ma'aunin maniyyi mara kyau kuma babu wata dama ta samun taki ga mahaifin 'ya'yansu. An ba da lasisi a matsayin dabara a Burtaniya a cikin 1991, tare da haihuwar SUZI ta farko a Burtaniya da ta faru a watan Satumbar 1992 a asibitin Park da ke Nottingham . Fishel da abokan aiki sun ci gaba da ba da allurar maniyyi kai tsaye a cikin cytoplasm na oocyte, ko 'DISCO', a matsayin madadin magani ga marasa lafiya waɗanda SUZI ta kasa. Wadannan dabarun za a ci gaba da su a cikin allurar maniyyi ta intracytoplasmic, yayin da Kayan Bincike za su ci gaba da samar da kayan aikin IVF da fasaha ga asibitoci a duniya. Fishel ya gabatar da vitrification na embryo zuwa Burtaniya a cikin 1991, tare da jariri na farko da aka haifa a cikin ƙasar daga wannan dabarar da aka kawo a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1992. Koyaya, wannan hanyar ta fara haramta ta Hukumar Kula da Farin Ciki da Embryology (HFEA), wani yanke shawara daga baya Fishel ya soki lokacin da ya ba da ƙarin yarjejeniya a majalisa a cikin 1997 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Draft Human Tissue and Embryos Bill. Fishel ya wallafa takardu sama da 200, da kuma littattafai da yawa, gami da littafin da aka fi sayarwa a shekarar 1986 In Vitro Fertilisation: Past Present and Future . A shekara ta 1987, ya kasance daga cikin tawagar farko da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta gayyaci don gabatar da IVF ga kasar Sin. Tare da Steven D. Fleming, a cikin 1992 Fishel ya kafa darussan digiri na farko a duniya a cikin fasahar haihuwa a Jami'ar Nottingham, inda ya riga ya buɗe sabis na haihuwa. Fishel ya kafa kwararren kwararre mai zaman kansa CARE Fertility a cikin 1997 don samar da sabis na haihuwa ga marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu da NHS. Fishel ya sami kyaututtuka na girmamawa daga ƙasashe kamar [[Japan]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], Austria da [[Italiya]], kuma ya ba da shawara ga gwamnatocin duniya da yawa, da kuma Vatican. A shekara ta 2009, ya sami Kyautar girmamawa daga Jami'ar Liverpool John Moores saboda "babban gudummawarsa ga fannin maganin haihuwa, gami da ilimin embryology da IVF". An ambaci Fishel a lamba goma a cikin '100 mafi kyawun masu kiwon lafiya' ta hanyar mujallar kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi ta mata Top Santé a cikin fitowar Satumba 2013, wanda aka zaba saboda haɗin gwiwar da ya yi na tsarin daukar hoto na CAREmaps, ci gaban da Fishel da kansa ya kira mafi ban sha'awa da mahimmanci tun lokacin da ya fara aikinsa. A cikin fitowar Nuwamba 2013 na mujallar Reproductive BioMedicine Online, Fishel ya yi kira ga NHS da ta ba da izinin marasa lafiya na IVF su shiga cikin gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu na sabbin ƙarin dabarun, yana ƙara cewa matsayin yanzu "yana hana ci gaba". == Rayuwa ta mutum == Fishel yana zaune a Nottingham kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu da jikoki daya. Yaronsa na biyu mafi girma shine mawaƙi, furodusa da mai mallakar lakabin rikodin Matt Fishel . A shekara ta 1993, masu karatu na Liverpool Echo sun zabi Fishel a matsayin daya daga cikin 'babban almara 100 masu rai' na Merseyside. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2000, Fishel yana cikin jirgin kasa da ke cikin Hadarin jirgin kasa na Hatfield . Ya tsere tare da ƙananan raunuka kuma ya taimaka wa wasu fasinjoji a wurin kafin sabis na gaggawa ya iso. == Dubi kuma == * Dokar aiki ta Burtaniya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pk9lqpb67ww68ejwpeyeurm2n3scgqx 964542 964540 2026-10-07T23:17:39Z Baffa ali 47435 964542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Simon Fishel''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1953) masanin ilimin lissafi ne na Ingila, masanin kimiyyar halittu kuma masanin ilimin ''in vitro'' fertilization (IVF) . Fishel ya haɗu da Robert Edwards a shekarar 1975 kuma daga ƙarshe ya yi aiki tare da Edwards da Patrick Steptoe, waɗanda suka yi nasarar samar da juna biyu ta hanyar IVF, wanda ya kai ga haihuwar Louise Brown a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1978. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Simon Brian Fishel a cikin [[Yahudawa|iyalin Yahudawa]] a [[Liverpool]] kuma ya girma kusa da Calderstones Park . Mahaifinsa, Joseph, mai dinki ne, mahaifiyarsa kuma, Jane, ɗaya ce daga cikin 'yan'uwa 12 daga cikin dangin 'yan gudun hijira na Gabashin Turai. Fishel ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta King David, Liverpool, inda ya zama Babban Yaro. Bayan samun A-Levels, Fishel da farko ya koyar a wata makaranta a Speke, a wajen Liverpool. Daga nan ya yi karatun Physiology da Biochemistry a Jami'ar Salford, ya kammala karatu a 1975 tare da girmamawa na BSc na farko sau biyu. Fishel ya koma Jami'ar Cambridge bayan an nada shi a matsayin PhD a fannin ilimin cututtuka, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya yanke shawarar cewa aikinsa na nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta ba nasa ba ne. Daga nan sai ya haɗu da Robert Edwards, wanda zai lashe kyautar Nobel nan gaba, wanda zai sami digirin PhD sannan ya sami fannin da zai sadaukar da rayuwarsa ga ayyukansa. A shekara ta 1978, an nada Fishel a matsayin Don a Kwalejin Churchill, Cambridge kuma an ba shi kyautar Beit Memorial Foundation Fellowship . == Ayyuka == A Cambridge, Fishel ya yi aiki tare da Robert Edwards da Patrick Steptoe tsawon shekaru da dama kafin haihuwar jaririyar IVF ta farko a duniya, Louise Brown, a Oldham a shekarar 1978. <ref>{{cite news | title = Professor Simon Fishel | url = http://www.carefertility.com/fertility-treatments-sc1/support-sj4/page-4/ | publisher = CARE Fertility | access-date = 2014-07-30 | date= 2014}}</ref> Wannan nasarar ta zama tarihi a fannin likitanci, inda aka kafa takin zamani a cikin jiki a matsayin sabon maganin da zai iya taimaka wa ma'aurata marasa haihuwa su haifi 'ya'ya. Yayinda yake ci gaba da aikinsa a Cambridge, an nada Fishel a matsayin Mataimakin Darakta na Kimiyya a asibitin IVF na farko a duniya, Bourn Hall, ya shiga Darakta Na Kimiyya Edwards, Darakta Steptoe da Mataimakin Daraktan Kiwon Lafiya John Webster a 1980.<ref>{{cite news | title = Pushing the envelope on fertility care | url = http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?id=20261 | publisher = Irish Health | access-date = 2014-08-21 | date= 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Obituary: Robert Edwards, test-tube baby pioneer | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-22095512 | publisher = BBC News online | access-date = 2014-08-21 | date= 10 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author1=David K Gardner |author2=Ariel Weissman |author3=Colin M Howles |author4=Zeev Shoham |title=Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques: Laboratory and Clinical Perspectives|pages= 12}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan shekarun farko na IVF, Fishel da abokan aikinsa sun sami adawa mai yawa daga masu sukar a waje da kuma cikin al'ummomin likita da kimiyya, gami da takardar farar hula don kisan kai. Fishel tun daga lokacin ya bayyana cewa "dukan ma'aikata sun yi fushi" da aikin su na farko kuma mutane sun yi tunanin cewa shi "mai yiwuwa masanin kimiyya ne".<ref>{{cite news | title = Celebration of 25 years of IVF | url = http://www.nottinghampost.com/Miracle-families-celebrate-25-years-IVF-Nottingham/story-12256525-detail/story.html | newspaper = Nottingham Post | access-date = 2014-08-21 | date= 9 June 2010}}</ref> A cikin 1981, Fishel, Robert Edwards da sauran abokan aiki a Bourn Hall sun shirya taron farko na IVF na kasa da kasa, wanda likitoci da masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka halarta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan, abokin aikin Fishel Robert Edwards zai haɗu da European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology kuma ya kafa mujallar Human Reproducation don ba da ƙarin rahoto game da ci gaba da ci gaba a fagen.<ref>{{cite news | title = A child against all odds | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QRpAPNSwoswC | publisher = Transworld Publishers, London | access-date = 2014-09-16 | date= 2006|isbn = 9781446437568}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Principles and practice of fertility preservation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=11sFXv10o6cC&q=bourn+hall+clinic+1981+first+ivf&pg=PA5 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | access-date = 2014-08-22 | date= 2011|isbn = 9781139496124}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = 40 years of IVF commemorative programme | url = http://www.pdn.cam.ac.uk/40yearsivf/commemorative_programme.pdf | publisher = Christ's College, Cambridge | access-date = 2014-08-22 | date= 2009}}</ref> Ayyukan Fishel sun haɗa da nasarori da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin gudummawar da ya bayar na farko shi ne ya ƙaura daga bututun gwaji (saboda haka kalmar 'wurin gwajin-tube') kuma zuwa ga amfani da jita-jita na petri tare da matsakaicin al'adu da aka rufe da man paraffin a cikin aikin ilimin embryology na asibiti, wani mataki wanda ya sa ya zama mafi amfani lokacin da aka yi amfani da IVF don dawo da ƙwai da yawa yayin motsawar ovarian don manufar samar da follicles da yawa. Fishel ya nuna a karo na farko cewa tayin ɗan adam yana ɓoye hormone na ciki hCG a cikin littafin 1984 tare da Edwards da Chris Evans a Kimiyya wanda aka ambata sau 196 kuma Outi Hovatta ya gano shi a matsayin bayanin farko na yiwuwar IVF da fasahar ƙwayar cuta dangane da fa'idar magani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fishel |first=S. B. |last2=Edwards |first2=R. G. |last3=Evans |first3=C. J. |date=24 February 1984 |title=Human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro |url=https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.6546453 |journal=Science |publisher=Science, vol 223 no. 4638, pp 816 - 818 |volume=223 |issue=4638 |pages=816–818 |bibcode=1984Sci...223..816F |doi=10.1126/science.6546453 |pmid=6546453 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2014-08-22}}</ref> Ya kuma nuna bukatar dakatar da wutsiyar [[maniyyi]] har abada don samun nasarar allura ta maniyyi (ICSI). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=S. U. |last2=Ho |first2=H. N. |last3=Chen |first3=H. F. |last4=Huang |first4=S. C. |last5=Lee |first5=T. Y. |last6=Yang |first6=Y. S. |date=1996 |title=Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for severe semen abnormalities: dissecting the tail of spermatozoa at the tip |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=2640–2644 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019185 |pmid=9021366 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s, Fishel ya nemi kamfanin bincike na micro-electronics na Falmouth don taimaka masa wajen bunkasa kayan aiki don farkon farkon microinjection na maniyyi. Koyaya, masu kula da Burtaniya ba za su ba Fishel lasisi don shirin matukin jirgi ba, ma'ana dole ne ya fara dabarar, wanda aka sani da insemination sub-zonal (SUZI), a [[Italiya]]. A [[Rum|Roma]], Fishel da tawagarsa sun ba da rahoton haihuwar farko daga SUZI a cikin 1990, wanda gidan talabijin na Italiya Rai Uno ya watsa shi, kuma ya bayyana yawan ciki na asibiti na kashi 15 cikin dari daga 225 SUZI cycles shekara guda bayan haka. A matsayin dabarar micro-insemination ta farko don magance rashin haihuwa na namiji, SUZI sabuwar fasaha ce da ta ba da damar maza da ke da ma'aunin maniyyi mara kyau kuma babu wata dama ta samun taki ga mahaifin 'ya'yansu. An ba da lasisi a matsayin dabara a Burtaniya a cikin 1991, tare da haihuwar SUZI ta farko a Burtaniya da ta faru a watan Satumbar 1992 a asibitin Park da ke Nottingham . Fishel da abokan aiki sun ci gaba da ba da allurar maniyyi kai tsaye a cikin cytoplasm na oocyte, ko 'DISCO', a matsayin madadin magani ga marasa lafiya waɗanda SUZI ta kasa. Wadannan dabarun za a ci gaba da su a cikin allurar maniyyi ta intracytoplasmic, yayin da Kayan Bincike za su ci gaba da samar da kayan aikin IVF da fasaha ga asibitoci a duniya. Fishel ya gabatar da vitrification na embryo zuwa Burtaniya a cikin 1991, tare da jariri na farko da aka haifa a cikin ƙasar daga wannan dabarar da aka kawo a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1992. Koyaya, wannan hanyar ta fara haramta ta Hukumar Kula da Farin Ciki da Embryology (HFEA), wani yanke shawara daga baya Fishel ya soki lokacin da ya ba da ƙarin yarjejeniya a majalisa a cikin 1997 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Draft Human Tissue and Embryos Bill. Fishel ya wallafa takardu sama da 200, da kuma littattafai da yawa, gami da littafin da aka fi sayarwa a shekarar 1986 In Vitro Fertilisation: Past Present and Future . A shekara ta 1987, ya kasance daga cikin tawagar farko da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta gayyaci don gabatar da IVF ga kasar Sin. Tare da Steven D. Fleming, a cikin 1992 Fishel ya kafa darussan digiri na farko a duniya a cikin fasahar haihuwa a Jami'ar Nottingham, inda ya riga ya buɗe sabis na haihuwa. Fishel ya kafa kwararren kwararre mai zaman kansa CARE Fertility a cikin 1997 don samar da sabis na haihuwa ga marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu da NHS. Fishel ya sami kyaututtuka na girmamawa daga ƙasashe kamar [[Japan]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], Austria da [[Italiya]], kuma ya ba da shawara ga gwamnatocin duniya da yawa, da kuma Vatican. A shekara ta 2009, ya sami Kyautar girmamawa daga Jami'ar Liverpool John Moores saboda "babban gudummawarsa ga fannin maganin haihuwa, gami da ilimin embryology da IVF". An ambaci Fishel a lamba goma a cikin '100 mafi kyawun masu kiwon lafiya' ta hanyar mujallar kiwon lafiya da jin daɗi ta mata Top Santé a cikin fitowar Satumba 2013, wanda aka zaba saboda haɗin gwiwar da ya yi na tsarin daukar hoto na CAREmaps, ci gaban da Fishel da kansa ya kira mafi ban sha'awa da mahimmanci tun lokacin da ya fara aikinsa. A cikin fitowar Nuwamba 2013 na mujallar Reproductive BioMedicine Online, Fishel ya yi kira ga NHS da ta ba da izinin marasa lafiya na IVF su shiga cikin gwaje-gwaje masu zaman kansu na sabbin ƙarin dabarun, yana ƙara cewa matsayin yanzu "yana hana ci gaba". == Rayuwa ta mutum == Fishel yana zaune a Nottingham kuma yana da 'ya'ya hudu da jikoki daya. Yaronsa na biyu mafi girma shine mawaƙi, furodusa da mai mallakar lakabin rikodin Matt Fishel . A shekara ta 1993, masu karatu na Liverpool Echo sun zabi Fishel a matsayin daya daga cikin 'babban almara 100 masu rai' na Merseyside. A ranar 17 ga Oktoba 2000, Fishel yana cikin jirgin kasa da ke cikin Hadarin jirgin kasa na Hatfield . Ya tsere tare da ƙananan raunuka kuma ya taimaka wa wasu fasinjoji a wurin kafin sabis na gaggawa ya iso. == Dubi kuma == * Dokar aiki ta Burtaniya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qpuaovp3x7v5camwlx75ibv55fc62y0 0 178533 964545 2026-10-07T23:24:22Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350386430|Axes conventions]]" 964545 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Plane.svg|thumb|Shugabanci, tsawo da kusurwoyin banki (Z-Y"-X"") don jirgin sama. Ba a nuna farar jirgin sama da axes na Y da Z ba, kuma an canza tsarinsa na xyz zuwa baya daga tsakiyar ƙarfinsa (tsaron kusurwoyi) don bayyanawa. Axes da aka ba su suna bisa ga yanayin iska DIN 9300]] A cikin ballistics da ƙarfin jirgin sama, tarurrukan gatari sune hanyoyin da aka daidaita don kafa wuri da daidaitawa na matakai masu daidaitawa don amfani da su azaman tsarin tunani. Ana bin diddigin abubuwa masu tafi-da-gidanka daga wani bangare na waje da ake la'akari da gyara. Ana iya bayyana wasu firam a kan waɗancan abubuwa masu hannu don magance matsayi na dangi ga wasu abubuwa. A ƙarshe, ana iya bayyana halayen ko daidaitawa ta hanyar dangantaka tsakanin tsarin waje da wanda aka bayyana akan abin hannu. ''Halin'' abin hawa ana kiransa halin kirki. An bayyana shi ta hanyar daidaitawar firam ɗin da aka gyara a cikin jiki dangane da firam ɗin tunani. An bayyana halin ta hanyar daidaita halin, kuma ya ƙunshi aƙalla daidaitawa uku. Duk da yake daga ra'ayi na lissafi ana bayyana hanyoyi daban-daban don bayyana daidaitattun ta amfani da wasu siffofi kawai, a cikin aikace-aikacen injiniya yana da mahimmanci a bayyana yadda waɗannan siffofi ke haɗe da dakin gwaje-gwaje da jiki a motsi. Saboda muhimmancin musamman na tarurruka na kasa da kasa a cikin motocin iska, kungiyoyi da yawa sun buga ka'idojin da za a bi. Misali, Jamusanci DIN ya buga ka'idar DIN 9300 don jirgin sama (wanda ISO ta karɓa a matsayin ISO 1151-2:1985). == Taron da aka kewaye da duniya == [[File:Sphere_wireframe.svg|thumb|Wakilin Duniya tare da daidaituwa da meridians]] === Tsarin bincike na duniya: ENU da NED ===   Ainihin, a matsayin tsarin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko tsarin tunani, akwai nau'ikan tarurruka guda biyu don firam ɗin: * Gabas, Arewa, Up (ENU), wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin yanayin ƙasa * Arewa, Gabas, Down (NED), wanda aka yi amfani da shi musamman a sararin samaniya Wannan tsarin ya yi nuni da w.r.t. Tsarin Bayani na Duniya kamar Cibiyar Duniya (ECEF) tsarin da ba na inertial ba. ==== Tsarin tunani na duniya don bayanin halin ==== Don kafa daidaitattun yarjejeniya don bayyana halayen, ana buƙatar kafa aƙalla axes na tsarin tunani da axes na jiki mai tsayi ko abin hawa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da tsarin ƙididdigar da ba a fahimta ba (kamar kusurwoyin Euler) ya kamata a bayyana yarjejeniyar da aka yi aiki. Duk da haka, yawancin bayanan da aka yi amfani da su (matrices da quaternions) ba su da tabbas. [[File:ECEF_ENU_Longitude_Latitude_relationships.svg|left|thumb|Duniya ta Tsakiya An daidaita ta da Gabas, Arewa, Up.]] Sau da yawa ana amfani da kusurwoyin Tait-Bryan don bayyana halin abin hawa dangane da tsarin da aka zaɓa, kodayake ana iya amfani da kowane bayanin. Kyakkyawan ''x''-axis a cikin motoci koyaushe yana nunawa a cikin hanyar motsi. Don y- da ''z''-axis masu kyau, dole ne mu fuskanci tarurruka biyu daban-daban: * Idan akwai motocin ƙasa kamar motoci, tankuna da dai sauransu, waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin ENU (East-North-Up) a matsayin ma'anar waje (Framar Duniya), motar (jiki) mai kyau y- ko axis koyaushe yana nunawa a hagu,''da kuma'' ''z''- ko axin mai kyau koyaushe yana nuna sama. Asalin tsarin duniya an daidaita shi a tsakiyar nauyi na abin hawa. * Sabanin haka, idan akwai motocin iska da na teku kamar jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa, jirage da dai sauransu, waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin NED (North-East-Down) a matsayin bayanin waje (Framar Duniya), motar (jiki) mai kyau y- ko axis koyaushe yana nunawa a dama,''da kuma'' ''z''- ko yaw axis mai kyau koyaushe yana nuna ƙasa. Asalin tsarin duniya an daidaita shi a tsakiyar nauyi na abin hawa. * A ƙarshe, idan akwai motocin sararin samaniya kamar Space Shuttle da dai sauransu, ana amfani da gyare-gyaren yarjejeniyar ta ƙarshe, inda abin hawa (jiki) mai kyau y- ko axis mai fa'ida koyaushe yana nunawa ga dama,''da kuma'' z- ko yaw axis mai kyau koyaushe yana nuna ƙasa, amma "kasa" yanzu yana da ma'anoni biyu daban-daban: Idan ana amfani da abin da ake kira ''Tsarin gida'' a waje, z-axis mai kyau "kasa" zuwa tsakiyar Duniya kamar yadda yake yi amfani da shi a baya, V-a ma'anarsa mai kyau a matsayin ma'anar da ita ce ta gaba, amma ana amfani da ita a farkon NED-a<ref>''Exploration: Local Reference Orbiter Attitude'' (September 18, 1995) {{Cite web |title=LVLH Attitude |url=http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/rocket_sci/shuttle/attitude/lvlh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714231221/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/Academy/ROCKET_SCI/SHUTTLE/ATTITUDE/LVLH.HTML |archive-date=2007-07-14 |access-date=2010-10-08}} (article no more available since 2007)</ref><ref>''Exploration: Inertial Reference Orbiter Attitude'' (October 3, 1995) {{Cite web |title=Inertial Attitude |url=http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/rocket_sci/shuttle/attitude/inertial.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714231308/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/Academy/ROCKET_SCI/SHUTTLE/ATTITUDE/INERTIAL.HTML |archive-date=2007-07-14 |access-date=2010-10-08}} (article no more available since 2007)</ref> === Frames da aka ɗora a kan motoci === Musamman ga jirgin sama, waɗannan firam ɗin ba sa buƙatar yarda da firam ɗin da aka ɗaure a ƙasa a cikin layin sama. Dole ne a yarda da abin da ENU da NED ke nufi a cikin wannan mahallin. ==== Taron motocin ƙasa ==== [[File:RPY_angles_of_cars.png|thumb|RPY kusurwoyi na motoci da sauran motocin ƙasa]] Ga motocin ƙasa yana da wuya a bayyana cikakken shirinsu, sai dai lokacin da suke magana game da Kula da kwanciyar hankali na lantarki ko kewayawar tauraron dan adam. A wannan yanayin, taron yawanci shine na zane-zane na kusa, inda RPY ke tsaye don roll-pitch-yaw. ==== Taron don motocin teku ==== [[File:RPY_angles_of_ships.png|left|thumb|RPY kusurwoyi na jiragen ruwa da sauran motocin teku]] Kazalika da jirgin sama, ana amfani da wannan kalmar don motsi na jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa. An gabatar da wasu kalmomin da aka saba amfani da su a cikin kewayawar teku. Misali, kusurwar ''yaw'' ko shugabanci, yana da asalin nautical, tare da ma'anar "karkatarwa daga hanya". A cikin ilimin lissafi, yana da alaƙa da aikatau 'zuwa'. Yana da alaƙa da manufar ɗaukar kaya. Yawanci ana ba da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ψ. ==== Taron da aka yi don tsarin bincike na cikin gida na jirgin sama ==== [[File:RPY_angles_of_airplanes.png|thumb|RPY kusurwoyi na jiragen sama da sauran motocin jirgin sama]] [[File:Roll_pitch_yaw_mnemonic.svg|thumb|Mnemonics don tunawa da sunayen kusurwa]] Ana ba da daidaitattun bayanai don bayyana halin jirgin sama (Heading, Elevation da Bankin) dangane da tsarin kula da ke cikin hasumiyar sarrafawa, sabili da haka ENU, dangane da matsayin hasumiyar kulawa a saman duniya. Ma'auni don bayyana abubuwan lura da aka yi daga jirgin sama ana ba da su dangane da matakai na asali, amma galibi suna amfani da ma'auni mai nunawa ƙasa, inda maki masu ban sha'awa suke. Saboda haka, yawanci suna NED. Wadannan axis galibi ana ɗaukar su don X axis shine axis mai tsayi wanda ke nuna gaba, Z axis shine madaidaiciya wanda ke nuna ƙasa, kuma Y axis shine na gefe, yana nunawa ta hanyar da firam ɗin yake hannun dama. Sau da ''Y'' ana bayyana ''motsi'' na jirgin sama dangane da juyawa game da waɗannan a''X'', don haka juyawa game le X-axis ana kiransa mirginawa, juyawa game na Y-axis ake kira pitching, kuma juyawa game ti ''Z''-axis an kira shi yawing. == Frames don kewaya sararin samaniya == [[File:Celestial.png|left|thumb|Tsarin bincike daban-daban don daidaitawa a sararin samaniya]] Ga tauraron dan adam da ke kewaye da Duniya yana da kyau a yi amfani da Tsarin daidaitawa na Equatorial. Tsinkaya na ma'aunin duniya a kan sararin samaniya ana kiransa ma'auni na sama. Hakazalika, tsinkaye na arewacin duniya da kudancin duniya sun zama arewa da kudancin sararin samaniya, bi da bi. Satellites na sararin samaniya suna amfani da wasu Tsarin daidaitawa na sama, kamar Tsarin daidaitawa na Ecliptic. === Taron gida don jiragen sararin samaniya a matsayin tauraron dan adam ===   Idan burin shi ne ci gaba da jirgin sama a lokacin da yake zagayawa a cikin halin da ake ciki game da sama, misali don yin wasu abubuwan lura na tauraron dan adam, abin da aka fi so shi ne ''Tsarin inertial'', kuma RPY kusurwar kusurwa (0__hau____hau____hau__ 0__) ya bayyana halin da ake yi, inda fuka-fukan jirgin sama ke ci gaba da kasancewa a layi daya da ma'aunin duniya, hanci yana nunawa har abada ga equinox na bazara, kuma ciki zuwa ga tauraron arewacin arewa (duba hoton). (Lura cewa rokoki da makamai masu linzami galibi suna bin tarurruka don jirgin sama inda kusurwar kusurwar RPY (0__hau____hau____hau__ 0] ke nuna arewa, maimakon zuwa ga equinox na vernal). A gefe guda, idan burin shine ya ci gaba da jirgin sama a lokacin da yake zagayawa a cikin halin da ya dace game da farfajiyar Duniya, abin da aka fi so zai zama ''Tsarin gida'', tare da kusurwar kusurwar RPY (0__hau____hau____hau__) yana kwatanta halin da fuka-fukan jirgin sama ke layi daya da farfajiya, hanci yana nunawa ga shugabancinta, da ciki zuwa tsakiyar Duniya (duba hoton). == Frames da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana halayen == Yawancin lokaci firam ɗin da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana abubuwan lura na cikin gida na abin hawa sune firam ɗin ɗin da aka amfani da su wajen bayyana halinsa dangane da tashoshin bin diddigin ƙasa. Watau idan an yi amfani da tsarin ENU a cikin tashar bin diddigin, ana amfani da tsarin INU a cikin jirgin kuma ana amfani da waɗannan firam ɗin don komawa ga abubuwan lura na gida. Wani muhimmin lamari wanda wannan bai shafi ba shine jirgin sama. Ana yin binciken jirgin sama sama sama sama don haka al'ada yarjejeniyar NED ta shafi. Duk da haka, lokacin da aka ba da halayen game da tashoshin ƙasa, ana amfani da dangantaka tsakanin tsarin ƙasa na gida da tsarin ENU na ciki. == Dubi kuma == * Babban axis na jirgin sama * Halin hali da sarrafawa (spacecraft) * Ka'idar juyawa ta Euler * Gyroscope * Hanyar Triad * Tsarin juyawa a cikin nau'i uku * [[Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa|Tsarin daidaita yanayin ƙasa]] * Tsarin daidaitawa na taurari == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] src94elc9nb5w7yw6b36is3er5xuyg5 964546 964545 2026-10-07T23:24:55Z Baffa ali 47435 964546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Plane.svg|thumb|Shugabanci, tsawo da kusurwoyin banki (Z-Y"-X"") don jirgin sama. Ba a nuna farar jirgin sama da axes na Y da Z ba, kuma an canza tsarinsa na xyz zuwa baya daga tsakiyar ƙarfinsa (tsaron kusurwoyi) don bayyanawa. Axes da aka ba su suna bisa ga yanayin iska DIN 9300]] A cikin ballistics da ƙarfin jirgin sama, tarurrukan gatari sune hanyoyin da aka daidaita don kafa wuri da daidaitawa na matakai masu daidaitawa don amfani da su azaman tsarin tunani. Ana bin diddigin abubuwa masu tafi-da-gidanka daga wani bangare na waje da ake la'akari da gyara. Ana iya bayyana wasu firam a kan waɗancan abubuwa masu hannu don magance matsayi na dangi ga wasu abubuwa. A ƙarshe, ana iya bayyana halayen ko daidaitawa ta hanyar dangantaka tsakanin tsarin waje da wanda aka bayyana akan abin hannu. ''Halin'' abin hawa ana kiransa halin kirki. An bayyana shi ta hanyar daidaitawar firam ɗin da aka gyara a cikin jiki dangane da firam ɗin tunani. An bayyana halin ta hanyar daidaita halin, kuma ya ƙunshi aƙalla daidaitawa uku. Duk da yake daga ra'ayi na lissafi ana bayyana hanyoyi daban-daban don bayyana daidaitattun ta amfani da wasu siffofi kawai, a cikin aikace-aikacen injiniya yana da mahimmanci a bayyana yadda waɗannan siffofi ke haɗe da dakin gwaje-gwaje da jiki a motsi. Saboda muhimmancin musamman na tarurruka na kasa da kasa a cikin motocin iska, kungiyoyi da yawa sun buga ka'idojin da za a bi. Misali, Jamusanci DIN ya buga ka'idar DIN 9300 don jirgin sama (wanda ISO ta karɓa a matsayin ISO 1151-2:1985). == Taron da aka kewaye da duniya == [[File:Sphere_wireframe.svg|thumb|Wakilin Duniya tare da daidaituwa da meridians]] === Tsarin bincike na duniya: ENU da NED ===   Ainihin, a matsayin tsarin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko tsarin tunani, akwai nau'ikan tarurruka guda biyu don firam ɗin: * Gabas, Arewa, Up (ENU), wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin yanayin ƙasa * Arewa, Gabas, Down (NED), wanda aka yi amfani da shi musamman a sararin samaniya Wannan tsarin ya yi nuni da w.r.t. Tsarin Bayani na Duniya kamar Cibiyar Duniya (ECEF) tsarin da ba na inertial ba. ==== Tsarin tunani na duniya don bayanin halin ==== Don kafa daidaitattun yarjejeniya don bayyana halayen, ana buƙatar kafa aƙalla axes na tsarin tunani da axes na jiki mai tsayi ko abin hawa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da tsarin ƙididdigar da ba a fahimta ba (kamar kusurwoyin Euler) ya kamata a bayyana yarjejeniyar da aka yi aiki. Duk da haka, yawancin bayanan da aka yi amfani da su (matrices da quaternions) ba su da tabbas. [[File:ECEF_ENU_Longitude_Latitude_relationships.svg|left|thumb|Duniya ta Tsakiya An daidaita ta da Gabas, Arewa, Up.]] Sau da yawa ana amfani da kusurwoyin Tait-Bryan don bayyana halin abin hawa dangane da tsarin da aka zaɓa, kodayake ana iya amfani da kowane bayanin. Kyakkyawan ''x''-axis a cikin motoci koyaushe yana nunawa a cikin hanyar motsi. Don y- da ''z''-axis masu kyau, dole ne mu fuskanci tarurruka biyu daban-daban: * Idan akwai motocin ƙasa kamar motoci, tankuna da dai sauransu, waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin ENU (East-North-Up) a matsayin ma'anar waje (Framar Duniya), motar (jiki) mai kyau y- ko axis koyaushe yana nunawa a hagu,''da kuma'' ''z''- ko axin mai kyau koyaushe yana nuna sama. Asalin tsarin duniya an daidaita shi a tsakiyar nauyi na abin hawa. * Sabanin haka, idan akwai motocin iska da na teku kamar jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa, jirage da dai sauransu, waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin NED (North-East-Down) a matsayin bayanin waje (Framar Duniya), motar (jiki) mai kyau y- ko axis koyaushe yana nunawa a dama,''da kuma'' ''z''- ko yaw axis mai kyau koyaushe yana nuna ƙasa. Asalin tsarin duniya an daidaita shi a tsakiyar nauyi na abin hawa. * A ƙarshe, idan akwai motocin sararin samaniya kamar Space Shuttle da dai sauransu, ana amfani da gyare-gyaren yarjejeniyar ta ƙarshe, inda abin hawa (jiki) mai kyau y- ko axis mai fa'ida koyaushe yana nunawa ga dama,''da kuma'' z- ko yaw axis mai kyau koyaushe yana nuna ƙasa, amma "kasa" yanzu yana da ma'anoni biyu daban-daban: Idan ana amfani da abin da ake kira ''Tsarin gida'' a waje, z-axis mai kyau "kasa" zuwa tsakiyar Duniya kamar yadda yake yi amfani da shi a baya, V-a ma'anarsa mai kyau a matsayin ma'anar da ita ce ta gaba, amma ana amfani da ita a farkon NED-a<ref>''Exploration: Local Reference Orbiter Attitude'' (September 18, 1995) {{Cite web |title=LVLH Attitude |url=http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/rocket_sci/shuttle/attitude/lvlh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714231221/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/Academy/ROCKET_SCI/SHUTTLE/ATTITUDE/LVLH.HTML |archive-date=2007-07-14 |access-date=2010-10-08}} (article no more available since 2007)</ref><ref>''Exploration: Inertial Reference Orbiter Attitude'' (October 3, 1995) {{Cite web |title=Inertial Attitude |url=http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/rocket_sci/shuttle/attitude/inertial.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714231308/http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/Academy/ROCKET_SCI/SHUTTLE/ATTITUDE/INERTIAL.HTML |archive-date=2007-07-14 |access-date=2010-10-08}} (article no more available since 2007)</ref> === Frames da aka ɗora a kan motoci === Musamman ga jirgin sama, waɗannan firam ɗin ba sa buƙatar yarda da firam ɗin da aka ɗaure a ƙasa a cikin layin sama. Dole ne a yarda da abin da ENU da NED ke nufi a cikin wannan mahallin. ==== Taron motocin ƙasa ==== [[File:RPY_angles_of_cars.png|thumb|RPY kusurwoyi na motoci da sauran motocin ƙasa]] Ga motocin ƙasa yana da wuya a bayyana cikakken shirinsu, sai dai lokacin da suke magana game da Kula da kwanciyar hankali na lantarki ko kewayawar tauraron dan adam. A wannan yanayin, taron yawanci shine na zane-zane na kusa, inda RPY ke tsaye don roll-pitch-yaw. ==== Taron don motocin teku ==== [[File:RPY_angles_of_ships.png|left|thumb|RPY kusurwoyi na jiragen ruwa da sauran motocin teku]] Kazalika da jirgin sama, ana amfani da wannan kalmar don motsi na jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa. An gabatar da wasu kalmomin da aka saba amfani da su a cikin kewayawar teku. Misali, kusurwar ''yaw'' ko shugabanci, yana da asalin nautical, tare da ma'anar "karkatarwa daga hanya". A cikin ilimin lissafi, yana da alaƙa da aikatau 'zuwa'. Yana da alaƙa da manufar ɗaukar kaya. Yawanci ana ba da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ψ. ==== Taron da aka yi don tsarin bincike na cikin gida na jirgin sama ==== [[File:RPY_angles_of_airplanes.png|thumb|RPY kusurwoyi na jiragen sama da sauran motocin jirgin sama]] [[File:Roll_pitch_yaw_mnemonic.svg|thumb|Mnemonics don tunawa da sunayen kusurwa]] Ana ba da daidaitattun bayanai don bayyana halin jirgin sama (Heading, Elevation da Bankin) dangane da tsarin kula da ke cikin hasumiyar sarrafawa, sabili da haka ENU, dangane da matsayin hasumiyar kulawa a saman duniya. Ma'auni don bayyana abubuwan lura da aka yi daga jirgin sama ana ba da su dangane da matakai na asali, amma galibi suna amfani da ma'auni mai nunawa ƙasa, inda maki masu ban sha'awa suke. Saboda haka, yawanci suna NED. Wadannan axis galibi ana ɗaukar su don X axis shine axis mai tsayi wanda ke nuna gaba, Z axis shine madaidaiciya wanda ke nuna ƙasa, kuma Y axis shine na gefe, yana nunawa ta hanyar da firam ɗin yake hannun dama. Sau da ''Y'' ana bayyana ''motsi'' na jirgin sama dangane da juyawa game da waɗannan a''X'', don haka juyawa game le X-axis ana kiransa mirginawa, juyawa game na Y-axis ake kira pitching, kuma juyawa game ti ''Z''-axis an kira shi yawing. == Frames don kewaya sararin samaniya == [[File:Celestial.png|left|thumb|Tsarin bincike daban-daban don daidaitawa a sararin samaniya]] Ga tauraron dan adam da ke kewaye da Duniya yana da kyau a yi amfani da Tsarin daidaitawa na Equatorial. Tsinkaya na ma'aunin duniya a kan sararin samaniya ana kiransa ma'auni na sama. Hakazalika, tsinkaye na arewacin duniya da kudancin duniya sun zama arewa da kudancin sararin samaniya, bi da bi. Satellites na sararin samaniya suna amfani da wasu Tsarin daidaitawa na sama, kamar Tsarin daidaitawa na Ecliptic. === Taron gida don jiragen sararin samaniya a matsayin tauraron dan adam ===   Idan burin shi ne ci gaba da jirgin sama a lokacin da yake zagayawa a cikin halin da ake ciki game da sama, misali don yin wasu abubuwan lura na tauraron dan adam, abin da aka fi so shi ne ''Tsarin inertial'', kuma RPY kusurwar kusurwa (0__hau____hau____hau__ 0__) ya bayyana halin da ake yi, inda fuka-fukan jirgin sama ke ci gaba da kasancewa a layi daya da ma'aunin duniya, hanci yana nunawa har abada ga equinox na bazara, kuma ciki zuwa ga tauraron arewacin arewa (duba hoton). (Lura cewa rokoki da makamai masu linzami galibi suna bin tarurruka don jirgin sama inda kusurwar kusurwar RPY (0__hau____hau____hau__ 0] ke nuna arewa, maimakon zuwa ga equinox na vernal). A gefe guda, idan burin shine ya ci gaba da jirgin sama a lokacin da yake zagayawa a cikin halin da ya dace game da farfajiyar Duniya, abin da aka fi so zai zama ''Tsarin gida'', tare da kusurwar kusurwar RPY (0__hau____hau____hau__) yana kwatanta halin da fuka-fukan jirgin sama ke layi daya da farfajiya, hanci yana nunawa ga shugabancinta, da ciki zuwa tsakiyar Duniya (duba hoton). == Frames da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana halayen == Yawancin lokaci firam ɗin da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana abubuwan lura na cikin gida na abin hawa sune firam ɗin ɗin da aka amfani da su wajen bayyana halinsa dangane da tashoshin bin diddigin ƙasa. Watau idan an yi amfani da tsarin ENU a cikin tashar bin diddigin, ana amfani da tsarin INU a cikin jirgin kuma ana amfani da waɗannan firam ɗin don komawa ga abubuwan lura na gida. Wani muhimmin lamari wanda wannan bai shafi ba shine jirgin sama. Ana yin binciken jirgin sama sama sama sama don haka al'ada yarjejeniyar NED ta shafi. Duk da haka, lokacin da aka ba da halayen game da tashoshin ƙasa, ana amfani da dangantaka tsakanin tsarin ƙasa na gida da tsarin ENU na ciki. == Dubi kuma == * Babban axis na jirgin sama * Halin hali da sarrafawa (spacecraft) * Ka'idar juyawa ta Euler * Gyroscope * Hanyar Triad * Tsarin juyawa a cikin nau'i uku * [[Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa|Tsarin daidaita yanayin ƙasa]] * Tsarin daidaitawa na taurari == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f0mzpqj5v61q6le9jbg00z3ondbv7b0 0 178534 964549 2026-10-07T23:38:46Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370773976|Bullet Cluster]]" 964549 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar Harsashi''' ( '''1E 0657-56''' ) ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi biyu masu karo da taurari . A takaice dai, sunan ''Bullet Cluster'' yana nufin ƙaramin rukuni, wanda ke ƙaura daga babban rukuni. Yana a nisan radial mai motsi na {{Convert|1.141|Gpc|e9ly}} . Tunani na farko da aka sani game da wannan rukunin ya fito ne daga wata takarda ta 1992 mai taken, "Binciken Einstein Slew". <ref name="ESS">{{Cite journal |last=Elvis |first=Martin |last2=Plummer |first2=David |last3=Schachter |first3=Jonathan |last4=Fabbiano |first4=G. |date=1992 |title=The Einstein Slew Survey |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=80 |page=257 |bibcode=1992ApJS...80..257E |doi=10.1086/191665}}</ref> Abinda yake da takamaiman bayanin kula ga masu ilimin taurari, saboda ana da'awar nazarin ruwan tabarau na Bullet Cluster don samar da shaidar da ta dace game da wanzuwar abu mai duhu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clowe |first=Douglas |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Anthony |last3=Markevich |first3=Maxim |year=2004 |title=Weak lensing mass reconstruction of the interacting cluster 1E0657-558: Direct evidence for the existence of dark matter |journal=Astrophys. J. |volume=604 |issue=2 |pages=596–603 |arxiv=astro-ph/0312273 |bibcode=2004ApJ...604..596C |doi=10.1086/381970 |s2cid=12184057}}</ref><ref name="Markevitch1">{{Cite journal |last=M. Markevitch |last2=A. H. Gonzalez |last3=D. Clowe |last4=A. Vikhlinin |last5=L. David |last6=W. Forman |last7=C. Jones |last8=S. Murray |last9=W. Tucker |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=Direct constraints on the dark matter self-interaction cross-section from the merging galaxy cluster 1E0657-56 |journal=Astrophys. J. |volume=606 |issue=2 |pages=819–824 |arxiv=astro-ph/0309303 |bibcode=2004ApJ...606..819M |doi=10.1086/383178 |s2cid=119334056}}</ref> Binciken wasu haɗarin tarin taurari, kamar MACS J0025.4-1222, kamar haka suna tallafawa kasancewar abu mai duhu.<ref name="Brada2008">{{Cite journal |last=Brada |first=M |last2=Allen |first2=S. W |last3=Ebeling |first3=H |last4=Massey |first4=R |last5=Morris |first5=R. G |last6=von der Linden |first6=A |last7=Applegate |first7=D |date=2008 |title=Revealing the Properties of Dark Matter in the Merging Cluster MACS J0025.4-1222 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=687 |issue=2 |page=959 |arxiv=0806.2320 |bibcode=2008ApJ...687..959B |doi=10.1086/591246 |s2cid=14563896}}</ref> == Bayani == [[File:Bullet_Cluster_with_DECam_(noirlab2603a).jpg|left|thumb| Ƙungiyar Harsashi da DECam ta ɗauka hotonta. Ya ƙunshi tarin taurari guda biyu waɗanda ke karo, ɗaya yana tafiya ta cikin ɗayan, kimanin shekaru biliyan 3.7 na haske a cikin tarin taurarin Carina. ]] Manyan sassan rukunin biyu— taurari, iskar gas da kuma ma'aunin duhu—suna yin aiki daban-daban yayin karo, wanda hakan ke ba da damar yin nazarinsu daban-daban. Taurarin taurarin, waɗanda ake iya gani a cikin haske mai gani, ba su yi tasiri sosai ba sakamakon karonsu, kuma yawancinsu sun ratsa ta kai tsaye, suna raguwa da ƙarfin juyi amma ba a canza su ba. Iskar gas mai zafi ta ɓangarorin biyu da suka haɗu, waɗanda aka gani a cikin X-ray, tana wakiltar yawancin abubuwan baryonic, ko "talakawa", a cikin nau'in cluster. Iskar gas ɗin da ke cikin tsakiyar rukuni suna hulɗa ta hanyar lantarki, wanda ke sa iskar gas ɗin ƙungiyoyin biyu su yi jinkiri fiye da taurari. An gano ɓangaren na uku, wato abu mai duhu, a kaikaice ta hanyar amfani da ruwan tabarau na abubuwan baya, kamar yadda aka ƙididdige ta amfani da mafi kyawun ka'idar nauyi a cikin dangantaka ta gabaɗaya . Wannan yana ba da goyon baya ga ra'ayin cewa yawancin nauyin nauyi a cikin rukunin rukuni yana cikin nau'i biyu na abubuwa masu duhu marasa karo, waɗanda suka ketare yankunan iskar gas yayin karo. [[File:1e0657_scale.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Hoton X-ray (ruwan hoda) da aka ɗora a kan hoton haske da ake iya gani (galaxies), tare da rarrabawar abubuwa da aka ƙididdige daga ruwan tabarau na nauyi (shuɗi)]] Ƙungiyar Bullet tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin taurari da [[Temperature|aka fi sani]] . Yana samar da wani tsari mai kyau ga samfuran sararin samaniya, wanda zai iya bambanta a yanayin zafi fiye da yadda aka annabta yanayin zafin rukuninsu. An lura daga [[Duniya]], ƙaramin rukuni ya ratsa ta tsakiyar rukunin 150&nbsp;shekaru miliyan da suka wuce, ƙirƙirar " raƙuman girgiza mai siffar baka wanda ke kusa da gefen dama na ƙungiyar" wanda aka kafa a matsayin "70"&nbsp;Miliyoyin iskar gas na Kelvin a cikin ƙaramin rukuni sun haƙa ta hanyar 100<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwYw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Miliyoyi na iskar gas na kelvin a cikin babban rukuni a cikin saurin kusan 10&nbsp;miliyan&nbsp;km/h (6)&nbsp;mil miliyan a kowace awa)". Fitowar hasken girgizar baka daidai yake da kuzarin 10&nbsp;nau'ikan quasars na yau da kullun. A cewar Greg Madejski: A cewar Eric Hayashi: Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2010 ya yi iƙirarin cewa saurin karowar "bai dace da hasashen samfurin LCDM ba". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee, Jounghun |last2=Komatsu, Eiichiro |year=2010 |title=Bullet Cluster: A Challenge to LCDM Cosmology |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=718 |issue=1 |pages=60–65 |arxiv=1003.0939 |bibcode=2010ApJ...718...60L |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/718/1/60 |s2cid=119250064}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi daga baya ya gano cewa karo ya yi daidai da kwaikwayon LCDM, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Robert |last2=Davé |first2=Romeel |last3=Nagamine |first3=Kentaro |date=2015-09-01 |title=The rise and fall of a challenger: The Bullet Cluster in Lambda cold dark matter simulations |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=452 |issue=3 |pages=3030–3037 |arxiv=1410.7438 |bibcode=2015MNRAS.452.3030T |doi=10.1093/mnras/stv1433 |issn=0035-8711 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tare da rashin daidaiton da ya gabata wanda ya samo asali daga ƙananan kwaikwayo da kuma hanyar gano nau'i-nau'i. Aikin da aka yi a baya yana da'awar cewa Bullet Cluster bai yi daidai da tsarin sararin samaniya na yau da kullun ba ya dogara ne akan kimantawar kuskure na saurin faɗuwa bisa ga saurin girgizar da ke cikin iskar gas mai fitar da X-ray. <ref name=":0" /> Dangane da nazarin girgizar da haɗin gwiwar ya haifar, an yi jayayya kwanan nan cewa ƙarancin saurin haɗin gwiwa ~3,950&nbsp;km/s ya yi daidai da tasirin Sunyaev-Zeldovich da bayanan X-ray, muddin dai daidaiton zafin electron da ion da ke ƙasa ba abu ne da ke faruwa nan take ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Di Mascolo, L. |last2=Mroczkowski |last3=Churazov, E. |last4=Markevitch, M. |last5=Basu, K. |last6=Clarke, T.E. |last7=Devlin, M. |last8=Mason, B. |last9=Randall, S.W. |last10=Reese, E.D. |last11=Sunyaev, R. |last12=Wik, D.R. |display-authors=6 |year=2019 |title=An ALMA+ACA measurement of the shock in the Bullet Cluster |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=628 |pages=A100 |arxiv=1907.07680 |bibcode=2019A&A...628A.100D |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936184 |s2cid=197545195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == A matsayin shaida akan gyaran nauyi == [[File:Bullet_Cluster_with_gravitational_potential_in_MOND.png|right|thumb|300x300px| Duk da gyaran nauyi, MOND har yanzu tana buƙatar abu mai duhu don dacewa da abubuwan da aka lura. Layukan fari suna nuna ƙarfin nauyi da aka auna ta hanyar amfani da ruwan tabarau, gajimare masu ruwan hoda suna nuna iskar X-ray mai zafi, ɗigon launuka masu cikakken haske taurari ne da wasu taurari na gaba, shuɗi shine rarrabawar abubuwa masu duhu. Hoton ya dogara ne akan bayanai daga Angus et al. 2006. <ref name="AngusBC">{{Cite journal |last=Angus |first=Garry W. |last2=Shan |first2=Huan Yuan |last3=Zhao |first3=Hong Sheng |last4=Famaey |first4=Benoit |date=2007-01-01 |title=On the Proof of Dark Matter, the Law of Gravity, and the Mass of Neutrinos |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=654 |issue=1 |pages=L13–L16 |arxiv=astro-ph/0609125 |bibcode=2007ApJ...654L..13A |doi=10.1086/510738 |issn=0004-637X |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] An yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Bullet Cluster ta zama babban ƙalubale ga dukkan ka'idojin da ke gabatar da mafita mai kyau ga matsalar da ta ɓace, gami da canjin yanayin Newtonian (MOND). <ref name="CloweBC">{{Cite journal |last=Clowe |first=Douglas |last2=Bradač |first2=Maruša |last3=Gonzalez |first3=Anthony H. |last4=Markevitch |first4=Maxim |last5=Randall |first5=Scott W. |last6=Jones |first6=Christine |last7=Zaritsky |first7=Dennis |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=A Direct Empirical Proof of the Existence of Dark Matter |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=648 |issue=2 |pages=L109–L113 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608407 |bibcode=2006ApJ...648L.109C |doi=10.1086/508162 |s2cid=2897407}}</ref> Masana ilmin taurari sun auna rarrabawar taurari da iskar gas a cikin tarin tarukan ta amfani da hasken [[Haske|da ake iya gani]] da hasken X-ray, bi da bi, sannan suka tsara tasirin nauyi ta amfani da ruwan tabarau na jan hankali. Kamar yadda aka nuna a hotunan da ke hannun dama, iskar X-ray tana tsakiya, yayin da taurarin ke gefen hanya. A lokacin karo, iskar X-ray ta yi mu'amala da kuma rage gudu, ta ci gaba da kasancewa a tsakiya, yayin da taurarin ke wucewa ta juna, domin nisan da ke tsakaninsu yana da yawa. Ƙarfin nauyi yana bayyana manyan abubuwa guda biyu da suka fi mayar da hankali kan taurarin, ba a kan iskar X-ray ba, inda yawancin al'ada take. A cikin ΛCDM, mutum zai yi tsammanin cewa kowanne rukuni yana da halo mai duhu wanda zai ratsa juna yayin karo (idan aka yi la'akari da cewa abu mai duhu ba shi da karo). Wannan tsammanin ga abu mai duhu bayani ne bayyananne game da daidaitawa tsakanin kololuwar ƙarfin nauyi da iskar X-ray wanda aka gano a ma'aunin ƙididdiga na 8 σ . Wannan shine bambancin da ke tsakanin ƙarfin nauyi da kuma al'adar da Clowe et al. suka yi iƙirarin cewa ''"Shaidar Kai Tsaye ta Kasancewar Matter Mai Duhu"'' tana jayayya cewa ka'idojin nauyi da aka gyara ba su yi bayani a kai ba. <ref name="CloweBC" /> Duk da haka, wannan binciken da Clowe da abokan aikinsa suka yi bai yi wani yunƙuri na yin nazarin Bullet Cluster ta amfani da MOND ko wata ka'idar nauyi da aka gyara ba. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wannan shekarar, Angus da abokan aikinsa sun nuna cewa MOND hakika tana sake haifar da bambanci tsakanin ƙarfin nauyi da iskar X-ray a cikin wannan tsarin da ba shi da siffa mai faɗi sosai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=G.W. Angus |last2=B. Famaey |last3=H. Zhao |name-list-style=amp |date=September 2006 |title=Can MOND take a bullet? Analytical comparisons of three versions of MOND beyond spherical symmetry |journal=Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. |volume=371 |issue=1 |pages=138–146 |arxiv=astro-ph/0606216v1 |bibcode=2006MNRAS.371..138A |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10668.x |s2cid=15025801 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin MOND, mutum zai yi tsammanin "bacewar taro" zai mayar da hankali kan yankuna waɗanda ke fuskantar saurin gudu ƙasa da ₀, wanda, a yanayin Bullet Cluster, ya dace da yankunan da ke ɗauke da taurarin, ba iskar X-ray ba. Duk da haka, MOND har yanzu ta kasa yin cikakken bayani game da wannan rukunin, kamar yadda take yi da duk sauran tarin taurari, saboda sauran ragowar taro a yankuna da dama na Bullet Cluster. <ref name="AngusBC" /> Mordehai Milgrom, wanda ya fara gabatar da shirin MOND, ya wallafa wani bayani a intanet na ikirarin cewa Bullet Cluster ya tabbatar da wanzuwar abu mai duhu. Ya yi jayayya cewa halayen da aka lura da su na Bullet Cluster na iya faruwa ne sakamakon wani abu da ba a gano ba. Ya yi jayayya cewa dukkan tarin taurari na iya ɗaukar nauyin gajimaren iskar hydrogen mai sanyi wanda yayi daidai da nauyin baryons da ake gani wanda zai iya bayyana gazawar MOND a cikin tarin taurari. <ref name="j070">{{Cite journal |last=Milgrom |first=Mordehai |date=2015-12-21 |title=Ultra-diffuse cluster galaxies as key to the MOND cluster conundrum |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-pdf/454/4/3810/18509089/stv2202.pdf |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=454 |issue=4 |pages=3810–3815 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stv2202 |issn=0035-8711 |access-date=2025-03-09 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Irin waɗannan gajimare masu sanyin hydrogen ba su da wuya su wanzu duk da haka saboda ra'ayoyin AGN waɗanda ke hana iskar hydrogen sanyaya. <ref name="b913">{{Cite journal |last=Fabian |first=A. C. |date=1994 |title=Cooling Flows in Clusters of Galaxies |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=277–318 |bibcode=1994ARA&A..32..277F |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.32.090194.001425 |issn=0066-4146}}</ref> <ref name="z146">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=M. |last2=Gaspari |first2=M. |last3=McNamara |first3=B. R. |last4=Tremblay |first4=G. R. |date=2018-05-01 |title=Revisiting the Cooling Flow Problem in Galaxies, Groups, and Clusters of Galaxies |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=858 |issue=1 |page=45 |arxiv=1803.04972 |bibcode=2018ApJ...858...45M |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aabace |issn=0004-637X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai wasu ra'ayoyi daban-daban na nauyi kamar MOG <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brownstein |first=J.R. |last2=Moffat |first2=J.W. |year=2007 |title=The Bullet Cluster 1E0657-558 evidence shows Modified Gravity in the absence of Dark Matter |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=382 |issue=1 |pages=29–47 |arxiv=astro-ph/0702146 |bibcode=2007MNRAS.382...29B |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12275.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> da Many-body gravity (MBG), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=S |year=2025 |title=Many body gravity and the bullet cluster |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927650525000039 |journal=Astroparticle Physics |volume=167 |arxiv=2501.05126 |bibcode=2025APh...16703080G |doi=10.1016/j.astropartphys.2025.103080 |issn=0927-6505 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> waɗanda ke da'awar cewa suna iya bayyana raunin ruwan tabarau na nauyi na ƙungiyar harsashi. == Duba kuma == * Ƙungiyar Galaxy * Ƙungiyar galaxy * Abell 520 – wani irin tarin taurari wanda duhu da haske suka rabu a lokacin wani babban karo * NGC 1052-DF2 * Jerin ƙungiyoyin taurari da ƙungiyoyi == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Bradač |first=Maruša |last2=Clowe |first2=Douglas |last3=Gonzalez |first3=Anthony H. |last4=Marshall |first4=Phil |last5=Forman |first5=William |last6=Jones |first6=Christine |last7=Markevitch |first7=Maxim |last8=Randall |first8=Scott |last9=Schrabback |first9=Tim |last10=Zaritsky |first10=Dennis |year=2006 |title=Strong and Weak Lensing United. III. Measuring the Mass Distribution of the Merging Galaxy Cluster 1ES 0657−558 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=652 |issue=2 |pages=937–947 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608408 |bibcode=2006ApJ...652..937B |doi=10.1086/508601 |s2cid=119388532}} * CXO: [http://chandra.harvard.edu/chronicle/0306/devil/ Bedeviling Devil's Advocate Cosmology] (The Chandra Chronicles) August 21, 2006 * CXO: [http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/1e0657/ 1E 0657-56: NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter] Combined image of x-rays, visual and DM * Harvard [http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/1e0657/media/bullet.mpg animation of the collision] showing how the dark matter and normal matter become separated. * Harvard [http://cxc.harvard.edu/symposium_2005/proceedings/files/markevitch_maxim.pdf Harvard Symposium: Markevitch PDF] 36 color images and text slides modelling the existence of Dark Matter from Bullet cluster data * NASA: [https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2006/06-096.html NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter] Archived 2017-06-25 at the Wayback Machine (NASA Press Release 06-096) Aug. 21, 2006 * Scientific American [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015185726/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=000EB9FD-823F-14EB-823F83414B7F0000 Scientific American] article ''Science News August 22, 2006 Colliding Clusters Shed Light on Dark Matter'' that includes a movie of a simulation of the collision hl3ip0cwtq043juyvkn3lvxppvtcd83 964551 964549 2026-10-07T23:46:58Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Bayani */ 964551 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar Harsashi''' ( '''1E 0657-56''' ) ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi biyu masu karo da taurari . A takaice dai, sunan ''Bullet Cluster'' yana nufin ƙaramin rukuni, wanda ke ƙaura daga babban rukuni. Yana a nisan radial mai motsi na {{Convert|1.141|Gpc|e9ly}} . Tunani na farko da aka sani game da wannan rukunin ya fito ne daga wata takarda ta 1992 mai taken, "Binciken Einstein Slew". <ref name="ESS">{{Cite journal |last=Elvis |first=Martin |last2=Plummer |first2=David |last3=Schachter |first3=Jonathan |last4=Fabbiano |first4=G. |date=1992 |title=The Einstein Slew Survey |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=80 |page=257 |bibcode=1992ApJS...80..257E |doi=10.1086/191665}}</ref> Abinda yake da takamaiman bayanin kula ga masu ilimin taurari, saboda ana da'awar nazarin ruwan tabarau na Bullet Cluster don samar da shaidar da ta dace game da wanzuwar abu mai duhu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clowe |first=Douglas |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Anthony |last3=Markevich |first3=Maxim |year=2004 |title=Weak lensing mass reconstruction of the interacting cluster 1E0657-558: Direct evidence for the existence of dark matter |journal=Astrophys. J. |volume=604 |issue=2 |pages=596–603 |arxiv=astro-ph/0312273 |bibcode=2004ApJ...604..596C |doi=10.1086/381970 |s2cid=12184057}}</ref><ref name="Markevitch1">{{Cite journal |last=M. Markevitch |last2=A. H. Gonzalez |last3=D. Clowe |last4=A. Vikhlinin |last5=L. David |last6=W. Forman |last7=C. Jones |last8=S. Murray |last9=W. Tucker |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=Direct constraints on the dark matter self-interaction cross-section from the merging galaxy cluster 1E0657-56 |journal=Astrophys. J. |volume=606 |issue=2 |pages=819–824 |arxiv=astro-ph/0309303 |bibcode=2004ApJ...606..819M |doi=10.1086/383178 |s2cid=119334056}}</ref> Binciken wasu haɗarin tarin taurari, kamar MACS J0025.4-1222, kamar haka suna tallafawa kasancewar abu mai duhu.<ref name="Brada2008">{{Cite journal |last=Brada |first=M |last2=Allen |first2=S. W |last3=Ebeling |first3=H |last4=Massey |first4=R |last5=Morris |first5=R. G |last6=von der Linden |first6=A |last7=Applegate |first7=D |date=2008 |title=Revealing the Properties of Dark Matter in the Merging Cluster MACS J0025.4-1222 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=687 |issue=2 |page=959 |arxiv=0806.2320 |bibcode=2008ApJ...687..959B |doi=10.1086/591246 |s2cid=14563896}}</ref> == Bayani == [[File:Bullet_Cluster_with_DECam_(noirlab2603a).jpg|left|thumb| Ƙungiyar Harsashi da DECam ta ɗauka hotonta. Ya ƙunshi tarin taurari guda biyu waɗanda ke karo, ɗaya yana tafiya ta cikin ɗayan, kimanin shekaru biliyan 3.7 na haske a cikin tarin taurarin Carina. ]] Manyan sassan rukunin biyu— taurari, iskar gas da kuma ma'aunin duhu—suna yin aiki daban-daban yayin karo, wanda hakan ke ba da damar yin nazarinsu daban-daban. Taurarin taurarin, waɗanda ake iya gani a cikin haske mai gani, ba su yi tasiri sosai ba sakamakon karonsu, kuma yawancinsu sun ratsa ta kai tsaye, suna raguwa da ƙarfin juyi amma ba a canza su ba. Iskar gas mai zafi ta ɓangarorin biyu da suka haɗu, waɗanda aka gani a cikin X-ray, tana wakiltar yawancin abubuwan baryonic, ko "talakawa", a cikin nau'in cluster. Iskar gas ɗin da ke cikin tsakiyar rukuni suna hulɗa ta hanyar lantarki, wanda ke sa iskar gas ɗin ƙungiyoyin biyu su yi jinkiri fiye da taurari. An gano ɓangaren na uku, wato abu mai duhu, a kaikaice ta hanyar amfani da ruwan tabarau na abubuwan baya, kamar yadda aka ƙididdige ta amfani da mafi kyawun ka'idar nauyi a cikin dangantaka ta gabaɗaya . <ref name="Markevitch1"/><ref>{{cite conference |author1=Markevitch, M. |author2=Randall, S. |author3=Clowe, D. |author4=Gonzalez, A. |author5=Bradac, M. |name-list-style=amp |title=Dark Matter and the Bullet Cluster |conference=36th COSPAR Scientific Assembly |date=16–23 July 2006 |location=Beijing, China |type=abstract |url=http://cosis.net/abstracts/COSPAR2006/02655/COSPAR2006-A-02655.pdf |access-date=2 September 2007 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083631/http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/COSPAR2006/02655/COSPAR2006-A-02655.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan yana ba da goyon baya ga ra'ayin cewa yawancin nauyin nauyi a cikin rukunin rukuni yana cikin nau'i biyu na abubuwa masu duhu marasa karo, waɗanda suka ketare yankunan iskar gas yayin karo. [[File:1e0657_scale.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Hoton X-ray (ruwan hoda) da aka ɗora a kan hoton haske da ake iya gani (galaxies), tare da rarrabawar abubuwa da aka ƙididdige daga ruwan tabarau na nauyi (shuɗi)]] Ƙungiyar Bullet tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin taurari da [[Temperature|aka fi sani]] . Yana samar da wani tsari mai kyau ga samfuran sararin samaniya, wanda zai iya bambanta a yanayin zafi fiye da yadda aka annabta yanayin zafin rukuninsu. An lura daga [[Duniya]], ƙaramin rukuni ya ratsa ta tsakiyar rukunin 150&nbsp;shekaru miliyan da suka wuce, ƙirƙirar " raƙuman girgiza mai siffar baka wanda ke kusa da gefen dama na ƙungiyar" wanda aka kafa a matsayin "70"&nbsp;Miliyoyin iskar gas na Kelvin a cikin ƙaramin rukuni sun haƙa ta hanyar 100<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwYw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Miliyoyi na iskar gas na kelvin a cikin babban rukuni a cikin saurin kusan 10&nbsp;miliyan&nbsp;km/h (6)&nbsp;mil miliyan a kowace awa)". Fitowar hasken girgizar baka daidai yake da kuzarin 10&nbsp;nau'ikan quasars na yau da kullun. A cewar Greg Madejski: A cewar Eric Hayashi: Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2010 ya yi iƙirarin cewa saurin karowar "bai dace da hasashen samfurin LCDM ba". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee, Jounghun |last2=Komatsu, Eiichiro |year=2010 |title=Bullet Cluster: A Challenge to LCDM Cosmology |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=718 |issue=1 |pages=60–65 |arxiv=1003.0939 |bibcode=2010ApJ...718...60L |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/718/1/60 |s2cid=119250064}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi daga baya ya gano cewa karo ya yi daidai da kwaikwayon LCDM, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Robert |last2=Davé |first2=Romeel |last3=Nagamine |first3=Kentaro |date=2015-09-01 |title=The rise and fall of a challenger: The Bullet Cluster in Lambda cold dark matter simulations |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=452 |issue=3 |pages=3030–3037 |arxiv=1410.7438 |bibcode=2015MNRAS.452.3030T |doi=10.1093/mnras/stv1433 |issn=0035-8711 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tare da rashin daidaiton da ya gabata wanda ya samo asali daga ƙananan kwaikwayo da kuma hanyar gano nau'i-nau'i. Aikin da aka yi a baya yana da'awar cewa Bullet Cluster bai yi daidai da tsarin sararin samaniya na yau da kullun ba ya dogara ne akan kimantawar kuskure na saurin faɗuwa bisa ga saurin girgizar da ke cikin iskar gas mai fitar da X-ray. <ref name=":0" /> Dangane da nazarin girgizar da haɗin gwiwar ya haifar, an yi jayayya kwanan nan cewa ƙarancin saurin haɗin gwiwa ~3,950&nbsp;km/s ya yi daidai da tasirin Sunyaev-Zeldovich da bayanan X-ray, muddin dai daidaiton zafin electron da ion da ke ƙasa ba abu ne da ke faruwa nan take ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Di Mascolo, L. |last2=Mroczkowski |last3=Churazov, E. |last4=Markevitch, M. |last5=Basu, K. |last6=Clarke, T.E. |last7=Devlin, M. |last8=Mason, B. |last9=Randall, S.W. |last10=Reese, E.D. |last11=Sunyaev, R. |last12=Wik, D.R. |display-authors=6 |year=2019 |title=An ALMA+ACA measurement of the shock in the Bullet Cluster |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=628 |pages=A100 |arxiv=1907.07680 |bibcode=2019A&A...628A.100D |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936184 |s2cid=197545195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == A matsayin shaida akan gyaran nauyi == [[File:Bullet_Cluster_with_gravitational_potential_in_MOND.png|right|thumb|300x300px| Duk da gyaran nauyi, MOND har yanzu tana buƙatar abu mai duhu don dacewa da abubuwan da aka lura. Layukan fari suna nuna ƙarfin nauyi da aka auna ta hanyar amfani da ruwan tabarau, gajimare masu ruwan hoda suna nuna iskar X-ray mai zafi, ɗigon launuka masu cikakken haske taurari ne da wasu taurari na gaba, shuɗi shine rarrabawar abubuwa masu duhu. Hoton ya dogara ne akan bayanai daga Angus et al. 2006. <ref name="AngusBC">{{Cite journal |last=Angus |first=Garry W. |last2=Shan |first2=Huan Yuan |last3=Zhao |first3=Hong Sheng |last4=Famaey |first4=Benoit |date=2007-01-01 |title=On the Proof of Dark Matter, the Law of Gravity, and the Mass of Neutrinos |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=654 |issue=1 |pages=L13–L16 |arxiv=astro-ph/0609125 |bibcode=2007ApJ...654L..13A |doi=10.1086/510738 |issn=0004-637X |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] An yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Bullet Cluster ta zama babban ƙalubale ga dukkan ka'idojin da ke gabatar da mafita mai kyau ga matsalar da ta ɓace, gami da canjin yanayin Newtonian (MOND). <ref name="CloweBC">{{Cite journal |last=Clowe |first=Douglas |last2=Bradač |first2=Maruša |last3=Gonzalez |first3=Anthony H. |last4=Markevitch |first4=Maxim |last5=Randall |first5=Scott W. |last6=Jones |first6=Christine |last7=Zaritsky |first7=Dennis |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=A Direct Empirical Proof of the Existence of Dark Matter |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=648 |issue=2 |pages=L109–L113 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608407 |bibcode=2006ApJ...648L.109C |doi=10.1086/508162 |s2cid=2897407}}</ref> Masana ilmin taurari sun auna rarrabawar taurari da iskar gas a cikin tarin tarukan ta amfani da hasken [[Haske|da ake iya gani]] da hasken X-ray, bi da bi, sannan suka tsara tasirin nauyi ta amfani da ruwan tabarau na jan hankali. Kamar yadda aka nuna a hotunan da ke hannun dama, iskar X-ray tana tsakiya, yayin da taurarin ke gefen hanya. A lokacin karo, iskar X-ray ta yi mu'amala da kuma rage gudu, ta ci gaba da kasancewa a tsakiya, yayin da taurarin ke wucewa ta juna, domin nisan da ke tsakaninsu yana da yawa. Ƙarfin nauyi yana bayyana manyan abubuwa guda biyu da suka fi mayar da hankali kan taurarin, ba a kan iskar X-ray ba, inda yawancin al'ada take. A cikin ΛCDM, mutum zai yi tsammanin cewa kowanne rukuni yana da halo mai duhu wanda zai ratsa juna yayin karo (idan aka yi la'akari da cewa abu mai duhu ba shi da karo). Wannan tsammanin ga abu mai duhu bayani ne bayyananne game da daidaitawa tsakanin kololuwar ƙarfin nauyi da iskar X-ray wanda aka gano a ma'aunin ƙididdiga na 8 σ . Wannan shine bambancin da ke tsakanin ƙarfin nauyi da kuma al'adar da Clowe et al. suka yi iƙirarin cewa ''"Shaidar Kai Tsaye ta Kasancewar Matter Mai Duhu"'' tana jayayya cewa ka'idojin nauyi da aka gyara ba su yi bayani a kai ba. <ref name="CloweBC" /> Duk da haka, wannan binciken da Clowe da abokan aikinsa suka yi bai yi wani yunƙuri na yin nazarin Bullet Cluster ta amfani da MOND ko wata ka'idar nauyi da aka gyara ba. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wannan shekarar, Angus da abokan aikinsa sun nuna cewa MOND hakika tana sake haifar da bambanci tsakanin ƙarfin nauyi da iskar X-ray a cikin wannan tsarin da ba shi da siffa mai faɗi sosai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=G.W. Angus |last2=B. Famaey |last3=H. Zhao |name-list-style=amp |date=September 2006 |title=Can MOND take a bullet? Analytical comparisons of three versions of MOND beyond spherical symmetry |journal=Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. |volume=371 |issue=1 |pages=138–146 |arxiv=astro-ph/0606216v1 |bibcode=2006MNRAS.371..138A |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10668.x |s2cid=15025801 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin MOND, mutum zai yi tsammanin "bacewar taro" zai mayar da hankali kan yankuna waɗanda ke fuskantar saurin gudu ƙasa da ₀, wanda, a yanayin Bullet Cluster, ya dace da yankunan da ke ɗauke da taurarin, ba iskar X-ray ba. Duk da haka, MOND har yanzu ta kasa yin cikakken bayani game da wannan rukunin, kamar yadda take yi da duk sauran tarin taurari, saboda sauran ragowar taro a yankuna da dama na Bullet Cluster. <ref name="AngusBC" /> Mordehai Milgrom, wanda ya fara gabatar da shirin MOND, ya wallafa wani bayani a intanet na ikirarin cewa Bullet Cluster ya tabbatar da wanzuwar abu mai duhu. Ya yi jayayya cewa halayen da aka lura da su na Bullet Cluster na iya faruwa ne sakamakon wani abu da ba a gano ba. Ya yi jayayya cewa dukkan tarin taurari na iya ɗaukar nauyin gajimaren iskar hydrogen mai sanyi wanda yayi daidai da nauyin baryons da ake gani wanda zai iya bayyana gazawar MOND a cikin tarin taurari. <ref name="j070">{{Cite journal |last=Milgrom |first=Mordehai |date=2015-12-21 |title=Ultra-diffuse cluster galaxies as key to the MOND cluster conundrum |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-pdf/454/4/3810/18509089/stv2202.pdf |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=454 |issue=4 |pages=3810–3815 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stv2202 |issn=0035-8711 |access-date=2025-03-09 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Irin waɗannan gajimare masu sanyin hydrogen ba su da wuya su wanzu duk da haka saboda ra'ayoyin AGN waɗanda ke hana iskar hydrogen sanyaya. <ref name="b913">{{Cite journal |last=Fabian |first=A. C. |date=1994 |title=Cooling Flows in Clusters of Galaxies |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=277–318 |bibcode=1994ARA&A..32..277F |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.32.090194.001425 |issn=0066-4146}}</ref> <ref name="z146">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=M. |last2=Gaspari |first2=M. |last3=McNamara |first3=B. R. |last4=Tremblay |first4=G. R. |date=2018-05-01 |title=Revisiting the Cooling Flow Problem in Galaxies, Groups, and Clusters of Galaxies |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=858 |issue=1 |page=45 |arxiv=1803.04972 |bibcode=2018ApJ...858...45M |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aabace |issn=0004-637X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai wasu ra'ayoyi daban-daban na nauyi kamar MOG <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brownstein |first=J.R. |last2=Moffat |first2=J.W. |year=2007 |title=The Bullet Cluster 1E0657-558 evidence shows Modified Gravity in the absence of Dark Matter |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=382 |issue=1 |pages=29–47 |arxiv=astro-ph/0702146 |bibcode=2007MNRAS.382...29B |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12275.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> da Many-body gravity (MBG), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=S |year=2025 |title=Many body gravity and the bullet cluster |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927650525000039 |journal=Astroparticle Physics |volume=167 |arxiv=2501.05126 |bibcode=2025APh...16703080G |doi=10.1016/j.astropartphys.2025.103080 |issn=0927-6505 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> waɗanda ke da'awar cewa suna iya bayyana raunin ruwan tabarau na nauyi na ƙungiyar harsashi. == Duba kuma == * Ƙungiyar Galaxy * Ƙungiyar galaxy * Abell 520 – wani irin tarin taurari wanda duhu da haske suka rabu a lokacin wani babban karo * NGC 1052-DF2 * Jerin ƙungiyoyin taurari da ƙungiyoyi == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Bradač |first=Maruša |last2=Clowe |first2=Douglas |last3=Gonzalez |first3=Anthony H. |last4=Marshall |first4=Phil |last5=Forman |first5=William |last6=Jones |first6=Christine |last7=Markevitch |first7=Maxim |last8=Randall |first8=Scott |last9=Schrabback |first9=Tim |last10=Zaritsky |first10=Dennis |year=2006 |title=Strong and Weak Lensing United. III. Measuring the Mass Distribution of the Merging Galaxy Cluster 1ES 0657−558 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=652 |issue=2 |pages=937–947 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608408 |bibcode=2006ApJ...652..937B |doi=10.1086/508601 |s2cid=119388532}} * CXO: [http://chandra.harvard.edu/chronicle/0306/devil/ Bedeviling Devil's Advocate Cosmology] (The Chandra Chronicles) August 21, 2006 * CXO: [http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/1e0657/ 1E 0657-56: NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter] Combined image of x-rays, visual and DM * Harvard [http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/1e0657/media/bullet.mpg animation of the collision] showing how the dark matter and normal matter become separated. * Harvard [http://cxc.harvard.edu/symposium_2005/proceedings/files/markevitch_maxim.pdf Harvard Symposium: Markevitch PDF] 36 color images and text slides modelling the existence of Dark Matter from Bullet cluster data * NASA: [https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2006/06-096.html NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter] Archived 2017-06-25 at the Wayback Machine (NASA Press Release 06-096) Aug. 21, 2006 * Scientific American [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015185726/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=000EB9FD-823F-14EB-823F83414B7F0000 Scientific American] article ''Science News August 22, 2006 Colliding Clusters Shed Light on Dark Matter'' that includes a movie of a simulation of the collision qlnbqoog3yf5ldwdkjf5dqcrua419bm 964552 964551 2026-10-07T23:48:32Z Baffa ali 47435 964552 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar Harsashi''' ( '''1E 0657-56''' ) ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi biyu masu karo da taurari . A takaice dai, sunan ''Bullet Cluster'' yana nufin ƙaramin rukuni, wanda ke ƙaura daga babban rukuni. Yana a nisan radial mai motsi na {{Convert|1.141|Gpc|e9ly}} . Tunani na farko da aka sani game da wannan rukunin ya fito ne daga wata takarda ta 1992 mai taken, "Binciken Einstein Slew". <ref name="ESS">{{Cite journal |last=Elvis |first=Martin |last2=Plummer |first2=David |last3=Schachter |first3=Jonathan |last4=Fabbiano |first4=G. |date=1992 |title=The Einstein Slew Survey |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=80 |page=257 |bibcode=1992ApJS...80..257E |doi=10.1086/191665}}</ref> Abinda yake da takamaiman bayanin kula ga masu ilimin taurari, saboda ana da'awar nazarin ruwan tabarau na Bullet Cluster don samar da shaidar da ta dace game da wanzuwar abu mai duhu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clowe |first=Douglas |last2=Gonzalez |first2=Anthony |last3=Markevich |first3=Maxim |year=2004 |title=Weak lensing mass reconstruction of the interacting cluster 1E0657-558: Direct evidence for the existence of dark matter |journal=Astrophys. J. |volume=604 |issue=2 |pages=596–603 |arxiv=astro-ph/0312273 |bibcode=2004ApJ...604..596C |doi=10.1086/381970 |s2cid=12184057}}</ref><ref name="Markevitch1">{{Cite journal |last=M. Markevitch |last2=A. H. Gonzalez |last3=D. Clowe |last4=A. Vikhlinin |last5=L. David |last6=W. Forman |last7=C. Jones |last8=S. Murray |last9=W. Tucker |name-list-style=amp |year=2004 |title=Direct constraints on the dark matter self-interaction cross-section from the merging galaxy cluster 1E0657-56 |journal=Astrophys. J. |volume=606 |issue=2 |pages=819–824 |arxiv=astro-ph/0309303 |bibcode=2004ApJ...606..819M |doi=10.1086/383178 |s2cid=119334056}}</ref> Binciken wasu haɗarin tarin taurari, kamar MACS J0025.4-1222, kamar haka suna tallafawa kasancewar abu mai duhu.<ref name="Brada2008">{{Cite journal |last=Brada |first=M |last2=Allen |first2=S. W |last3=Ebeling |first3=H |last4=Massey |first4=R |last5=Morris |first5=R. G |last6=von der Linden |first6=A |last7=Applegate |first7=D |date=2008 |title=Revealing the Properties of Dark Matter in the Merging Cluster MACS J0025.4-1222 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=687 |issue=2 |page=959 |arxiv=0806.2320 |bibcode=2008ApJ...687..959B |doi=10.1086/591246 |s2cid=14563896}}</ref> == Bayani == [[File:Bullet_Cluster_with_DECam_(noirlab2603a).jpg|left|thumb| Ƙungiyar Harsashi da DECam ta ɗauka hotonta. Ya ƙunshi tarin taurari guda biyu waɗanda ke karo, ɗaya yana tafiya ta cikin ɗayan, kimanin shekaru biliyan 3.7 na haske a cikin tarin taurarin Carina. ]] Manyan sassan rukunin biyu— taurari, iskar gas da kuma ma'aunin duhu—suna yin aiki daban-daban yayin karo, wanda hakan ke ba da damar yin nazarinsu daban-daban. Taurarin taurarin, waɗanda ake iya gani a cikin haske mai gani, ba su yi tasiri sosai ba sakamakon karonsu, kuma yawancinsu sun ratsa ta kai tsaye, suna raguwa da ƙarfin juyi amma ba a canza su ba. Iskar gas mai zafi ta ɓangarorin biyu da suka haɗu, waɗanda aka gani a cikin X-ray, tana wakiltar yawancin abubuwan baryonic, ko "talakawa", a cikin nau'in cluster. Iskar gas ɗin da ke cikin tsakiyar rukuni suna hulɗa ta hanyar lantarki, wanda ke sa iskar gas ɗin ƙungiyoyin biyu su yi jinkiri fiye da taurari. An gano ɓangaren na uku, wato abu mai duhu, a kaikaice ta hanyar amfani da ruwan tabarau na abubuwan baya, kamar yadda aka ƙididdige ta amfani da mafi kyawun ka'idar nauyi a cikin dangantaka ta gabaɗaya . <ref name="Markevitch1"/><ref>{{cite conference |author1=Markevitch, M. |author2=Randall, S. |author3=Clowe, D. |author4=Gonzalez, A. |author5=Bradac, M. |name-list-style=amp |title=Dark Matter and the Bullet Cluster |conference=36th COSPAR Scientific Assembly |date=16–23 July 2006 |location=Beijing, China |type=abstract |url=http://cosis.net/abstracts/COSPAR2006/02655/COSPAR2006-A-02655.pdf |access-date=2 September 2007 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083631/http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/COSPAR2006/02655/COSPAR2006-A-02655.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan yana ba da goyon baya ga ra'ayin cewa yawancin nauyin nauyi a cikin rukunin rukuni yana cikin nau'i biyu na abubuwa masu duhu marasa karo, waɗanda suka ketare yankunan iskar gas yayin karo. [[File:1e0657_scale.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Hoton X-ray (ruwan hoda) da aka ɗora a kan hoton haske da ake iya gani (galaxies), tare da rarrabawar abubuwa da aka ƙididdige daga ruwan tabarau na nauyi (shuɗi)]] Ƙungiyar Bullet tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin taurari da [[Temperature|aka fi sani]] . Yana samar da wani tsari mai kyau ga samfuran sararin samaniya, wanda zai iya bambanta a yanayin zafi fiye da yadda aka annabta yanayin zafin rukuninsu. An lura daga [[Duniya]], ƙaramin rukuni ya ratsa ta tsakiyar rukunin 150&nbsp;shekaru miliyan da suka wuce, ƙirƙirar " raƙuman girgiza mai siffar baka wanda ke kusa da gefen dama na ƙungiyar" wanda aka kafa a matsayin "70"&nbsp;Miliyoyin iskar gas na Kelvin a cikin ƙaramin rukuni sun haƙa ta hanyar 100<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwYw">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki>Miliyoyi na iskar gas na kelvin a cikin babban rukuni a cikin saurin kusan 10&nbsp;miliyan&nbsp;km/h (6)&nbsp;mil miliyan a kowace awa)". Fitowar hasken girgizar baka daidai yake da kuzarin 10&nbsp;nau'ikan quasars na yau da kullun. A cewar Greg Madejski: A cewar Eric Hayashi: Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2010 ya yi iƙirarin cewa saurin karowar "bai dace da hasashen samfurin LCDM ba". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee, Jounghun |last2=Komatsu, Eiichiro |year=2010 |title=Bullet Cluster: A Challenge to LCDM Cosmology |journal=Astrophysical Journal |volume=718 |issue=1 |pages=60–65 |arxiv=1003.0939 |bibcode=2010ApJ...718...60L |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/718/1/60 |s2cid=119250064}}</ref> Duk da haka, binciken da aka yi daga baya ya gano cewa karo ya yi daidai da kwaikwayon LCDM, <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Robert |last2=Davé |first2=Romeel |last3=Nagamine |first3=Kentaro |date=2015-09-01 |title=The rise and fall of a challenger: The Bullet Cluster in Lambda cold dark matter simulations |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=452 |issue=3 |pages=3030–3037 |arxiv=1410.7438 |bibcode=2015MNRAS.452.3030T |doi=10.1093/mnras/stv1433 |issn=0035-8711 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tare da rashin daidaiton da ya gabata wanda ya samo asali daga ƙananan kwaikwayo da kuma hanyar gano nau'i-nau'i. Aikin da aka yi a baya yana da'awar cewa Bullet Cluster bai yi daidai da tsarin sararin samaniya na yau da kullun ba ya dogara ne akan kimantawar kuskure na saurin faɗuwa bisa ga saurin girgizar da ke cikin iskar gas mai fitar da X-ray. <ref name=":0" /> Dangane da nazarin girgizar da haɗin gwiwar ya haifar, an yi jayayya kwanan nan cewa ƙarancin saurin haɗin gwiwa ~3,950&nbsp;km/s ya yi daidai da tasirin Sunyaev-Zeldovich da bayanan X-ray, muddin dai daidaiton zafin electron da ion da ke ƙasa ba abu ne da ke faruwa nan take ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Di Mascolo, L. |last2=Mroczkowski |last3=Churazov, E. |last4=Markevitch, M. |last5=Basu, K. |last6=Clarke, T.E. |last7=Devlin, M. |last8=Mason, B. |last9=Randall, S.W. |last10=Reese, E.D. |last11=Sunyaev, R. |last12=Wik, D.R. |display-authors=6 |year=2019 |title=An ALMA+ACA measurement of the shock in the Bullet Cluster |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=628 |pages=A100 |arxiv=1907.07680 |bibcode=2019A&A...628A.100D |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201936184 |s2cid=197545195 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == A matsayin shaida akan gyaran nauyi == [[File:Bullet_Cluster_with_gravitational_potential_in_MOND.png|right|thumb|300x300px| Duk da gyaran nauyi, MOND har yanzu tana buƙatar abu mai duhu don dacewa da abubuwan da aka lura. Layukan fari suna nuna ƙarfin nauyi da aka auna ta hanyar amfani da ruwan tabarau, gajimare masu ruwan hoda suna nuna iskar X-ray mai zafi, ɗigon launuka masu cikakken haske taurari ne da wasu taurari na gaba, shuɗi shine rarrabawar abubuwa masu duhu. Hoton ya dogara ne akan bayanai daga Angus et al. 2006. <ref name="AngusBC">{{Cite journal |last=Angus |first=Garry W. |last2=Shan |first2=Huan Yuan |last3=Zhao |first3=Hong Sheng |last4=Famaey |first4=Benoit |date=2007-01-01 |title=On the Proof of Dark Matter, the Law of Gravity, and the Mass of Neutrinos |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=654 |issue=1 |pages=L13–L16 |arxiv=astro-ph/0609125 |bibcode=2007ApJ...654L..13A |doi=10.1086/510738 |issn=0004-637X |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] An yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Bullet Cluster ta zama babban ƙalubale ga dukkan ka'idojin da ke gabatar da mafita mai kyau ga matsalar da ta ɓace, gami da canjin yanayin Newtonian (MOND). <ref name="CloweBC">{{Cite journal |last=Clowe |first=Douglas |last2=Bradač |first2=Maruša |last3=Gonzalez |first3=Anthony H. |last4=Markevitch |first4=Maxim |last5=Randall |first5=Scott W. |last6=Jones |first6=Christine |last7=Zaritsky |first7=Dennis |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=A Direct Empirical Proof of the Existence of Dark Matter |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume=648 |issue=2 |pages=L109–L113 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608407 |bibcode=2006ApJ...648L.109C |doi=10.1086/508162 |s2cid=2897407}}</ref> Masana ilmin taurari sun auna rarrabawar taurari da iskar gas a cikin tarin tarukan ta amfani da hasken [[Haske|da ake iya gani]] da hasken X-ray, bi da bi, sannan suka tsara tasirin nauyi ta amfani da ruwan tabarau na jan hankali. Kamar yadda aka nuna a hotunan da ke hannun dama, iskar X-ray tana tsakiya, yayin da taurarin ke gefen hanya. A lokacin karo, iskar X-ray ta yi mu'amala da kuma rage gudu, ta ci gaba da kasancewa a tsakiya, yayin da taurarin ke wucewa ta juna, domin nisan da ke tsakaninsu yana da yawa. Ƙarfin nauyi yana bayyana manyan abubuwa guda biyu da suka fi mayar da hankali kan taurarin, ba a kan iskar X-ray ba, inda yawancin al'ada take. A cikin ΛCDM, mutum zai yi tsammanin cewa kowanne rukuni yana da halo mai duhu wanda zai ratsa juna yayin karo (idan aka yi la'akari da cewa abu mai duhu ba shi da karo). Wannan tsammanin ga abu mai duhu bayani ne bayyananne game da daidaitawa tsakanin kololuwar ƙarfin nauyi da iskar X-ray wanda aka gano a ma'aunin ƙididdiga na 8 σ . Wannan shine bambancin da ke tsakanin ƙarfin nauyi da kuma al'adar da Clowe et al. suka yi iƙirarin cewa ''"Shaidar Kai Tsaye ta Kasancewar Matter Mai Duhu"'' tana jayayya cewa ka'idojin nauyi da aka gyara ba su yi bayani a kai ba. <ref name="CloweBC" /> Duk da haka, wannan binciken da Clowe da abokan aikinsa suka yi bai yi wani yunƙuri na yin nazarin Bullet Cluster ta amfani da MOND ko wata ka'idar nauyi da aka gyara ba. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wannan shekarar, Angus da abokan aikinsa sun nuna cewa MOND hakika tana sake haifar da bambanci tsakanin ƙarfin nauyi da iskar X-ray a cikin wannan tsarin da ba shi da siffa mai faɗi sosai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=G.W. Angus |last2=B. Famaey |last3=H. Zhao |name-list-style=amp |date=September 2006 |title=Can MOND take a bullet? Analytical comparisons of three versions of MOND beyond spherical symmetry |journal=Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. |volume=371 |issue=1 |pages=138–146 |arxiv=astro-ph/0606216v1 |bibcode=2006MNRAS.371..138A |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10668.x |s2cid=15025801 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin MOND, mutum zai yi tsammanin "bacewar taro" zai mayar da hankali kan yankuna waɗanda ke fuskantar saurin gudu ƙasa da ₀, wanda, a yanayin Bullet Cluster, ya dace da yankunan da ke ɗauke da taurarin, ba iskar X-ray ba. Duk da haka, MOND har yanzu ta kasa yin cikakken bayani game da wannan rukunin, kamar yadda take yi da duk sauran tarin taurari, saboda sauran ragowar taro a yankuna da dama na Bullet Cluster. <ref name="AngusBC" /> Mordehai Milgrom, wanda ya fara gabatar da shirin MOND, ya wallafa wani bayani a intanet na ikirarin cewa Bullet Cluster ya tabbatar da wanzuwar abu mai duhu. Ya yi jayayya cewa halayen da aka lura da su na Bullet Cluster na iya faruwa ne sakamakon wani abu da ba a gano ba. Ya yi jayayya cewa dukkan tarin taurari na iya ɗaukar nauyin gajimaren iskar hydrogen mai sanyi wanda yayi daidai da nauyin baryons da ake gani wanda zai iya bayyana gazawar MOND a cikin tarin taurari. <ref name="j070">{{Cite journal |last=Milgrom |first=Mordehai |date=2015-12-21 |title=Ultra-diffuse cluster galaxies as key to the MOND cluster conundrum |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-pdf/454/4/3810/18509089/stv2202.pdf |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=454 |issue=4 |pages=3810–3815 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stv2202 |issn=0035-8711 |access-date=2025-03-09 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Irin waɗannan gajimare masu sanyin hydrogen ba su da wuya su wanzu duk da haka saboda ra'ayoyin AGN waɗanda ke hana iskar hydrogen sanyaya. <ref name="b913">{{Cite journal |last=Fabian |first=A. C. |date=1994 |title=Cooling Flows in Clusters of Galaxies |journal=Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=277–318 |bibcode=1994ARA&A..32..277F |doi=10.1146/annurev.aa.32.090194.001425 |issn=0066-4146}}</ref> <ref name="z146">{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=M. |last2=Gaspari |first2=M. |last3=McNamara |first3=B. R. |last4=Tremblay |first4=G. R. |date=2018-05-01 |title=Revisiting the Cooling Flow Problem in Galaxies, Groups, and Clusters of Galaxies |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=858 |issue=1 |page=45 |arxiv=1803.04972 |bibcode=2018ApJ...858...45M |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aabace |issn=0004-637X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai wasu ra'ayoyi daban-daban na nauyi kamar MOG <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brownstein |first=J.R. |last2=Moffat |first2=J.W. |year=2007 |title=The Bullet Cluster 1E0657-558 evidence shows Modified Gravity in the absence of Dark Matter |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=382 |issue=1 |pages=29–47 |arxiv=astro-ph/0702146 |bibcode=2007MNRAS.382...29B |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12275.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> da Many-body gravity (MBG), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ganesh |first=S |year=2025 |title=Many body gravity and the bullet cluster |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927650525000039 |journal=Astroparticle Physics |volume=167 |arxiv=2501.05126 |bibcode=2025APh...16703080G |doi=10.1016/j.astropartphys.2025.103080 |issn=0927-6505 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> waɗanda ke da'awar cewa suna iya bayyana raunin ruwan tabarau na nauyi na ƙungiyar harsashi. == Duba kuma == * Ƙungiyar Galaxy * Ƙungiyar galaxy * Abell 520 – wani irin tarin taurari wanda duhu da haske suka rabu a lokacin wani babban karo * NGC 1052-DF2 * Jerin ƙungiyoyin taurari da ƙungiyoyi == Ƙarin karatu == * {{Cite journal |last=Bradač |first=Maruša |last2=Clowe |first2=Douglas |last3=Gonzalez |first3=Anthony H. |last4=Marshall |first4=Phil |last5=Forman |first5=William |last6=Jones |first6=Christine |last7=Markevitch |first7=Maxim |last8=Randall |first8=Scott |last9=Schrabback |first9=Tim |last10=Zaritsky |first10=Dennis |year=2006 |title=Strong and Weak Lensing United. III. Measuring the Mass Distribution of the Merging Galaxy Cluster 1ES 0657−558 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=652 |issue=2 |pages=937–947 |arxiv=astro-ph/0608408 |bibcode=2006ApJ...652..937B |doi=10.1086/508601 |s2cid=119388532}} * CXO: [http://chandra.harvard.edu/chronicle/0306/devil/ Bedeviling Devil's Advocate Cosmology] (The Chandra Chronicles) August 21, 2006 * CXO: [http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/1e0657/ 1E 0657-56: NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter] Combined image of x-rays, visual and DM * Harvard [http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2006/1e0657/media/bullet.mpg animation of the collision] showing how the dark matter and normal matter become separated. * Harvard [http://cxc.harvard.edu/symposium_2005/proceedings/files/markevitch_maxim.pdf Harvard Symposium: Markevitch PDF] 36 color images and text slides modelling the existence of Dark Matter from Bullet cluster data * NASA: [https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2006/06-096.html NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter] Archived 2017-06-25 at the Wayback Machine (NASA Press Release 06-096) Aug. 21, 2006 * Scientific American [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015185726/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=000EB9FD-823F-14EB-823F83414B7F0000 Scientific American] article ''Science News August 22, 2006 Colliding Clusters Shed Light on Dark Matter'' that includes a movie of a simulation of the collision == Manazarta == 62uwy6ixkbmtxxrn29eg4y19dnq4u8m 0 178535 964554 2026-10-07T23:50:33Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338849182|12 Lacertae]]" 964554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''12 Lacertae''' wani babban tauraro ne mai siffar binary a cikin ƙungiyar taurarin arewacin Lacerta, wanda ke da kusan 1,260.&nbsp;shekaru masu haske daga Rana bisa ga parallax . Ana iya ganinsa ga ido a matsayin wani haske mai duhu, mai launin shuɗi-fari mai haske tare da girman gani na asali na 5.23. Tsarin yana kusantar Duniya da matsakaicin saurin radial mai tsayin heliocentric na -12.5. Wataƙila memba ne na ƙungiyar I Lacertae OB (Lac OB1). Babban ɓangaren shine mai canjin Beta Cephei <ref name="Handler2006">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> tare da rarrabuwar taurari ta B1.5III, wanda ya dace da tauraron nau'in B tare da ajin haske na babban tauraro . An san cewa yana da sauƙin canzawa tsawon fiye da ƙarni guda kuma an yi nazari sosai a kansa. <ref name="Desmet2009">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> [[Walter Sydney Adams|WS Adams]] ne ya gano saurin radial mai canzawa na tauraron a shekarar 1912, kuma an kafa bambancin haske a shekarar 1919. P. Ledoux ya nuna yanayin bugun bugun da ke tattare da wannan yanayi a shekarar 1951, wanda ya haifar da ɗaya daga cikin kamfen na farko na lura a duniya tare da tauraron a matsayin abin da zai yi niyya. Masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Holland FJM Barning ya yi nazarin bayanan da aka samu a shekarar 1963 kuma ya gano zagaye huɗu daban-daban na bambance-bambance. Zuwa shekarar 1994, an tabbatar da cewa akwai lokutta shida. <ref name="Handler2006" /> Alamar tauraro mai canzawa na primary shine '''DD Lacertae''', yayin da ''12 Lacertae'' shine alamar Flamsteed . A takaice dai, girmansa ya bambanta daga 5.16 zuwa 5.28 tare da tsawon {{Convert|0.1930924|days|hours|2}} . <ref name="Samus2017" /> An gano mitoci daban-daban har guda goma sha ɗaya, inda zagayen da ya fi rinjaye ke nuna mitoci 5.179034 a kowace rana. Uku daga cikin mitoci suna samar da sau uku masu tazara daidai gwargwado tare da zagaye na 5.179, 5.334, da 5.490 kowace rana, kodayake wannan daidaiton ya zama kamar haɗuwa ce. <ref name="Handler2006" /> Pulser ne mai haɗakar ƙarfi, yana nuna halaye iri-iri na canjin Beta Cephei da kuma tauraron nau'in B mai bugawa a hankali . <ref name="DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> Tauraro na farko [[Tauraro|babban tauraro]] ne, wanda yake da nauyin Rana sau 9.5 <ref name="Tetzlaff2011">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> kuma yana da shekaru 22 kacal <ref name="Tetzlaff2011" />&nbsp;shekaru miliyan. Yana da kusan sau 8.4 <ref name="CADARS">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> na girman Rana. Matsakaicin ƙarfin filin kwata-kwata na filin maganadisu na saman shine {{Val|2352.3|1604.9}} <ref name="Bychkov2003">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> Yana haskakawa sau 8,877 na hasken Rana daga haskenta a yanayin zafi mai inganci na 23,809&nbsp;K. <ref name="Huang2010">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> An kiyasta saurin juyawa na farko a ma'aunin equator shine {{Val|52|5}} ; kusan kashi 10% na saurin rabuwarsa. <ref name="DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013" /> Duk da haka, samfuran girgizar ƙasa sun nuna cewa yankin tsakiya yana juyawa da sauri tare da saurin juyawa har zuwa {{Val|100}}, don haka tauraron yana fuskantar juyawar bambanci. <ref name="Dziembowski2008" /> Abokin wasan kwaikwayo tauraro ne mai tsari irin na A wanda ke da tsari mai kyau na A3V da girman gani 9.2. Tun daga shekarar 2008, tana da rabuwar kusurwa ta 69 daga babban rami. Akwai ɗan ƙaramin nebulosity na infrared a rabuwar 0.19 parsecs (0.6 ly) daga biyun, wanda wataƙila girgizar baka ce . == Manazarta == smule0n4wuliix5bjy0ch932frh0hww 964555 964554 2026-10-07T23:51:31Z Baffa ali 47435 964555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''12 Lacertae''' wani babban tauraro ne mai siffar binary a cikin ƙungiyar taurarin arewacin Lacerta, wanda ke da kusan 1,260.&nbsp;shekaru masu haske daga Rana bisa ga parallax . Ana iya ganinsa ga ido a matsayin wani haske mai duhu, mai launin shuɗi-fari mai haske tare da girman gani na asali na 5.23. Tsarin yana kusantar Duniya da matsakaicin saurin radial mai tsayin heliocentric na -12.5. Wataƙila memba ne na ƙungiyar I Lacertae OB (Lac OB1). Babban ɓangaren shine mai canjin Beta Cephei <ref name="Handler2006">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> tare da rarrabuwar taurari ta B1.5III, wanda ya dace da tauraron nau'in B tare da ajin haske na babban tauraro . An san cewa yana da sauƙin canzawa tsawon fiye da ƙarni guda kuma an yi nazari sosai a kansa. <ref name="Desmet2009">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> [[Walter Sydney Adams|WS Adams]] ne ya gano saurin radial mai canzawa na tauraron a shekarar 1912, kuma an kafa bambancin haske a shekarar 1919. P. Ledoux ya nuna yanayin bugun bugun da ke tattare da wannan yanayi a shekarar 1951, wanda ya haifar da ɗaya daga cikin kamfen na farko na lura a duniya tare da tauraron a matsayin abin da zai yi niyya. Masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Holland FJM Barning ya yi nazarin bayanan da aka samu a shekarar 1963 kuma ya gano zagaye huɗu daban-daban na bambance-bambance. Zuwa shekarar 1994, an tabbatar da cewa akwai lokutta shida. <ref name="Handler2006" /> Alamar tauraro mai canzawa na primary shine '''DD Lacertae''', yayin da ''12 Lacertae'' shine alamar Flamsteed . A takaice dai, girmansa ya bambanta daga 5.16 zuwa 5.28 tare da tsawon {{Convert|0.1930924|days|hours|2}} . <ref name="Samus2017" /> An gano mitoci daban-daban har guda goma sha ɗaya, inda zagayen da ya fi rinjaye ke nuna mitoci 5.179034 a kowace rana. Uku daga cikin mitoci suna samar da sau uku masu tazara daidai gwargwado tare da zagaye na 5.179, 5.334, da 5.490 kowace rana, kodayake wannan daidaiton ya zama kamar haɗuwa ce. <ref name="Handler2006" /> Pulser ne mai haɗakar ƙarfi, yana nuna halaye iri-iri na canjin Beta Cephei da kuma tauraron nau'in B mai bugawa a hankali . <ref name="DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> Tauraro na farko [[Tauraro|babban tauraro]] ne, wanda yake da nauyin Rana sau 9.5 <ref name="Tetzlaff2011">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> kuma yana da shekaru 22 kacal <ref name="Tetzlaff2011" />&nbsp;shekaru miliyan. Yana da kusan sau 8.4 <ref name="CADARS">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> na girman Rana. Matsakaicin ƙarfin filin kwata-kwata na filin maganadisu na saman shine {{Val|2352.3|1604.9}} <ref name="Bychkov2003">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> Yana haskakawa sau 8,877 na hasken Rana daga haskenta a yanayin zafi mai inganci na 23,809&nbsp;K. <ref name="Huang2010">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> An kiyasta saurin juyawa na farko a ma'aunin equator shine {{Val|52|5}} ; kusan kashi 10% na saurin rabuwarsa. <ref name="DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013" /> Duk da haka, samfuran girgizar ƙasa sun nuna cewa yankin tsakiya yana juyawa da sauri tare da saurin juyawa har zuwa {{Val|100}}, don haka tauraron yana fuskantar juyawar bambanci. <ref name="Dziembowski2008" /> Abokin wasan kwaikwayo tauraro ne mai tsari irin na A wanda ke da tsari mai kyau na A3V da girman gani 9.2. Tun daga shekarar 2008, tana da rabuwar kusurwa ta 69 daga babban rami. Akwai ɗan ƙaramin nebulosity na infrared a rabuwar 0.19 parsecs (0.6 ly) daga biyun, wanda wataƙila girgizar baka ce . == Manazarta == ee7dsc7i0x1h8xfmgn3wxq5uykpel8i 964556 964555 2026-10-07T23:58:16Z Baffa ali 47435 964556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''12 Lacertae''' wani babban tauraro ne mai siffar binary a cikin ƙungiyar taurarin arewacin Lacerta, wanda ke da kusan 1,260.&nbsp;shekaru masu haske daga Rana bisa ga parallax . Ana iya ganinsa ga ido a matsayin wani haske mai duhu, mai launin shuɗi-fari mai haske tare da girman gani na asali na 5.23. Tsarin yana kusantar Duniya da matsakaicin saurin radial mai tsayin heliocentric na -12.5. Wataƙila memba ne na ƙungiyar I Lacertae OB (Lac OB1). Babban ɓangaren shine mai canjin Beta Cephei <ref name="Handler2006">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> tare da rarrabuwar taurari ta B1.5III, wanda ya dace da tauraron nau'in B tare da ajin haske na babban tauraro . An san cewa yana da sauƙin canzawa tsawon fiye da ƙarni guda kuma an yi nazari sosai a kansa. <ref name="Desmet2009">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> [[Walter Sydney Adams|WS Adams]] ne ya gano saurin radial mai canzawa na tauraron a shekarar 1912, kuma an kafa bambancin haske a shekarar 1919. P. Ledoux ya nuna yanayin bugun bugun da ke tattare da wannan yanayi a shekarar 1951, wanda ya haifar da ɗaya daga cikin kamfen na farko na lura a duniya tare da tauraron a matsayin abin da zai yi niyya. Masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Holland FJM Barning ya yi nazarin bayanan da aka samu a shekarar 1963 kuma ya gano zagaye huɗu daban-daban na bambance-bambance. Zuwa shekarar 1994, an tabbatar da cewa akwai lokutta shida. <ref name="Handler2006" /> Alamar tauraro mai canzawa na primary shine '''DD Lacertae''', yayin da ''12 Lacertae'' shine alamar Flamsteed . A takaice dai, girmansa ya bambanta daga 5.16 zuwa 5.28 tare da tsawon {{Convert|0.1930924|days|hours|2}} . <ref name="Samus2017" /> An gano mitoci daban-daban har guda goma sha ɗaya, inda zagayen da ya fi rinjaye ke nuna mitoci 5.179034 a kowace rana. Uku daga cikin mitoci suna samar da sau uku masu tazara daidai gwargwado tare da zagaye na 5.179, 5.334, da 5.490 kowace rana, kodayake wannan daidaiton ya zama kamar haɗuwa ce. <ref name="Handler2006" /> Pulser ne mai haɗakar ƙarfi, yana nuna halaye iri-iri na canjin Beta Cephei da kuma tauraron nau'in B mai bugawa a hankali . <ref name="DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> Tauraro na farko [[Tauraro|babban tauraro]] ne, wanda yake da nauyin Rana sau 9.5 <ref name="Tetzlaff2011">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> kuma yana da shekaru 22 kacal <ref name="Tetzlaff2011" />&nbsp;shekaru miliyan. Yana da kusan sau 8.4 <ref name="CADARS">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> na girman Rana. Matsakaicin ƙarfin filin kwata-kwata na filin maganadisu na saman shine {{Val|2352.3|1604.9}} <ref name="Bychkov2003">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> Yana haskakawa sau 8,877 na hasken Rana daga haskenta a yanayin zafi mai inganci na 23,809&nbsp;K. <ref name="Huang2010">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> An kiyasta saurin juyawa na farko a ma'aunin equator shine {{Val|52|5}} ; kusan kashi 10% na saurin rabuwarsa. <ref name="DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013" /> Duk da haka, samfuran girgizar ƙasa sun nuna cewa yankin tsakiya yana juyawa da sauri tare da saurin juyawa har zuwa {{Val|100}}, don haka tauraron yana fuskantar juyawar bambanci. <ref name="Dziembowski2008" /> Abokin wasan kwaikwayo tauraro ne mai tsari irin na A wanda ke da tsari mai kyau na A3V da girman gani 9.2. Tun daga shekarar 2008, <ref name=Dziembowski2008>{{citation | title=The two hybrid B-type pulsators: ν Eridani and 12 Lacertae | last1=Dziembowski | first1=W. A. | last2=Pamyatnykh | first2=A. A. | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume=385 | issue=4 | pages=2061–2068 | date=April 2008 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.12964.x | doi-access=free | postscript=. | bibcode=2008MNRAS.385.2061D | arxiv=0801.2451 | s2cid=16027828 }}</ref> tana da rabuwar kusurwa ta 69 daga babban rami. Akwai ɗan ƙaramin nebulosity na infrared a rabuwar 0.19 parsecs (0.6 ly) daga biyun, wanda wataƙila girgizar baka ce . == Manazarta == cx98fkl8ndk9xhs769yclcbe861gsmd 964558 964556 2026-10-08T00:03:11Z Baffa ali 47435 964558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''12 Lacertae''' wani babban tauraro ne mai siffar binary a cikin ƙungiyar taurarin arewacin Lacerta, wanda ke da kusan 1,260.&nbsp;shekaru masu haske daga Rana bisa ga parallax . Ana iya ganinsa ga ido a matsayin wani haske mai duhu, mai launin shuɗi-fari mai haske tare da girman gani na asali na 5.23. Tsarin yana kusantar Duniya da matsakaicin saurin radial mai tsayin heliocentric na -12.5. Wataƙila memba ne na ƙungiyar I Lacertae OB (Lac OB1). Babban ɓangaren shine mai canjin Beta Cephei <ref name="Handler2006">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> tare da rarrabuwar taurari ta B1.5III, wanda ya dace da tauraron nau'in B tare da ajin haske na babban tauraro . An san cewa yana da sauƙin canzawa tsawon fiye da ƙarni guda kuma an yi nazari sosai a kansa. <ref name="Desmet2009">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> [[Walter Sydney Adams|WS Adams]] ne ya gano saurin radial mai canzawa na tauraron a shekarar 1912, kuma an kafa bambancin haske a shekarar 1919. P. Ledoux ya nuna yanayin bugun bugun da ke tattare da wannan yanayi a shekarar 1951, wanda ya haifar da ɗaya daga cikin kamfen na farko na lura a duniya tare da tauraron a matsayin abin da zai yi niyya. Masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Holland FJM Barning ya yi nazarin bayanan da aka samu a shekarar 1963 kuma ya gano zagaye huɗu daban-daban na bambance-bambance. Zuwa shekarar 1994, an tabbatar da cewa akwai lokutta shida. <ref name="Handler2006" /> Alamar tauraro mai canzawa na primary shine '''DD Lacertae''', yayin da ''12 Lacertae'' shine alamar Flamsteed . A takaice dai, girmansa ya bambanta daga 5.16 zuwa 5.28 tare da tsawon {{Convert|0.1930924|days|hours|2}} . <ref name="Samus2017" /> An gano mitoci daban-daban har guda goma sha ɗaya, inda zagayen da ya fi rinjaye ke nuna mitoci 5.179034 a kowace rana. Uku daga cikin mitoci suna samar da sau uku masu tazara daidai gwargwado tare da zagaye na 5.179, 5.334, da 5.490 kowace rana, kodayake wannan daidaiton ya zama kamar haɗuwa ce. <ref name="Handler2006" /> Pulser ne mai haɗakar ƙarfi, yana nuna halaye iri-iri na canjin Beta Cephei da kuma tauraron nau'in B mai bugawa a hankali . <ref name="DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> Tauraro na farko [[Tauraro|babban tauraro]] ne, wanda yake da nauyin Rana sau 9.5 <ref name="Tetzlaff2011">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> kuma yana da shekaru 22 kacal <ref name="Tetzlaff2011" />&nbsp;shekaru miliyan. Yana da kusan sau 8.4 <ref name="CADARS">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> na girman Rana. Matsakaicin ƙarfin filin kwata-kwata na filin maganadisu na saman shine {{Val|2352.3|1604.9}} <ref name="Bychkov2003">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> Yana haskakawa sau 8,877 na hasken Rana daga haskenta a yanayin zafi mai inganci na 23,809&nbsp;K. <ref name="Huang2010">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> An kiyasta saurin juyawa na farko a ma'aunin equator shine {{Val|52|5}} ; kusan kashi 10% na saurin rabuwarsa. <ref name="DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013" /> Duk da haka, samfuran girgizar ƙasa sun nuna cewa yankin tsakiya yana juyawa da sauri tare da saurin juyawa har zuwa {{Val|100}}, don haka tauraron yana fuskantar juyawar bambanci. <ref name="Dziembowski2008" /> Abokin wasan kwaikwayo tauraro ne mai tsari irin na A wanda ke da tsari mai kyau na A3V da girman gani 9.2. Tun daga shekarar 2008, tana da rabuwar kusurwa ta 69 daga babban rami. Akwai ɗan ƙaramin nebulosity na infrared a rabuwar 0.19 parsecs (0.6 ly) daga biyun, wanda wataƙila girgizar baka ce . <ref name=Gies1992>{{citation | last1=Gies | first1=Douglas R. | last2=Lambert | first2=David L. | title=Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen abundances in early B-type stars | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 | volume=387 | pages=673–700 |date=March 1992 | doi=10.1086/171116 | bibcode=1992ApJ...387..673G | doi-access=free }}</ref> == Manazarta == t4mkmhgtkjnpkltzfubxxv4gsvfb9wv 964560 964558 2026-10-08T00:09:20Z Baffa ali 47435 964560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''12 Lacertae''' wani babban tauraro ne mai siffar binary a cikin ƙungiyar taurarin arewacin Lacerta, wanda ke da kusan 1,260.<ref name=Eggleton2008/>&nbsp;shekaru masu haske daga Rana bisa ga parallax .<ref name=GaiaDR3/> Ana iya ganinsa ga ido a matsayin wani haske mai duhu, mai launin shuɗi-fari mai haske tare da girman gani na asali na 5.23.<ref name=hohle2010/> Tsarin yana kusantar Duniya da matsakaicin saurin radial mai tsayin heliocentric na -12.5. Wataƙila memba ne na ƙungiyar I Lacertae OB (Lac OB1). Babban ɓangaren shine mai canjin Beta Cephei <ref name="Handler2006">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> tare da rarrabuwar taurari ta B1.5III, wanda ya dace da tauraron nau'in B tare da ajin haske na babban tauraro . An san cewa yana da sauƙin canzawa tsawon fiye da ƙarni guda kuma an yi nazari sosai a kansa. <ref name="Desmet2009">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> [[Walter Sydney Adams|WS Adams]] ne ya gano saurin radial mai canzawa na tauraron a shekarar 1912, kuma an kafa bambancin haske a shekarar 1919. P. Ledoux ya nuna yanayin bugun bugun da ke tattare da wannan yanayi a shekarar 1951, wanda ya haifar da ɗaya daga cikin kamfen na farko na lura a duniya tare da tauraron a matsayin abin da zai yi niyya. Masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Holland FJM Barning ya yi nazarin bayanan da aka samu a shekarar 1963 kuma ya gano zagaye huɗu daban-daban na bambance-bambance. Zuwa shekarar 1994, an tabbatar da cewa akwai lokutta shida. <ref name="Handler2006" /> Alamar tauraro mai canzawa na primary shine '''DD Lacertae''', yayin da ''12 Lacertae'' shine alamar Flamsteed . A takaice dai, girmansa ya bambanta daga 5.16 zuwa 5.28 tare da tsawon {{Convert|0.1930924|days|hours|2}} . <ref name="Samus2017" /> An gano mitoci daban-daban har guda goma sha ɗaya, inda zagayen da ya fi rinjaye ke nuna mitoci 5.179034 a kowace rana. Uku daga cikin mitoci suna samar da sau uku masu tazara daidai gwargwado tare da zagaye na 5.179, 5.334, da 5.490 kowace rana, kodayake wannan daidaiton ya zama kamar haɗuwa ce. <ref name="Handler2006" /> Pulser ne mai haɗakar ƙarfi, yana nuna halaye iri-iri na canjin Beta Cephei da kuma tauraron nau'in B mai bugawa a hankali . <ref name="DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> Tauraro na farko [[Tauraro|babban tauraro]] ne, wanda yake da nauyin Rana sau 9.5 <ref name="Tetzlaff2011">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> kuma yana da shekaru 22 kacal <ref name="Tetzlaff2011" />&nbsp;shekaru miliyan. Yana da kusan sau 8.4 <ref name="CADARS">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> na girman Rana. Matsakaicin ƙarfin filin kwata-kwata na filin maganadisu na saman shine {{Val|2352.3|1604.9}} <ref name="Bychkov2003">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> Yana haskakawa sau 8,877 na hasken Rana daga haskenta a yanayin zafi mai inganci na 23,809&nbsp;K. <ref name="Huang2010">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> An kiyasta saurin juyawa na farko a ma'aunin equator shine {{Val|52|5}} ; kusan kashi 10% na saurin rabuwarsa. <ref name="DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013" /> Duk da haka, samfuran girgizar ƙasa sun nuna cewa yankin tsakiya yana juyawa da sauri tare da saurin juyawa har zuwa {{Val|100}}, don haka tauraron yana fuskantar juyawar bambanci. <ref name="Dziembowski2008" /> Abokin wasan kwaikwayo tauraro ne mai tsari irin na A wanda ke da tsari mai kyau na A3V da girman gani 9.2. Tun daga shekarar 2008, tana da rabuwar kusurwa ta 69 daga babban rami. Akwai ɗan ƙaramin nebulosity na infrared a rabuwar 0.19 parsecs (0.6 ly) daga biyun, wanda wataƙila girgizar baka ce . <ref name=Gies1992>{{citation | last1=Gies | first1=Douglas R. | last2=Lambert | first2=David L. | title=Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen abundances in early B-type stars | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 | volume=387 | pages=673–700 |date=March 1992 | doi=10.1086/171116 | bibcode=1992ApJ...387..673G | doi-access=free }}</ref> == Manazarta == ep1uwieziugdepytgms0jgt3091flo4 964561 964560 2026-10-08T00:10:50Z Baffa ali 47435 964561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''12 Lacertae''' wani babban tauraro ne mai siffar binary a cikin ƙungiyar taurarin arewacin Lacerta, wanda ke da kusan 1,260.&nbsp;shekaru masu haske daga Rana bisa ga parallax . Ana iya ganinsa ga ido a matsayin wani haske mai duhu, mai launin shuɗi-fari mai haske tare da girman gani na asali na 5.23. Tsarin yana kusantar Duniya da matsakaicin saurin radial mai tsayin heliocentric na -12.5. Wataƙila memba ne na ƙungiyar I Lacertae OB (Lac OB1). Babban ɓangaren shine mai canjin Beta Cephei <ref name="Handler2006">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> tare da rarrabuwar taurari ta B1.5III, wanda ya dace da tauraron nau'in B tare da ajin haske na babban tauraro . An san cewa yana da sauƙin canzawa tsawon fiye da ƙarni guda kuma an yi nazari sosai a kansa. <ref name="Desmet2009">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> [[Walter Sydney Adams|WS Adams]] ne ya gano saurin radial mai canzawa na tauraron a shekarar 1912, kuma an kafa bambancin haske a shekarar 1919. P. Ledoux ya nuna yanayin bugun bugun da ke tattare da wannan yanayi a shekarar 1951, wanda ya haifar da ɗaya daga cikin kamfen na farko na lura a duniya tare da tauraron a matsayin abin da zai yi niyya. Masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Holland FJM Barning ya yi nazarin bayanan da aka samu a shekarar 1963 kuma ya gano zagaye huɗu daban-daban na bambance-bambance. Zuwa shekarar 1994, an tabbatar da cewa akwai lokutta shida. <ref name="Handler2006" /> Alamar tauraro mai canzawa na primary shine '''DD Lacertae''', yayin da ''12 Lacertae'' shine alamar Flamsteed . A takaice dai, girmansa ya bambanta daga 5.16 zuwa 5.28 tare da tsawon {{Convert|0.1930924|days|hours|2}} . <ref name="Samus2017" /> An gano mitoci daban-daban har guda goma sha ɗaya, inda zagayen da ya fi rinjaye ke nuna mitoci 5.179034 a kowace rana. Uku daga cikin mitoci suna samar da sau uku masu tazara daidai gwargwado tare da zagaye na 5.179, 5.334, da 5.490 kowace rana, kodayake wannan daidaiton ya zama kamar haɗuwa ce. <ref name="Handler2006" /> Pulser ne mai haɗakar ƙarfi, yana nuna halaye iri-iri na canjin Beta Cephei da kuma tauraron nau'in B mai bugawa a hankali . <ref name="DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> Tauraro na farko [[Tauraro|babban tauraro]] ne, wanda yake da nauyin Rana sau 9.5 <ref name="Tetzlaff2011">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> kuma yana da shekaru 22 kacal <ref name="Tetzlaff2011" />&nbsp;shekaru miliyan. Yana da kusan sau 8.4 <ref name="CADARS">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> na girman Rana. Matsakaicin ƙarfin filin kwata-kwata na filin maganadisu na saman shine {{Val|2352.3|1604.9}} <ref name="Bychkov2003">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> Yana haskakawa sau 8,877 na hasken Rana daga haskenta a yanayin zafi mai inganci na 23,809&nbsp;K. <ref name="Huang2010">{{Citation|ref=1}}</ref> An kiyasta saurin juyawa na farko a ma'aunin equator shine {{Val|52|5}} ; kusan kashi 10% na saurin rabuwarsa. <ref name="DaszyńskaDaszkiewicz2013" /> Duk da haka, samfuran girgizar ƙasa sun nuna cewa yankin tsakiya yana juyawa da sauri tare da saurin juyawa har zuwa {{Val|100}}, don haka tauraron yana fuskantar juyawar bambanci. <ref name="Dziembowski2008" /> Abokin wasan kwaikwayo tauraro ne mai tsari irin na A wanda ke da tsari mai kyau na A3V da girman gani 9.2. Tun daga shekarar 2008, tana da rabuwar kusurwa ta 69 daga babban rami. Akwai ɗan ƙaramin nebulosity na infrared a rabuwar 0.19 parsecs (0.6 ly) daga biyun, wanda wataƙila girgizar baka ce . <ref name=Gies1992>{{citation | last1=Gies | first1=Douglas R. | last2=Lambert | first2=David L. | title=Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen abundances in early B-type stars | journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 | volume=387 | pages=673–700 |date=March 1992 | doi=10.1086/171116 | bibcode=1992ApJ...387..673G | doi-access=free }}</ref> == Manazarta == rnduda71avkb9ni12de33r5fgf7s7g1 0 178536 964592 2026-10-08T05:05:07Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378809520|Muri Mountains]]" 964592 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Linguistic_and_ethnic_map_of_the_area_of_the_Muri_Mountains.jpg|thumb|Taswirar harshe da kabilanci na yankin tsaunukan Muri (wanda aka buga a 1992) ]] '''Duwatsun Muri''' tsaunuka ne a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=Jörg |date=January 2000 |title=Eduard Vogel and Eduard Robert Flegel: The Experiences of Two Nineteenth-Century German Explorers in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/eduard-vogel-and-eduard-robert-flegel-the-experiences-of-two-nineteenthcentury-german-explorers-in-africa/72CE55B5E65D25496B753C04592D78AD |journal=History in Africa |language=en |volume=27 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.2307/3172104 |issn=0361-5413 |jstor=3172104 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sun kunshi kusan sarkar [[Sarkar tsaunuka|tsaunuka]] biyu na sandstone da ke gudana daga gabas zuwa yamma tare da iyakokin jihohin tarayya na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]], [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]], da [[Adamawa]]. <ref name="ethnoling">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=J. |last2=Kleinewillinghofer |first2=U. |date=1992 |title=The Muri Mountains of North-Eastern Nigeria -- An Outline of the Ethnographic and Linguistic Situation |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/library/browse/details.xhtml?recordId=3225801 |journal=The Nigerian Field |volume=57 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.5284/1074621 |via=Archaeology Data Service}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Kogin yankin ta hanyar sarkar arewa, ya samar da kwandon kogi tsakanin sarkar biyu kuma ya tara ruwa kafin ya yanke ta cikin sarkar kudu kuma ya gudana cikin [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]].<ref name="ethnoling" /> Duwatsun da aka warwatsa suna cikin kwandon, galibi an kafa su ne ta hanyar dutsen wuta.<ref name="ethnoling" /> A gabas sun haɗu cikin [[Longuda plateau|Filin Lunguda]], kuma a yamma sun haɗu da [[Bauchi plateau|Filin Bauchi]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=Joerg |date=2020-01-01 |title=The colonial subjugation of the Muri Mountains and adjacent regions in Northern Nigeria – a preliminary account |url=https://www.academia.edu/12384965 |journal=Heinrich Thiemeyer, Gisela Seidensticker-Brikay, Kyari Tijani (Eds.) Environmental and Cultural Dynamics in the West African Savanna}}</ref> Yankin ba shi da sauƙin isa saboda yanayin tsaunuka da ambaliyar yanayi, kuma a sakamakon haka ya riƙe matsayi na tattalin arziki da siyasa.<ref name=":2" /> == Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci == Kimanin ƙananan kabilun guda ashirin suna zaune a cikin duwatsu, suna magana da harsuna daga kungiyoyin [[Yarukan Chadi|Chadic]], [[Yaren Adamawa|Adamawa]], da [[Harsunan Benue-Congo|Benue-Congo]].<ref name=":2" /> Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci da ke zaune a ciki da kewayen duwatsu tun [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] 1992 sun haɗa da [[Yaren Goji|Kushi]], Pero, [[Yaren Piya|Piya]], [[Yaren Piya|Kwonci]], [[Harshen Kholok|Kholok]] na Wídálá, Nyam, [[Harshen Tangale|Tangale]], [[Harshen Bacama|Bacama]], Kulung, [[Yaren Como Karim|Kiyu]], [[Yaren Kwah|Kwa]], [[Harshen Loo|Loo]], [[Harshen Burak|Burak]], [[Harshen Mak (Adamawa)|Leemák]], [[Yaren Tala|Tala]] na Kode, Leúelá (Ya-[[Yaren Leelau|Leelaú]]), [[Yaren Moo|Gomu]], [[Harshen Bambuka|Bambuka]], [[Harshen Jen|Jen]], [[Yaren Mingang Doso|Munga Doso]], [[Yaren Bangwinji|Bangwinji]], [[Harshen Dadiya|Dadiya]], [[Harshen Mwona|Cham]], [[Yaren Tso|Tsóbó]], [[Mutanen Longuda|Longuda]].<ref name="ethnoling" /> == Harsuna == Harsunan da ake magana a cikin Dutsen Muri na cikin Afroasiatic, Niger-Congo, da Nilo-Saharan phyla. Har ila yau, akwai yare guda ɗaya, [[Yaren Jala|Jalaa]] . <ref name="Muri">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=Jörg |last2=Blench |first2=Roger |date=2026 |title=The peopling of the Muri Mountains, Northern Nigeria: evidence from linguistics and ethnography |url=https://journals.ub.uni-koeln.de/index.php/AAeo/article/view/12031 |journal=AAeO - Afrikanistik-Aegyptologie-Online |doi=10.18716/OJS/AAEO/2026_12031}}</ref> * Kashi ɗaya: [[Yaren Jala|Jalaa]] * ''[[Harsunan Afirka da Asiya]]'' ** ''[[Yaren Chadic|Harsunan Yammacin Chadic]]'': [[Harshen Tangale|Tangale]], Pero, [[Yaren Piya|Piya]], [[Yaren Piya|Kwonci]], [[Yaren Goji|Kushi]], [[Harshen Kholok|Kode]] (Kholok), Nyam ** ''[[Yaren Biu–Mandara|Harsunan Chadic na Tsakiya]]'': Dera, [[Yaren Terawa|Tera]], [[Harshen Bacama|Bacama]] * ''[[Harsunan Nijar-Congo]]'' ** ''[[Yaren Adamawa|Harsunan Adamawa]]'' *** ''[[Waja language|Waja]]_languages" id="mwjw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Waja languages">Harsunan Waja'': [[Yaren Kamo|Kamo]], [[Harshen Tula|Tula]], Awak, Waja, [[Harshen Dadiya|Dadiya]], [[Yaren Bangwinji|Bangwinji]], [[Harshen Mwona|Cham]], [[Yaren Tso|Tsobo]] *** [[Harshen Longuda|Longuda]] *** ''[[Harsunan Bikwin-Jen]]'': [[Harshen Mak (Adamawa)|Leemak]], [[Yaren Mingang Doso|Munga (Munga doso)]] , [[Yaren Moo|Gomu]], [[Harshen Bambuka|Bambuka]], Lelau (Leelau), [[Harshen Loo|Loo]], [[Harshen Burak|Burak]], [[Harshen Bambuka|Bambuka]] ([[Harshen Jen|Jenjo]]), Tha[[Kapanci|Ta haka ne]] *** [[Yaren Kwah|Baa]] ** ''Harsunan Jarawan Bantu'': Kulung ** ''[[Yarukan Jukun|Harsunan Arewacin Jukunoid]]'': [[Harshen Hõne|Hone]], [[Yaren Como Karim|Kiyu]] * ''[[Harsunan Nilo-Saharan|Harsunan Nilo-Sahara]]'' ** ''Harsunan Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi'': Lau Laka Harsunan tsaunukan Muri suna da alaƙa da [[Yaren Jala|Jalaa]]. Jalaa mai yiwuwa wani bangare ne na babban rukuni wanda [[Roger Blench]] ke magana da shi a matsayin ''Jalaaic'', wanda shine asalin asalin Dutsen Muri. Mutanen da suka fi ƙaura zuwa Dutsen Muri sun kasance kamar [[Yaren Kwah|Baa]], sannan [[Harsunan Bikwin-Jen|Bikwin-Jen]] sannan kuma masu magana da [[Harsunan Tula-Waja|Tula-Waja]] da sauransu. Ƙungiyoyin [[Yarukan Chadi|Chadic]] sun zo daga baya, sannan Jarawan da [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukunoid]] suka biyo baya, kuma a ƙarshe Kaba Laka.<ref name="Muri" /> == Tarihi == Kafin karni na ashirin, Dutsen Muri ya zama wurin mafaka ga mutanen da ke ƙaura don tserewa daga mamayar bayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Higazi |first=Adam |last2=Lar |first2=Jimam |date=February 2015 |title=Articulations of Belonging: The Politics of Ethnic and Religious Pluralism in Bauchi and Gombe States, North-East Nigeria |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0001972014000795/type/journal_article |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=103–130 |doi=10.1017/S0001972014000795 |issn=0001-9720 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wannan gaskiya ne musamman bayan [[jihadi]] a cikin 1804 ya kirkiro Khalifancin Sokoto, inda aristocracy na [[Fulani]] ya mallaki manyan sassa na Arewacin Najeriya na zamani; kungiyoyi da yawa sun tsere daga hare-haren bayi kusa da iyakokin Khalifanci zuwa yankunan da ba za a iya wucewa ba kamar Dutsen Muri. Bayan da aka kafa Khalifanci yankin da ke kusa da Dutsen Muri an kai hari ga bayi daga [[Masarautar|Masarauta]] da ke kusa a ciki.<ref name=":1" /> Yankin tsaunuka da (a lokacin) tsire-tsire masu yawa sun taimaka wajen karewa daga masarautun.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=Jörg |date=2009-04-03 |title=Maxims and Mountaineers – The colonial subjugation of the peoples of the Muri Mountains and the adjacent regions in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.afrikanistik-aegyptologie-online.de/archiv/2009/1910/ |journal=Afrikanistik Online |volume=2009 |issue=6 |issn=1860-7462}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, masarautun Fulani sun dogara sosai ga sojan doki, wanda ba shi da tasiri a cikin duwatsu.<ref name=":3" /> An sanya ƙauyuka da kyau kuma an kare su sosai.<ref name=":3" /> Mutanen Turai na farko da suka sami cikakken ilimin yankin da mutanenta sune masu binciken Jamus Eduard Vogel da Eduard Robert Flegel, a cikin 1800s.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=Jörg |date=January 2000 |title=Eduard Vogel and Eduard Robert Flegel: The Experiences of Two Nineteenth-Century German Explorers in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/eduard-vogel-and-eduard-robert-flegel-the-experiences-of-two-nineteenthcentury-german-explorers-in-africa/72CE55B5E65D25496B753C04592D78AD |journal=History in Africa |language=en |volume=27 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.2307/3172104 |issn=0361-5413 |jstor=3172104 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawancin matafiya na Turai a lokacin sun kewaye duwatsu maimakon wucewa ta hanyar su.<ref name=":4" /> Al’ummomin da ke cikin '''tsaunukan Muri (Muri Mountains)''' ba su taɓa samun cin nasara ko mamaya daga masarautun da ke kusa da su ba. Amma a farkon shekarun '''1900''', Birtaniya ta mamaye su, inda ta tura '''rundunonin hukunci (punitive expeditions)''' zuwa yankin.[[:en:Punitive_expedition|expeditions]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Higazi |first1=Adam |last2=Lar |first2=Jimam |date=February 2015 |title=Articulations of Belonging: The Politics of Ethnic and Religious Pluralism in Bauchi and Gombe States, North-East Nigeria |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0001972014000795/type/journal_article |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=103–130 |doi=10.1017/S0001972014000795 |issn=0001-9720 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Birtaniya sun gudanar da mamayar tsaunukan ne ta hanyar tura '''rundunoni da sintiri''' zuwa yankin sau da yawa. Wannan mamayar ta ɗauki '''shekaru da dama''' kafin a kammala tayears.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=Jörg |date=2009-04-03 |title=Maxims and Mountaineers – The colonial subjugation of the peoples of the Muri Mountains and the adjacent regions in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.afrikanistik-aegyptologie-online.de/archiv/2009/1910/ |journal=Afrikanistik Online |volume=2009 |issue=6 |issn=1860-7462}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == a81157eu32ll3y7ac6brksdrcmwb5io 964593 964592 2026-10-08T05:06:13Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 964593 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Linguistic_and_ethnic_map_of_the_area_of_the_Muri_Mountains.jpg|thumb|Taswirar harshe da kabilanci na yankin tsaunukan Muri (wanda aka buga a 1992) ]] '''Duwatsun Muri''' tsaunuka ne a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=Jörg |date=January 2000 |title=Eduard Vogel and Eduard Robert Flegel: The Experiences of Two Nineteenth-Century German Explorers in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/eduard-vogel-and-eduard-robert-flegel-the-experiences-of-two-nineteenthcentury-german-explorers-in-africa/72CE55B5E65D25496B753C04592D78AD |journal=History in Africa |language=en |volume=27 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.2307/3172104 |issn=0361-5413 |jstor=3172104 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sun kunshi kusan sarkar [[Sarkar tsaunuka|tsaunuka]] biyu na sandstone da ke gudana daga gabas zuwa yamma tare da iyakokin jihohin tarayya na [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]], [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]], da [[Adamawa]]. <ref name="ethnoling">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=J. |last2=Kleinewillinghofer |first2=U. |date=1992 |title=The Muri Mountains of North-Eastern Nigeria -- An Outline of the Ethnographic and Linguistic Situation |url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/library/browse/details.xhtml?recordId=3225801 |journal=The Nigerian Field |volume=57 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.5284/1074621 |via=Archaeology Data Service}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Kogin yankin ta hanyar sarkar arewa, ya samar da kwandon kogi tsakanin sarkar biyu kuma ya tara ruwa kafin ya yanke ta cikin sarkar kudu kuma ya gudana cikin [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]].<ref name="ethnoling" /> Duwatsun da aka warwatsa suna cikin kwandon, galibi an kafa su ne ta hanyar dutsen wuta.<ref name="ethnoling" /> A gabas sun haɗu cikin [[Longuda plateau|Filin Lunguda]], kuma a yamma sun haɗu da [[Bauchi plateau|Filin Bauchi]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=Joerg |date=2020-01-01 |title=The colonial subjugation of the Muri Mountains and adjacent regions in Northern Nigeria – a preliminary account |url=https://www.academia.edu/12384965 |journal=Heinrich Thiemeyer, Gisela Seidensticker-Brikay, Kyari Tijani (Eds.) Environmental and Cultural Dynamics in the West African Savanna}}</ref> Yankin ba shi da sauƙin isa saboda yanayin tsaunuka da ambaliyar yanayi, kuma a sakamakon haka ya riƙe matsayi na tattalin arziki da siyasa.<ref name=":2" /> == Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci == Kimanin ƙananan kabilun guda ashirin suna zaune a cikin duwatsu, suna magana da harsuna daga kungiyoyin [[Yarukan Chadi|Chadic]], [[Yaren Adamawa|Adamawa]], da [[Harsunan Benue-Congo|Benue-Congo]].<ref name=":2" /> Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci da ke zaune a ciki da kewayen duwatsu tun [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] 1992 sun haɗa da [[Yaren Goji|Kushi]], Pero, [[Yaren Piya|Piya]], [[Yaren Piya|Kwonci]], [[Harshen Kholok|Kholok]] na Wídálá, Nyam, [[Harshen Tangale|Tangale]], [[Harshen Bacama|Bacama]], Kulung, [[Yaren Como Karim|Kiyu]], [[Yaren Kwah|Kwa]], [[Harshen Loo|Loo]], [[Harshen Burak|Burak]], [[Harshen Mak (Adamawa)|Leemák]], [[Yaren Tala|Tala]] na Kode, Leúelá (Ya-[[Yaren Leelau|Leelaú]]), [[Yaren Moo|Gomu]], [[Harshen Bambuka|Bambuka]], [[Harshen Jen|Jen]], [[Yaren Mingang Doso|Munga Doso]], [[Yaren Bangwinji|Bangwinji]], [[Harshen Dadiya|Dadiya]], [[Harshen Mwona|Cham]], [[Yaren Tso|Tsóbó]], [[Mutanen Longuda|Longuda]].<ref name="ethnoling" /> == Harsuna == Harsunan da ake magana a cikin Dutsen Muri na cikin Afroasiatic, Niger-Congo, da Nilo-Saharan phyla. Har ila yau, akwai yare guda ɗaya, [[Yaren Jala|Jalaa]] . <ref name="Muri">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=Jörg |last2=Blench |first2=Roger |date=2026 |title=The peopling of the Muri Mountains, Northern Nigeria: evidence from linguistics and ethnography |url=https://journals.ub.uni-koeln.de/index.php/AAeo/article/view/12031 |journal=AAeO - Afrikanistik-Aegyptologie-Online |doi=10.18716/OJS/AAEO/2026_12031}}</ref> * Kashi ɗaya: [[Yaren Jala|Jalaa]] * ''[[Harsunan Afirka da Asiya]]'' ** ''[[Yaren Chadic|Harsunan Yammacin Chadic]]'': [[Harshen Tangale|Tangale]], Pero, [[Yaren Piya|Piya]], [[Yaren Piya|Kwonci]], [[Yaren Goji|Kushi]], [[Harshen Kholok|Kode]] (Kholok), Nyam ** ''[[Yaren Biu–Mandara|Harsunan Chadic na Tsakiya]]'': Dera, [[Yaren Terawa|Tera]], [[Harshen Bacama|Bacama]] * ''[[Harsunan Nijar-Congo]]'' ** ''[[Yaren Adamawa|Harsunan Adamawa]]'' *** ''[[Waja language|Waja]]_languages" id="mwjw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Waja languages">Harsunan Waja'': [[Yaren Kamo|Kamo]], [[Harshen Tula|Tula]], Awak, Waja, [[Harshen Dadiya|Dadiya]], [[Yaren Bangwinji|Bangwinji]], [[Harshen Mwona|Cham]], [[Yaren Tso|Tsobo]] *** [[Harshen Longuda|Longuda]] *** ''[[Harsunan Bikwin-Jen]]'': [[Harshen Mak (Adamawa)|Leemak]], [[Yaren Mingang Doso|Munga (Munga doso)]] , [[Yaren Moo|Gomu]], [[Harshen Bambuka|Bambuka]], Lelau (Leelau), [[Harshen Loo|Loo]], [[Harshen Burak|Burak]], [[Harshen Bambuka|Bambuka]] ([[Harshen Jen|Jenjo]]), Tha[[Kapanci|Ta haka ne]] *** [[Yaren Kwah|Baa]] ** ''Harsunan Jarawan Bantu'': Kulung ** ''[[Yarukan Jukun|Harsunan Arewacin Jukunoid]]'': [[Harshen Hõne|Hone]], [[Yaren Como Karim|Kiyu]] * ''[[Harsunan Nilo-Saharan|Harsunan Nilo-Sahara]]'' ** ''Harsunan Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi'': Lau Laka Harsunan tsaunukan Muri suna da alaƙa da [[Yaren Jala|Jalaa]]. Jalaa mai yiwuwa wani bangare ne na babban rukuni wanda [[Roger Blench]] ke magana da shi a matsayin ''Jalaaic'', wanda shine asalin asalin Dutsen Muri. Mutanen da suka fi ƙaura zuwa Dutsen Muri sun kasance kamar [[Yaren Kwah|Baa]], sannan [[Harsunan Bikwin-Jen|Bikwin-Jen]] sannan kuma masu magana da [[Harsunan Tula-Waja|Tula-Waja]] da sauransu. Ƙungiyoyin [[Yarukan Chadi|Chadic]] sun zo daga baya, sannan Jarawan da [[Yarukan Jukun|Jukunoid]] suka biyo baya, kuma a ƙarshe Kaba Laka.<ref name="Muri" /> == Tarihi == Kafin karni na ashirin, Dutsen Muri ya zama wurin mafaka ga mutanen da ke ƙaura don tserewa daga mamayar bayi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Higazi |first=Adam |last2=Lar |first2=Jimam |date=February 2015 |title=Articulations of Belonging: The Politics of Ethnic and Religious Pluralism in Bauchi and Gombe States, North-East Nigeria |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0001972014000795/type/journal_article |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=103–130 |doi=10.1017/S0001972014000795 |issn=0001-9720 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wannan gaskiya ne musamman bayan [[jihadi]] a cikin 1804 ya kirkiro Khalifancin sokoto, inda aristocracy na [[Fulani]] ya mallaki manyan sassa na Arewacin Najeriya na zamani; kungiyoyi da yawa sun tsere daga hare-haren bayi kusa da iyakokin Khalifanci zuwa yankunan da ba za a iya wucewa ba kamar Dutsen Muri. Bayan da aka kafa Khalifanci yankin da ke kusa da Dutsen Muri an kai hari ga bayi daga [[Masarautar|Masarauta]] da ke kusa a ciki.<ref name=":1" /> Yankin tsaunuka da (a lokacin) tsire-tsire masu yawa sun taimaka wajen karewa daga masarautun.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=Jörg |date=2009-04-03 |title=Maxims and Mountaineers – The colonial subjugation of the peoples of the Muri Mountains and the adjacent regions in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.afrikanistik-aegyptologie-online.de/archiv/2009/1910/ |journal=Afrikanistik Online |volume=2009 |issue=6 |issn=1860-7462}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, masarautun Fulani sun dogara sosai ga sojan doki, wanda ba shi da tasiri a cikin duwatsu.<ref name=":3" /> An sanya ƙauyuka da kyau kuma an kare su sosai.<ref name=":3" /> Mutanen Turai na farko da suka sami cikakken ilimin yankin da mutanenta sune masu binciken Jamus Eduard Vogel da Eduard Robert Flegel, a cikin 1800s.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=Jörg |date=January 2000 |title=Eduard Vogel and Eduard Robert Flegel: The Experiences of Two Nineteenth-Century German Explorers in Africa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/history-in-africa/article/abs/eduard-vogel-and-eduard-robert-flegel-the-experiences-of-two-nineteenthcentury-german-explorers-in-africa/72CE55B5E65D25496B753C04592D78AD |journal=History in Africa |language=en |volume=27 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.2307/3172104 |issn=0361-5413 |jstor=3172104 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Yawancin matafiya na Turai a lokacin sun kewaye duwatsu maimakon wucewa ta hanyar su.<ref name=":4" /> Al’ummomin da ke cikin '''tsaunukan Muri (Muri Mountains)''' ba su taɓa samun cin nasara ko mamaya daga masarautun da ke kusa da su ba. Amma a farkon shekarun '''1900''', Birtaniya ta mamaye su, inda ta tura '''rundunonin hukunci (punitive expeditions)''' zuwa yankin.[[:en:Punitive_expedition|expeditions]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Higazi |first1=Adam |last2=Lar |first2=Jimam |date=February 2015 |title=Articulations of Belonging: The Politics of Ethnic and Religious Pluralism in Bauchi and Gombe States, North-East Nigeria |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0001972014000795/type/journal_article |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=103–130 |doi=10.1017/S0001972014000795 |issn=0001-9720 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Birtaniya sun gudanar da mamayar tsaunukan ne ta hanyar tura '''rundunoni da sintiri''' zuwa yankin sau da yawa. Wannan mamayar ta ɗauki '''shekaru da dama''' kafin a kammala tayears.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Adelberger |first=Jörg |date=2009-04-03 |title=Maxims and Mountaineers – The colonial subjugation of the peoples of the Muri Mountains and the adjacent regions in Northern Nigeria |url=https://www.afrikanistik-aegyptologie-online.de/archiv/2009/1910/ |journal=Afrikanistik Online |volume=2009 |issue=6 |issn=1860-7462}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == cvxzza2uy8afa7wzo60jnyvb8ba7bh2 0 178537 964596 2026-10-08T05:31:17Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374557458|Calcium nitrate]]" 964596 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Calcium nitrate''' wani fili ne na inorganic tare da tsarin Ca (NO3) 2.  Yana samar da ruwan Ca (NO3) 2·xH2O.  Maganin anhydrous, wanda ba a yawan haɗuwa da shi, yana shan danshi daga iska don ba da tetrahydrate. Dukansu nau'ikan anhydrous da hydrated sune gishiri mara launi. Hydrated calcium nitrate, wanda kuma ake kira ''Norgessalpeter'' (Norwegian salpeter), galibi ana amfani dashi azaman bangare a cikin [[taki]], amma yana da wasu aikace-aikace. '''Nitrocalcite''' shine sunan ma'adinai wanda shine hydrated calcium nitrate wanda ke samuwa a matsayin efflorescence inda tururi ke hulɗa da gangare ko dutse a cikin yanayin bushe kamar a cikin ɗakuna ko koguna. An san gishiri iri-iri da suka haɗa da calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate da calcium potassium nitrate. == Fitarwa da amsawa == An kirkiro Norgessalpeter a Notodden, [[Norway]] a cikin 1905 ta hanyar Birkeland-Eyde. Yawancin calcium nitrate na duniya yanzu ana yin su ne a Porsgrunn. Ana samar da shi ta hanyar magance dutse mai laushi tare da nitric acid: :   Har ila yau, samfurin matsakaici ne na Odda Process: :   Hakanan ana iya shirya shi daga maganin ruwa na ammonium nitrate, da Calcium hydroxide: :   Kamar alaƙa da alkaline ƙasa ƙarfe nitrates, calcium nitrate yana lalacewa a kan dumama (farawa a {{Convert|500|C|F}} ° C (932 ° F)) don saki nitrogen dioxide: : 2 Ca (NO3) 2 → 2 CaO + 4 NO2 + O2 ΔH = 369 kJ/mol  Tare da urea, calcium nitrate yana samar da adduct 1:4 wanda ake amfani dashi azaman taki: :   == Aikace-aikacen == === Amfani da aikin gona === Matsayin taki (15.5-0-0 + 19% Ca) ya shahara a cikin [[Gidan Gishiri|greenhouse]] da kasuwancin hydroponics; ya ƙunshi ammonium nitrate da [[ruwa]], a matsayin "gishiri biyu" 5Ca (NO3) 2·NH4NO3·10H2O.  Wannan ana kiransa calcium ammonium nitrate kuma sau da yawa ana amfani da sunan calcium nitrate prill kamar yadda koyaushe yake zuwa a cikin nau'in (granular). An kuma san maganganun da ba su da ammoniya: Ca (NO3) 2·4H2O (11.9-0-0 + 16.9 Ca) da kuma ruwa-free 17-0-0 + 23.6 Ca.  Hakanan ana ba da tsarin ruwa (9-0-0 + 11 Ca). Wani nau'in iska mai ɗorewa shine urea mai rikitarwa Ca (NO3) 2·4[OC (NH2) 2], wanda aka sayar da shi a matsayin Calurea .   Ana amfani da calcium nitrate don sarrafa wasu cututtukan shuke-shuke. Misali, ana amfani da narkewar calcium nitrate (da calcium chloride) don sarrafa daci da kuma tabo a cikin itatuwan apple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bitter Pit and Cork Spot |url=https://hort.uwex.edu/articles/bitter-pit-and-cork-spot/ |website=University of Wisconsin-Extension Cooperative Extension |publisher=UW-Madison, Dept of Horticulture}}</ref> === Maganin ruwa mai guba === [[File:Calcium_nitrate,_waste_water_treatment.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|Rukunin gyaran ruwa]] Ana amfani da calcium nitrate a cikin ruwan sharar gida don rigakafin fitar da wari. Ruwan sharar gida ya dogara ne akan kafa ilmin halitta a cikin tsarin ruwan sharar gida. A gaban nitrate, metabolism na sulfates ya tsaya, don haka ya hana samar da hydrogen sulfide.<ref name="BENTZEN">{{Cite journal |last=Bentzen |first=G |last2=Smith |first2=A |last3=Bennett |first3=D |last4=Webster |first4=N |last5=Reinholt |first5=F |last6=Sletholt |first6=E |last7=Hobson |first7=J |year=1995 |title=Controlled dosing of nitrate for prevention of H₂S in a sewer network and the effects on the subsequent treatment process |journal=Water Science and Technology |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=293 |doi=10.1016/0273-1223(95)00346-O}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana cinye kwayoyin halitta masu sauƙin lalacewa, wanda in ba haka ba zai iya haifar da yanayin anaerobic a ƙasa da kuma fitar da ƙanshi kanta. Har ila yau, manufar ta dace da maganin laka.<ref name="EINARSEN">{{Cite journal |last=Einarsen, A.M. |last2=ÆeesØy, A. |last3=Rasmussen, A. I. |last4=Bungum, S. |last5=Sveberg, M. |year=2000 |title=Biological prevention and removal of hydrogen sulphide in sludge at Lillehammer Wastewater Treatment Plant |journal=Water Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=175–187 |doi=10.2166/wst.2000.0107}}</ref> === Kyakkyawan ƙira === Ana amfani da calcium nitrate a cikin kayan kwalliya don hanzarta saitin. Wannan amfani tare da kankare da turmi ya dogara ne akan sakamako biyu. Ioni na calcium yana hanzarta samar da hydroxide na calcium kuma ta haka ne hazo da saiti. Ana amfani da wannan tasirin kuma a cikin masu yin amfani da yanayi mai sanyi da kuma wasu kayan kwalliya.<ref name="JUSTNES2010">Justines, H. (2010) "Calcium Nitrate as a Multifunctional Concrete Admixture" Concrete Magazine, Vol 44, No. 1, p.34. {{ISSN|0010-5317}}</ref> Ioni na nitrate yana haifar da samar da hydroxide na ƙarfe, wanda ke da kariya ya rage lalatawar ƙarfafa ƙarfe.<ref name="ALMOUDI">{{Cite journal |last=Al-Amoudi |first=Omar S.Baghabra |last2=Maslehuddin |first2=Mohammed |last3=Lashari |first3=A.N |last4=Almusallam |first4=Abdullah A |year=2003 |title=Effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in contaminated concrete |journal=Cement and Concrete Composites |volume=25 |issue=4–5 |pages=439 |doi=10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00084-7}}</ref> === Latex mai ƙuntatawa === Calcium nitrate wani abu ne na yau da kullun a cikin samar da latex, musamman a cikin matakai na nutsewa. Calcium nitrate da aka narkawa wani bangare ne na maganin wanka.(((((((Calcium nitrate is a very common coagulant in latex production, especially in dipping processes. Dissolved calcium nitrate is a part of the dipping bath solution. The warm former is dipped into the coagulation liquid and a thin film of the dipping liquid remains on the former. When now dipping the former into the latex the calcium nitrate will break up the stabilization of the latex solution and the latex will coagul)))))) Tsohon mai dumi an tsoma shi cikin ruwan da ke tattare da shi kuma fim mai laushi na ruwan da ke nutsewa ya kasance a kan tsohon. Lokacin da yanzu nutsewar tsohon a cikin latex calcium nitrate zai karya daidaituwa na maganin latex kuma latex zai taru a kan tsohon.<ref name="DAFADER">{{Cite journal |last=Dafader |first=N. C. |last2=Jolly |first2=Y. N. |last3=Haque |first3=M. E. |last4=Akhtar |first4=F. |last5=Ahmad |first5=M. U. |date=April 1999 |title=The Role of Coagulants on the Preparation of Dipped film from Radiation Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex |journal=Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=267–274 |doi=10.1080/03602559909351576}}</ref> === Kayan sanyi === Rushewar calcium nitrate tetrahydrate yana da matukar zafi (mai sanyaya). Saboda wannan dalili, ana amfani da calcium nitrate tetrahydrate a wasu lokuta don fakitin sanyi mai sabuntawa. === Gishiri mai narkewa don canja wurin zafi da ajiya === Ana iya amfani da calcium nitrate a matsayin wani ɓangare na cakuda gishiri. Misali shine cakuda binary na calcium nitrate da potassium nitrate ko cakuda ternary ciki har da sodium nitrate. [mafi kyawun tushen da ake buƙata] Ana iya amfani da waɗannan gishiri masu narkewa don maye gurbin man fetur a cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da hasken rana don canja wurin zafi, amma galibi ana amfani da su a ajiyar zafi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] miir9smiwlkz517xqq7b0orx98ub4jk 964597 964596 2026-10-08T05:32:46Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 964597 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Calcium nitrate''' wani fili ne na inorganic tare da tsarin Ca (NO3) 2.  Yana samar da ruwan Ca (NO3) 2·xH2O.  Maganin anhydrous, wanda ba a yawan haɗuwa da shi, yana shan danshi daga iska don ba da tetrahydrate. Dukansu nau'ikan anhydrous da hydrated sune gishiri mara launi. Hydrated calcium nitrate, wanda kuma ake kira ''Norgessalpeter'' (Norwegian salpeter), galibi ana amfani dashi azaman bangare a cikin [[taki]], amma yana da wasu aikace-aikace. '''Nitrocalcite''' shine sunan ma'adinai wanda shine hydrated calcium nitrate wanda ke samuwa a matsayin efflorescence inda tururi ke hulɗa da gangare ko dutse a cikin yanayin bushe kamar a cikin ɗakuna ko koguna. An san gishiri iri-iri da suka haɗa da calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate da calcium potassium nitrate. == Fitarwa da amsawa == An kirkiro Norgessalpeter a Notodden, [[Norway]] a cikin 1905 ta hanyar Birkeland-Eyde. Yawancin calcium nitrate na duniya yanzu ana yin su ne a Porsgrunn. Ana samar da shi ta hanyar magance dutse mai laushi tare da nitric acid: :   Har ila yau, samfurin matsakaici ne na Odda Process: :   Hakanan ana iya shirya shi daga maganin ruwa na ammonium nitrate, da Calcium hydroxide: :   Kamar alaƙa da alkaline ƙasa ƙarfe nitrates, calcium nitrate yana lalacewa a kan dumama (farawa a {{Convert|500|C|F}} ° C (932 ° F)) don saki nitrogen dioxide: : 2 Ca (NO3) 2 → 2 CaO + 4 NO2 + O2 ΔH = 369 kJ/mol  Tare da urea, calcium nitrate yana samar da adduct 1:4 wanda ake amfani dashi azaman taki: :   == Aikace-aikacen == === Amfani da aikin gona === Matsayin taki (15.5-0-0 + 19% Ca) ya shahara a cikin [[Gidan Gishiri|greenhouse]] da kasuwancin hydroponics; ya ƙunshi ammonium nitrate da [[ruwa]], a matsayin "gishiri biyu" 5Ca (NO3) 2·NH4NO3·10H2O.  Wannan ana kiransa calcium ammonium nitrate kuma sau da yawa ana amfani da sunan calcium nitrate prill kamar yadda koyaushe yake zuwa a cikin nau'in (granular). An kuma san maganganun da ba su da ammoniya: Ca (NO3) 2·4H2O (11.9-0-0 + 16.9 Ca) da kuma ruwa-free 17-0-0 + 23.6 Ca.  Hakanan ana ba da tsarin ruwa (9-0-0 + 11 Ca). Wani nau'in iska mai ɗorewa shine urea mai rikitarwa Ca (NO3) 2·4[OC (NH2) 2], wanda aka sayar da shi a matsayin Calurea .   Ana amfani da calcium nitrate don sarrafa wasu cututtukan shuke-shuke. Misali, ana amfani da narkewar calcium nitrate (da calcium chloride) don sarrafa daci da kuma tabo a cikin itatuwan apple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bitter Pit and Cork Spot |url=https://hort.uwex.edu/articles/bitter-pit-and-cork-spot/ |website=University of Wisconsin-Extension Cooperative Extension |publisher=UW-Madison, Dept of Horticulture}}</ref> === Maganin ruwa mai guba === [[File:Calcium_nitrate,_waste_water_treatment.jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|Rukunin gyaran ruwa]] Ana amfani da calcium nitrate a cikin ruwan sharar gida don rigakafin fitar da wari. Ruwan sharar gida ya dogara ne akan kafa ilmin halitta a cikin tsarin ruwan sharar gida. A gaban nitrate, metabolism na sulfates ya tsaya, don haka ya hana samar da hydrogen sulfide.<ref name="BENTZEN">{{Cite journal |last=Bentzen |first=G |last2=Smith |first2=A |last3=Bennett |first3=D |last4=Webster |first4=N |last5=Reinholt |first5=F |last6=Sletholt |first6=E |last7=Hobson |first7=J |year=1995 |title=Controlled dosing of nitrate for prevention of H₂S in a sewer network and the effects on the subsequent treatment process |journal=Water Science and Technology |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=293 |doi=10.1016/0273-1223(95)00346-O}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana cinye kwayoyin halitta masu sauƙin lalacewa, wanda in ba haka ba zai iya haifar da yanayin anaerobic a ƙasa da kuma fitar da ƙanshi kanta. Har ila yau, manufar ta dace da maganin laka.<ref name="EINARSEN">{{Cite journal |last=Einarsen, A.M. |last2=ÆeesØy, A. |last3=Rasmussen, A. I. |last4=Bungum, S. |last5=Sveberg, M. |year=2000 |title=Biological prevention and removal of hydrogen sulphide in sludge at Lillehammer Wastewater Treatment Plant |journal=Water Sci. Technol. |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=175–187 |doi=10.2166/wst.2000.0107}}</ref> === Kyakkyawan ƙira === Ana amfani da calcium nitrate a cikin kayan kwalliya don hanzarta saitin. Wannan amfani tare da kankare da turmi ya dogara ne akan sakamako biyu. Ioni na calcium yana hanzarta samar da hydroxide na calcium kuma ta haka ne hazo da saiti. Ana amfani da wannan tasirin kuma a cikin masu yin amfani da yanayi mai sanyi da kuma wasu kayan kwalliya.<ref name="JUSTNES2010">Justines, H. (2010) "Calcium Nitrate as a Multifunctional Concrete Admixture" Concrete Magazine, Vol 44, No. 1, p.34. {{ISSN|0010-5317}}</ref> Ioni na nitrate yana haifar da samar da hydroxide na ƙarfe, wanda ke da kariya ya rage lalatawar ƙarfafa ƙarfe.<ref name="ALMOUDI">{{Cite journal |last=Al-Amoudi |first=Omar S.Baghabra |last2=Maslehuddin |first2=Mohammed |last3=Lashari |first3=A.N |last4=Almusallam |first4=Abdullah A |year=2003 |title=Effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in contaminated concrete |journal=Cement and Concrete Composites |volume=25 |issue=4–5 |pages=439 |doi=10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00084-7}}</ref> === Latex mai ƙuntatawa === Calcium nitrate wani abu ne na yau da kullun a cikin samar da latex, musamman a cikin matakai na nutsewa. Calcium nitrate da aka narkawa wani bangare ne na maganin wanka. Tsohon mai dumi an tsoma shi cikin ruwan da ke tattare da shi kuma fim mai laushi na ruwan da ke nutsewa ya kasance a kan tsohon. Lokacin da yanzu nutsewar tsohon a cikin latex calcium nitrate zai karya daidaituwa na maganin latex kuma latex zai taru a kan tsohon.<ref name="DAFADER">{{Cite journal |last=Dafader |first=N. C. |last2=Jolly |first2=Y. N. |last3=Haque |first3=M. E. |last4=Akhtar |first4=F. |last5=Ahmad |first5=M. U. |date=April 1999 |title=The Role of Coagulants on the Preparation of Dipped film from Radiation Vulcanized Natural Rubber Latex |journal=Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=267–274 |doi=10.1080/03602559909351576}}</ref> === Kayan sanyi === Rushewar calcium nitrate tetrahydrate yana da matukar zafi (mai sanyaya). Saboda wannan dalili, ana amfani da calcium nitrate tetrahydrate a wasu lokuta don fakitin sanyi mai sabuntawa. === Gishiri mai narkewa don canja wurin zafi da ajiya === Ana iya amfani da calcium nitrate a matsayin wani ɓangare na cakuda gishiri. Misali shine cakuda binary na calcium nitrate da potassium nitrate ko cakuda ternary ciki har da sodium nitrate. [mafi kyawun tushen da ake buƙata] Ana iya amfani da waɗannan gishiri masu narkewa don maye gurbin man fetur a cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da hasken rana don canja wurin zafi, amma galibi ana amfani da su a ajiyar zafi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2025}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pdyf0pf290mpzzilvgqufs3i8kj4cvq 0 178538 964603 2026-10-08T06:00:14Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312227860|Weyl metrics]]" 964603 wikitext text/x-wiki A gabaɗaya, '''ma'aunin Weyl''' (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Jamus-Amurka Hermann Weyl ) aji ne na mafita ''masu tsauri'' da ''axisymmetric'' ga lissafin filin Einstein . Membobi uku a cikin shahararrun hanyoyin iyali na Kerr-Newman, wato Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordström wanda ba shi da alaƙa da Reissner-Nordström da kuma ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström mai tsauri, za a iya gane su a matsayin ma'aunin Weyl. == Ma'aunin Weyl na yau da kullun == Ajin mafita na Weyl yana da nau'in gama gari   ina <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> kuma <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> su ne ƙarfin ma'auni guda biyu da suka dogara da ''daidaitattun daidaitattun Weyl'' <math>\{\rho\,,z \}</math> . Tsarin daidaitawa <math>\{t,\rho,z,\phi\}</math> Yana aiki mafi kyau don daidaitawar lokacin sararin Weyl (tare da filayen vector guda biyu da ake kira Killing vector <math>\xi^t=\partial_t</math> kuma <math>\xi^\phi= \partial_\phi</math> ) kuma sau da yawa yana aiki kamar daidaitawar silinda, amma ''bai cika ba'' lokacin da aka kwatanta [[Mutuwaren Taurari|ramin baƙi]] kamar <math>\{\rho\,,z \}</math> kawai rufe sararin sama da kuma waje. kuma yi aiki da waɗannan ƙa'idodi guda biyu <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> kuma <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> . == Rage daidaiton filin don mafita na Weyl na electrovac == Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mafita na Weyl da aka bincika kuma mafi amfani shine akwatin lantarki na lantarki, inda <math>T_{ab}</math> ya samo asali ne daga wanzuwar filin lantarki (irin Weyl) (ba tare da matter da current flows ba). Kamar yadda muka sani, idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarfin lantarki guda huɗu <math>A_a</math>, filin lantarki mai hana daidaituwa <math>F_{ab}</math> da kuma tensor mai ƙarfi-rashin damuwa <math>T_{ab}</math><math>(T=g^{ab}T_{ab}=0)</math> za a ƙayyade ta hanyar wanda ke girmama daidaiton haɗin kai na Maxwell wanda ba shi da tushe: Ana iya sauƙaƙa Eq(5.a) zuwa: a cikin lissafin kamar yadda <math>\Gamma^a_{bc}=\Gamma^a_{cb}</math> . Haka kuma, tun daga lokacin <math>R=-8\pi T=0</math> Don na'urar lantarki, Eq(2) yana raguwa zuwa Yanzu, a ce ƙarfin lantarki na Weyl-type axisymmetric shine <math>A_a=\Phi(\rho,z)[dt]_a</math> (sashi <math>\Phi</math> a zahiri shine ƙarfin lantarki na scalar ), kuma tare da Weyl metric Eq(1), Eqs(3)(4)(5)(6) yana nuna cewa<templatestyles src="Numbered block/styles.css" /><nowiki>inda R = 0 {\displaystyle R=0} yana samar da Eq (7.a), R t t = 8 π T t t {\displaystyle R_{tt}=8\pi T_{tt}} ko kuma R φ = 8 π T φ {\displaystyle R_{\varphi \varphi }=8\pi T_{\vaphi \varfi }} yana samar da Eq (7.b), R ρ = 8 π T ρ {\displaystyle R_{\rho \rho }=8\pi T_{\Rho \rh }} ko kuma R z z z = 8 π T z z z {\displaystyle R_{zz}=8\pi T_{zz}} yana samar da Eq (7.c), R ρ z = 8 π T ρ z {\displaystyle R_{\rho z}=8\pi T_{\Rho z}} yana samar da Eq (7.d), kuma Eq (5.b) yana samar da eq (7.e). A nan Sanya 2 = ∂ ρ + 1 ρ ∂ ρ + ∂ z z z {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}=\ bangare _{\rho \rho }+{\frac {1}{\rh }}\,\ bangare -{\rhe }+\ bangare da kuma Sanya = ∂ ρ da ^ ρ + ∂ z da ^ z {\displaystyle \nabla =\ bangare _{\rho }\,{\hat {e}}_{\rh }+\ bangare_{z}\,{ \hat {e}},_{z}} su ne masu aiki na Laplace da gradient. Bugu da ƙari, idan muka ɗauka ψ = ψ (Φ) {\displaystyle \psi =\psi (\Phi) } a cikin ma'anar ma'amala da kwayoyin halitta kuma muna ɗaukar asymptotic flatness, za mu ga cewa Eqs (7.a-e) yana nuna alaƙar halayyar da ke nuna cewa</nowiki> Musamman a cikin mafi sauƙin akwati na injin tsabtace iska tare da <math>\Phi=0</math> kuma <math>T_{ab}=0</math>, Eqs(7.a-7.e) sun ragu zuwa <templatestyles src="Numbered block/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Numbered block/styles.css" />Za mu iya samun farko <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> ta hanyar warware Eq(8.b), sannan a haɗa Eq(8.c) da Eq(8.d) don <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> . A zahiri, Eq(8.a) wanda ya samo asali daga <math>R=0</math> kawai yana aiki azaman alaƙar daidaito ko yanayin haɗin kai . Ba kamar lissafin Poisson mara layi ba Eq(7.b), Eq(8.b) shine lissafin Laplace mai layi; wato, haɗa hanyoyin da aka bayar na injinan shara zuwa Eq(8.b) har yanzu mafita ce. Wannan gaskiyar tana da amfani sosai, kamar karkatar da ramin baki na Schwarzschild ta hanyar nazari. Mun yi amfani da masu aiki da Laplace da gradient axisymmetric don rubuta Eqs(7.a-7.e) da Eqs(8.a-8.d) ta hanya mai ƙanƙanta, wanda yake da matuƙar amfani wajen samowa daga alaƙar halayyar Eq(7.f). A cikin adabi, Eqs(7.a-7.e) da Eqs(8.a-8.d) galibi ana rubuta su ta waɗannan siffofi kuma: kuma Idan aka yi la'akari da hulɗar da ke tsakanin yanayin sararin samaniya da rarrabawar abubuwa masu amfani da makamashi, abu ne na halitta a ɗauka cewa a cikin Eqs(7.a-7.e) aikin ma'auni <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> yana da alaƙa da ƙarfin lantarki na lantarki <math>\Phi(\rho,z)</math> ta hanyar aiki <math>\psi=\psi(\Phi)</math> (wanda ke nufin yanayin ƙasa ya dogara da makamashi), kuma hakan ya biyo baya Eq(B.1) nan take ya mayar da Eq(7.b) da Eq(7.e) zuwa bi da bi wanda ke haifar da Yanzu canza canjin <math>\psi</math> ta hanyar <math>\zeta:= e^{2\psi}</math>, kuma Eq(B.4) an sauƙaƙe shi zuwa Matsakaicin rabon Eq(B.5) kai tsaye <math> \zeta=e^{2\psi}=\Phi^2+\tilde{C}\Phi+B</math>, tare da <math>\{B, \tilde{C}\}</math> kasancewa madaidaitan abubuwa. Domin ci gaba da rashin daidaituwa a yanayin rashin alamun cutar a sararin samaniya, muna buƙatar <math> \lim_{\rho,z\to\infty}\Phi=0</math> kuma <math> \lim_{\rho,z\to\infty}e^{2\psi}=1</math> don haka ya kamata a <math>B=1</math> . Haka kuma, sake rubuta daidaiton <math>\tilde{C}</math> kamar yadda <math>-2C</math> don sauƙin lissafi a cikin lissafin da ke tafe, kuma a ƙarshe mutum ya sami alaƙar halayyar da Eqs(7.a-7.e) ya nuna cewa Wannan alaƙar tana da mahimmanci wajen daidaita Eqs(7.a-7.f) da kuma daidaita mafita na Weyl na lantarki. == Sabon misalin ƙarfin ma'auni na Newtonian Ψ(ρ,z) == A cikin ma'aunin Weyl Eq(1), <math display="inline">e^{\pm2\psi}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\pm2\psi)^n}{n!}</math> ; don haka a cikin kimantawar ƙarancin iyaka na filin <math>\psi\to 0</math>, wani yana da and therefore Wannan yayi kama da sanannen ma'aunin kimantawa na [[Filin nauyi|filayen nauyi]] marasa tsayi da marasa ƙarfi waɗanda jikin sama mai ƙarancin nauyi kamar Rana da Duniya ke samarwa, ina <math>\Phi_{N}(\rho,z)</math> shine damar <nowiki><i id="mwyg">Newtonian</i></nowiki> da aka saba samu wacce ta gamsar da lissafin Poisson <math>\nabla^2_{L}\Phi_{N}=4\pi\varrho_{N}</math>, kamar Eq(3.a) ko Eq(4.a) don ƙarfin ma'aunin Weyl <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> . Kamanceceniya tsakanin <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> kuma <math>\Phi_{N}(\rho,z)</math> wahayi zuwa ga mutane don gano ''misalin Newtonian'' <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> lokacin da ake nazarin ajin mafita na Weyl; wato, don sake haifuwa <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> ba tare da alaƙa da wasu nau'ikan tushen Newtonian ba. Ma'anar Newtonian <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> yana da matuƙar taimako wajen ƙayyade takamaiman mafita irin na Weyl da kuma faɗaɗa mafita irin na Weyl da ake da su. == Maganin Schwarzschild == An bayar da damar Weyl da ke samar da ma'aunin Schwarzschild a matsayin mafita ga lissafin iska Eq( 8 ) ta hanyar ina Daga mahangar Newtonian analogue, <math>\psi_{SS}</math> daidai yake da ƙarfin nauyi da sandar nauyi ta samar <math>M</math> da tsawon <math>2M</math> an sanya shi daidaitacce a kan <math>z</math> -axis; wato, ta hanyar layin da aka yi da yawa iri ɗaya <math>\sigma=1/2</math> an saka tazara a cikin <math>z\in[-M,M]</math> . (Lura: Dangane da wannan analog, an haɓaka muhimman faɗaɗa na ma'aunin Schwarzschild, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin ref. ) Don haka, an bayar <math>\psi_{RN}</math> kuma <math>\gamma_{RN}</math>, ma'aunin Weyl ya zama mutum zai iya samun nau'in ma'aunin Schwarzschild na yau da kullun <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> masu daidaitawa, Ba za a iya canza ma'aunin Eq( 14 ) kai tsaye zuwa Eq( 16 ) ta hanyar yin canjin silinda-siffa na yau da kullun ba <math>(t,\rho,z,\phi)=(t,r\sin\theta,r\cos\theta,\phi)</math>, domin <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> yana cikakke yayin da <math>(t,\rho,z,\phi)</math> bai cika ba. Shi ya sa muke kira <math>\{t,\rho,z,\phi\}</math> a cikin Eq( 1 ) a matsayin daidaitattun daidaito na Weyl maimakon daidaitattun daidaito na silinda, kodayake suna da abubuwa da yawa iri ɗaya; misali, Laplacian <math>\nabla^2:= \partial_{\rho\rho}+\frac{1}{\rho}\partial_\rho +\partial_{zz}</math> A cikin Eq( 7 ) shine ainihin Laplacian mai girma biyu a cikin daidaitawar silinda. == Maganin Nonextremal Reissner-Nordström == ina da kuma amfani da canje-canje masu zuwa Ana iya samun ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da tsari na yau da kullun. <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> masu daidaitawa, == Extremal Reissner – Nordström mafita == Ƙarfin da ke samar da maganin Reissner-Nordström mai tsanani ( <math>M=|Q|</math> ) kamar yadda aka bayar da mafita ga Eqs( 7 ) ta hanyar (Lura: Muna magance maganin extremal daban-daban saboda ya fi yanayin lalacewa na abokin tarayya mara kyau.) Saboda haka, ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström mai tsauri yana karanta kuma ta hanyar maye gurbin Mun sami ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström na extreme a cikin al'ada <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> masu daidaitawa, A fannin lissafi, ana iya samun Reissner-Nordström mai tsauri ta hanyar ɗaukar iyaka. <math>Q\to M</math> na daidaiton da ba na gaba ba, kuma a halin yanzu muna buƙatar amfani da ƙa'idar L'Hospital wani lokacin. Bayani: Ma'aunin Weyl Eq( 1 ) tare da yuwuwar ɓacewa <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> (kamar ma'aunin Reissner–Nordström mai tsauri) ya ƙunshi ƙaramin aji na musamman wanda ke da ƙarfin ma'auni ɗaya kawai. <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> a gane shi. Faɗaɗa wannan ƙaramin aji ta hanyar soke ƙuntatawa na axisymmetry, mutum yana samun wani nau'in mafita mai amfani (har yanzu yana amfani da daidaitattun Weyl), wato ma'aunin ''conformastatic'', == Maganin injin Weyl a cikin daidaitawar siffar ƙwallo == Ana iya bayyana ma'aunin Weyl a cikin daidaitattun siffofi masu siffar ƙwallo wanda wanda yayi daidai da Eq( 1 ) ta hanyar canjin daidaitawa <math>(t,\rho,z,\phi)\mapsto(t,r\sin\theta,r\cos\theta,\phi)</math> (Lura: Kamar yadda Eqs( 15 )( 21 )( 24 ) ya nuna, wannan sauyi ba koyaushe yake aiki ba. ) A cikin akwatin injin, Eq( 8.b ) don <math>\psi(r,\theta)</math> ya zama Maganin da ba su da wata alama ta Eq( 28 ) shine ina <math>P_n(\cos\theta)</math> wakiltar manyan lambobi na Legendre, kuma <math>a_n</math> sune ma'aunin lambobi masu yawa . Sauran ƙarfin ma'auni <math>\gamma(r,\theta)</math> an bayar da shi ta hanyar == Duba kuma == * Ma'aunin Schwarzschild * Ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström * Ma'aunin Schwarzschild mai ruɗi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8mgjvwt30hp6ezvbzwbbs552bry2kbb 964604 964603 2026-10-08T06:01:04Z Baffa ali 47435 964604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A gabaɗaya, '''ma'aunin Weyl''' (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Jamus-Amurka Hermann Weyl ) aji ne na mafita ''masu tsauri'' da ''axisymmetric'' ga lissafin filin Einstein . Membobi uku a cikin shahararrun hanyoyin iyali na Kerr-Newman, wato Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordström wanda ba shi da alaƙa da Reissner-Nordström da kuma ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström mai tsauri, za a iya gane su a matsayin ma'aunin Weyl. == Ma'aunin Weyl na yau da kullun == Ajin mafita na Weyl yana da nau'in gama gari   ina <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> kuma <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> su ne ƙarfin ma'auni guda biyu da suka dogara da ''daidaitattun daidaitattun Weyl'' <math>\{\rho\,,z \}</math> . Tsarin daidaitawa <math>\{t,\rho,z,\phi\}</math> Yana aiki mafi kyau don daidaitawar lokacin sararin Weyl (tare da filayen vector guda biyu da ake kira Killing vector <math>\xi^t=\partial_t</math> kuma <math>\xi^\phi= \partial_\phi</math> ) kuma sau da yawa yana aiki kamar daidaitawar silinda, amma ''bai cika ba'' lokacin da aka kwatanta [[Mutuwaren Taurari|ramin baƙi]] kamar <math>\{\rho\,,z \}</math> kawai rufe sararin sama da kuma waje. kuma yi aiki da waɗannan ƙa'idodi guda biyu <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> kuma <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> . == Rage daidaiton filin don mafita na Weyl na electrovac == Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mafita na Weyl da aka bincika kuma mafi amfani shine akwatin lantarki na lantarki, inda <math>T_{ab}</math> ya samo asali ne daga wanzuwar filin lantarki (irin Weyl) (ba tare da matter da current flows ba). Kamar yadda muka sani, idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarfin lantarki guda huɗu <math>A_a</math>, filin lantarki mai hana daidaituwa <math>F_{ab}</math> da kuma tensor mai ƙarfi-rashin damuwa <math>T_{ab}</math><math>(T=g^{ab}T_{ab}=0)</math> za a ƙayyade ta hanyar wanda ke girmama daidaiton haɗin kai na Maxwell wanda ba shi da tushe: Ana iya sauƙaƙa Eq(5.a) zuwa: a cikin lissafin kamar yadda <math>\Gamma^a_{bc}=\Gamma^a_{cb}</math> . Haka kuma, tun daga lokacin <math>R=-8\pi T=0</math> Don na'urar lantarki, Eq(2) yana raguwa zuwa Yanzu, a ce ƙarfin lantarki na Weyl-type axisymmetric shine <math>A_a=\Phi(\rho,z)[dt]_a</math> (sashi <math>\Phi</math> a zahiri shine ƙarfin lantarki na scalar ), kuma tare da Weyl metric Eq(1), Eqs(3)(4)(5)(6) yana nuna cewa<templatestyles src="Numbered block/styles.css" /><nowiki>inda R = 0 {\displaystyle R=0} yana samar da Eq (7.a), R t t = 8 π T t t {\displaystyle R_{tt}=8\pi T_{tt}} ko kuma R φ = 8 π T φ {\displaystyle R_{\varphi \varphi }=8\pi T_{\vaphi \varfi }} yana samar da Eq (7.b), R ρ = 8 π T ρ {\displaystyle R_{\rho \rho }=8\pi T_{\Rho \rh }} ko kuma R z z z = 8 π T z z z {\displaystyle R_{zz}=8\pi T_{zz}} yana samar da Eq (7.c), R ρ z = 8 π T ρ z {\displaystyle R_{\rho z}=8\pi T_{\Rho z}} yana samar da Eq (7.d), kuma Eq (5.b) yana samar da eq (7.e). A nan Sanya 2 = ∂ ρ + 1 ρ ∂ ρ + ∂ z z z {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}=\ bangare _{\rho \rho }+{\frac {1}{\rh }}\,\ bangare -{\rhe }+\ bangare da kuma Sanya = ∂ ρ da ^ ρ + ∂ z da ^ z {\displaystyle \nabla =\ bangare _{\rho }\,{\hat {e}}_{\rh }+\ bangare_{z}\,{ \hat {e}},_{z}} su ne masu aiki na Laplace da gradient. Bugu da ƙari, idan muka ɗauka ψ = ψ (Φ) {\displaystyle \psi =\psi (\Phi) } a cikin ma'anar ma'amala da kwayoyin halitta kuma muna ɗaukar asymptotic flatness, za mu ga cewa Eqs (7.a-e) yana nuna alaƙar halayyar da ke nuna cewa</nowiki> Musamman a cikin mafi sauƙin akwati na injin tsabtace iska tare da <math>\Phi=0</math> kuma <math>T_{ab}=0</math>, Eqs(7.a-7.e) sun ragu zuwa <templatestyles src="Numbered block/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Numbered block/styles.css" />Za mu iya samun farko <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> ta hanyar warware Eq(8.b), sannan a haɗa Eq(8.c) da Eq(8.d) don <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> . A zahiri, Eq(8.a) wanda ya samo asali daga <math>R=0</math> kawai yana aiki azaman alaƙar daidaito ko yanayin haɗin kai . Ba kamar lissafin Poisson mara layi ba Eq(7.b), Eq(8.b) shine lissafin Laplace mai layi; wato, haɗa hanyoyin da aka bayar na injinan shara zuwa Eq(8.b) har yanzu mafita ce. Wannan gaskiyar tana da amfani sosai, kamar karkatar da ramin baki na Schwarzschild ta hanyar nazari. Mun yi amfani da masu aiki da Laplace da gradient axisymmetric don rubuta Eqs(7.a-7.e) da Eqs(8.a-8.d) ta hanya mai ƙanƙanta, wanda yake da matuƙar amfani wajen samowa daga alaƙar halayyar Eq(7.f). A cikin adabi, Eqs(7.a-7.e) da Eqs(8.a-8.d) galibi ana rubuta su ta waɗannan siffofi kuma: kuma Idan aka yi la'akari da hulɗar da ke tsakanin yanayin sararin samaniya da rarrabawar abubuwa masu amfani da makamashi, abu ne na halitta a ɗauka cewa a cikin Eqs(7.a-7.e) aikin ma'auni <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> yana da alaƙa da ƙarfin lantarki na lantarki <math>\Phi(\rho,z)</math> ta hanyar aiki <math>\psi=\psi(\Phi)</math> (wanda ke nufin yanayin ƙasa ya dogara da makamashi), kuma hakan ya biyo baya Eq(B.1) nan take ya mayar da Eq(7.b) da Eq(7.e) zuwa bi da bi wanda ke haifar da Yanzu canza canjin <math>\psi</math> ta hanyar <math>\zeta:= e^{2\psi}</math>, kuma Eq(B.4) an sauƙaƙe shi zuwa Matsakaicin rabon Eq(B.5) kai tsaye <math> \zeta=e^{2\psi}=\Phi^2+\tilde{C}\Phi+B</math>, tare da <math>\{B, \tilde{C}\}</math> kasancewa madaidaitan abubuwa. Domin ci gaba da rashin daidaituwa a yanayin rashin alamun cutar a sararin samaniya, muna buƙatar <math> \lim_{\rho,z\to\infty}\Phi=0</math> kuma <math> \lim_{\rho,z\to\infty}e^{2\psi}=1</math> don haka ya kamata a <math>B=1</math> . Haka kuma, sake rubuta daidaiton <math>\tilde{C}</math> kamar yadda <math>-2C</math> don sauƙin lissafi a cikin lissafin da ke tafe, kuma a ƙarshe mutum ya sami alaƙar halayyar da Eqs(7.a-7.e) ya nuna cewa Wannan alaƙar tana da mahimmanci wajen daidaita Eqs(7.a-7.f) da kuma daidaita mafita na Weyl na lantarki. == Sabon misalin ƙarfin ma'auni na Newtonian Ψ(ρ,z) == A cikin ma'aunin Weyl Eq(1), <math display="inline">e^{\pm2\psi}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\pm2\psi)^n}{n!}</math> ; don haka a cikin kimantawar ƙarancin iyaka na filin <math>\psi\to 0</math>, wani yana da and therefore Wannan yayi kama da sanannen ma'aunin kimantawa na [[Filin nauyi|filayen nauyi]] marasa tsayi da marasa ƙarfi waɗanda jikin sama mai ƙarancin nauyi kamar Rana da Duniya ke samarwa, ina <math>\Phi_{N}(\rho,z)</math> shine damar <nowiki><i id="mwyg">Newtonian</i></nowiki> da aka saba samu wacce ta gamsar da lissafin Poisson <math>\nabla^2_{L}\Phi_{N}=4\pi\varrho_{N}</math>, kamar Eq(3.a) ko Eq(4.a) don ƙarfin ma'aunin Weyl <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> . Kamanceceniya tsakanin <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> kuma <math>\Phi_{N}(\rho,z)</math> wahayi zuwa ga mutane don gano ''misalin Newtonian'' <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> lokacin da ake nazarin ajin mafita na Weyl; wato, don sake haifuwa <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> ba tare da alaƙa da wasu nau'ikan tushen Newtonian ba. Ma'anar Newtonian <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> yana da matuƙar taimako wajen ƙayyade takamaiman mafita irin na Weyl da kuma faɗaɗa mafita irin na Weyl da ake da su. == Maganin Schwarzschild == An bayar da damar Weyl da ke samar da ma'aunin Schwarzschild a matsayin mafita ga lissafin iska Eq( 8 ) ta hanyar ina Daga mahangar Newtonian analogue, <math>\psi_{SS}</math> daidai yake da ƙarfin nauyi da sandar nauyi ta samar <math>M</math> da tsawon <math>2M</math> an sanya shi daidaitacce a kan <math>z</math> -axis; wato, ta hanyar layin da aka yi da yawa iri ɗaya <math>\sigma=1/2</math> an saka tazara a cikin <math>z\in[-M,M]</math> . (Lura: Dangane da wannan analog, an haɓaka muhimman faɗaɗa na ma'aunin Schwarzschild, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin ref. ) Don haka, an bayar <math>\psi_{RN}</math> kuma <math>\gamma_{RN}</math>, ma'aunin Weyl ya zama mutum zai iya samun nau'in ma'aunin Schwarzschild na yau da kullun <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> masu daidaitawa, Ba za a iya canza ma'aunin Eq( 14 ) kai tsaye zuwa Eq( 16 ) ta hanyar yin canjin silinda-siffa na yau da kullun ba <math>(t,\rho,z,\phi)=(t,r\sin\theta,r\cos\theta,\phi)</math>, domin <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> yana cikakke yayin da <math>(t,\rho,z,\phi)</math> bai cika ba. Shi ya sa muke kira <math>\{t,\rho,z,\phi\}</math> a cikin Eq( 1 ) a matsayin daidaitattun daidaito na Weyl maimakon daidaitattun daidaito na silinda, kodayake suna da abubuwa da yawa iri ɗaya; misali, Laplacian <math>\nabla^2:= \partial_{\rho\rho}+\frac{1}{\rho}\partial_\rho +\partial_{zz}</math> A cikin Eq( 7 ) shine ainihin Laplacian mai girma biyu a cikin daidaitawar silinda. == Maganin Nonextremal Reissner-Nordström == ina da kuma amfani da canje-canje masu zuwa Ana iya samun ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da tsari na yau da kullun. <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> masu daidaitawa, == Extremal Reissner – Nordström mafita == Ƙarfin da ke samar da maganin Reissner-Nordström mai tsanani ( <math>M=|Q|</math> ) kamar yadda aka bayar da mafita ga Eqs( 7 ) ta hanyar (Lura: Muna magance maganin extremal daban-daban saboda ya fi yanayin lalacewa na abokin tarayya mara kyau.) Saboda haka, ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström mai tsauri yana karanta kuma ta hanyar maye gurbin Mun sami ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström na extreme a cikin al'ada <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> masu daidaitawa, A fannin lissafi, ana iya samun Reissner-Nordström mai tsauri ta hanyar ɗaukar iyaka. <math>Q\to M</math> na daidaiton da ba na gaba ba, kuma a halin yanzu muna buƙatar amfani da ƙa'idar L'Hospital wani lokacin. Bayani: Ma'aunin Weyl Eq( 1 ) tare da yuwuwar ɓacewa <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> (kamar ma'aunin Reissner–Nordström mai tsauri) ya ƙunshi ƙaramin aji na musamman wanda ke da ƙarfin ma'auni ɗaya kawai. <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> a gane shi. Faɗaɗa wannan ƙaramin aji ta hanyar soke ƙuntatawa na axisymmetry, mutum yana samun wani nau'in mafita mai amfani (har yanzu yana amfani da daidaitattun Weyl), wato ma'aunin ''conformastatic'', == Maganin injin Weyl a cikin daidaitawar siffar ƙwallo == Ana iya bayyana ma'aunin Weyl a cikin daidaitattun siffofi masu siffar ƙwallo wanda wanda yayi daidai da Eq( 1 ) ta hanyar canjin daidaitawa <math>(t,\rho,z,\phi)\mapsto(t,r\sin\theta,r\cos\theta,\phi)</math> (Lura: Kamar yadda Eqs( 15 )( 21 )( 24 ) ya nuna, wannan sauyi ba koyaushe yake aiki ba. ) A cikin akwatin injin, Eq( 8.b ) don <math>\psi(r,\theta)</math> ya zama Maganin da ba su da wata alama ta Eq( 28 ) shine ina <math>P_n(\cos\theta)</math> wakiltar manyan lambobi na Legendre, kuma <math>a_n</math> sune ma'aunin lambobi masu yawa . Sauran ƙarfin ma'auni <math>\gamma(r,\theta)</math> an bayar da shi ta hanyar == Duba kuma == * Ma'aunin Schwarzschild * Ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström * Ma'aunin Schwarzschild mai ruɗi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 42mxaeujzlpd6v46ep58cj583a16cbk 964605 964604 2026-10-08T06:02:58Z Baffa ali 47435 964605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A gabaɗaya, '''ma'aunin Weyl''' (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Jamus-Amurka Hermann Weyl )<ref>Weyl, H., "Zur Gravitationstheorie," ''Ann. der Physik'' '''54''' (1917), 117–145.</ref> aji ne na mafita ''masu tsauri'' da ''axisymmetric'' ga lissafin filin Einstein . Membobi uku a cikin shahararrun hanyoyin iyali na Kerr-Newman, wato Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordström wanda ba shi da alaƙa da Reissner-Nordström da kuma ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström mai tsauri, za a iya gane su a matsayin ma'aunin Weyl. == Ma'aunin Weyl na yau da kullun == Ajin mafita na Weyl yana da nau'in gama gari   ina <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> kuma <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> su ne ƙarfin ma'auni guda biyu da suka dogara da ''daidaitattun daidaitattun Weyl'' <math>\{\rho\,,z \}</math> . Tsarin daidaitawa <math>\{t,\rho,z,\phi\}</math> Yana aiki mafi kyau don daidaitawar lokacin sararin Weyl (tare da filayen vector guda biyu da ake kira Killing vector <math>\xi^t=\partial_t</math> kuma <math>\xi^\phi= \partial_\phi</math> ) kuma sau da yawa yana aiki kamar daidaitawar silinda, amma ''bai cika ba'' lokacin da aka kwatanta [[Mutuwaren Taurari|ramin baƙi]] kamar <math>\{\rho\,,z \}</math> kawai rufe sararin sama da kuma waje. kuma yi aiki da waɗannan ƙa'idodi guda biyu <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> kuma <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> . == Rage daidaiton filin don mafita na Weyl na electrovac == Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mafita na Weyl da aka bincika kuma mafi amfani shine akwatin lantarki na lantarki, inda <math>T_{ab}</math> ya samo asali ne daga wanzuwar filin lantarki (irin Weyl) (ba tare da matter da current flows ba). Kamar yadda muka sani, idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarfin lantarki guda huɗu <math>A_a</math>, filin lantarki mai hana daidaituwa <math>F_{ab}</math> da kuma tensor mai ƙarfi-rashin damuwa <math>T_{ab}</math><math>(T=g^{ab}T_{ab}=0)</math> za a ƙayyade ta hanyar wanda ke girmama daidaiton haɗin kai na Maxwell wanda ba shi da tushe: Ana iya sauƙaƙa Eq(5.a) zuwa: a cikin lissafin kamar yadda <math>\Gamma^a_{bc}=\Gamma^a_{cb}</math> . Haka kuma, tun daga lokacin <math>R=-8\pi T=0</math> Don na'urar lantarki, Eq(2) yana raguwa zuwa Yanzu, a ce ƙarfin lantarki na Weyl-type axisymmetric shine <math>A_a=\Phi(\rho,z)[dt]_a</math> (sashi <math>\Phi</math> a zahiri shine ƙarfin lantarki na scalar ), kuma tare da Weyl metric Eq(1), Eqs(3)(4)(5)(6) yana nuna cewa<templatestyles src="Numbered block/styles.css" /><nowiki>inda R = 0 {\displaystyle R=0} yana samar da Eq (7.a), R t t = 8 π T t t {\displaystyle R_{tt}=8\pi T_{tt}} ko kuma R φ = 8 π T φ {\displaystyle R_{\varphi \varphi }=8\pi T_{\vaphi \varfi }} yana samar da Eq (7.b), R ρ = 8 π T ρ {\displaystyle R_{\rho \rho }=8\pi T_{\Rho \rh }} ko kuma R z z z = 8 π T z z z {\displaystyle R_{zz}=8\pi T_{zz}} yana samar da Eq (7.c), R ρ z = 8 π T ρ z {\displaystyle R_{\rho z}=8\pi T_{\Rho z}} yana samar da Eq (7.d), kuma Eq (5.b) yana samar da eq (7.e). A nan Sanya 2 = ∂ ρ + 1 ρ ∂ ρ + ∂ z z z {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}=\ bangare _{\rho \rho }+{\frac {1}{\rh }}\,\ bangare -{\rhe }+\ bangare da kuma Sanya = ∂ ρ da ^ ρ + ∂ z da ^ z {\displaystyle \nabla =\ bangare _{\rho }\,{\hat {e}}_{\rh }+\ bangare_{z}\,{ \hat {e}},_{z}} su ne masu aiki na Laplace da gradient. Bugu da ƙari, idan muka ɗauka ψ = ψ (Φ) {\displaystyle \psi =\psi (\Phi) } a cikin ma'anar ma'amala da kwayoyin halitta kuma muna ɗaukar asymptotic flatness, za mu ga cewa Eqs (7.a-e) yana nuna alaƙar halayyar da ke nuna cewa</nowiki> Musamman a cikin mafi sauƙin akwati na injin tsabtace iska tare da <math>\Phi=0</math> kuma <math>T_{ab}=0</math>, Eqs(7.a-7.e) sun ragu zuwa <templatestyles src="Numbered block/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Numbered block/styles.css" />Za mu iya samun farko <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> ta hanyar warware Eq(8.b), sannan a haɗa Eq(8.c) da Eq(8.d) don <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> . A zahiri, Eq(8.a) wanda ya samo asali daga <math>R=0</math> kawai yana aiki azaman alaƙar daidaito ko yanayin haɗin kai . Ba kamar lissafin Poisson mara layi ba Eq(7.b), Eq(8.b) shine lissafin Laplace mai layi; wato, haɗa hanyoyin da aka bayar na injinan shara zuwa Eq(8.b) har yanzu mafita ce. Wannan gaskiyar tana da amfani sosai, kamar karkatar da ramin baki na Schwarzschild ta hanyar nazari. Mun yi amfani da masu aiki da Laplace da gradient axisymmetric don rubuta Eqs(7.a-7.e) da Eqs(8.a-8.d) ta hanya mai ƙanƙanta, wanda yake da matuƙar amfani wajen samowa daga alaƙar halayyar Eq(7.f). A cikin adabi, Eqs(7.a-7.e) da Eqs(8.a-8.d) galibi ana rubuta su ta waɗannan siffofi kuma: kuma Idan aka yi la'akari da hulɗar da ke tsakanin yanayin sararin samaniya da rarrabawar abubuwa masu amfani da makamashi, abu ne na halitta a ɗauka cewa a cikin Eqs(7.a-7.e) aikin ma'auni <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> yana da alaƙa da ƙarfin lantarki na lantarki <math>\Phi(\rho,z)</math> ta hanyar aiki <math>\psi=\psi(\Phi)</math> (wanda ke nufin yanayin ƙasa ya dogara da makamashi), kuma hakan ya biyo baya Eq(B.1) nan take ya mayar da Eq(7.b) da Eq(7.e) zuwa bi da bi wanda ke haifar da Yanzu canza canjin <math>\psi</math> ta hanyar <math>\zeta:= e^{2\psi}</math>, kuma Eq(B.4) an sauƙaƙe shi zuwa Matsakaicin rabon Eq(B.5) kai tsaye <math> \zeta=e^{2\psi}=\Phi^2+\tilde{C}\Phi+B</math>, tare da <math>\{B, \tilde{C}\}</math> kasancewa madaidaitan abubuwa. Domin ci gaba da rashin daidaituwa a yanayin rashin alamun cutar a sararin samaniya, muna buƙatar <math> \lim_{\rho,z\to\infty}\Phi=0</math> kuma <math> \lim_{\rho,z\to\infty}e^{2\psi}=1</math> don haka ya kamata a <math>B=1</math> . Haka kuma, sake rubuta daidaiton <math>\tilde{C}</math> kamar yadda <math>-2C</math> don sauƙin lissafi a cikin lissafin da ke tafe, kuma a ƙarshe mutum ya sami alaƙar halayyar da Eqs(7.a-7.e) ya nuna cewa Wannan alaƙar tana da mahimmanci wajen daidaita Eqs(7.a-7.f) da kuma daidaita mafita na Weyl na lantarki. == Sabon misalin ƙarfin ma'auni na Newtonian Ψ(ρ,z) == A cikin ma'aunin Weyl Eq(1), <math display="inline">e^{\pm2\psi}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\pm2\psi)^n}{n!}</math> ; don haka a cikin kimantawar ƙarancin iyaka na filin <math>\psi\to 0</math>, wani yana da and therefore Wannan yayi kama da sanannen ma'aunin kimantawa na [[Filin nauyi|filayen nauyi]] marasa tsayi da marasa ƙarfi waɗanda jikin sama mai ƙarancin nauyi kamar Rana da Duniya ke samarwa, ina <math>\Phi_{N}(\rho,z)</math> shine damar <nowiki><i id="mwyg">Newtonian</i></nowiki> da aka saba samu wacce ta gamsar da lissafin Poisson <math>\nabla^2_{L}\Phi_{N}=4\pi\varrho_{N}</math>, kamar Eq(3.a) ko Eq(4.a) don ƙarfin ma'aunin Weyl <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> . Kamanceceniya tsakanin <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> kuma <math>\Phi_{N}(\rho,z)</math> wahayi zuwa ga mutane don gano ''misalin Newtonian'' <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> lokacin da ake nazarin ajin mafita na Weyl; wato, don sake haifuwa <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> ba tare da alaƙa da wasu nau'ikan tushen Newtonian ba. Ma'anar Newtonian <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> yana da matuƙar taimako wajen ƙayyade takamaiman mafita irin na Weyl da kuma faɗaɗa mafita irin na Weyl da ake da su. == Maganin Schwarzschild == An bayar da damar Weyl da ke samar da ma'aunin Schwarzschild a matsayin mafita ga lissafin iska Eq( 8 ) ta hanyar ina Daga mahangar Newtonian analogue, <math>\psi_{SS}</math> daidai yake da ƙarfin nauyi da sandar nauyi ta samar <math>M</math> da tsawon <math>2M</math> an sanya shi daidaitacce a kan <math>z</math> -axis; wato, ta hanyar layin da aka yi da yawa iri ɗaya <math>\sigma=1/2</math> an saka tazara a cikin <math>z\in[-M,M]</math> . (Lura: Dangane da wannan analog, an haɓaka muhimman faɗaɗa na ma'aunin Schwarzschild, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin ref. ) Don haka, an bayar <math>\psi_{RN}</math> kuma <math>\gamma_{RN}</math>, ma'aunin Weyl ya zama mutum zai iya samun nau'in ma'aunin Schwarzschild na yau da kullun <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> masu daidaitawa, Ba za a iya canza ma'aunin Eq( 14 ) kai tsaye zuwa Eq( 16 ) ta hanyar yin canjin silinda-siffa na yau da kullun ba <math>(t,\rho,z,\phi)=(t,r\sin\theta,r\cos\theta,\phi)</math>, domin <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> yana cikakke yayin da <math>(t,\rho,z,\phi)</math> bai cika ba. Shi ya sa muke kira <math>\{t,\rho,z,\phi\}</math> a cikin Eq( 1 ) a matsayin daidaitattun daidaito na Weyl maimakon daidaitattun daidaito na silinda, kodayake suna da abubuwa da yawa iri ɗaya; misali, Laplacian <math>\nabla^2:= \partial_{\rho\rho}+\frac{1}{\rho}\partial_\rho +\partial_{zz}</math> A cikin Eq( 7 ) shine ainihin Laplacian mai girma biyu a cikin daidaitawar silinda. == Maganin Nonextremal Reissner-Nordström == ina da kuma amfani da canje-canje masu zuwa Ana iya samun ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da tsari na yau da kullun. <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> masu daidaitawa, == Extremal Reissner – Nordström mafita == Ƙarfin da ke samar da maganin Reissner-Nordström mai tsanani ( <math>M=|Q|</math> ) kamar yadda aka bayar da mafita ga Eqs( 7 ) ta hanyar (Lura: Muna magance maganin extremal daban-daban saboda ya fi yanayin lalacewa na abokin tarayya mara kyau.) Saboda haka, ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström mai tsauri yana karanta kuma ta hanyar maye gurbin Mun sami ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström na extreme a cikin al'ada <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> masu daidaitawa, A fannin lissafi, ana iya samun Reissner-Nordström mai tsauri ta hanyar ɗaukar iyaka. <math>Q\to M</math> na daidaiton da ba na gaba ba, kuma a halin yanzu muna buƙatar amfani da ƙa'idar L'Hospital wani lokacin. Bayani: Ma'aunin Weyl Eq( 1 ) tare da yuwuwar ɓacewa <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> (kamar ma'aunin Reissner–Nordström mai tsauri) ya ƙunshi ƙaramin aji na musamman wanda ke da ƙarfin ma'auni ɗaya kawai. <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> a gane shi. Faɗaɗa wannan ƙaramin aji ta hanyar soke ƙuntatawa na axisymmetry, mutum yana samun wani nau'in mafita mai amfani (har yanzu yana amfani da daidaitattun Weyl), wato ma'aunin ''conformastatic'', == Maganin injin Weyl a cikin daidaitawar siffar ƙwallo == Ana iya bayyana ma'aunin Weyl a cikin daidaitattun siffofi masu siffar ƙwallo wanda wanda yayi daidai da Eq( 1 ) ta hanyar canjin daidaitawa <math>(t,\rho,z,\phi)\mapsto(t,r\sin\theta,r\cos\theta,\phi)</math> (Lura: Kamar yadda Eqs( 15 )( 21 )( 24 ) ya nuna, wannan sauyi ba koyaushe yake aiki ba. ) A cikin akwatin injin, Eq( 8.b ) don <math>\psi(r,\theta)</math> ya zama Maganin da ba su da wata alama ta Eq( 28 ) shine ina <math>P_n(\cos\theta)</math> wakiltar manyan lambobi na Legendre, kuma <math>a_n</math> sune ma'aunin lambobi masu yawa . Sauran ƙarfin ma'auni <math>\gamma(r,\theta)</math> an bayar da shi ta hanyar == Duba kuma == * Ma'aunin Schwarzschild * Ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström * Ma'aunin Schwarzschild mai ruɗi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] etnwl8bm3tmycee73bhnohxd1fkb2jh 964607 964605 2026-10-08T06:06:01Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Ma'aunin Weyl na yau da kullun */ 964607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A gabaɗaya, '''ma'aunin Weyl''' (wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan masanin lissafi ɗan ƙasar Jamus-Amurka Hermann Weyl )<ref>Weyl, H., "Zur Gravitationstheorie," ''Ann. der Physik'' '''54''' (1917), 117–145.</ref> aji ne na mafita ''masu tsauri'' da ''axisymmetric'' ga lissafin filin Einstein . Membobi uku a cikin shahararrun hanyoyin iyali na Kerr-Newman, wato Schwarzschild, Reissner-Nordström wanda ba shi da alaƙa da Reissner-Nordström da kuma ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström mai tsauri, za a iya gane su a matsayin ma'aunin Weyl. == Ma'aunin Weyl na yau da kullun == Ajin mafita na Weyl yana da nau'in gama gari   ina <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> kuma <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> su ne ƙarfin ma'auni guda biyu da suka dogara da ''daidaitattun daidaitattun Weyl'' <math>\{\rho\,,z \}</math> . Tsarin daidaitawa <math>\{t,\rho,z,\phi\}</math> Yana aiki mafi kyau don daidaitawar lokacin sararin Weyl (tare da filayen vector guda biyu da ake kira Killing vector <math>\xi^t=\partial_t</math> kuma <math>\xi^\phi= \partial_\phi</math> ) kuma sau da yawa yana aiki kamar daidaitawar silinda, amma ''bai cika ba'' lokacin da aka kwatanta [[Mutuwaren Taurari|ramin baƙi]] kamar <math>\{\rho\,,z \}</math> kawai rufe sararin sama da kuma waje.<ref name=Weyl1>Jeremy Bransom Griffiths, Jiri Podolsky. ''Exact Space-Times in Einstein's General Relativity''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Chapter 10.</ref><ref name=Weyl2>Hans Stephani, Dietrich Kramer, Malcolm MacCallum, Cornelius Hoenselaers, Eduard Herlt. ''Exact Solutions of Einstein's Field Equations''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Chapter 20.</ref> kuma yi aiki da waɗannan ƙa'idodi guda biyu <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> kuma <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> . == Rage daidaiton filin don mafita na Weyl na electrovac == Ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mafita na Weyl da aka bincika kuma mafi amfani shine akwatin lantarki na lantarki, inda <math>T_{ab}</math> ya samo asali ne daga wanzuwar filin lantarki (irin Weyl) (ba tare da matter da current flows ba). Kamar yadda muka sani, idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarfin lantarki guda huɗu <math>A_a</math>, filin lantarki mai hana daidaituwa <math>F_{ab}</math> da kuma tensor mai ƙarfi-rashin damuwa <math>T_{ab}</math><math>(T=g^{ab}T_{ab}=0)</math> za a ƙayyade ta hanyar wanda ke girmama daidaiton haɗin kai na Maxwell wanda ba shi da tushe: Ana iya sauƙaƙa Eq(5.a) zuwa: a cikin lissafin kamar yadda <math>\Gamma^a_{bc}=\Gamma^a_{cb}</math> . Haka kuma, tun daga lokacin <math>R=-8\pi T=0</math> Don na'urar lantarki, Eq(2) yana raguwa zuwa Yanzu, a ce ƙarfin lantarki na Weyl-type axisymmetric shine <math>A_a=\Phi(\rho,z)[dt]_a</math> (sashi <math>\Phi</math> a zahiri shine ƙarfin lantarki na scalar ), kuma tare da Weyl metric Eq(1), Eqs(3)(4)(5)(6) yana nuna cewa<templatestyles src="Numbered block/styles.css" /><nowiki>inda R = 0 {\displaystyle R=0} yana samar da Eq (7.a), R t t = 8 π T t t {\displaystyle R_{tt}=8\pi T_{tt}} ko kuma R φ = 8 π T φ {\displaystyle R_{\varphi \varphi }=8\pi T_{\vaphi \varfi }} yana samar da Eq (7.b), R ρ = 8 π T ρ {\displaystyle R_{\rho \rho }=8\pi T_{\Rho \rh }} ko kuma R z z z = 8 π T z z z {\displaystyle R_{zz}=8\pi T_{zz}} yana samar da Eq (7.c), R ρ z = 8 π T ρ z {\displaystyle R_{\rho z}=8\pi T_{\Rho z}} yana samar da Eq (7.d), kuma Eq (5.b) yana samar da eq (7.e). A nan Sanya 2 = ∂ ρ + 1 ρ ∂ ρ + ∂ z z z {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}=\ bangare _{\rho \rho }+{\frac {1}{\rh }}\,\ bangare -{\rhe }+\ bangare da kuma Sanya = ∂ ρ da ^ ρ + ∂ z da ^ z {\displaystyle \nabla =\ bangare _{\rho }\,{\hat {e}}_{\rh }+\ bangare_{z}\,{ \hat {e}},_{z}} su ne masu aiki na Laplace da gradient. Bugu da ƙari, idan muka ɗauka ψ = ψ (Φ) {\displaystyle \psi =\psi (\Phi) } a cikin ma'anar ma'amala da kwayoyin halitta kuma muna ɗaukar asymptotic flatness, za mu ga cewa Eqs (7.a-e) yana nuna alaƙar halayyar da ke nuna cewa</nowiki> Musamman a cikin mafi sauƙin akwati na injin tsabtace iska tare da <math>\Phi=0</math> kuma <math>T_{ab}=0</math>, Eqs(7.a-7.e) sun ragu zuwa <templatestyles src="Numbered block/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Numbered block/styles.css" />Za mu iya samun farko <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> ta hanyar warware Eq(8.b), sannan a haɗa Eq(8.c) da Eq(8.d) don <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> . A zahiri, Eq(8.a) wanda ya samo asali daga <math>R=0</math> kawai yana aiki azaman alaƙar daidaito ko yanayin haɗin kai . Ba kamar lissafin Poisson mara layi ba Eq(7.b), Eq(8.b) shine lissafin Laplace mai layi; wato, haɗa hanyoyin da aka bayar na injinan shara zuwa Eq(8.b) har yanzu mafita ce. Wannan gaskiyar tana da amfani sosai, kamar karkatar da ramin baki na Schwarzschild ta hanyar nazari. Mun yi amfani da masu aiki da Laplace da gradient axisymmetric don rubuta Eqs(7.a-7.e) da Eqs(8.a-8.d) ta hanya mai ƙanƙanta, wanda yake da matuƙar amfani wajen samowa daga alaƙar halayyar Eq(7.f). A cikin adabi, Eqs(7.a-7.e) da Eqs(8.a-8.d) galibi ana rubuta su ta waɗannan siffofi kuma: kuma Idan aka yi la'akari da hulɗar da ke tsakanin yanayin sararin samaniya da rarrabawar abubuwa masu amfani da makamashi, abu ne na halitta a ɗauka cewa a cikin Eqs(7.a-7.e) aikin ma'auni <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> yana da alaƙa da ƙarfin lantarki na lantarki <math>\Phi(\rho,z)</math> ta hanyar aiki <math>\psi=\psi(\Phi)</math> (wanda ke nufin yanayin ƙasa ya dogara da makamashi), kuma hakan ya biyo baya Eq(B.1) nan take ya mayar da Eq(7.b) da Eq(7.e) zuwa bi da bi wanda ke haifar da Yanzu canza canjin <math>\psi</math> ta hanyar <math>\zeta:= e^{2\psi}</math>, kuma Eq(B.4) an sauƙaƙe shi zuwa Matsakaicin rabon Eq(B.5) kai tsaye <math> \zeta=e^{2\psi}=\Phi^2+\tilde{C}\Phi+B</math>, tare da <math>\{B, \tilde{C}\}</math> kasancewa madaidaitan abubuwa. Domin ci gaba da rashin daidaituwa a yanayin rashin alamun cutar a sararin samaniya, muna buƙatar <math> \lim_{\rho,z\to\infty}\Phi=0</math> kuma <math> \lim_{\rho,z\to\infty}e^{2\psi}=1</math> don haka ya kamata a <math>B=1</math> . Haka kuma, sake rubuta daidaiton <math>\tilde{C}</math> kamar yadda <math>-2C</math> don sauƙin lissafi a cikin lissafin da ke tafe, kuma a ƙarshe mutum ya sami alaƙar halayyar da Eqs(7.a-7.e) ya nuna cewa Wannan alaƙar tana da mahimmanci wajen daidaita Eqs(7.a-7.f) da kuma daidaita mafita na Weyl na lantarki. == Sabon misalin ƙarfin ma'auni na Newtonian Ψ(ρ,z) == A cikin ma'aunin Weyl Eq(1), <math display="inline">e^{\pm2\psi}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\pm2\psi)^n}{n!}</math> ; don haka a cikin kimantawar ƙarancin iyaka na filin <math>\psi\to 0</math>, wani yana da and therefore Wannan yayi kama da sanannen ma'aunin kimantawa na [[Filin nauyi|filayen nauyi]] marasa tsayi da marasa ƙarfi waɗanda jikin sama mai ƙarancin nauyi kamar Rana da Duniya ke samarwa, ina <math>\Phi_{N}(\rho,z)</math> shine damar <nowiki><i id="mwyg">Newtonian</i></nowiki> da aka saba samu wacce ta gamsar da lissafin Poisson <math>\nabla^2_{L}\Phi_{N}=4\pi\varrho_{N}</math>, kamar Eq(3.a) ko Eq(4.a) don ƙarfin ma'aunin Weyl <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> . Kamanceceniya tsakanin <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> kuma <math>\Phi_{N}(\rho,z)</math> wahayi zuwa ga mutane don gano ''misalin Newtonian'' <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> lokacin da ake nazarin ajin mafita na Weyl; wato, don sake haifuwa <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> ba tare da alaƙa da wasu nau'ikan tushen Newtonian ba. Ma'anar Newtonian <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> yana da matuƙar taimako wajen ƙayyade takamaiman mafita irin na Weyl da kuma faɗaɗa mafita irin na Weyl da ake da su. == Maganin Schwarzschild == An bayar da damar Weyl da ke samar da ma'aunin Schwarzschild a matsayin mafita ga lissafin iska Eq( 8 ) ta hanyar ina Daga mahangar Newtonian analogue, <math>\psi_{SS}</math> daidai yake da ƙarfin nauyi da sandar nauyi ta samar <math>M</math> da tsawon <math>2M</math> an sanya shi daidaitacce a kan <math>z</math> -axis; wato, ta hanyar layin da aka yi da yawa iri ɗaya <math>\sigma=1/2</math> an saka tazara a cikin <math>z\in[-M,M]</math> . (Lura: Dangane da wannan analog, an haɓaka muhimman faɗaɗa na ma'aunin Schwarzschild, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin ref. ) Don haka, an bayar <math>\psi_{RN}</math> kuma <math>\gamma_{RN}</math>, ma'aunin Weyl ya zama mutum zai iya samun nau'in ma'aunin Schwarzschild na yau da kullun <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> masu daidaitawa, Ba za a iya canza ma'aunin Eq( 14 ) kai tsaye zuwa Eq( 16 ) ta hanyar yin canjin silinda-siffa na yau da kullun ba <math>(t,\rho,z,\phi)=(t,r\sin\theta,r\cos\theta,\phi)</math>, domin <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> yana cikakke yayin da <math>(t,\rho,z,\phi)</math> bai cika ba. Shi ya sa muke kira <math>\{t,\rho,z,\phi\}</math> a cikin Eq( 1 ) a matsayin daidaitattun daidaito na Weyl maimakon daidaitattun daidaito na silinda, kodayake suna da abubuwa da yawa iri ɗaya; misali, Laplacian <math>\nabla^2:= \partial_{\rho\rho}+\frac{1}{\rho}\partial_\rho +\partial_{zz}</math> A cikin Eq( 7 ) shine ainihin Laplacian mai girma biyu a cikin daidaitawar silinda. == Maganin Nonextremal Reissner-Nordström == ina da kuma amfani da canje-canje masu zuwa Ana iya samun ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström na yau da kullun ta hanyar amfani da tsari na yau da kullun. <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> masu daidaitawa, == Extremal Reissner – Nordström mafita == Ƙarfin da ke samar da maganin Reissner-Nordström mai tsanani ( <math>M=|Q|</math> ) kamar yadda aka bayar da mafita ga Eqs( 7 ) ta hanyar (Lura: Muna magance maganin extremal daban-daban saboda ya fi yanayin lalacewa na abokin tarayya mara kyau.) Saboda haka, ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström mai tsauri yana karanta kuma ta hanyar maye gurbin Mun sami ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström na extreme a cikin al'ada <math>\{t,r,\theta,\phi\}</math> masu daidaitawa, A fannin lissafi, ana iya samun Reissner-Nordström mai tsauri ta hanyar ɗaukar iyaka. <math>Q\to M</math> na daidaiton da ba na gaba ba, kuma a halin yanzu muna buƙatar amfani da ƙa'idar L'Hospital wani lokacin. Bayani: Ma'aunin Weyl Eq( 1 ) tare da yuwuwar ɓacewa <math>\gamma(\rho,z)</math> (kamar ma'aunin Reissner–Nordström mai tsauri) ya ƙunshi ƙaramin aji na musamman wanda ke da ƙarfin ma'auni ɗaya kawai. <math>\psi(\rho,z)</math> a gane shi. Faɗaɗa wannan ƙaramin aji ta hanyar soke ƙuntatawa na axisymmetry, mutum yana samun wani nau'in mafita mai amfani (har yanzu yana amfani da daidaitattun Weyl), wato ma'aunin ''conformastatic'', == Maganin injin Weyl a cikin daidaitawar siffar ƙwallo == Ana iya bayyana ma'aunin Weyl a cikin daidaitattun siffofi masu siffar ƙwallo wanda wanda yayi daidai da Eq( 1 ) ta hanyar canjin daidaitawa <math>(t,\rho,z,\phi)\mapsto(t,r\sin\theta,r\cos\theta,\phi)</math> (Lura: Kamar yadda Eqs( 15 )( 21 )( 24 ) ya nuna, wannan sauyi ba koyaushe yake aiki ba. ) A cikin akwatin injin, Eq( 8.b ) don <math>\psi(r,\theta)</math> ya zama Maganin da ba su da wata alama ta Eq( 28 ) shine ina <math>P_n(\cos\theta)</math> wakiltar manyan lambobi na Legendre, kuma <math>a_n</math> sune ma'aunin lambobi masu yawa . Sauran ƙarfin ma'auni <math>\gamma(r,\theta)</math> an bayar da shi ta hanyar == Duba kuma == * Ma'aunin Schwarzschild * Ma'aunin Reissner-Nordström * Ma'aunin Schwarzschild mai ruɗi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kt0qk5xqja0zq775yv11o7es6f4qmsl 0 178539 964608 2026-10-08T06:09:13Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378077361|Adon Papyrus]]" 964608 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adon [[papyrus]]''', wanda aka fi sani da Aramaic [[Saqqara]] Papyrus, papyrus ne na Aramaic wanda aka samo a 1942 a Saqqara . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Porten |first=Bezalel |date=1981 |title=The Identity of King Adon |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=36–52 |doi=10.2307/3209735 |jstor=3209735 |s2cid=165242277}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horn |first=Siegfried |date=1968 |title=Where and When Was the Aramaic Saqqara Papyrus Written? |url=https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/auss/vol6/iss1/3 |journal=Andrews University Seminary Studies |volume=6 |issue=1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shea |first=William H. |date=1976 |title=Adon's Letter and the Babylonian Chronicle |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |issue=223 |pages=61–64 |doi=10.2307/1356723 |jstor=1356723 |s2cid=163401332}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bright |first=John |date=1949 |title=A New Letter in Aramaic, Written to a Pharaoh of Egypt |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=46–52 |doi=10.2307/3209182 |jstor=3209182 |s2cid=186537648}}</ref> André Dupont-Sommer ne ya fara buga shi a shekarar 1948. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}} A halin yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Masar (J. 86984=3483). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] An kuma san shi da '''KAI 266''' da '''TAD A1.1'''. == Bayanan littattafai == * {{Cite journal |last=Dussaud |first=René |date=1949 |title=A. Dupont-Sommer. — Un papyrus araméen d'époque saïte découvert à Saqqarah |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1949_num_26_1_8410_t1_0152_0000_4 |journal=Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=152–153}} * {{Cite journal |last=Bright |first=John |date=1949 |title=A New Letter in Aramaic, Written to a Pharaoh of Egypt |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=46–52 |doi=10.2307/3209182 |jstor=3209182 |s2cid=186537648}} * {{Cite journal |last=Fitzmyer |first=Joseph A. |date=1965 |title=The Aramaic Letter of King Adon to the Egyptian Pharaoh |journal=Biblica |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=41–55 |jstor=42641032}} == Manazarta == m2vqadte4bgwvghih1wpmte9a7amuxu 964609 964608 2026-10-08T06:09:46Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adon [[papyrus]]''', wanda aka fi sani da Aramaic [[Saqqara]] Papyrus, papyrus ne na Aramaic wanda aka samo a 1942 a Saqqara . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Porten |first=Bezalel |date=1981 |title=The Identity of King Adon |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=36–52 |doi=10.2307/3209735 |jstor=3209735 |s2cid=165242277}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Horn |first=Siegfried |date=1968 |title=Where and When Was the Aramaic Saqqara Papyrus Written? |url=https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/auss/vol6/iss1/3 |journal=Andrews University Seminary Studies |volume=6 |issue=1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shea |first=William H. |date=1976 |title=Adon's Letter and the Babylonian Chronicle |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |issue=223 |pages=61–64 |doi=10.2307/1356723 |jstor=1356723 |s2cid=163401332}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bright |first=John |date=1949 |title=A New Letter in Aramaic, Written to a Pharaoh of Egypt |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=46–52 |doi=10.2307/3209182 |jstor=3209182 |s2cid=186537648}}</ref> André Dupont-Sommer ne ya fara buga shi a shekarar 1948. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2022}} A halin yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Masar (J. 86984=3483). [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] An kuma san shi da '''KAI 266''' da '''TAD A1.1'''. == Bayanan littattafai == * {{Cite journal |last=Dussaud |first=René |date=1949 |title=A. Dupont-Sommer. — Un papyrus araméen d'époque saïte découvert à Saqqarah |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/syria_0039-7946_1949_num_26_1_8410_t1_0152_0000_4 |journal=Syria. Archéologie, Art et histoire |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=152–153}} * {{Cite journal |last=Bright |first=John |date=1949 |title=A New Letter in Aramaic, Written to a Pharaoh of Egypt |journal=The Biblical Archaeologist |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=46–52 |doi=10.2307/3209182 |jstor=3209182 |s2cid=186537648}} * {{Cite journal |last=Fitzmyer |first=Joseph A. |date=1965 |title=The Aramaic Letter of King Adon to the Egyptian Pharaoh |journal=Biblica |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=41–55 |jstor=42641032}} == Manazarta == os3dz1wfpvi3n8hx6rgwek7z4p2t5zi 0 178540 964612 2026-10-08T06:13:18Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1310076241|Ain Nechma inscriptions]]" 964612 wikitext text/x-wiki Rubutun Ain Nechma, wanda aka fi sani da rubutun Guelma wasu rubutun Punic ne, an fara samo su a 1837 a cikin necropolis na Ain Nechma. A farkon karni na 20, an gano kimanin irin waɗannan rubuce-rubuce 40 - sun zama sanannun sanannun rubutun Semitic saboda amfani da su na musamman na wasu juyawa na magana da kuma nau'i na musamman da aka ba wasu haruffa na Punic-Phoenician. An tattara wasu sanannun rubuce-rubuce a cikin Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften, kuma an san su da KAI 166-169. Rubutun suna cikin Louvre, Musée archéologique de Narbonne, da sauran wurare. == Binciken farko == Jean Guyon ne ya gano rubutun farko a cikin 1837.[1] Tsakanin 1843-45, Adolphe Hedwige Alphonse Delamare ya tattara adadi mafi girma kuma ya buga su a cikin 1850.[2] Yawancin steles an aika su zuwa Louvre, da sauransu zuwa lambun jama'a na birnin Guelma, ga mutane masu zaman kansu, da kuma gidan kayan gargajiya na Constantine, Aljeriya.[3] Rubutun Guelma da farko sun kasance batun binciken da malaman kamar Auguste Celestin Judas, Heinrich Ewald da Moritz Ibrahim Levy suka yi. == Rubuce-rubuce == An san nau'ikan rubuce-rubuce guda biyu: rubuce-buce na rantsuwa da rubuce-aikacen jana'iza. Rubutun jana'izar, tare da 'yan kaɗan, suna nuna tsarin da aka saba amfani da shi na epitaphs na neopunic. Rubutun rantsuwa, duk da haka, suna dauke da tsari na musamman na takamaiman rubutun Ain Nechma. An san rubutun Delamare a cikin Louvre kamar haka: * AO 5107 (Delamare 4 [187]) * AO 5108 (Delamare 5 [187]), a nuna a cikin dakin 313 na Louvre * AO 5109 (Delamare 2 [187], Lidzbarski 7) * AO 5110 (Delamare 1 [187], Lidzbarski 6) * AO 5111 (Delamare 7 [187]) * AO 5112 (Delamare 6 [185], Lidzbarski 5) * AO 5113 (Delamare 3 [187]) * AO 5114 (Delamare 6 [187]) * AO 5290 (Delamare 18 [178]) a kan nuni a cikin dakin 313 na Louvre * AO 5291 (Delamare 9 [178]) * AO 5292 (Delamare 21 [178]) * AO 5293 (Delamare 10 [178]) Sauran: * Delamare 9 [185], Lidzbarski 2 * Delamare 7 [185], Lidzbarski 3 == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Delamare's_sketch_of_the_Guelma_Punic_inscriptions_02.png|Delamare's sketch (plate 185), including the Guelma Punic inscriptions File:Delamare's_sketch_of_the_Guelma_Punic_inscriptions_03.png|Delamare's sketch (plate 178), including the Guelma Punic inscriptions File:Lidzbarski's_Handbuch_der_Nordsemitischen_Epigraphik_Table_XVIII.jpg|A selection of the inscriptions in Lidzbarski's Handbuch der Nordsemitischen Epigraphik </gallery> == Bibliography == * Jean-Baptiste Chabot, Punica XI: Rubutun neopunique na Guelma, 1916 *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Judas |first=Auguste Celestin |year=1845 |title=MÉMOIRE Sur plusieurs inscriptions phéniciennes, et particulièrement sur celles qui ont été trouvées en Numidie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLNBAAAAYAAJ |journal=Journal Asiatique |language=fr |publisher=Société asiatique |access-date=2022-10-13}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} r2wkk6okivmgx1dw3l6to4rd113gut9 964614 964612 2026-10-08T06:15:41Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rubutun Ain Nechma, wanda aka fi sani da rubutun Guelma wasu rubutun Punic ne, an fara samo su a 1837 a cikin necropolis na Ain Nechma. A farkon karni na 20, an gano kimanin irin waɗannan rubuce-rubuce 40 - sun zama sanannun sanannun rubutun Semitic saboda amfani da su na musamman na wasu juyawa na magana da kuma nau'i na musamman da aka ba wasu haruffa na Punic-Phoenician. An tattara wasu sanannun rubuce-rubuce a cikin Kanaanäische und Aramäische Inschriften, kuma an san su da KAI 166-169. Rubutun suna cikin Louvre, Musée archéologique de Narbonne, da sauran wurare. == Binciken farko == Jean Guyon ne ya gano rubutun farko a cikin 1837.<ref>Chabot, 1916, p.483: "Guelma rappelle le nom et représente le site de l'antique Calama. Dans cette localité et dans la nécropole voisine appelée Ain Nechma, on a recueilli une quarantaine d'inscriptions néopuniques qui forment un groupe spécial, caractérisé par l'emploi de certuines tournures et par la forme particulière donnée à quelques signes de l'alphabet.</ref> Tsakanin 1843-45, Adolphe Hedwige Alphonse Delamare ya tattara adadi mafi girma kuma ya buga su a cikin 1850.<ref>Guyon (1838). Quelques Inscriptions de la Province de Constantine (in French). p. 5. Retrieved 2022-10-14.</ref> Yawancin steles an aika su zuwa Louvre, da sauransu zuwa lambun jama'a na birnin Guelma, ga mutane masu zaman kansu, da kuma gidan kayan gargajiya na Constantine, Aljeriya.[3] Rubutun Guelma da farko sun kasance batun binciken da malaman kamar Auguste Celestin Judas, Heinrich Ewald da Moritz Ibrahim Levy suka yi. == Rubuce-rubuce == An san nau'ikan rubuce-rubuce guda biyu: rubuce-buce na rantsuwa da rubuce-aikacen jana'iza. Rubutun jana'izar, tare da 'yan kaɗan, suna nuna tsarin da aka saba amfani da shi na epitaphs na neopunic. Rubutun rantsuwa, duk da haka, suna dauke da tsari na musamman na takamaiman rubutun Ain Nechma. An san rubutun Delamare a cikin Louvre kamar haka: * AO 5107 (Delamare 4 [187]) * AO 5108 (Delamare 5 [187]), a nuna a cikin dakin 313 na Louvre * AO 5109 (Delamare 2 [187], Lidzbarski 7) * AO 5110 (Delamare 1 [187], Lidzbarski 6) * AO 5111 (Delamare 7 [187]) * AO 5112 (Delamare 6 [185], Lidzbarski 5) * AO 5113 (Delamare 3 [187]) * AO 5114 (Delamare 6 [187]) * AO 5290 (Delamare 18 [178]) a kan nuni a cikin dakin 313 na Louvre * AO 5291 (Delamare 9 [178]) * AO 5292 (Delamare 21 [178]) * AO 5293 (Delamare 10 [178]) Sauran: * Delamare 9 [185], Lidzbarski 2 * Delamare 7 [185], Lidzbarski 3 == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Delamare's_sketch_of_the_Guelma_Punic_inscriptions_02.png|Delamare's sketch (plate 185), including the Guelma Punic inscriptions File:Delamare's_sketch_of_the_Guelma_Punic_inscriptions_03.png|Delamare's sketch (plate 178), including the Guelma Punic inscriptions File:Lidzbarski's_Handbuch_der_Nordsemitischen_Epigraphik_Table_XVIII.jpg|A selection of the inscriptions in Lidzbarski's Handbuch der Nordsemitischen Epigraphik </gallery> == Bibliography == * Jean-Baptiste Chabot, Punica XI: Rubutun neopunique na Guelma, 1916 *   *   * {{Cite journal |last=Judas |first=Auguste Celestin |year=1845 |title=MÉMOIRE Sur plusieurs inscriptions phéniciennes, et particulièrement sur celles qui ont été trouvées en Numidie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLNBAAAAYAAJ |journal=Journal Asiatique |language=fr |publisher=Société asiatique |access-date=2022-10-13}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dljlvpif370lnc1ndpillrbbozkbte0 0 178541 964615 2026-10-08T06:15:56Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316368887|Alligator drum]]" 964615 wikitext text/x-wiki Gangar kada (simplified Chinese; Traditional Chinese; ) wani nau'in Ganga ne da aka yi amfani da shi a Neolithic China, wanda aka yi da yumɓu da fatar alligator. An samo gangar kada a wani yanki mai faɗi a shafukan Neolithic daga Shandong na zamani a gabas zuwa Qinghai a yamma, wanda ya kasance a lokacin 5500-2350 BC. A cikin rubuce-rubucen wallafe-wallafen, gangunan sun nuna halaye na shamanistic kuma ana amfani da su sau da yawa a cikin bukukuwan al'ada.<ref>Liu, Li (2007). ''The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-01064-0}}. p. 123</ref> An ambaci gangar ɗin da ana rufeta da fata na don amfani gurin bukukuwa kamar yanda aka ambatq a cikin ''Shijing''.<ref>Sterckx, Roel (2002). ''The Animal and the Daemon in Early China''. New York: State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-5270-0}}. p. 125.</ref><ref>Porter, Deborah Lynn (1996). ''From Deluge to Discourse: Myth, History, and the Generation of Chinese Fiction''. New York: State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-3034-0}}. p 53.</ref> A lokacin Archaic, alligators mai yiwuwa sun zauna a gabashin gabar kasar Sin, gami da kudancin Shandong. Ana samun drum din alligator na farko, wanda ya ƙunshi katako na katako wanda aka rufe da fatar alligator, a wuraren binciken archaeological a Dawenkou, da kuma shafuka da yawa na Longshan. Ire- Irene sauti na alligator drum sune kamar haka: mitar: 4100-2600 Hz, faɗin: 3000-2000 dB, da kuma tsawo: 2300-1900 Hz.<ref>Liu, Li (2007). ''The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-01064-0}}.</ref> == Manazarta == srbxwzuv9yyc6cj3buim49duchktzmf 964617 964615 2026-10-08T06:16:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gangar kada (simplified Chinese; Traditional Chinese; ) wani nau'in Ganga ne da aka yi amfani da shi a Neolithic China, wanda aka yi da yumɓu da fatar alligator. An samo gangar kada a wani yanki mai faɗi a shafukan Neolithic daga Shandong na zamani a gabas zuwa Qinghai a yamma, wanda ya kasance a lokacin 5500-2350 BC. A cikin rubuce-rubucen wallafe-wallafen, gangunan sun nuna halaye na shamanistic kuma ana amfani da su sau da yawa a cikin bukukuwan al'ada.<ref>Liu, Li (2007). ''The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-01064-0}}. p. 123</ref> An ambaci gangar ɗin da ana rufeta da fata na don amfani gurin bukukuwa kamar yanda aka ambatq a cikin ''Shijing''.<ref>Sterckx, Roel (2002). ''The Animal and the Daemon in Early China''. New York: State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-5270-0}}. p. 125.</ref><ref>Porter, Deborah Lynn (1996). ''From Deluge to Discourse: Myth, History, and the Generation of Chinese Fiction''. New York: State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|0-7914-3034-0}}. p 53.</ref> A lokacin Archaic, alligators mai yiwuwa sun zauna a gabashin gabar kasar Sin, gami da kudancin Shandong. Ana samun drum din alligator na farko, wanda ya ƙunshi katako na katako wanda aka rufe da fatar alligator, a wuraren binciken archaeological a Dawenkou, da kuma shafuka da yawa na Longshan. Ire- Irene sauti na alligator drum sune kamar haka: mitar: 4100-2600 Hz, faɗin: 3000-2000 dB, da kuma tsawo: 2300-1900 Hz.<ref>Liu, Li (2007). ''The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-01064-0}}.</ref> == Manazarta == 6l73vk3m29wdmsj0a3bmzb7zat3xak3 0 178542 964616 2026-10-08T06:16:01Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376738446|Lobamba]]" 964616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lobamba''' gari ne a [[Eswatini]] wanda ke tsakanin manyan biranen Eswatini guda biyu, [[Mbabane]] da Manzini . Tana cikin yankin Hhohho, inda Mbabane ke zama birni mafi kusa da ita, sannan kogin Lusushwana ke zama kogin mafi kusa. Tana tsakanin Ezulwini da Mahlanya kuma tana gaban Elangeni. Wannan gari yana da muhimmancin al'adu a Eswatini domin yana da wurare masu mahimmanci. Tana aiki a matsayin wurin zama na majalisar dokoki, na gargajiya, na ruhaniya, na majalisar dokokin Eswatini, da kuma Ludzidzini Royal Village, gidan [[Ntfombi na Eswatini|Sarauniya Ntfombi]], Uwar Sarauniya . <ref>Ruth Cyr. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YlhwTte8pbkC&pg=PA485 Twentieth Century Africa]''. iUniverse; 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-595-18982-3}}. p. 485.</ref> Tana da nisan kilomita goma daga fadar Sarki Mswati ta uku, wato Fadar Lozitha. Kuma yana da filin wasa na Somhlolo National Stadium . == Bayani == Lobamba tana cikin yammacin ƙasar <ref name="Haggett p. 2477">Peter Haggett. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6plpd_4AZfgC&pg=PA2477 Encyclopedia of World Geography]''. Marshall Cavendish; 1 July 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-7614-7289-6}}. p. 2477.</ref> a cikin dajin "Kwarin Sama", ko Kwarin Ezulwini . <ref name="Armstrong p. 582">Kate Armstrong. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=y4c1a6GSQ8cC&pg=PA582 South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland]''. Lonely Planet; 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-74059-970-2}}. p. 582.</ref> Yana da {{Convert|16|km|mi|0}} daga [[Mbabane]], a gundumar Hhohho kuma tana da [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|yanayi mai zafi sosai]] tare da lokacin rani mai danshi da kuma lokacin hunturu mai bushewa. <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> [[Fayil:Sobhuza.jpg|thumb| Sobhuza II]] A shekarar 1997, yawan jama'arta ya kai 3,625. Yawan jama'arta a shekarar 2006 ya kai 11,000. <ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QeKbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA706 Britannica Book of the Year 2010]''. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; 1 March 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-61535-366-8}}. p. 706.</ref> A faɗin ƙasar, kashi 84.3% na mutanen ƙasar 'yan [[Kabilar Swazi|Swazi]] ne, yayin da kashi 9.9% kuma 'yan Zulu ne. Sauran su ne Tsonga (2.5%), Indiya (1.6%) da sauransu (1.7%). Harsunan hukuma na ƙasar sune [[Harshen Swazi|Swazi]] da [[Turanci]] . <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> == Tarihi == An kira yankuna biyu Lobamba, an kafa yankin farko da ake kira "Old Lobamba" a shekarar 1750 a kudancin Eswatini. Maudu'in wannan labarin shine sulhu da Sobhuza II ya ƙirƙiro a yankin arewa maso yammacin ƙasar. <ref>Laurel L. Rose. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ev7uqavYvGoC&pg=PA65 The Politics of Harmony: Land Dispute Strategies in Swaziland]''. Cambridge University Press; 31 January 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-521-39296-9}}. p. 65.</ref> [ nb 1 ] A shekarar 1903, bayan Yaƙin Boer, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta karɓi iko da Eswatini, kuma daga nan wani sarki ya yi mata mulka. A shekarar 1921 Sarki Sobhuza na Biyu ya zama shugaban Eswatini, wanda har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin Burtaniya. <ref>Ruth Cyr. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YlhwTte8pbkC&pg=PA485 Twentieth Century Africa]''. iUniverse; 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-595-18982-3}}. p. 485, 488.</ref> Eswatini ta sami 'yancin kai daga gwamnatin Birtaniya a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1968, wanda Yarima Makhosini ya sanar a wani bikin shanu da ke Lobamba. Shi ne firayim minista na farko a ƙasar kuma jikan Sobhuza na ɗaya . Da samun 'yancin kai, Eswatini ta kasance memba a cikin haƙƙinta na [[Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Afirka|Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Afirka]] (OAU), [[Kasashen common wealth|Ƙungiyar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya]], da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] . <ref name="Akyeampong p. 233">Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong; Henry Louis Gates. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA4-PA233 Dictionary of African Biography]''. Oxford University Press; 2 February 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-19-538207-5}}. p. 233–234.</ref> An mayar da shi masarautar tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin Sobhuza na Biyu, <ref name="Twentieth Century Africa">Ruth Cyr. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YlhwTte8pbkC&pg=PA488 Twentieth Century Africa]''. iUniverse; 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-595-18982-3}}. p. 488.</ref> wanda ke zaune a gidan sarauta, ko kuma kraal, a Lobamba. <ref name="Twentieth Century Africa" /> == Gwamnati == [[File:Mswati_III_King_of_Eswatini.jpg|thumb| Mswati na Uku, Sarkin Eswatini<br /><br /><br /><br /> Afrilu 1986 - yanzu]] Lobamba ita ce cibiyar majalisar dokoki ta gwamnatin [[Eswatini]] . === Majalisar Eswatini === An mayar da ita reshe na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Majalisa ta Commonwealth a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1965, kuma ranar samun 'yancin kai ita ce 1 ga Janairu, 1968. Sarki Mswati na Uku ne ya sanya hannu kan kundin tsarin mulki a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2005. [[Jerin Sarakuna na Eswatini|Sarki]] ne ke naɗa firayim minista da majalisar. Akwai dakunan taro guda biyu: Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Dokoki. A wasu lokutan ginin majalisar yana buɗe ga baƙi. <ref name="Murphy p. 592">Alan Murphy; Kate Armstrong; James Bainbridge. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oMKf-rqYjFgC&pg=PA592 Lonely Planet Southern Africa]''. Lonely Planet; 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-74059-545-2}}. p. 592.</ref> Lobamba kuma tana da Inkhundla, inda mazauna za su iya samun ayyuka kamar rajistar takardar shaidar haihuwa, fasfo, katunan shaida, da sauran takardu na ƙasa. === Fadar Jihar Embo === Turawan Birtaniya ne suka gina Fadar Sarautar Embo domin ta zauna da Sobhuza II, wacce ta yi aure [[Auren mata da yawa|da yawa]], tare da yara 600. Ba a buɗe shi ga baƙi ba kuma ba a yarda a ɗauki hotuna ba. <ref name="Armstrong p. 582" /> <ref name="Murphy p. 592" /> === Gidajen sarauta === Sarki Mswati na uku yana zaune a Fadar Lozitha, kimanin {{Convert|10|km|mi|0}} daga birnin. Yana ziyartar Royal Kraal, ko Gidan Sarauta na Ludzidzini, a lokacin bukukuwan [[Umhlanga (bikin)|rawa]] da Incwala na Umhlanga. <ref name="Murphy p. 592" /> Ƙauyen sarauta ya haɗa da Sarautar Sarauniyar Sarauniya, ƙungiyoyin zama, da kuma wurin faretin bukukuwa. == Kayayyakin more rayuwa == === Jami'an tsaro === [[File:Caricature_of_William_Palmer,_2nd_Earl_of_Selborne_(1859-1942).jpg|thumb| Lord Selborne, Babban Kwamishinan Afirka ta Kudu ya sanya hannu kan wata doka a shekarar 1907 don abin da ya zama Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Eswatini.]] Lobamba tana da ofishin 'yan sanda kuma Hukumar 'Yan Sanda ta Royal Eswatini ce ke kula da ita. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, Lord Selborne, Babban Kwamishinan Afirka ta Kudu ya sanya hannu kan wata doka a shekarar 1907 don abin da ya zama Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Eswatini. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Eswatini a shekarar 1968, an sake wa rundunar suna zuwa Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Royal Swaziland. An ƙara canza sunansa wanda hakan ya sa ya zama hidima, maimakon ƙarfi. === Ilimi === Akwai makarantu huɗu a Lobamba, makarantun firamare biyu da kuma makarantun sakandare biyu. Da farko, akwai Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙasa ta Lomba. [1] Haka kuma, akwai Makarantar Firamare ta Ƙasa ta Lobamba, Makarantar Firamare ta St Mary da Makarantar Sakandare ta St Mary. === Lafiya da walwala === Gwamnati tana samar da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya don magance [[Yankin da ke cikin cuta (epidemiology)|cututtuka]] da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|rashin abinci mai gina jiki da]] ke addabar mutane. Fanshon ritaya, nakasa da kuma fanshon da suka tsira ana samun su ta hanyar tsarin jin daɗinsu. <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> Lobamba tana da asibitoci guda biyu: Asibitin Lobamba da Asibitin St Mary waɗanda ke ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga membobin al'umma amma ba'a iyakance ga mazauna Lobamba ba. Akwai cibiyar al'umma ta Matasa da kuma wurin kula da yara inda yara ke zuwa wasa da cin abinci. Kasancewar ofishin 'yan sanda yana taimakawa wajen rage aikata laifuka a yankin, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama amintacce ga mutane, kuma kusa da shi akwai ofishin kashe gobara wanda ke kusantar da ayyukan gaggawa ga mutane. === Sufuri === Yawancin tituna a Eswatini ba su da rufin asiri, amma akwai kyawawan hanyoyi da ke haɗa manyan garuruwa, <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> ciki har da babbar hanyar MR3 da titin MR103. <ref name="Armstrong p. 582" /> Akwai ƙananan filayen jirgin sama na gida da kuma layin dogo da ke aiki tsakanin Eswatini da Mozambique. <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> Filin jirgin saman Matsapha yana {{Convert|23|km|mi}} daga Lobamba. Filin jirgin sama na biyu mafi kusa a cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje shine Filin jirgin sama na Maputo da ke Mozambique, wanda ke da {{Convert|216|km|mi}} nesa. Ɗaya daga cikin masu yawon buɗe ido a Eswatini shine Swazi Trails, wanda ke ziyartar ƙauyen sarauta na Lobamba, wuraren ajiyar yanayi, wuraren shakatawa na dabbobi, da cibiyoyin sana'o'i. Nabo Bashoa yana gudanar da rangadin bas. <ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rXN6xJjPlrwC&pg=PA801 South Africa]''. Rough Guides; 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-85828-853-6}}. Ncwala and Umhlanga ceremonies. p. 801.</ref> == Al'adu da abubuwan jan hankali == {{Lobamba City map}} === Muhimman abubuwan jan hankali === # Majalisar Dokokin Eswatini # Filin Wasan Ƙasa na Somhlolo # [[King Sobhuza II Memorial Park|Wurin Tunawa da Sarki Sobhuza II]] # National Museum of Eswatini - Eswatini National Trust Commission # [[Tsarkakakken Gandun Daji na Mlilwane|Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Mlilwane]] # Mandzana - maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi === Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Eswatini === An gina Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Eswatini, wanda ke Lobamba kusa da ginin Majalisar Dokoki, a shekarar 1972 kuma an faɗaɗa shi a shekarar 1986 da 1990. Majalisar Gidajen Tarihi ta Duniya ta sanya gidan tarihin ya zama wata cibiya mai zaman kanta a shekarar 1974. <ref name="SNTC" /> Gidan tarihin yana ɗauke da wani abin tunawa ga Sarki Sobhuza na Biyu <ref name="Murphy p. 592" /> da kuma kayan tarihi na [[Kabilar Swazi|Swazi]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tana da tarin hotuna da suka haɗa da mutanen Yankin [[Mbabane]] da Manzini da kuma masu mulkin [[Kasa Afrika|mallaka na Birtaniya]] . Wani kan [[Krishna]] na ƙarni na 16, wanda aka gano a kusa, yana cikin reshen tarihin halitta kuma yana ba da shaidar ciniki da gabas . Fikafikin tarihin halitta ya haɗa da dioramas [[Highveld|na highveld]] da lowveld don kwatanta nau'ikan halittun Eswatini daban-daban kuma yana nuna dabbobin dare da ba a saba gani ba. Abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi sun haɗa da tasirin muhalli da al'adu. Wurin da aka gina wani gidan Swazi yana wajen gidan tarihi. === Filin wasa na Somhlolo === Haka kuma kusa da ginin Majalisar akwai [[Somhlolo stadium|filin wasa na Somhlolo]] don ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran manyan taruka. [[File:Mlilwane_Wildlife_Sanctuary_in_Eswatini_01.jpg|thumb| [[Tsarkakakken Gandun Daji na Mlilwane|Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Mlilwane]]]] === Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Mlilwane === A wajen Lobamba akwai wurin ajiye namun daji na Mlilwane wanda ke da hanyoyin hawan dawaki da hawa dutse, yawon shakatawa na kekuna a tsaunuka, sansanonin hanyoyin karkara da kuma yin sansani a cikin kogo. A duk faɗin wurin shakatawa akwai damarmaki don kallon dabbobin daji, ciki har da barewa, raƙumin dawa, dawakin zebra, da nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa. <ref>Alan Murphy; Kate Armstrong; James Bainbridge. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oMKf-rqYjFgC&pg=PA584 Lonely Planet Southern Africa]''. Lonely Planet; 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-74059-545-2}}. p. 584.</ref> === Wurin Tunawa da Sarki Sobhuza II === An kafa wurin tunawa da Sarki Sobhuza na Biyu, wanda shi ne shugaban 'yancin kai na ƙasar a shekarar 1968. Ana ba da labarin rayuwar sarki ta hanyar baje kolin hotuna. Motocin sarki uku na da suna a gidan tarihi kuma kabarin nasa yana cikin wurin shakatawa. === Malkern Valley === Malkerns Valley sanannen cibiyar fasaha ce ta tarihi da fasaha, wacce ke kusa da Malkerns Valley.{{Convert|7|km|mi}} kudu da Lobamba. <ref>James Bainbridge. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=p4pGABdauysC&pg=PA588 South Africa Lesotho and Swaziland]''. Lonely Planet; 15 September 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-74220-375-1}}. p. 588.</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Bukukuwa === Lobamba ta shahara da bukukuwa biyu da ake gudanarwa a can: [[Umhlanga (bikin)|Rawar Reed]], da ake yi a watan Agusta da Satumba don girmama Uwar Sarauniya, da kuma Incwala, <ref name="EB" /> <ref>James Bainbridge. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=p4pGABdauysC&pg=PA613 South Africa Lesotho and Swaziland]''. Lonely Planet; 15 September 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-74220-375-1}}. p. 613.</ref> a watan Disamba da Janairu don girmama Sarki. Waɗannan bukukuwan sun haɗa da rawa, waƙa, da bukukuwa tare da kayan gargajiya. <ref>"Ncwala and Umhlanga ceremonies." In ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rXN6xJjPlrwC&pg=PA805 South Africa]''. Rough Guides; 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-85828-853-6}}. p. 805.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hukumar Amincewa ta Ƙasa ta Swaziland - tana gudanar da Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Eswatini   == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karatu == * Dlamini, Barka da zuwa (27 ga Yuni, 2013). [http://www.times.co.sz/news/88837-majahodvwa-takes-potshot-at-colleague.html "Majahodvwa ya ɗauki potshot a abokin aiki"] . ''Lokacin Eswatini'' . An shiga Afrilu 7, 2014. * O'Cuneen, Pamela (Yuni 1, 2013). [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/travel/party-time-in-lobamba/story-e6frg8rf-1226653962214 "Lokacin biki a Lobamba"] . ''Ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya'' . An shiga Afrilu 7, 2014. [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1jfw7u3k020d6xioogur3u7ya3zknkw 964618 964616 2026-10-08T06:16:58Z Baffa ali 47435 964618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lobamba''' gari ne a [[Eswatini]] wanda ke tsakanin manyan biranen Eswatini guda biyu, [[Mbabane]] da Manzini . Tana cikin yankin Hhohho, inda Mbabane ke zama birni mafi kusa da ita, sannan kogin Lusushwana ke zama kogin mafi kusa. Tana tsakanin Ezulwini da Mahlanya kuma tana gaban Elangeni. Wannan gari yana da muhimmancin al'adu a Eswatini domin yana da wurare masu mahimmanci. Tana aiki a matsayin wurin zama na majalisar dokoki, na gargajiya, na ruhaniya, na majalisar dokokin Eswatini, da kuma Ludzidzini Royal Village, gidan [[Ntfombi na Eswatini|Sarauniya Ntfombi]], Uwar Sarauniya . <ref>Ruth Cyr. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YlhwTte8pbkC&pg=PA485 Twentieth Century Africa]''. iUniverse; 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-595-18982-3}}. p. 485.</ref> Tana da nisan kilomita goma daga fadar Sarki Mswati ta uku, wato Fadar Lozitha. Kuma yana da filin wasa na Somhlolo National Stadium . == Bayani == Lobamba tana cikin yammacin ƙasar <ref name="Haggett p. 2477">Peter Haggett. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6plpd_4AZfgC&pg=PA2477 Encyclopedia of World Geography]''. Marshall Cavendish; 1 July 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-7614-7289-6}}. p. 2477.</ref> a cikin dajin "Kwarin Sama", ko Kwarin Ezulwini . <ref name="Armstrong p. 582">Kate Armstrong. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=y4c1a6GSQ8cC&pg=PA582 South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland]''. Lonely Planet; 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-74059-970-2}}. p. 582.</ref> Yana da {{Convert|16|km|mi|0}} daga [[Mbabane]], a gundumar Hhohho kuma tana da [[Yankunan da ke cikin zafi|yanayi mai zafi sosai]] tare da lokacin rani mai danshi da kuma lokacin hunturu mai bushewa. <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> [[Fayil:Sobhuza.jpg|thumb| Sobhuza II]] A shekarar 1997, yawan jama'arta ya kai 3,625. Yawan jama'arta a shekarar 2006 ya kai 11,000. <ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QeKbAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA706 Britannica Book of the Year 2010]''. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; 1 March 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-61535-366-8}}. p. 706.</ref> A faɗin ƙasar, kashi 84.3% na mutanen ƙasar 'yan [[Kabilar Swazi|Swazi]] ne, yayin da kashi 9.9% kuma 'yan Zulu ne. Sauran su ne Tsonga (2.5%), Indiya (1.6%) da sauransu (1.7%). Harsunan hukuma na ƙasar sune [[Harshen Swazi|Swazi]] da [[Turanci]] . <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> == Tarihi == An kira yankuna biyu Lobamba, an kafa yankin farko da ake kira "Old Lobamba" a shekarar 1750 a kudancin Eswatini. Maudu'in wannan labarin shine sulhu da Sobhuza II ya ƙirƙiro a yankin arewa maso yammacin ƙasar. <ref>Laurel L. Rose. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ev7uqavYvGoC&pg=PA65 The Politics of Harmony: Land Dispute Strategies in Swaziland]''. Cambridge University Press; 31 January 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-521-39296-9}}. p. 65.</ref> [ nb 1 ] A shekarar 1903, bayan Yaƙin Boer, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta karɓi iko da Eswatini, kuma daga nan wani sarki ya yi mata mulka. A shekarar 1921 Sarki Sobhuza na Biyu ya zama shugaban Eswatini, wanda har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnatin Burtaniya. <ref>Ruth Cyr. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YlhwTte8pbkC&pg=PA485 Twentieth Century Africa]''. iUniverse; 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-595-18982-3}}. p. 485, 488.</ref> Eswatini ta sami 'yancin kai daga gwamnatin Birtaniya a ranar 6 ga Satumba, 1968, wanda Yarima Makhosini ya sanar a wani bikin shanu da ke Lobamba. Shi ne firayim minista na farko a ƙasar kuma jikan Sobhuza na ɗaya . Da samun 'yancin kai, Eswatini ta kasance memba a cikin haƙƙinta na [[Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Afirka|Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Afirka]] (OAU), [[Kasashen common wealth|Ƙungiyar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya]], da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] . <ref name="Akyeampong p. 233">Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong; Henry Louis Gates. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA4-PA233 Dictionary of African Biography]''. Oxford University Press; 2 February 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-19-538207-5}}. p. 233–234.</ref> An mayar da shi masarautar tsarin mulki a ƙarƙashin Sobhuza na Biyu, <ref name="Twentieth Century Africa">Ruth Cyr. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YlhwTte8pbkC&pg=PA488 Twentieth Century Africa]''. iUniverse; 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-595-18982-3}}. p. 488.</ref> wanda ke zaune a gidan sarauta, ko kuma kraal, a Lobamba. <ref name="Twentieth Century Africa" /> == Gwamnati == [[File:Mswati_III_King_of_Eswatini.jpg|thumb| Mswati na Uku, Sarkin Eswatini<br /><br /><br /><br /> Afrilu 1986 - yanzu]] Lobamba ita ce cibiyar majalisar dokoki ta gwamnatin [[Eswatini]] . === Majalisar Eswatini === An mayar da ita reshe na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Majalisa ta Commonwealth a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1965, kuma ranar samun 'yancin kai ita ce 1 ga Janairu, 1968. Sarki Mswati na Uku ne ya sanya hannu kan kundin tsarin mulki a ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2005. [[Jerin Sarakuna na Eswatini|Sarki]] ne ke naɗa firayim minista da majalisar. Akwai dakunan taro guda biyu: Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Dokoki. A wasu lokutan ginin majalisar yana buɗe ga baƙi. <ref name="Murphy p. 592">Alan Murphy; Kate Armstrong; James Bainbridge. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oMKf-rqYjFgC&pg=PA592 Lonely Planet Southern Africa]''. Lonely Planet; 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-74059-545-2}}. p. 592.</ref> Lobamba kuma tana da Inkhundla, inda mazauna za su iya samun ayyuka kamar rajistar takardar shaidar haihuwa, fasfo, katunan shaida, da sauran takardu na ƙasa. === Fadar Jihar Embo === Turawan Birtaniya ne suka gina Fadar Sarautar Embo domin ta zauna da Sobhuza II, wacce ta yi aure [[Auren mata da yawa|da yawa]], tare da yara 600. Ba a buɗe shi ga baƙi ba kuma ba a yarda a ɗauki hotuna ba. <ref name="Armstrong p. 582" /> <ref name="Murphy p. 592" /> === Gidajen sarauta === Sarki Mswati na uku yana zaune a Fadar Lozitha, kimanin {{Convert|10|km|mi|0}} daga birnin. Yana ziyartar Royal Kraal, ko Gidan Sarauta na Ludzidzini, a lokacin bukukuwan [[Umhlanga (bikin)|rawa]] da Incwala na Umhlanga. <ref name="Murphy p. 592" /> Ƙauyen sarauta ya haɗa da Sarautar Sarauniyar Sarauniya, ƙungiyoyin zama, da kuma wurin faretin bukukuwa. == Kayayyakin more rayuwa == === Jami'an tsaro === [[File:Caricature_of_William_Palmer,_2nd_Earl_of_Selborne_(1859-1942).jpg|thumb| Lord Selborne, Babban Kwamishinan Afirka ta Kudu ya sanya hannu kan wata doka a shekarar 1907 don abin da ya zama Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Eswatini.]] Lobamba tana da ofishin 'yan sanda kuma Hukumar 'Yan Sanda ta Royal Eswatini ce ke kula da ita. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, Lord Selborne, Babban Kwamishinan Afirka ta Kudu ya sanya hannu kan wata doka a shekarar 1907 don abin da ya zama Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Eswatini. Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Eswatini a shekarar 1968, an sake wa rundunar suna zuwa Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Royal Swaziland. An ƙara canza sunansa wanda hakan ya sa ya zama hidima, maimakon ƙarfi. === Ilimi === Akwai makarantu huɗu a Lobamba, makarantun firamare biyu da kuma makarantun sakandare biyu. Da farko, akwai Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙasa ta Lomba. [1] Haka kuma, akwai Makarantar Firamare ta Ƙasa ta Lobamba, Makarantar Firamare ta St Mary da Makarantar Sakandare ta St Mary. === Lafiya da walwala === Gwamnati tana samar da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya don magance [[Yankin da ke cikin cuta (epidemiology)|cututtuka]] da [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki|rashin abinci mai gina jiki da]] ke addabar mutane. Fanshon ritaya, nakasa da kuma fanshon da suka tsira ana samun su ta hanyar tsarin jin daɗinsu. <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> Lobamba tana da asibitoci guda biyu: Asibitin Lobamba da Asibitin St Mary waɗanda ke ba da ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga membobin al'umma amma ba'a iyakance ga mazauna Lobamba ba. Akwai cibiyar al'umma ta Matasa da kuma wurin kula da yara inda yara ke zuwa wasa da cin abinci. Kasancewar ofishin 'yan sanda yana taimakawa wajen rage aikata laifuka a yankin, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama amintacce ga mutane, kuma kusa da shi akwai ofishin kashe gobara wanda ke kusantar da ayyukan gaggawa ga mutane. === Sufuri === Yawancin tituna a Eswatini ba su da rufin asiri, amma akwai kyawawan hanyoyi da ke haɗa manyan garuruwa, <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> ciki har da babbar hanyar MR3 da titin MR103. <ref name="Armstrong p. 582" /> Akwai ƙananan filayen jirgin sama na gida da kuma layin dogo da ke aiki tsakanin Eswatini da Mozambique. <ref name="Haggett p. 2477" /> Filin jirgin saman Matsapha yana {{Convert|23|km|mi}} daga Lobamba. Filin jirgin sama na biyu mafi kusa a cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje shine Filin jirgin sama na Maputo da ke Mozambique, wanda ke da {{Convert|216|km|mi}} nesa. Ɗaya daga cikin masu yawon buɗe ido a Eswatini shine Swazi Trails, wanda ke ziyartar ƙauyen sarauta na Lobamba, wuraren ajiyar yanayi, wuraren shakatawa na dabbobi, da cibiyoyin sana'o'i. Nabo Bashoa yana gudanar da rangadin bas. <ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rXN6xJjPlrwC&pg=PA801 South Africa]''. Rough Guides; 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-85828-853-6}}. Ncwala and Umhlanga ceremonies. p. 801.</ref> == Al'adu da abubuwan jan hankali == {{Lobamba City map}} === Muhimman abubuwan jan hankali === # Majalisar Dokokin Eswatini # Filin Wasan Ƙasa na Somhlolo # [[King Sobhuza II Memorial Park|Wurin Tunawa da Sarki Sobhuza II]] # National Museum of Eswatini - Eswatini National Trust Commission # [[Tsarkakakken Gandun Daji na Mlilwane|Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Mlilwane]] # Mandzana - maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi === Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Eswatini === An gina Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Eswatini, wanda ke Lobamba kusa da ginin Majalisar Dokoki, a shekarar 1972 kuma an faɗaɗa shi a shekarar 1986 da 1990. Majalisar Gidajen Tarihi ta Duniya ta sanya gidan tarihin ya zama wata cibiya mai zaman kanta a shekarar 1974. <ref name="SNTC" /> Gidan tarihin yana ɗauke da wani abin tunawa ga Sarki Sobhuza na Biyu <ref name="Murphy p. 592" /> da kuma kayan tarihi na [[Kabilar Swazi|Swazi]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Tana da tarin hotuna da suka haɗa da mutanen Yankin [[Mbabane]] da Manzini da kuma masu mulkin [[Kasa Afrika|mallaka na Birtaniya]] . Wani kan [[Krishna]] na ƙarni na 16, wanda aka gano a kusa, yana cikin reshen tarihin halitta kuma yana ba da shaidar ciniki da gabas . Fikafikin tarihin halitta ya haɗa da dioramas [[Highveld|na highveld]] da lowveld don kwatanta nau'ikan halittun Eswatini daban-daban kuma yana nuna dabbobin dare da ba a saba gani ba. Abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi sun haɗa da tasirin muhalli da al'adu. Wurin da aka gina wani gidan Swazi yana wajen gidan tarihi. === Filin wasa na Somhlolo === Haka kuma kusa da ginin Majalisar akwai [[Somhlolo stadium|filin wasa na Somhlolo]] don ƙwallon ƙafa da sauran manyan taruka. [[File:Mlilwane_Wildlife_Sanctuary_in_Eswatini_01.jpg|thumb| [[Tsarkakakken Gandun Daji na Mlilwane|Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Mlilwane]]]] === Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Mlilwane === A wajen Lobamba akwai wurin ajiye namun daji na Mlilwane wanda ke da hanyoyin hawan dawaki da hawa dutse, yawon shakatawa na kekuna a tsaunuka, sansanonin hanyoyin karkara da kuma yin sansani a cikin kogo. A duk faɗin wurin shakatawa akwai damarmaki don kallon dabbobin daji, ciki har da barewa, raƙumin dawa, dawakin zebra, da nau'ikan tsuntsaye da yawa. <ref>Alan Murphy; Kate Armstrong; James Bainbridge. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oMKf-rqYjFgC&pg=PA584 Lonely Planet Southern Africa]''. Lonely Planet; 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-74059-545-2}}. p. 584.</ref> === Wurin Tunawa da Sarki Sobhuza II === An kafa wurin tunawa da Sarki Sobhuza na Biyu, wanda shi ne shugaban 'yancin kai na ƙasar a shekarar 1968. Ana ba da labarin rayuwar sarki ta hanyar baje kolin hotuna. Motocin sarki uku na da suna a gidan tarihi kuma kabarin nasa yana cikin wurin shakatawa. === Malkern Valley === Malkerns Valley sanannen cibiyar fasaha ce ta tarihi da fasaha, wacce ke kusa da Malkerns Valley.{{Convert|7|km|mi}} kudu da Lobamba. <ref>James Bainbridge. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=p4pGABdauysC&pg=PA588 South Africa Lesotho and Swaziland]''. Lonely Planet; 15 September 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-74220-375-1}}. p. 588.</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Bukukuwa === Lobamba ta shahara da bukukuwa biyu da ake gudanarwa a can: [[Umhlanga (bikin)|Rawar Reed]], da ake yi a watan Agusta da Satumba don girmama Uwar Sarauniya, da kuma Incwala, <ref name="EB" /> <ref>James Bainbridge. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=p4pGABdauysC&pg=PA613 South Africa Lesotho and Swaziland]''. Lonely Planet; 15 September 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-74220-375-1}}. p. 613.</ref> a watan Disamba da Janairu don girmama Sarki. Waɗannan bukukuwan sun haɗa da rawa, waƙa, da bukukuwa tare da kayan gargajiya. <ref>"Ncwala and Umhlanga ceremonies." In ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rXN6xJjPlrwC&pg=PA805 South Africa]''. Rough Guides; 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-85828-853-6}}. p. 805.</ref> == Duba kuma == * Hukumar Amincewa ta Ƙasa ta Swaziland - tana gudanar da Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Eswatini   == Ƙarin karatu == * Dlamini, Barka da zuwa (27 ga Yuni, 2013). [http://www.times.co.sz/news/88837-majahodvwa-takes-potshot-at-colleague.html "Majahodvwa ya ɗauki potshot a abokin aiki"] . ''Lokacin Eswatini'' . An shiga Afrilu 7, 2014. * O'Cuneen, Pamela (Yuni 1, 2013). [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/travel/party-time-in-lobamba/story-e6frg8rf-1226653962214 "Lokacin biki a Lobamba"] . ''Ɗan ƙasar Ostiraliya'' . An shiga Afrilu 7, 2014. [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == tcogwzr67s7n8jf4gvhx2ck7h38bxmc 0 178543 964619 2026-10-08T06:20:08Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305125346|Amman Citadel Inscription]]" 964619 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rubutun Amman Citadel''' shine mafi tsufa da aka sani a cikin abin da ake kira Harshen Ammonawa. An gano shi a 1961 a cikin Amman Citadel, kuma Siegfried Horn ne ya fara buga shi a shekarar 1968. A lokacin da aka gano shi ne na uku mafi tsawo Semitic dutse rubutun da aka samu a Kudancin Levant, bayan Mesha Stele da Siloam rubutun. An san rubutun da KAI 307. Ya zuwa 1969, an nuna rubutun a Gidan Tarihin Archaeological na Jordan . <ref name="Horn" /> == Bayyanawa == An zana rubutun a cikin fararen dutse mai laushi na kimanin 26 × 19 cm (10" × 71⁄2") a girman, tare da ɓangarorin rubutun da suka ɓace. &nbsp;Yawancin haruffa suna bayyane a sarari, kuma dutsen yana da alamun lalacewa kuma saboda haka mai yiwuwa ba a fallasa shi ga abubuwa ba. Rubutun ya ƙunshi layi takwas. Yankin hagu da na dama na rubutun sun ɓace, kuma layin ƙasa ba ya haɗa da ƙarshen rubutun. Ana tunanin layin saman shine farkon rubutun tunda akwai sarari a sama da shi. A cikin layi takwas, an nuna haruffa 93, waɗanda aka fassara su don yadawa tsakanin kusan kalmomi 33.[1] Girman da siffar haruffa daban-daban sun bambanta sosai, suna nuna cewa rubutun ya fito ne daga marubucin novice. Harafi da yawa da siffofi masu ban mamaki, alal misali ḥēt yana da katako biyu kawai, idan aka kwatanta da uku na yau da kullun, kama da Stele na Mesha. Thet ne kawai giciye bar a cikin da'ira (maimakon al'ada), kuma ʿayin ya riga ya ɗan buɗe (maimakon), ke faruwa a cikin rubutun Phoenician kawai daga ƙarni na 5. An fahimci cewa rubutun gini ne, kodayake saboda yanayin raguwar rubutun, fassarar ta kasance ba ta da tabbas. Ginin da William Fulco ya yi ya ɗauka cewa rubutun ya shafi babban allahn Ammonawa Milcom, ya dawo da wasika guda ɗaya da ta ɓace don samar da sunan. == Rubutun == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Rubuce-rubucen Tel Siran <ref name="Thompson">{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Henry O. |last2=Zayadine |first2=Fawzi |date=December 1973 |title=The Tell Siran Inscription |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |issue=212 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.2307/1356304 |jstor=1356304 |s2cid=163378372}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahlström |first=G.W. |date=1984 |title=The Tell Sīrān Bottle Inscription |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/peq.1984.116.1.12 |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=12–15 |doi=10.1179/peq.1984.116.1.12 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> !Rubuce-rubuce !Asalin asali (haruffa na Phoenician) !Rubutun haruffa na Ibrananci !Rubutun haruffa na Latin !Fassarar Turanci (Fulco 1978) |- |'''Layin 1''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤋𐤊𐤌.𐤁𐤍𐤄.𐤋𐤊.𐤌𐤁𐤀𐤕.𐤎𐤁𐤁𐤕[𐤌...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...] מ]לכם . בנה . לך . מבאת . סבבת...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...m]'''lkm.bnh.lk.mb’t.sbbt'''[...]}} |[...Mi]lkom, ya gina maka ƙofofin yankin[...] |- |'''Layin 2''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤊𐤊𐤋.𐤌𐤎𐤁𐤁.𐤏𐤋𐤊.𐤌𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤕𐤍[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...] ככל . מסבב . עלך . מת ימתן [...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''kkl.msbb.‘lk.mtymtn'''[...]}} |[...] cewa duk wanda ya yi maka barazana tabbas zai mutu[...] |- |'''Layin 3''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤊𐤇𐤃.𐤀𐤊𐤇𐤃𐤌.𐤅𐤊𐤋.𐤌𐤏𐤓𐤁[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...]כחד . אכחדם . וכל . מערב [...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''kḥd.’kḥdm.wkl.m‘rb'''[...]}} |[...] Tabbas zan hallaka su, da duk wanda ya shiga[...] |- |'''Layin 4''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[𐤌]𐤅𐤁𐤊𐤋.𐤎𐤃𐤓𐤕.𐤉𐤋𐤍𐤍.𐤑𐤃𐤒‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|ובכל . סדרת . ילנן . צדק[ם...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|'''wbkl.sdrt.ylnn.ṣdq'''[m...]}} |[...]kuma a cikin dukkan ginshiƙanta masu adalci za su zauna[...] |- |'''Layin 5''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤋.𐤕𐤃𐤋𐤕.𐤁𐤈𐤍.𐤊𐤓𐤄[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...] ל . תדלת . בטן כרה[...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''l.tdlt.bṭn.krh'''[...]}} |[...] za a rataye kayan ado daga ƙofofinta[...] |- |'''Layin 6''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤄.𐤕𐤔𐤕𐤏.𐤁𐤁𐤍.𐤀𐤋𐤌[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...]ה תשתע . בבן . אלם[...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''h.tšt‘.bbn.’lm'''[...]}} |[...] za a miƙa shi a cikin tashar ta[...] |- |'''Layin 7''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤅𐤔𐤋𐤅𐤄.𐤅𐤍[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...]ושלוה ונ[...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''wšlwh.wn'''[...]}} |[...] da aminci[...] |- |'''Layin 8''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...𐤋𐤌]𐤔𐤋𐤌.𐤋𐤄.𐤅𐤔[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[... לם]שלם לה וש[...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''šlm.lh.wš'''[lm...]}} |[...] zaman lafiya a gare ku da kuma pe[ace...] |} == Bayanan littattafai == *   * Cross, Frank Moore (1969). "Littattafai na Epigraphic akan 'Ammān Citadel Inscription'. ''BASOR'' '''193''', shafi na 13-19.&nbsp; * Fulco, William J. (1978). "Rubuce-rubucen 'Ammān Citadel: Sabon Haɗin". ''BASOR'' '''230''', shafuffuka na 39-43.&nbsp; * Horn, Siegfried (1969). "Rubuce-rubucen Ammān Citadel". ''BASOR'' '''193''', shafi na 2-13.&nbsp; * {{Cite journal |last=Shea |first=William H. |year=1981 |title=The Amman Citadel Inscription Again |journal=[[Palestine Exploration Quarterly]] |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=105–110 |doi=10.1080/00310328.1981.11910756}} == Shafukan yanar gizo == * [http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/westsem/citadel.html Rubutun Amman Citadel] a kchancon.com == Manazarta == 5jwu4cbrwnhlge7tth914ee1b55c7um 964621 964619 2026-10-08T06:20:39Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubutun Amman Citadel''' shine mafi tsufa da aka sani a cikin abin da ake kira Harshen Ammonawa. An gano shi a 1961 a cikin Amman Citadel, kuma Siegfried Horn ne ya fara buga shi a shekarar 1968. A lokacin da aka gano shi ne na uku mafi tsawo Semitic dutse rubutun da aka samu a Kudancin Levant, bayan Mesha Stele da Siloam rubutun. An san rubutun da KAI 307. Ya zuwa 1969, an nuna rubutun a Gidan Tarihin Archaeological na Jordan . <ref name="Horn" /> == Bayyanawa == An zana rubutun a cikin fararen dutse mai laushi na kimanin 26 × 19 cm (10" × 71⁄2") a girman, tare da ɓangarorin rubutun da suka ɓace. &nbsp;Yawancin haruffa suna bayyane a sarari, kuma dutsen yana da alamun lalacewa kuma saboda haka mai yiwuwa ba a fallasa shi ga abubuwa ba. Rubutun ya ƙunshi layi takwas. Yankin hagu da na dama na rubutun sun ɓace, kuma layin ƙasa ba ya haɗa da ƙarshen rubutun. Ana tunanin layin saman shine farkon rubutun tunda akwai sarari a sama da shi. A cikin layi takwas, an nuna haruffa 93, waɗanda aka fassara su don yadawa tsakanin kusan kalmomi 33.[1] Girman da siffar haruffa daban-daban sun bambanta sosai, suna nuna cewa rubutun ya fito ne daga marubucin novice. Harafi da yawa da siffofi masu ban mamaki, alal misali ḥēt yana da katako biyu kawai, idan aka kwatanta da uku na yau da kullun, kama da Stele na Mesha. Thet ne kawai giciye bar a cikin da'ira (maimakon al'ada), kuma ʿayin ya riga ya ɗan buɗe (maimakon), ke faruwa a cikin rubutun Phoenician kawai daga ƙarni na 5. An fahimci cewa rubutun gini ne, kodayake saboda yanayin raguwar rubutun, fassarar ta kasance ba ta da tabbas. Ginin da William Fulco ya yi ya ɗauka cewa rubutun ya shafi babban allahn Ammonawa Milcom, ya dawo da wasika guda ɗaya da ta ɓace don samar da sunan. == Rubutun == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Rubuce-rubucen Tel Siran <ref name="Thompson">{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Henry O. |last2=Zayadine |first2=Fawzi |date=December 1973 |title=The Tell Siran Inscription |journal=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research |issue=212 |pages=5–11 |doi=10.2307/1356304 |jstor=1356304 |s2cid=163378372}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahlström |first=G.W. |date=1984 |title=The Tell Sīrān Bottle Inscription |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/peq.1984.116.1.12 |journal=Palestine Exploration Quarterly |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=12–15 |doi=10.1179/peq.1984.116.1.12 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> !Rubuce-rubuce !Asalin asali (haruffa na Phoenician) !Rubutun haruffa na Ibrananci !Rubutun haruffa na Latin !Fassarar Turanci (Fulco 1978) |- |'''Layin 1''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤋𐤊𐤌.𐤁𐤍𐤄.𐤋𐤊.𐤌𐤁𐤀𐤕.𐤎𐤁𐤁𐤕[𐤌...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...] מ]לכם . בנה . לך . מבאת . סבבת...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...m]'''lkm.bnh.lk.mb’t.sbbt'''[...]}} |[...Mi]lkom, ya gina maka ƙofofin yankin[...] |- |'''Layin 2''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤊𐤊𐤋.𐤌𐤎𐤁𐤁.𐤏𐤋𐤊.𐤌𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤕𐤍[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...] ככל . מסבב . עלך . מת ימתן [...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''kkl.msbb.‘lk.mtymtn'''[...]}} |[...] cewa duk wanda ya yi maka barazana tabbas zai mutu[...] |- |'''Layin 3''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤊𐤇𐤃.𐤀𐤊𐤇𐤃𐤌.𐤅𐤊𐤋.𐤌𐤏𐤓𐤁[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...]כחד . אכחדם . וכל . מערב [...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''kḥd.’kḥdm.wkl.m‘rb'''[...]}} |[...] Tabbas zan hallaka su, da duk wanda ya shiga[...] |- |'''Layin 4''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[𐤌]𐤅𐤁𐤊𐤋.𐤎𐤃𐤓𐤕.𐤉𐤋𐤍𐤍.𐤑𐤃𐤒‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|ובכל . סדרת . ילנן . צדק[ם...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|'''wbkl.sdrt.ylnn.ṣdq'''[m...]}} |[...]kuma a cikin dukkan ginshiƙanta masu adalci za su zauna[...] |- |'''Layin 5''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤋.𐤕𐤃𐤋𐤕.𐤁𐤈𐤍.𐤊𐤓𐤄[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...] ל . תדלת . בטן כרה[...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''l.tdlt.bṭn.krh'''[...]}} |[...] za a rataye kayan ado daga ƙofofinta[...] |- |'''Layin 6''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤄.𐤕𐤔𐤕𐤏.𐤁𐤁𐤍.𐤀𐤋𐤌[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...]ה תשתע . בבן . אלם[...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''h.tšt‘.bbn.’lm'''[...]}} |[...] za a miƙa shi a cikin tashar ta[...] |- |'''Layin 7''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...]𐤅𐤔𐤋𐤅𐤄.𐤅𐤍[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[...]ושלוה ונ[...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''wšlwh.wn'''[...]}} |[...] da aminci[...] |- |'''Layin 8''' | <templatestyles src="Script/styles_phoenician.css" />[...𐤋𐤌]𐤔𐤋𐤌.𐤋𐤄.𐤅𐤔[...]‎ |<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />{{Lang|sem-x-ammonite|{{script|Hebr|[... לם]שלם לה וש[...]}}}} |{{Transl|sem-x-ammonite|[...]'''šlm.lh.wš'''[lm...]}} |[...] zaman lafiya a gare ku da kuma pe[ace...] |} == Bayanan littattafai == *   * Cross, Frank Moore (1969). "Littattafai na Epigraphic akan 'Ammān Citadel Inscription'. ''BASOR'' '''193''', shafi na 13-19.&nbsp; * Fulco, William J. (1978). "Rubuce-rubucen 'Ammān Citadel: Sabon Haɗin". ''BASOR'' '''230''', shafuffuka na 39-43.&nbsp; * Horn, Siegfried (1969). "Rubuce-rubucen Ammān Citadel". ''BASOR'' '''193''', shafi na 2-13.&nbsp; * {{Cite journal |last=Shea |first=William H. |year=1981 |title=The Amman Citadel Inscription Again |journal=[[Palestine Exploration Quarterly]] |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=105–110 |doi=10.1080/00310328.1981.11910756}} == Shafukan yanar gizo == * [http://www.kchanson.com/ANCDOCS/westsem/citadel.html Rubutun Amman Citadel] a kchancon.com == Manazarta == g9mqrk2u2evpcia2mxuwfa9m9ilqjjx 0 178544 964622 2026-10-08T06:21:04Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354393994|Anglo-Saxon brooches]]" 964622 wikitext text/x-wiki Anglo-Saxon brooches babban rukuni ne na kayan ado da aka samu a [[Ingila]] daga ƙarni na biyar zuwa na goma sha ɗaya. A farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon, akwai manyan nau'o'i biyu na brooch: brooch mai tsawo (bow) da brooch mai zagaye (disc). Nau'in dogon brooch ya haɗa da gicciye, murabba'in kai, radiate-head, da ƙananan brooches masu tsawo. Tsawon brooches ya fita daga cikin fashion a ƙarshen karni na shida. Tsarin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ya samo asali ne daga ƙuƙwan ƙuƙwasawa da aka samar a Kent a farkon karni na shida. A farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon, nau'in ƙuƙwalwar zagaye ya haɗa da saucer, ƙuƙwalwa mai amfani, maɓallin, ƙuɓɓugar (sashin zoben zagaye), penannular (marasa cikakkiyar zobe), da quoit (ƙuƙwallo biyu, ɗaya daga cikin kowane nau'in da suka gabata). Tsarin zagaye shine mafi yawan nau'ikan brooch a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-Saxon, tare da brooches na zagaye da ba na enamelled ba shine mafi yawan salon brooch. Akwai wasu nau'o'in da suka fada cikin nau'o-nau'i daban-daban. Wadannan sun hada da tsuntsu da S-shaped brooch na farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon da kuma tsaron-pin, strip, ottonian, rectangular, da tsuntsaye motif na tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Anglo- Saxon. Yawancin brooches da aka samu a farkon Anglo-Saxon Ingila sune salon Continental waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Turai. Wadannan salon sun samo asali ne a tsawon lokaci a Ingila. A cikin karni na shida, ma'aikatan ƙarfe daga Kent, kuma a ƙarshe wasu yankuna, sun fara ƙirƙirar ƙuƙwalwa ta amfani da salon su na musamman da dabarun. Misalai mafi sanannun ƙwayoyin Anglo-Saxon sune Sutton brooch, Saar brooch, Fuller Brooch, Strickland Brooch, da Kingston Brooch. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tsakiyar karni na biyar ta nuna farkon [[Ingila]] ta Anglo-Saxon.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}}Zamanin Anglo-Saxon ya ƙunshi lokutan lokaci daban-daban guda uku: farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxony, wanda ya kai tsakiyar karni na biyar zuwa farkon karni na bakwai; tsakiyar zamanin Anglo- Saxon, wanda ya shafi karni na bakwai zuwa ƙarni na tara; da kuma ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-saxon, wanda zai haɗa da ƙarni na goma da na goma.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2011}} Kayan da aka sa a cikin Anglo-Saxon Ingila sun kasance kayan ado na tufafi, tare da manufar haɗa tufafi tare. Yawanci sun kunshi fil, clasp, da kuma bazara, waɗanda aka ɓoye su ta farantin da ke gaba. Dangane da salon, fuskar brooch (ko farantin) na iya zama ba tare da an yi masa ado ba, kawai an yi masa kayan ado ko kuma an yi masa kyau sosai. Zai bambanta da girman da siffar. Wadannan tsoffin brooches za a iya raba su zuwa manyan kungiyoyi biyu, tsawo da kuma nau'i-nau'i. An gina burodi daga karafa daban-daban, gami da jan ƙarfe, baƙin ƙarfe, azurfa, zinariya ko haɗuwa da karafa. Ana iya yin su ta amfani da dabaru iri-iri, gami da simintin, inlaying ko zane. Sanyawa wata dabara ce da ake amfani da ita akai-akai, saboda ana iya yin brooches da yawa daga wannan ƙirar.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}} Mata ne suka fi sa takalma na zamanin Anglo-Saxon. A cewar masanin tarihin tufafi, Penelope Walton Rogers, "Ga mace ta Anglo-Saxon, brooches, pins, clasps da buckles suna da mahimmanci ga tufafinta kamar maɓallin zamani da zip-fasteners. Koyaya kayan ado ne kuma duk da haka an yi amfani da su don bayyana asalin zamantakewa da al'adu, aikin su na farko shine riƙe gefen tufafi tare da sarrafa flap na tufafi".{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}} Ko da yake mata sune masu amfani da sutura a farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon, shaidar archaeological ta nuna cewa ba a samo sutura sau da yawa kamar kayan ado a ƙarshen zamanin Anglo- Saxon ba.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}}Hanyoyin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, musamman ƙananan ƙuƙwan ƙuƙwasawa sun kasance siffar da girman da za su yi aiki a matsayin masu ɗaure tufafi. Wannan salon brooch, wanda ba a yi masa ado ba, galibi ana danganta shi da maza bayan farkon karni na bakwai.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2011}} == Tarihin lokaci == Yawancin brooches da aka samu a farkon Anglo-Saxon Ingila sune salon Continental waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Turai da Scandinavia. Tsawon brooch shine salon da ke da alaƙa da farkon Anglo-Saxon Ingila. An fara bayyana brooches na zagaye a Ingila a tsakiyar karni na biyar.[1]A cikin karni na shida, masu sana'a daga Kent sun fara kera brooches ta amfani da nasu salon da dabarun.Kentish square-headed brooches da zagaye (Kentish) kayan ado brooches sun kasance salon da suka samo asali a Kent.[1]Tsarin zagaye shine nau'in brooch da aka fi so a ƙarshen karni na shida.[1] A cikin karni na bakwai, duk brooches a Ingila sun ragu.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}}Sun sake bayyana a karni na takwas kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa masu kyau har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-Saxon. Hanyoyin burodi sun kasance mafi yawa a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-Saxon. A wannan lokacin, salon da aka fi so sune nau'ikan murfin murfin (Kentish). Ana iya raba siffofin zagaye gabaɗaya zuwa salon enamelled da wanda ba enamelled ba.{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}} Wasu 'yan salon da ba na zagaye ba ne suka kasance masu kyau a cikin ƙarni na takwas zuwa na goma sha ɗaya. Ana iya haɗa ansate, tsaron tsaro, tsintsiya da wasu nau'ikan a cikin wannan rukuni. Ansate brooches sune brooches na gargajiya daga Turai suka yi ƙaura zuwa Ingila kuma sun zama masu salo a ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-Saxon. Tsaro-pin brooches, mafi yawa a farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon ya zama abin mamaki a karni na bakwai kuma a karni na takwas, ya samo asali a cikin tsintsiya. Sauran brooches a wannan lokacin sun hada da tsuntsu, ottonian, rectangle da giciye. Misalai mafi sanannun ƙwanƙwasawa na Anglo-Saxon sune Sutton brooch, Saar brooch, Fuller Brooch, Strickland Brooch, Kingston Brooch da ƙwanƙusa na azurfa na Pentney Hoard . <ref name="Portable Antiquities Brooches">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2018 |title=Portable Antiquities brooches |url=https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/brooches-2/#Jewelled_disc_brooches |access-date=16 April 2019 |website=Portable Antiquities Scheme}}</ref> == Farkon ƙwanƙwasawa na Anglo-Saxon == === Tsawon brooches === [[File:Iron_Age_to_Roman_Colchester_bow_brooch_(FindID_559842).jpg|left|thumb|Ƙarfin ƙarfe]] [[File:Early-Medieval_(Anglo-Saxon)_Bow_Brooch_(FindID_289849).jpg|right|thumb|Ƙarƙashin ƙwallo na Anglo-Saxon]] Long brooches, wanda aka fi sani da bow brooches، ya samo asali ne daga Roman Iron Age-shaped brooches. Sun haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban na ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, da ƙananan ƙuƙwasawa, ƙuƙulwa masu kama da juna, ƙuɓɓuka masu kama da ɗaya da ƙuƙuka masu kama. Tsawon ya kunshi kai da ƙafa da kuma wani sashi a tsakiya da ake kira baka. Sashe na baka yana juyawa daga kai zuwa ƙafa, kuma kusurwar baka na iya bambanta dangane da salon.<ref name="Portable Antiquities Brooches" /> Roman brooches suna da baka mafi girma fiye da Anglo-Saxon brooches. A ƙarni na biyar, baka ta ƙusa ƙarami ne kawai a tsakiya.{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}} ==== Sadarwa mai murabba'i ==== Gilashin da ke da murabba'i yawanci suna da kawuna na rectangular, ba murabba'in ba kamar yadda aka bayyana da sunansu. Ƙafar gabaɗaya tana da siffar lozenge.<ref name="Portable Antiquities Brooches" /> Wannan brooch yana da siffar gicciye a wasu nau'ikan, tare da kayan ado na dabba inda baka da ƙafa suka haɗu. Square-heads sun samo asali ne a Scandinavia a karni na biyar kuma sun bazu zuwa [[Ingila]] da kudu zuwa [[Turai]] zuwa ƙarshen karni na biyar. A [[Ingila]], akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan murabba'in murabba'i, gami da babban murabba'ی, ƙaramin murabba'í da Kentish murabba'ir.{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}}Ana samun ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa a cikin Kent da Gabashin Anglian.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}} [[File:Square-Headed_Brooch_MET_DP30025.jpg|right|thumb|Ƙarƙashin kai mai murabba'i]] ===== Babban murabba'in ===== Manyan murabba'in murabba'i suna auna 100-150mm tsawo. Yawanci suna da girma kuma suna da nauyi. Su ne mafi yawan salon brooch da aka samo a cikin manyan kaburbura na mata a ƙarni na biyar da na shida. Babban murabba'in murabba'i ana yin su ne da jan ƙarfe, kuma maganin farfajiyar zinariya, azurfa da tinning sun zama ruwan dare. Wadannan kayan ado galibi ana yin ado da su a cikin Salin's Style I. Binciken kayan tarihi ya nuna cewa kowane murabba'in murabba'i na musamman ne kuma mai yiwuwa al'ada ce da aka yi wa mutane ta hanyar masu sana'a masu tafiya.{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}} [[File:Small_Square-headed_Brooch_(FindID_1016).jpg|left|thumb|Ƙananan murabba'in murabba'i]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o4jqviu3m45m1avfe5ikf9hwyunptf3 964623 964622 2026-10-08T06:21:29Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Anglo-Saxon brooches babban rukuni ne na kayan ado da aka samu a [[Ingila]] daga ƙarni na biyar zuwa na goma sha ɗaya. A farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon, akwai manyan nau'o'i biyu na brooch: brooch mai tsawo (bow) da brooch mai zagaye (disc). Nau'in dogon brooch ya haɗa da gicciye, murabba'in kai, radiate-head, da ƙananan brooches masu tsawo. Tsawon brooches ya fita daga cikin fashion a ƙarshen karni na shida. Tsarin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ya samo asali ne daga ƙuƙwan ƙuƙwasawa da aka samar a Kent a farkon karni na shida. A farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon, nau'in ƙuƙwalwar zagaye ya haɗa da saucer, ƙuƙwalwa mai amfani, maɓallin, ƙuɓɓugar (sashin zoben zagaye), penannular (marasa cikakkiyar zobe), da quoit (ƙuƙwallo biyu, ɗaya daga cikin kowane nau'in da suka gabata). Tsarin zagaye shine mafi yawan nau'ikan brooch a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-Saxon, tare da brooches na zagaye da ba na enamelled ba shine mafi yawan salon brooch. Akwai wasu nau'o'in da suka fada cikin nau'o-nau'i daban-daban. Wadannan sun hada da tsuntsu da S-shaped brooch na farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon da kuma tsaron-pin, strip, ottonian, rectangular, da tsuntsaye motif na tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Anglo- Saxon. Yawancin brooches da aka samu a farkon Anglo-Saxon Ingila sune salon Continental waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Turai. Wadannan salon sun samo asali ne a tsawon lokaci a Ingila. A cikin karni na shida, ma'aikatan ƙarfe daga Kent, kuma a ƙarshe wasu yankuna, sun fara ƙirƙirar ƙuƙwalwa ta amfani da salon su na musamman da dabarun. Misalai mafi sanannun ƙwayoyin Anglo-Saxon sune Sutton brooch, Saar brooch, Fuller Brooch, Strickland Brooch, da Kingston Brooch. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Tsakiyar karni na biyar ta nuna farkon [[Ingila]] ta Anglo-Saxon.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}}Zamanin Anglo-Saxon ya ƙunshi lokutan lokaci daban-daban guda uku: farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxony, wanda ya kai tsakiyar karni na biyar zuwa farkon karni na bakwai; tsakiyar zamanin Anglo- Saxon, wanda ya shafi karni na bakwai zuwa ƙarni na tara; da kuma ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-saxon, wanda zai haɗa da ƙarni na goma da na goma.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2011}} Kayan da aka sa a cikin Anglo-Saxon Ingila sun kasance kayan ado na tufafi, tare da manufar haɗa tufafi tare. Yawanci sun kunshi fil, clasp, da kuma bazara, waɗanda aka ɓoye su ta farantin da ke gaba. Dangane da salon, fuskar brooch (ko farantin) na iya zama ba tare da an yi masa ado ba, kawai an yi masa kayan ado ko kuma an yi masa kyau sosai. Zai bambanta da girman da siffar. Wadannan tsoffin brooches za a iya raba su zuwa manyan kungiyoyi biyu, tsawo da kuma nau'i-nau'i. An gina burodi daga karafa daban-daban, gami da jan ƙarfe, baƙin ƙarfe, azurfa, zinariya ko haɗuwa da karafa. Ana iya yin su ta amfani da dabaru iri-iri, gami da simintin, inlaying ko zane. Sanyawa wata dabara ce da ake amfani da ita akai-akai, saboda ana iya yin brooches da yawa daga wannan ƙirar.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}} Mata ne suka fi sa takalma na zamanin Anglo-Saxon. A cewar masanin tarihin tufafi, Penelope Walton Rogers, "Ga mace ta Anglo-Saxon, brooches, pins, clasps da buckles suna da mahimmanci ga tufafinta kamar maɓallin zamani da zip-fasteners. Koyaya kayan ado ne kuma duk da haka an yi amfani da su don bayyana asalin zamantakewa da al'adu, aikin su na farko shine riƙe gefen tufafi tare da sarrafa flap na tufafi".{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}} Ko da yake mata sune masu amfani da sutura a farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon, shaidar archaeological ta nuna cewa ba a samo sutura sau da yawa kamar kayan ado a ƙarshen zamanin Anglo- Saxon ba.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}}Hanyoyin ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, musamman ƙananan ƙuƙwan ƙuƙwasawa sun kasance siffar da girman da za su yi aiki a matsayin masu ɗaure tufafi. Wannan salon brooch, wanda ba a yi masa ado ba, galibi ana danganta shi da maza bayan farkon karni na bakwai.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2011}} == Tarihin lokaci == Yawancin brooches da aka samu a farkon Anglo-Saxon Ingila sune salon Continental waɗanda suka yi ƙaura daga Turai da Scandinavia. Tsawon brooch shine salon da ke da alaƙa da farkon Anglo-Saxon Ingila. An fara bayyana brooches na zagaye a Ingila a tsakiyar karni na biyar.[1]A cikin karni na shida, masu sana'a daga Kent sun fara kera brooches ta amfani da nasu salon da dabarun.Kentish square-headed brooches da zagaye (Kentish) kayan ado brooches sun kasance salon da suka samo asali a Kent.[1]Tsarin zagaye shine nau'in brooch da aka fi so a ƙarshen karni na shida.[1] A cikin karni na bakwai, duk brooches a Ingila sun ragu.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}}Sun sake bayyana a karni na takwas kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa masu kyau har zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-Saxon. Hanyoyin burodi sun kasance mafi yawa a tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-Saxon. A wannan lokacin, salon da aka fi so sune nau'ikan murfin murfin (Kentish). Ana iya raba siffofin zagaye gabaɗaya zuwa salon enamelled da wanda ba enamelled ba.{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}} Wasu 'yan salon da ba na zagaye ba ne suka kasance masu kyau a cikin ƙarni na takwas zuwa na goma sha ɗaya. Ana iya haɗa ansate, tsaron tsaro, tsintsiya da wasu nau'ikan a cikin wannan rukuni. Ansate brooches sune brooches na gargajiya daga Turai suka yi ƙaura zuwa Ingila kuma sun zama masu salo a ƙarshen zamanin Anglo-Saxon. Tsaro-pin brooches, mafi yawa a farkon zamanin Anglo-Saxon ya zama abin mamaki a karni na bakwai kuma a karni na takwas, ya samo asali a cikin tsintsiya. Sauran brooches a wannan lokacin sun hada da tsuntsu, ottonian, rectangle da giciye. Misalai mafi sanannun ƙwanƙwasawa na Anglo-Saxon sune Sutton brooch, Saar brooch, Fuller Brooch, Strickland Brooch, Kingston Brooch da ƙwanƙusa na azurfa na Pentney Hoard . <ref name="Portable Antiquities Brooches">{{Cite web |date=7 September 2018 |title=Portable Antiquities brooches |url=https://finds.org.uk/counties/findsrecordingguides/brooches-2/#Jewelled_disc_brooches |access-date=16 April 2019 |website=Portable Antiquities Scheme}}</ref> == Farkon ƙwanƙwasawa na Anglo-Saxon == === Tsawon brooches === [[File:Iron_Age_to_Roman_Colchester_bow_brooch_(FindID_559842).jpg|left|thumb|Ƙarfin ƙarfe]] [[File:Early-Medieval_(Anglo-Saxon)_Bow_Brooch_(FindID_289849).jpg|right|thumb|Ƙarƙashin ƙwallo na Anglo-Saxon]] Long brooches, wanda aka fi sani da bow brooches، ya samo asali ne daga Roman Iron Age-shaped brooches. Sun haɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban na ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, da ƙananan ƙuƙwasawa, ƙuƙulwa masu kama da juna, ƙuɓɓuka masu kama da ɗaya da ƙuƙuka masu kama. Tsawon ya kunshi kai da ƙafa da kuma wani sashi a tsakiya da ake kira baka. Sashe na baka yana juyawa daga kai zuwa ƙafa, kuma kusurwar baka na iya bambanta dangane da salon.<ref name="Portable Antiquities Brooches" /> Roman brooches suna da baka mafi girma fiye da Anglo-Saxon brooches. A ƙarni na biyar, baka ta ƙusa ƙarami ne kawai a tsakiya.{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}} ==== Sadarwa mai murabba'i ==== Gilashin da ke da murabba'i yawanci suna da kawuna na rectangular, ba murabba'in ba kamar yadda aka bayyana da sunansu. Ƙafar gabaɗaya tana da siffar lozenge.<ref name="Portable Antiquities Brooches" /> Wannan brooch yana da siffar gicciye a wasu nau'ikan, tare da kayan ado na dabba inda baka da ƙafa suka haɗu. Square-heads sun samo asali ne a Scandinavia a karni na biyar kuma sun bazu zuwa [[Ingila]] da kudu zuwa [[Turai]] zuwa ƙarshen karni na biyar. A [[Ingila]], akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan murabba'in murabba'i, gami da babban murabba'ی, ƙaramin murabba'í da Kentish murabba'ir.{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}}Ana samun ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa a cikin Kent da Gabashin Anglian.{{Sfn|Owen-Crocker|2004}} [[File:Square-Headed_Brooch_MET_DP30025.jpg|right|thumb|Ƙarƙashin kai mai murabba'i]] ===== Babban murabba'in ===== Manyan murabba'in murabba'i suna auna 100-150mm tsawo. Yawanci suna da girma kuma suna da nauyi. Su ne mafi yawan salon brooch da aka samo a cikin manyan kaburbura na mata a ƙarni na biyar da na shida. Babban murabba'in murabba'i ana yin su ne da jan ƙarfe, kuma maganin farfajiyar zinariya, azurfa da tinning sun zama ruwan dare. Wadannan kayan ado galibi ana yin ado da su a cikin Salin's Style I. Binciken kayan tarihi ya nuna cewa kowane murabba'in murabba'i na musamman ne kuma mai yiwuwa al'ada ce da aka yi wa mutane ta hanyar masu sana'a masu tafiya.{{Sfn|Walton-Rogers|2007}} [[File:Small_Square-headed_Brooch_(FindID_1016).jpg|left|thumb|Ƙananan murabba'in murabba'i]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 13qkuhiojmm6msy72jurl7gpfmhurkj 0 178545 964629 2026-10-08T06:45:55Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1289651452|Antiquities]]" 964629 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The_Parthenon_sculptures,_British_Museum_(14063376069)_(2)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Wani centaur da ke gwagwarmaya da Lapith a kan metope daga Parthenon, a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya (London), wani ɓangare na [[Elgin Marbles]]]] Abubuwan da suka gabata abubuwa ne daga zamanin d ̄ a, musamman wayewa Bahar Rum kamar tsohuwar Girka da Roma, Tsohon Misira, da sauran al'adun Gabas ta Tsakiya na Dā kamar Tsohon Farisa (Iran). Abubuwan tarihi daga lokutan da suka gabata kamar Mesolithic, da sauran wayewa daga Asiya da sauran wurare na iya rufe su da kalmar. Abubuwan da suka faru na ba da babban darajar kayan tarihi na dā ana samun su a wasu al'adu, musamman China, inda aka tattara tagulla na al'ada na kasar Sin, shekaru dubu uku zuwa biyu, kuma an yi koyi da su tsawon ƙarni, da Al'adun Pre-Columbian na Mesoamerica, inda musamman kayan tarihi na wayewar Olmec na farko ana samun su sake binne su a manyan wurare na al'adun da suka gabata har zuwa nasarar Mutanen Espanya.[1] Mutumin da ke nazarin kayan tarihi, ba tare da tattara su ba, galibi ana kiransa mai binciken kayan tarihi. == Ma'ana == Ma'anar kalmar ba koyaushe take daidai ba, kuma ma'anar ma'aikata kamar gidan kayan gargajiya "Departments of Antiquities" sau da yawa suna rufe lokutan daga baya, amma a cikin amfani na yau da kullun abubuwa na Gothic, alal misali, yanzu ba za a bayyana su a matsayin kayan tarihi ba, kodayake a cikin 1700 suna iya kasancewa, kamar yadda ranar yankewa ga kayan tarihi ta kasance tana komawa baya tun lokacin da aka fara samun kalmar a Turanci a cikin 1513. Abubuwan da ba na fasaha ba yanzu ba za a iya kiransu tsoffin abubuwa ba fiye da na baya. [[Francis Bacon]] ya rubuta a cikin 1605: "Antiquities ne tarihi lalata, ko wasu ragowar tarihi waɗanda suka tsere wa jirgin ruwa na lokaci". Cinikin fasaha yana nuna amfani da kalmar a zamani; Christie's "Department of Antiquities" yana rufe abubuwa "daga farkon wayewa zuwa Dark Ages, daga Yammacin Turai zuwa Tekun Caspian, yana rungumar al'adun Masar, Girka, Roma da Gabas ta Tsakiya. "Bonhams suna amfani da irin wannan ma'anar: "...4000 BC zuwa karni na 12 AD A fannin ƙasa sun samo asali ne daga Masar, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai ..."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antiquities |url=http://www.bonhams.com/cgi-bin/public.sh/pubweb/publicSite.r?sContinent=usa&Screen=antiquities |access-date=2014-08-25 |publisher=Bonhams}}</ref>Ranar yankewa ta hukuma sau da yawa daga baya ne, ba tare da damuwa da rarrabuwar Tarihin fasaha ba, kuma suna amfani da kalmar ga duk lokutan tarihi da suke so su kare: a [[Jodan|Jordan]] shine 1750, a Hong Kong 1800, da sauransu. Ba a amfani da kalmar sosai a cikin tattaunawar ilimi na yau da kullun, saboda wannan rashin daidaito. Koyaya, an yi ƙoƙari na kwanan nan don daidaita wannan da sauran sharuɗɗa.[1] Yawancin, amma ba duka ba, an dawo da kayan tarihi ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar archaeology. Akwai kadan ko babu haɗuwa da kayan tarihi, wanda ke rufe abubuwa, ba a gano su ba sakamakon ilimin kimiyyar archaeology, a mafi yawancin kimanin shekaru ɗari uku, kuma yawanci ƙasa da haka. == Tarihi == [[File:Cardiff_Castle_-_Bibliothek_Allegorien_Literatur_1.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Allegories na wallafe-wallafe biyar na zamanin d ̄ a, taimako a Cardiff Castle, na Thomas Nicholls a kusa da 1870]] Ma'anar antiquitates, ra'ayin cewa za'a iya dawo da wayewa ta hanyar bincike na tsari game da abubuwan da suka rage da al'adun kayan aiki, a cikin ma'anar da Varro ya yi amfani da ita kuma ya nuna a cikin Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews ya ɓace a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, lokacin da aka tattara abubuwa na dā tare da wasu roƙo, ƙarancin ko baƙon kayan su ba su kyauta ne da [[Tsafi|sihiri]] ko mu'ujiza. Ana iya adana cameos masu daraja da sauran kayan ado na dā lokacin da aka haɗa su cikin kambi da diadems da abubuwa na liturgical, consular diptychs ta hanyar amfani da su azaman murfin bishara. Za a iya sake gina ginshiƙan Romawa a cikin majami'u. sarcophagus na iya karɓar sabbin mazauna kuma tukwane na cinerary na iya aiki azaman ruwa mai tsarki. Ana iya farfado da siffofi na mutum, wanda ake tsorata da kuma la'akari da shi a matsayin "gunkuna" ta hanyar sake gano batutuwan su: an girmama tagulla mai suna Marcus Aurelius na Campidoglio a matsayin wakilcin sarki Kirista Constantine, kuma a cikin Pavia Regisole ya sami rawar da ta kiyaye shi. A Roma marubucin littafin jagora Magister Gregorius ya yaba da ''Spinario'' na tagulla na Roma. Tsarin gargajiya na Carolingian Renaissance ya kasance a wani bangare ne ta hanyar godiya ga rubuce-rubucen Late Antique: Utrecht Psalter yayi ƙoƙari ya sake ƙirƙirar irin wannan asalin Late Antique, duka a cikin rubuce-wallafensa da zane-zanensa. Gidajen tarihi da yawa suna riƙe da waɗannan kayan tarihi kuma suna kiyaye su lafiya don mu sami damar samun ilimin da suke da shi game da baya. A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Brazil ya cika da wuta. Wannan taron ya haifar da kayan tarihi da yawa da suka ɓace har abada. == Kasuwanci == Cinikin kayan tarihi na iya zama doka ko ba bisa ka'ida ba. Fashi da wuraren tarihi ko gidajen tarihi don samar da kasuwar baƙar fata a cikin kayan tarihi yana haifar da babbar barazana ga al'adun al'adun duniya. Bayanan archaeological da ba za a iya musanya su ba na iya ɓacewa. == Manazarta == sps735u1j8n5v2yavs4t8nun0zsahv2 964630 964629 2026-10-08T06:46:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964630 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The_Parthenon_sculptures,_British_Museum_(14063376069)_(2)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Wani centaur da ke gwagwarmaya da Lapith a kan metope daga Parthenon, a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya (London), wani ɓangare na [[Elgin Marbles]]]]{{Databox}} Abubuwan da suka gabata abubuwa ne daga zamanin d ̄ a, musamman wayewa Bahar Rum kamar tsohuwar Girka da Roma, Tsohon Misira, da sauran al'adun Gabas ta Tsakiya na Dā kamar Tsohon Farisa (Iran). Abubuwan tarihi daga lokutan da suka gabata kamar Mesolithic, da sauran wayewa daga Asiya da sauran wurare na iya rufe su da kalmar. Abubuwan da suka faru na ba da babban darajar kayan tarihi na dā ana samun su a wasu al'adu, musamman China, inda aka tattara tagulla na al'ada na kasar Sin, shekaru dubu uku zuwa biyu, kuma an yi koyi da su tsawon ƙarni, da Al'adun Pre-Columbian na Mesoamerica, inda musamman kayan tarihi na wayewar Olmec na farko ana samun su sake binne su a manyan wurare na al'adun da suka gabata har zuwa nasarar Mutanen Espanya.[1] Mutumin da ke nazarin kayan tarihi, ba tare da tattara su ba, galibi ana kiransa mai binciken kayan tarihi. == Ma'ana == Ma'anar kalmar ba koyaushe take daidai ba, kuma ma'anar ma'aikata kamar gidan kayan gargajiya "Departments of Antiquities" sau da yawa suna rufe lokutan daga baya, amma a cikin amfani na yau da kullun abubuwa na Gothic, alal misali, yanzu ba za a bayyana su a matsayin kayan tarihi ba, kodayake a cikin 1700 suna iya kasancewa, kamar yadda ranar yankewa ga kayan tarihi ta kasance tana komawa baya tun lokacin da aka fara samun kalmar a Turanci a cikin 1513. Abubuwan da ba na fasaha ba yanzu ba za a iya kiransu tsoffin abubuwa ba fiye da na baya. [[Francis Bacon]] ya rubuta a cikin 1605: "Antiquities ne tarihi lalata, ko wasu ragowar tarihi waɗanda suka tsere wa jirgin ruwa na lokaci". Cinikin fasaha yana nuna amfani da kalmar a zamani; Christie's "Department of Antiquities" yana rufe abubuwa "daga farkon wayewa zuwa Dark Ages, daga Yammacin Turai zuwa Tekun Caspian, yana rungumar al'adun Masar, Girka, Roma da Gabas ta Tsakiya. "Bonhams suna amfani da irin wannan ma'anar: "...4000 BC zuwa karni na 12 AD A fannin ƙasa sun samo asali ne daga Masar, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai ..."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antiquities |url=http://www.bonhams.com/cgi-bin/public.sh/pubweb/publicSite.r?sContinent=usa&Screen=antiquities |access-date=2014-08-25 |publisher=Bonhams}}</ref>Ranar yankewa ta hukuma sau da yawa daga baya ne, ba tare da damuwa da rarrabuwar Tarihin fasaha ba, kuma suna amfani da kalmar ga duk lokutan tarihi da suke so su kare: a [[Jodan|Jordan]] shine 1750, a Hong Kong 1800, da sauransu. Ba a amfani da kalmar sosai a cikin tattaunawar ilimi na yau da kullun, saboda wannan rashin daidaito. Koyaya, an yi ƙoƙari na kwanan nan don daidaita wannan da sauran sharuɗɗa.[1] Yawancin, amma ba duka ba, an dawo da kayan tarihi ta hanyar ilimin kimiyyar archaeology. Akwai kadan ko babu haɗuwa da kayan tarihi, wanda ke rufe abubuwa, ba a gano su ba sakamakon ilimin kimiyyar archaeology, a mafi yawancin kimanin shekaru ɗari uku, kuma yawanci ƙasa da haka. == Tarihi == [[File:Cardiff_Castle_-_Bibliothek_Allegorien_Literatur_1.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Allegories na wallafe-wallafe biyar na zamanin d ̄ a, taimako a Cardiff Castle, na Thomas Nicholls a kusa da 1870]] Ma'anar antiquitates, ra'ayin cewa za'a iya dawo da wayewa ta hanyar bincike na tsari game da abubuwan da suka rage da al'adun kayan aiki, a cikin ma'anar da Varro ya yi amfani da ita kuma ya nuna a cikin Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews ya ɓace a lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, lokacin da aka tattara abubuwa na dā tare da wasu roƙo, ƙarancin ko baƙon kayan su ba su kyauta ne da [[Tsafi|sihiri]] ko mu'ujiza. Ana iya adana cameos masu daraja da sauran kayan ado na dā lokacin da aka haɗa su cikin kambi da diadems da abubuwa na liturgical, consular diptychs ta hanyar amfani da su azaman murfin bishara. Za a iya sake gina ginshiƙan Romawa a cikin majami'u. sarcophagus na iya karɓar sabbin mazauna kuma tukwane na cinerary na iya aiki azaman ruwa mai tsarki. Ana iya farfado da siffofi na mutum, wanda ake tsorata da kuma la'akari da shi a matsayin "gunkuna" ta hanyar sake gano batutuwan su: an girmama tagulla mai suna Marcus Aurelius na Campidoglio a matsayin wakilcin sarki Kirista Constantine, kuma a cikin Pavia Regisole ya sami rawar da ta kiyaye shi. A Roma marubucin littafin jagora Magister Gregorius ya yaba da ''Spinario'' na tagulla na Roma. Tsarin gargajiya na Carolingian Renaissance ya kasance a wani bangare ne ta hanyar godiya ga rubuce-rubucen Late Antique: Utrecht Psalter yayi ƙoƙari ya sake ƙirƙirar irin wannan asalin Late Antique, duka a cikin rubuce-wallafensa da zane-zanensa. Gidajen tarihi da yawa suna riƙe da waɗannan kayan tarihi kuma suna kiyaye su lafiya don mu sami damar samun ilimin da suke da shi game da baya. A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Brazil ya cika da wuta. Wannan taron ya haifar da kayan tarihi da yawa da suka ɓace har abada. == Kasuwanci == Cinikin kayan tarihi na iya zama doka ko ba bisa ka'ida ba. Fashi da wuraren tarihi ko gidajen tarihi don samar da kasuwar baƙar fata a cikin kayan tarihi yana haifar da babbar barazana ga al'adun al'adun duniya. Bayanan archaeological da ba za a iya musanya su ba na iya ɓacewa. == Manazarta == 2zls23cyhv6x3kgoyiin69vs0es4yhn 0 178546 964632 2026-10-08T06:46:42Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1338444331|Areni-1 shoe]]" 964632 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Takalmin Areni-1''' takalmin fata ne mai shekaru 5,500 wanda aka samo a cikin 2008 a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi a cikin kogon Areni-1 da ke cikin lardin Vayots Dzor na [[Armeniya|Armenia]] . Takalmin fata ne guda ɗaya, takalmin fata mafi tsufa a duniya da aka sani ga masu bincike na zamani. Wani rukuni na kasa da kasa ne ya gano wannan binciken karkashin jagorancin [[Boris Gasparyan]], masanin ilimin kimiyyar archaeology da Ethnography na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Armenia (daraktocin aikin sune [[Ron Pinhasi]] daga Kwalejin Jami'ar Cork a Ireland, da Gregory Areshian daga UCLA). == Bincike == [[Diana Zardaryan]], ta gano takalmin fata yayin binciken da ƙungiyar masu binciken tarihi suka yi daga Cibiyar Archaeology da Ethnography ta Armenia, [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. An samo takalmin a tsaye a gindin rami mai zurfi, mai zagaye, da kuma gyare-gyare wanda ke da zurfin {{Convert|45|cm}} cm (18 in) da 44-48 cm (17-19 in) fadi, a ƙarƙashin kwano na yumbu na Chalcolithic da aka karkatar.<ref name="First Direct Evidence of Chalcolithic Footwear from the Near Eastern Highlands">{{Cite journal |last=Pinhasi |first=Ron |last2=Gasparian |first2=Boris |last3=Areshian |first3=Gregory |last4=Zardaryan |first4=Diana |last5=Smith |first5=Alexia |last6=Bar-Oz |first6=Guy |last7=Higham |first7=Thomas |date=June 9, 2010 |title=First Direct Evidence of Chalcolithic Footwear from the Near Eastern Highlands |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=6 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...510984P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010984 |pmc=2882957 |pmid=20543959 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma sami tukunya da ƙahonin awaki a kusa. Bincike a wannan yanki ya kuma sami wurin yin ruwan inabi mafi tsufa a duniya. Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa, [[Chitjian Foundation|Gidauniyar Chitjian]], [[Gfoeller Foundation|Gidauniyar Gfoeller]], Gidaumar Iyalin Steinmetz, Gidaunin Boochever da Cibiyar Nazaren Archaeology a UCLA ne suka ba da kuɗin binciken. An buga binciken ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2010, a cikin mujallar PLOS One . == Bincike == [[File:Areni_shoe_2024.jpg|thumb|Takalmin da aka nuna a [[Gidan Tarihi na Armenia]]. ]] An gano takalmin a cikin kusan cikakkiyar yanayi saboda yanayin sanyi da bushewa a cikin kogo da kuma wani nau'i mai zurfi na turaren tumaki wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin hatimi mai ƙarfi. An sami manyan kwantena na ajiya a cikin wannan kogo, da yawa daga cikinsu suna riƙe da alkama, sha'ir, da apricots, da sauran tsire-tsire masu cin abinci.[1] Takalmin ya ƙunshi ciyawa kuma masu binciken tarihi ba su da tabbas game da ko wannan saboda an yi amfani da ciyawa a matsayin abin rufe fuska don kiyaye ƙafa ta dumi, ko kuma an yi amfani dashi don adana siffar takalmin yayin da ba a sa shi ba. Babban masanin binciken kayan tarihi Ron Pinhasi bai iya tantance ko takalmin na namiji ne ko mace ba. Yayinda yake ƙarami, kusan girman mace na Amurka da Kanada 7, girman Turai 37, ko girman Burtaniya 6, ya bayyana cewa "takalmin zai iya dacewa da mutum daga wannan zamanin".[1] An kuma adana takalmin takalma.[1] Manyan kamanceceniya sun kasance tsakanin fasahar masana'antu da salon takalma guda ɗaya da aka gano a duk faɗin Turai da wanda aka ruwaito daga Areni-1 Cave, yana nuna cewa an sa takalma na wannan nau'in shekaru dubban da yawa a fadin babban yanki na muhalli.<ref name="First Direct Evidence of Chalcolithic Footwear from the Near Eastern Highlands" /> A cewar Pinhasi, takalmin Areni-1 yayi kama da ''Pampootie'' na Irish, salon takalmin da aka sa a Tsibirin Aran har zuwa shekarun 1950. Takalman suna kama da takalman gargajiya na Balkans, har yanzu ana ganinsu a yau a cikin bukukuwan, wanda aka sani da Opanci (''Opanke''). Lokacin da aka tsara kayan ta hanyar dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda biyu na radiocarbon a Oxford da [[California]], an tabbatar da cewa takalmin ya koma 3,500 BC. &nbsp;Wannan kwanan wata yana da shekaru ɗari biyu fiye da ranar da aka ba da takalmin fata da aka samu a kan Ötzi the Iceman. Bayan an kula da shi don adanawa, takalmin Areni-1 yana nunawa a [[Gidan Tarihi na Armenia]], [[Yerevan]] . == Dubi kuma == * Ginin giya na Areni-1 * Jerin salon takalma == Manazarta == dernzrc2vmg8cy5s79ydc2467p0714i 964633 964632 2026-10-08T06:47:05Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Takalmin Areni-1''' takalmin fata ne mai shekaru 5,500 wanda aka samo a cikin 2008 a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi a cikin kogon Areni-1 da ke cikin lardin Vayots Dzor na [[Armeniya|Armenia]] . Takalmin fata ne guda ɗaya, takalmin fata mafi tsufa a duniya da aka sani ga masu bincike na zamani. Wani rukuni na kasa da kasa ne ya gano wannan binciken karkashin jagorancin [[Boris Gasparyan]], masanin ilimin kimiyyar archaeology da Ethnography na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Armenia (daraktocin aikin sune [[Ron Pinhasi]] daga Kwalejin Jami'ar Cork a Ireland, da Gregory Areshian daga UCLA). == Bincike == [[Diana Zardaryan]], ta gano takalmin fata yayin binciken da ƙungiyar masu binciken tarihi suka yi daga Cibiyar Archaeology da Ethnography ta Armenia, [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. An samo takalmin a tsaye a gindin rami mai zurfi, mai zagaye, da kuma gyare-gyare wanda ke da zurfin {{Convert|45|cm}} cm (18 in) da 44-48 cm (17-19 in) fadi, a ƙarƙashin kwano na yumbu na Chalcolithic da aka karkatar.<ref name="First Direct Evidence of Chalcolithic Footwear from the Near Eastern Highlands">{{Cite journal |last=Pinhasi |first=Ron |last2=Gasparian |first2=Boris |last3=Areshian |first3=Gregory |last4=Zardaryan |first4=Diana |last5=Smith |first5=Alexia |last6=Bar-Oz |first6=Guy |last7=Higham |first7=Thomas |date=June 9, 2010 |title=First Direct Evidence of Chalcolithic Footwear from the Near Eastern Highlands |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=5 |issue=6 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...510984P |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0010984 |pmc=2882957 |pmid=20543959 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An kuma sami tukunya da ƙahonin awaki a kusa. Bincike a wannan yanki ya kuma sami wurin yin ruwan inabi mafi tsufa a duniya. Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa, [[Chitjian Foundation|Gidauniyar Chitjian]], [[Gfoeller Foundation|Gidauniyar Gfoeller]], Gidaumar Iyalin Steinmetz, Gidaunin Boochever da Cibiyar Nazaren Archaeology a UCLA ne suka ba da kuɗin binciken. An buga binciken ƙungiyar a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2010, a cikin mujallar PLOS One . == Bincike == [[File:Areni_shoe_2024.jpg|thumb|Takalmin da aka nuna a [[Gidan Tarihi na Armenia]]. ]] An gano takalmin a cikin kusan cikakkiyar yanayi saboda yanayin sanyi da bushewa a cikin kogo da kuma wani nau'i mai zurfi na turaren tumaki wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin hatimi mai ƙarfi. An sami manyan kwantena na ajiya a cikin wannan kogo, da yawa daga cikinsu suna riƙe da alkama, sha'ir, da apricots, da sauran tsire-tsire masu cin abinci.[1] Takalmin ya ƙunshi ciyawa kuma masu binciken tarihi ba su da tabbas game da ko wannan saboda an yi amfani da ciyawa a matsayin abin rufe fuska don kiyaye ƙafa ta dumi, ko kuma an yi amfani dashi don adana siffar takalmin yayin da ba a sa shi ba. Babban masanin binciken kayan tarihi Ron Pinhasi bai iya tantance ko takalmin na namiji ne ko mace ba. Yayinda yake ƙarami, kusan girman mace na Amurka da Kanada 7, girman Turai 37, ko girman Burtaniya 6, ya bayyana cewa "takalmin zai iya dacewa da mutum daga wannan zamanin".[1] An kuma adana takalmin takalma.[1] Manyan kamanceceniya sun kasance tsakanin fasahar masana'antu da salon takalma guda ɗaya da aka gano a duk faɗin Turai da wanda aka ruwaito daga Areni-1 Cave, yana nuna cewa an sa takalma na wannan nau'in shekaru dubban da yawa a fadin babban yanki na muhalli.<ref name="First Direct Evidence of Chalcolithic Footwear from the Near Eastern Highlands" /> A cewar Pinhasi, takalmin Areni-1 yayi kama da ''Pampootie'' na Irish, salon takalmin da aka sa a Tsibirin Aran har zuwa shekarun 1950. Takalman suna kama da takalman gargajiya na Balkans, har yanzu ana ganinsu a yau a cikin bukukuwan, wanda aka sani da Opanci (''Opanke''). Lokacin da aka tsara kayan ta hanyar dakunan gwaje-gwaje guda biyu na radiocarbon a Oxford da [[California]], an tabbatar da cewa takalmin ya koma 3,500 BC. &nbsp;Wannan kwanan wata yana da shekaru ɗari biyu fiye da ranar da aka ba da takalmin fata da aka samu a kan Ötzi the Iceman. Bayan an kula da shi don adanawa, takalmin Areni-1 yana nunawa a [[Gidan Tarihi na Armenia]], [[Yerevan]] . == Dubi kuma == * Ginin giya na Areni-1 * Jerin salon takalma == Manazarta == jh9ldmkamhkn0z3ruvdjkbs2o31enzv 0 178547 964634 2026-10-08T06:47:22Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355855270|Arwad bilingual]]" 964634 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> File:Base_de_statue_gravée_en_phénicien_et_en_grec,_AO_7676_(547).jpg File:Base_de_statue_gravée_en_phénicien_et_en_grec,_AO_7676_(548).jpg File:Base_de_statue_gravée_en_phénicien_et_en_grec,_AO_7676_(549).jpg </gallery> [[File:Arwad_bilingual_Phoenician_Greek_inscription.jpg|thumb|Rubutun Helenanci na Arwad]] '''Harshen Arwad''', kuma rubutun Arados, rubutun Phoenician-Girkanci ne daga Arwad, Siriya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Savignac |first=R. |date=1916 |title=Une Visite a L'ile De Rouad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44101622 |journal=Revue Biblique |volume=13 |issue=3/4 |pages=565–592 |issn=1240-3032 |jstor=44101622}}</ref> Wannan shi ne rubutun kwanan nan a cikin rubutun Phoenician daga ƙasar Phoenician, kuma shine rubutun da ya fi tsufa da aka samu a tsibirin Arwad. An dauke shi muhimmiyar shaida a lokutan ƙarshe (Terminus post quem) lokacin da aka yi amfani da Harshen Phoenician a Phoenicia. Rubutun yana cikin Louvre a ƙarƙashin lambar abu AO 7676. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2021 |title=base de statue |url=https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010123319 |website=Louvre Collections}}</ref> An zana shi a kan wani mutum-mutumi na dutse mai laushi wanda ke auna 23 x 42 x 50 cm, tare da rami mai zurfi na 9 cm. An fara buga shi ne a 1916 daga tarin gwamnan soja na Faransa, gwamnan tsibirin Rouad bayan saukowar sojojin Faransa a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1915 a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. Ba a san inda ya fito ba; Trabaud ya sayi abu daga wani mazaunin tsibirin wanda ya riƙe shi "wani lokaci". Ya shiga Louvre a 1921, kodayake ba a bayar da rahoton wannan a lokacin ba, don haka ba a san inda yake ba kuma ba a sake nazarin littafin Savignac ba. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == == Bayanan littattafai == * Françoise Briquel Chatonnet, 2013, Rubutun Phoenician da Harshe Biyu na Phoenicians[https://www.academia.edu/4427631 Rubuce-rubucen Phoenician da Girkanci da kuma harsuna biyu na Phoenicians] == Manazarta == gimmzw6sm6klomxc07yz5a6esogz2jd 964635 964634 2026-10-08T06:47:51Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964635 wikitext text/x-wiki <gallery> File:Base_de_statue_gravée_en_phénicien_et_en_grec,_AO_7676_(547).jpg File:Base_de_statue_gravée_en_phénicien_et_en_grec,_AO_7676_(548).jpg File:Base_de_statue_gravée_en_phénicien_et_en_grec,_AO_7676_(549).jpg </gallery> [[File:Arwad_bilingual_Phoenician_Greek_inscription.jpg|thumb|Rubutun Helenanci na Arwad]]{{Databox}} '''Harshen Arwad''', kuma rubutun Arados, rubutun Phoenician-Girkanci ne daga Arwad, Siriya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Savignac |first=R. |date=1916 |title=Une Visite a L'ile De Rouad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44101622 |journal=Revue Biblique |volume=13 |issue=3/4 |pages=565–592 |issn=1240-3032 |jstor=44101622}}</ref> Wannan shi ne rubutun kwanan nan a cikin rubutun Phoenician daga ƙasar Phoenician, kuma shine rubutun da ya fi tsufa da aka samu a tsibirin Arwad. An dauke shi muhimmiyar shaida a lokutan ƙarshe (Terminus post quem) lokacin da aka yi amfani da Harshen Phoenician a Phoenicia. Rubutun yana cikin Louvre a ƙarƙashin lambar abu AO 7676. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2021 |title=base de statue |url=https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010123319 |website=Louvre Collections}}</ref> An zana shi a kan wani mutum-mutumi na dutse mai laushi wanda ke auna 23 x 42 x 50 cm, tare da rami mai zurfi na 9 cm. An fara buga shi ne a 1916 daga tarin gwamnan soja na Faransa, gwamnan tsibirin Rouad bayan saukowar sojojin Faransa a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1915 a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. Ba a san inda ya fito ba; Trabaud ya sayi abu daga wani mazaunin tsibirin wanda ya riƙe shi "wani lokaci". Ya shiga Louvre a 1921, kodayake ba a bayar da rahoton wannan a lokacin ba, don haka ba a san inda yake ba kuma ba a sake nazarin littafin Savignac ba. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == == Bayanan littattafai == * Françoise Briquel Chatonnet, 2013, Rubutun Phoenician da Harshe Biyu na Phoenicians[https://www.academia.edu/4427631 Rubuce-rubucen Phoenician da Girkanci da kuma harsuna biyu na Phoenicians] == Manazarta == 5fzkibx171l2o02w8up44jb2pfupavv 0 178548 964636 2026-10-08T06:48:07Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1230855765|Ateni Theotokos Church inscription]]" 964636 wikitext text/x-wiki   Rubutun Ikilisiyar Ateni Theotokos (Georgian) rubutun yaren Georgian ne da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun Asomtavruli na Georgian a kan Ikilisiyar Atheni Theotoko, wani Basilica da ke ƙauyen Didi Ateni, Gori Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia. An rubuta rubutun ne a shekara ta 982-989 AD. Rubutun ya ambaci Rati I da Liparit II, Dukes na Kldekari . [1] [2][3] == Rubuce-rubuce == :::: ႵႤ ႠႣႨႣႤ ႭႰႱႠ :::: ႥႤ ႺႾႭႥႰႤႡႠႱႠ :::: ႠႵႠ ჄႭႰႺႨႤႪႤႡ :::: Ⴐ ႣႠ ႼႤ ႸႬႱႠ ႱႳႪ :::: ႨႤႡႰ ႰႠႲ ႤႰႨႱႧ :::: ႠႥႨ ႻႤ ႨႢႨ ႪႮႰႲ :::: ႤႰႨႱႧႥႨႱႠႨ ႰႪႬ :::: ႠႶႠႸႤႬႠ ႤႱႤ ႱႠႾ :::: ႪႨ ႶႧႨႱႠႨ ႣႠ ႡႽႤႨ :::: ႺႠႧႠႨ ႼႨ ႤႩႪႤႱႨ :::: ႠႨ ႱႠႪႭႺႥႤႪႠႣ :::: ႱႳႪႨႱႠ ႫႧႨႱႠ == Manazarta == kt8e2g4avxvexx508fjlilatt4n6pjx 964642 964636 2026-10-08T07:01:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964642 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Rubutun Ikilisiyar Ateni Theotokos (Georgian) rubutun yaren Georgian ne da aka rubuta a cikin rubutun Asomtavruli na Georgian a kan Ikilisiyar Atheni Theotoko, wani Basilica da ke ƙauyen Didi Ateni, Gori Municipality, Shida Kartli, Georgia. An rubuta rubutun ne a shekara ta 982-989 AD. Rubutun ya ambaci Rati I da Liparit II, Dukes na Kldekari . <ref>N. Shoshiashvili, Corpus of Georgian inscriptions, I, Tbilisi, 1980, pp. 202–203</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == :::: ႵႤ ႠႣႨႣႤ ႭႰႱႠ :::: ႥႤ ႺႾႭႥႰႤႡႠႱႠ :::: ႠႵႠ ჄႭႰႺႨႤႪႤႡ :::: Ⴐ ႣႠ ႼႤ ႸႬႱႠ ႱႳႪ<ref>L. Rcheulishvili, Ateni Low-domed Church, Georgian Art, I, Tbilisi, 1942, pp. 33–37</ref> :::: ႨႤႡႰ ႰႠႲ ႤႰႨႱႧ :::: ႠႥႨ ႻႤ ႨႢႨ ႪႮႰႲ :::: ႤႰႨႱႧႥႨႱႠႨ ႰႪႬ :::: ႠႶႠႸႤႬႠ ႤႱႤ ႱႠႾ :::: ႪႨ ႶႧႨႱႠႨ ႣႠ ႡႽႤႨ :::: ႺႠႧႠႨ ႼႨ ႤႩႪႤႱႨ :::: ႠႨ ႱႠႪႭႺႥႤႪႠႣ :::: ႱႳႪႨႱႠ ႫႧႨႱႠ :::: '''Fassara:'''"Ya Yesu Kristi, ka yi rahama ga rayuwar Rati Eristavi, ɗan Liparit Eristavi, a duniya da kuma ta ruhaniya; shi ne ya gina wannan gidan Allah—wanda yake tamkar dutsen sama da kuma Coci mai tsarki—domin yin addu'a don rayukan su." == Manazarta == 9q7ioefj1zpp8te50upiyb322q8rhgu 0 178549 964641 2026-10-08T06:56:41Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375428118|Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos]]" 964641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox church|name=Christ Church Cathedral, Lagos|full_name=Cathedral Church of Christ, Marina Lagos|image=Interior of Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos.jpg|image_size=|imagelink=|alt=|landscape=|caption=Interior of the cathedral|pushpin_map=|pushpin_alt=|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_caption=|coordinates={{coord|6.4508|3.3902|type:landmark_region:NG|display=inline,title}}|osgraw=<!-- TEXT -->|location=[[Lagos]]|country=Nigeria|denomination=[[Anglican]]|previous_denomination=|churchmanship=|website={{URL|www.thecathedrallagos.org}}|former_name=|founded=|founder=|dedication=|dedicated=|consecrated=|events=|status=|functional_status=|heritage_designation=|designated=|architect=Bagan Benjamin<ref>''Architecture of the British Empire'', Jan Morris, Vendome Press, 1986.</ref>|architectural_type=Norman Gothic|style=|groundbreaking=1924|completed=1946|construction_cost=|closed=|demolished=|capacity=|length=<!--{{convert|215|ft|m}} -->|width=<!-- {{convert|65|ft|m}} -->|height=<!-- {{convert|150|ft|m}} -->|materials=|parish=|deanery=|archdeaconry=|archdiocese=|metropolis=|diocese=[[Diocese of Lagos]]|province=[[Anglican Province of Lagos|Province of Lagos]]|district=|division=|archbishop=|bishop=|dean=|succentor=|rector=|vicar=|priest=|pastor=|abbot=}}<gallery> File:The_Cathedral_Church_of_Christ_Marina..jpg File:Cathedral_Church_Of_Christ,_Marina,_Lagos.jpg|alt=Interior of Church of Christ| Cikin Cocin Kristi File:The_Cathedral_Church_of_Christ_Marina,_Lagos..jpg File:Cathedral_church_of_christ_(19172528434).jpg|alt=The building and streetside of the cathedral| Gine-gine da kuma gefen titi na babban cocin File:The_cathedral_(16878409017).jpg File:Front_View_of_Cathedral_Church_of_Christ,_CMS_Lagos.jpg|alt=A front View The Cathedral at CMS, Lagos| Babban cocin CMS, Legas File:A_side_View_The_Cathedral_at_CMS,_Lagos.jpg|alt=Side view of The Cathedral at CMS, Lagos| Hoton gefen cocin da ke CMS, Legas File:Lagos_Cathedral,_Marina,_Lagos_Island.jpg File:Lagos_Cathedral,_Marina.jpg File:Lagos_Island,_Marina.jpg File:Wikipedia_walkout_053.jpg File:Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Lagos.jpg File:Cathedral_Church_of_Christ,_Marina,_Lagos,_Island.jpg </gallery>'''Cocin Cathedral na Christ Marina, Legas''' babban cocin Anglican ne a [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Lagos, Legas]], Najeriya. == Tarihi == An aza harsashin ginin cocin farko a ranar 29 ga Maris 1867, sannan aka kafa cocin a shekarar 1869.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}} Babban cocin ya yi bikin cika shekaru 150 da kafuwa a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Teniola |first=Eric |date=7 October 2017 |title=The Cathedral Church of Christ, Marina, Lagos at 150 |url=https://opinion.premiumtimesng.com/2017/10/07/the-cathedral-church-of-christ-marina-lagos-at-150-by-eric-teniola/?tztc=1 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=Premium Times}}</ref> An fara gina ginin na yanzu bisa ga zane-zanen da mai ginin Bagan Benjamin ya yi a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1924. Yariman Wales (wanda daga baya Sarki Edward na VIII ) ne ya aza harsashin ginin a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1925. An kammala shi a shekarar 1946. A shekarar 1976, an mayar da kayan tarihin Rev Dr [[Samuel Ajayi Crowther]], wani tsohon Ba’yarbawa da aka bauta wanda ya zama bishop na farko na Afirka a Cocin Anglican, zuwa cocin. Akwai wani cenotaph da aka gina don tunawa da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=83 YEAR OLD OREWANDE JANUARIO : Nigerian Latest News Papers News Online |url=http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/83-year-old-orewande-januario/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727181555/http://www.nigerianbestforum.com/blog/83-year-old-orewande-januario/ |archive-date=2020-07-27 |access-date=2016-12-30}}</ref> An fi saninsa da Cocin Cathedral na Christ Marina, kuma ita ce cocin Anglican mafi tsufa a [[Cocin Najeriya]] . A lokuta daban-daban a tarihin cocin, cocin shine wurin zama na babban bishop na lardin yammacin Afirka, wurin zama na babban bishop kuma shugaban dukkan Najeriya da kuma wurin zama na babban bishop na lardin Ecclesiastical na Legas. A halin yanzu ita ce wurin Bishop na Legas. Oberlinger Orgelbau, Jamus ne ya gina organ ɗin a gefen dama na bagadin tare da fuskoki biyu - ɗaya yana kallon bagadin, na biyu kuma yana kallon kusurwar dama. Ɗaya daga cikin sassan, Antiphonal, yana kan benen organ da ke sama da babbar hanyar shiga cocin. A farkon ƙarni na 21, kamfanin Ingila Harrison & Harrison ya sabunta dukkan kayan aikin (kuma aka sake gina na'urar wasan bidiyo); ya ƙunshi tasha 64 a kan littattafai 4 da kuma allon feda. Ita ce babbar gaɓar jiki a Najeriya. == Manyan abubuwan da suka faru == A shekarar 1969, shugaban Najeriya na wancan lokacin, [[Yakubu Gowon]] ya auri [[Victoria Gowon|Victoria Zakari]], a wani bikin da [[Seth Kale|Seth Irunsewe Kale]] ya jagoranta a cocin. Babban cocin ya dauki nauyin jana'izar Injiniya Victor Adetunji Haffner (1919–2015), injiniyan sadarwa a Najeriya, a ranar Juma'a, 27 ga Nuwamba, 2015. Bikin cika shekaru 100 na Cocin Cathedral na Mawakan Christ, Legas, Najeriya: 1918–2018 a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, 1918. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-31 |title=Celebrating the Centennial of the Cathedral Church of Christ Choir, Lagos, Nigeria: 1918–2018 |url=https://www.thediapason.com/content/celebrating-centennial-cathedral-church-christ-choir-lagos-nigeria-1918-2018 |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=www.thediapason.com |language=en}}</ref> An yi jana'izar Babbar Misis Florence Morenike Saraki, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Egobiambu |first=Emmanuel |date=2024-07-19 |title=VIDEO: Funeral Service For Florence Morenike Saraki |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2024/07/19/live-funeral-service-for-florence-morenike-saraki/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref> mahaifiyar tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya Dr. Abubakar Bukola Saraki, a babban cocin a ranar Juma'a, 19 ga Yuli, 2024. == Hotunan Hotuna == {{Reflist}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e8jcgnnlpphaawdmkhlw5wwqywx58ge 0 178550 964643 2026-10-08T07:02:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344745249|Athenian Greek-Phoenician inscriptions]]" 964643 wikitext text/x-wiki Rubuce-rubucen Helenanci na Athens sune rubuce-rurubucen Phoenician na dā 18 da aka samo a yankin Athens, Girka (wanda aka fi sani da Attica). Suna wakiltar rukuni na biyu mafi girma na rubutun kasashen waje a yankin bayan Thracians (25 rubutun). 9 daga cikin rubuce-rubucen harsuna biyu ne na Phoenician-Girkanci kuma an rubuta su a kan steles. Kusan dukansu suna ɗauke da alamar asalin marigayin, ba kawai alamar kabilansu ba, kamar yawancin sauran rubutun da ba na Girka ba a yankin.[1] == Rubutun harsuna biyu == === Rubuce-rubucen Athens === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |An sadaukar da shi ga ! rowspan="2" |Hoton ! rowspan="2" |Irin wannan ! rowspan="2" |An gano shi ! rowspan="2" |Ranar ! rowspan="2" |Wurin da yake a yanzu ! colspan="7" |Jituwa |- !KAI !CIS / RÉS !NE !KI !NSI !TSSI !IG II²&nbsp; |- |'''Artemidoros''' ɗan Heliodoros na Sidon = Abdtanit, ɗan Abdshamash, na Sidon |[[File:Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_116_(from_Athens)_(cropped).jpg|alt=An inscription|frameless|232x232px]] |jana'izar |1795 |ca. 340 KZ {{Sfn|Pitt|2022}}&nbsp;&nbsp; |Gidan kayan gargajiya na Burtaniya (BM 1861,0726.1 da 1937,1211.1) &nbsp; |53 |I 116&nbsp; |424,2 |45 | |Na uku 40 |10270 |- |Antipatros ɗan Aphrodisias na Askalon = Shem ɗan Abdashtart na Askalon |[[File:Ancient_Greece_Marble_Funerary_Stele_of_Antipatros_son_of_Aphrodisias_of_Askalon._Inscription_in_Greek_and_Phoenician._Mid-4th_Cent._BC.jpg|alt=An inscription|frameless|150x150px]] |jana'izar |1861 |Shekaru 300 kafin zuwan&nbsp; |Gidan Tarihin Archaeological na Kasa, Athens (NM 1488) &nbsp; |54 |I 115 |424,1 |46 |32 | |8388 |- |Benḥudeš, ɗan 'Abdmilqart, ɗan 'abdšamaš, ɗan TGNṢ na Kition = '''Noumenios''' na Citium{{Sfn|Briquel-Chatonnet|2012}}<br /> |[[File:Phoenician_funeral_stele_Louvre_AO4834.jpg|alt=An inscription|frameless|224x224px]] |jana'izar |1794<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Héron de Villefosse |first=Antoine |year=1901 |title=L'histoire d'une inscription (addition à une note de M. Philippe Berger) |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1901_num_45_1_16700 |journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres |language=fr |publisher=PERSEE Program |volume=45 |issue=1 |page=35 |doi=10.3406/crai.1901.16700 |issn=0065-0536}}</ref> |ca. 300 KZ {{Sfn|Briquel-Chatonnet|2012}}&nbsp;&nbsp; |Louvre (AO 4834) &nbsp; |55 |I 117&nbsp; |424,3 |47 |34 | |9034 |- |'''Erene''' na Byzantium |[[File:Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_120_(from_Piraeus)_(cropped).jpg|alt=An inscription|frameless|150x150px]] |jana'izar |1831 | |Gidan Tarihin Archaeological na Piraeus (3582) |56 |I 120&nbsp; |425,1 |48 | | |8440 |- |} === Rubuce-rubucen Piraeus === == Manazarta == qa5lzr0b2icck9dqlg4ji68byg2l87l 964645 964643 2026-10-08T07:05:24Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 964645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Rubuce-rubucen Helenanci na Athens sune rubuce-rurubucen Phoenician na dā 18 da aka samo a yankin Athens, Girka (wanda aka fi sani da Attica). Suna wakiltar rukuni na biyu mafi girma na rubutun kasashen waje a yankin bayan Thracians (25 rubutun). 9 daga cikin rubuce-rubucen harsuna biyu ne na Phoenician-Girkanci kuma an rubuta su a kan steles. Kusan dukansu suna ɗauke da alamar asalin marigayin, ba kawai alamar kabilansu ba, kamar yawancin sauran rubutun da ba na Girka ba a yankin.[1] == Rubutun harsuna biyu == === Rubuce-rubucen Athens === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |An sadaukar da shi ga ! rowspan="2" |Hoton ! rowspan="2" |Irin wannan ! rowspan="2" |An gano shi ! rowspan="2" |Ranar ! rowspan="2" |Wurin da yake a yanzu ! colspan="7" |Jituwa |- !KAI !CIS / RÉS !NE !KI !NSI !TSSI !IG II²&nbsp; |- |'''Artemidoros''' ɗan Heliodoros na Sidon = Abdtanit, ɗan Abdshamash, na Sidon |[[File:Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_116_(from_Athens)_(cropped).jpg|alt=An inscription|frameless|232x232px]] |jana'izar |1795 |ca. 340 KZ {{Sfn|Pitt|2022}}&nbsp;&nbsp; |Gidan kayan gargajiya na Burtaniya (BM 1861,0726.1 da 1937,1211.1) &nbsp; |53 |I 116&nbsp; |424,2 |45 | |Na uku 40 |10270 |- |Antipatros ɗan Aphrodisias na Askalon = Shem ɗan Abdashtart na Askalon |[[File:Ancient_Greece_Marble_Funerary_Stele_of_Antipatros_son_of_Aphrodisias_of_Askalon._Inscription_in_Greek_and_Phoenician._Mid-4th_Cent._BC.jpg|alt=An inscription|frameless|150x150px]] |jana'izar |1861 |Shekaru 300 kafin zuwan&nbsp; |Gidan Tarihin Archaeological na Kasa, Athens (NM 1488) &nbsp; |54 |I 115 |424,1 |46 |32 | |8388 |- |Benḥudeš, ɗan 'Abdmilqart, ɗan 'abdšamaš, ɗan TGNṢ na Kition = '''Noumenios''' na Citium{{Sfn|Briquel-Chatonnet|2012}}<br /> |[[File:Phoenician_funeral_stele_Louvre_AO4834.jpg|alt=An inscription|frameless|224x224px]] |jana'izar |1794<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Héron de Villefosse |first=Antoine |year=1901 |title=L'histoire d'une inscription (addition à une note de M. Philippe Berger) |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1901_num_45_1_16700 |journal=Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres |language=fr |publisher=PERSEE Program |volume=45 |issue=1 |page=35 |doi=10.3406/crai.1901.16700 |issn=0065-0536}}</ref> |ca. 300 KZ {{Sfn|Briquel-Chatonnet|2012}}&nbsp;&nbsp; |Louvre (AO 4834) &nbsp; |55 |I 117&nbsp; |424,3 |47 |34 | |9034 |- |'''Erene''' na Byzantium |[[File:Corpus_Inscriptionum_Semiticarum_CIS_I_120_(from_Piraeus)_(cropped).jpg|alt=An inscription|frameless|150x150px]] |jana'izar |1831 | |Gidan Tarihin Archaeological na Piraeus (3582) |56 |I 120&nbsp; |425,1 |48 | | |8440 |- |} === Rubuce-rubucen Piraeus === == Manazarta == 0f48ysgcul1xbox4w5rhkk3kg9s0hd0 0 178551 964646 2026-10-08T07:10:33Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358026468|Hurricane Dalilia]]" 964646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{storm path|Dalilia 1989 track.png}}Guguwar Dalilia ita ce guguwar da ta shafi tsibiran Hawaii a shekarar 1989 kawai. Rikicin da ya barke a wurare masu zafi ya haifar da koma bayan tattalin arziki a ranar 11 ga Yuli, sannan ya sake barkewa a ranar 13 ga Yuli. Dalilia ta haura 140°W jim kaɗan bayan ta kai ga ƙarfinta mafi girma kuma ta shiga yankin da Cibiyar Guguwa ta Tsakiyar Pacific ke da alhakinsa . Guguwar ta yi sauri, ta nufi kai tsaye zuwa Tsibiran Hawaii. Guguwar Dalilia ta ratsa kudu da Tsibirin Hawaii a matsayin guguwa mai zafi kafin ta wargaza a ranar 21 ga Yuli yayin da ta yi mu'amala da wani rami mai zurfi . Daga nan sai ya yi hulɗa da ragowar Guguwar Tropical Storm Erick kuma ya koma cikin mawuyacin hali a ranar 24 ga Yuli. Daga nan sai wani kwale-kwalen ya hanzarta gudu zuwa Tsibirin Aleutian a ranar 28 ga Yuli. Tasirin guguwar bai yi yawa ba. Akwai hawan igiyar ruwa mai ƙarfi, da kuma iska mai ƙarfi. Lalacewar ba ta da yawa, kuma galibi ta takaita ne ga layukan wutar lantarki da suka lalace. Duk da haka, yankuna da yawa a cikin sarkar tsibirin sun sami fiye da 5 inches (130 mm) na ruwan sama . == Tarihin yanayi == {{storm path|Dalilia 1989 track.png}}Guguwar Dalilia ta samo asali ne daga wani rikici na wurare masu zafi da ya mamaye yankin Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) a farkon watan Yulin 1989 a gabar tekun yammacin [[Afirka]] . Yayin da tsarin ya ƙara tsari, [[Fitarwa (meteorology)|fitar]] da hayaniya ya danne ITCZ. Zuwa watan Yuli&nbsp;A ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, rikicin ya shiga gabashin [[Tekun Pacific]] da kuma isasshen ci gaban da zai haifar da kimanta ƙarfin fasahar Dvorak . An ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa; a watan Yuli&nbsp;A ranar 11 ga watan Satumba, [[Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa|Cibiyar Guguwa ta Ƙasa]] ta gano cewa rikicin ya haifar da [[Tropical cyclone|matsanancin talauci a wurare masu zafi]] {{Convert|792|mi|km}} kudu maso yammacin Cabo San Lucas . <ref name="TCR1" /> Bayan an sanya shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na damuwa, har yanzu yana cikin ITCZ, wanda ke hana ci gaba cikin sauri. A gaskiya ma, Cibiyar Kula da Guguwa ta Ƙasa ba ta fara ba da shawarwari kan yanayin ambaliyar ruwa ba sai bayan kusan sa'o'i 24. <ref name="disc1">{{Cite web |last=Robert Case |date=July 12, 1989 |title=Tropical Depression Six-E Discussion 1 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1209z.gif |access-date=May 31, 2009 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Bayan da Cibiyar Kula da Guguwa ta Ƙasa ta fara bayar da shawarwari, yanayin tattalin arzikin ya fara bayyana da sauri, yayin da ta fara rabuwa da ITCZ a ranar 12 ga Yuli. Bugu da ƙari, an yi tsammanin ƙarin ƙaruwa sosai, saboda yanayin zafi a saman teku (SST's) ya fi 78.8&nbsp;°F (26)&nbsp;°C). <ref name="disc2">{{Cite web |last=Jerry Jarrell |date=July 12, 1989 |title=Tropical Depression Six-E Discussion 2 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1215z.gif |access-date=February 23, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Bayan 'yan awanni kaɗan, hotunan tauraron ɗan adam sun nuna ƙaruwa sosai a cikin [[Thunderstorm|convection]] . <ref name="disc3">{{Cite web |last=Jerry Jarrell |date=July 12, 1989 |title=Tropical Storm Dalilia Discussion 3 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1221z.gif |access-date=February 23, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Biyo bayan alkiblar yamma da arewa maso yamma, yanayin damuwa ya tsananta zuwa guguwa mai zafi a ƙarshen watan Yuli.&nbsp;12, a lokacin ne Hukumar NHC ta ba shi suna ''Dalilia'' . <ref name="TCR1">{{Cite web |last=Jim Gross |date=August 30, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Preliminary Report Page 1 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989-prelim/dalilia/prelim01.gif |access-date=May 31, 2009 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Dalilia ya yi saurin karuwa bayan ya zama guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, kuma samfuran kwamfuta da yawa sun yi hasashen cewa zai kai iskõki na 100 mph (155 km / h) a ranar 15 ga Yuli.<ref name="disc5">{{Cite web |last=Harold Gerrish |date=July 13, 1989 |title=Tropical Storm Dalilia Discussion 5 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1303z.gif |access-date=February 27, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Bayan sa'o'i shida, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta inganta Dalilia zuwa guguwa, bayan an kiyasta iskõki a 75 mph (120 km / h), kuma hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa guguwar tana ci gaba da shirya.<ref name="disc6">{{Cite web |last=Robert Case |date=July 13, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Discussion 6 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1309z.gif |access-date=February 27, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Koyaya, binciken bayan guguwa ya nuna wannan haɓakawa a matsayin sa'o'i da yawa da wuri.<ref name="TCR3">{{Cite web |last=Jim Gross |date=August 30, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Preliminary Report, Page 3 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989-prelim/dalilia/prelim03.gif |access-date=February 27, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Duk da yake Dalilia ta haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, ya kasance ƙaramin guguwa, tun da babu ido da aka kafa.<ref name="disc7">{{Cite web |last=Jim Gross |date=July 13, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Discussion 7 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1315z.gif |access-date=February 27, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Duk da tsinkaye na baya don ƙimar shear iska mai ƙarancin iska, iskõki na sama sun bayyana ba su da kyau don ƙarin ƙarfi, bayan hotunan [[Turirin Ruwa|tururi na ruwa]] sun nuna yankuna masu yawa na matsin lamba a arewa da arewa maso gabashin Dalilia.<ref name="disc9">{{Cite web |last=Harold Gerrish |date=July 14, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Discussion 9 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1403z.gif |access-date=February 27, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Kodayake Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta gudanar da tsananin Dalilia a matsayin guguwa na ɗan lokaci; bayanan bayan bincike sun nuna cewa Dalilia tana karuwa a hankali.<ref name="TCR3" /> A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin, guguwar ta haifar da dusar ƙanƙara a tsakiya, wanda ya haifar da kara tsanantawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Max Mayfield |date=July 16, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Discussion 17 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1603z.gif |access-date=September 3, 2009 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> &nbsp;Kodayake guguwar ta bi diddigin kusa da ruwa mai sanyi, fitowar da ta bunkasa sosai ta ba shi damar kula da ƙarfin guguwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilbert Clark |date=July 16, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Discussion 19 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1615z.gif |access-date=September 3, 2009 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Jim kaɗan kafin ta tsallaka zuwa yankin da Cibiyar Guguwa ta Tsakiyar Pacific ke da alhakinsa, guguwar ta kai kololuwar ƙarfinta da iska mai ƙarfin maki 90.&nbsp;mil 150 a kowace awa (150 a kowace awa)&nbsp;(km/h) da matsin lamba na tsakiya na 977&nbsp;mbar (hPa; 28.85&nbsp;inHg). <ref name="TCR1" /> Bayan da ta tsallaka 140°W, Dalilia ta raunana har ta kai ga ƙarancin guguwa. Guguwar ta ci gaba da yin wannan ƙarfi har zuwa watan Yuli&nbsp;19, a lokacin tsarin ya ragu ya juya arewa maso yamma. Washegari, guguwar da ta yi rauni a wurare masu zafi ta mamaye Tsibiran Hawaii zuwa kudu, daga ƙarshe ta karkata daga sarkar tsibirin a watan Yuli.&nbsp;21. Daga baya a wannan rana, Dalilia ta ƙara yin rauni zuwa yanayin talauci na wurare masu zafi, inda Cibiyar Guguwa ta Tsakiyar Pacific ta fitar da sanarwar ƙarshe a wancan lokacin. Sauran guguwar da ta barke a baya sun ci gaba da bin sahun arewa maso yamma. A watan Yuli&nbsp;A ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, tsarin ya yi mu'amala da ragowar Guguwar Tropical Storm Erick kuma wataƙila ya sake samun ƙarfin guguwar ta ɗan lokaci; duk da haka, kafin watan Yuli.&nbsp;A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, guguwar ta fara bin arewa cikin sauri ta Tsibirin Aleutian . Ragowar Dalilia ta watse jim kaɗan bayan haka. <ref name="CHPC">{{Cite web |last=Central Pacific Hurricane Center |date=May 4, 2007 |title=The 1989 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season |url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1989.php |access-date=May 26, 2009 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye da tasiri == A shirye-shiryen guguwar, an bayar da babban shawarwari da kuma sa ido na guguwa mai zafi ga Tsibirin Hawaiian. Jami'ai sun bukaci mazauna da su adana kayayyaki kuma sun rufe rairayin bakin teku. Kodayake Cibiyar Guguwa ta Tsakiya ta Pacific ta ce ana iya inganta wannan agogo zuwa gargadi na guguwa, wannan ya kasa faruwa; a maimakon haka, an dakatar da agogo a ranar 20 ga Yuli saboda masu binciken yanayi yanzu suna tsammanin guguwar ta wuce kudu da tsibirin tsibirin. Yayinda yake bin diddigin kusa da tsibirin Hawaiian, Dalilia ya samar da raƙuman ruwa har zuwa {{Convert|20|ft|m}} tare da iyakar bakin teku. Tare da gabar tekun Ka'u da Kudancin Kona, iskõki sun tashi har zuwa 45 mph (75 km / h); iskõkin sun haifar da ƙananan lalacewa, galibi sun rushe layin wutar lantarki. &nbsp;&nbsp;Yawancin yankuna a kan {{Convert|8|in|mm}} sun sami har zuwa 3 in (76 na ruwan sama tare da yankunan da ke bayar da rahoto har zuwa 8 in (200 mm). <ref name="CHPC" /> Guguwar Dalilia ta ba da gudummawa ga jimlar ruwan sama na watan Yuli a Honolulu tare da {{Convert|2.33|in|mm}} in (59 da ya fadi yayin wucewar guguwar. An rubuta ruwan sama mafi girma a gefen arewacin Kauai, tare da yankunan da ke karɓar ruwan sama sama sama da {{Convert|10|in|mm}} in (250 . Tare da gangaren kudu maso gabashin [[Mauna Loa]], sama da {{Convert|9|in|mm}} in (230 na ruwan sama ya fadi. Ragowar guguwar ta ci gaba da samar da ruwan sama mara kyau a Arewa maso yammacin tsibirin Hawaii har zuwa 28 ga Yuli.<ref name="CHPC" /> &nbsp;Ruwan sama mai tsanani ya haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] wanda ya tilasta [[Sufuri|Jami'an sufuri]] su rufe hanyoyi da yawa. Yawancin layin wutar lantarki sun sauka, wanda ya haifar da ƙananan lalacewar iska.<ref name="CHPC" /> == Dubi kuma == * Sauran guguwa masu zafi da ake kira Dalilia ko Dalila * Jerin guguwa na Hawaii == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989-prelim/Dalilia/ Rahoton Gabatarwa na Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa game da Guguwar Dalilia] 009jz0qgu9vhpf3ub0hugu526psyfaw 964648 964646 2026-10-08T07:12:50Z Baffa ali 47435 964648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{storm path|Dalilia 1989 track.png}} '''Guguwar Dalilia '''ita ce guguwar da ta shafi tsibiran Hawaii a shekarar 1989 kawai. Rikicin da ya barke a wurare masu zafi ya haifar da koma bayan tattalin arziki a ranar 11 ga Yuli, sannan ya sake barkewa a ranar 13 ga Yuli. Dalilia ta haura 140°W jim kaɗan bayan ta kai ga ƙarfinta mafi girma kuma ta shiga yankin da Cibiyar Guguwa ta Tsakiyar Pacific ke da alhakinsa . Guguwar ta yi sauri, ta nufi kai tsaye zuwa Tsibiran Hawaii. Guguwar Dalilia ta ratsa kudu da Tsibirin Hawaii a matsayin guguwa mai zafi kafin ta wargaza a ranar 21 ga Yuli yayin da ta yi mu'amala da wani rami mai zurfi . Daga nan sai ya yi hulɗa da ragowar Guguwar Tropical Storm Erick kuma ya koma cikin mawuyacin hali a ranar 24 ga Yuli. Daga nan sai wani kwale-kwalen ya hanzarta gudu zuwa Tsibirin Aleutian a ranar 28 ga Yuli. Tasirin guguwar bai yi yawa ba. Akwai hawan igiyar ruwa mai ƙarfi, da kuma iska mai ƙarfi. Lalacewar ba ta da yawa, kuma galibi ta takaita ne ga layukan wutar lantarki da suka lalace. Duk da haka, yankuna da yawa a cikin sarkar tsibirin sun sami fiye da 5 inches (130 mm) na ruwan sama . == Tarihin yanayi == {{storm path|Dalilia 1989 track.png}}Guguwar Dalilia ta samo asali ne daga wani rikici na wurare masu zafi da ya mamaye yankin Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) a farkon watan Yulin 1989 a gabar tekun yammacin [[Afirka]] . Yayin da tsarin ya ƙara tsari, [[Fitarwa (meteorology)|fitar]] da hayaniya ya danne ITCZ. Zuwa watan Yuli&nbsp;A ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, rikicin ya shiga gabashin [[Tekun Pacific]] da kuma isasshen ci gaban da zai haifar da kimanta ƙarfin fasahar Dvorak . An ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa; a watan Yuli&nbsp;A ranar 11 ga watan Satumba, [[Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa|Cibiyar Guguwa ta Ƙasa]] ta gano cewa rikicin ya haifar da [[Tropical cyclone|matsanancin talauci a wurare masu zafi]] {{Convert|792|mi|km}} kudu maso yammacin Cabo San Lucas . <ref name="TCR1" /> Bayan an sanya shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na damuwa, har yanzu yana cikin ITCZ, wanda ke hana ci gaba cikin sauri. A gaskiya ma, Cibiyar Kula da Guguwa ta Ƙasa ba ta fara ba da shawarwari kan yanayin ambaliyar ruwa ba sai bayan kusan sa'o'i 24. <ref name="disc1">{{Cite web |last=Robert Case |date=July 12, 1989 |title=Tropical Depression Six-E Discussion 1 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1209z.gif |access-date=May 31, 2009 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Bayan da Cibiyar Kula da Guguwa ta Ƙasa ta fara bayar da shawarwari, yanayin tattalin arzikin ya fara bayyana da sauri, yayin da ta fara rabuwa da ITCZ a ranar 12 ga Yuli. Bugu da ƙari, an yi tsammanin ƙarin ƙaruwa sosai, saboda yanayin zafi a saman teku (SST's) ya fi 78.8&nbsp;°F (26)&nbsp;°C). <ref name="disc2">{{Cite web |last=Jerry Jarrell |date=July 12, 1989 |title=Tropical Depression Six-E Discussion 2 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1215z.gif |access-date=February 23, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Bayan 'yan awanni kaɗan, hotunan tauraron ɗan adam sun nuna ƙaruwa sosai a cikin [[Thunderstorm|convection]] . <ref name="disc3">{{Cite web |last=Jerry Jarrell |date=July 12, 1989 |title=Tropical Storm Dalilia Discussion 3 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1221z.gif |access-date=February 23, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Biyo bayan alkiblar yamma da arewa maso yamma, yanayin damuwa ya tsananta zuwa guguwa mai zafi a ƙarshen watan Yuli.&nbsp;12, a lokacin ne Hukumar NHC ta ba shi suna ''Dalilia'' . <ref name="TCR1">{{Cite web |last=Jim Gross |date=August 30, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Preliminary Report Page 1 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989-prelim/dalilia/prelim01.gif |access-date=May 31, 2009 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Dalilia ya yi saurin karuwa bayan ya zama guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, kuma samfuran kwamfuta da yawa sun yi hasashen cewa zai kai iskõki na 100 mph (155 km / h) a ranar 15 ga Yuli.<ref name="disc5">{{Cite web |last=Harold Gerrish |date=July 13, 1989 |title=Tropical Storm Dalilia Discussion 5 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1303z.gif |access-date=February 27, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Bayan sa'o'i shida, Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta inganta Dalilia zuwa guguwa, bayan an kiyasta iskõki a 75 mph (120 km / h), kuma hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa guguwar tana ci gaba da shirya.<ref name="disc6">{{Cite web |last=Robert Case |date=July 13, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Discussion 6 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1309z.gif |access-date=February 27, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Koyaya, binciken bayan guguwa ya nuna wannan haɓakawa a matsayin sa'o'i da yawa da wuri.<ref name="TCR3">{{Cite web |last=Jim Gross |date=August 30, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Preliminary Report, Page 3 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989-prelim/dalilia/prelim03.gif |access-date=February 27, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Duk da yake Dalilia ta haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa, ya kasance ƙaramin guguwa, tun da babu ido da aka kafa.<ref name="disc7">{{Cite web |last=Jim Gross |date=July 13, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Discussion 7 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1315z.gif |access-date=February 27, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Duk da tsinkaye na baya don ƙimar shear iska mai ƙarancin iska, iskõki na sama sun bayyana ba su da kyau don ƙarin ƙarfi, bayan hotunan [[Turirin Ruwa|tururi na ruwa]] sun nuna yankuna masu yawa na matsin lamba a arewa da arewa maso gabashin Dalilia.<ref name="disc9">{{Cite web |last=Harold Gerrish |date=July 14, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Discussion 9 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1403z.gif |access-date=February 27, 2011 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Kodayake Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa ta gudanar da tsananin Dalilia a matsayin guguwa na ɗan lokaci; bayanan bayan bincike sun nuna cewa Dalilia tana karuwa a hankali.<ref name="TCR3" /> A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin, guguwar ta haifar da dusar ƙanƙara a tsakiya, wanda ya haifar da kara tsanantawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Max Mayfield |date=July 16, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Discussion 17 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1603z.gif |access-date=September 3, 2009 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> &nbsp;Kodayake guguwar ta bi diddigin kusa da ruwa mai sanyi, fitowar da ta bunkasa sosai ta ba shi damar kula da ƙarfin guguwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilbert Clark |date=July 16, 1989 |title=Hurricane Dalilia Discussion 19 |url=https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989/dalilia/tropdisc/tcd1615z.gif |access-date=September 3, 2009 |publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Jim kaɗan kafin ta tsallaka zuwa yankin da Cibiyar Guguwa ta Tsakiyar Pacific ke da alhakinsa, guguwar ta kai kololuwar ƙarfinta da iska mai ƙarfin maki 90.&nbsp;mil 150 a kowace awa (150 a kowace awa)&nbsp;(km/h) da matsin lamba na tsakiya na 977&nbsp;mbar (hPa; 28.85&nbsp;inHg). <ref name="TCR1" /> Bayan da ta tsallaka 140°W, Dalilia ta raunana har ta kai ga ƙarancin guguwa. Guguwar ta ci gaba da yin wannan ƙarfi har zuwa watan Yuli&nbsp;19, a lokacin tsarin ya ragu ya juya arewa maso yamma. Washegari, guguwar da ta yi rauni a wurare masu zafi ta mamaye Tsibiran Hawaii zuwa kudu, daga ƙarshe ta karkata daga sarkar tsibirin a watan Yuli.&nbsp;21. Daga baya a wannan rana, Dalilia ta ƙara yin rauni zuwa yanayin talauci na wurare masu zafi, inda Cibiyar Guguwa ta Tsakiyar Pacific ta fitar da sanarwar ƙarshe a wancan lokacin. Sauran guguwar da ta barke a baya sun ci gaba da bin sahun arewa maso yamma. A watan Yuli&nbsp;A ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, tsarin ya yi mu'amala da ragowar Guguwar Tropical Storm Erick kuma wataƙila ya sake samun ƙarfin guguwar ta ɗan lokaci; duk da haka, kafin watan Yuli.&nbsp;A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, guguwar ta fara bin arewa cikin sauri ta Tsibirin Aleutian . Ragowar Dalilia ta watse jim kaɗan bayan haka. <ref name="CHPC">{{Cite web |last=Central Pacific Hurricane Center |date=May 4, 2007 |title=The 1989 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season |url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1989.php |access-date=May 26, 2009 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> == Shirye-shirye da tasiri == A shirye-shiryen guguwar, an bayar da babban shawarwari da kuma sa ido na guguwa mai zafi ga Tsibirin Hawaiian. Jami'ai sun bukaci mazauna da su adana kayayyaki kuma sun rufe rairayin bakin teku. Kodayake Cibiyar Guguwa ta Tsakiya ta Pacific ta ce ana iya inganta wannan agogo zuwa gargadi na guguwa, wannan ya kasa faruwa; a maimakon haka, an dakatar da agogo a ranar 20 ga Yuli saboda masu binciken yanayi yanzu suna tsammanin guguwar ta wuce kudu da tsibirin tsibirin. Yayinda yake bin diddigin kusa da tsibirin Hawaiian, Dalilia ya samar da raƙuman ruwa har zuwa {{Convert|20|ft|m}} tare da iyakar bakin teku. Tare da gabar tekun Ka'u da Kudancin Kona, iskõki sun tashi har zuwa 45 mph (75 km / h); iskõkin sun haifar da ƙananan lalacewa, galibi sun rushe layin wutar lantarki. &nbsp;&nbsp;Yawancin yankuna a kan {{Convert|8|in|mm}} sun sami har zuwa 3 in (76 na ruwan sama tare da yankunan da ke bayar da rahoto har zuwa 8 in (200 mm). <ref name="CHPC" /> Guguwar Dalilia ta ba da gudummawa ga jimlar ruwan sama na watan Yuli a Honolulu tare da {{Convert|2.33|in|mm}} in (59 da ya fadi yayin wucewar guguwar. An rubuta ruwan sama mafi girma a gefen arewacin Kauai, tare da yankunan da ke karɓar ruwan sama sama sama da {{Convert|10|in|mm}} in (250 . Tare da gangaren kudu maso gabashin [[Mauna Loa]], sama da {{Convert|9|in|mm}} in (230 na ruwan sama ya fadi. Ragowar guguwar ta ci gaba da samar da ruwan sama mara kyau a Arewa maso yammacin tsibirin Hawaii har zuwa 28 ga Yuli.<ref name="CHPC" /> &nbsp;Ruwan sama mai tsanani ya haifar da [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] wanda ya tilasta [[Sufuri|Jami'an sufuri]] su rufe hanyoyi da yawa. Yawancin layin wutar lantarki sun sauka, wanda ya haifar da ƙananan lalacewar iska.<ref name="CHPC" /> == Dubi kuma == * Sauran guguwa masu zafi da ake kira Dalilia ko Dalila * Jerin guguwa na Hawaii == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1989-prelim/Dalilia/ Rahoton Gabatarwa na Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa game da Guguwar Dalilia] re5uocg9pt6y0n1pfl7lxy0xmsi6uix 0 178552 964647 2026-10-08T07:12:10Z Zaujeel khair 49197 Sabon shafi: = Danwake = abinchi ne dayasa mo asali tin azamanin bayah .Danwake abinchine na gargajiya da akeyi da garin dawah koh alkama da garin wake, a hada su da ruwa ayi qwallaye ,sannan adafa. Danwake yanada ga chikin abinchin gargajiya na hausawa, a arewacin Najeriya dakumah wasu sassa na niger. 964647 wikitext text/x-wiki = Danwake = abinchi ne dayasa mo asali tin azamanin bayah .Danwake abinchine na gargajiya da akeyi da garin dawah koh alkama da garin wake, a hada su da ruwa ayi qwallaye ,sannan adafa. Danwake yanada ga chikin abinchin gargajiya na hausawa, a arewacin Najeriya dakumah wasu sassa na niger. j1g0453d72te7ku9zv2ft9aupigkqcc 964649 964647 2026-10-08T07:14:07Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964649 wikitext text/x-wiki = Danwake = abinchi ne dayasa mo asali tin azamanin bayah .[[Ɗanwake|Danwake]] abinchine na gargajiya da akeyi da garin dawah koh alkama da garin wake, a hada su da ruwa ayi qwallaye ,sannan adafa. Danwake yanada ga chikin abinchin gargajiya na hausawa, a arewacin Najeriya dakumah wasu sassa na niger. rqrtaqejqujr5m7e40vyesruvehfel2 964650 964649 2026-10-08T07:14:34Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964650 wikitext text/x-wiki = Danwake = abinchi ne dayasa mo asali tin azamanin bayah .[[Ɗanwake|Danwake]] abinchine na gargajiya da akeyi da garin dawah koh alkama da garin wake, a hada su da ruwa ayi qwallaye ,sannan adafa. Danwake yanada ga chikin abinchin gargajiya na hausawa, a arewacin [[Najeriya]] dakumah wasu sassa na niger. o2nbxxq75x2lvsdnhw4cpxiisp9hwo7 964651 964650 2026-10-08T07:15:12Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964651 wikitext text/x-wiki = Danwake = abinchi ne dayasa mo asali tin azamanin bayah .[[Ɗanwake|Danwake]] abinchine na gargajiya da akeyi da garin dawah koh alkama da garin wake, a hada su da ruwa ayi qwallaye ,sannan adafa. Danwake yanada ga chikin abinchin gargajiya na hausawa, a arewacin [[Najeriya]] dakumah wasu sassa na [[niger]]. nqwgtijqicifnbd1j1caelwpdwx2yn3 964652 964651 2026-10-08T07:15:35Z Zaujeel khair 49197 964652 wikitext text/x-wiki = Danwake😁😁 = abinchi ne dayasa mo asali tin azamanin bayah .[[Ɗanwake|Danwake]] abinchine na gargajiya da akeyi da garin dawah koh alkama da garin wake, a hada su da ruwa ayi qwallaye ,sannan adafa. Danwake yanada ga chikin abinchin gargajiya na hausawa, a arewacin [[Najeriya]] dakumah wasu sassa na [[niger]]. 3xe01qlfpoyccb6347fb9t7488zapcy 1 178553 964653 2026-10-08T07:26:37Z ~2026-54044-00 49781 Sabon shafi: Hello please add the date of birth and date of death to the english version. They have her as possibly living. 964653 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello please add the date of birth and date of death to the english version. They have her as possibly living. ceoyxdsxduzpp3tigua8twsfvn934n9 0 178554 964654 2026-10-08T07:34:54Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1373876761|Placenta accreta spectrum]]" 964654 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Ƙarƙashin ƙwayoyin cuta |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Placenta_accreta.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Nau'o'in placenta accreta da yaduwarsu. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Obstetrics|Masu haihuwa]] |} '''Placenta accreta spectrum''' (PAS), wanda kuma ake kira ''placenta mai mannewa'' shine yanayin kiwon lafiya wanda ke faruwa lokacin da duk ko wani ɓangare na placenta ya haɗu da ''myometrium'' (tsakiyar tsoka na bangon mahaifa) yayin daukar ciki. An fara rubuta wannan yanayin a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita a 1927. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jauniaux |first=Eric |last2=Jurkovic |first2=Davor |last3=Hussein |first3=Ahmed M. |last4=Burton |first4=Graham J. |date=2022-09-01 |title=New insights into the etiopathology of placenta accreta spectrum |url=https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(22)00167-3/abstract |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=English |volume=227 |issue=3 |pages=384–391 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2022.02.038 |issn=0002-9378 |pmid=35248577 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Gynecology da Obstetrics (FIGO) ta bayyana maki uku, waɗanda da farko aka kira su ''accreta'', ''Increta'', da percreta don tsananin tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jauniaux |first=Eric |last2=Ayres-de-Campos |first2=Diogo |last3=Langhoff-Roos |first3=Jens |last4=Fox |first4=Karin A. |last5=Collins |first5=Sally |last6=FIGO Placenta Accreta Diagnosis and Management Expert Consensus Panel |date=2019 |title=FIGO classification for the clinical diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum disorders, |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ijgo.12761 |journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics |language=en |volume=146 |issue=1 |pages=20–24 |doi=10.1002/ijgo.12761 |issn=1879-3479 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haɗuwa mara kyau ga myometrium, PAS yana da alaƙa da haɗarin haɗari na zubar da jini mai yawa, zubar da jinin jini mai tsanani, a lokacin ƙoƙarin isar da farji. Wannan yana haifar da mutane da yawa don isar da su ta hanyar Sashe na caesarean.<ref name=":0" /> Bukatar ƙarin jini yana da yawa, kuma ana buƙatar cire mahaifa ta hanyar tiyata (hysterectomy) a wasu lokuta don sarrafa zubar da jini mai barazana ga rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Zachary L. |last2=Sehgal |first2=Shailen S. |last3=Arsdalen |first3=Keith N. Van |last4=Goldstein |first4=Irwin S. |year=2014 |title=Placenta Percreta With Invasion into the Urinary Bladder |journal=Urology Case Reports |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=31–32 |doi=10.1016/j.eucr.2013.11.010 |pmc=4733000 |pmid=26955539}}</ref> Yawan placenta accreta yana ƙaruwa, har ma sun fi girma a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name=":0" /> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 ya gano cewa placenta accreta ya shafi 1 cikin mata 272 tare da binciken fitar da asibiti a Amurka.<ref name="rate">{{Cite journal |last=Society of Gynecologic Oncology |last2=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine |last3=Cahill |first3=Alison G. |last4=Beigi |first4=Richard |last5=Heine |first5=R. Phillips |last6=Silver |first6=Robert M. |last7=Wax |first7=Joseph R. |date=2018-12-01 |title=Placenta Accreta Spectrum |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=219 |issue=6 |pages=B2–B16 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2018.09.042 |issn=1097-6868 |pmid=30471891 |s2cid=53793068 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, karuwar yaduwar PAS a cikin shekaru da yawa ya kasance babban dalilin cututtuka da mutuwa tsakanin mata masu juna biyu, kuma ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da karuwar haihuwa ta hanyar caesarean.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=Karin A. |last2=Shamshirsaz |first2=Alireza A. |last3=Carusi |first3=Daniela |last4=Secord |first4=Angeles Alvarez |last5=Lee |first5=Paula |last6=Turan |first6=Ozhan M. |last7=Huls |first7=Christopher |last8=Abuhamad |first8=Alfred |last9=Simhan |first9=Hyagriv |last10=Barton |first10=John |last11=Wright |first11=Jason |last12=Silver |first12=Robert |last13=Belfort |first13=Michael A. |date=2015-12-01 |title=Conservative management of morbidly adherent placenta: expert review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002937815003981 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=English |volume=213 |issue=6 |pages=755–760 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.04.034 |issn=0002-9378 |pmid=25935779 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Halitta == Pathogenesis na PAS ya haɗa da samar da wani abu mai ƙarfi da zurfi da ke da alaƙa da bango na mahaifa ta hanyar placenta. Bugu da kari, akwai yiwuwar rashin decidua basalis da ci gaban da ba cikakke ba na Layer na Nitabuch. Da ke ƙasa akwai nau'o'i uku na placenta accreta spectrum, wanda za'a iya rarrabe shi ta hanyar zurfin shiga cikin bango na mahaifa. {| class="wikitable" border="1" !Irin wannan !Kashi !Bayyanawa |- |Ƙarƙashin ƙwayoyin cuta |75–78% |Placenta ''Chorionic villi'' yana da ƙarfi ga myometrium, maimakon a ƙuntata shi a cikin decidua basalis; duk da haka, ba ya shiga ciki. Wannan nau'in yanayin yana da kusan kashi 75% na dukkan lokuta. |- |Placenta Increta |17% |Yana faruwa ne lokacin da placenta ''Chorionic villi'' ya mamaye cikin ''myometrium''. |- |Kwayar halitta |5–7% |Hanyar mafi haɗari na yanayin tana faruwa ne lokacin da placenta ''Chorionic villi'' ya shiga cikin dukkan myometrium, kuma ya mamaye ta hanyar perimetrium (serosa na mahaifa) zuwa bango na mahaifa. Wannan bambancin na iya haifar da placenta da ke haɗe da wasu gabobin kamar su rectum ko urinary bladder. |- |} Mata suna fuskantar cututtukan da suka fi girma tare da placenta percreta idan aka kwatanta da placenta accreta da increta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Pather |first=Selvan |last2=Strockyj |first2=Sasha |last3=Richards |first3=Antony |last4=Campbell |first4=Neil |last5=de Vries |first5=Brad |last6=Ogle |first6=Robert |date=2014 |title=Maternal outcome after conservative management of placenta percreta at caesarean section: A report of three cases and a review of the literature |url=https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajo.12149 |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |language=en |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=84–87 |doi=10.1111/ajo.12149 |issn=1479-828X |pmid=24471850 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A lokuta na placenta percreta, inda mahaifar ta shiga cikin ciki da kuma ta hanyar myometrium zuwa ga bututun ko rectum, ana ba da shawara sosai don kauce wa duk wani yunkuri na cire placenta.<ref name=":1" /> Barin kwayar halitta ''a wurin'', ba cire shi ba bayan haihuwa, ya kasance wani ɓangare na gudanarwar ra'ayin mazan jiya na PAS da aka tattauna daga baya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Diagnosis == Lokacin da aka yi bincike na antepartum na placenta accreta, yawanci ya dogara ne akan binciken ultrasound a cikin watanni uku na biyu ko na uku. Binciken sonographic wanda zai iya nuna alamar placenta accreta sun hada da: Guguwar Dalilia ita ce guguwar da ta shafi tsibiran Hawaii a shekarar 1989 kawai. Rikicin da ya barke a wurare masu zafi ya haifar da koma bayan tattalin arziki a ranar 11 ga Yuli, sannan ya sake barkewa a ranar 13 ga Yuli. Dalilia ta haura 140°W jim kaɗan bayan ta kai ga ƙarfinta mafi girma kuma ta shiga yankin da Cibiyar Guguwa ta Tsakiyar Pacific ke da alhakinsa . Guguwar ta yi sauri, ta nufi kai tsaye zuwa Tsibiran Hawaii. Guguwar Dalilia ta ratsa kudu da Tsibirin Hawaii a matsayin guguwa mai zafi kafin ta wargaza a ranar 21 ga Yuli yayin da ta yi mu'amala da wani rami mai zurfi . Daga nan sai ya yi hulɗa da ragowar Guguwar Tropical Storm Erick kuma ya koma cikin mawuyacin hali a ranar 24 ga Yuli. Daga nan sai wani kwale-kwalen ya hanzarta gudu zuwa Tsibirin Aleutian a ranar 28 ga Yuli. Tasirin guguwar bai yi yawa ba. Akwai hawan igiyar ruwa mai ƙarfi, da kuma iska mai ƙarfi. Lalacewar ba ta da yawa, kuma galibi ta takaita ne ga layukan wutar lantarki da suka lalace. Duk da haka, yankuna da yawa a cikin sarkar tsibirin sun sami fiye da 5 inches (130 mm) na ruwan sama . * Rashin yankin hypo-echoic na yau da kullun * Multiple vascular lacunae (rashin daidaituwa na vascular) a cikin placenta, yana ba da "Swiss cuku" bayyanar * Jinin jini ko kwayar halitta da ke ratsa uterine-placental margin, myometrial-bladder interface, ko ƙetare uterine serosa * Retroplacental myometrial kauri na <1 mm&nbsp; * Jiragen ruwa masu yawa da aka gani tare da ikon 3-dimensional Doppler a cikin hangen nesa Binciken ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba kuma yana shafar bambancin mai lura da juna; <ref name="pmid25425372">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bowman ZS, Eller AG, Kennedy AM, Richards DS, Winter TC, Woodward PJ, Silver RM |date=December 2014 |title=Interobserver variability of sonography for prediction of placenta accreta |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=2153–8 |doi=10.7863/ultra.33.12.2153 |pmid=25425372 |s2cid=22246937 |doi-access=}}</ref> gazawar ganewar asali da rashin ganewar asali sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta masu shakku yana yiwuwa a yi ma'aunin nukiliya (MRI) na kwatangwalo, wanda ke da kyakkyawar fahimta da takamaiman wannan cuta.<ref name="pmid24515654">{{Cite journal |vauthors=D'Antonio F, Iacovella C, Palacios-Jaraquemada J, Bruno CH, Manzoli L, Bhide A |date=July 2014 |title=Prenatal identification of invasive placentation using magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=8–16 |doi=10.1002/uog.13327 |pmid=24515654 |s2cid=9237117}}</ref> Binciken MRI da ke da alaƙa da placenta accreta sun haɗa da bands T2 masu duhu, kumburawar mahaifa, da asarar duhu T2 dubawa.<ref name="BalcacerPahade2016">{{Cite journal |last=Balcacer |first=Patricia |last2=Pahade |first2=Jay |last3=Spektor |first3=Michael |last4=Staib |first4=Lawrence |last5=Copel |first5=Joshua A. |last6=McCarthy |first6=Shirley |year=2016 |title=Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Sonography in the Diagnosis of Placental Invasion |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=1445–1456 |doi=10.7863/ultra.15.07040 |issn=0278-4297 |pmid=27229131 |s2cid=46662788 |doi-access=}}</ref> Kodayake akwai rahotanni na musamman na placenta accreta da aka gano a cikin farkon watanni uku ko a lokacin zubar da ciki < shekaru 20 na ciki, darajar tsinkaya na farkon watanni uku na ultrasound don wannan ganewar asali ba a sani ba. Mata da ke da placenta previa ko "placenta mai ƙasƙanci" wanda ke rufe alamar mahaifa a farkon cikin ciki ya kamata a yi amfani da hotunan biye-biye a cikin watanni uku tare da mai da hankali ga yiwuwar kasancewar placenta accreta. Duk da wahalar gano PAS, akwai abubuwa masu haɗari da yawa waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa wajen ganowa. == Abubuwan haɗari == Wani muhimmin haɗari ga placenta accreta shine placenta previa a gaban alamar mahaifa. Placenta previa wani abu ne mai haɗari mai zaman kansa ga placenta accreta. Ƙarin abubuwan haɗari da aka ruwaito don placenta accreta sun haɗa da shekarun uwa da yawa, wasu tiyata na mahaifa na baya, curettage na mahaifa, radiation na mahaifa، Ablation na endometrial, ciwon Asherman, leiomyomata, anomalies na mahaifa. Duk wani abu mai banƙyama a cikin bangon mahaifa, ko yana sama ko zurfi, na iya haifar da PAS, saboda wannan abu mai ban mamaki yana taimaka wa blastocyst don dasa shi a kan bangon mahaija a wannan wuri.<ref name=":0" /> Sakamakon yanayin yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta kamar Cutar Asherman daga aikin tiyata na mahaifa da ya gabata, musamman daga fadadawa da curettage na baya, (wanda ake amfani dashi don alamomi da yawa ciwo har da [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki]], zubar da jini, da zubar jini bayan haihuwa), myomectomy, <ref name="Capella">{{Cite journal |last=Capella-Allouc |first=S. |last2=Morsad |first2=F |last3=Rongières-Bertrand |first3=C |last4=Taylor |first4=S |last5=Fernandez |first5=H |year=1999 |title=Hysteroscopic treatment of severe Asherman's syndrome and subsequent fertility |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1230–3 |doi=10.1093/humrep/14.5.1230 |pmid=10325268 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ko sashin caesarean.<ref name="Al Serehi">{{Cite journal |last=Al-Serehi |first=A |last2=Mhoyan |first2=A |last3=Brown |first3=M |last4=Benirschke |first4=K |last5=Hull |first5=A |last6=Pretorius |first6=DH |year=2008 |title=Placenta accreta: An association with fibroids and Asherman syndrome |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1623–8 |doi=10.7863/jum.2008.27.11.1623 |pmid=18946102 |s2cid=833810}}</ref> An yi la'akari da haihuwar ta hanyar caesarean shine babban abin da ke haifar da mata don bunkasa PAS da placenta previa saboda lalacewar nama daga haihuwar.<ref name=":0" /> Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukkan haihuwa a Amurka ta hanyar sashi na caesarean. Binciken tsarin ya gano cewa bayar da kwayar cutar ta kara yawan abin da ya faru na placenta previa. Bugu da ƙari, matan da ke da placenta previa da akalla haihuwar caesarean 3 sun fi dacewa da haɓaka placenta accreta fiye da waɗanda ke da previa kuma ba su da tarihin haihuwar caisarean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Nicole E. |last2=Fu |first2=Rongwei |last3=Guise |first3=Jeanne-Marie |date=2011-09-01 |title=Impact of multiple cesarean deliveries on maternal morbidity: a systematic review |url=https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(11)00763-0/abstract |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=English |volume=205 |issue=3 |pages=262.e1–262.e8 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2011.06.035 |issn=0002-9378 |pmid=22071057 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani yanke shawara mai laushi na iya zama mai ba da gudummawa ga irin wannan mamayewar trophoblastic. Wasu binciken sun nuna cewa yawan abin da ya faru ya fi girma lokacin da tayin ya zama mace. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da ƙananan placenta, placenta na baya, lahani na haihuwa ko na mahaifa (kamar uterine septa), leiomyoma, yaduwar placenta (ciki har da ciki na cornual). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shimonovitz |first=S |last2=Hurwitz, A |last3=Dushnik, M |last4=Anteby, E |last5=Geva-Eldar, T |last6=Yagel, S |date=September 1994 |title=Developmental regulation of the expression of 72 and 92 kd type IV collagenases in human trophoblasts: a possible mechanism for control of trophoblast invasion. |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=171 |issue=3 |pages=832–8 |doi=10.1016/0002-9378(94)90107-4 |pmid=7522400}}</ref><ref name="acog">{{Cite journal |last=ACOG Committee on Obstetric |first=Practice |date=January 2002 |title=ACOG Committee opinion. Number 266, January 2002: placenta accreta. |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=169–70 |doi=10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01748-3 |pmid=11777527}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu sama da shekaru 35 waɗanda suka yi wani sashi na caesarian kuma yanzu suna da placenta previa da ke rufe da alamar mahaifa suna da damar 40% na placenta accreta, wanda ya zo tare da kowane rikitarwa. == Matsalolin PAS == * Lalacewar gabobin gida (misali, hanji, bututu, mahaifa da tsarin jijiyoyi a cikin retroperitoneum da bangon gefen pelvic daga shigar da placental da cire shi) * zubar da jini bayan tiyata wanda ke buƙatar tiyata akai-akai * Amniotic fluid embolism * Matsalolin (kamar dilutional coagulopathy, consumptive coagulupathy, halayen jini mai tsanani, raunin huhu da ke da alaƙa da jini, ciwon damuwa mai tsanani na numfashi, da rashin daidaituwa na lantarki) wanda ya haifar da ƙarin jini mai yawa, crystalloids, da sauran masu fadada girma * thromboembolism na bayan tiyata, [[Cutar|kamuwa da cuta]], gazawar gabobin multisystem, da [[Mutuwar uwa]]. Ba a san ainihin abin da ya faru na mutuwar uwa da ke da alaƙa da placenta accreta da matsalolin ta ba, amma yana da mahimmanci, <ref name="pmid26642997">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Selman AE |date=April 2016 |title=Caesarean hysterectomy for placenta praevia/accreta using an approach via the pouch of Douglas |journal=BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=815–9 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.13762 |pmc=5064651 |pmid=26642997}}</ref> musamman idan fitsari yana da hannu. <ref name="pmid12050959">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Washecka R, Behling A |date=April 2002 |title=Urologic complications of placenta percreta invading the urinary bladder: a case report and review of the literature |journal=Hawaii Medical Journal |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=66–9 |pmid=12050959}}</ref> == Magani da gudanarwa == === Magani === Magani na iya zama haihuwa ta hanyar sashi na caesarean da hysterectomy na ciki idan an gano placenta accreta kafin haihuwa.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Oyelese |first=Yinka |last2=Smulian |first2=John C. |year=2006 |title=Placenta Previa, Placenta Accreta, and Vasa Previa |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=927–41 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000207559.15715.98 |pmid=16582134 |s2cid=22774083}}</ref> Ana amfani da Oxytocin da maganin rigakafi don gudanar da aikin tiyata. Lokacin da aka raba placenta tare da mayar da hankali, cire placenta na iya zama mai ma'ana idan matsayin uwa ya kasance mai ɗorewa. Idan yana da mahimmanci a ceci mahaifar mace (don daukar ciki na gaba) to, sakewa a kusa da kwayar halitta na iya samun nasara. Magani mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na iya zama adana mahaifa amma bazai yi nasara ba kuma yana da haɗarin rikitarwa.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Hanyoyin sun hada da: * Barin kwayar halitta a cikin mahaifa da curettage na mahaifa. An yi amfani da Methotrexate a wannan yanayin. * Intrauterine balloon catheterization don matsawa jijiyoyin jini * Embolisation na tasoshin pelvic * Ƙarƙashin jijiyar iliac na ciki * Ƙarƙashin jijiyoyin mahaifa A lokuta inda akwai mamayewar kwayar cuta da jijiyoyin jini a cikin hanji, ana bi da shi ta hanyar da ta yi kama da ciki na ciki kuma ana kauce wa cire kwayar cutawa. Koyaya, wannan na iya buƙatar hysterectomy da / ko Cystectomy na ɓangare. Idan mai haƙuri ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da haihuwa ta hanyar jima'i, ana kiyaye kayan jini don ƙarin jini da likitan anesthesiologist a shirye a lokacin haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee On Obstetric |first=Practice |year=2002 |title=Placenta accreta Number 266, January 2002 Committee on Obstetric Practice |journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=77–8 |doi=10.1016/S0020-7292(02)80003-0 |pmid=12053897 |s2cid=42076480}}</ref> === Gudanarwa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya === Gudanar da ra'ayin mazan jiya na PAS wata hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don kauce wa hysterectomy, cirewar mahaifa gaba ɗaya. Barin placenta ''a wurin'' kuma ba cire shi ba shine babban hanyar, musamman ga waɗanda ke fuskantar placenta percreta, kamar yadda binciken ya nuna cewa yana iya rage yawan zubar da jini ko haɗarin raunin nama wanda zai iya haifar da hysterectomy.<ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, wannan hanya ce mai amfani ga uwaye da ke son haihuwa da yawa a nan gaba. Kodayake wannan hanyar ta yi nasara, binciken ya nuna cewa barin placenta ''a wurin'' ya haifar da wasu mummunan sakamako, gami da jinkirin zubar da jini, endomyometritis, da [[sepsis]] (rashin lafiya na tsarin da zai iya haifar da rashin aiki na jiki). Bincike na tsari ya nuna nau'o'i daban-daban game da sakamakon kashi na mata tare da placenta ''a wurin'': <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> * Kashi 61% sun sami rikitarwa na baya-bayan nan * 22-58% da ake buƙata hysterectomy * 60-65% ana buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin * Kashi 51 cikin 100 sun samu zubar da jini bayan haihuwa * 42% sun fuskanci manyan cututtuka * Kashi 78% sun riƙe mahaifarsu Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an yi amfani da methotrexate don taimakawa wajen sake shan kwayar halitta a lokuta na kwayar halitta. Ya nuna nasara wajen taimakawa wajen rage vascularity na mahaifa bayan ciki. Koyaya, mata a kan methotrexate ba za su iya shayar da nono ba, wanda zai iya yin mummunar tasiri ga haɗin uwa, haɗewar jariri, da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa.<ref name=":1" /> Gudanar da ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda aka bar placenta ''a wurin'', yana buƙatar la'akari da haɗarin gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci da kuma sa ido na dogon lokaci. Ana ba da shawarar ba da shawara mai kyau kafin a gudanar da wannan hanyar.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Kodayake tsarin yana da haɗari mai yuwuwa, ana kula da kulawar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a hankali tare da sakamako mai kyau a wasu lokuta na fasalin placenta accreta (PAS). == Rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya == Babu bincike mai yawa game da rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da mata tare da Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS). Koyaya, yawancin binciken da ke akwai sun gano cewa babu bambanci a cikin rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya a cikin sakamakon uwa na PAS don cututtukan jarirai, lokacin ganewar asali, da kuma kula da cututtukani da aka tsara, tsakanin kabilanci da kabilanci daban-daban. Wannan ya kasance gaskiya har ma bayan bayanan suna daidaitawa don dalilai kamar samun kudin shiga, shekaru, ma'aikata da BMI.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Alexa |last2=Lambert |first2=Calvin |last3=Yanik |first3=Megan |last4=Nathan |first4=Lisa |last5=Rosenberg |first5=Henri M. |last6=Tavella |first6=Nicola |last7=Bianco |first7=Angela |last8=Futterman |first8=Itamar |last9=Haberman |first9=Shoshana |last10=Griffin |first10=Myah M. |last11=Limaye |first11=Meghana |last12=Owens |first12=Thomas |last13=Brustman |first13=Lois |last14=Wu |first14=Haotian |last15=Dar |first15=Pe'er |date=2024-07-01 |title=Investigation of health inequities in maternal and neonatal outcomes of patients with placenta accreta spectrum: a multicenter study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589-9333(24)00112-5 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM |language=English |volume=6 |issue=7 |doi=10.1016/j.ajogmf.2024.101386 |issn=2589-9333 |pmid=38761887 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin rashin lafiyar zamantakewa da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da PAS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tavella |first=Nicola Francesco |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Henri Mitchell |last3=Mills |first3=Alexandra |last4=Owens |first4=Thomas |last5=Brustman |first5=Lois |last6=Doulaveris |first6=Georgios |last7=Haberman |first7=Shoshana |last8=Limaye |first8=Meghana |last9=Janevic |first9=Teresa |last10=Jessel |first10=Rebecca Hope |last11=Bianco |first11=Angela Teresa |date=2024-10-13 |title=Examining associations between social vulnerability and maternal morbidity among a multicentre cohort of pregnancies complicated by placenta accreta spectrum disorder in New York City |journal=BMJ Public Health |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |doi=10.1136/bmjph-2024-001083 |issn=2753-4294 |pmc=11816871 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya na kabilanci da launin fata da rashin daidaito a cikin zamantakewa dangane da PAS labari ne mai kyau; duk da haka, ana buƙatar gudanar da bincike don gano idan wasu dalilai kamar samun kudin shiga, matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da kuma samun damar kiwon lafiya zasu iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na kiwon lafiyar PAS. Wannan binciken zai kasance mai fa'ida musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da rauni, kamar baƙi, tunda suna fuskantar abubuwan da zasu iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nieto Calvache |first=Albaro José |last2=Hidalgo |first2=Alejandra |last3=López |first3=María Camila |last4=Vergara-Galliadi |first4=Lina María |last5=Nieto-Calvache |first5=Alejandro Solo |date=December 2022 |title=Placenta accreta spectrum in vulnerable population: How to provide care for pregnant refugees struggling to access affordable healthcare |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |volume=35 |issue=25 |pages=5031–5034 |doi=10.1080/14767058.2021.1874906 |issn=1476-4954 |pmid=33455510}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == Rahoton ya ce yawan haihuwar placenta ya karu daga kimanin 0.8 cikin 1000 a cikin shekarun 1980 zuwa 3 cikin 1000 a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} . Rahotanni da suka faru sun karu tare da karuwar yawan haihuwa, tare da yawan 1 a cikin ciki 4,027 a cikin shekarun 1970s, 1 a cikin 2,510 a cikin shekarun 1980, da 1 a cikin 533 na 1982-2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Committee on Obstetric Practice |title=Placenta Accreta |url=http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Obstetric_Practice/Placenta_Accreta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123013603/http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Obstetric_Practice/Placenta_Accreta |archive-date=2016-11-23 |access-date=2014-08-22 |website=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, ACOG ta kiyasta cewa abin da ya faru ya karu sau 10 a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref name="acog" /> Hadarin placenta accreta a cikin haihuwa na gaba bayan sashi na cesarean shine 0.4-0.8%. Ga marasa lafiya tare da placenta previa, haɗarin yana ƙaruwa tare da yawan sassan cesarean da suka gabata, tare da ƙimar 3%, 11%, 40%, 61%, da 67% na farko, na biyu, na uku, na huɗu, da na biyar ko mafi yawan sassan Cesarean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silver |first=R.M. |last2=Landon |first2=M.B. |last3=Rouse |first3=D.J. |last4=Leveno |first4=K.J. |last5=Spong |first5=C.Y. |last6=Thom |first6=E.A. |last7=Moawad |first7=A.H. |last8=Caritis |first8=S. N. |last9=Harper |first9=M. |last10=Wapner |first10=R. J. |last11=Sorokin |first11=Y |last12=Miodovnik |first12=M |last13=Carpenter |first13=M |last14=Peaceman |first14=A. M. |last15=O'Sullivan |first15=M. J. |display-authors=etal |date=2006 |title=Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=1226–32 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000219750.79480.84 |pmid=16738145 |s2cid=257455}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 ya gano cewa placenta accreta ya shafi 1 cikin mata 272 tare da binciken fitar da asibiti a Amurka, mafi girma fiye da duk wani binciken da aka buga a baya.<ref name="rate" /> Bayani game da yawan ci gaban placenta accreta da rikitarwa ba a tattara shi ba. A cikin 2026 an ruwaito cewa binciken da aka yi a Amurka da Isra'ila ya ba da shawarar yaduwar daya daga cikin 111 na dukkan mata masu juna biyu. Yana da matukar muhimmanci ga mata masu juna biyu su san wannan yanayin, abubuwan haɗarinsa, magani da gudanarwa, don tabbatar da lafiyarsu da lafiyar jaririnsu, da kuma hana rikitarwa a duk lokacin daukar ciki. == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.preventaccreta.org/ Gidauniyar Accreta ta Kasa] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] epfgguiiyv6wz0nnpd32fv2n535e25a 964656 964654 2026-10-08T07:36:15Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Diagnosis */ 964656 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Ƙarƙashin ƙwayoyin cuta |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Placenta_accreta.png|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Nau'o'in placenta accreta da yaduwarsu. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Obstetrics|Masu haihuwa]] |} '''Placenta accreta spectrum''' (PAS), wanda kuma ake kira ''placenta mai mannewa'' shine yanayin kiwon lafiya wanda ke faruwa lokacin da duk ko wani ɓangare na placenta ya haɗu da ''myometrium'' (tsakiyar tsoka na bangon mahaifa) yayin daukar ciki. An fara rubuta wannan yanayin a cikin wallafe-wallafen likita a 1927. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jauniaux |first=Eric |last2=Jurkovic |first2=Davor |last3=Hussein |first3=Ahmed M. |last4=Burton |first4=Graham J. |date=2022-09-01 |title=New insights into the etiopathology of placenta accreta spectrum |url=https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(22)00167-3/abstract |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=English |volume=227 |issue=3 |pages=384–391 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2022.02.038 |issn=0002-9378 |pmid=35248577 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Gynecology da Obstetrics (FIGO) ta bayyana maki uku, waɗanda da farko aka kira su ''accreta'', ''Increta'', da percreta don tsananin tsanani.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jauniaux |first=Eric |last2=Ayres-de-Campos |first2=Diogo |last3=Langhoff-Roos |first3=Jens |last4=Fox |first4=Karin A. |last5=Collins |first5=Sally |last6=FIGO Placenta Accreta Diagnosis and Management Expert Consensus Panel |date=2019 |title=FIGO classification for the clinical diagnosis of placenta accreta spectrum disorders, |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ijgo.12761 |journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics |language=en |volume=146 |issue=1 |pages=20–24 |doi=10.1002/ijgo.12761 |issn=1879-3479 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Saboda haɗuwa mara kyau ga myometrium, PAS yana da alaƙa da haɗarin haɗari na zubar da jini mai yawa, zubar da jinin jini mai tsanani, a lokacin ƙoƙarin isar da farji. Wannan yana haifar da mutane da yawa don isar da su ta hanyar Sashe na caesarean.<ref name=":0" /> Bukatar ƙarin jini yana da yawa, kuma ana buƙatar cire mahaifa ta hanyar tiyata (hysterectomy) a wasu lokuta don sarrafa zubar da jini mai barazana ga rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Zachary L. |last2=Sehgal |first2=Shailen S. |last3=Arsdalen |first3=Keith N. Van |last4=Goldstein |first4=Irwin S. |year=2014 |title=Placenta Percreta With Invasion into the Urinary Bladder |journal=Urology Case Reports |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=31–32 |doi=10.1016/j.eucr.2013.11.010 |pmc=4733000 |pmid=26955539}}</ref> Yawan placenta accreta yana ƙaruwa, har ma sun fi girma a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name=":0" /> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 ya gano cewa placenta accreta ya shafi 1 cikin mata 272 tare da binciken fitar da asibiti a Amurka.<ref name="rate">{{Cite journal |last=Society of Gynecologic Oncology |last2=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine |last3=Cahill |first3=Alison G. |last4=Beigi |first4=Richard |last5=Heine |first5=R. Phillips |last6=Silver |first6=Robert M. |last7=Wax |first7=Joseph R. |date=2018-12-01 |title=Placenta Accreta Spectrum |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=219 |issue=6 |pages=B2–B16 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2018.09.042 |issn=1097-6868 |pmid=30471891 |s2cid=53793068 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, karuwar yaduwar PAS a cikin shekaru da yawa ya kasance babban dalilin cututtuka da mutuwa tsakanin mata masu juna biyu, kuma ya kasance babban abin da ke haifar da karuwar haihuwa ta hanyar caesarean.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Fox |first=Karin A. |last2=Shamshirsaz |first2=Alireza A. |last3=Carusi |first3=Daniela |last4=Secord |first4=Angeles Alvarez |last5=Lee |first5=Paula |last6=Turan |first6=Ozhan M. |last7=Huls |first7=Christopher |last8=Abuhamad |first8=Alfred |last9=Simhan |first9=Hyagriv |last10=Barton |first10=John |last11=Wright |first11=Jason |last12=Silver |first12=Robert |last13=Belfort |first13=Michael A. |date=2015-12-01 |title=Conservative management of morbidly adherent placenta: expert review |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002937815003981 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=English |volume=213 |issue=6 |pages=755–760 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.04.034 |issn=0002-9378 |pmid=25935779 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Halitta == Pathogenesis na PAS ya haɗa da samar da wani abu mai ƙarfi da zurfi da ke da alaƙa da bango na mahaifa ta hanyar placenta. Bugu da kari, akwai yiwuwar rashin decidua basalis da ci gaban da ba cikakke ba na Layer na Nitabuch. Da ke ƙasa akwai nau'o'i uku na placenta accreta spectrum, wanda za'a iya rarrabe shi ta hanyar zurfin shiga cikin bango na mahaifa. {| class="wikitable" border="1" !Irin wannan !Kashi !Bayyanawa |- |Ƙarƙashin ƙwayoyin cuta |75–78% |Placenta ''Chorionic villi'' yana da ƙarfi ga myometrium, maimakon a ƙuntata shi a cikin decidua basalis; duk da haka, ba ya shiga ciki. Wannan nau'in yanayin yana da kusan kashi 75% na dukkan lokuta. |- |Placenta Increta |17% |Yana faruwa ne lokacin da placenta ''Chorionic villi'' ya mamaye cikin ''myometrium''. |- |Kwayar halitta |5–7% |Hanyar mafi haɗari na yanayin tana faruwa ne lokacin da placenta ''Chorionic villi'' ya shiga cikin dukkan myometrium, kuma ya mamaye ta hanyar perimetrium (serosa na mahaifa) zuwa bango na mahaifa. Wannan bambancin na iya haifar da placenta da ke haɗe da wasu gabobin kamar su rectum ko urinary bladder. |- |} Mata suna fuskantar cututtukan da suka fi girma tare da placenta percreta idan aka kwatanta da placenta accreta da increta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Pather |first=Selvan |last2=Strockyj |first2=Sasha |last3=Richards |first3=Antony |last4=Campbell |first4=Neil |last5=de Vries |first5=Brad |last6=Ogle |first6=Robert |date=2014 |title=Maternal outcome after conservative management of placenta percreta at caesarean section: A report of three cases and a review of the literature |url=https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajo.12149 |journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |language=en |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=84–87 |doi=10.1111/ajo.12149 |issn=1479-828X |pmid=24471850 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A lokuta na placenta percreta, inda mahaifar ta shiga cikin ciki da kuma ta hanyar myometrium zuwa ga bututun ko rectum, ana ba da shawara sosai don kauce wa duk wani yunkuri na cire placenta.<ref name=":1" /> Barin kwayar halitta ''a wurin'', ba cire shi ba bayan haihuwa, ya kasance wani ɓangare na gudanarwar ra'ayin mazan jiya na PAS da aka tattauna daga baya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> == Diagnosis == Lokacin da aka yi bincike na antepartum na placenta accreta, yawanci ya dogara ne akan binciken ultrasound a cikin watanni uku na biyu ko na uku. Binciken sonographic wanda zai iya nuna alamar placenta accreta sun hada da: G * Rashin yankin hypo-echoic na yau da kullun * Multiple vascular lacunae (rashin daidaituwa na vascular) a cikin placenta, yana ba da "Swiss cuku" bayyanar * Jinin jini ko kwayar halitta da ke ratsa uterine-placental margin, myometrial-bladder interface, ko ƙetare uterine serosa * Retroplacental myometrial kauri na <1 mm&nbsp; * Jiragen ruwa masu yawa da aka gani tare da ikon 3-dimensional Doppler a cikin hangen nesa Binciken ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba kuma yana shafar bambancin mai lura da juna; <ref name="pmid25425372">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bowman ZS, Eller AG, Kennedy AM, Richards DS, Winter TC, Woodward PJ, Silver RM |date=December 2014 |title=Interobserver variability of sonography for prediction of placenta accreta |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=33 |issue=12 |pages=2153–8 |doi=10.7863/ultra.33.12.2153 |pmid=25425372 |s2cid=22246937 |doi-access=}}</ref> gazawar ganewar asali da rashin ganewar asali sun zama ruwan dare. A lokuta masu shakku yana yiwuwa a yi ma'aunin nukiliya (MRI) na kwatangwalo, wanda ke da kyakkyawar fahimta da takamaiman wannan cuta.<ref name="pmid24515654">{{Cite journal |vauthors=D'Antonio F, Iacovella C, Palacios-Jaraquemada J, Bruno CH, Manzoli L, Bhide A |date=July 2014 |title=Prenatal identification of invasive placentation using magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=8–16 |doi=10.1002/uog.13327 |pmid=24515654 |s2cid=9237117}}</ref> Binciken MRI da ke da alaƙa da placenta accreta sun haɗa da bands T2 masu duhu, kumburawar mahaifa, da asarar duhu T2 dubawa.<ref name="BalcacerPahade2016">{{Cite journal |last=Balcacer |first=Patricia |last2=Pahade |first2=Jay |last3=Spektor |first3=Michael |last4=Staib |first4=Lawrence |last5=Copel |first5=Joshua A. |last6=McCarthy |first6=Shirley |year=2016 |title=Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Sonography in the Diagnosis of Placental Invasion |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=35 |issue=7 |pages=1445–1456 |doi=10.7863/ultra.15.07040 |issn=0278-4297 |pmid=27229131 |s2cid=46662788 |doi-access=}}</ref> Kodayake akwai rahotanni na musamman na placenta accreta da aka gano a cikin farkon watanni uku ko a lokacin zubar da ciki < shekaru 20 na ciki, darajar tsinkaya na farkon watanni uku na ultrasound don wannan ganewar asali ba a sani ba. Mata da ke da placenta previa ko "placenta mai ƙasƙanci" wanda ke rufe alamar mahaifa a farkon cikin ciki ya kamata a yi amfani da hotunan biye-biye a cikin watanni uku tare da mai da hankali ga yiwuwar kasancewar placenta accreta. Duk da wahalar gano PAS, akwai abubuwa masu haɗari da yawa waɗanda zasu iya taimakawa wajen ganowa. == Abubuwan haɗari == Wani muhimmin haɗari ga placenta accreta shine placenta previa a gaban alamar mahaifa. Placenta previa wani abu ne mai haɗari mai zaman kansa ga placenta accreta. Ƙarin abubuwan haɗari da aka ruwaito don placenta accreta sun haɗa da shekarun uwa da yawa, wasu tiyata na mahaifa na baya, curettage na mahaifa, radiation na mahaifa، Ablation na endometrial, ciwon Asherman, leiomyomata, anomalies na mahaifa. Duk wani abu mai banƙyama a cikin bangon mahaifa, ko yana sama ko zurfi, na iya haifar da PAS, saboda wannan abu mai ban mamaki yana taimaka wa blastocyst don dasa shi a kan bangon mahaija a wannan wuri.<ref name=":0" /> Sakamakon yanayin yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta kamar Cutar Asherman daga aikin tiyata na mahaifa da ya gabata, musamman daga fadadawa da curettage na baya, (wanda ake amfani dashi don alamomi da yawa ciwo har da [[Barin ciki|zubar da ciki]], zubar da jini, da zubar jini bayan haihuwa), myomectomy, <ref name="Capella">{{Cite journal |last=Capella-Allouc |first=S. |last2=Morsad |first2=F |last3=Rongières-Bertrand |first3=C |last4=Taylor |first4=S |last5=Fernandez |first5=H |year=1999 |title=Hysteroscopic treatment of severe Asherman's syndrome and subsequent fertility |journal=Human Reproduction |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=1230–3 |doi=10.1093/humrep/14.5.1230 |pmid=10325268 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ko sashin caesarean.<ref name="Al Serehi">{{Cite journal |last=Al-Serehi |first=A |last2=Mhoyan |first2=A |last3=Brown |first3=M |last4=Benirschke |first4=K |last5=Hull |first5=A |last6=Pretorius |first6=DH |year=2008 |title=Placenta accreta: An association with fibroids and Asherman syndrome |journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=1623–8 |doi=10.7863/jum.2008.27.11.1623 |pmid=18946102 |s2cid=833810}}</ref> An yi la'akari da haihuwar ta hanyar caesarean shine babban abin da ke haifar da mata don bunkasa PAS da placenta previa saboda lalacewar nama daga haihuwar.<ref name=":0" /> Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukkan haihuwa a Amurka ta hanyar sashi na caesarean. Binciken tsarin ya gano cewa bayar da kwayar cutar ta kara yawan abin da ya faru na placenta previa. Bugu da ƙari, matan da ke da placenta previa da akalla haihuwar caesarean 3 sun fi dacewa da haɓaka placenta accreta fiye da waɗanda ke da previa kuma ba su da tarihin haihuwar caisarean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Nicole E. |last2=Fu |first2=Rongwei |last3=Guise |first3=Jeanne-Marie |date=2011-09-01 |title=Impact of multiple cesarean deliveries on maternal morbidity: a systematic review |url=https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(11)00763-0/abstract |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=English |volume=205 |issue=3 |pages=262.e1–262.e8 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2011.06.035 |issn=0002-9378 |pmid=22071057 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wani yanke shawara mai laushi na iya zama mai ba da gudummawa ga irin wannan mamayewar trophoblastic. Wasu binciken sun nuna cewa yawan abin da ya faru ya fi girma lokacin da tayin ya zama mace. Sauran abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da ƙananan placenta, placenta na baya, lahani na haihuwa ko na mahaifa (kamar uterine septa), leiomyoma, yaduwar placenta (ciki har da ciki na cornual). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shimonovitz |first=S |last2=Hurwitz, A |last3=Dushnik, M |last4=Anteby, E |last5=Geva-Eldar, T |last6=Yagel, S |date=September 1994 |title=Developmental regulation of the expression of 72 and 92 kd type IV collagenases in human trophoblasts: a possible mechanism for control of trophoblast invasion. |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=171 |issue=3 |pages=832–8 |doi=10.1016/0002-9378(94)90107-4 |pmid=7522400}}</ref><ref name="acog">{{Cite journal |last=ACOG Committee on Obstetric |first=Practice |date=January 2002 |title=ACOG Committee opinion. Number 266, January 2002: placenta accreta. |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=99 |issue=1 |pages=169–70 |doi=10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01748-3 |pmid=11777527}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu sama da shekaru 35 waɗanda suka yi wani sashi na caesarian kuma yanzu suna da placenta previa da ke rufe da alamar mahaifa suna da damar 40% na placenta accreta, wanda ya zo tare da kowane rikitarwa. == Matsalolin PAS == * Lalacewar gabobin gida (misali, hanji, bututu, mahaifa da tsarin jijiyoyi a cikin retroperitoneum da bangon gefen pelvic daga shigar da placental da cire shi) * zubar da jini bayan tiyata wanda ke buƙatar tiyata akai-akai * Amniotic fluid embolism * Matsalolin (kamar dilutional coagulopathy, consumptive coagulupathy, halayen jini mai tsanani, raunin huhu da ke da alaƙa da jini, ciwon damuwa mai tsanani na numfashi, da rashin daidaituwa na lantarki) wanda ya haifar da ƙarin jini mai yawa, crystalloids, da sauran masu fadada girma * thromboembolism na bayan tiyata, [[Cutar|kamuwa da cuta]], gazawar gabobin multisystem, da [[Mutuwar uwa]]. Ba a san ainihin abin da ya faru na mutuwar uwa da ke da alaƙa da placenta accreta da matsalolin ta ba, amma yana da mahimmanci, <ref name="pmid26642997">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Selman AE |date=April 2016 |title=Caesarean hysterectomy for placenta praevia/accreta using an approach via the pouch of Douglas |journal=BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology |volume=123 |issue=5 |pages=815–9 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.13762 |pmc=5064651 |pmid=26642997}}</ref> musamman idan fitsari yana da hannu. <ref name="pmid12050959">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Washecka R, Behling A |date=April 2002 |title=Urologic complications of placenta percreta invading the urinary bladder: a case report and review of the literature |journal=Hawaii Medical Journal |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=66–9 |pmid=12050959}}</ref> == Magani da gudanarwa == === Magani === Magani na iya zama haihuwa ta hanyar sashi na caesarean da hysterectomy na ciki idan an gano placenta accreta kafin haihuwa.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last=Oyelese |first=Yinka |last2=Smulian |first2=John C. |year=2006 |title=Placenta Previa, Placenta Accreta, and Vasa Previa |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=927–41 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000207559.15715.98 |pmid=16582134 |s2cid=22774083}}</ref> Ana amfani da Oxytocin da maganin rigakafi don gudanar da aikin tiyata. Lokacin da aka raba placenta tare da mayar da hankali, cire placenta na iya zama mai ma'ana idan matsayin uwa ya kasance mai ɗorewa. Idan yana da mahimmanci a ceci mahaifar mace (don daukar ciki na gaba) to, sakewa a kusa da kwayar halitta na iya samun nasara. Magani mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na iya zama adana mahaifa amma bazai yi nasara ba kuma yana da haɗarin rikitarwa.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> Hanyoyin sun hada da: * Barin kwayar halitta a cikin mahaifa da curettage na mahaifa. An yi amfani da Methotrexate a wannan yanayin. * Intrauterine balloon catheterization don matsawa jijiyoyin jini * Embolisation na tasoshin pelvic * Ƙarƙashin jijiyar iliac na ciki * Ƙarƙashin jijiyoyin mahaifa A lokuta inda akwai mamayewar kwayar cuta da jijiyoyin jini a cikin hanji, ana bi da shi ta hanyar da ta yi kama da ciki na ciki kuma ana kauce wa cire kwayar cutawa. Koyaya, wannan na iya buƙatar hysterectomy da / ko Cystectomy na ɓangare. Idan mai haƙuri ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da haihuwa ta hanyar jima'i, ana kiyaye kayan jini don ƙarin jini da likitan anesthesiologist a shirye a lokacin haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Committee On Obstetric |first=Practice |year=2002 |title=Placenta accreta Number 266, January 2002 Committee on Obstetric Practice |journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=77–8 |doi=10.1016/S0020-7292(02)80003-0 |pmid=12053897 |s2cid=42076480}}</ref> === Gudanarwa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya === Gudanar da ra'ayin mazan jiya na PAS wata hanya ce da ake amfani da ita don kauce wa hysterectomy, cirewar mahaifa gaba ɗaya. Barin placenta ''a wurin'' kuma ba cire shi ba shine babban hanyar, musamman ga waɗanda ke fuskantar placenta percreta, kamar yadda binciken ya nuna cewa yana iya rage yawan zubar da jini ko haɗarin raunin nama wanda zai iya haifar da hysterectomy.<ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, wannan hanya ce mai amfani ga uwaye da ke son haihuwa da yawa a nan gaba. Kodayake wannan hanyar ta yi nasara, binciken ya nuna cewa barin placenta ''a wurin'' ya haifar da wasu mummunan sakamako, gami da jinkirin zubar da jini, endomyometritis, da [[sepsis]] (rashin lafiya na tsarin da zai iya haifar da rashin aiki na jiki). Bincike na tsari ya nuna nau'o'i daban-daban game da sakamakon kashi na mata tare da placenta ''a wurin'': <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> * Kashi 61% sun sami rikitarwa na baya-bayan nan * 22-58% da ake buƙata hysterectomy * 60-65% ana buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin * Kashi 51 cikin 100 sun samu zubar da jini bayan haihuwa * 42% sun fuskanci manyan cututtuka * Kashi 78% sun riƙe mahaifarsu Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an yi amfani da methotrexate don taimakawa wajen sake shan kwayar halitta a lokuta na kwayar halitta. Ya nuna nasara wajen taimakawa wajen rage vascularity na mahaifa bayan ciki. Koyaya, mata a kan methotrexate ba za su iya shayar da nono ba, wanda zai iya yin mummunar tasiri ga haɗin uwa, haɗewar jariri, da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa.<ref name=":1" /> Gudanar da ra'ayin mazan jiya, wanda aka bar placenta ''a wurin'', yana buƙatar la'akari da haɗarin gajeren lokaci da na dogon lokaci da kuma sa ido na dogon lokaci. Ana ba da shawarar ba da shawara mai kyau kafin a gudanar da wannan hanyar.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Kodayake tsarin yana da haɗari mai yuwuwa, ana kula da kulawar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a hankali tare da sakamako mai kyau a wasu lokuta na fasalin placenta accreta (PAS). == Rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya == Babu bincike mai yawa game da rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da mata tare da Placenta Accreta Spectrum (PAS). Koyaya, yawancin binciken da ke akwai sun gano cewa babu bambanci a cikin rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya a cikin sakamakon uwa na PAS don cututtukan jarirai, lokacin ganewar asali, da kuma kula da cututtukani da aka tsara, tsakanin kabilanci da kabilanci daban-daban. Wannan ya kasance gaskiya har ma bayan bayanan suna daidaitawa don dalilai kamar samun kudin shiga, shekaru, ma'aikata da BMI.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Alexa |last2=Lambert |first2=Calvin |last3=Yanik |first3=Megan |last4=Nathan |first4=Lisa |last5=Rosenberg |first5=Henri M. |last6=Tavella |first6=Nicola |last7=Bianco |first7=Angela |last8=Futterman |first8=Itamar |last9=Haberman |first9=Shoshana |last10=Griffin |first10=Myah M. |last11=Limaye |first11=Meghana |last12=Owens |first12=Thomas |last13=Brustman |first13=Lois |last14=Wu |first14=Haotian |last15=Dar |first15=Pe'er |date=2024-07-01 |title=Investigation of health inequities in maternal and neonatal outcomes of patients with placenta accreta spectrum: a multicenter study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2589-9333(24)00112-5 |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM |language=English |volume=6 |issue=7 |doi=10.1016/j.ajogmf.2024.101386 |issn=2589-9333 |pmid=38761887 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin rashin lafiyar zamantakewa da cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da PAS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tavella |first=Nicola Francesco |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Henri Mitchell |last3=Mills |first3=Alexandra |last4=Owens |first4=Thomas |last5=Brustman |first5=Lois |last6=Doulaveris |first6=Georgios |last7=Haberman |first7=Shoshana |last8=Limaye |first8=Meghana |last9=Janevic |first9=Teresa |last10=Jessel |first10=Rebecca Hope |last11=Bianco |first11=Angela Teresa |date=2024-10-13 |title=Examining associations between social vulnerability and maternal morbidity among a multicentre cohort of pregnancies complicated by placenta accreta spectrum disorder in New York City |journal=BMJ Public Health |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |doi=10.1136/bmjph-2024-001083 |issn=2753-4294 |pmc=11816871 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya na kabilanci da launin fata da rashin daidaito a cikin zamantakewa dangane da PAS labari ne mai kyau; duk da haka, ana buƙatar gudanar da bincike don gano idan wasu dalilai kamar samun kudin shiga, matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, da kuma samun damar kiwon lafiya zasu iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na kiwon lafiyar PAS. Wannan binciken zai kasance mai fa'ida musamman ga mutanen da ke fama da rauni, kamar baƙi, tunda suna fuskantar abubuwan da zasu iya haifar da mummunan sakamako na ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nieto Calvache |first=Albaro José |last2=Hidalgo |first2=Alejandra |last3=López |first3=María Camila |last4=Vergara-Galliadi |first4=Lina María |last5=Nieto-Calvache |first5=Alejandro Solo |date=December 2022 |title=Placenta accreta spectrum in vulnerable population: How to provide care for pregnant refugees struggling to access affordable healthcare |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |volume=35 |issue=25 |pages=5031–5034 |doi=10.1080/14767058.2021.1874906 |issn=1476-4954 |pmid=33455510}}</ref> == Yaduwar cututtuka == Rahoton ya ce yawan haihuwar placenta ya karu daga kimanin 0.8 cikin 1000 a cikin shekarun 1980 zuwa 3 cikin 1000 a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} . Rahotanni da suka faru sun karu tare da karuwar yawan haihuwa, tare da yawan 1 a cikin ciki 4,027 a cikin shekarun 1970s, 1 a cikin 2,510 a cikin shekarun 1980, da 1 a cikin 533 na 1982-2002.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Committee on Obstetric Practice |title=Placenta Accreta |url=http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Obstetric_Practice/Placenta_Accreta |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123013603/http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Obstetric_Practice/Placenta_Accreta |archive-date=2016-11-23 |access-date=2014-08-22 |website=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, ACOG ta kiyasta cewa abin da ya faru ya karu sau 10 a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.<ref name="acog" /> Hadarin placenta accreta a cikin haihuwa na gaba bayan sashi na cesarean shine 0.4-0.8%. Ga marasa lafiya tare da placenta previa, haɗarin yana ƙaruwa tare da yawan sassan cesarean da suka gabata, tare da ƙimar 3%, 11%, 40%, 61%, da 67% na farko, na biyu, na uku, na huɗu, da na biyar ko mafi yawan sassan Cesarean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silver |first=R.M. |last2=Landon |first2=M.B. |last3=Rouse |first3=D.J. |last4=Leveno |first4=K.J. |last5=Spong |first5=C.Y. |last6=Thom |first6=E.A. |last7=Moawad |first7=A.H. |last8=Caritis |first8=S. N. |last9=Harper |first9=M. |last10=Wapner |first10=R. J. |last11=Sorokin |first11=Y |last12=Miodovnik |first12=M |last13=Carpenter |first13=M |last14=Peaceman |first14=A. M. |last15=O'Sullivan |first15=M. J. |display-authors=etal |date=2006 |title=Maternal morbidity associated with multiple repeat cesarean deliveries |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=107 |issue=6 |pages=1226–32 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000219750.79480.84 |pmid=16738145 |s2cid=257455}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 ya gano cewa placenta accreta ya shafi 1 cikin mata 272 tare da binciken fitar da asibiti a Amurka, mafi girma fiye da duk wani binciken da aka buga a baya.<ref name="rate" /> Bayani game da yawan ci gaban placenta accreta da rikitarwa ba a tattara shi ba. A cikin 2026 an ruwaito cewa binciken da aka yi a Amurka da Isra'ila ya ba da shawarar yaduwar daya daga cikin 111 na dukkan mata masu juna biyu. Yana da matukar muhimmanci ga mata masu juna biyu su san wannan yanayin, abubuwan haɗarinsa, magani da gudanarwa, don tabbatar da lafiyarsu da lafiyar jaririnsu, da kuma hana rikitarwa a duk lokacin daukar ciki. == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.preventaccreta.org/ Gidauniyar Accreta ta Kasa] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q5yp71hky94vprrtxsimcohckx4z9d5 0 178555 964666 2026-10-08T08:43:30Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366353347|Abiotic component]]" 964666 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin [[Ecology|ilimin]] [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]], abubuwan abiotic ko abubuwan abiotics sune abubuwan da ba su da rai da kuma sassan jiki na muhalli waɗanda ke shafar halittu masu rai da aikin yanayin halittu. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin cuta da abubuwan da ke tattara su suna haifar da ilimin halitta gaba ɗaya. Suna shafar nau'o'in halittu masu yawa, a duk nau'ukan yanayin muhalli, kamar dabbobi na Ruwa ko na ƙasa. [[Ɗan Adam|Mutane]] na iya [[Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli|yin ko canza]] abubuwan abiotic a cikin yanayin jinsin. Misali, [[taki]] na iya shafar mazaunin [[Dodon kodi|kwari]], ko iskar gas din da mutane ke amfani da ita na iya canza matakan pH na ruwa. Abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da yanayin jiki da albarkatun da ba su da rai waɗanda ke shafar kwayoyin halitta masu rai dangane da girma, kulawa, da haifuwa((((((Abiotic components include physical conditions and non-living [[:en:Resource_(biology)|resources]] that affect living organisms in terms of [[:en:Developmental_biology|growth]], maintenance, and [[:en:Reproduction|reproduction]]. Resources are distinguished as substances or objects in the environment required by one organism and consumed or otherwise made unavailable for use by other organisms.<ref>Ricklefs, R.E. 2005. ''The Economy of Nature, 6th edition''. WH Freeman, USA.</ref><ref>Chapin, F.S. III, H.A. Mooney, M.C. Chapin, and P. Matson. 2011. Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology. Springer, New York.</ref> Component degradation of a substance occurs by [[:en:Chemical_process|chemical]] or [[:en:Physical_change|physical processes]], e.g. [[:en:Hydrolysis|hydrolysis]]. All non-living components of an ecosystem, such as [[:en:Atmosphere|atmospheric conditions]] and [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]], are called abiotic)))))). Ana rarraba albarkatun a matsayin abubuwa ko abubuwa a cikin mahalli da wani kwayoyin ke buƙata kuma an cinye su ko kuma ba a samu su ba don amfani da wasu kwayoyin. Rashin lalacewar abu yana faruwa ta hanyar sinadarai ko matakai na jiki, misali hydrolysis. Dukkanin abubuwan da ba su da rai na tsarin halittu, kamar Yanayin yanayi da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]], ana kiransu abubuwan abiotic. == Abubuwan da suka shafi == A cikin ilimin halitta, abubuwan abiotic na iya haɗawa da [[ruwa]], [[haske]], [[Rashin haske|radiation]], [[Temperature|zafin jiki]], [[danshi]], yanayi, [[Acid|acidity]], salinity, hazo, tsawo, ma'adanai, raƙuman ruwa, [[ruwan sama]], abubuwan gina jiki na oxygen, da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]. Yanayin macroscopic sau da yawa yana tasiri ga kowane ɗayan da ke sama. Hakanan ana iya la'akari da matsin lamba da [[Sauti|raƙuman sauti]] a cikin mahallin ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa. Abubuwan halittu a cikin yanayin teku sun haɗa da bayyanar iska, substrate, tsabtace ruwa, Hasken rana da raƙuman ruwa.<ref name="National Geographic Education">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Ocean Abiotic Factors |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/Ocean_Abiotic_Factors_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025354/https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/Ocean_Abiotic_Factors_1.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2017-05-05 |publisher=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Yi la'akari da bambance-bambance a cikin injiniyoyi na tsirrai na C3, C4, da CAM a cikin daidaita kwararrar [[carbon dioxide]] zuwa Tsarin Calvin-Benson dangane da abubuwan damuwa na abiotic. Tsire-tsire na C3 ba su da hanyoyin sarrafa photorespiration, yayin da tsire-tsaire na C4 da CAM ke amfani da enzyme na PEP carboxylase daban don hana photorespiration, don haka kara yawan amfanin matakai na [[photosynthesis]] a wasu mahalli masu ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Chuali |last2=Guo |first2=Longyun |last3=Li |first3=Yixue |last4=Wang |first4=Zhuo |date=2012 |title=Systematic Comparison of C3 and C4 Plants Based on Metabolic Network Analysis |journal=BMC Systems Biology |volume=6 |issue=59 |pages=S9 |doi=10.1186/1752-0509-6-S2-S9 |pmc=3521184 |pmid=23281598 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rubisco and C4 Plants |url=http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/content/filerepository/CMP/00/001/066/Rubisco%20and%20C4%20plants.pdf?v=1353967268963 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324164154/http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/content/filerepository/CMP/00/001/066/Rubisco%20and%20C4%20plants.pdf?v=1353967268963 |archive-date=2016-03-24 |access-date=2017-05-05 |website=RSC: Advancing the Chemical Sciences |publisher=RSC}}</ref> == Misalan == Yawancin Archea suna buƙatar yanayin zafi mai yawa, matsin lamba, ko ƙididdigar sinadarai masu ban mamaki kamar sulfur; wannan saboda ƙwarewarsu ne a cikin matsanancin yanayi. Bugu da kari, ƙwayoyin cuta sun samo asali ne don tsira a zafin jiki, danshi, da kwanciyar hankali na mahallinsu.<ref name="UWC">{{Cite web |title=Abiotic Components |url=http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/ecology/abiotic/abiot.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425160041/http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/SCI_ED/grade10/ecology/abiotic/abiot.htm |archive-date=2005-04-25 |publisher=Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, [[University of the Western Cape]]}}</ref> Misali, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin samun ruwa da danshi tsakanin gandun daji da hamada. Wannan bambanci a cikin wadatar ruwa yana haifar da bambancin halittu da ke rayuwa a cikin waɗannan yankuna. Wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin abubuwan abiotic suna canza nau'in da ke akwai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar iyakokin abin da nau'in zasu iya rayuwa a cikin muhalli da kuma rinjayar gasa tsakanin nau'o'i biyu. Abubuwan halittu irin su salinity na iya ba da nau'i nau'in gasa akan wani, haifar da matsin lamba wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambance da canji na nau'in zuwa kuma daga masu fafatawa da ƙwararru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dunson |first=William A. |date=November 1991 |title=The Role of Abiotic Factors in Community Organization |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=1067–1091 |doi=10.1086/285270 |jstor=2462508 |s2cid=84867707}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Sashe na kwayoyin halitta, wani bangare mai rai na tsarin halittu wanda ke shafar da kuma tsara shi. * Abiogenesis, tsari na sannu a hankali na ƙara rikitarwa na wadanda ba su da rai a cikin abubuwa masu rai. * Tsarin nitrogen * Tsarin phosphorus == Bayanan da aka ambata == gqdwptld9vbu4lewp6dsdndg9yrqpff 964667 964666 2026-10-08T08:45:02Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 Sabon shafi 964667 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin [[Ecology|ilimin]] [[Yanayi na halitta|muhalli]], abubuwan abiotic ko abubuwan abiotics sune abubuwan da ba su da rai da kuma sassan jiki na muhalli waɗanda ke shafar halittu masu rai da aikin yanayin halittu. Abubuwan da ke tattare da kwayoyin cuta da abubuwan da ke tattara su suna haifar da ilimin halitta gaba ɗaya. Suna shafar nau'o'in halittu masu yawa, a duk nau'ukan yanayin muhalli, kamar dabbobi na Ruwa ko na ƙasa. [[Ɗan Adam|Mutane]] na iya [[Tasirin ɗan adam a kan muhalli|yin ko canza]] abubuwan abiotic a cikin yanayin jinsin. Misali, [[taki]] na iya shafar mazaunin [[Dodon kodi|kwari]], ko iskar gas din da mutane ke amfani da ita na iya canza matakan pH na ruwa. Abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da yanayin jiki da albarkatun da ba su da rai waɗanda ke shafar kwayoyin halitta masu rai dangane da girma, kulawa, da haifuwa. Ana rarraba albarkatun a matsayin abubuwa ko abubuwa a cikin mahalli da wani kwayoyin ke buƙata kuma an cinye su ko kuma ba a samu su ba don amfani da wasu kwayoyin. Rashin lalacewar abu yana faruwa ta hanyar sinadarai ko matakai na jiki, misali hydrolysis. Dukkanin abubuwan da ba su da rai na tsarin halittu, kamar Yanayin yanayi da [[Ma'adanai na ruwa|albarkatun ruwa]], ana kiransu abubuwan abiotic. == Abubuwan da suka shafi == A cikin ilimin halitta, abubuwan abiotic na iya haɗawa da [[ruwa]], [[haske]], [[Rashin haske|radiation]], [[Temperature|zafin jiki]], [[danshi]], yanayi, [[Acid|acidity]], salinity, hazo, tsawo, ma'adanai, raƙuman ruwa, [[ruwan sama]], abubuwan gina jiki na oxygen, da [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]]. Yanayin macroscopic sau da yawa yana tasiri ga kowane ɗayan da ke sama. Hakanan ana iya la'akari da matsin lamba da [[Sauti|raƙuman sauti]] a cikin mahallin ruwa ko yanayin ƙasa. Abubuwan halittu a cikin yanayin teku sun haɗa da bayyanar iska, substrate, tsabtace ruwa, Hasken rana da raƙuman ruwa.<ref name="National Geographic Education">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Ocean Abiotic Factors |url=https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/Ocean_Abiotic_Factors_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025354/https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/Ocean_Abiotic_Factors_1.pdf |archive-date=2017-11-07 |access-date=2017-05-05 |publisher=National Geographic Society}}</ref> Yi la'akari da bambance-bambance a cikin injiniyoyi na tsirrai na C3, C4, da CAM a cikin daidaita kwararrar [[carbon dioxide]] zuwa Tsarin Calvin-Benson dangane da abubuwan damuwa na abiotic. Tsire-tsire na C3 ba su da hanyoyin sarrafa photorespiration, yayin da tsire-tsaire na C4 da CAM ke amfani da enzyme na PEP carboxylase daban don hana photorespiration, don haka kara yawan amfanin matakai na [[photosynthesis]] a wasu mahalli masu ƙarfi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Chuali |last2=Guo |first2=Longyun |last3=Li |first3=Yixue |last4=Wang |first4=Zhuo |date=2012 |title=Systematic Comparison of C3 and C4 Plants Based on Metabolic Network Analysis |journal=BMC Systems Biology |volume=6 |issue=59 |pages=S9 |doi=10.1186/1752-0509-6-S2-S9 |pmc=3521184 |pmid=23281598 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rubisco and C4 Plants |url=http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/content/filerepository/CMP/00/001/066/Rubisco%20and%20C4%20plants.pdf?v=1353967268963 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324164154/http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/content/filerepository/CMP/00/001/066/Rubisco%20and%20C4%20plants.pdf?v=1353967268963 |archive-date=2016-03-24 |access-date=2017-05-05 |website=RSC: Advancing the Chemical Sciences |publisher=RSC}}</ref> == Misalan == Yawancin Archea suna buƙatar yanayin zafi mai yawa, matsin lamba, ko ƙididdigar sinadarai masu ban mamaki kamar sulfur; wannan saboda ƙwarewarsu ne a cikin matsanancin yanayi. Bugu da kari, ƙwayoyin cuta sun samo asali ne don tsira a zafin jiki, danshi, da kwanciyar hankali na mahallinsu.<ref name="UWC">{{Cite web |title=Abiotic Components |url=http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/sci_ed/grade10/ecology/abiotic/abiot.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425160041/http://www.botany.uwc.ac.za/SCI_ED/grade10/ecology/abiotic/abiot.htm |archive-date=2005-04-25 |publisher=Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, [[University of the Western Cape]]}}</ref> Misali, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci a cikin samun ruwa da danshi tsakanin gandun daji da hamada. Wannan bambanci a cikin wadatar ruwa yana haifar da bambancin halittu da ke rayuwa a cikin waɗannan yankuna. Wadannan bambance-bambance a cikin abubuwan abiotic suna canza nau'in da ke akwai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar iyakokin abin da nau'in zasu iya rayuwa a cikin muhalli da kuma rinjayar gasa tsakanin nau'o'i biyu. Abubuwan halittu irin su salinity na iya ba da nau'i nau'in gasa akan wani, haifar da matsin lamba wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambance da canji na nau'in zuwa kuma daga masu fafatawa da ƙwararru.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dunson |first=William A. |date=November 1991 |title=The Role of Abiotic Factors in Community Organization |journal=The American Naturalist |volume=138 |issue=5 |pages=1067–1091 |doi=10.1086/285270 |jstor=2462508 |s2cid=84867707}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Sashe na kwayoyin halitta, wani bangare mai rai na tsarin halittu wanda ke shafar da kuma tsara shi. * Abiogenesis, tsari na sannu a hankali na ƙara rikitarwa na wadanda ba su da rai a cikin abubuwa masu rai. * Tsarin nitrogen * Tsarin phosphorus == Bayanan da aka ambata == 5s7cjnvb2ci463ztm8huqojobsfos6f 0 178556 964670 2026-10-08T08:59:13Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364692029|Robert Gillmor]]" 964670 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Robert Allen Fitzwilliam Gillmor''' [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (6 ga Yulin 1936 - 8 ga Mayu 2022) masanin ilimin tsuntsaye ne na Burtaniya, mai zane, mai zane-zane, marubuci da edita. Ya kasance co-kafa kungiyar Society of Wildlife Artists (SWLA) kuma ya kasance sakatarenta, shugaban da shugaban. Ya ba da gudummawa ga littattafai sama da 100, kuma ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa.<ref name="HS">{{Cite web |title=Robert returns to his roots |url=http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/entertainment/ent.php?id=988675 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405141135/http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/entertainment/ent.php?id=988675 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2011 |website=Henley Standard}}</ref><ref name="Avery-medal">{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Mark |date=10 October 2011 |title=Top scientist slams government |url=http://markavery.info/2011/10/10/top-scientist-slams-government/ |access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Birdwatch-medal">{{Cite web |title=Independent journalist wins RSPB medal |url=http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/channel/newsitem.asp?c=11&cate=__7806 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402195200/http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/channel/newsitem.asp?c=11&cate=__7806 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2011 |publisher=Birdwatch}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Robert Allen Fitzwilliam Gillmor a Reading, Berkshire a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1936, <ref name="Avery">{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Avery |title=Robert Gillmor – 1936 – 2022 |url=https://markavery.info/2022/05/09/robert-gillmor-1936-2022/ |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Leighton Park da kuma makarantar Fine Art a Jami'ar Reading. Yana da shekara 16 kawai lokacin da aka fara buga hotunansa, a cikin mujallar British Birds ta kowane wata. Lokacin da yake dalibi a sashen fasaha na Jami'ar Reading, ya kwatanta littafinsa na farko, A Study of Blackbirds . Gillmor ya koyar da fasaha da sana'a a tsohuwar makarantarsa, Leighton Park a Reading, na tsawon shekaru shida kafin ya fara aiki mai zaman kansa a matsayin mai zane-zane a shekarar 1965. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, shi ne ƙaramin memba na farko da aka zaba ta Reading Ornithological Club (daga baya Berkshire Ornithology Club) kuma ya ci gaba da kwatanta murfin rahotannin shekara-shekara daga 1950. Daga bisani aka sanya shi shugaban rayuwar kulob din.<ref name="HS" /> == Ayyuka == Fitarwar Gillmor ta kasance mai girma kuma a cikin siffofi daban-daban, layin zane-zane na ruwa, yankan lino da allon siliki. Bayan littafinsa na farko a shekara ta 1958, aikinsa ya bayyana a cikin wasu sama da 100.<ref name="HS" /> Motsawa daga Reading zuwa Cley kusa da Tekun a Norfolk a cikin 1998 [1] ya tabbatar da tasiri mai ban sha'awa a kan aikinsa. Ya ci gaba da yin zane-zane. Ya kuma kasance masanin ilimin tsuntsaye, kuma ya yi aiki a majalisa ga dukkan kungiyoyi uku na kasa, RSPB, Ƙungiyar Masana Ornithology ta Burtaniya da British Trust for Ornithological. Ya tsara sigar farko ta alamar RSPB ta Avocet.Ya kasance memba na dogon lokaci (kuma tsohon shugaban) na Reading Guild of Artists . == SWLA == After founding the Society of Wildlife Artists with Eric Ennion in the early 1960s, Robert served as its secretary and chairman for many years.<ref name="Avery" /> He was also elected president in 1984 and served for two five-year periods,<ref name="Avery" /> he also served as a vice-president of the society. As well as working to promote current work, he did much to promote work of past artists, including Charles Tunnicliffe, (editing three books) and his grandfather, Professor Allen W. Seaby (1867–1953), who instilled in him a love of printmaking.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}} == Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya == A cikin shekara ta 2011, Gillmor ya kammala yanke lino don saiti huɗu na hatimi na Royal Mail, tare da ƙarin saiti uku (na hatimi shida kowannensu) a cikin shekara ta 2012. <ref name="HS" /> Ya tsara lambar yabo ta Dilys Breese ta British Trust for Ornithology, wanda aka fara bayarwa a shekara ta 2009.<ref name="Whitby">{{Cite web |last=Whitby |first=Max |title=A Gong For Barclay |url=http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?print=1&a=1827 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722042948/http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?print=1&a=1827 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=15 January 2011 |publisher=BirdGuides}}</ref> An nuna tarihin aikin Gillmor a Gidan Tarihi na Karatu daga 23 ga Oktoba 2011 zuwa 29 ga Afrilu 2012 . <ref name="RM">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2011 |title=Robert Gillmor: Retrospective |url=http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/events/details/229/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022172111/http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/events/details/229/ |archive-date=22 October 2011 |access-date=10 October 2011 |publisher=[[Reading Museum]]}}</ref> A cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2015 an nada shi [[Order of the British Empire|memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE), "don hidimomi ga Wildlife Art". Sauran lambobin yabo sun hada da lambar yabo ta RSPB (2001), da kuma lambar yabo ta Tarayyar Tarayyar Burtaniya (1997). <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the BOU |url=https://www.bou.org.uk/about-the-bou/administration-and-people/medals-and-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331172205/https://www.bou.org.uk/about-the-bou/administration-and-people/medals-and-awards/ |archive-date=31 March 2017 |publisher=British Ornithologists' Union}}</ref> Gillmor ya mutu a gidansa, North Light, a [[Cley kusa da Tekun]], Norfolk, a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2022, bayan dogon lokaci na rashin lafiya. Ya kasance mai shekaru 85.<ref name="Avery" /><ref name="SWLA">{{Cite web |title=Robert Gillmor MBE 1936-2022 |url=https://swla.co.uk/news/robert-gillmor-mbe-1936-2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Society of Wildlife Artists]]}}</ref><ref name="Bayley">{{Cite web |last=Bayley |first=Sian |title=Gillmor retires as cover artist for New Naturalist series |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/gillmor-retires-cover-artist-new-naturalist-series-1300296 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=[[The Bookseller]]}}</ref><ref name="ODNB">{{Cite web |title=Gillmor, Robert Allen Fitzwilliam |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-90000383010?rskey=D3xzco&result=102 |access-date=9 July 2026 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}</ref> Matarsa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, Susan (née Norman; sun yi aure a shekara ta 1974 ), da 'ya'ya Emily (kuma mai zane-zane na namun daji <ref name="Moss" />) da Thomas sun mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emily Gillmor |url=https://www.pinkfootgallery.co.uk/artist/117030/emily-gillmor |access-date=13 May 2022 |publisher=Pinkfoot Gallery}}</ref> == Ayyuka == *   *   *   *  <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toms, Mike |title=Review of ''Robert Gillmor's Norfolk Bird Sketches'' |url=https://www.bto.org/understanding-birds/book-reviews/robert-gillmors-norfolk-bird-sketches |website=British Trust for Ornithology (bto.org)}}</ref> *   === A matsayin edita === *   === A matsayin editan zane-zane === * ''Tsuntsaye na Yammacin Palaearctic'', kundin tara, 1977-1994 <ref name="HS" /> * ''Tsuntsaye na Berkshire'', 1996 <ref name="HS" /> === A matsayin mai zane === * - Littafin farko na Gillmor, wanda aka yi yayin da yake dalibi <ref name="HS" />{{Cite book|last3=David Snow (ornithologist)}} * {{Cite book|last3=J. Denis Summers-Smith}} * {{Cite book|last3=J. Denis Summers-Smith}} * {{Cite book|last3=Tony Soper}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=John Clare}} *   * Jaket din ƙura na kowane sabon jerin Naturalist tun 1985. == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://swla.co.uk/wp-swla/members-list/robert-gillmor/ Sample works on SWLA website] * Robert Gillmor discography at Discogs (Cover illustrator) [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] bg92vel36z7pmj6x9plm9cim39v22wa 964671 964670 2026-10-08T08:59:50Z Baffa ali 47435 964671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robert Allen Fitzwilliam Gillmor''' [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (6 ga Yulin 1936 - 8 ga Mayu 2022) masanin ilimin tsuntsaye ne na Burtaniya, mai zane, mai zane-zane, marubuci da edita. Ya kasance co-kafa kungiyar Society of Wildlife Artists (SWLA) kuma ya kasance sakatarenta, shugaban da shugaban. Ya ba da gudummawa ga littattafai sama da 100, kuma ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa.<ref name="HS">{{Cite web |title=Robert returns to his roots |url=http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/entertainment/ent.php?id=988675 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405141135/http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/entertainment/ent.php?id=988675 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2011 |website=Henley Standard}}</ref><ref name="Avery-medal">{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Mark |date=10 October 2011 |title=Top scientist slams government |url=http://markavery.info/2011/10/10/top-scientist-slams-government/ |access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Birdwatch-medal">{{Cite web |title=Independent journalist wins RSPB medal |url=http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/channel/newsitem.asp?c=11&cate=__7806 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402195200/http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/channel/newsitem.asp?c=11&cate=__7806 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2011 |publisher=Birdwatch}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Robert Allen Fitzwilliam Gillmor a Reading, Berkshire a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1936, <ref name="Avery">{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Avery |title=Robert Gillmor – 1936 – 2022 |url=https://markavery.info/2022/05/09/robert-gillmor-1936-2022/ |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Leighton Park da kuma makarantar Fine Art a Jami'ar Reading. Yana da shekara 16 kawai lokacin da aka fara buga hotunansa, a cikin mujallar British Birds ta kowane wata. Lokacin da yake dalibi a sashen fasaha na Jami'ar Reading, ya kwatanta littafinsa na farko, A Study of Blackbirds . Gillmor ya koyar da fasaha da sana'a a tsohuwar makarantarsa, Leighton Park a Reading, na tsawon shekaru shida kafin ya fara aiki mai zaman kansa a matsayin mai zane-zane a shekarar 1965. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, shi ne ƙaramin memba na farko da aka zaba ta Reading Ornithological Club (daga baya Berkshire Ornithology Club) kuma ya ci gaba da kwatanta murfin rahotannin shekara-shekara daga 1950. Daga bisani aka sanya shi shugaban rayuwar kulob din.<ref name="HS" /> == Ayyuka == Fitarwar Gillmor ta kasance mai girma kuma a cikin siffofi daban-daban, layin zane-zane na ruwa, yankan lino da allon siliki. Bayan littafinsa na farko a shekara ta 1958, aikinsa ya bayyana a cikin wasu sama da 100.<ref name="HS" /> Motsawa daga Reading zuwa Cley kusa da Tekun a Norfolk a cikin 1998 [1] ya tabbatar da tasiri mai ban sha'awa a kan aikinsa. Ya ci gaba da yin zane-zane. Ya kuma kasance masanin ilimin tsuntsaye, kuma ya yi aiki a majalisa ga dukkan kungiyoyi uku na kasa, RSPB, Ƙungiyar Masana Ornithology ta Burtaniya da British Trust for Ornithological. Ya tsara sigar farko ta alamar RSPB ta Avocet.Ya kasance memba na dogon lokaci (kuma tsohon shugaban) na Reading Guild of Artists . == SWLA == After founding the Society of Wildlife Artists with Eric Ennion in the early 1960s, Robert served as its secretary and chairman for many years.<ref name="Avery" /> He was also elected president in 1984 and served for two five-year periods,<ref name="Avery" /> he also served as a vice-president of the society. As well as working to promote current work, he did much to promote work of past artists, including Charles Tunnicliffe, (editing three books) and his grandfather, Professor Allen W. Seaby (1867–1953), who instilled in him a love of printmaking.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}} == Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya == A cikin shekara ta 2011, Gillmor ya kammala yanke lino don saiti huɗu na hatimi na Royal Mail, tare da ƙarin saiti uku (na hatimi shida kowannensu) a cikin shekara ta 2012. <ref name="HS" /> Ya tsara lambar yabo ta Dilys Breese ta British Trust for Ornithology, wanda aka fara bayarwa a shekara ta 2009.<ref name="Whitby">{{Cite web |last=Whitby |first=Max |title=A Gong For Barclay |url=http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?print=1&a=1827 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722042948/http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?print=1&a=1827 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=15 January 2011 |publisher=BirdGuides}}</ref> An nuna tarihin aikin Gillmor a Gidan Tarihi na Karatu daga 23 ga Oktoba 2011 zuwa 29 ga Afrilu 2012 . <ref name="RM">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2011 |title=Robert Gillmor: Retrospective |url=http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/events/details/229/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022172111/http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/events/details/229/ |archive-date=22 October 2011 |access-date=10 October 2011 |publisher=[[Reading Museum]]}}</ref> A cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2015 an nada shi [[Order of the British Empire|memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE), "don hidimomi ga Wildlife Art". Sauran lambobin yabo sun hada da lambar yabo ta RSPB (2001), da kuma lambar yabo ta Tarayyar Tarayyar Burtaniya (1997). <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the BOU |url=https://www.bou.org.uk/about-the-bou/administration-and-people/medals-and-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331172205/https://www.bou.org.uk/about-the-bou/administration-and-people/medals-and-awards/ |archive-date=31 March 2017 |publisher=British Ornithologists' Union}}</ref> Gillmor ya mutu a gidansa, North Light, a [[Cley kusa da Tekun]], Norfolk, a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2022, bayan dogon lokaci na rashin lafiya. Ya kasance mai shekaru 85.<ref name="Avery" /><ref name="SWLA">{{Cite web |title=Robert Gillmor MBE 1936-2022 |url=https://swla.co.uk/news/robert-gillmor-mbe-1936-2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Society of Wildlife Artists]]}}</ref><ref name="Bayley">{{Cite web |last=Bayley |first=Sian |title=Gillmor retires as cover artist for New Naturalist series |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/gillmor-retires-cover-artist-new-naturalist-series-1300296 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=[[The Bookseller]]}}</ref><ref name="ODNB">{{Cite web |title=Gillmor, Robert Allen Fitzwilliam |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-90000383010?rskey=D3xzco&result=102 |access-date=9 July 2026 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}</ref> Matarsa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, Susan (née Norman; sun yi aure a shekara ta 1974 ), da 'ya'ya Emily (kuma mai zane-zane na namun daji <ref name="Moss" />) da Thomas sun mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emily Gillmor |url=https://www.pinkfootgallery.co.uk/artist/117030/emily-gillmor |access-date=13 May 2022 |publisher=Pinkfoot Gallery}}</ref> == Ayyuka == *   *   *   *  <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toms, Mike |title=Review of ''Robert Gillmor's Norfolk Bird Sketches'' |url=https://www.bto.org/understanding-birds/book-reviews/robert-gillmors-norfolk-bird-sketches |website=British Trust for Ornithology (bto.org)}}</ref> *   === A matsayin edita === *   === A matsayin editan zane-zane === * ''Tsuntsaye na Yammacin Palaearctic'', kundin tara, 1977-1994 <ref name="HS" /> * ''Tsuntsaye na Berkshire'', 1996 <ref name="HS" /> === A matsayin mai zane === * - Littafin farko na Gillmor, wanda aka yi yayin da yake dalibi <ref name="HS" />{{Cite book|last3=David Snow (ornithologist)}} * {{Cite book|last3=J. Denis Summers-Smith}} * {{Cite book|last3=J. Denis Summers-Smith}} * {{Cite book|last3=Tony Soper}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=John Clare}} *   * Jaket din ƙura na kowane sabon jerin Naturalist tun 1985. == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://swla.co.uk/wp-swla/members-list/robert-gillmor/ Sample works on SWLA website] * Robert Gillmor discography at Discogs (Cover illustrator) [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] 5eo9u4hv7vzzp9w0omeb71fnlx0z39b 964672 964671 2026-10-08T09:06:11Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Ayyuka */ 964672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robert Allen Fitzwilliam Gillmor''' [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (6 ga Yulin 1936 - 8 ga Mayu 2022) masanin ilimin tsuntsaye ne na Burtaniya, mai zane, mai zane-zane, marubuci da edita. Ya kasance co-kafa kungiyar Society of Wildlife Artists (SWLA) kuma ya kasance sakatarenta, shugaban da shugaban. Ya ba da gudummawa ga littattafai sama da 100, kuma ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa.<ref name="HS">{{Cite web |title=Robert returns to his roots |url=http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/entertainment/ent.php?id=988675 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405141135/http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/entertainment/ent.php?id=988675 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2011 |website=Henley Standard}}</ref><ref name="Avery-medal">{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Mark |date=10 October 2011 |title=Top scientist slams government |url=http://markavery.info/2011/10/10/top-scientist-slams-government/ |access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Birdwatch-medal">{{Cite web |title=Independent journalist wins RSPB medal |url=http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/channel/newsitem.asp?c=11&cate=__7806 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402195200/http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/channel/newsitem.asp?c=11&cate=__7806 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2011 |publisher=Birdwatch}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Robert Allen Fitzwilliam Gillmor a Reading, Berkshire a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1936, <ref name="Avery">{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Avery |title=Robert Gillmor – 1936 – 2022 |url=https://markavery.info/2022/05/09/robert-gillmor-1936-2022/ |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Leighton Park da kuma makarantar Fine Art a Jami'ar Reading. Yana da shekara 16 kawai lokacin da aka fara buga hotunansa, a cikin mujallar British Birds ta kowane wata. Lokacin da yake dalibi a sashen fasaha na Jami'ar Reading, ya kwatanta littafinsa na farko, A Study of Blackbirds . Gillmor ya koyar da fasaha da sana'a a tsohuwar makarantarsa, Leighton Park a Reading, na tsawon shekaru shida kafin ya fara aiki mai zaman kansa a matsayin mai zane-zane a shekarar 1965. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, shi ne ƙaramin memba na farko da aka zaba ta Reading Ornithological Club (daga baya Berkshire Ornithology Club) kuma ya ci gaba da kwatanta murfin rahotannin shekara-shekara daga 1950. Daga bisani aka sanya shi shugaban rayuwar kulob din.<ref name="HS" /> == Ayyuka == Fitarwar Gillmor ta kasance mai girma kuma a cikin siffofi daban-daban, layin zane-zane na ruwa, yankan lino da allon siliki. Bayan littafinsa na farko a shekara ta 1958, aikinsa ya bayyana a cikin wasu sama da 100.<ref name="HS" /> Motsawa daga Reading zuwa Cley kusa da Tekun a Norfolk a cikin 1998 <ref>{{Cite episode |title=&nbsp; |series=Springwatch |series-link=Springwatch |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b611k8 |access-date=4 June 2018 |network=[[BBC Television]] |date=4 June 2018 |season=2018 |number=5 }}</ref> ya tabbatar da tasiri mai ban sha'awa a kan aikinsa. Ya ci gaba da yin zane-zane. Ya kuma kasance masanin ilimin tsuntsaye, kuma ya yi aiki a majalisa ga dukkan kungiyoyi uku na kasa, RSPB, Ƙungiyar Masana Ornithology ta Burtaniya da British Trust for Ornithological. Ya tsara sigar farko ta alamar RSPB ta Avocet.Ya kasance memba na dogon lokaci (kuma tsohon shugaban) na Reading Guild of Artists . == SWLA == After founding the Society of Wildlife Artists with Eric Ennion in the early 1960s, Robert served as its secretary and chairman for many years.<ref name="Avery" /> He was also elected president in 1984 and served for two five-year periods,<ref name="Avery" /> he also served as a vice-president of the society. As well as working to promote current work, he did much to promote work of past artists, including Charles Tunnicliffe, (editing three books) and his grandfather, Professor Allen W. Seaby (1867–1953), who instilled in him a love of printmaking.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}} == Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya == A cikin shekara ta 2011, Gillmor ya kammala yanke lino don saiti huɗu na hatimi na Royal Mail, tare da ƙarin saiti uku (na hatimi shida kowannensu) a cikin shekara ta 2012. <ref name="HS" /> Ya tsara lambar yabo ta Dilys Breese ta British Trust for Ornithology, wanda aka fara bayarwa a shekara ta 2009.<ref name="Whitby">{{Cite web |last=Whitby |first=Max |title=A Gong For Barclay |url=http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?print=1&a=1827 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722042948/http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?print=1&a=1827 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=15 January 2011 |publisher=BirdGuides}}</ref> An nuna tarihin aikin Gillmor a Gidan Tarihi na Karatu daga 23 ga Oktoba 2011 zuwa 29 ga Afrilu 2012 . <ref name="RM">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2011 |title=Robert Gillmor: Retrospective |url=http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/events/details/229/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022172111/http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/events/details/229/ |archive-date=22 October 2011 |access-date=10 October 2011 |publisher=[[Reading Museum]]}}</ref> A cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2015 an nada shi [[Order of the British Empire|memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE), "don hidimomi ga Wildlife Art". Sauran lambobin yabo sun hada da lambar yabo ta RSPB (2001), da kuma lambar yabo ta Tarayyar Tarayyar Burtaniya (1997). <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the BOU |url=https://www.bou.org.uk/about-the-bou/administration-and-people/medals-and-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331172205/https://www.bou.org.uk/about-the-bou/administration-and-people/medals-and-awards/ |archive-date=31 March 2017 |publisher=British Ornithologists' Union}}</ref> Gillmor ya mutu a gidansa, North Light, a [[Cley kusa da Tekun]], Norfolk, a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2022, bayan dogon lokaci na rashin lafiya. Ya kasance mai shekaru 85.<ref name="Avery" /><ref name="SWLA">{{Cite web |title=Robert Gillmor MBE 1936-2022 |url=https://swla.co.uk/news/robert-gillmor-mbe-1936-2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Society of Wildlife Artists]]}}</ref><ref name="Bayley">{{Cite web |last=Bayley |first=Sian |title=Gillmor retires as cover artist for New Naturalist series |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/gillmor-retires-cover-artist-new-naturalist-series-1300296 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=[[The Bookseller]]}}</ref><ref name="ODNB">{{Cite web |title=Gillmor, Robert Allen Fitzwilliam |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-90000383010?rskey=D3xzco&result=102 |access-date=9 July 2026 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}</ref> Matarsa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, Susan (née Norman; sun yi aure a shekara ta 1974 ), da 'ya'ya Emily (kuma mai zane-zane na namun daji <ref name="Moss" />) da Thomas sun mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emily Gillmor |url=https://www.pinkfootgallery.co.uk/artist/117030/emily-gillmor |access-date=13 May 2022 |publisher=Pinkfoot Gallery}}</ref> == Ayyuka == *   *   *   *  <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toms, Mike |title=Review of ''Robert Gillmor's Norfolk Bird Sketches'' |url=https://www.bto.org/understanding-birds/book-reviews/robert-gillmors-norfolk-bird-sketches |website=British Trust for Ornithology (bto.org)}}</ref> *   === A matsayin edita === *   === A matsayin editan zane-zane === * ''Tsuntsaye na Yammacin Palaearctic'', kundin tara, 1977-1994 <ref name="HS" /> * ''Tsuntsaye na Berkshire'', 1996 <ref name="HS" /> === A matsayin mai zane === * - Littafin farko na Gillmor, wanda aka yi yayin da yake dalibi <ref name="HS" />{{Cite book|last3=David Snow (ornithologist)}} * {{Cite book|last3=J. Denis Summers-Smith}} * {{Cite book|last3=J. Denis Summers-Smith}} * {{Cite book|last3=Tony Soper}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=John Clare}} *   * Jaket din ƙura na kowane sabon jerin Naturalist tun 1985. == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://swla.co.uk/wp-swla/members-list/robert-gillmor/ Sample works on SWLA website] * Robert Gillmor discography at Discogs (Cover illustrator) [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] 85g36pit7hj4n8cbaiwo6956rsrtgps 964676 964672 2026-10-08T09:14:22Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Ayyuka */ 964676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robert Allen Fitzwilliam Gillmor''' [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] (6 ga Yulin 1936 - 8 ga Mayu 2022) masanin ilimin tsuntsaye ne na Burtaniya, mai zane, mai zane-zane, marubuci da edita. Ya kasance co-kafa kungiyar Society of Wildlife Artists (SWLA) kuma ya kasance sakatarenta, shugaban da shugaban. Ya ba da gudummawa ga littattafai sama da 100, kuma ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa.<ref name="HS">{{Cite web |title=Robert returns to his roots |url=http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/entertainment/ent.php?id=988675 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405141135/http://www.henleystandard.co.uk/entertainment/ent.php?id=988675 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2011 |website=Henley Standard}}</ref><ref name="Avery-medal">{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Mark |date=10 October 2011 |title=Top scientist slams government |url=http://markavery.info/2011/10/10/top-scientist-slams-government/ |access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref><ref name="Birdwatch-medal">{{Cite web |title=Independent journalist wins RSPB medal |url=http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/channel/newsitem.asp?c=11&cate=__7806 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402195200/http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/channel/newsitem.asp?c=11&cate=__7806 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |access-date=10 October 2011 |publisher=Birdwatch}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Robert Allen Fitzwilliam Gillmor a Reading, Berkshire a ranar 6 ga Yuli 1936, <ref name="Avery">{{Cite web |last=Avery |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Avery |title=Robert Gillmor – 1936 – 2022 |url=https://markavery.info/2022/05/09/robert-gillmor-1936-2022/ |access-date=10 May 2022}}</ref> kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Leighton Park da kuma makarantar Fine Art a Jami'ar Reading. Yana da shekara 16 kawai lokacin da aka fara buga hotunansa, a cikin mujallar British Birds ta kowane wata. Lokacin da yake dalibi a sashen fasaha na Jami'ar Reading, ya kwatanta littafinsa na farko, A Study of Blackbirds . Gillmor ya koyar da fasaha da sana'a a tsohuwar makarantarsa, Leighton Park a Reading, na tsawon shekaru shida kafin ya fara aiki mai zaman kansa a matsayin mai zane-zane a shekarar 1965. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, shi ne ƙaramin memba na farko da aka zaba ta Reading Ornithological Club (daga baya Berkshire Ornithology Club) kuma ya ci gaba da kwatanta murfin rahotannin shekara-shekara daga 1950. Daga bisani aka sanya shi shugaban rayuwar kulob din.<ref name="HS" /> == Ayyuka == Fitarwar Gillmor ta kasance mai girma kuma a cikin siffofi daban-daban, layin zane-zane na ruwa, yankan lino da allon siliki. Bayan littafinsa na farko a shekara ta 1958, aikinsa ya bayyana a cikin wasu sama da 100.<ref name="HS" /> Motsawa daga Reading zuwa Cley kusa da Tekun a Norfolk a cikin 1998 <ref>{{Cite episode |title=&nbsp; |series=Springwatch |series-link=Springwatch |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b611k8 |access-date=4 June 2018 |network=[[BBC Television]] |date=4 June 2018 |season=2018 |number=5 }}</ref> ya tabbatar da tasiri mai ban sha'awa a kan aikinsa. Ya ci gaba da yin zane-zane. Ya kuma kasance masanin ilimin tsuntsaye, kuma ya yi aiki a majalisa ga dukkan kungiyoyi uku na kasa, RSPB, Ƙungiyar Masana Ornithology ta Burtaniya da British Trust for Ornithological. Ya tsara sigar farko ta alamar RSPB ta Avocet.Ya kasance memba na dogon lokaci (kuma tsohon shugaban) na Reading Guild of Artists .<ref>{{Cite episode |title=&nbsp; |series=Springwatch |series-link=Springwatch |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b611k8 |access-date=4 June 2018 |network=[[BBC Television]] |date=4 June 2018 |season=2018 |number=5 }}</ref> He was a long-standing member (and former president) of the Reading Guild of Artists.<ref name="HS" /> == SWLA == After founding the Society of Wildlife Artists with Eric Ennion in the early 1960s, Robert served as its secretary and chairman for many years.<ref name="Avery" /> He was also elected president in 1984 and served for two five-year periods,<ref name="Avery" /> he also served as a vice-president of the society. As well as working to promote current work, he did much to promote work of past artists, including Charles Tunnicliffe, (editing three books) and his grandfather, Professor Allen W. Seaby (1867–1953), who instilled in him a love of printmaking.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}} == Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya == A cikin shekara ta 2011, Gillmor ya kammala yanke lino don saiti huɗu na hatimi na Royal Mail, tare da ƙarin saiti uku (na hatimi shida kowannensu) a cikin shekara ta 2012. <ref name="HS" /> Ya tsara lambar yabo ta Dilys Breese ta British Trust for Ornithology, wanda aka fara bayarwa a shekara ta 2009.<ref name="Whitby">{{Cite web |last=Whitby |first=Max |title=A Gong For Barclay |url=http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?print=1&a=1827 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722042948/http://www.birdguides.com/webzine/article.asp?print=1&a=1827 |archive-date=22 July 2011 |access-date=15 January 2011 |publisher=BirdGuides}}</ref> An nuna tarihin aikin Gillmor a Gidan Tarihi na Karatu daga 23 ga Oktoba 2011 zuwa 29 ga Afrilu 2012 . <ref name="RM">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2011 |title=Robert Gillmor: Retrospective |url=http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/events/details/229/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022172111/http://www.readingmuseum.org.uk/events/details/229/ |archive-date=22 October 2011 |access-date=10 October 2011 |publisher=[[Reading Museum]]}}</ref> A cikin girmamawar ranar haihuwar 2015 an nada shi [[Order of the British Empire|memba na Order of the British Empire]] (MBE), "don hidimomi ga Wildlife Art". Sauran lambobin yabo sun hada da lambar yabo ta RSPB (2001), da kuma lambar yabo ta Tarayyar Tarayyar Burtaniya (1997). <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the BOU |url=https://www.bou.org.uk/about-the-bou/administration-and-people/medals-and-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331172205/https://www.bou.org.uk/about-the-bou/administration-and-people/medals-and-awards/ |archive-date=31 March 2017 |publisher=British Ornithologists' Union}}</ref> Gillmor ya mutu a gidansa, North Light, a [[Cley kusa da Tekun]], Norfolk, a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2022, bayan dogon lokaci na rashin lafiya. Ya kasance mai shekaru 85.<ref name="Avery" /><ref name="SWLA">{{Cite web |title=Robert Gillmor MBE 1936-2022 |url=https://swla.co.uk/news/robert-gillmor-mbe-1936-2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=[[The Society of Wildlife Artists]]}}</ref><ref name="Bayley">{{Cite web |last=Bayley |first=Sian |title=Gillmor retires as cover artist for New Naturalist series |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/gillmor-retires-cover-artist-new-naturalist-series-1300296 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=[[The Bookseller]]}}</ref><ref name="ODNB">{{Cite web |title=Gillmor, Robert Allen Fitzwilliam |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-90000383010?rskey=D3xzco&result=102 |access-date=9 July 2026 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}</ref> Matarsa da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, Susan (née Norman; sun yi aure a shekara ta 1974 ), da 'ya'ya Emily (kuma mai zane-zane na namun daji <ref name="Moss" />) da Thomas sun mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emily Gillmor |url=https://www.pinkfootgallery.co.uk/artist/117030/emily-gillmor |access-date=13 May 2022 |publisher=Pinkfoot Gallery}}</ref> == Ayyuka == *   *   *   *  <ref>{{Cite web |last=Toms, Mike |title=Review of ''Robert Gillmor's Norfolk Bird Sketches'' |url=https://www.bto.org/understanding-birds/book-reviews/robert-gillmors-norfolk-bird-sketches |website=British Trust for Ornithology (bto.org)}}</ref> *   === A matsayin edita === *   === A matsayin editan zane-zane === * ''Tsuntsaye na Yammacin Palaearctic'', kundin tara, 1977-1994 <ref name="HS" /> * ''Tsuntsaye na Berkshire'', 1996 <ref name="HS" /> === A matsayin mai zane === * - Littafin farko na Gillmor, wanda aka yi yayin da yake dalibi <ref name="HS" />{{Cite book|last3=David Snow (ornithologist)}} * {{Cite book|last3=J. Denis Summers-Smith}} * {{Cite book|last3=J. Denis Summers-Smith}} * {{Cite book|last3=Tony Soper}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=John Clare}} *   * Jaket din ƙura na kowane sabon jerin Naturalist tun 1985. == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [http://swla.co.uk/wp-swla/members-list/robert-gillmor/ Sample works on SWLA website] * Robert Gillmor discography at Discogs (Cover illustrator) [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] ob8jlstavldhcknijbji0fcqvj5mgj8 0 178557 964675 2026-10-08T09:13:40Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351677041|Biological thermodynamics]]" 964675 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Biological thermodynamics''' (Thermodynamics of biological systems) [[Sun|Rana]]-linkid="7" href="./Science" id="mwCg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Science">kimiyya ce da ke bayyana yanayin da ka'idojin gabaɗaya na hanyoyin thermodynamic da ke faruwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta masu rai a matsayin tsarin thermodynamic wanda ba shi da daidaituwa wanda ke canza makamashi na Sun da abinci zuwa wasu nau'ukan makamashi. Yanayin thermodynamic na kwayoyin halitta masu rai an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ci gaba da sauyawa na sake zagayowar halayen kwayoyin halitta, tare da saki da shan [[makamashi]], wanda ke ba su kaddarorin daidaitawa da wasu da yawa. == Tarihi == A cikin 1935, an buga aikin kimiyya na farko da aka sadaukar da shi ga thermodynamics na tsarin halittu - littafin masanin kimiyyar halittu na Hungary-Rasha Erwin S. Bauer (1890-1938) "Theoretical Biology". E. Bauer ya tsara "Dokar Halitta ta Duniya" a cikin wannan fitowar: "Dukkanin tsarin rayuwa ne kawai ba su da daidaituwa kuma suna yin aiki na yau da kullun ((((1935, the first scientific work devoted to the thermodynamics of biological systems was published - the book of the Hungarian-Russian theoretical biologist Erwin S. Bauer (1890-1938) "Theoretical Biology".<ref>[Bauer E.S. (1935) “Theoretical Biology” M-L, VIEM Publishing House, 151 p. (Ru).],1</ref> E. Bauer formulated the "Universal Law of Biology" in the following edition: "All and only living systems are never in equilibrium and perform constant work at the expense of their free energy against the equilibrium required by the laws of physics and chemistry under existing external conditions". This law can be considered the)))))a kan kuɗin makamashi na kyauta game da daidaituwa da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi da ilimin sinadarai ke buƙata a ƙarƙashin yanayin waje". Ana iya la'akari da wannan dokar ta farko ta thermodynamics na tsarin halittu. A shekara ta 1957, likitan Jamus-Birtaniya da masanin kimiyyar halittu Hans Krebs da masanin ilimin halittu na Burtaniya-Amurka Hans Kornberg a cikin littafin "Energy Transformations in Living Matter" sun fara bayyana thermodynamics na halayen halittu. A cikin ayyukansu, H. Krebs da Hans Kornberg sun nuna yadda a cikin sel masu rai, sakamakon halayen kwayoyin halitta, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) an haɗa shi daga abinci, wanda shine babban tushen makamashi na kwayoyin halitta masu rai (Krebs-Kornberg cycle). A shekara ta 2006, masanin kimiyya na Isra'ila da Rasha Boris Dobroborsky (1945) ya buga littafin "Thermodynamics of Biological Systems", inda aka tsara ka'idodin aiki na kwayoyin halitta masu rai daga hangen nesa na rashin daidaituwa na thermodynamics a karon farko kuma an bayyana yanayin da kaddarorin ayyukan su na asali. == Babban tanadi na ka'idar thermodynamics na tsarin halittu == Wani abu mai rai shine tsarin thermodynamic na nau'in aiki (wanda sauye-sauyen makamashi ke faruwa), yana ƙoƙari ya sami yanayin thermodynamics mai ɗorewa. Yanayin thermodynamic na rashin daidaituwa a cikin tsire-tsire ana samun sa ta hanyar ci gaba da sauyawa na matakai na amfani da makamashi na Hasken rana sakamakon [[photosynthesis]] da halayen biochemical na gaba, sakamakon abin da aka hada adenosine triphosphate (ATP) a cikin rana, da kuma sakin makamashi a lokacin rabuwa da ATP galibi a cikin duhu. Don haka, daya daga cikin yanayin wanzuwar rayuwa a Duniya shine sauyawa na haske da duhu na rana. A cikin dabbobi, matakai na sauyawa na halayen kwayoyin halitta na kira na ATP da rarrrabuw yana faruwa ta atomatik. Bugu da ƙari, matakai na sauyawa na halayen kwayoyin halitta a matakan gabobin, tsarin da dukan kwayoyin, misali, numfashi, raguwar zuciya da sauransu suna faruwa tare da lokuta daban-daban kuma suna bayyana kansu a waje a cikin nau'in biorhythms. A lokaci guda, kwanciyar hankali na yanayin thermodynamic, mafi kyau a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi na aiki mai mahimmanci, ana ba da shi ta hanyar tsarin ra'ayoyi ta hanyar tsara halayen halittu daidai da Ka'idar kwanciyar hankali ta Lyapunov. B. Dobroborsky ne ya tsara wannan ka'idar aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin hanyar doka ta 2 ta thermodynamics na tsarin halittu a cikin waɗannan kalmomi: ''An tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na yanayin thermodynamic na tsarin halittu ta hanyar ci gaba da sauyawa na matakai na amfani da makamashi da saki ta hanyar sarrafa halayen kira da rarraba ATP.'' Sakamakon da ke biyowa ya biyo baya daga wannan doka: 1. A cikin kwayoyin halitta, babu wani tsari da zai iya faruwa a kai a kai, amma dole ne ya sauya tare da wata hanya: numfashi tare da numfashi, aiki tare da hutawa, farkawa tare da barci, kira tare da tsagewa, da dai sauransu. 2. Yanayin kwayar halitta mai rai ba ta tsayawa , kuma duk sigogin jikinta da makamashi koyaushe suna cikin yanayin ci gaba da sauye-sauye dangane da matsakaicin dabi'u duka a cikin mitar da faɗin. Wannan ka'idar aiki na kwayoyin halitta suna ba su kaddarorin daidaitawa na phenotypic da wasu da yawa. == Dubi kuma == * Bioenergetics * Kyakkyawan muhalli * Yawan ƙwayoyin cuta * Ƙididdigar Harris-Benedict * [[Damuwa (biology)]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i5bqygfqxqbsr11pya9iihfd0xarihb 964677 964675 2026-10-08T09:15:58Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 /* Tarihi */ sabon shafi 964677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Biological thermodynamics''' (Thermodynamics of biological systems) [[Sun|Rana]]-linkid="7" href="./Science" id="mwCg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Science">kimiyya ce da ke bayyana yanayin da ka'idojin gabaɗaya na hanyoyin thermodynamic da ke faruwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta masu rai a matsayin tsarin thermodynamic wanda ba shi da daidaituwa wanda ke canza makamashi na Sun da abinci zuwa wasu nau'ukan makamashi. Yanayin thermodynamic na kwayoyin halitta masu rai an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar ci gaba da sauyawa na sake zagayowar halayen kwayoyin halitta, tare da saki da shan [[makamashi]], wanda ke ba su kaddarorin daidaitawa da wasu da yawa. == Tarihi == A cikin 1935, an buga aikin kimiyya na farko da aka sadaukar da shi ga thermodynamics na tsarin halittu - littafin masanin kimiyyar halittu na Hungary-Rasha Erwin S. Bauer (1890-1938) "Theoretical Biology". E. Bauer ya tsara "Dokar Halitta ta Duniya" a cikin wannan fitowar: "Dukkanin tsarin rayuwa ne kawai ba su da daidaituwa kuma suna yin aiki na yau da kullun a kan kuɗin makamashi na kyauta game da daidaituwa da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi da ilimin sinadarai ke buƙata a ƙarƙashin yanayin waje". Ana iya la'akari da wannan dokar ta farko ta thermodynamics na tsarin halittu. A shekara ta 1957, likitan Jamus-Birtaniya da masanin kimiyyar halittu Hans Krebs da masanin ilimin halittu na Burtaniya-Amurka Hans Kornberg a cikin littafin "Energy Transformations in Living Matter" sun fara bayyana thermodynamics na halayen halittu. A cikin ayyukansu, H. Krebs da Hans Kornberg sun nuna yadda a cikin sel masu rai, sakamakon halayen kwayoyin halitta, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) an haɗa shi daga abinci, wanda shine babban tushen makamashi na kwayoyin halitta masu rai (Krebs-Kornberg cycle). A shekara ta 2006, masanin kimiyya na Isra'ila da Rasha Boris Dobroborsky (1945) ya buga littafin "Thermodynamics of Biological Systems", inda aka tsara ka'idodin aiki na kwayoyin halitta masu rai daga hangen nesa na rashin daidaituwa na thermodynamics a karon farko kuma an bayyana yanayin da kaddarorin ayyukan su na asali. == Babban tanadi na ka'idar thermodynamics na tsarin halittu == Wani abu mai rai shine tsarin thermodynamic na nau'in aiki (wanda sauye-sauyen makamashi ke faruwa), yana ƙoƙari ya sami yanayin thermodynamics mai ɗorewa. Yanayin thermodynamic na rashin daidaituwa a cikin tsire-tsire ana samun sa ta hanyar ci gaba da sauyawa na matakai na amfani da makamashi na Hasken rana sakamakon [[photosynthesis]] da halayen biochemical na gaba, sakamakon abin da aka hada adenosine triphosphate (ATP) a cikin rana, da kuma sakin makamashi a lokacin rabuwa da ATP galibi a cikin duhu. Don haka, daya daga cikin yanayin wanzuwar rayuwa a Duniya shine sauyawa na haske da duhu na rana. A cikin dabbobi, matakai na sauyawa na halayen kwayoyin halitta na kira na ATP da rarrrabuw yana faruwa ta atomatik. Bugu da ƙari, matakai na sauyawa na halayen kwayoyin halitta a matakan gabobin, tsarin da dukan kwayoyin, misali, numfashi, raguwar zuciya da sauransu suna faruwa tare da lokuta daban-daban kuma suna bayyana kansu a waje a cikin nau'in biorhythms. A lokaci guda, kwanciyar hankali na yanayin thermodynamic, mafi kyau a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi na aiki mai mahimmanci, ana ba da shi ta hanyar tsarin ra'ayoyi ta hanyar tsara halayen halittu daidai da Ka'idar kwanciyar hankali ta Lyapunov. B. Dobroborsky ne ya tsara wannan ka'idar aiki mai mahimmanci a cikin hanyar doka ta 2 ta thermodynamics na tsarin halittu a cikin waɗannan kalmomi: ''An tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na yanayin thermodynamic na tsarin halittu ta hanyar ci gaba da sauyawa na matakai na amfani da makamashi da saki ta hanyar sarrafa halayen kira da rarraba ATP.'' Sakamakon da ke biyowa ya biyo baya daga wannan doka: 1. A cikin kwayoyin halitta, babu wani tsari da zai iya faruwa a kai a kai, amma dole ne ya sauya tare da wata hanya: numfashi tare da numfashi, aiki tare da hutawa, farkawa tare da barci, kira tare da tsagewa, da dai sauransu. 2. Yanayin kwayar halitta mai rai ba ta tsayawa , kuma duk sigogin jikinta da makamashi koyaushe suna cikin yanayin ci gaba da sauye-sauye dangane da matsakaicin dabi'u duka a cikin mitar da faɗin. Wannan ka'idar aiki na kwayoyin halitta suna ba su kaddarorin daidaitawa na phenotypic da wasu da yawa. == Dubi kuma == * Bioenergetics * Kyakkyawan muhalli * Yawan ƙwayoyin cuta * Ƙididdigar Harris-Benedict * [[Damuwa (biology)]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 494sqxcbaeizpdw16add5u1znkixrit 0 178558 964687 2026-10-08T10:11:47Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376883533|Southern Kaduna]]" 964687 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox settlement|name=Southern Kaduna|official_name=|native_name={{small|Gurara/Nok}}|other_name={{small|Southern Zaria}}|nicknames=Chongai, SK|type=Cultural region|total_type=<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->|motto=|anthem=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image=SK Fest Nok plastic head.jpg|image_size=|caption=Nok plastic head on a truck during the SK Fest 2023, Township Stadium, Kafanchan|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=290px|image_map=Nigeria map locator - Southern Kaduna.png|map_size=|map_caption=Location of Southern Kaduna in Nigeria|image_map1=|map_size1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|09|34|53|N|8|17|00|E|region:NG|display=inline,title}} <!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=Part of|subdivision_name=[[Kaduna State]] {{NGR}} <!-- established --------------->|established_title=- Settlement of [[Nok culture]]|founder=Proto [[Nok culture|Nok]] people|established_date=c. 1500 BC|established_title1=- [[#Nok_Culture|Nok culture area]]|established_date1=c. 1500 BC - c. AD 500|established_title2=- [[#Kwararafa_Confederacy|Kwararafa confederacy]]<br> and [[Nupe Kingdom]]|established_date2=c. 1000 - c. 1820<br> <br>and c. 1531 - 1897|established_title3=- [[#Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914)|Northern Nigeria Protectorate]]|established_date3=1900 - 1914|established_title4=- [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]] [[British Nigeria]]<br> (later ''unofficial'' [[Middle Belt]], [[Nigeria]])|established_date4=1914 - 1960<br> <br><br>(1950s)|established_title5=- Nerzit region|established_date5=c. 1950|established_title6=- Southern Kaduna|established_date6=c. 1990|established_title7=- Gurara/Nok State|established_date7=proposed <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government -->|seat_type=Capital|seat=• '''[[Kafanchan]]''' (Economic capital) <br />|seat1=|parts_type=Composed of|parts_style=coll|parts=|p1=[[Chikun]]|p2=[[Jaba, Nigeria|Jaba]]|p3=[[Jema'a]]|p4=[[Kachia]]|p5=|p6=[[Kaduna South]]|p7=[[Kagarko]]|p8=[[Kajuru]]|p9=[[Kaura, Nigeria|Kaura]]|p10=[[Kauru]]|p11=[[Lere, Nigeria|Lere]]|p12=[[Sanga, Nigeria|Sanga]]|p13=[[Zangon Kataf]]|p15=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type='''•''' [[Tribal chiefs|Chief]]<br /> {{Flatlist| * Agwam * Agwom (Agom) * B'gwam * Ere * Esu (Sa) * Etum * Kpop * Ngbiar * Odyong * Pukgom * Res * Tum * Uchu}} '''•''' Clan heads<br /> '''•''' Village heads <!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=metric|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=|area_land_km2=26,000|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=<!-- Elevation -------------------------->|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use<ref>tags--> (Afan Agworog)|elevation_max_ft=|elevation_max_m=|elevation_min_ft=|elevation_min_m=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=2016 estimate|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=4,564,100|population_density_km2=<!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto -->|population_density_sq_mi=<!-- Demographics ---------------------->|demographics_type1=Demographics|demographics1_footnotes=|demographics1_title1=Major indigenous languages|demographics1_info1={{Flatlist| * [[Adara language|Adara]]-[[Kulu language|Kulu]] * [[Atsam language|Atsam]]-[[Piti language|Bishi]]-[[Map language|Timap]] * [[Gbagyi language|Gbagyi-Gbari]] * [[Hyam language|Hyam]]-[[Gyong language|Gyong]] * [[Ninzam language|Ninzam]]-[[Ninkyob-Nindem language|Nikyob-Nindem]] * [[Koro Wachi language|Tinɔr]] * [[Gbiri-Niragu language|Tugbiri-Niragu]]-[[Kurama language|T'kurmi]]-[[Vori language|Tivori]] * [[Tyap language|Tyap]]-[[Jju language|Jju]] }}|demographics1_title2=Major non-indigenous languages|demographics1_info2={{Flatlist| * [[English language|English]] * [[Fula language|Fulfulde]] * [[Hausa language|Hausa]] * [[Igbo language|Igbo]] * [[Nigerian Pidgin English|Nigerian Pidgin]] * [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] }}|demographics1_title9=|demographics1_info9=<!-- General information --------------->|time_zone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=|coor_type=<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|website=|footnotes=}} '''Kudancin Kaduna''' ( Tyap {{IPA|kcg|ǝtag kǝduna||Kcg-A̱tak Ka̱duna.oga}} ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju]] : ''Ka̱tak Ka̱duna'' {{IPA|kaj|kǝtag kǝduna||Ka̱tak Ka̱duna (yei).ogg}} ; Hausa {{IPA|ha|kudǝnt͡ʃin kəduna||Ha-Kudancin Kaduna.oga}} ; a da can Kudancin Zariya) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kafewo |first=S. |date=2009 |title=Giving Voice: Instigating Debate on Issues of Citizenship, Participation, and Accountability |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27752105 |journal=Development in Practice |volume=19 |issue=4/5 |pages=678–687 |doi=10.1080/09614520902866454 |jstor=27752105 |s2cid=37550776 |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref> yanki ne na yankin [[Al'adar Nok|Al'adun Nok]] wanda ke zaune a cikin kabilu daban-daban masu alaƙa waɗanda ba su san [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ba, suna zaune a kudancin [[Tarihin Zariya|Zariya]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Tana cikin yankin [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] na [[Najeriya]] . A cewar [[Kungiyar Jama'ar Kaduna ta Kudu|ƙungiyar jama'ar kudancin Kaduna]] (SOKAPU), kudancin Kaduna ya ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi 12 (ko 13 ) cikin 23 a jihar Kaduna. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2020, sakataren yada labaran kasa [[Kungiyar Jama'ar Kaduna ta Kudu|na SOKAPU]], Luka Binniyat, a cikin wata sanarwa da ya sanya wa hannu, ya ce yankin ya kai kashi 51.2% na dukkan al'ummar jihar kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin alkaluman kidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2006, inda ya mamaye fadin murabba'in kilomita 26,000. km. daga cikin murabba'in kilomita 46,000 na jihar. Jimillar ƙasar, tare da ƙabilu 57 da aka yi wa rijista daga cikin ƙabilu 67 da aka gano a jihar. ''Angerbrandt (2015)'' yana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ba asalin ƙasa ba ne, amma kuma a matsayin ra'ayi na asalin ƙabila. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angerbrandt |first=Henrik |date=August 7, 2015 |title=Religion, ethnicity and citizenship: demands for territorial self-determination in southern Kaduna |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2015.1066081?scroll=top&needAccess=true |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1066081 |s2cid=154843125 |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Africa_Nok_Male_Figure_Kimbell.jpg|thumb| Siffar namiji ta Nok; wacce aka yi a shekarar 195 BC–A. D. 205; terracotta; {{Cvt|49.5|×|22.2|×|16.8|cm|in}} ; a Gidan Tarihi na Kimbell Art ( [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], [[Texas]], Amurka)]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Verbreitung_Nok-Kultur-en.png|thumb| Yankin al'adun Nok]] ==== Al'adun Nok ==== [[Al'adar Nok|Al'adun Nok]] sun bunƙasa a yankin da yanzu ake kira Kudancin Kaduna tun daga shekarar 1500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) kuma sun daɗe har zuwa kusan shekara ta 500 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) Wannan wayewar zamanin ƙarfe ce da aka sani da ita ce ta farko da ta samar da sassaka na terracotta a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] ko kuma dukkan [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Sculptures and Masks |url=https://digitalcommons.pvamu.edu/exhibit/african-sculptures-and-masks/nok-culture-of-arts-from-ham-village-of-nok-in-kaduna-state-of-nigeria-head/ |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=Prairie View A&M University}}</ref> An san wannan wayewar ne a lokacin da a bazara na shekarar 1944, Bernard Fagg, wani masanin ilmin halittar dan Adam na gwamnatin Birtaniya, ya rubuta wani mutum-mutumin Nok a yankin Jama'a na yankin Kudancin Zariya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fagg |first=Angela |year=1994 |title=Thoughts on Nok |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3337204 |journal=African Arts |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=79–103 |doi=10.2307/3337204 |jstor=3337204 |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref> kuma ya jagoranci tono a [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|tsakiyar yankin]] Najeriya don gano ƙarin abubuwa da kuma gina gidajen tarihi don ɗaukar su a faɗin Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Povey |first=J. |last2=Willett |first2=F. |last3=Picton |first3=J. |last4=Eyo |first4=E |year=1988 |title=Bernard Fagg: 1915-1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3336521 |journal=African Arts |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=10–12 |jstor=3336521 |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref> Breunig da Rupp (2016) sun gabatar da wani hasashe da ke nuna cewa yankin al'adun Nok ya kasance karkashin mulkin mallaka daga mutanen da ba a san asalinsu ba da suka yi ƙaura a wannan lokacin. Sun ƙara da cewa tunda amfanin gona da suke amfani da su, musamman gero, asali daga [[Sahel|yankin Sahel]] ne, yana yiwuwa sun yi ƙaura daga arewa. Sun ce mazaunan farko sun fi son zama a tsaunuka saboda dabino mai kama da radiocarbon ya tsufa a kusa da irin waɗannan yankuna, kuma a farkon, su manoma ne na [[Maiwa|gero]] ( [[species:Pennisetum glaucum|''Pennisetum glaucum'']] ). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breunig |first=P. |last2=Rupp |first2=N. |year=2016 |title=An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44295241 |journal=Journal of African Archaeology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=237–255 |jstor=44295241 |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref> === Tsakiyar Zamani === ==== Post-Nok ==== A kusan shekara ta 300 AD, yawan mutanen Nok ya fara raguwa ba tare da wani dalili ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinbode |first=Ayomide |date=September 24, 2024 |title=Did the Nok Culture Really Vanish? |url=https://www.thehistoryville.com/nok-culture/#:~:text=The%20Nok%20population%2C%20which%20influenced,been%20suggested%20as%20possible%20factors. |access-date=April 10, 2025 |website=The Historyville}}</ref> An nuna cewa an yi samfuran da aka haƙa daga baya daga Chado, a kusa da [[Godogodo]], wanda JF Jemkur ya gabatar a kusa da ƙarni na 6 AD. Saboda haka, waɗanda suka kafa wayewar Nok sun wanzu har zuwa wannan lokacin. Ana tsammanin ƙungiyoyin da ke magana da [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|Nijar-Congo]] kamar [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Cilala|C'Lela]], da sauransu za su iya zama zuriyar tsoffin mutanen Nok. <ref name="Lamp">{{Cite journal |last=Lamp |first=Frederick John |date=2011 |title=Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria |url=https://docslib.org/doc/5614066/ancient-terracotta-figures-from-northern-nigeria |journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin |page=55 |issn=0084-3539 |jstor=41421509 |oclc=9972665249}}</ref> Ana kuma tsammanin [[Daular Ife]] [[Yarbawa|ta Yarbawa]] da masarautar [[Mutanen Edo|Edo]] [[Masarautar Benin|ta Benin]] za su iya gadar fasaharsu ta yin siffofi na tagulla daga al'adar Nok saboda kamanceceniya a salon da ke tsakanin terracotta na Nok duk da cewa waɗannan wayewar ta ƙarshe sun kai kimanin shekaru 1,000 baya ga Nok. Masana tarihi na fasaha sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa al'adar sassaka ta zamanin da ta [[Igala]], [[Nufawa|Nupe]], Yoruba da [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] ta samo asali ne daga al'adar fasahar roba ta Nok. An kuma lura cewa [[Mutanen Mandé|Mande]], [[Mutanen Akan|Akan]], [[Hausawa|Hausa]], Yoruba da Igbo waɗanda suka wanzu tsakanin latitudes na digiri 11 da digiri 16 na Arewa su ne al'ummomin da suka fi ci gaba a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] a farkon zamanin ƙarfe (kimanin 500 BC zuwa AD 1000). ==== Ƙungiyar Kwararafa ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Benuerivermap.png|thumb| Taswirar da ke nuna kogunan Gongola, Hawal, da sauran kogunan ruwa na Benue]] [[File:Kwararafa.jpeg|thumb| Kwararafa a cikin Basin Benue]] A cewar JB Webster (1976, 1993), an ce ƙungiyar Kwararafa ta fuskanci matakai huɗu a tarihinta. Matakin farko ya fara ne a Santolo, a gefen kudu na [[Kogin Hadejia]] a kusan shekara ta 1000. Wani labari daga [[Tarihin Katsina|Katsina]] ya tuna da yakin da Kwararafa ta yi da Korau, sarkinta, a shekarar 1260. Daga baya aka mayar da babban birnin Kwararafa arewa da mahaɗar kogunan [[Gongola (kogi)|Gongola]] -Hawal daidai da Tagara, kusan shekara ta 1380. An ce an tilasta wa Kwararafa biyan bayi 200 ga Kano a ƙarƙashin Sarki Yaji (r. 1349 - 1385) da Kanaji (r. 1390 - 1410). Haka kuma, an ce [[Sarauniya Amina]] ta [[Zazzau]] ta mamaye dukkan garuruwan [kudancin Kano] har zuwa [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] da [[Kwararafa|Kworarafa]] kuma sarakunan biyu sun yi mata gaisuwa, inda Nupe ke ba wa babani 40 da kola 10,000 kowace shekara tsawon shekaru 34. Jaridar ''[[Tarihin Kano|Kano Chronicle]]'', wadda mai fassara ta Turanci, HR Palmer, ta shaida, ta ce ta yi daidai idan aka kwatanta da ''Tarihin Bornu'' wanda Dr. Barth ya fassara, ta gabatar da ita a matsayin masarauta wadda ta yi mulki a daidai lokacin [[Dauda (sultan)|Dauda Bakon Damisa]] (1421 - 1438) ta yi mulki a [[Kingdom of Kano|Kano]] a matsayin {{Lang|ha|Sarki}} . Kayar da Kwararafa ta yi a hannun [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] (kimanin 1462 - 1495) zai sa ta daina aiki tsawon shekaru da yawa, tare da mayar da babban birninta zuwa Byepi (Apa), kudu da [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]] . Yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsanani za su sanya Kwararafa ta zama mafaka ga waɗanda ke tserewa daga [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci]] a arewa. Da hawan Sarki Kinjo a shekarar 1610, yawan jama'a da yalwar yankin Kwararafa ya ƙaru. Arzikinta a harkokin kasuwancin [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|yankin Sahara]] da na yankin Atlantika zai taimaka mata ta ƙara himma. Tana cinikin gishiri — wanda ake samu a [[Benue (kogi)|kwarin Benue]], [[Cinikin bayi na Sahara|bayi]], da sauran kayayyaki marasa tsada don musanya dawaki da kayayyakin Turai. Don waɗannan kasuwancin da ke faɗin Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]], [[Kalaba|Calabar]] ta zama sananne a matsayin Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Kwararafa inda ake jigilar kayanta, har da [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|bayi]] . Tsakanin 1610 da 1790, ta ci gaba da zama mai cin gashin kanta kuma ta yi yaƙe-yaƙe da jihohin birnin Hausa da kuma jihar Kanuri a arewa. Zazzau ya fada hannun Kwararafa cikin wannan lokaci. Tsakanin 1582 da 1703, Kano ta fuskanci hare-hare akai-akai daga Kwararafa. [[File:Genealogy_of_the_Aku_Uka_01.jpg|thumb| Asalin Aku Ukas na Wukari (wanda kuma shi ne Uka/Ukari)]] Kwararafa ta fi ƙarfi a kusan shekarar 1680. Ta kai hare-hare a faɗin [[Hausa Bakwai|ƙasar Hausa]] kuma lokacin da sojojinta suka isa Daular Borno, an kashe sarkin kuma aka lalata babban birnin [[Ngazargamu]] . Daular Jukun ta hau mulki a wannan lokacin kuma ta zama babbar kabila a Kwararafa. Rikicin cikin gida, hare-hare daga ƙungiyoyin mamaya (kamar [[Mutanen Chamba|Samba]] da [[Tiv]] ), da kuma wataƙila fari, sun raunana ƙarfin Kwararafa. An ce sarkinta na ƙarshe, Adi Matswen (r. 1780 - 1810), ya gudu daga babban birnin [[Wukari|Uka]], don ƙirƙirar sabuwar babban birni a [[Wase]] . A shekarar 1820, aka kafa sabuwar daular Jukun a Wukari. Wannan ya zama jiha mafi addini kuma ba ta da kama da yaƙi. ''Abah da Okoye-Ugwu'' (2002) sun yi nuni da cewa kabilu da dama suna zaune a Kwararafa, kuma saboda yawan mutanen da ke yankin arewa, an kafa sabuwar babban birni a Apa (Byepi) inda aka yi rikicin iko tsakanin [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Mutanen Idoma|Idoma]] da Abakwariga (ba musulmi ba Hausawa). Daga nan aka mayar da babban birnin zuwa Kororofa, sannan zuwa Puje, sannan zuwa Wukari (Uka). Sun ƙara jayayya daga mahangar "Idoma-Alekwu na baka", cewa kalmar Apa ba wai kawai tana nufin Jukun ba ne har ma da ƙungiyoyin da suka samo asali daga Apa kamar Idoma, Alago, [[Ebira|Igbira]], da Igala. Sun ci gaba da ambaton yiwuwar Jukun ya zama ɗan gudun hijira daga yankin [[Ogoja]] da [[Kalaba|Calabar]] zuwa ga kawancen. Sun maye gurbin Abakwariga da ke kan mulki don samun rinjaye daga baya. An kuma ambaci cewa Idu, wanda ake kyautata zaton uba ne [[Mutanen Idoma|na Idoma]], an ce shi ne sarkin Apa a lokacin shigar Jukun, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa Idoma ƙaura daga baya zuwa kudu maso yamma. Duk da haka, Jukun suna da wani labari game da ƙaurarsu. Duk da haka, a cewar CK Meek, an ce Jukun sun yi ƙaura daga gabas, wataƙila [[Yemen]], tare da mutanen [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Kanuri]] da [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] . A shekara ta 1250 AD, Jukun Kwona sun zauna a yankin [[Gongola (kogi)|kogin Gongola]] a cewar HR Palmer. [[File:The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_16th_century.png|thumb| Kwararafa kimanin ƙarni na 16]] An ce ƙarni na 16 ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ƙaura da yawa daga kakannin kabilun da ke mamaye yankin tsakiyar Najeriya a yau. Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi suma sun ƙaura daga ciki. An ce waɗannan abubuwan sun taimaka wajen wargaza haɗin gwiwar ƙabilu daban-daban na Kwararafa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da farkon ƙarni na 18. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=S. I.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eborka |first=Kennedy |date=February 2021 |title=Migration and Urbanization in Nigeria from Pre-colonial to Post-colonial Eras: A Sociological Overview |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348995565 |access-date=April 11, 2025 |website=Researchgate.net |page=9}}</ref> [[File:French_language_map_of_Central_and_Eastern_Africa_1862.jpg|thumb| Taswirar Faransa ta Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka ta 1862 da ke nuna Kwararafa (Kororofa), Calabar, Nupe (Noupe), da sauransu]] Wani nau'in asalin kabilu da yawa a Kudancin Kaduna na yau yana nuna [[Jos Plateau|Jos-Bauchi Plateau]] . Wani labari game da ƙaurar [[mutanen Ham]] ya bayyana cewa Ham sun rabu da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa a kan tudun kuma suka fara tafiya zuwa yamma har sai da suka isa wani wuri da ake kira ''Shike'' Ham (ko ''dajin'' Ham) a kusa da Kogin Gurara. Kalmar {{Lang|jab|Ham}} an fassara shi a matsayin "ɓacewa" a cikin [[harshen Hyam]], wanda hakan ya yi daidai da ma'anar kalmar {{Lang|kcg|Tyap}} wanda ke nufin "yankewa" a cikin [[Yaren Tyap|harshen Tyap]] . Duk da haka, akwai kuma kabilu a tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da ke da'awar cewa sun fito daga ko'ina sai inda suke a yanzu. A tsakanin Atyap, yayin da kabilun Agbaat da Aminyam ke ikirarin cewa sun samo asali ne daga tafiye-tafiyen ƙaura, kabilun Aku da Ashokwa sun rasa tunanin inda suka fito. ==== Ciniki a cikin karafa, jihadin Fulani, da kuma hare-haren bayi ==== A kusa da [[Jos Plateau|Plateau Jos]] da ke gefen arewa maso yammacin Kwararafa, ''Achi'' (2005:378) ya ambaci cewa an kafa wurin zama na [[Zangon Kataf|Zangon Katab]] (ko Katab) a kusan shekara ta 1650 ga 'yan kasuwan [[Hausawa|Hausa]] da [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Borno]] [[wiktionary:itinerant|masu yawo]] ta hanyar [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]], kuma ya zama muhimmin wuri a yankin. An ce an [[wiktionary:consolidated|haɗa]] wannan matsugunin a kusan shekara ta 1750. Matsugunin Musulmi na farko a Zangon Katab ana kiransa Angwan Tudu wanda aka gina a kusa da wani wuri da aka sani da Mabatado (ko Mabarado, wanda Hausawa suka yi wa ''Barawa Dawa'' wulaƙanci) wanda ya kasance wurin haɗuwa da dattawan Atyap kuma cibiyar bukukuwan Atyap, wanda Mele da 'yan ƙasarsa daga [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Borno]] suka zauna a ciki waɗanda ke da sha'awar [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|cinikin nesa ko kuma a kan karaga]] da koyarwar Musulunci. Atyap ne ya ba wa mazauna ƙasar ƙasar tare da wasu sharuɗɗa da aka haɗa. Ba da daɗewa ba Hausawa mazauna Kauru suka zo suka zauna a Dorgozo. Su ma 'yan kasuwa ne. Mazauna yankin suna da shugaban kasuwa wanda ke karɓar haraji daga 'yan kasuwa don rama wa masu gidaje na Atyap. Daga baya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, an ƙirƙiri wani rukunin Fulani a kasuwar Zangon Katab saboda hare-haren da aka kai a [[Ningi (Nijeriya)|Ningi]] a yankin Atyap. ''Baba'' ya yi jayayya cewa kawancen da ke tsakanin [[Fulani|Fulanin]] Zangon Katab, ƙungiyoyin Musulmi na Kauru, da Zazzau (ko Zariya) da Atyap ya haifar ne kawai da ƙiyayyar Atyap ga mazauna yankin, kuma bai kamata a yi tunanin cewa ita ce ke iko da Atyap ta hannun Turawan ba, kamar yadda Turawan Birtaniya suka bayyana. Bayan hare-haren da aka kai wa waɗanda suka yi wa ra'ayin jihadi a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], Zariya, da [[Bauchi (birni)|Yakubua]] (yanzu Bauchi), wasu Hausawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Zangon Katab. Masu ɗaukar tutar jihadi suma sun yi wa alama don yaƙi da samun wadata. Sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe na faɗaɗawa a kan matsugunan da ke kewaye. A shekarar 1820, Amala, [[Yaren Ruma|Arumaruma]] da sauran mutanen da ke kewaye da [[Kauru]], [[Lere]] da [[Kajuru]] a yammacin ƙafar Jos Plateau suka zama bayin [[Zazzau|Zariya]] . Daga matsugunansu ne masarautar Zazzau ta kai hare-hare kan Atyap (Katab) da maƙwabtansu. A shekarun 1830, 'yan kasuwar Hausawa a Zangon Katab sun fara haɗin gwiwa da Zazzau kuma sun buƙaci Atyap ya kula da hanyoyin kasuwanci gaba ɗaya. Ba da daɗewa ba Zazzau ta sanya wa Atyap matsayin Dhimmi a cikin shekarun 1840 inda Atyap zai biya wa Zazzau jizya haraji, ciki har da bayi 15, tabarmar raffia 20, gwangwani na zuma da kuma tarin 'ya'yan itacen raffia a kowace kabila, don guje wa hari daga gwamnatin jihadi. Atyap sun ƙi yin hakan tunda sun ga kansu a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. Sun fara kai hari kan {{Lang|ha|jekada}} waɗanda suka kasance manzanni daga Zazzau don tattara waɗannan abubuwan. Yayin da wasu za a iya kashe su, wasu kuma, ciki har da 'yan kasuwa da makiyayan Hausa, an kama su aka sayar da su ga dillalan [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] a Jos Plateau, waɗanda suka sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Mamman Sani (r. 1846—1860) na Zazzau bayan ya hau mulki ya fara yaƙi da waɗanda suka ƙi ikon masarautar. An fara kai wa [[Harshen Gbiri-Niragu|Aniragu]], [[Yaren Tumi|Atumi]], Kono, [[Harshen Kinuku|Anu]], [[Yaren Vono|Avono]], [[Harshen Gbiri-Niragu|Agbiri]], Avori, da [[Shuwa-Zamani|Rishuwa-Kuzamani]] hari a yankin Kauru saboda kin amincewa da yin hadin gwiwa da Kauru, wani bawa na Zazzau. A Dibyyi a shekarar 1847, Sani ya kai hari kan Bajju don share hanyoyin cinikin ayarin. Daga nan sai Bajju suka fara kare kansu ta hanyar yin garkuwa da Hausawa da Fulani a yankinsu, kuma suka tilasta wa Jama'a da Zazzau su yi musu hidima na tsawon wasu shekaru. [[File:Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png|thumb| Yankunan da [[Jihadin Danfodio|Fulani masu jihadi]] suka mamaye a kusan shekarar 1830]] Matafiya 'yan Turai a ƙarni na 19 kamar [[Heinrich Barth]] a cikin ƙarin bayani na "Tafiya da Ganowa a Arewacin da Tsakiyar Afirka", ya ba da labarin abokin tafiyarsa, Eduard Vogel, wanda ya ziyarci Yakoba (yanzu Bauchi) daga Kano da Katab a 1855. Ya isa Kano a farkon shekarar 1851. A cewar Barth, hanyar Katab ta ratsa ta gefen yamma na Jos Plateau inda yawancin mutanen yankin ke zaune. Ya lura cewa mutanen ƙauyen Mbutu ba sa girmama Fulanin Zariya (ko Zazzau) ko Yakubua, kuma suna ci gaba da katse sadarwa [a cikin hanyar ciniki ta hanya]. Daga Yakubua, ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Masarautar Adamawa|Adamawa]] da Zariya - ya ratsa ta yankunan gabashin tuddai na Filato, kuma ya yanke shawara gabaɗaya game da yankin kudancin Bauchi kamar haka: {{Blockquote|Also I have come to know the cannibal races with whom the Muhammedan inhabitants have very little to do. The name Njem-njem is a collective term similar in meaning to "maneater" . . . universally applied to all the heathens between Jakoba (''Yakoba'') and the Benue, for whom "flesh" is important.}} Game da ayyukan da masarautun ke yi na kai wa mutanen Filato hari, ya lura: {{Blockquote|The country between Bautshi (''Bauchi'') and Salia (''Zaria'') is entirely inhabited by heathens, mostly without any dress, ornamenting themselves with a bit of rice straw in the upper lip. The Sultan had the following system of catching slaves. He occupied with an imposing force the fields in the valley, driving all his horses in the then green harvest until the poor devils on the mountains surrendered for fear of starvation and sent down the number of boys requested by him, so he got in three weeks 200 fine slaves, which were marched off immediately to Sokoto for sale.}} A wata hira da wata tsohuwa a wani ƙauyen Ham, Gadzama (2014) ya ba da labarin cewa huda leɓunan 'ya'ya mata a wancan lokacin da iyalai ke yi shi ne don tunawa da 'yan uwa da maharan suka kama daga arewa da kudu, sannan kuma su ba wa maharan ra'ayin cewa abin da suka yi niyyar yi na wani ne. Waɗanda suka huda leɓunansu na sama suna da ƙarancin darajar kasuwa a kasuwar bayi, kuma manyan bayi waɗanda suka ɗauke su a matsayin waɗanda aka riga aka yi amfani da su ba za su saya su ba. Saboda haka, iyaye sun yi amfani da wannan a matsayin wata fa'ida don kare 'ya'yansu mata daga kamawa. Shekaru bayan dakatar da ayyukan satar bayi na Fulani daga daular Burtaniya, huda lebe na sama zai ci gaba da zama al'ada ta zamani na ɗan lokaci. [1] A shekarar 1862, Karl Moritz von Beurmann ya ziyarci wannan yanki kuma bai iya ci gaba zuwa [[Muri|Hammarua]] da [[Yola]] (Adamawa) ba saboda abin da aka sani da 'yan tawaye a kudancin masarautar'. [[File:Kaduna.png|thumb| Tsarin Kogin Kaduna]] A cikin littafinsa mai suna "Notes of a Travel from [[Bida]] in Nupe, to Kano in Hausa, An Yi a 1862" (1867:96), Dr. WB Baikie ya bayyana yankin a matsayin "ƙasa da yaƙi ya lalata". Ya lura cewa a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1862, a cikin rudani, sarki ( {{Lang|ha|Sarkin Zazzau}} fara ) da dawaki kusan 3,000, maza, mata, da dabbobin da ke da kaya a kan ƙasa mai danshi, ya ƙaura da sansaninsa zuwa [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] kuma daga ƙarshe, ya yi zango tsakanin 14 zuwa 16 yamma kusa da kogin. Sannan ya bayyana garin Zangon Katab (a arewa maso gabas) wanda ya ratsa a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1862, a matsayin {{Blockquote|"a rocky defile with granite blocks of granite<!-- [sic]?? --> placed one on another, like a [[Cyclopean]] wall, surrounded by huge [[boulders]]".}} Ya sanya wa garin suna "Kuttub" a taswirarsa (1867:babu lamba, zane na 2). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baikie |first=W. |last2=Kirk |first2=J. |date=1867 |title=Notes of a Journey from Bida in Nupe, to Kano in Haussa, Performed in 1862 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1798520 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=37 |pages=92–108 |doi=10.2307/1798520 |jstor=1798520 |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> [[File:BasNiger1889_Boussa.jpg|thumb| Taswirar Jamus ta 1889 tare da Zangon Katab mai suna ''Sango Katab'']] A shekarar 1866, Gerhard Rohlfs ya lura da wani abu makamancin haka yayin da yake wucewa ta Bauchi, yana mai iƙirarin cewa an dakatar da ciniki tsakanin Adamawa da Nupe gaba ɗaya. Daga nan ya ci gaba ta hanyar yammacin Katab. Rohlfs ya yi gargaɗi a cikin rubuce-rubucensa yana cewa, {{Blockquote|...don't venture too far from the city…oh wanderer, or you may find an arrow in your breast. For the armed heathens do not distinguish the Christian from the Muslim, they know only the latter, who steal their children and women and carry them into slavery. And when they so revenge themselves, who can blame them? Without support, without military leadership, without guns, they are too weak to fight an open war.}} Sakamakon ci gaba da kai hare-hare daga yammacin Zazzau daga Mai-Sudan na Kontagora, Umaru Nagwamatse (r. 1859-1876) wanda ya kai farmaki a kudancin Zazzau, musamman yankunan Kagarko, Kachia, Kajuru da Chikun a lokacin da yake kokarin isa garin Zazzau, Sarkin Zazzau, Abdullahi a shekarar 1871 ya zaɓi wani Musulmi ɗan Bekulu mai suna Tatumare, ya kuma sanya masa suna Kuyambana kuma aikinsa shi ne ya karɓi kyaututtuka daga mutanensa na Bekulu da kuma mutanen Anghan da ƙarfi. An zaɓi mutum na biyu, Yawa, a cikin shekarun 1880 ta hannun sarki, Sambo na Zazzau (r. 1881—1889), kuma aka yi masa lakabi da, Sarkin Yamma (shugaban Yamma) don yin sintiri a kan Ibrahim Nagwamatse na Kontagora daga gefen yamma na Zazzau. Daga Chikun, Fatika, Kachia, Kagarko da Kajuru, Yawa sun kai hari Gbagyi, Koro, Adara, Atyap, Bekulu da Anghan. Tatumare da Yawa sun zama wakilan Zazzau na farko a yankin Zangon Katab. A Kudaru da Kachia, Zazzau ya ajiye mayaka domin mayar da martani ga mamayar Ningi da Abuja (yanzu Suleja). [1] Matafiya daga Turai sun lura cewa komawa zuwa tsaunuka a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira, ƙiyayyar da suke yi wa masarautun Musulmi, da kuma abin da ake kira tsoffin al'adun mutanen wannan yanki sakamakon manufofin kai hari ga bayi na masarautun da Fulani ke jagoranta. === Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya === [[File:Emir_of_Kontagora_Ibrahim_Nagwamatse.jpg|thumb| Ibrahim Nagwamatse c. 1903-1929]] [[File:Masarautar_Zazzau_02.jpg|thumb| Kwassau da tawagarsa ta sarauta]] ==== Kariyar Arewacin Najeriya (1900–1914) ==== Bayan ayyana yankin Arewacin Najeriya da Birtaniya ta mamaye a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1900, an haɗa mutanen biranen Hausa da Nupe (wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin Fulani), tsohuwar daular Borno, da tsohuwar Kwararafa cikin wannan sabuwar daular mulkin mallaka [1] tare da Birgediya-Janar Sir Frederick D. Lugard a matsayin Babban Kwamishina na farko. [2] Kanar Kemball ya jagoranci dakarun rundunar tsaron yammacin Afirka (WAFF) zuwa yankin da aka fi sani da yankin kudancin Zaria a farkon shekarar 1900. An kuma aika da ginshiƙai biyu na WAFF zuwa Zariya a watan Fabrairun 1900. Ibrahim Nagwamatse na Kontagora (r. 1880–1901 da 1903–1929) ya mamaye Zariya a shekarar 1901, da ƙarfin mayaƙa kimanin 20,000. Sun yi sansani a gefen Zariya a Maska. Nagwamatse ya kasance mai satar bayi kamar sauran sarakunan Fulani. Turawan Birtaniya sun mayar da martani ga hakan ta hanyar kafa sansanin soja a Zariya, bisa ga buƙatar Muhammadu Lawal Kwassau na Zazzau (r. 1897–1902). Wannan kuma ya dakatar da hare-haren bayi na Kwassau a kan al'ummomin da ke kudancin masarautarsa. [3] An kafa Lardin Zariya a watan Maris na shekarar 1902. An naɗa Kyaftin Abadie a matsayin mazaunin farko. [1] A tsakiyar wannan shekarar, Kwassau ya kasa hakuri da Turawan Birtaniya, ya kuma kai hari na ƙarshe a kan Atyap, [2] wani yaƙin neman zaɓe da ya fara a shekarar 1897. A cewar majiyoyin Birtaniya, sama da mutane 1,000 ne suka mutu a hare-haren Kwassau, amma masana Atyap suna ganin adadin ya fi haka. A kusan wannan lokacin, akwai ƙaura zuwa kudu na mutanen Atyap saboda yaƙe-yaƙen Kwassau da aka sani da Tyong Kwasa̱u (gudu daga Kwassau) a Tyap . [3] Atyap sun kuma rasa Marok Gandu na Magata, babban mayakinsu wanda Kwassau ya rataye a kan gungumen. An ce an binne wasu kamar Zinyip Katunku da Kuntai Mado na Mashan da rai a Yaƙin Santswan tare da Kogin Kaduna da aka ce ya cika da jini. [4] A watan Satumba na shekarar 1902, Kyaftin Abadie ya tuhumi Kwassau kuma ya kama shi, daga baya aka mayar da shi Zungeru, sabuwar hedikwatar Protectorate. A watan Maris na shekarar 1903, aka mayar da shi Lokoja . An san Kwassau da "Sarkin Zazzau", amma bayansa, sarkin Zazzau na gaba, Aliyu dan Sidi, wanda aka naɗa masa rawani a wannan watan, an san shi da "Sarkin Zazzau". [2] Har yanzu a watan Maris na shekarar 1903, Turawan Birtaniya sun yi tattaki daga Keffi don kai hari ga Jama'a Daroro, wani yanki mai makwabtaka da Zazzau, ba tare da adawa da sarakunan Fulani ba. A watan Oktoban 1904, an sanya Jama'a a ƙarƙashin Lardin Nassarawa, kuma an kafa tashar soja a Jama'a tare da rundunar WAFF da ke wurin don ba da tallafi ga masarautar. A karon farko, Jama'a za ta yi iko da kabilun da ba su da iko a kansu a baya. [1] Daga nan ne Turawan Birtaniya suka kai hare-hare a kan Agworok, Bajju, Nikyob, Ham, Ninzo, da sauran wurare da ke kusa. [2] Haka kuma, sarakunan Fulani na yankunan Hausawa na Kauru da Kajuru ba tare da wata ƙarfin soja ba sun miƙa wuya ga Turawan Ingila don samun tagomashinsu a matsayin Jama'a. Wasu daga cikin kabilu kamar Gwong, Ninzo, Agworok, Bajju, Takad, da sauran kabilun Kudancin Zaria sun ci gaba da zama 'yantacciyar kasa, inda Turawan Birtaniya suka sami nasarar kwace iko da ita gaba daya a shekarar 1915 bayan dogon rikici . Jami'in Birtaniya, JS Coleman, ya shaida yadda aka yi tsayin daka a yankunan Tsakiyar Yankin Arewacin Najeriya kan mamayar Turawa fiye da sauran yankunan masarautu. [2] A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Manjo Eustace Crawley, Turawan Birtaniya sun kwace Atyapland ba tare da wani faɗa ba a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1903. A baya dai Atyap ta rasa mutane da yawa sakamakon hare-haren bayi da kisan gilla da aka yi a yaƙe-yaƙen Kwassau kuma da alama ba su da ƙarfi don wani yaƙi. [3] A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1903, mukaddashin Kwamishinan Kare Arewacin Najeriya ya aika wa Joseph Chamberlain, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka a [[Landan]], wasiƙa bayan wani gagarumin balaguro tsakanin 17 ga Maris zuwa 13 ga Afrilu, 1903 daga Turawan Birtaniya daga Zariya zuwa [[Kubau]], [[Lere]], Rukuba, [[Chawai|Tsam]], Atyap, da Bajju kamar haka: {{Blockquote|These operations were deemed necessary owing to the blocking of roads to the South and the raiding of caravans and murders of many traders by the Godas and Kaje (''Bajju'') tribes.}} Turawan Birtaniya sun yi nasarar isa Bajjuland daga Atyapland. Kimanin mazan Bajju 45 ne suka mutu a wannan fada, an kama 59 daga cikinsu, sannan aka yi awon gaba da kauyukansu aka kuma kona su. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1904, aka fara Yaƙin Tilde, wanda ya kasance wani aiki na haɗin gwiwa na mazaunan Burtaniya na Lardunan Bauchi da Nasarawa a Jama'a a kan Agworok. An kafa kamfanin WAFF a Kachia a shekarar 1905. A shekarar 1907, an sanya Atyapland a ƙarƙashin gundumar Kauru (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Katuka). Daga baya aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Zangon Katab a shekarar 1912. Amma masu mulkin Hausawa daga Zariya ne suka yi mulkinsa. Tun daga Shugaban Gundumar (DH) har zuwa Manzannin Gundumar har da jami'an Hukumar 'Yan Asalin, duk Hausawa ne. Jami'an Hausa ne suka naɗa Shugabannin Ƙauyen Atyap. [1] A shekarar 1909, Turawan Birtaniya suka ƙaddamar da rundunar sojojin Ninzo Patrols daga hannun Jama'a. Mataimakin mazaunin Jama'a a wancan lokacin shine Kyaftin AJN Tremearne . ==== Hukumar 'Yan Asalin ==== [[File:Map_of_Northern_Nigeria_(1911).png|thumb| Kariyar Arewacin Najeriya a shekarar 1911]] Tsakanin 1907-1908, Turawan Birtaniya ne suka ƙirƙiro manufar Hukumar 'Yan Asalin (NA), kuma suka tilasta mata ta yi aiki a Kudancin Zariya kamar yadda za ta yi a masarauta, wadda yankin ba ya cikinta kafin mulkin mallaka . Sarkin mulkin sarauta na Zariya (Sarki) ya ba da rahoto ga mazaunin Birtaniya, kuma Hakiman Gundumar sun ba da rahoto ga Sarkin. Shugabannin gundumomi da kuma jami'an Hukumar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar gaba ɗaya Hausawa ne, Fulani, ko Musulmi kuma an naɗa su ne don su mallaki al'ummar da ba Musulmi ba da waɗanda ba Hausawa ba ba tare da tarihin ikon mallakar su ba. Shugabannin Ƙauye ne kawai da Shugabannin Gundumar suka naɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar. [1] ==== Haɗakar Yankin Arewaci da Kudancin Najeriya da kuma gaba (1914–1960) ==== ===== Siyasar ƙasa ===== Duk da kin amincewa da ra'ayin Sir FD Lugard na [[Mallakar Najeriya|haɗakar]] da mutane da yawa a [[Yankin Kudancin Najeriya|Kudancin ƙasar]] (ciki har da yankin Lagos wanda ya haɗu da Kudu a 1906 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ukelina, B.U. |year=1966 |title=The Evolution of British Colonialism and the 1906 Amalgamation of Nigeria |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/zahir/article/view/253367/239400 |format=PDF |journal=The Journal of Zaria Historical Research |page=27 |access-date=April 26, 2025}}</ref> ) da kuma a cikin [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Kariyar Arewacin Najeriya]], haɗin gwiwar ya ci gaba. A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1914, ƙasashen biyu suka zama [[Mallakar Najeriya|Najeriya da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya]] suka mamaye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=E. O. |first=Ojo |year=2014 |title=Nigeria, 1914-2014: From Creation to Cremation? |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24768942 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=23 |pages=67–75 |jstor=24768942 |access-date=April 15, 2025}}</ref> An gudanar da Kudancin Zariya ne daga Zariya wadda ba ta da iko a kan mafi yawan yankin kafin zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. A cikin kasidarsa, Arewacin Najeriya da aka buga a watan Janairun 1904, Sir FD Lugard ya yi magana game da manyan kabilun arna na Tsakiyar Najeriya waɗanda suke da jarumtaka a yaƙi, suna magana da harsuna daban-daban kuma Fulani ba su taɓa cin nasara a kansu ba, yana kawo misalai kamar Gwaris, Kejes, da Kedaras . [1] Wannan haka yake da Filaton Jos wanda lokacin da Turawan Birtaniya suka mamaye Bauchi a shekarar 1902 ya kasance ƙarƙashin gwamnatin kai tsaye ta Lardin Bauchi wadda ba ta da tarihi ko iko a kanta a baya, har zuwa shekarar 1926 lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri Lardin Plateau. [2] Amma ba kamar Jos Plateau ba, Kudancin Zaria bai taɓa samun Lardinsa ba. A shekarar 1920, Kudancin Zariya ( ''a hukumance'' Sashen Kudancin Zariya na Lardin Zariya ) ya ƙunshi gundumomi 12 daga cikin 27 da ke Lardin Zariya, <ref name="YA">{{Cite journal |last=Yahaya |first=Aliyu |year=2016 |title=Colonialism in the Stateless Societies of Africa: A Historical Overview of Administrative Policies and Enduring Consequences in Southern Zaria Districts, Nigeria |url=https://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/assr/vol8/iss1/3 |journal=African Social Science Review |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=55 |access-date=April 4, 2025}}</ref> wato: {| class="wikitable" !Gundumar ! Lakabin Shugaban Gundumar |- | Bikaratu | Dan Galadima |- | Bishini | Sarkin Zana |- | [[Chawai]] | Sarkin Chawai |- | Jere | Sarkin Jere |- | [[Kachia]] | Ma'aji |- | [[Kagarko]] | Sarkin Kagarko |- | [[Kajuru]] | Sarkin Kajuru |- | [[Zangon Kataf|Katab]] | Katuka |- | [[Kauru]] | Sarkin Kauru |- | Kudaru | Turaki Karami |- | [[Kujama]] | Woinya |- | [[Lere]] | Wali |} <ref name="YA" /> A shekarar 1925, mazaunin Zariya ya lura da buƙatar kafa kotunan 'Arna' ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda suka fi son su nisanci kotunan Alkali tare da alkalai Musulmi, waɗanda masu mulki suka yi amfani da su don danne talakawa, ko Hausawa ko 'yan asalin Kudancin Zariya. A cewar Mazaunin, {{Blockquote|I am not altogether satisfied with the working of the Native Courts generally. In the Pagan Areas, little or no use is made of Moslem Alkali courts except by the minority Moslem population.}} An lura a cikin Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Lardin Zariya na Resident Laing na 1927 cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar sun fi son su nisanci kansu fiye da kai rikicinsu ga Hakimin Gundumar ko {{Lang|ha|Alkali}} (Alkali) saboda ayyukan nuna wariya. Lokacin da aka kafa waɗannan kotunan arna, ba a sami daidaito ba game da wanda zai jagoranci kotun daga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar kamar yadda yake a shari'ar Atyap. Sun zaɓi Hakimin gundumar Hausa don ya jagoranci kotun. Kuma, ajin masu mulki na Kudancin Zariya za su yi amfani da kotunan arna don kwace musu hukunci, kamar yadda aka yi a kotun Alkali. Manoman sun sake rasa bege a kotunan Pagan a yankin Atyap. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1934, Turawan Birtaniya sun bi buƙatar Gwamna Donald Cameron a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1934, suka ƙaura da gundumomi uku a Lardin Nassarawa, wato: Moroa, Jaba, da Kagoro zuwa Lardin Zariya. An kuma ƙaura wani ɓangare na Bajju (gami da Fantswam ) a Lardin Plateau tare da danginsu a Lardin Katab na Lardin Zariya, kamar Ham (Jaba) a Lardin Kachia waɗanda aka haɗa su da danginsu daga Lardin Nassarawa. [1] Waɗannan za su zama gundumomi kaɗai a Lardin Zariya da ke da Shugabannin Gundumomin 'Yan Asalin Ƙasar da waɗanda ba Musulmi ba. Irin waɗannan gundumomi masu zaman kansu sun fi zaman lafiya. [2] Haɗakar waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a ƙarƙashin Lardin Zariya ta haifar da asalin Kudancin Zariya. Haka kuma, rashin gamsuwa da samun wani ɓangare na wata ƙabila a cikin wata gunduma mai zaman kanta daga baya ya zama masarautu, kuma wani ɓangare a ƙarƙashin Hakimin Gundumar waje ya kawo rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Kudancin Zaria wanda zai haifar da zanga-zangar neman ƙarin 'yanci daga mulkin Hausawa da Fulani. [3] Yohanna Simon ya kira mulkin mallaka a Kudancin Zariya da "Dokar Anglo/Hausa/Fulani". [4] Duk da haka a shekarar 1934, [[Chawai]] ta rasa matsayinta na 'yantacce a matsayin gunduma, kuma aka haɗa ta da Zangon Katab. ===== Haraji da zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin mallaka ===== Turawan Birtaniya sun fara tilastawa mutane yin aiki da haraji jim kaɗan bayan da 'yan mulkin mallaka suka kwace iko. An kuma sa manoma su noma amfanin gona mai kyau maimakon amfanin gonakin da suka saba nomawa. A shekarar 1910, [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]] a gundumar Zangon Katab sun yi tawaye ga wakilin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da kuma Shugaban Gundumar Hausa saboda karuwar bukatarsu ta tilasta musu yin aiki, inda Turawan Birtaniya suka mayar da martani ta hanyar amfani da karfi don murkushe 'yan adawa. Tun daga shekarar 1913, yankunan arna na Lardin Zariya sun biya kashi 10% na girbin hatsinsu ga hukumomin mulkin mallaka da ake kira {{Lang|ha|Zakka}}, wanda aka biya 'kowace sandar ƙarfe', ban da wasu wurare inda ƙasar ba ta da albarka sosai. An tuhumi Aliyu ɗan Sidi (r. 1903-1921), Sarkin Zariya, da laifin cin hanci da rashawa da kuma amfani da iko ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma Turawan Birtaniya sun kore shi daga mulki a farkon 1921. An ruwaito cewa ya karkatar da abincin da aka yi wa fursunoni don amfanin kansa, ta haka ne ya bar fursunonin su mutu sakamakon watsi da su. An kuma zarge shi da ajiye ɓarawo a kotunsa kuma ya yi amfani da barazana da barazana don hana talakawansa yin korafi ga hukumomin mulkin mallaka. [1] [2] Wani bore kuma ya faru a Zangon Katab a shekarar 1922. Suna fuskantar wahala, Atyap da Bajju sun ƙi biyan harajinsu. Shugabannin Gundumomin Zangon Katab da Kachia ne suka kai musu rahoto ga Sarkin Zariya, wanda ya jaddada cewa ba za su iya tabbatar da tsari a tsakanin manoma ba, sannan ya nemi rakiyar sojojin mulkin mallaka da kuma jami'in siyasa zuwa Zangon Katab. Turawan Birtaniya sun yi hakan, kuma a ƙarshe, yayin da suka sami damar dakatar da zanga-zangar, ba su sami damar kama shugabannin masu zanga-zangar da suka tsere daga Gundumar ba, inda ɗaya daga cikinsu ya raunata abokin Hakimin Gundumar [na Zangon Katab]. [1] == Yanayin ƙasa == === Sassan gudanarwa === [[File:Map_of_Southern_Kaduna_by_Local_Government_Area-English.png|thumb| Taswirar Kudancin Kaduna ta hanyar Karamar Hukumar]] Teburin da ke ƙasa ya ƙunshi [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙananan hukumomi]] 12 na Kudancin Kaduna: {| class="wikitable" !Ƙaramar Hukuma ! Hedkwata |- | [[Chikun]] | [[Kujama]] |- | [[Jaba]] | [[Kwoi]] |- | [[Jema'a]] | [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]] |- | [[Kachia]] | Garin Kachia |- | [[Kaduna ta Kudu|Kudancin Kaduna]] | [[Makera, Kaduna ta Kudu|Makera]] |- | [[Kagarko]] | Garin Kagarko |- | [[Kajuru]] | Garin Kajuru |- | [[Kaura]] | Garin Kaura |- | [[Kauru]] | Garin Kauru |- | [[Lere]] | [[Saminaka]] |- | [[Sanga]] | Gbantu |- | [[Zangon Kataf]] | [[Zonkwa]] |} == Alƙaluma == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  === Tsarin ƙabilanci === Kudancin Kaduna ya ƙunshi [[Ƙabilar|ƙabilu]] masu alaƙa da juna da kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da dama waɗanda suka haɗa kansu bisa [[al'ada]] da [[Tarihin ɗan-Adam|tarihi]] iri ɗaya. James (2000) ya rarraba waɗannan mutane bisa ga alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙabilu da harsuna a ƙarƙashin taken " [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Tsakiya Bel]] (Haɗin [[Al'adar Nok|Yankin Al'adun Nok]] )", sannan ya rarraba ƙananan ƙungiyoyin zuwa ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa: ==== Ƙungiyar harsunan ƙabilanci ta Proto-Plateau ==== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N !Groups !Sub-groups |- |'''I.''' |'''''Northern or Adara Group''''' | * [[Adarawa|Adara]] (Kadara) * [[Adarawa|Ada]] (Kuturmi) * Ajure Adara (Kadara of Idon) * Anumafa Adara (Kadara Kateri) * Semi Ajure (Ankuwa, Gora) * [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] (Ikulu) |- |'''II.''' |'''''Western or Koro Group''''' | * [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Myamya]] * [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Achel, Ashe or Wachi]] * [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Ala or Agweshi]] * Koro Ham or Adong/Gbaham |- |'''III.''' |'''''Ham or Northwestern Group''''' | * [[Mutanen Ham|Ham Kpop]] (Jaba Kwoi) * Ham Ngat Ham (Jaban Katari) * Ham Shambang (Samban) * [[Harshen Idun|Ham Duhyah]] (Jaban Lungu) * [[Gwong people|Ham Gwong]] (Kagoma) * Ham Kworri (Chori) * Ham Det (Faik/Kenyi) * Ham Netkun/Netwho - Gbaham * Ham Nyakpah (Yeskwa) * [[Mutanen Kamantan|Ham Kong/Rhuini]] (Kamantan) |- |'''IV.''' |'''''Nerzit or Kataf (Atyap) Group''''' | * [[Katafawa|Atyap]] (Kataf, Katab) * [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]] (Kaje) * Əgworog (Aegworok, Oegworok, Baguro, Kagoro) * Asholyio (Osholio, Asholio, Moro'a) * Fantswam (Kafanchan) * [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] (Ikulu) * [[Mutanen Kamantan|Anghan]] (Angan, Kamantan) * Atakad (Atakat, Attakar) * Atyecharak (Atyacherak, Attachirak, Kachechere) * Terri (Challa, Chara) * Atuku (tuku) Kuu"" |- |'''V. ''' |'''''South-western (Aninka) Group''''' | * Ninzo * Northern Mada * Gbantu (Gwantu) * Nindem * Nikyob (Kaninkon) * Kanufi * Nungu * Buh - Ayu * Ningeshe * Nandu * Numana |} Duk da haka, an gyara rukunin da ke sama a cikin '''rukunin [[Harsunan Filato|harsunan Proto-Plateau]]''' bisa ga harsunan da ake magana da su ta Blench (2008) kamar haka: <ref name="Blench2018">Blench, Roger M. 2018. Nominal affixes and number marking in the Plateau languages of Central Nigeria. In John R. Watters (ed.), ''East Benue-Congo: Nouns, pronouns, and verbs'', 107–172. Berlin: Language Science Press. {{Doi|10.5281/zenodo.1314325}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N !Groups !Sub-groups |- |'''I.''' |'''''Northwest or Adara Group''''' | * [[Adarawa|Eda, Ada]] * [[Adarawa|Edra, Adara]] * [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] * Ẹjẹgha (Idon) * Doka * Ẹhwa (Iku-Gora-Ankwe) |- |'''II.''' |'''''Atyap (Nerzit, Nenzit) Group''''' | * [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]] * [[Katafawa|Atyap]] * [[Kagoro|Agworok]] (Kagoro) * Takad (Attakar) * Atyecarak (Kacicere) * Asholyio * [[Kafancan|Fantswam]] (Kafancan) * [[Atuku]] (Tuku) |- |'''III.''' |'''''Koro Group''''' | * Ashe * Tinɔr (Waci-Myamya) * Idũ, Gwara * Nyenkpa-Barde |- |'''IV.''' |'''''Ham Group''''' | * Shamang * Cori * [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]] * Zhire * Shang |- |'''V.''' |'''''Gwong Group''''' | * [[Gwong people|Gwong]] (Kagoma) * [[Mutanen Kamantan|Anɡhan]] (Kamanton) |- |'''VI.''' |'''''Ninzo Group''''' | * Ninzo (Ninzam) * Bu-Niŋkada * Mada * Numana-Nunku-Gbantu-Numbu * Ningye-Ninka * Anib * Nikyob * Nindem * Nungu * Ayu |- |'''VII.''' |'''''Ndun Group''''' | * Ndun (Nandu) |- |'''VIII.''' |'''''Alumu Group''''' | * [[Yaren Sambe|Sambe]] * He also said that Nisam is a presumed Plateau language once spoken in Nince Village, Kaduna State, however, its place within the Plateau branch cannot be ascertained due to the lack of linguistic data and that in 2005, there was only one speaker of Nisam. |} ==== Tarin kabilanci na Proto-Kainji ==== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N ! Ƙungiyoyi ! Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi |- | '''Ni.''' | '''''Ƙungiyar Gabashin Kainji''''' | * Atsam (Chawai) * Amap (Amo) * Abisi (Piti) * Kuzamani (Shuwa-Zamani) * Ngmgbang (Ribam) * Dinani (Dingi) * Ribina |- | '''II.''' | '''''Ƙungiyar Gabashin Kainji''''' | * Agbiri (Gure) * Aniragu (Kahugu) * [[Mutanen Akurmi|Akurmi]] (Kurama) * Koonu (Kono) * Vono (Kiballo) * Tumi (Kitimi) * Nuno-Kaivi (Kaibi) * Mala-Ruma (Rumaya/Ruruma) * Abin (Binawa) * Kuvori (Surubu) * Atumu (Kinuku) * Shuwa-Zamani (Kuzamani) * Dungi (Dungu) |} ==== Tarin kabilanci na Proto-Nupoid ==== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N ! Ƙungiyoyi ! Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi |- | '''Ni.''' | '''''Ƙungiyar Gbagyi (Gwari)''''' | * [[Gbagyi|Gbagyi-Gbari]] (Gwari) |} ==== Harsunan Chadic na Proto-West ==== Banda rarrabuwar James (2000) akwai ƙungiyoyin da suka fito daga ƙungiyar [[Yaren Chadic|harsunan ƙabilanci ta Proto-West Chadic]] : {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N ! Ƙungiyoyi ! Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi |- | '''Ni.''' | '''''Yammacin Chadic''''' | * [[Harshen Gwandara|Gwandara]] (ƙungiyar Afro-Asiatic, wacce ke da alaƙa da [[Hausawa]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnologue entry on Gwandara |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/GWN |access-date=August 18, 2020 |website=Ethnologue (Free All)}}</ref> an ce ta yi ƙaura daga [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] .) * [[Callanci|Sha]] (ƙungiyar 'yan ci-rani daga [[Bokkos]], [[Plateau (jiha)|Jihar Plateau]] .) |} === Yawan Jama'a === An kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen Kudancin Kaduna ya kai sama da miliyan 4.5 daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 8.5 da aka kiyasta a jihar Kaduna a shekarar 2016. An yi hasashen cewa mutane miliyan 5.1 daga cikin miliyan 12 za su kasance a [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a shekarar 2021. Harsunan da ake amfani da su a yankin su ne Hausa, Turanci da kuma harsunan Pidgin na Najeriya. === Harsuna === Kudancin Kaduna ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu bambancin harshe, waɗanda ke magana da harsunan da suka shafi ƙungiyoyin harsunan [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|Nijar-Congo]] da [[Yaren Chadic|Yammacin Chadi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages of Africa |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/eng/zjfz/fzzl/t619829.htm |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.fmprc.gov.cn}}</ref> Ga harsuna da yarukan da mutanen Kudancin Kaduna ke magana a kai: {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Ƙaramar Hukuma ! Harsuna |- | [[Chikun]] | [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] |- | [[Jaba]] | [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Ashe]] ; [[Harshen Idun|Duya]] ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam]] |- | [[Jema'a]] | Abin ; [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Ashe]] ; [[Harshen Berom|Berom]] ; [[Harshen Idun|Duya]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Fantswam]] ; [[Kagoma|Gyong]] ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam]] ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju]] ; [[Harshen Mada|Mada]] ; [[Yaren Kyoli|Kyoli]] ; Nikyob-Nindem ; [[Yaren Ninzo|Ninzo]] ; Nungu ; Nyakpa ; Shamang ; [[Yaren Tyap|Rubuta]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Tyuku]] [[Zhire language|Zhire]] ; [[Yaren Numana|Numana]] |- | [[Kachia]] | [[Harshen Adara|Adara]] ; Doka ; [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam]] ; [[Iku language|Iku-Gora-Ankwa]] ; [[Harshen Kulu|Ikulu]] ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju]] ; [[Yaren Kamatan|Nghan]] ; [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Wachi]] ; [[Harshen Adara|Ada]] ; Shamang ; [[Yaren Tyap|Rubuta]] ; [[Zhire language|Zhire]] |- |- | [[Kaduna ta Kudu|Kudancin Kaduna]] | [[Harshen Adara|Adara]] ; [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] ; [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] ; [[Harshen Idoma|Idoma]] ; [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Rubuta]] ; [[Yarbanci|Yarbawa]] |- | [[Kagarko]] | [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Ashe]] ; [[Harshen Idun|Duya]] ; [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] ; [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Wachi]] |- | [[Kajuru]] | [[Harshen Adara|Adara]] ; [[Yaren Idon|Ajiya]] ; [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] |- | [[Kaura]] | [[Yaren Tyap|Gworok]] ; [[Yaren Firan|Fir'auna]] ; [[Harshen Eten|Iten]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Takad]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Sholyo]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] da [[Yaren Tyap|Tyecarak (Tyecaat)]] |- | [[Kauru]] | [[Yaren Atsam|Atsam]] ; [[Piti|Bishi]] ; [[Dunjanci|Dungu]] ; [[Harshen Kulu|Ikulu]] ; [[Harshen Kaivi|Kaivi]] ; [[Yaren Vono|Kivono]] ; Kowa ; [[Shuwa-Zamani|Kumani]] ; [[Piti|Ngmgbang]] ; [[Yaren Rigwe|Riga]] ; [[Yaren Ruma|Ruma]] ; [[Harshen Kurama|T'kurmi]] ; [[Binanci|Tibin]] ; [[Harshen Kinuku|TiNu]] ; [[Shenanci|TiSeni]] ; Tumala ; [[Yaren Tumi|Tumi]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Rubuta]] ; TiVori da [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] |- | [[Lere]] | [[Gananci|Lere]] (yanzu bace); [[Harshen Kurama|T'kurmi]], [[Harshen Map|Timap]] ; [[Binanci|TiNu]] ; [[Harshen Gbiri-Niragu|Tugbiri-Niragu]] da [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] |- | [[Sanga]] | [[Yaren Ahwai|Awai]] ; [[Harshen Ayu|Ayu]] ; [[Yaren Bu|Bu-Ninkada]] ; [[Harshen Gwandara|Gwanda]] ; [[Harshen Hasha|Hasha]] ; [[Yaren Ninzo|Ninzo]] ; [[Yaren Numana|Numana]] ; Nungu ; [[Yaren Sambe|Sambe]] (yanzu bace); [[Callanci|Sha]] ; [[Harshen Toro|Turkwam]] |- | [[Zangon Kataf]] | [[Harshen Kulu|Ikulu]] ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju]] ; [[Yaren Kamatan|Nghan]] ; da [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Tyecarak (Tyecaat)]] |} === Addini === === Hotunan Hotuna === <gallery mode="packed" heights="150" style="line-height:130%"> File:Boulders_in_Gurara_River.jpg|alt=Gurara River, Gidan Akwaja.| Kogin Gurara, Gidan Akwaja. File:Kabyiek_Tityong_Waterfall_1.jpg|alt=Kabyiek Tityong (River Wonderful waterfalls) Kafanchan| [[Matsirga waterfalls|Kabyiek Tityong]] (Ruwan ruwa mai ban mamaki na Kogi) [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]] File:Kogum_River_2.jpg|alt=Kogum River, Kogum Station| Kogin Kogum, Tashar Kogum File:Drying_up.jpg|alt=Kaduna River, Zangon Kataf| [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kogin Kaduna]], Zangon Kataf File:A_SECTION_OF_GWOROK_HILL.jpg|alt=Cuk ntseei (horse's seat), Afan Gworog (Gworog Mountain)| Cuk ntseei (kujerar doki), Afan [[Kagoro|Gworog]] (Dutsen Gworog) File:Jaba_Kogo_Hill_at_raining_season.jpg|alt=Dung volcanic mountain in Dung (H. Jaban Kogo)| Dutsen dutsen Dung mai aman wuta a Dung (H. Jaban Kogo) File:Palm_grove.jpg|alt=Deleb palm windbreak, Zankan| Murfin iska na Deleb, Zankan File:Chen_Zat_2.jpg|alt=Chen Zat (Fantswam traditional forest), Kafanchan| Chen Zat (Dajin gargajiya na Fantswam), Kafanchan File:AN_OUTDOOR_KITCHEN.jpg|alt=Traditional kitchen, Agban, Gworog Mountain| Gidan dafa abinci na gargajiya, Agban, Dutsen Gworog File:Terracotta_head.jpg|alt=Nok Terracotta head, Nok museum| Nok Terracotta shugaban, [[Nok]] gidan kayan gargajiya File:Tin_extraction.jpg|alt=Tin mining, Godogodo| Haƙar ma'adinan tin, [[Godogodo]] File:Deserted_houses_at_Ukpee,_SK.jpg|alt=Deserted houses during the harmattan season, Ukpee (H. Ungwan Toka)| Gidajen da ba kowa a lokacin harmattan season, Ukpee (H. Ungwan Toka) File:Unity_in_Diversity_dance-drama_at_SK_Fest_2024_12.jpg|alt=Southern Kaduna people drama at SK Fest 2024| Wasan kwaikwayo na mutanen Kudancin Kaduna a [[c:Category:SK Fest 2024|bikin SK 2024]] </gallery> == Tattalin Arziki == === Albarkatun ƙasa === A tsakiyar shekarun 2000, tsohuwar Ministan Ma'adanai na Najeriya a lokacin mulkin [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Leslie Obiora, ta tattara jerin ma'adanai a fadin kasar, wanda ya kai jimillar ma'adanai 74; an ayyana 34 a matsayin wadanda suka dace da hakar ma'adinai a matakin kasuwanci, inda Kudancin Kaduna ke da ma'adanai sama da 30 tare da sama da kashi hamsin (50%) na su ana iya hako su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Haruna |first=David Livingstone |date=February 20, 2020 |title=Nigeria: Southern Kaduna and Tale of Illegal Artisans, Miners |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202002200873.html |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=All Africa}}</ref> A watan Agusta na shekarar 2016, [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]] ta ba da rahoton gano nickel a ƙauyen Dangoma, wani ƙauye sama da 11.&nbsp;kilomita kudu da [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]], ta hannun wata cibiyar hakar ma'adinai mai zaman kanta wacce wani tsohon ma'aikacin hakar ma'adinai na Australiya, [[Hugh Morgan (mai kasuwanci)|Hugh Morgan]], ke jagoranta. An ce ''ɗan ƙasar Australiya'' ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙwallon nickel da aka gano waɗanda ake rade-radin suna da ƙimar nickel sama da kashi 90 cikin ɗari kuma ana kyautata zaton wani sabon abu ne na duniya saboda yawan yaɗuwarsu, suna ba da dama ta samar da kuɗi nan take ta hanyar tsarin tantancewa mai sauƙi da araha. Ana iya amfani da wannan kuɗin shiga don samar da cikakken kimantawa game da binciken, wanda ya haifar da farin ciki a cikin al'ummar binciken. Jaridar ta ƙara da cewa, {{Blockquote|"...the discovery is unusual because the nickel is found in small balls up to 3mm in diameter of a high purity in shallow soils in what could be the surface expression of a much bigger hard-rock nickel field."}} === Noma === ==== Citta ==== [[File:Ginger_warehouse_Kafanchan_1.jpg|thumb| Ma'ajiyar Citta a Kafanchan]] Kudancin Kaduna shine [[Epicenter|cibiyar]] noman citta a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayodele, Titilayo |last2=Sambo, Banake |year=2014 |title=Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Production Efficiency and Constraints Among Small Scale Farmers in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria |url=https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/34265 |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Agricultural Science |publisher=The Canadian Center of Science and Education |volume=6 |issue=8 |doi=10.5539/jas.v6n8p141 |issn=1916-9752 |access-date=June 14, 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarun 1990, manoman [[citta]] sun sami riba daga sayar da amfanin gonar da suka girba saboda samuwar kamfanonin sarrafa citta a duk faɗin yankin. Duk da haka, a yau, yawancin waɗannan kamfanonin sun rufe ba tare da ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da su ba a ɓangaren gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Isuwa |first=Sunday |date=December 16, 2013 |title=The Lost Glory of Ginger in Southern Kaduna |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201312160467.html |access-date=August 29, 2020 |publisher=Daily Trust (Abuja)}}</ref> An lura da barkewar cutar fungal a yankuna da dama a Kudancin Kaduna a makon farko na watan Yulin 2023. [1] A watan Satumba na 2023, yayin da yake jawabi a Kachia, shugaban ƙungiyar citta ta ƙasa ta Najeriya, Nuhu B. Dauda, ya yi Allah wadai da asarar kimanin Naira biliyan 10 da tattalin arzikin jihar ya yi sakamakon wata cuta mai ban mamaki da ta shafi noman citta na shekarar. [2] [3] Wata guda bayan haka, a watan Oktoba, yayin da yake magana game da barkewar cutar citta, wata cuta ta fungal, a fadin kananan hukumomi bakwai na Kudancin Kaduna, wanda ya shafi kimanin hekta 2,500 na gonaki, [4] sanatan da ke wakiltar gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Kaduna, Sunday Marshall Katung, a wata hira da Arise News ya nemi goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya kuma ya bayyana cewa kashi 85% na noman citta a Najeriya ya fito ne daga jihar Kaduna, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen sanya kasar ta zama ta biyu a duniya wajen noman citta mafi girma. Ya ƙara da cewa Najeriya ta samu kimanin Naira biliyan 10 daga fitar da amfanin gona a kwata na biyu na wannan shekarar. [5] A watan Mayun 2024, Daily Trust ta ruwaito cewa baya ga asarar iri sakamakon barkewar cutar, manoma sun fuskanci barazanar sace su daga masu garkuwa da mutane a gonakinsu da ke kewaye da kananan hukumomin Kachia da Kagarko . [1] == Ilimi == [[File:A_block_of_classrooms.jpg|thumb| Block of Agriculture, Nuhu Bamali Polytechnic, Agut Ntswuo (Samaru Kataf) Campus]] [[Toure Kazah-Toure|Kazah-Toure]] (1999:130) ya yi iƙirarin cewa Kudancin Kaduna ya jagoranci fannin ilimi a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|yankin Arewa]] da ya lalace, a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]] (tsakanin 1966 da 1970s). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kazah-Toure |first=T. |date=1999 |title=The Political Economy of Ethnic Conflicts and Governance in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria: [De]Constructing a Contested Terrain |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24484540 |journal=Africa Development / Afrique et Développement |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |pages=109–144 |jstor=24484540 |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> Bonat (1989:55) ya yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin mutanen da suka yi karatu daga wannan yanki waɗanda ba Hausawa ba ne, suna cikin aikin koyarwa da kuma tsakiyar ma'aikatan gwamnati sabanin Hausawa waɗanda suka fi rinjaye a manyan matakan gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonat |first=Z. A. |date=1989 |title=Aspects of the Economic and Social History of the Atyab c. 1800-1960 A.D. |journal=Savanna |location=[[Zaria]] |publisher=ABU Press |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=55}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, wata ƙungiya, Kaduna Indigenous Publishers Network, ta yi magana game da kafa Hukumar Ilimi da Ci gaban Ƙarfin Bil Adama ta Kudancin Kaduna, don samar da dama ga matasan yankin don samun ingantaccen ilimi da horo. A watan Maris na 2025, Bishop [[Matthew Hassan Kukah|Matthew Kukah]] ya bayyana cewa Kudancin Kaduna yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna a arewacin Najeriya, a fannin ilimi, inda farfesoshi sama da 200 suka amfana sosai daga ilimin da masu wa'azin bishara suka kawo, ciki har da shi kansa. === Cibiyoyin manyan makarantu na yanzu === ==== Tarayya ==== * [[Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Tarayya Kachia|Jami'ar Tarayya ta Kimiyyar Aiki Kachia]] ( ''tsohon'' [[Jami'ar Nok Kachia]] ) * [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]], Cibiyar Nazarin [[Kagoro|Gworok]] * [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kaduna]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] ==== Jiha ==== * [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna|Kaduna State University]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] and [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]] Campuses * Makarantar Fasaha ta Noma, [[Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic]], [[Samaru Kataf|Agut Ntswuo]] Campus * [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kaduna|Kaduna State College of Education]], [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]] ==== Mai zaman kansa ==== * [[Jami'ar Greenfield]], Kaduna == Siyasa == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>[[Kungiyar Jama'ar Kaduna ta Kudu|Ƙungiyar Al'ummar Kudancin Kaduna]] (SOKAPU) ta kasance ƙungiyar kula da al'adun gargajiya ta kabilu kusan 67 da aka amince da su a Kudancin Kaduna tsawon shekaru da dama. A halin yanzu ƙungiyar tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Samuel Tabara Kato. Ya gaji Awemi Dio Maisamari a watan Disamba 2023 a matsayin shugaban SOKAPU na kasa. A watan Satumba na 2022, Majalisar Shugabannin Kudancin Kaduna (SKLC) wacce Ishaya Dary Akau ke jagoranta, ta sanya SOKAPU a matsayin memba. Sauran membobin majalisar da aka sanar sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Tuntuba ta Dattawan Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ci Gaban Al'umma ta Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Farfesoshi na Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Kiristoci na Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Sojoji da Jami'an Soja Masu Ritaya ta Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Kudancin Kaduna, da kuma Masu Hangen Nesa don kafa Majalisar. [1] Duk da haka, jerin sunayen SOKAPU a ƙarƙashin SKLC bai yi wa wasu membobin shugabannin SOKAPU daɗi ba, domin ƙungiyar ta faɗa cikin rikicin cikin gida wanda ya kai ga murabus ɗin Maisamari. [2] A shekarar 2021, yayin da yake magana da ''[[The Guardian (Najeriya)|jaridar Guardian Nigeria]]'', Shugaban SOKAPU, [[Jonathan Asake]] ya bayyana cewa Kudancin Kaduna ya bukaci a kafa Jihar Gurara tsawon sama da shekaru 30. Ya ƙara da cewa jihar da aka gabatar tana cikin jihohi 18 da aka gabatar a cikin rahoton taron ƙasa na Najeriya na 2014 da aka gudanar a lokacin shugabancin [[Goodluck Jonathan]] bayan an yi wa [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya]] kwaskwarima. == Mutane masu shahara == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Duba kuma ==   * [[Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992|1992 Zangon Kataf crises]] * [[Kisan kiyashi a Jihar Kaduna, 2019|2019 Kaduna State massacre]] * [[Bikin Afan|Afan National Festival]] * [[Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya na Kafancan|Kafanchan Peace Declaration]] * [[Gidan Sarautar Kajuru|Kajuru Castle]] * [[Jerin ƙauyuka a jihar Kaduna|List of villages in Kaduna State]] * [[Matsirga waterfalls]] * [[Al'adar Nok|Nok culture]] * [[Tashoshin Jiragen Ƙasa a Najeriya|Railway stations in Nigeria]] * [[Rikicin kudancin Kaduna|Southern Kaduna Crisis]] * [[Kisan Kiyashi a Kudancin Kaduna|Mass killings in Southern Kaduna]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Littattafan tarihi == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d610aauulj6ohke4hz4p26u7ooamg90 964688 964687 2026-10-08T10:13:48Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 964688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox settlement|name=Southern Kaduna|official_name=|native_name={{small|Gurara/Nok}}|other_name={{small|Southern Zaria}}|nicknames=Chongai, SK|type=Cultural region|total_type=<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->|motto=|anthem=<!-- images and maps ----------->|image=SK Fest Nok plastic head.jpg|image_size=|caption=Nok plastic head on a truck during the SK Fest 2023, Township Stadium, Kafanchan|image_flag=|flag_size=|image_seal=|seal_size=|image_shield=|shield_size=290px|image_map=Nigeria map locator - Southern Kaduna.png|map_size=|map_caption=Location of Southern Kaduna in Nigeria|image_map1=|map_size1=|map_caption1=|coordinates={{coord|09|34|53|N|8|17|00|E|region:NG|display=inline,title}} <!-- Location ------------------>|subdivision_type=Part of|subdivision_name=[[Kaduna State]] {{NGR}} <!-- established --------------->|established_title=- Settlement of [[Nok culture]]|founder=Proto [[Nok culture|Nok]] people|established_date=c. 1500 BC|established_title1=- [[#Nok_Culture|Nok culture area]]|established_date1=c. 1500 BC - c. AD 500|established_title2=- [[#Kwararafa_Confederacy|Kwararafa confederacy]]<br> and [[Nupe Kingdom]]|established_date2=c. 1000 - c. 1820<br> <br>and c. 1531 - 1897|established_title3=- [[#Northern Nigeria Protectorate (1900-1914)|Northern Nigeria Protectorate]]|established_date3=1900 - 1914|established_title4=- [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]] [[British Nigeria]]<br> (later ''unofficial'' [[Middle Belt]], [[Nigeria]])|established_date4=1914 - 1960<br> <br><br>(1950s)|established_title5=- Nerzit region|established_date5=c. 1950|established_title6=- Southern Kaduna|established_date6=c. 1990|established_title7=- Gurara/Nok State|established_date7=proposed <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government -->|seat_type=Capital|seat=• '''[[Kafanchan]]''' (Economic capital) <br />|seat1=|parts_type=Composed of|parts_style=coll|parts=|p1=[[Chikun]]|p2=[[Jaba, Nigeria|Jaba]]|p3=[[Jema'a]]|p4=[[Kachia]]|p5=|p6=[[Kaduna South]]|p7=[[Kagarko]]|p8=[[Kajuru]]|p9=[[Kaura, Nigeria|Kaura]]|p10=[[Kauru]]|p11=[[Lere, Nigeria|Lere]]|p12=[[Sanga, Nigeria|Sanga]]|p13=[[Zangon Kataf]]|p15=<!-- Politics ----------------->|government_footnotes=|government_type='''•''' [[Tribal chiefs|Chief]]<br /> {{Flatlist| * Agwam * Agwom (Agom) * B'gwam * Ere * Esu (Sa) * Etum * Kpop * Ngbiar * Odyong * Pukgom * Res * Tum * Uchu}} '''•''' Clan heads<br /> '''•''' Village heads <!-- Area --------------------->|area_magnitude=|unit_pref=metric|area_footnotes=|area_total_km2=|area_land_km2=26,000|area_water_km2=|area_total_sq_mi=|area_land_sq_mi=<!-- Elevation -------------------------->|elevation_footnotes=<!--for references: use<ref>tags--> (Afan Agworog)|elevation_max_ft=|elevation_max_m=|elevation_min_ft=|elevation_min_m=<!-- Population ----------------------->|population_as_of=2016 estimate|population_footnotes=|population_note=|population_total=4,564,100|population_density_km2=<!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto -->|population_density_sq_mi=<!-- Demographics ---------------------->|demographics_type1=Demographics|demographics1_footnotes=|demographics1_title1=Major indigenous languages|demographics1_info1={{Flatlist| * [[Adara language|Adara]]-[[Kulu language|Kulu]] * [[Atsam language|Atsam]]-[[Piti language|Bishi]]-[[Map language|Timap]] * [[Gbagyi language|Gbagyi-Gbari]] * [[Hyam language|Hyam]]-[[Gyong language|Gyong]] * [[Ninzam language|Ninzam]]-[[Ninkyob-Nindem language|Nikyob-Nindem]] * [[Koro Wachi language|Tinɔr]] * [[Gbiri-Niragu language|Tugbiri-Niragu]]-[[Kurama language|T'kurmi]]-[[Vori language|Tivori]] * [[Tyap language|Tyap]]-[[Jju language|Jju]] }}|demographics1_title2=Major non-indigenous languages|demographics1_info2={{Flatlist| * [[English language|English]] * [[Fula language|Fulfulde]] * [[Hausa language|Hausa]] * [[Igbo language|Igbo]] * [[Nigerian Pidgin English|Nigerian Pidgin]] * [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]] }}|demographics1_title9=|demographics1_info9=<!-- General information --------------->|time_zone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|utc_offset=|coor_type=<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->|website=|footnotes=}} '''Kudancin Kaduna''' ( Tyap {{IPA|kcg|ǝtag kǝduna||Kcg-A̱tak Ka̱duna.oga}} ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju]] : ''Ka̱tak Ka̱duna'' {{IPA|kaj|kǝtag kǝduna||Ka̱tak Ka̱duna (yei).ogg}} ; Hausa {{IPA|ha|kudǝnt͡ʃin kəduna||Ha-Kudancin Kaduna.oga}} ; a da can Kudancin Zariya) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kafewo |first=S. |date=2009 |title=Giving Voice: Instigating Debate on Issues of Citizenship, Participation, and Accountability |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27752105 |journal=Development in Practice |volume=19 |issue=4/5 |pages=678–687 |doi=10.1080/09614520902866454 |jstor=27752105 |s2cid=37550776 |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 1, 2021}}</ref> yanki ne na yankin [[Al'adar Nok|Al'adun Nok]] wanda ke zaune a cikin kabilu daban-daban masu alaƙa waɗanda ba su san [[Hausawa|Hausa]] ba, suna zaune a kudancin [[Tarihin Zariya|Zariya]], [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] . Tana cikin yankin [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] na [[Najeriya]] . A cewar [[Kungiyar Jama'ar Kaduna ta Kudu|ƙungiyar jama'ar kudancin Kaduna]] (SOKAPU), kudancin Kaduna ya ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi 12 (ko 13 ) cikin 23 a jihar Kaduna. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2020, sakataren yada labaran kasa [[Kungiyar Jama'ar Kaduna ta Kudu|na SOKAPU]], Luka Binniyat, a cikin wata sanarwa da ya sanya wa hannu, ya ce yankin ya kai kashi 51.2% na dukkan al'ummar jihar kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin alkaluman kidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2006, inda ya mamaye fadin murabba'in kilomita 26,000. km. daga cikin murabba'in kilomita 46,000 na jihar. Jimillar ƙasar, tare da ƙabilu 57 da aka yi wa rijista daga cikin ƙabilu 67 da aka gano a jihar. ''Angerbrandt (2015)'' yana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ba asalin ƙasa ba ne, amma kuma a matsayin ra'ayi na asalin ƙabila. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angerbrandt |first=Henrik |date=August 7, 2015 |title=Religion, ethnicity and citizenship: demands for territorial self-determination in southern Kaduna |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02589001.2015.1066081?scroll=top&needAccess=true |journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/02589001.2015.1066081 |s2cid=154843125 |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Africa_Nok_Male_Figure_Kimbell.jpg|thumb| Siffar namiji ta Nok; wacce aka yi a shekarar 195 BC–A. D. 205; terracotta; {{Cvt|49.5|×|22.2|×|16.8|cm|in}} ; a Gidan Tarihi na Kimbell Art ( [[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]], [[Texas]], Amurka)]] <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Verbreitung_Nok-Kultur-en.png|thumb| Yankin al'adun Nok]] ==== Al'adun Nok ==== [[Al'adar Nok|Al'adun Nok]] sun bunƙasa a yankin da yanzu ake kira Kudancin Kaduna tun daga shekarar 1500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) kuma sun daɗe har zuwa kusan shekara ta 500 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS) Wannan wayewar zamanin ƙarfe ce da aka sani da ita ce ta farko da ta samar da sassaka na terracotta a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] ko kuma dukkan [[Yankin Saharar Afirka|Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Sculptures and Masks |url=https://digitalcommons.pvamu.edu/exhibit/african-sculptures-and-masks/nok-culture-of-arts-from-ham-village-of-nok-in-kaduna-state-of-nigeria-head/ |access-date=April 9, 2025 |website=Prairie View A&M University}}</ref> An san wannan wayewar ne a lokacin da a bazara na shekarar 1944, Bernard Fagg, wani masanin ilmin halittar dan Adam na gwamnatin Birtaniya, ya rubuta wani mutum-mutumin Nok a yankin Jama'a na yankin Kudancin Zariya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fagg |first=Angela |year=1994 |title=Thoughts on Nok |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3337204 |journal=African Arts |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=79–103 |doi=10.2307/3337204 |jstor=3337204 |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref> kuma ya jagoranci tono a [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|tsakiyar yankin]] Najeriya don gano ƙarin abubuwa da kuma gina gidajen tarihi don ɗaukar su a faɗin Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Povey |first=J. |last2=Willett |first2=F. |last3=Picton |first3=J. |last4=Eyo |first4=E |year=1988 |title=Bernard Fagg: 1915-1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3336521 |journal=African Arts |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=10–12 |jstor=3336521 |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref> Breunig da Rupp (2016) sun gabatar da wani hasashe da ke nuna cewa yankin al'adun Nok ya kasance karkashin mulkin mallaka daga mutanen da ba a san asalinsu ba da suka yi ƙaura a wannan lokacin. Sun ƙara da cewa tunda amfanin gona da suke amfani da su, musamman gero, asali daga [[Sahel|yankin Sahel]] ne, yana yiwuwa sun yi ƙaura daga arewa. Sun ce mazaunan farko sun fi son zama a tsaunuka saboda dabino mai kama da radiocarbon ya tsufa a kusa da irin waɗannan yankuna, kuma a farkon, su manoma ne na [[Maiwa|gero]] ( [[species:Pennisetum glaucum|''Pennisetum glaucum'']] ). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breunig |first=P. |last2=Rupp |first2=N. |year=2016 |title=An Outline of Recent Studies on the Nigerian Nok Culture |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44295241 |journal=Journal of African Archaeology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=237–255 |jstor=44295241 |access-date=April 11, 2025}}</ref> === Tsakiyar Zamani === ==== Post-Nok ==== A kusan shekara ta 300 AD, yawan mutanen Nok ya fara raguwa ba tare da wani dalili ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinbode |first=Ayomide |date=September 24, 2024 |title=Did the Nok Culture Really Vanish? |url=https://www.thehistoryville.com/nok-culture/#:~:text=The%20Nok%20population%2C%20which%20influenced,been%20suggested%20as%20possible%20factors. |access-date=April 10, 2025 |website=The Historyville}}</ref> An nuna cewa an yi samfuran da aka haƙa daga baya daga Chado, a kusa da [[Godogodo]], wanda JF Jemkur ya gabatar a kusa da ƙarni na 6 AD. Saboda haka, waɗanda suka kafa wayewar Nok sun wanzu har zuwa wannan lokacin. Ana tsammanin ƙungiyoyin da ke magana da [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|Nijar-Congo]] kamar [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]], [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Cilala|C'Lela]], da sauransu za su iya zama zuriyar tsoffin mutanen Nok. <ref name="Lamp">{{Cite journal |last=Lamp |first=Frederick John |date=2011 |title=Ancient Terracotta Figures from Northern Nigeria |url=https://docslib.org/doc/5614066/ancient-terracotta-figures-from-northern-nigeria |journal=Yale University Art Gallery Bulletin |page=55 |issn=0084-3539 |jstor=41421509 |oclc=9972665249}}</ref> Ana kuma tsammanin [[Daular Ife]] [[Yarbawa|ta Yarbawa]] da masarautar [[Mutanen Edo|Edo]] [[Masarautar Benin|ta Benin]] za su iya gadar fasaharsu ta yin siffofi na tagulla daga al'adar Nok saboda kamanceceniya a salon da ke tsakanin terracotta na Nok duk da cewa waɗannan wayewar ta ƙarshe sun kai kimanin shekaru 1,000 baya ga Nok. Masana tarihi na fasaha sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa al'adar sassaka ta zamanin da ta [[Igala]], [[Nufawa|Nupe]], Yoruba da [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] ta samo asali ne daga al'adar fasahar roba ta Nok. An kuma lura cewa [[Mutanen Mandé|Mande]], [[Mutanen Akan|Akan]], [[Hausawa|Hausa]], Yoruba da Igbo waɗanda suka wanzu tsakanin latitudes na digiri 11 da digiri 16 na Arewa su ne al'ummomin da suka fi ci gaba a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] a farkon zamanin ƙarfe (kimanin 500 BC zuwa AD 1000). ==== Ƙungiyar Kwararafa ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Benuerivermap.png|thumb| Taswirar da ke nuna kogunan Gongola, Hawal, da sauran kogunan ruwa na Benue]] [[File:Kwararafa.jpeg|thumb| Kwararafa a cikin Basin Benue]] A cewar JB Webster (1976, 1993), an ce ƙungiyar Kwararafa ta fuskanci matakai huɗu a tarihinta. Matakin farko ya fara ne a Santolo, a gefen kudu na [[Kogin Hadejia]] a kusan shekara ta 1000. Wani labari daga [[Tarihin Katsina|Katsina]] ya tuna da yakin da Kwararafa ta yi da Korau, sarkinta, a shekarar 1260. Daga baya aka mayar da babban birnin Kwararafa arewa da mahaɗar kogunan [[Gongola (kogi)|Gongola]] -Hawal daidai da Tagara, kusan shekara ta 1380. An ce an tilasta wa Kwararafa biyan bayi 200 ga Kano a ƙarƙashin Sarki Yaji (r. 1349 - 1385) da Kanaji (r. 1390 - 1410). Haka kuma, an ce [[Sarauniya Amina]] ta [[Zazzau]] ta mamaye dukkan garuruwan [kudancin Kano] har zuwa [[Masarautar Bida|Nupe]] da [[Kwararafa|Kworarafa]] kuma sarakunan biyu sun yi mata gaisuwa, inda Nupe ke ba wa babani 40 da kola 10,000 kowace shekara tsawon shekaru 34. Jaridar ''[[Tarihin Kano|Kano Chronicle]]'', wadda mai fassara ta Turanci, HR Palmer, ta shaida, ta ce ta yi daidai idan aka kwatanta da ''Tarihin Bornu'' wanda Dr. Barth ya fassara, ta gabatar da ita a matsayin masarauta wadda ta yi mulki a daidai lokacin [[Dauda (sultan)|Dauda Bakon Damisa]] (1421 - 1438) ta yi mulki a [[Kingdom of Kano|Kano]] a matsayin {{Lang|ha|Sarki}} . Kayar da Kwararafa ta yi a hannun [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Daular Bornu]] (kimanin 1462 - 1495) zai sa ta daina aiki tsawon shekaru da yawa, tare da mayar da babban birninta zuwa Byepi (Apa), kudu da [[Benue (kogi)|Kogin Benue]] . Yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsanani za su sanya Kwararafa ta zama mafaka ga waɗanda ke tserewa daga [[Musulunci|addinin Musulunci]] a arewa. Da hawan Sarki Kinjo a shekarar 1610, yawan jama'a da yalwar yankin Kwararafa ya ƙaru. Arzikinta a harkokin kasuwancin [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|yankin Sahara]] da na yankin Atlantika zai taimaka mata ta ƙara himma. Tana cinikin gishiri — wanda ake samu a [[Benue (kogi)|kwarin Benue]], [[Cinikin bayi na Sahara|bayi]], da sauran kayayyaki marasa tsada don musanya dawaki da kayayyakin Turai. Don waɗannan kasuwancin da ke faɗin Tekun [[Tekun Atalanta|Atlantika]], [[Kalaba|Calabar]] ta zama sananne a matsayin Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Kwararafa inda ake jigilar kayanta, har da [[Kasuwancin bayi na Atlantika|bayi]] . Tsakanin 1610 da 1790, ta ci gaba da zama mai cin gashin kanta kuma ta yi yaƙe-yaƙe da jihohin birnin Hausa da kuma jihar Kanuri a arewa. Zazzau ya fada hannun Kwararafa cikin wannan lokaci. Tsakanin 1582 da 1703, Kano ta fuskanci hare-hare akai-akai daga Kwararafa. [[File:Genealogy_of_the_Aku_Uka_01.jpg|thumb| Asalin Aku Ukas na Wukari (wanda kuma shi ne Uka/Ukari)]] Kwararafa ta fi ƙarfi a kusan shekarar 1680. Ta kai hare-hare a faɗin [[Hausa Bakwai|ƙasar Hausa]] kuma lokacin da sojojinta suka isa Daular Borno, an kashe sarkin kuma aka lalata babban birnin [[Ngazargamu]] . Daular Jukun ta hau mulki a wannan lokacin kuma ta zama babbar kabila a Kwararafa. Rikicin cikin gida, hare-hare daga ƙungiyoyin mamaya (kamar [[Mutanen Chamba|Samba]] da [[Tiv]] ), da kuma wataƙila fari, sun raunana ƙarfin Kwararafa. An ce sarkinta na ƙarshe, Adi Matswen (r. 1780 - 1810), ya gudu daga babban birnin [[Wukari|Uka]], don ƙirƙirar sabuwar babban birni a [[Wase]] . A shekarar 1820, aka kafa sabuwar daular Jukun a Wukari. Wannan ya zama jiha mafi addini kuma ba ta da kama da yaƙi. ''Abah da Okoye-Ugwu'' (2002) sun yi nuni da cewa kabilu da dama suna zaune a Kwararafa, kuma saboda yawan mutanen da ke yankin arewa, an kafa sabuwar babban birni a Apa (Byepi) inda aka yi rikicin iko tsakanin [[Jukunawa|Jukun]], [[Mutanen Idoma|Idoma]] da Abakwariga (ba musulmi ba Hausawa). Daga nan aka mayar da babban birnin zuwa Kororofa, sannan zuwa Puje, sannan zuwa Wukari (Uka). Sun ƙara jayayya daga mahangar "Idoma-Alekwu na baka", cewa kalmar Apa ba wai kawai tana nufin Jukun ba ne har ma da ƙungiyoyin da suka samo asali daga Apa kamar Idoma, Alago, [[Ebira|Igbira]], da Igala. Sun ci gaba da ambaton yiwuwar Jukun ya zama ɗan gudun hijira daga yankin [[Ogoja]] da [[Kalaba|Calabar]] zuwa ga kawancen. Sun maye gurbin Abakwariga da ke kan mulki don samun rinjaye daga baya. An kuma ambaci cewa Idu, wanda ake kyautata zaton uba ne [[Mutanen Idoma|na Idoma]], an ce shi ne sarkin Apa a lokacin shigar Jukun, wanda hakan ya tilasta wa Idoma ƙaura daga baya zuwa kudu maso yamma. Duk da haka, Jukun suna da wani labari game da ƙaurarsu. Duk da haka, a cewar CK Meek, an ce Jukun sun yi ƙaura daga gabas, wataƙila [[Yemen]], tare da mutanen [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Kanuri]] da [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] . A shekara ta 1250 AD, Jukun Kwona sun zauna a yankin [[Gongola (kogi)|kogin Gongola]] a cewar HR Palmer. [[File:The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_16th_century.png|thumb| Kwararafa kimanin ƙarni na 16]] An ce ƙarni na 16 ya kasance yana da alaƙa da ƙaura da yawa daga kakannin kabilun da ke mamaye yankin tsakiyar Najeriya a yau. Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi suma sun ƙaura daga ciki. An ce waɗannan abubuwan sun taimaka wajen wargaza haɗin gwiwar ƙabilu daban-daban na Kwararafa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 17 da farkon ƙarni na 18. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=S. I.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Eborka |first=Kennedy |date=February 2021 |title=Migration and Urbanization in Nigeria from Pre-colonial to Post-colonial Eras: A Sociological Overview |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348995565 |access-date=April 11, 2025 |website=Researchgate.net |page=9}}</ref> [[File:French_language_map_of_Central_and_Eastern_Africa_1862.jpg|thumb| Taswirar Faransa ta Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka ta 1862 da ke nuna Kwararafa (Kororofa), Calabar, Nupe (Noupe), da sauransu]] Wani nau'in asalin kabilu da yawa a Kudancin Kaduna na yau yana nuna [[Jos Plateau|Jos-Bauchi Plateau]] . Wani labari game da ƙaurar [[mutanen Ham]] ya bayyana cewa Ham sun rabu da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa a kan tudun kuma suka fara tafiya zuwa yamma har sai da suka isa wani wuri da ake kira ''Shike'' Ham (ko ''dajin'' Ham) a kusa da Kogin Gurara. Kalmar {{Lang|jab|Ham}} an fassara shi a matsayin "ɓacewa" a cikin [[harshen Hyam]], wanda hakan ya yi daidai da ma'anar kalmar {{Lang|kcg|Tyap}} wanda ke nufin "yankewa" a cikin [[Yaren Tyap|harshen Tyap]] . Duk da haka, akwai kuma kabilu a tsakanin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da ke da'awar cewa sun fito daga ko'ina sai inda suke a yanzu. A tsakanin Atyap, yayin da kabilun Agbaat da Aminyam ke ikirarin cewa sun samo asali ne daga tafiye-tafiyen ƙaura, kabilun Aku da Ashokwa sun rasa tunanin inda suka fito. ==== Ciniki a cikin karafa, jihadin Fulani, da kuma hare-haren bayi ==== A kusa da [[Jos Plateau|Plateau Jos]] da ke gefen arewa maso yammacin Kwararafa, ''Achi'' (2005:378) ya ambaci cewa an kafa wurin zama na [[Zangon Kataf|Zangon Katab]] (ko Katab) a kusan shekara ta 1650 ga 'yan kasuwan [[Hausawa|Hausa]] da [[Ƙabilar Kanuri|Borno]] [[wiktionary:itinerant|masu yawo]] ta hanyar [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]], kuma ya zama muhimmin wuri a yankin. An ce an [[wiktionary:consolidated|haɗa]] wannan matsugunin a kusan shekara ta 1750. Matsugunin Musulmi na farko a Zangon Katab ana kiransa Angwan Tudu wanda aka gina a kusa da wani wuri da aka sani da Mabatado (ko Mabarado, wanda Hausawa suka yi wa ''Barawa Dawa'' wulaƙanci) wanda ya kasance wurin haɗuwa da dattawan Atyap kuma cibiyar bukukuwan Atyap, wanda Mele da 'yan ƙasarsa daga [[Daular Kanem-Bornu|Borno]] suka zauna a ciki waɗanda ke da sha'awar [[Kasuwancin Trans-Sahara|cinikin nesa ko kuma a kan karaga]] da koyarwar Musulunci. Atyap ne ya ba wa mazauna ƙasar ƙasar tare da wasu sharuɗɗa da aka haɗa. Ba da daɗewa ba Hausawa mazauna Kauru suka zo suka zauna a Dorgozo. Su ma 'yan kasuwa ne. Mazauna yankin suna da shugaban kasuwa wanda ke karɓar haraji daga 'yan kasuwa don rama wa masu gidaje na Atyap. Daga baya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, an ƙirƙiri wani rukunin Fulani a kasuwar Zangon Katab saboda hare-haren da aka kai a [[Ningi (Nijeriya)|Ningi]] a yankin Atyap. ''Baba'' ya yi jayayya cewa kawancen da ke tsakanin [[Fulani|Fulanin]] Zangon Katab, ƙungiyoyin Musulmi na Kauru, da Zazzau (ko Zariya) da Atyap ya haifar ne kawai da ƙiyayyar Atyap ga mazauna yankin, kuma bai kamata a yi tunanin cewa ita ce ke iko da Atyap ta hannun Turawan ba, kamar yadda Turawan Birtaniya suka bayyana. Bayan hare-haren da aka kai wa waɗanda suka yi wa ra'ayin jihadi a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], Zariya, da [[Bauchi (birni)|Yakubua]] (yanzu Bauchi), wasu Hausawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa Zangon Katab. Masu ɗaukar tutar jihadi suma sun yi wa alama don yaƙi da samun wadata. Sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe na faɗaɗawa a kan matsugunan da ke kewaye. A shekarar 1820, Amala, [[Yaren Ruma|Arumaruma]] da sauran mutanen da ke kewaye da [[Kauru]], [[Lere]] da [[Kajuru]] a yammacin ƙafar Jos Plateau suka zama bayin [[Zazzau|Zariya]] . Daga matsugunansu ne masarautar Zazzau ta kai hare-hare kan Atyap (Katab) da maƙwabtansu. A shekarun 1830, 'yan kasuwar Hausawa a Zangon Katab sun fara haɗin gwiwa da Zazzau kuma sun buƙaci Atyap ya kula da hanyoyin kasuwanci gaba ɗaya. Ba da daɗewa ba Zazzau ta sanya wa Atyap matsayin Dhimmi a cikin shekarun 1840 inda Atyap zai biya wa Zazzau jizya haraji, ciki har da bayi 15, tabarmar raffia 20, gwangwani na zuma da kuma tarin 'ya'yan itacen raffia a kowace kabila, don guje wa hari daga gwamnatin jihadi. Atyap sun ƙi yin hakan tunda sun ga kansu a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. Sun fara kai hari kan {{Lang|ha|jekada}} waɗanda suka kasance manzanni daga Zazzau don tattara waɗannan abubuwan. Yayin da wasu za a iya kashe su, wasu kuma, ciki har da 'yan kasuwa da makiyayan Hausa, an kama su aka sayar da su ga dillalan [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] a Jos Plateau, waɗanda suka sayar da su a matsayin bayi. Mamman Sani (r. 1846—1860) na Zazzau bayan ya hau mulki ya fara yaƙi da waɗanda suka ƙi ikon masarautar. An fara kai wa [[Harshen Gbiri-Niragu|Aniragu]], [[Yaren Tumi|Atumi]], Kono, [[Harshen Kinuku|Anu]], [[Yaren Vono|Avono]], [[Harshen Gbiri-Niragu|Agbiri]], Avori, da [[Shuwa-Zamani|Rishuwa-Kuzamani]] hari a yankin Kauru saboda kin amincewa da yin hadin gwiwa da Kauru, wani bawa na Zazzau. A Dibyyi a shekarar 1847, Sani ya kai hari kan Bajju don share hanyoyin cinikin ayarin. Daga nan sai Bajju suka fara kare kansu ta hanyar yin garkuwa da Hausawa da Fulani a yankinsu, kuma suka tilasta wa Jama'a da Zazzau su yi musu hidima na tsawon wasu shekaru. [[File:Fula_jihad_states_map_general_c1830.png|thumb| Yankunan da [[Jihadin Danfodio|Fulani masu jihadi]] suka mamaye a kusan shekarar 1830]] Matafiya 'yan Turai a ƙarni na 19 kamar [[Heinrich Barth]] a cikin ƙarin bayani na "Tafiya da Ganowa a Arewacin da Tsakiyar Afirka", ya ba da labarin abokin tafiyarsa, Eduard Vogel, wanda ya ziyarci Yakoba (yanzu Bauchi) daga Kano da Katab a 1855. Ya isa Kano a farkon shekarar 1851. A cewar Barth, hanyar Katab ta ratsa ta gefen yamma na Jos Plateau inda yawancin mutanen yankin ke zaune. Ya lura cewa mutanen ƙauyen Mbutu ba sa girmama Fulanin Zariya (ko Zazzau) ko Yakubua, kuma suna ci gaba da katse sadarwa [a cikin hanyar ciniki ta hanya]. Daga Yakubua, ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Masarautar Adamawa|Adamawa]] da Zariya - ya ratsa ta yankunan gabashin tuddai na Filato, kuma ya yanke shawara gabaɗaya game da yankin kudancin Bauchi kamar haka: {{Blockquote|Also I have come to know the cannibal races with whom the Muhammedan inhabitants have very little to do. The name Njem-njem is a collective term similar in meaning to "maneater" . . . universally applied to all the heathens between Jakoba (''Yakoba'') and the Benue, for whom "flesh" is important.}} Game da ayyukan da masarautun ke yi na kai wa mutanen Filato hari, ya lura: {{Blockquote|The country between Bautshi (''Bauchi'') and Salia (''Zaria'') is entirely inhabited by heathens, mostly without any dress, ornamenting themselves with a bit of rice straw in the upper lip. The Sultan had the following system of catching slaves. He occupied with an imposing force the fields in the valley, driving all his horses in the then green harvest until the poor devils on the mountains surrendered for fear of starvation and sent down the number of boys requested by him, so he got in three weeks 200 fine slaves, which were marched off immediately to Sokoto for sale.}} A wata hira da wata tsohuwa a wani ƙauyen Ham, Gadzama (2014) ya ba da labarin cewa huda leɓunan 'ya'ya mata a wancan lokacin da iyalai ke yi shi ne don tunawa da 'yan uwa da maharan suka kama daga arewa da kudu, sannan kuma su ba wa maharan ra'ayin cewa abin da suka yi niyyar yi na wani ne. Waɗanda suka huda leɓunansu na sama suna da ƙarancin darajar kasuwa a kasuwar bayi, kuma manyan bayi waɗanda suka ɗauke su a matsayin waɗanda aka riga aka yi amfani da su ba za su saya su ba. Saboda haka, iyaye sun yi amfani da wannan a matsayin wata fa'ida don kare 'ya'yansu mata daga kamawa. Shekaru bayan dakatar da ayyukan satar bayi na Fulani daga daular Burtaniya, huda lebe na sama zai ci gaba da zama al'ada ta zamani na ɗan lokaci. [1] A shekarar 1862, Karl Moritz von Beurmann ya ziyarci wannan yanki kuma bai iya ci gaba zuwa [[Muri|Hammarua]] da [[Yola]] (Adamawa) ba saboda abin da aka sani da 'yan tawaye a kudancin masarautar'. [[File:Kaduna.png|thumb| Tsarin Kogin Kaduna]] A cikin littafinsa mai suna "Notes of a Travel from [[Bida]] in Nupe, to Kano in Hausa, An Yi a 1862" (1867:96), Dr. WB Baikie ya bayyana yankin a matsayin "ƙasa da yaƙi ya lalata". Ya lura cewa a ranar 15 ga Yuni 1862, a cikin rudani, sarki ( {{Lang|ha|Sarkin Zazzau}} fara ) da dawaki kusan 3,000, maza, mata, da dabbobin da ke da kaya a kan ƙasa mai danshi, ya ƙaura da sansaninsa zuwa [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kaduna]] kuma daga ƙarshe, ya yi zango tsakanin 14 zuwa 16 yamma kusa da kogin. Sannan ya bayyana garin Zangon Katab (a arewa maso gabas) wanda ya ratsa a ranar 18 ga Yuni 1862, a matsayin {{Blockquote|"a rocky defile with granite blocks of granite<!-- [sic]?? --> placed one on another, like a [[Cyclopean]] wall, surrounded by huge [[boulders]]".}} Ya sanya wa garin suna "Kuttub" a taswirarsa (1867:babu lamba, zane na 2). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baikie |first=W. |last2=Kirk |first2=J. |date=1867 |title=Notes of a Journey from Bida in Nupe, to Kano in Haussa, Performed in 1862 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1798520 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=37 |pages=92–108 |doi=10.2307/1798520 |jstor=1798520 |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref> [[File:BasNiger1889_Boussa.jpg|thumb| Taswirar Jamus ta 1889 tare da Zangon Katab mai suna ''Sango Katab'']] A shekarar 1866, Gerhard Rohlfs ya lura da wani abu makamancin haka yayin da yake wucewa ta Bauchi, yana mai iƙirarin cewa an dakatar da ciniki tsakanin Adamawa da Nupe gaba ɗaya. Daga nan ya ci gaba ta hanyar yammacin Katab. Rohlfs ya yi gargaɗi a cikin rubuce-rubucensa yana cewa, {{Blockquote|...don't venture too far from the city…oh wanderer, or you may find an arrow in your breast. For the armed heathens do not distinguish the Christian from the Muslim, they know only the latter, who steal their children and women and carry them into slavery. And when they so revenge themselves, who can blame them? Without support, without military leadership, without guns, they are too weak to fight an open war.}} Sakamakon ci gaba da kai hare-hare daga yammacin Zazzau daga Mai-Sudan na Kontagora, Umaru Nagwamatse (r. 1859-1876) wanda ya kai farmaki a kudancin Zazzau, musamman yankunan Kagarko, Kachia, Kajuru da Chikun a lokacin da yake kokarin isa garin Zazzau, Sarkin Zazzau, Abdullahi a shekarar 1871 ya zaɓi wani Musulmi ɗan Bekulu mai suna Tatumare, ya kuma sanya masa suna Kuyambana kuma aikinsa shi ne ya karɓi kyaututtuka daga mutanensa na Bekulu da kuma mutanen Anghan da ƙarfi. An zaɓi mutum na biyu, Yawa, a cikin shekarun 1880 ta hannun sarki, Sambo na Zazzau (r. 1881—1889), kuma aka yi masa lakabi da, Sarkin Yamma (shugaban Yamma) don yin sintiri a kan Ibrahim Nagwamatse na Kontagora daga gefen yamma na Zazzau. Daga Chikun, Fatika, Kachia, Kagarko da Kajuru, Yawa sun kai hari Gbagyi, Koro, Adara, Atyap, Bekulu da Anghan. Tatumare da Yawa sun zama wakilan Zazzau na farko a yankin Zangon Katab. A Kudaru da Kachia, Zazzau ya ajiye mayaka domin mayar da martani ga mamayar Ningi da Abuja (yanzu Suleja). [1] Matafiya daga Turai sun lura cewa komawa zuwa tsaunuka a matsayin 'yan gudun hijira, ƙiyayyar da suke yi wa masarautun Musulmi, da kuma abin da ake kira tsoffin al'adun mutanen wannan yanki sakamakon manufofin kai hari ga bayi na masarautun da Fulani ke jagoranta. === Mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya === [[File:Emir_of_Kontagora_Ibrahim_Nagwamatse.jpg|thumb| Ibrahim Nagwamatse c. 1903-1929]] [[File:Masarautar_Zazzau_02.jpg|thumb| Kwassau da tawagarsa ta sarauta]] ==== Kariyar Arewacin Najeriya (1900–1914) ==== Bayan ayyana yankin Arewacin [[Najeriya]] da [[Birtaniya]] ta mamaye a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1900, an haɗa mutanen biranen Hausa da Nupe (wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin ikon mulkin Fulani), tsohuwar daular Borno, da tsohuwar Kwararafa cikin wannan sabuwar daular mulkin mallaka [1] tare da Birgediya-Janar Sir Frederick D. Lugard a matsayin Babban Kwamishina na farko. [2] Kanar Kemball ya jagoranci dakarun rundunar tsaron yammacin Afirka (WAFF) zuwa yankin da aka fi sani da yankin kudancin Zaria a farkon shekarar 1900. An kuma aika da ginshiƙai biyu na WAFF zuwa Zariya a watan Fabrairun 1900. Ibrahim Nagwamatse na Kontagora (r. 1880–1901 da 1903–1929) ya mamaye Zariya a shekarar 1901, da ƙarfin mayaƙa kimanin 20,000. Sun yi sansani a gefen Zariya a Maska. Nagwamatse ya kasance mai satar bayi kamar sauran sarakunan Fulani. Turawan Birtaniya sun mayar da martani ga hakan ta hanyar kafa sansanin soja a Zariya, bisa ga buƙatar Muhammadu Lawal Kwassau na Zazzau (r. 1897–1902). Wannan kuma ya dakatar da hare-haren bayi na Kwassau a kan al'ummomin da ke kudancin masarautarsa. [3] An kafa Lardin Zariya a watan Maris na shekarar 1902. An naɗa Kyaftin Abadie a matsayin mazaunin farko. [1] A tsakiyar wannan shekarar, Kwassau ya kasa hakuri da Turawan Birtaniya, ya kuma kai hari na ƙarshe a kan Atyap, [2] wani yaƙin neman zaɓe da ya fara a shekarar 1897. A cewar majiyoyin Birtaniya, sama da mutane 1,000 ne suka mutu a hare-haren Kwassau, amma masana Atyap suna ganin adadin ya fi haka. A kusan wannan lokacin, akwai ƙaura zuwa kudu na mutanen Atyap saboda yaƙe-yaƙen Kwassau da aka sani da Tyong Kwasa̱u (gudu daga Kwassau) a Tyap . [3] Atyap sun kuma rasa Marok Gandu na Magata, babban mayakinsu wanda Kwassau ya rataye a kan gungumen. An ce an binne wasu kamar Zinyip Katunku da Kuntai Mado na Mashan da rai a Yaƙin Santswan tare da Kogin Kaduna da aka ce ya cika da jini. [4] A watan Satumba na shekarar 1902, Kyaftin Abadie ya tuhumi Kwassau kuma ya kama shi, daga baya aka mayar da shi Zungeru, sabuwar hedikwatar Protectorate. A watan Maris na shekarar 1903, aka mayar da shi Lokoja . An san Kwassau da "Sarkin Zazzau", amma bayansa, sarkin Zazzau na gaba, Aliyu dan Sidi, wanda aka naɗa masa rawani a wannan watan, an san shi da "Sarkin Zazzau". [2] Har yanzu a watan Maris na shekarar 1903, Turawan Birtaniya sun yi tattaki daga Keffi don kai hari ga Jama'a Daroro, wani yanki mai makwabtaka da Zazzau, ba tare da adawa da sarakunan Fulani ba. A watan Oktoban 1904, an sanya Jama'a a ƙarƙashin Lardin Nassarawa, kuma an kafa tashar soja a Jama'a tare da rundunar WAFF da ke wurin don ba da tallafi ga masarautar. A karon farko, Jama'a za ta yi iko da kabilun da ba su da iko a kansu a baya. [1] Daga nan ne Turawan Birtaniya suka kai hare-hare a kan Agworok, Bajju, Nikyob, Ham, Ninzo, da sauran wurare da ke kusa. [2] Haka kuma, sarakunan Fulani na yankunan Hausawa na Kauru da Kajuru ba tare da wata ƙarfin soja ba sun miƙa wuya ga Turawan Ingila don samun tagomashinsu a matsayin Jama'a. Wasu daga cikin kabilu kamar Gwong, Ninzo, Agworok, Bajju, Takad, da sauran kabilun Kudancin Zaria sun ci gaba da zama 'yantacciyar kasa, inda Turawan Birtaniya suka sami nasarar kwace iko da ita gaba daya a shekarar 1915 bayan dogon rikici . Jami'in Birtaniya, JS Coleman, ya shaida yadda aka yi tsayin daka a yankunan Tsakiyar Yankin Arewacin Najeriya kan mamayar Turawa fiye da sauran yankunan masarautu. [2] A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Manjo Eustace Crawley, Turawan Birtaniya sun kwace Atyapland ba tare da wani faɗa ba a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1903. A baya dai Atyap ta rasa mutane da yawa sakamakon hare-haren bayi da kisan gilla da aka yi a yaƙe-yaƙen Kwassau kuma da alama ba su da ƙarfi don wani yaƙi. [3] A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1903, mukaddashin Kwamishinan Kare Arewacin Najeriya ya aika wa Joseph Chamberlain, Sakataren Mulkin Mallaka a [[Landan]], wasiƙa bayan wani gagarumin balaguro tsakanin 17 ga Maris zuwa 13 ga Afrilu, 1903 daga Turawan Birtaniya daga Zariya zuwa [[Kubau]], [[Lere]], Rukuba, [[Chawai|Tsam]], Atyap, da Bajju kamar haka: {{Blockquote|These operations were deemed necessary owing to the blocking of roads to the South and the raiding of caravans and murders of many traders by the Godas and Kaje (''Bajju'') tribes.}} Turawan Birtaniya sun yi nasarar isa Bajjuland daga Atyapland. Kimanin mazan Bajju 45 ne suka mutu a wannan fada, an kama 59 daga cikinsu, sannan aka yi awon gaba da kauyukansu aka kuma kona su. A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1904, aka fara Yaƙin Tilde, wanda ya kasance wani aiki na haɗin gwiwa na mazaunan Burtaniya na Lardunan Bauchi da Nasarawa a Jama'a a kan Agworok. An kafa kamfanin WAFF a Kachia a shekarar 1905. A shekarar 1907, an sanya Atyapland a ƙarƙashin gundumar Kauru (wanda daga baya aka sake masa suna Katuka). Daga baya aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Zangon Katab a shekarar 1912. Amma masu mulkin Hausawa daga Zariya ne suka yi mulkinsa. Tun daga Shugaban Gundumar (DH) har zuwa Manzannin Gundumar har da jami'an Hukumar 'Yan Asalin, duk Hausawa ne. Jami'an Hausa ne suka naɗa Shugabannin Ƙauyen Atyap. [1] A shekarar 1909, Turawan Birtaniya suka ƙaddamar da rundunar sojojin Ninzo Patrols daga hannun Jama'a. Mataimakin mazaunin Jama'a a wancan lokacin shine Kyaftin AJN Tremearne . ==== Hukumar 'Yan Asalin ==== [[File:Map_of_Northern_Nigeria_(1911).png|thumb| Kariyar Arewacin Najeriya a shekarar 1911]] Tsakanin 1907-1908, Turawan Birtaniya ne suka ƙirƙiro manufar Hukumar 'Yan Asalin (NA), kuma suka tilasta mata ta yi aiki a Kudancin Zariya kamar yadda za ta yi a masarauta, wadda yankin ba ya cikinta kafin mulkin mallaka . Sarkin mulkin sarauta na Zariya (Sarki) ya ba da rahoto ga mazaunin Birtaniya, kuma Hakiman Gundumar sun ba da rahoto ga Sarkin. Shugabannin gundumomi da kuma jami'an Hukumar 'Yan Asalin ƙasar gaba ɗaya Hausawa ne, Fulani, ko Musulmi kuma an naɗa su ne don su mallaki al'ummar da ba Musulmi ba da waɗanda ba Hausawa ba ba tare da tarihin ikon mallakar su ba. Shugabannin Ƙauye ne kawai da Shugabannin Gundumar suka naɗa 'yan asalin ƙasar. [1] ==== Haɗakar Yankin Arewaci da Kudancin Najeriya da kuma gaba (1914–1960) ==== ===== Siyasar ƙasa ===== Duk da kin amincewa da ra'ayin Sir FD Lugard na [[Mallakar Najeriya|haɗakar]] da mutane da yawa a [[Yankin Kudancin Najeriya|Kudancin ƙasar]] (ciki har da yankin Lagos wanda ya haɗu da Kudu a 1906 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ukelina, B.U. |year=1966 |title=The Evolution of British Colonialism and the 1906 Amalgamation of Nigeria |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/zahir/article/view/253367/239400 |format=PDF |journal=The Journal of Zaria Historical Research |page=27 |access-date=April 26, 2025}}</ref> ) da kuma a cikin [[Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya|Kariyar Arewacin Najeriya]], haɗin gwiwar ya ci gaba. A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1914, ƙasashen biyu suka zama [[Mallakar Najeriya|Najeriya da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya]] suka mamaye. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=E. O. |first=Ojo |year=2014 |title=Nigeria, 1914-2014: From Creation to Cremation? |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24768942 |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria |volume=23 |pages=67–75 |jstor=24768942 |access-date=April 15, 2025}}</ref> An gudanar da Kudancin Zariya ne daga Zariya wadda ba ta da iko a kan mafi yawan yankin kafin zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. A cikin kasidarsa, Arewacin Najeriya da aka buga a watan Janairun 1904, Sir FD Lugard ya yi magana game da manyan kabilun arna na Tsakiyar Najeriya waɗanda suke da jarumtaka a yaƙi, suna magana da harsuna daban-daban kuma Fulani ba su taɓa cin nasara a kansu ba, yana kawo misalai kamar Gwaris, Kejes, da Kedaras . [1] Wannan haka yake da Filaton Jos wanda lokacin da Turawan Birtaniya suka mamaye Bauchi a shekarar 1902 ya kasance ƙarƙashin gwamnatin kai tsaye ta Lardin Bauchi wadda ba ta da tarihi ko iko a kanta a baya, har zuwa shekarar 1926 lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri Lardin Plateau. [2] Amma ba kamar Jos Plateau ba, Kudancin Zaria bai taɓa samun Lardinsa ba. A shekarar 1920, Kudancin Zariya ( ''a hukumance'' Sashen Kudancin Zariya na Lardin Zariya ) ya ƙunshi gundumomi 12 daga cikin 27 da ke Lardin Zariya, <ref name="YA">{{Cite journal |last=Yahaya |first=Aliyu |year=2016 |title=Colonialism in the Stateless Societies of Africa: A Historical Overview of Administrative Policies and Enduring Consequences in Southern Zaria Districts, Nigeria |url=https://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/assr/vol8/iss1/3 |journal=African Social Science Review |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=55 |access-date=April 4, 2025}}</ref> wato: {| class="wikitable" !Gundumar ! Lakabin Shugaban Gundumar |- | Bikaratu | Dan Galadima |- | Bishini | Sarkin Zana |- | [[Chawai]] | Sarkin Chawai |- | Jere | Sarkin Jere |- | [[Kachia]] | Ma'aji |- | [[Kagarko]] | Sarkin Kagarko |- | [[Kajuru]] | Sarkin Kajuru |- | [[Zangon Kataf|Katab]] | Katuka |- | [[Kauru]] | Sarkin Kauru |- | Kudaru | Turaki Karami |- | [[Kujama]] | Woinya |- | [[Lere]] | Wali |} <ref name="YA" /> A shekarar 1925, mazaunin Zariya ya lura da buƙatar kafa kotunan 'Arna' ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda suka fi son su nisanci kotunan Alkali tare da alkalai Musulmi, waɗanda masu mulki suka yi amfani da su don danne talakawa, ko Hausawa ko 'yan asalin Kudancin Zariya. A cewar Mazaunin, {{Blockquote|I am not altogether satisfied with the working of the Native Courts generally. In the Pagan Areas, little or no use is made of Moslem Alkali courts except by the minority Moslem population.}} An lura a cikin Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Lardin Zariya na Resident Laing na 1927 cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar sun fi son su nisanci kansu fiye da kai rikicinsu ga Hakimin Gundumar ko {{Lang|ha|Alkali}} (Alkali) saboda ayyukan nuna wariya. Lokacin da aka kafa waɗannan kotunan arna, ba a sami daidaito ba game da wanda zai jagoranci kotun daga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar kamar yadda yake a shari'ar Atyap. Sun zaɓi Hakimin gundumar Hausa don ya jagoranci kotun. Kuma, ajin masu mulki na Kudancin Zariya za su yi amfani da kotunan arna don kwace musu hukunci, kamar yadda aka yi a kotun Alkali. Manoman sun sake rasa bege a kotunan Pagan a yankin Atyap. A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1934, Turawan Birtaniya sun bi buƙatar Gwamna Donald Cameron a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1934, suka ƙaura da gundumomi uku a Lardin Nassarawa, wato: Moroa, Jaba, da Kagoro zuwa Lardin Zariya. An kuma ƙaura wani ɓangare na Bajju (gami da Fantswam ) a Lardin Plateau tare da danginsu a Lardin Katab na Lardin Zariya, kamar Ham (Jaba) a Lardin Kachia waɗanda aka haɗa su da danginsu daga Lardin Nassarawa. [1] Waɗannan za su zama gundumomi kaɗai a Lardin Zariya da ke da Shugabannin Gundumomin 'Yan Asalin Ƙasar da waɗanda ba Musulmi ba. Irin waɗannan gundumomi masu zaman kansu sun fi zaman lafiya. [2] Haɗakar waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a ƙarƙashin Lardin Zariya ta haifar da asalin Kudancin Zariya. Haka kuma, rashin gamsuwa da samun wani ɓangare na wata ƙabila a cikin wata gunduma mai zaman kanta daga baya ya zama masarautu, kuma wani ɓangare a ƙarƙashin Hakimin Gundumar waje ya kawo rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Kudancin Zaria wanda zai haifar da zanga-zangar neman ƙarin 'yanci daga mulkin Hausawa da Fulani. [3] Yohanna Simon ya kira mulkin mallaka a Kudancin Zariya da "Dokar Anglo/Hausa/Fulani". [4] Duk da haka a shekarar 1934, [[Chawai]] ta rasa matsayinta na 'yantacce a matsayin gunduma, kuma aka haɗa ta da Zangon Katab. ===== Haraji da zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin mallaka ===== Turawan Birtaniya sun fara tilastawa mutane yin aiki da haraji jim kaɗan bayan da 'yan mulkin mallaka suka kwace iko. An kuma sa manoma su noma amfanin gona mai kyau maimakon amfanin gonakin da suka saba nomawa. A shekarar 1910, [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]] a gundumar Zangon Katab sun yi tawaye ga wakilin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya da kuma Shugaban Gundumar Hausa saboda karuwar bukatarsu ta tilasta musu yin aiki, inda Turawan Birtaniya suka mayar da martani ta hanyar amfani da karfi don murkushe 'yan adawa. Tun daga shekarar 1913, yankunan arna na Lardin Zariya sun biya kashi 10% na girbin hatsinsu ga hukumomin mulkin mallaka da ake kira {{Lang|ha|Zakka}}, wanda aka biya 'kowace sandar ƙarfe', ban da wasu wurare inda ƙasar ba ta da albarka sosai. An tuhumi Aliyu ɗan Sidi (r. 1903-1921), Sarkin Zariya, da laifin cin hanci da rashawa da kuma amfani da iko ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma Turawan Birtaniya sun kore shi daga mulki a farkon 1921. An ruwaito cewa ya karkatar da abincin da aka yi wa fursunoni don amfanin kansa, ta haka ne ya bar fursunonin su mutu sakamakon watsi da su. An kuma zarge shi da ajiye ɓarawo a kotunsa kuma ya yi amfani da barazana da barazana don hana talakawansa yin korafi ga hukumomin mulkin mallaka. [1] [2] Wani bore kuma ya faru a Zangon Katab a shekarar 1922. Suna fuskantar wahala, Atyap da Bajju sun ƙi biyan harajinsu. Shugabannin Gundumomin Zangon Katab da Kachia ne suka kai musu rahoto ga Sarkin Zariya, wanda ya jaddada cewa ba za su iya tabbatar da tsari a tsakanin manoma ba, sannan ya nemi rakiyar sojojin mulkin mallaka da kuma jami'in siyasa zuwa Zangon Katab. Turawan Birtaniya sun yi hakan, kuma a ƙarshe, yayin da suka sami damar dakatar da zanga-zangar, ba su sami damar kama shugabannin masu zanga-zangar da suka tsere daga Gundumar ba, inda ɗaya daga cikinsu ya raunata abokin Hakimin Gundumar [na Zangon Katab]. [1] == Yanayin ƙasa == === Sassan gudanarwa === [[File:Map_of_Southern_Kaduna_by_Local_Government_Area-English.png|thumb| Taswirar Kudancin Kaduna ta hanyar Karamar Hukumar]] Teburin da ke ƙasa ya ƙunshi [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ƙananan hukumomi]] 12 na Kudancin Kaduna: {| class="wikitable" !Ƙaramar Hukuma ! Hedkwata |- | [[Chikun]] | [[Kujama]] |- | [[Jaba]] | [[Kwoi]] |- | [[Jema'a]] | [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]] |- | [[Kachia]] | Garin Kachia |- | [[Kaduna ta Kudu|Kudancin Kaduna]] | [[Makera, Kaduna ta Kudu|Makera]] |- | [[Kagarko]] | Garin Kagarko |- | [[Kajuru]] | Garin Kajuru |- | [[Kaura]] | Garin Kaura |- | [[Kauru]] | Garin Kauru |- | [[Lere]] | [[Saminaka]] |- | [[Sanga]] | Gbantu |- | [[Zangon Kataf]] | [[Zonkwa]] |} == Alƙaluma == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  === Tsarin ƙabilanci === Kudancin Kaduna ya ƙunshi [[Ƙabilar|ƙabilu]] masu alaƙa da juna da kuma ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da dama waɗanda suka haɗa kansu bisa [[al'ada]] da [[Tarihin ɗan-Adam|tarihi]] iri ɗaya. James (2000) ya rarraba waɗannan mutane bisa ga alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙabilu da harsuna a ƙarƙashin taken " [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Tsakiya Bel]] (Haɗin [[Al'adar Nok|Yankin Al'adun Nok]] )", sannan ya rarraba ƙananan ƙungiyoyin zuwa ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa: ==== Ƙungiyar harsunan ƙabilanci ta Proto-Plateau ==== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N !Groups !Sub-groups |- |'''I.''' |'''''Northern or Adara Group''''' | * [[Adarawa|Adara]] (Kadara) * [[Adarawa|Ada]] (Kuturmi) * Ajure Adara (Kadara of Idon) * Anumafa Adara (Kadara Kateri) * Semi Ajure (Ankuwa, Gora) * [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] (Ikulu) |- |'''II.''' |'''''Western or Koro Group''''' | * [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Myamya]] * [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Achel, Ashe or Wachi]] * [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Ala or Agweshi]] * Koro Ham or Adong/Gbaham |- |'''III.''' |'''''Ham or Northwestern Group''''' | * [[Mutanen Ham|Ham Kpop]] (Jaba Kwoi) * Ham Ngat Ham (Jaban Katari) * Ham Shambang (Samban) * [[Harshen Idun|Ham Duhyah]] (Jaban Lungu) * [[Gwong people|Ham Gwong]] (Kagoma) * Ham Kworri (Chori) * Ham Det (Faik/Kenyi) * Ham Netkun/Netwho - Gbaham * Ham Nyakpah (Yeskwa) * [[Mutanen Kamantan|Ham Kong/Rhuini]] (Kamantan) |- |'''IV.''' |'''''Nerzit or Kataf (Atyap) Group''''' | * [[Katafawa|Atyap]] (Kataf, Katab) * [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]] (Kaje) * Əgworog (Aegworok, Oegworok, Baguro, Kagoro) * Asholyio (Osholio, Asholio, Moro'a) * Fantswam (Kafanchan) * [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] (Ikulu) * [[Mutanen Kamantan|Anghan]] (Angan, Kamantan) * Atakad (Atakat, Attakar) * Atyecharak (Atyacherak, Attachirak, Kachechere) * Terri (Challa, Chara) * Atuku (tuku) Kuu"" |- |'''V. ''' |'''''South-western (Aninka) Group''''' | * Ninzo * Northern Mada * Gbantu (Gwantu) * Nindem * Nikyob (Kaninkon) * Kanufi * Nungu * Buh - Ayu * Ningeshe * Nandu * Numana |} Duk da haka, an gyara rukunin da ke sama a cikin '''rukunin [[Harsunan Filato|harsunan Proto-Plateau]]''' bisa ga harsunan da ake magana da su ta Blench (2008) kamar haka: <ref name="Blench2018">Blench, Roger M. 2018. Nominal affixes and number marking in the Plateau languages of Central Nigeria. In John R. Watters (ed.), ''East Benue-Congo: Nouns, pronouns, and verbs'', 107–172. Berlin: Language Science Press. {{Doi|10.5281/zenodo.1314325}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N !Groups !Sub-groups |- |'''I.''' |'''''Northwest or Adara Group''''' | * [[Adarawa|Eda, Ada]] * [[Adarawa|Edra, Adara]] * [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] * Ẹjẹgha (Idon) * Doka * Ẹhwa (Iku-Gora-Ankwe) |- |'''II.''' |'''''Atyap (Nerzit, Nenzit) Group''''' | * [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]] * [[Katafawa|Atyap]] * [[Kagoro|Agworok]] (Kagoro) * Takad (Attakar) * Atyecarak (Kacicere) * Asholyio * [[Kafancan|Fantswam]] (Kafancan) * [[Atuku]] (Tuku) |- |'''III.''' |'''''Koro Group''''' | * Ashe * Tinɔr (Waci-Myamya) * Idũ, Gwara * Nyenkpa-Barde |- |'''IV.''' |'''''Ham Group''''' | * Shamang * Cori * [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]] * Zhire * Shang |- |'''V.''' |'''''Gwong Group''''' | * [[Gwong people|Gwong]] (Kagoma) * [[Mutanen Kamantan|Anɡhan]] (Kamanton) |- |'''VI.''' |'''''Ninzo Group''''' | * Ninzo (Ninzam) * Bu-Niŋkada * Mada * Numana-Nunku-Gbantu-Numbu * Ningye-Ninka * Anib * Nikyob * Nindem * Nungu * Ayu |- |'''VII.''' |'''''Ndun Group''''' | * Ndun (Nandu) |- |'''VIII.''' |'''''Alumu Group''''' | * [[Yaren Sambe|Sambe]] * He also said that Nisam is a presumed Plateau language once spoken in Nince Village, Kaduna State, however, its place within the Plateau branch cannot be ascertained due to the lack of linguistic data and that in 2005, there was only one speaker of Nisam. |} ==== Tarin kabilanci na Proto-Kainji ==== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N ! Ƙungiyoyi ! Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi |- | '''Ni.''' | '''''Ƙungiyar Gabashin Kainji''''' | * Atsam (Chawai) * Amap (Amo) * Abisi (Piti) * Kuzamani (Shuwa-Zamani) * Ngmgbang (Ribam) * Dinani (Dingi) * Ribina |- | '''II.''' | '''''Ƙungiyar Gabashin Kainji''''' | * Agbiri (Gure) * Aniragu (Kahugu) * [[Mutanen Akurmi|Akurmi]] (Kurama) * Koonu (Kono) * Vono (Kiballo) * Tumi (Kitimi) * Nuno-Kaivi (Kaibi) * Mala-Ruma (Rumaya/Ruruma) * Abin (Binawa) * Kuvori (Surubu) * Atumu (Kinuku) * Shuwa-Zamani (Kuzamani) * Dungi (Dungu) |} ==== Tarin kabilanci na Proto-Nupoid ==== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N ! Ƙungiyoyi ! Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi |- | '''Ni.''' | '''''Ƙungiyar Gbagyi (Gwari)''''' | * [[Gbagyi|Gbagyi-Gbari]] (Gwari) |} ==== Harsunan Chadic na Proto-West ==== Banda rarrabuwar James (2000) akwai ƙungiyoyin da suka fito daga ƙungiyar [[Yaren Chadic|harsunan ƙabilanci ta Proto-West Chadic]] : {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !S/N ! Ƙungiyoyi ! Ƙananan ƙungiyoyi |- | '''Ni.''' | '''''Yammacin Chadic''''' | * [[Harshen Gwandara|Gwandara]] (ƙungiyar Afro-Asiatic, wacce ke da alaƙa da [[Hausawa]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethnologue entry on Gwandara |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/GWN |access-date=August 18, 2020 |website=Ethnologue (Free All)}}</ref> an ce ta yi ƙaura daga [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] .) * [[Callanci|Sha]] (ƙungiyar 'yan ci-rani daga [[Bokkos]], [[Plateau (jiha)|Jihar Plateau]] .) |} === Yawan Jama'a === An kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen Kudancin Kaduna ya kai sama da miliyan 4.5 daga cikin kimanin mutane miliyan 8.5 da aka kiyasta a jihar Kaduna a shekarar 2016. An yi hasashen cewa mutane miliyan 5.1 daga cikin miliyan 12 za su kasance a [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a shekarar 2021. Harsunan da ake amfani da su a yankin su ne Hausa, Turanci da kuma harsunan Pidgin na Najeriya. === Harsuna === Kudancin Kaduna ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu bambancin harshe, waɗanda ke magana da harsunan da suka shafi ƙungiyoyin harsunan [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo|Nijar-Congo]] da [[Yaren Chadic|Yammacin Chadi]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages of Africa |url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/eng/zjfz/fzzl/t619829.htm |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.fmprc.gov.cn}}</ref> Ga harsuna da yarukan da mutanen Kudancin Kaduna ke magana a kai: {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Ƙaramar Hukuma ! Harsuna |- | [[Chikun]] | [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] |- | [[Jaba]] | [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Ashe]] ; [[Harshen Idun|Duya]] ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam]] |- | [[Jema'a]] | Abin ; [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Ashe]] ; [[Harshen Berom|Berom]] ; [[Harshen Idun|Duya]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Fantswam]] ; [[Kagoma|Gyong]] ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam]] ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju]] ; [[Harshen Mada|Mada]] ; [[Yaren Kyoli|Kyoli]] ; Nikyob-Nindem ; [[Yaren Ninzo|Ninzo]] ; Nungu ; Nyakpa ; Shamang ; [[Yaren Tyap|Rubuta]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Tyuku]] [[Zhire language|Zhire]] ; [[Yaren Numana|Numana]] |- | [[Kachia]] | [[Harshen Adara|Adara]] ; Doka ; [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam]] ; [[Iku language|Iku-Gora-Ankwa]] ; [[Harshen Kulu|Ikulu]] ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju]] ; [[Yaren Kamatan|Nghan]] ; [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Wachi]] ; [[Harshen Adara|Ada]] ; Shamang ; [[Yaren Tyap|Rubuta]] ; [[Zhire language|Zhire]] |- |- | [[Kaduna ta Kudu|Kudancin Kaduna]] | [[Harshen Adara|Adara]] ; [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] ; [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] ; [[Harshen Idoma|Idoma]] ; [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Rubuta]] ; [[Yarbanci|Yarbawa]] |- | [[Kagarko]] | [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Ashe]] ; [[Harshen Idun|Duya]] ; [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] ; [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Wachi]] |- | [[Kajuru]] | [[Harshen Adara|Adara]] ; [[Yaren Idon|Ajiya]] ; [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] |- | [[Kaura]] | [[Yaren Tyap|Gworok]] ; [[Yaren Firan|Fir'auna]] ; [[Harshen Eten|Iten]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Takad]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Sholyo]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] da [[Yaren Tyap|Tyecarak (Tyecaat)]] |- | [[Kauru]] | [[Yaren Atsam|Atsam]] ; [[Piti|Bishi]] ; [[Dunjanci|Dungu]] ; [[Harshen Kulu|Ikulu]] ; [[Harshen Kaivi|Kaivi]] ; [[Yaren Vono|Kivono]] ; Kowa ; [[Shuwa-Zamani|Kumani]] ; [[Piti|Ngmgbang]] ; [[Yaren Rigwe|Riga]] ; [[Yaren Ruma|Ruma]] ; [[Harshen Kurama|T'kurmi]] ; [[Binanci|Tibin]] ; [[Harshen Kinuku|TiNu]] ; [[Shenanci|TiSeni]] ; Tumala ; [[Yaren Tumi|Tumi]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Rubuta]] ; TiVori da [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] |- | [[Lere]] | [[Gananci|Lere]] (yanzu bace); [[Harshen Kurama|T'kurmi]], [[Harshen Map|Timap]] ; [[Binanci|TiNu]] ; [[Harshen Gbiri-Niragu|Tugbiri-Niragu]] da [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] |- | [[Sanga]] | [[Yaren Ahwai|Awai]] ; [[Harshen Ayu|Ayu]] ; [[Yaren Bu|Bu-Ninkada]] ; [[Harshen Gwandara|Gwanda]] ; [[Harshen Hasha|Hasha]] ; [[Yaren Ninzo|Ninzo]] ; [[Yaren Numana|Numana]] ; Nungu ; [[Yaren Sambe|Sambe]] (yanzu bace); [[Callanci|Sha]] ; [[Harshen Toro|Turkwam]] |- | [[Zangon Kataf]] | [[Harshen Kulu|Ikulu]] ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju]] ; [[Yaren Kamatan|Nghan]] ; da [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ; [[Yaren Tyap|Tyecarak (Tyecaat)]] |} === Addini === === Hotunan Hotuna === <gallery mode="packed" heights="150" style="line-height:130%"> File:Boulders_in_Gurara_River.jpg|alt=Gurara River, Gidan Akwaja.| Kogin Gurara, Gidan Akwaja. File:Kabyiek_Tityong_Waterfall_1.jpg|alt=Kabyiek Tityong (River Wonderful waterfalls) Kafanchan| [[Matsirga waterfalls|Kabyiek Tityong]] (Ruwan ruwa mai ban mamaki na Kogi) [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]] File:Kogum_River_2.jpg|alt=Kogum River, Kogum Station| Kogin Kogum, Tashar Kogum File:Drying_up.jpg|alt=Kaduna River, Zangon Kataf| [[Kaduna (kogi)|Kogin Kaduna]], Zangon Kataf File:A_SECTION_OF_GWOROK_HILL.jpg|alt=Cuk ntseei (horse's seat), Afan Gworog (Gworog Mountain)| Cuk ntseei (kujerar doki), Afan [[Kagoro|Gworog]] (Dutsen Gworog) File:Jaba_Kogo_Hill_at_raining_season.jpg|alt=Dung volcanic mountain in Dung (H. Jaban Kogo)| Dutsen dutsen Dung mai aman wuta a Dung (H. Jaban Kogo) File:Palm_grove.jpg|alt=Deleb palm windbreak, Zankan| Murfin iska na Deleb, Zankan File:Chen_Zat_2.jpg|alt=Chen Zat (Fantswam traditional forest), Kafanchan| Chen Zat (Dajin gargajiya na Fantswam), Kafanchan File:AN_OUTDOOR_KITCHEN.jpg|alt=Traditional kitchen, Agban, Gworog Mountain| Gidan dafa abinci na gargajiya, Agban, Dutsen Gworog File:Terracotta_head.jpg|alt=Nok Terracotta head, Nok museum| Nok Terracotta shugaban, [[Nok]] gidan kayan gargajiya File:Tin_extraction.jpg|alt=Tin mining, Godogodo| Haƙar ma'adinan tin, [[Godogodo]] File:Deserted_houses_at_Ukpee,_SK.jpg|alt=Deserted houses during the harmattan season, Ukpee (H. Ungwan Toka)| Gidajen da ba kowa a lokacin harmattan season, Ukpee (H. Ungwan Toka) File:Unity_in_Diversity_dance-drama_at_SK_Fest_2024_12.jpg|alt=Southern Kaduna people drama at SK Fest 2024| Wasan kwaikwayo na mutanen Kudancin Kaduna a [[c:Category:SK Fest 2024|bikin SK 2024]] </gallery> == Tattalin Arziki == === Albarkatun ƙasa === A tsakiyar shekarun 2000, tsohuwar Ministan Ma'adanai na Najeriya a lokacin mulkin [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Leslie Obiora, ta tattara jerin ma'adanai a fadin kasar, wanda ya kai jimillar ma'adanai 74; an ayyana 34 a matsayin wadanda suka dace da hakar ma'adinai a matakin kasuwanci, inda Kudancin Kaduna ke da ma'adanai sama da 30 tare da sama da kashi hamsin (50%) na su ana iya hako su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Haruna |first=David Livingstone |date=February 20, 2020 |title=Nigeria: Southern Kaduna and Tale of Illegal Artisans, Miners |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202002200873.html |access-date=July 14, 2020 |website=All Africa}}</ref> A watan Agusta na shekarar 2016, [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]] ta ba da rahoton gano nickel a ƙauyen Dangoma, wani ƙauye sama da 11.&nbsp;kilomita kudu da [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]], ta hannun wata cibiyar hakar ma'adinai mai zaman kanta wacce wani tsohon ma'aikacin hakar ma'adinai na Australiya, [[Hugh Morgan (mai kasuwanci)|Hugh Morgan]], ke jagoranta. An ce ''ɗan ƙasar Australiya'' ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙwallon nickel da aka gano waɗanda ake rade-radin suna da ƙimar nickel sama da kashi 90 cikin ɗari kuma ana kyautata zaton wani sabon abu ne na duniya saboda yawan yaɗuwarsu, suna ba da dama ta samar da kuɗi nan take ta hanyar tsarin tantancewa mai sauƙi da araha. Ana iya amfani da wannan kuɗin shiga don samar da cikakken kimantawa game da binciken, wanda ya haifar da farin ciki a cikin al'ummar binciken. Jaridar ta ƙara da cewa, {{Blockquote|"...the discovery is unusual because the nickel is found in small balls up to 3mm in diameter of a high purity in shallow soils in what could be the surface expression of a much bigger hard-rock nickel field."}} === Noma === ==== Citta ==== [[File:Ginger_warehouse_Kafanchan_1.jpg|thumb| Ma'ajiyar Citta a Kafanchan]] Kudancin Kaduna shine [[Epicenter|cibiyar]] noman citta a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ayodele, Titilayo |last2=Sambo, Banake |year=2014 |title=Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Production Efficiency and Constraints Among Small Scale Farmers in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria |url=https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jas/article/view/34265 |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Agricultural Science |publisher=The Canadian Center of Science and Education |volume=6 |issue=8 |doi=10.5539/jas.v6n8p141 |issn=1916-9752 |access-date=June 14, 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekarun 1990, manoman [[citta]] sun sami riba daga sayar da amfanin gonar da suka girba saboda samuwar kamfanonin sarrafa citta a duk faɗin yankin. Duk da haka, a yau, yawancin waɗannan kamfanonin sun rufe ba tare da ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da su ba a ɓangaren gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Isuwa |first=Sunday |date=December 16, 2013 |title=The Lost Glory of Ginger in Southern Kaduna |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201312160467.html |access-date=August 29, 2020 |publisher=Daily Trust (Abuja)}}</ref> An lura da barkewar cutar fungal a yankuna da dama a Kudancin Kaduna a makon farko na watan Yulin 2023. [1] A watan Satumba na 2023, yayin da yake jawabi a Kachia, shugaban ƙungiyar citta ta ƙasa ta Najeriya, Nuhu B. Dauda, ya yi Allah wadai da asarar kimanin Naira biliyan 10 da tattalin arzikin jihar ya yi sakamakon wata cuta mai ban mamaki da ta shafi noman citta na shekarar. [2] [3] Wata guda bayan haka, a watan Oktoba, yayin da yake magana game da barkewar cutar citta, wata cuta ta fungal, a fadin kananan hukumomi bakwai na Kudancin Kaduna, wanda ya shafi kimanin hekta 2,500 na gonaki, [4] sanatan da ke wakiltar gundumar Sanata ta Kudu ta Kaduna, Sunday Marshall Katung, a wata hira da Arise News ya nemi goyon bayan gwamnatin tarayya ta Najeriya kuma ya bayyana cewa kashi 85% na noman citta a Najeriya ya fito ne daga jihar Kaduna, wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen sanya kasar ta zama ta biyu a duniya wajen noman citta mafi girma. Ya ƙara da cewa Najeriya ta samu kimanin Naira biliyan 10 daga fitar da amfanin gona a kwata na biyu na wannan shekarar. [5] A watan Mayun 2024, Daily Trust ta ruwaito cewa baya ga asarar iri sakamakon barkewar cutar, manoma sun fuskanci barazanar sace su daga masu garkuwa da mutane a gonakinsu da ke kewaye da kananan hukumomin Kachia da Kagarko . [1] == Ilimi == [[File:A_block_of_classrooms.jpg|thumb| Block of Agriculture, Nuhu Bamali Polytechnic, Agut Ntswuo (Samaru Kataf) Campus]] [[Toure Kazah-Toure|Kazah-Toure]] (1999:130) ya yi iƙirarin cewa Kudancin Kaduna ya jagoranci fannin ilimi a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|yankin Arewa]] da ya lalace, a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin Basasa na Najeriya]] (tsakanin 1966 da 1970s). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kazah-Toure |first=T. |date=1999 |title=The Political Economy of Ethnic Conflicts and Governance in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria: [De]Constructing a Contested Terrain |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24484540 |journal=Africa Development / Afrique et Développement |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |pages=109–144 |jstor=24484540 |access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> Bonat (1989:55) ya yi iƙirarin cewa yawancin mutanen da suka yi karatu daga wannan yanki waɗanda ba Hausawa ba ne, suna cikin aikin koyarwa da kuma tsakiyar ma'aikatan gwamnati sabanin Hausawa waɗanda suka fi rinjaye a manyan matakan gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonat |first=Z. A. |date=1989 |title=Aspects of the Economic and Social History of the Atyab c. 1800-1960 A.D. |journal=Savanna |location=[[Zaria]] |publisher=ABU Press |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=55}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, wata ƙungiya, Kaduna Indigenous Publishers Network, ta yi magana game da kafa Hukumar Ilimi da Ci gaban Ƙarfin Bil Adama ta Kudancin Kaduna, don samar da dama ga matasan yankin don samun ingantaccen ilimi da horo. A watan Maris na 2025, Bishop [[Matthew Hassan Kukah|Matthew Kukah]] ya bayyana cewa Kudancin Kaduna yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna a arewacin Najeriya, a fannin ilimi, inda farfesoshi sama da 200 suka amfana sosai daga ilimin da masu wa'azin bishara suka kawo, ciki har da shi kansa. === Cibiyoyin manyan makarantu na yanzu === ==== Tarayya ==== * [[Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Tarayya Kachia|Jami'ar Tarayya ta Kimiyyar Aiki Kachia]] ( ''tsohon'' [[Jami'ar Nok Kachia]] ) * [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|Jami'ar Buɗaɗɗiyar Ƙasa ta Najeriya]], Cibiyar Nazarin [[Kagoro|Gworok]] * [[Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kaduna]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] ==== Jiha ==== * [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna|Kaduna State University]], [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] and [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]] Campuses * Makarantar Fasaha ta Noma, [[Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic]], [[Samaru Kataf|Agut Ntswuo]] Campus * [[Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kaduna|Kaduna State College of Education]], [[Kafancan|Kafanchan]] ==== Mai zaman kansa ==== * [[Jami'ar Greenfield]], Kaduna == Siyasa == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>[[Kungiyar Jama'ar Kaduna ta Kudu|Ƙungiyar Al'ummar Kudancin Kaduna]] (SOKAPU) ta kasance ƙungiyar kula da al'adun gargajiya ta kabilu kusan 67 da aka amince da su a Kudancin Kaduna tsawon shekaru da dama. A halin yanzu ƙungiyar tana ƙarƙashin jagorancin Samuel Tabara Kato. Ya gaji Awemi Dio Maisamari a watan Disamba 2023 a matsayin shugaban SOKAPU na kasa. A watan Satumba na 2022, Majalisar Shugabannin Kudancin Kaduna (SKLC) wacce Ishaya Dary Akau ke jagoranta, ta sanya SOKAPU a matsayin memba. Sauran membobin majalisar da aka sanar sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Tuntuba ta Dattawan Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ci Gaban Al'umma ta Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Farfesoshi na Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Kiristoci na Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Sojoji da Jami'an Soja Masu Ritaya ta Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Kudancin Kaduna, Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Kudancin Kaduna, da kuma Masu Hangen Nesa don kafa Majalisar. [1] Duk da haka, jerin sunayen SOKAPU a ƙarƙashin SKLC bai yi wa wasu membobin shugabannin SOKAPU daɗi ba, domin ƙungiyar ta faɗa cikin rikicin cikin gida wanda ya kai ga murabus ɗin Maisamari. [2] A shekarar 2021, yayin da yake magana da ''[[The Guardian (Najeriya)|jaridar Guardian Nigeria]]'', Shugaban SOKAPU, [[Jonathan Asake]] ya bayyana cewa Kudancin Kaduna ya bukaci a kafa Jihar Gurara tsawon sama da shekaru 30. Ya ƙara da cewa jihar da aka gabatar tana cikin jihohi 18 da aka gabatar a cikin rahoton taron ƙasa na Najeriya na 2014 da aka gudanar a lokacin shugabancin [[Goodluck Jonathan]] bayan an yi wa [[Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya|kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya]] kwaskwarima. == Mutane masu shahara == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />  == Duba kuma ==   * [[Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992|1992 Zangon Kataf crises]] * [[Kisan kiyashi a Jihar Kaduna, 2019|2019 Kaduna State massacre]] * [[Bikin Afan|Afan National Festival]] * [[Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya na Kafancan|Kafanchan Peace Declaration]] * [[Gidan Sarautar Kajuru|Kajuru Castle]] * [[Jerin ƙauyuka a jihar Kaduna|List of villages in Kaduna State]] * [[Matsirga waterfalls]] * [[Al'adar Nok|Nok culture]] * [[Tashoshin Jiragen Ƙasa a Najeriya|Railway stations in Nigeria]] * [[Rikicin kudancin Kaduna|Southern Kaduna Crisis]] * [[Kisan Kiyashi a Kudancin Kaduna|Mass killings in Southern Kaduna]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Littattafan tarihi == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Commons category-inline}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mabypvyu1bo37h78qa4z7qtwybf7bxp 0 178559 964690 2026-10-08T10:14:25Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378138801|Xabi Alonso]]" 964690 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Xabier Alonso Olano''' ({{IPA|eu|ˈʃaβi aˈlons̺o oˈlano|lang}} ,{{IPA|es|ˈʃaβj aˈlonso oˈlano|lang}} ; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1981) ƙwararren manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya kuma tsohon [[Ɗan ƙwallo|ɗan wasa]] wanda shine manajan ƙungiyar Premier League [[Chelsea F.C.|ta Chelsea]] . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan [[Mai buga tsakiya|'yan wasan tsakiya]] na zamaninsa, an san shi da ƙarfinsa na wucewa da kuma harbi mai nisa. {{Refn|<ref name="bundesliga.com_1"/><ref name="espn-smith">{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37515638/bayern-munich-midfielder-xabi-alonso-make-good-manager-pep-guardiola |title=Bayern Munich's Xabi Alonso will make a good manager – Pep Guardiola |author1=Smith |publisher=ESPN FC |date=10 March 2017 |access-date=28 March 2019 |first=Jonathan |archive-date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123004311/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37515638/bayern-munich-midfielder-xabi-alonso-make-good-manager-pep-guardiola |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sportreview">{{cite web |last1=Momblano |first1=Luca |date=22 October 2014 |title=Xabi Alonso erede totale di Pep Guardiola |trans-title=Xabi Alonso, the complete heir to Pep Guardiola. |url=https://www.sportreview.it/calcio-oggi/xabi-alonso-erede-totale-pep-guardiola |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707162550/https://www.sportreview.it/calcio-oggi/xabi-alonso-erede-totale-pep-guardiola |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |publisher=Sportreview |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref name="hitc.com">{{cite web | url = https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2015/03/13/ct-gerrard-picks-alonso-as-midfield-partner-claiming-ive-missed/ | title = Gerrard picks Alonso as best midfield partner, claiming: 'I've missed him' | publisher = hitc.com | date = 13 March 2015 | last = Thomas | first = Che | access-date = 13 December 2018 | archive-date = 6 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230406141509/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2015/03/13/ct-gerrard-picks-alonso-as-midfield-partner-claiming-ive-missed/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="GiveMeSport">{{cite web | url=https://www.givemesport.com/greatest-footballers-of-the-decade-2010-2019/ | title = Ranking the 100 greatest footballers of the decade (2010–2020) | date = 8 November 2023 | website = givemesport.com | first = Kobe | last = Tong | access-date = 8 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Churchill |first=Max |date=18 January 2025 |title=The 10 greatest defensive midfielders in football history ranked – Rodri 8th |url=https://www.givemesport.com/greatest-defensive-midfielders-in-football-history-ranked/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=GiveMeSport |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321035324/https://www.givemesport.com/greatest-defensive-midfielders-in-football-history-ranked/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar Alonso a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun manajoji matasa a duniya. Alonso ya fara aikinsa a Real Sociedad, babban ƙungiyar lardin Gipuzkoa. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokacin aro a Eibar, an nada shi a matsayin kyaftin din Real Sociedad kuma ya gama a matsayin na biyu a La Liga a kakar 2002-03. Ya koma [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a shekara ta 2004 don fam miliyan 10.5 kuma ya ƙarshe [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe. &nbsp;Daga baya ya lashe gasar cin [[FA Cup|Kofin FA]] Super Cup, FA Cup da FA Community Shield . Alonso ya koma Real Madrid a shekara ta 2009 a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai fam miliyan 30 kuma ya lashe La Liga, lambobin Copa del Rey guda biyu, da kuma wani gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA. &nbsp;Ya koma [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2014 kuma ya lashe lambobin Bundesliga uku, ciki har da sau biyu na cikin gida a kakar wasa ta biyu, kuma ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Champions League 100 club: Xabi Alonso |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0251-0e99b2382f3a-7aaf0f99afd5-1000--champions-league-100-club-xabi-alonso/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911233226/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0251-0e99b2382f3a-7aaf0f99afd5-1000--champions-league-100-club-xabi-alonso/ |archive-date=11 September 2022 |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Spain|Spain]] wasa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003 kuma ya ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun Turai sau biyu a shekara ta 2008 da 2012, da kuma gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2010. Ya kuma wakilci Spain a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2004 da kuma gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2006. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2012, Alonso ya lashe kofinsa na 100 ga Spain a wasan kusa da na karshe na Euro 2012 da Faransa, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a nasarar 2-0. Alonso ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa bayan gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2014. Wasanni 114 da ya buga ya sa ya zama dan wasa na takwas mafi girma a tarihin Spain. Alonso ya horar da tawagar U14 ta Real Madrid kafin a nada shi a matsayin manajan Real Sociedad B a shekarar 2019, inda ya sami ci gaba zuwa Segunda División a kakar wasa ta biyu. An nada Alonso a matsayin kocin Bayer Leverkusen a shekarar 2022 kuma ya kammala wasan da ba a taba cin nasara ba a cikin gida a shekarar 2024, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Bundesliga da kuma DFB-Pokal ta farko tun 1993. Bayan shekaru biyu da rabi tare da kungiyar Jamus, an nada Alonso a matsayin sabon kocin tsohon kulob dinsa na Real Madrid a watan Yunin 2025, amma ya bar kulob din watanni bakwai bayan haka ta hanyar yardar juna. Watanni huɗu bayan barin Real Madrid, Alonso ya amince ya zama kocin [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] tun daga watan Yulin 2026. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Alonso a cikin ƙaramin garin Tolosa, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, a cikin dangin da aka sani da ƙwarewar ƙwallon ƙafa. Mahaifinsa, Periko Alonso, ya lashe La Liga sau biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya tare da Real Sociedad kuma a karo na uku bayan ya koma [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. Ya kuma fito a cikin tawagar kasa, inda ya lashe kwallo 21 a cikin aikinsa. Alonso ya zauna a birnin [[Barcelona]] na shekaru shida na farko na rayuwarsa kuma ya koma San Sebastián bayan haka. A nan ne sha'awarsa ga kwallon kafa ta fara yayin da ya kori yarinta da ya buga a Playa de la Concha (Shell Beach). A kan yashi na Basque, Alonso ya yi abota da wani mazaunin Calle Matia, [[Mikel Arteta]], kuma biyun za su yi yaƙi da juna a cikin nune-nunen fasaha. Ya shiga kwallon kafa kuma mahaifinsa yakan kawo shi da babban ɗan'uwansa, [[Mikel Alonso|Mikel]], zuwa filin horo na Sabadell don yin aiki tare. Alonso ya sami rinjaye daga wasan mahaifinsa, yana jin daɗin wuce kwallon da kyau fiye da harbi a raga.<ref name="GB0">{{Cite web |last=Balague |first=Guillem |date=18 May 2008 |title=Dads and Lads: Periko and Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/drilldown/N159927080518-0840.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701220709/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/drilldown/N159927080518-0840.htm |archive-date=1 July 2008 |access-date=15 August 2008 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Tun yana ƙarami, ya yanke shawarar yin wasa a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya, rawar da ta taimaka masa ya koyi yadda za a rarraba kwallon da kyau. Wannan baiwa daga baya zai zama wani bangare na kulob dinsa da aikin kasa da kasa.<ref name="GB1" /> Alonso da Arteta suna da burin yin wasa tare da juna don Real Sociedad lokacin da suka girma. Kodayake sun halarci makarantu daban-daban, 'yan wasan biyu sun haɗu da karfi a kungiyar matasa ta Antiguoko, suna wasa wasanni a karshen mako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jugadores Relevantes |trans-title=Relevant Players |url=https://antiguoko.org/club-jugadores-relevantes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005202021/http://antiguoko.org/club-jugadores-relevantes/ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |website=Official Website |publisher=Antiguoko KE |language=es}}</ref> Ayyukansu sun ja hankalin 'yan kallo daga manyan bangarorin Mutanen Espanya kuma [[Katalunya|Katalan]] ''Donostiarras'' sun rabu, sun kawo karshen shekaru tara na kishiyar abokantaka, yayin da Alonso ya tafi Real Sociedad kuma Arteta ya koma babbar kungiyar Catalan [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. Alonso ya tafi Real Sociedad, duk da haka, ba wanda ba shi da aboki, kamar yadda babban ɗan'uwansa [[Mikel Alonso|Mikel]], wanda shi ma ya zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa, ya shiga kulob din tare da shi. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Royal Society === Alonso ya ci gaba da sauri ta hanyar matasa da Ƙungiyar ajiya a Real Sociedad (ya lashe Matsayi na huɗu a cikin kakar wasa guda tare da na ƙarshe) kuma ya burge ya isa ya sami damar samun tawagar farko a lokacin da yake da shekaru 18. <ref name="GB0" /> Ya fara buga wasan farko da ya yi da Logroñés a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1999 a wasan Copa del Rey.<ref name="LFCProfile">{{Cite web |title=Xabi Alonso Profile |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/team/squad/alonso/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804215916/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/team/squad/alonso/ |archive-date=4 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]}}</ref> Alonso ya kasa sake fitowa a kakar amma shekara mai zuwa ta kawo karin dama. A farkon kakar 2000-01, Javier Clemente ya tura shi zuwa kungiyar Segunda División Eibar don samun kwarewa. Mahaifin Alonso musamman ya ji cewa tafiyar zuwa ƙaramin kulob din ta inganta shi a matsayin dan wasa.<ref name="GB0" /> Saurin juyawa na manajoji, duk da haka, gami da tsawon watanni biyu tare da Periko Alonso a matsayin mai kula, ya bar Real Sociedad a cikin mummunan yanayi. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, Real Sociedad sun kasance a kasa a gasar kuma sabon manajan su, John Toshack, ya juya ga Alonso mai ban mamaki da fatan juyar da dukiyar kulob din. A cikin wani yunkuri na mamaki, kocin Welsh ya sanya dan shekara 20 ya zama kyaftin din kulob din, matsayin da aka saba rike da shi ta hanyar manyan 'yan wasa. A ƙarshen kakar, Sociedad ta hau daga yankin sakewa kuma ta gama a matsayi na 14.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrados |first=Juan Pedro |date=10 November 2001 |title=Primera División 2000/01 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/span01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127205917/https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/span01.html |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=11 November 2016 |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> Toshack ya yaba wa Alonso, yana mai bayyana cewa ra'ayi da yake da shi a kan tawagar ya kasance na musamman, musamman ga dan wasan daga ƙungiyar matasa.<ref name="GB1" /> A karkashin kulawar John Toshack, kyaftin din Alonso ya nuna sake farfadowa ga Real Sociedad. Toshack ya fahimci damar Alonso kuma ya saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin matashin kyaftin dinsa, yana ƙirƙirar hanyar horo da aka tsara don inganta taɓawa da sarrafawa musamman a gare shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbandonato |first=Paul |date=3 July 2008 |title=It's the Real deal for Toshack |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/footballnation/football-in-wales/2008/07/03/it-s-the-real-deal-for-toshack-91466-21218919/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007142154/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/footballnation/football-in-wales/2008/07/03/it-s-the-real-deal-for-toshack-91466-21218919/ |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=12 August 2008 |publisher=Wales Online ([[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]])}}</ref> Kungiyar ta tabbatar da matsayinta na tsakiyar tebur a kakar 2001-02, ta kammala a matsayi na 13. Alonso ya bayyana a kai a kai a La Liga tare da bayyanar 30 a cikin kakar kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar, ya kammala tare da jimlar kakar uku. Gudanar da Real Sociedad ya sake canzawa a lokacin rani na 2002 tare da isowar Raynald Denoueix, amma Alonso ya ci gaba da zama a cikin tawagar farko a kan ƙarfin wasan kwaikwayon da ya gabata. Shekarar 2002-03 ita ce mafi kyawun wasan league na kulob din tun Lokacin 1981-82, inda suka lashe gasar. Kungiyar Basque ta kammala ta biyu, maki biyu a bayan [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], ta kafa rikodin kulob din don mafi girman maki, kuma ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a karon farko. Alonso ya sami yabo sosai saboda rawar da ya taka a nasarar kulob din kuma mujallar wasanni ta Mutanen Espanya ''Don Balon'' ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Mai kunnawa na Mutanen Espanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diaz |first=Emilio Pla |date=28 January 2004 |title=Spain&nbsp;– Footballer of the Year |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/spanpoy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112164212/https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/spanpoy.html |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=12 August 2008 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Alonso ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙididdigar ƙwallon kulob din, ya zira kwallaye 12 a duk gasa. Ayyukansa sun sami sunan Alonso na kasa kuma Iñaki Sáez, kocin tawagar kwallon kafa ta Spain, ya kira shi zuwa tawagar kwallon kwando ta Spain. Alonso ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2003 a wasan sada zumunci 4-0 da ya yi a kan Ecuador.<ref name="FDB">{{Cite web |title=Xabi Alonso Profile |url=http://footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=550&pn=Xabier_Alonso_Olona |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215152525/http://footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=550&pn=Xabier_Alonso_Olona |archive-date=15 December 2010 |access-date=12 August 2008 |publisher=Football Database}}</ref> Sáez ya yaba wa Alonso, yana cewa, "Yana da kyakkyawan kewayon wucewa daidai [kuma] yana ganin kwallon kafa da haske mai ban mamaki".[and] Shekarar 2003-04 ta kunshi sakamako mai rikitarwa ga Alonso da kulob dinsa na San Sebastián. Alonso ya yi murabus da damar da ya samu don yin wasa a Turai, ya bayyana a duk wasannin kulob din, kuma Real Sociedad ta cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai. Kungiyar ta yi gwagwarmaya a karkashin matsin karin wasannin, duk da haka, kuma Lyon ta kori su daga gasar kuma ta gama 15th a La Liga. Haɗin kyawawan wasan kwaikwayon Alonso da kuma ƙarancin wasan kwaikwayo na kulob din ya sa ya tafi daga Filin wasa na Anoeta ba za a iya gujewa ba. Duk da sha'awar Real Madrid, Alonso ya ci gaba da kasancewa a Real Sociedad. Madrid ta kasa biyan kudin fam miliyan 13 da José Luis Astiazarán, shugaban Real Sociedad, ya sanya a kan Alonso kuma yarjejeniyar ta kai ga rikici.<ref name="Sinnott" /> &nbsp;Alonso yana da wasu damuwa kuma ya mayar da hankali kan aikin kasa da kasa tare da Spain a UEFA Euro 2004. <ref name="FDB" /> Duk da gaskiyar cewa bayyanar Alonso a gasar ta kasance takaice, ya ja hankalin dan wasan kwallon kafa mai ritaya Jan Mølby, wanda ya burge shi da ƙwarewarsa ta wucewa.<ref name="GB1" /> Gidan canjin bazara a Real Sociedad ya ga isowar abokiyar yarinta na Alonso Mikel Arteta . Arteta ya yi farin ciki da yiwuwar yin haɗin gwiwa da Alonso a tsakiyar filin wasa, amma farin cikinsa bai daɗe ba. Ba a zabi Alonso ba don wasannin sada zumunci na Real Sociedad kafin kakar wasa ta bana, yana nuna cewa ana bi da tayin da [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] ke bayarwa da gaske.<ref name="Drop" /> A ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2004, kungiyar Basque ta sanar da cewa sun yi yarjejeniya da ta kai fam miliyan 10.7 tare da Liverpool kuma Alonso ya amince da sharuddan tare da kulob din Merseyside.<ref name="LFCProfile" /> &nbsp;Alonso bai yi nadama game da gaskiyar cewa ba a yi tafiya zuwa Real Madrid ba. Maimakon haka, ya mai da hankali kan haɗuwa da sabon rukunin Mutanen Espanya a Liverpool a ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsohon kocin [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] Rafael Benítez. === Liverpool === ==== 2004-05: Nasarar gasar zakarun Turai ==== Alonso ya isa Liverpool tare da Luis García daga Barcelona, yana nuna farkon sabon zamani a Anfield. Sabon kocin Liverpool Rafael Benítez ya nemi ya sauya kulob din kuma ya sake fasalin tawagar gaba daya, yana burge salon gudanarwarsa da dabarunsa a kan tawagar. Mutanen Espanya na fasaha sune sa hannun farko na Benítez kuma ya ce jaddada kwarewarsu akan ƙarfi ya ba tawagar wani abu daban. Alonso ya fara buga wasan Premier League da Bolton Wanderers a Filin wasa na Reebok a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta 2004. <ref name="LFCProfile" /> Liverpool ta rasa wasan 1-0 amma Alonso ya riga ya sami yabo saboda kwarewarsa daga manema labarai. Wasan Premier League da Fulham ya yi ya nuna karin baiwar Alonso. Liverpool ta rasa 2-0 a rabin lokaci kuma Benítez ya kawo Alonso a matsayin mai maye gurbin bayan hutu. Ya farfado da Liverpool kuma wasan ya gama 2-4 ga kulob din Merseyside. Bugu da ƙari, Alonso ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din daga free-kick don kawo Liverpool gaba da 'yan adawa. [[File:Xabi_Alonso.jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa a [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a shekara ta 2005]] Alonso ya ci gaba da samar da muhimman burin ga kulob din, inda ya zira kwallaye na farko a Anfield a kan [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] a nasarar 2-1 . Alonso ya yi farin ciki da nasarar kuma ya ji yana zaune a Ingila. Wasan Arsenal ya nuna dawowar [[Steven Gerrard]] daga rauni amma haɗin gwiwar Alonso da Kyaftin din kulob din ya tsaya lokacin da Alonso ya sha wahala na farko a Liverpool. Alonso ya karye idon sa bayan da [[Frank Lampard]] ya yi nasara a gida 0-1 a kan [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 kuma an kori Mutanen Espanya daga aiki na watanni uku. Alonso ya dawo cikin tawagar farko a karo na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe na [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] da [[Juventus]]. Alonso bai kasance a cikakkiyar lafiya ba amma, yayin da Steven Gerrard ya ji rauni, ya buga cikakken minti 90 kuma Liverpool ta ci kwallo a 0-0 a Italiya, inda ta doke zakarun Italiya 2-1 a jimillar. Kevin McCarra na ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya ba da shaida ga ƙwarewar Alonso da sadaukarwa ga wasan, yana cewa, "Wannan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai ban mamaki ya ba da shaidar a Stadio Delle Alpi cewa dabarar na iya shawo kan mummunar matsalar jiki".A wasan kusa da na karshe da Chelsea, Alonso ya sami katin rawaya a cikin tsananin 0-0 a Stamford Bridge, wanda ya sa aka dakatar da shi don kafa na biyu. Alonso ya damu da cewa zai rasa wasan kuma ya kalubalanci shawarar alƙalin ba tare da amfani ba. Gerrard ya dawo daga rauni a karo na biyu, duk da haka, kuma kyaftin din ya jagoranci kulob dinsa zuwa nasara 1-0 tare da taimakon burin Luis García, ya cancanci wasan karshe da [[AC Milan|Milan]]. Liverpool ta kammala matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya ta bar abubuwa da yawa da ba za a so ba amma ɗaukakar kakar wasa ta farko har yanzu tana jiran Alonso a cikin hanyar wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai. Kungiyar ta fadi kwallaye uku a bayan Milan amma ta kammala dawowar rabi na biyu. Liverpool, wanda ke bin 3-2, an ba su hukunci kuma an yanke shawarar cewa Alonso zai dauki wuri. Yayinda Dida, sanannen mai tsaron gidan Brazil na Milan, ya sami nasarar adana hukuncin, Alonso ya harbe shi a cikin rufin net, ya kawo ci 3-3. Lokaci na Ƙarin lokaci ya wuce ba tare da wani burin daga kowanne kungiya ba kuma Liverpool ta ci 3-2 a cikin harbi na kisa. An yaba wa Alonso saboda tasirin da ya yi a dawowar tawagar kuma manajan Benítez ya karfafa muhimmancinsa ga kulob din. Alonso ya yi farin ciki da nasarar, yana mai cewa, "Wannan shine mafi kyawun lokaci a cikin sana'ata".An kuma tunatar da dare mai ban mamaki a matsayin 'Miracle of Istanbul'. ==== 2005-06: Wanda ya lashe kofin FA ==== [[File:CK_that_Aronso_kicks.jpg|left|thumb|Alonso yana buga kwallo a [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a shekara ta 2006]] Alonso ya kasance a cikin tawagar farko a kakar 2005-06, ya guje wa raunin da ya lalata kakar wasa ta farko a kulob din. Gidan canjin bazara ya kawo Peter Crouch zuwa Liverpool kuma tsayin dan wasan ya haifar da zargi cewa kulob din zai canza zuwa dabarun kwallon kafa. Crouch ya musanta wannan, yana mai nuna cewa ikon wucewa na Alonso, tare da Gerrard, zai bayyana salon wasan Liverpool. Alonso ya fuskanci karin gasa don matsayinsa a cikin sabon zuwan Mohamed Sissoko. Koyaya, raunin Steven Gerrard da kuma goyon bayan Rafael Benítez na tsarin 4-5-1 sun tabbatar da matsayin Alonso a cikin tawagar. Alonso ya bayyana a duk wasannin Liverpool a Gasar Zakarun Turai amma rinjaye da aka nuna a kakar da ta gabata ya tafi yayin da Benfica ta kawar da kulob din a Zagaye na 16. A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, a wasan FA Cup na uku da aka yi da Luton Town, Alonso ya taimaka wa Liverpool zuwa nasarar dawowa 5-3 bayan ya fadi 3-1 a farkon rabi na biyu. Alonso ya zira kwallaye biyu masu ban sha'awa daga nesa: daya daga yadudduka 45, ɗayan kuma yadudduka 65 daga burin; a bayan layin rabin hanya.<ref name="LFCProfile" /> Sakamakon haka, burin Alonso ya nuna sa'a ga mai sha'awar Liverpool wanda ya lashe £ 25,000 daga fare na £ 200 akan Alonso ya zira kwallaye daga cikin rabin kansa. Alonso ya ji rauni a idon sa a nasarar da ya samu a wasan da ya yi da Portsmouth, inda ya sanya sa ya shiga gasar cin kofin FA a cikin shakku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2006 |title=Portsmouth 1–3 Liverpool |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4957462.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824064755/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4957462.stm |archive-date=24 August 2013 |access-date=1 February 2011 |website=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Koyaya, ya warke sosai don fara wasan da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] kuma Gerrard ya zira kwallaye na uku na Liverpool, ya janye matakin kulob din tare da 'yan adawa. Alonso, har yanzu raunin ya shafa, bai iya gudanar da dukkan minti 90 ba kuma an maye gurbinsa a rabi na biyu. Liverpool ta ci 3-1 a kan penalties ba tare da taimakonsa ba amma Alonso har yanzu ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta FA Cup. ==== 2006–2009 ==== [[File:Xabi_Alonso_(Real_Valladolid-Real_Madrid).jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa a [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2007, Alonso ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar, yana mai cewa, "Na san cewa akwai sha'awa daga wasu kungiyoyi amma koyaushe ra'ayina ne na zauna a nan. Na kasance a nan na tsawon shekaru uku yanzu kuma ina da irin wannan ji na musamman ga kulob din da magoya baya. Na fahimci abin da Liverpool ke nufi ga mutane da yawa. Kungiyar ce ta musamman kuma ba na so in tafi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2007 |title=Alonso commits to five more years at Liverpool |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/jun/08/newsstory.sport |access-date=1 December 2011 |website=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>Shekarar 2007-08 ta fara da kyau ga Mutanen Espanya: rashin Gerrard ya haifar da Alonso yana wasa a cikin matsayi mai ci gaba kuma ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a nasarar 6-0 a kan sababbin 'yan wasan Premier League Derby County. Farawa mai haske ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, duk da haka, yayin da ƙaramin rauni da aka samu a wasan 0-0 da aka yi da Portsmouth ya zama mai tsanani a horo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2007 |title=Bad breaks put Xabi Alonso and Daniel Agger out for six weeks |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/09/20/bad-breaks-put-xabi-alonso-and-daniel-agger-out-for-six-weeks-64375-19818267/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806214302/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/09/20/bad-breaks-put-xabi-alonso-and-daniel-agger-out-for-six-weeks-64375-19818267/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=15 October 2008 |website=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]}}</ref> Raunin metatarsal ya tilasta masa barin horo na makonni shida amma dawowarsa zuwa tawagar farko ya yi sauri kuma raunin da ya samu ya sake dawowa a wasan farko. Ƙuduri da sha'awar Alonso sun zama faduwarsa, kuma daga baya ya yi tunani, "Na kasance ina jin ɗan gajiya a wannan lokacin saboda kawai wasan na farko ne kuma wasan ya yi sauri sosai. Amma a matsayin ɗan wasa ba ku so ku fita, musamman lokacin da ƙungiyar ke cin nasara kuma na zauna a ciki. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Xabi Alonso speaks of his Liverpool injury hell |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/12/19/xabi-alonso-speaks-of-his-liverpool-injury-hell-64375-20268762/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806214318/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/12/19/xabi-alonso-speaks-of-his-liverpool-injury-hell-64375-20268762/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=15 October 2008 |publisher=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]}}</ref> Alonso ya dawo daga rauni a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, amma a cikin watanni masu Luka ya kara fuskantar gasa don matsayi a tsakiyar filin daga Javier Mascherano da Lucas. An tabbatar da rawar da ya taka a wasan tsakiya na Liverpool, duk da haka, yayin da Rafael Benítez ya dauke shi a matsayin "mai wasan kwaikwayo na farko", yana mai cewa Alonso yana da ikon canza wasanni da rushe tsaron 'yan adawa. Alonso ya buga wasan sa na 100 a Liverpool a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 a wasan 1-1 da aka yi da [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassall |first=Paul |date=12 January 2008 |title=Xabi's sweeper dream |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/archivedirs/news/2008/jan/14/N158402080114-1217.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430152622/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/archivedirs/news/2008/jan/14/N158402080114-1217.htm |archive-date=30 April 2008 |access-date=15 December 2008 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Gidan canjin bazara na shekara ta 2008 ya ba da shawarar ƙaura daga Merseyside, yayin da Liverpool ta bi [[Gareth Barry]] na Ingila don maye gurbin Alonso.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2008 |title=Liverpool still want Gareth Barry |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2008/07/29/liverpool-fc-still-want-gareth-barry-64375-21426760/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806214339/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2008/07/29/liverpool-fc-still-want-gareth-barry-64375-21426760/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=6 October 2008 |website=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]}}</ref> A farkon kakar 2008-09, babu Alonso ko Barry da suka koma kulob din amma canjin canjin da aka yi ya bar Mutanen Espanya ba su da tabbas a Liverpool kuma ba su da tabbacin matsayinsa a cikin tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2008 |title=Alonso admits summer sorrow |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_4243844,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201214933/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_4243844,00.html |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=6 October 2008 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> Koyaya, magoya bayan kulob din sun yi abubuwa da yawa don dawo da ruhunsa, suna tallafa masa a ciki da waje da filin wasa, kuma Alonso ya amsa wannan, yana cewa: : [Magoya bayan] ba za su iya yin wani abu ba don nuna mini yadda suke ji...Idan na fita cin abincin rana ko kofi, koyaushe akwai wani wanda zai zo ya ce, 'Za mu ƙaunace ku ku ku zauna'. Ina farin ciki ne kawai cewa, a ƙarshe, babu wani abu da ya fito daga ciki [canjin] saboda ba wani abu ne da na taɓa nema ba. Duk da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin rani, Alonso ya fara kakar wasa ta bana kuma duka takwarorinsa da manema labarai sun yaba da ƙarfin halinsa, suna mai nuna tasirinsa a matsayin wani abu a farkon kulob din a kakar wasa ta 11.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2008 |title=Gerrard tribute to Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/media-watch/gerrard-tribute-to-xabi-alonso |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903132245/http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/media-watch/gerrard-tribute-to-xabi-alonso |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> An kara jaddada muhimmancin Alonso ga tawagar lokacin da ya zira kwallaye guda daya, ta hanyar karkatarwa, a cikin nasarar 0-1 a kan Chelsea, wanda ya sa Liverpool ta zama tawagar farko da ta lashe a Stamford Bridge a cikin shekaru hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2008 |title=Alonso Fires Reds Clear at the Top |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/match/season/2008-2009/oct//681/finalwhistle.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030084318/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/match/season/2008-2009/oct/681/finalwhistle.htm |archive-date=30 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2008 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Binciken kididdiga ya nuna kyakkyawan yanayin Alonso: a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba, adadi daga Opta Sports ya bayyana cewa shi ne dan wasan Premier na farko da ya kammala 1,000 nasara a kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=Jimmy |date=11 December 2008 |title=Xabi's 1,000 passes |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/xabi-s-1-000-passes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151136/http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/xabi-s-1-000-passes |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Goal dinsa na karshe ga Liverpool ya zo ne a nasarar da suka samu a Hull City a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2009, inda ya buga bayan da aka kori shi daga bangon Hull. === Real Madrid === ==== Lokacin 2009-10 ==== [[File:CSKA-Bavaria_(1).jpg|left|thumb|Alonso yana wasa ga [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2014]] Alonso ya kammala tafiyarsa ta £ 30 miliyan zuwa [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 2009. &nbsp;An ba da shawarar cewa bai taɓa so ya bar kulob din Anfield ba, tare da kwangilarsa har zuwa aƙalla 2012, kuma cewa tafiyarsa ta kasance ne saboda bambance-bambance da Benítez.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eaton |first=Paul |date=4 August 2009 |title=Liverpool agree Alonso Deal |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/liverpool-agree-alonso-deal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717183353/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/liverpool-agree-alonso-deal |archive-date=17 July 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref><ref name="BBC-Alonso" /> Tsohon abokin wasan Steven Gerrard ya ce shawarar Alonso ta "ƙazantar da shi", kuma ya ambaci tafiyarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan da ke bayan mummunan tsari na Liverpool a farkon kakar wasa mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2009 |title=Gerrard 'devastated' by Alonso exit |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=693666&sec=england&cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109180917/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=693666&sec=england&cc=5901 |archive-date=9 November 2009 |access-date=4 March 2009 |publisher=[[Soccernet]]}}</ref> Masu karatu na Marca sun sanya Alonso wani ɓangare na tawagar La Liga na kakar, a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya na zaɓa; ɗayan dan wasan Real Madrid da aka nuna shi ne [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] . Alonso ya sami wannan yabo daga ESPN Soccernet . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alvarez, Eduardo |date=17 May 2010 |title=La Liga Team of the Season |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=786445&sec=soccernetawards&root=soccernetawards&cc=3888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520065116/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=786445&sec=soccernetawards&root=soccernetawards&cc=3888 |archive-date=20 May 2010 |access-date=19 May 2010 |website=ESPN Soccernet}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance dan takara a cikin lambar yabo ta LFP da Liga de Fútbol Profesional, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain ta bayar. An zabi Alonso a cikin mafi kyawun dan wasan tsakiya, tare da [[Xavi]] da Javi Martínez . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Finalistas Premios LPF |url=http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=73&Controltype=dn&IDNoticia=5585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603162721/http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=73&Controltype=dn&IDNoticia=5585 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |access-date=15 July 2010 |website=LFP}}</ref> Yawancin 'yan jaridar Mutanen Espanya, da kuma magoya bayan Real Madrid, sun ba Alonso sabon laƙabi a lokacin kakar: La Barba Roja ("The ''Red Beard''"). ==== 2010-14: Nasarar gasar zakarun Turai ==== Lokacin Alonso na biyu a Real Madrid ya fara ne tare da isowar sabon kocin [[José Mourinho]] . An ba shi lambar 14 bayan tashiwar mataimakin kyaftin Guti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irish |first=Ollie |date=3 August 2010 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Takes Raul's No.7 Shirt at Real Madrid, Benzema Moves To No.9, Xabi Alonso Takes No.14 |url=http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/kits/37525/cristiano-ronaldo-takes-rauls-no-7-shirt-at-real-madrid-benzema-moves-to-no-9-xabi-alonso-takes-no-14.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806041418/http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/kits/37525/cristiano-ronaldo-takes-rauls-no-7-shirt-at-real-madrid-benzema-moves-to-no-9-xabi-alonso-takes-no-14.html |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Whoateallthepies.tv}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye guda daya a kakar 2010-11 a kan Real Murcia a Copa del Rey, kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar a karo na farko tun 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid 5-1 Murcia (11 Nov, 2010) |url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/308803/real-murcia-real-madrid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260712020531/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/308803/real-murcia-real-madrid |archive-date=12 July 2026 |access-date=10 July 2026 |website=ESPN India}}</ref> Alonso ya fara kakar wasa ta uku a Madrid ta hanyar zira kwallaye na biyu a wasan 2-2 da Barcelona a Supercopa de España na 2011 a [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona 2-2 Real Madrid (15 August 2011) |url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/330062/barcelona-real-madrid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260711040107/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/330062/barcelona-real-madrid |archive-date=11 July 2026 |access-date=10 July 2026 |website=ESPN India}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, ya buga wasan sa na 100 ga Real Madrid a wasan 0-0 da ya yi da Racing Santander . Alonso ya yi ikirarin lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta farko a cikin aikinsa. A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Alonso ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangila tare da Real Madrid, wanda zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa shekara ta 2016. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2014, Real Madrid ta doke [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] 4-0 a karo na biyu na wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar zakarun Turai don samun damar shiga wasan karshe bayan nasarar da suka samu 5-0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Bayern Munich vs. Real Madrid: Final score 0–4 (0–5 aggregate), Blancos overwhelm Bayern, advance to the final |url=https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2014/4/29/5665552/bayern-munich-vs-real-madrid-2014-uefa-champions-league-final-score-result |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508223138/https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2014/4/29/5665552/bayern-munich-vs-real-madrid-2014-uefa-champions-league-final-score-result |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=30 April 2014 |website=[[SB Nation]]}}</ref> Alonso ya sami katin rawaya bayan ya yi tsalle a kan Bastian Schweinsteiger a rabi na farko; kamar yadda ya riga ya sami biyu kafin wasan, wannan ya fitar da shi daga wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Bayern Munich 0 Real Madrid 4 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27193338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109001807/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27193338 |archive-date=9 January 2016 |access-date=30 April 2014 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya yi ikirarin lambar yabo ta biyu ta UEFA Champions League yayin da Real ta doke [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] 4-1 a karin lokaci. === Bayern Munich === A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Alonso ya koma [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2014 |title=Xabi Alonso completes Bayern switch |url=http://www.fcbayern.de/en/news/news/2014/xabi-alonso-signs-for-bayern-290814.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325115508/http://www.fcbayern.de/en/news/news/2014/xabi-alonso-signs-for-bayern-290814.php |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=29 August 2014 |website=fcbayern.de |publisher=FC Bayern Munich}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2014 |title=Official announcement: Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2014/08/official-announcement-xabi-alonso |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406032024/https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2014/08/official-announcement-xabi-alonso |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=29 August 2014 |website=realmadrid.com}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa washegari, ya fara ne a 1-1 draw a kan Schalke 04 . A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2014, a cikin nasara 0-2 a kan 1. FC Köln, Alonso ya karya rikodin mafi yawan wucewa da aka kammala a wasan Bundesliga, tare da 196.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Garry |date=1 October 2014 |title=5 Incredible Stats That Show How Important Xabi Alonso Is For Bayern Munich |url=http://balls.ie/football/5-incredible-stats-show-important-xabi-alonso-bayern-munich/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511184131/http://balls.ie/football/5-incredible-stats-show-important-xabi-alonso-bayern-munich/ |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=2 October 2014 |website=Balls.ie}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob din a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2014, a cikin nasara 6-0 a kan Werder Bremen. A wasansa na 100 na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2015, an kori Alonso saboda laifin da za a iya lissafawa na biyu a wasan 0-0 da ya yi da Shakhtar Donetsk . A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Bayern guda hudu, duk wadanda suka lashe gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]], wadanda suka rasa nasarar da aka yi da Borussia Dortmund a wasan kusa da na karshe na DFB-Pokal. Har ila yau, shi ne kawai dan wasan da ya rasa yayin da kulob din ya rasa harbi a ƙarshen DFL-Supercup na 2015 zuwa VfL Wolfsburg, mai tsaron gidan Koen Casteels ya cece yunkurinsa. Alonso ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila tare da Bayern a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2015, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa 2017. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Alonso ya tabbatar ta hanyar [[X (kafofin sada zumunta)|Twitter]] da ritayar sa daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙarshen kakar 2016-17. Shi da kyaftin din Bayern [[Philipp Lahm]] sun buga wasan karshe na kwararru a ranar 20 ga Mayu, a cikin nasara 4-1 a gida a kan [[SC Freiburg]] inda ya taimaka wa [[Arjen Robben]]. An maye gurbinsa a minti na 82 ga Franck Ribéry . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arnhold |first=Matthias |date=28 June 2017 |title=Xabi Alonso Olano – Matches and Goals in Bundesliga |url=https://www.rsssf.org/players/xabialonsodata.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224071036/https://www.rsssf.org/players/xabialonsodata.html |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[File:Xabi_Alonso_Euro_2012_vs_France_02.jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa ga [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Spain|Spain]] a Yuro 2012]] === Yuro 2004 === Alonso ya fara kiran tawagar kwallon kafa ta Spain ne daga kocin Iñaki Sáez don wasan sada zumunci da Ecuador a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2003, yana da shekaru 21. Ya fara ne a nasarar 4-0 a Filin wasa na Vicente Calderón . Sáez mai suna Alonso a cikin tawagar UEFA Euro 2004 a Portugal . Ya kasance mai maye gurbin a nasarar da ya samu a kan Rasha, kuma ya fara cin nasara ga masu masaukin baki, a cikin fitowar rukuni. === Kofin Duniya na 2006 === An ambaci Alonso a cikin tawagar Spain don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2006 kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko na gasar, wanda shine burinsa na farko na kasa da kasa, a kan Ukraine a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2006. Bayan Spain ta lashe dukkan wasanninsu na matakin rukuni, 'yan wasan karshe na Faransa sun kawar da su a Zagaye na 16 na gasar. === Yuro na 2008 === Lokacin 2007-08 na Liverpool ya ƙare ba tare da kofin ba amma damar samun girmamawa ta jira Alonso a cikin hanyar gasar Euro 2008. Alonso ya fito ne galibi a matsayin mai maye gurbin amma, tare da manyan 'yan wasa suna hutawa, ya jagoranci Spain a wasan karshe na rukuni da suka yi da Girka, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta wasan. Duk da rawar da ya taka, bai iya samun matsayi na farko a cikin tawagar ba, yana nuna ƙarfin Spain a zurfi. Spain ta ci gaba da lashe gasar kuma ya fito a wasanni hudu daga cikin wasanni shida.<ref name="SpainStats">{{Cite web |title=Xabi Alonso Player Profile Euro 2008 |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/euro2008/player-profiles/0,23132,12024_90026,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402194102/http://www.skysports.com/football/euro2008/player-profiles/0,23132,12024_90026,00.html |archive-date=2 April 2010 |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> Da yake magana da ɗan jaridar Mutanen Espanya Guillem Balagué, ya ce nasarar Spain ta cancanci kuma aikin ƙungiyar 'yan wasan yana da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyar da ba a ci nasara ba a gasar. Alonso ya yi farin ciki da nasarar, yana mai cewa, "Yana da ban mamaki kuma dukkanmu muna tafiya a cikin mafarki. Yana da ban mamaki. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balagué |first=Guillem |date=30 June 2008 |title=Exclusive Interview: Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.guillembalague.com/interview_desp.php?id=14&titulo=Exclusive%20Interview:%20Xabi%20Alonso |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223101615/http://www.guillembalague.com/interview_desp.php?id=14&titulo=Exclusive%20Interview:%20Xabi%20Alonso |archive-date=23 February 2012 |access-date=4 November 2008 |publisher=[[Guillem Balagué]]}}</ref>Alonso ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a nasarar 3-0 a wasan sada zumunci da Denmark a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2008. === Kofin Tarayyar 2009 === A gasar cin kofin FIFA ta 2009 a Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka ta kawar da Spain a wasan kusa da na karshe. A wasan na uku da aka yi da [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|masu masaukin baki]], wasan ya tafi karin lokaci bayan ya gama 2-2; Alonso ya zira kwallaye a minti na 107 don lashe wasan. === Kofin Duniya na 2010 === Alonso ya fara kowane wasa ga Spain a lokacin Gasar 2010, yana wasa tare da [[Sergio Busquets]] da [[Xavi]] a tsakiyar filin wasa kuma yana taimaka wa tawagarsa ta ɗaga [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya]] na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA player Statistics: XABI ALONSO |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=207528/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612172658/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=207528/index.html |archive-date=12 June 2008 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> A minti na 28 na wasan karshe da ya yi da Netherlands, ya sami "Kung fu-style" a kirji daga dan wasan tsakiya na Dutch Nigel de Jong, laifin ya kasance mai rikitarwa tun lokacin da ya zama laifin da ya cancanci ja madaidaiciya, amma alƙalin Howard Webb ya yi mulki kawai ya zama katin rawaya. Wannan ya bar Alonso cikin ciwo da kuma tsoron karyewar haƙarƙari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joyce, Paul |title=Xabi Alonso in broken rib fear |url=http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/186572/Xabi-Alonso-in-broken-rib-fear-/ |access-date=15 July 2010 |publisher=the Daily and Sunday Express}}</ref> Duk da wannan ciwo, ya ci gaba da wasa na wani awa. === Yuro 2012 === === Kofin Duniya na 2014 === Spain ta sake kasancewa cikin wadanda aka fi so don cin nasara a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2014, amma an kawar da su a matakin rukuni. Alonso ya zira kwallaye a minti na 27 na wasan farko da suka yi da Netherlands, kodayake an maye gurbinsa a minti na 62 tare da Spain 2-1 kafin ya rasa 5-1. Spain ta rasa 2-0 ga Chile, inda Alonso ya karbi katin rawaya a rabi na farko kuma an maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci tare da ci 2-0. An fitar da Spain daga gasar amma ta lashe wasan karshe 3-0 a kan Australia kuma ta kammala ta uku a cikin rukuni; Alonso ya buga minti 83 a wasan. Alonso ya sanar da ritayar sa daga kwallon kafa ta kasa da kasa a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2014. === Kasar Basque === [[File:Alonso_Basque.jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa a Kasar Basque a shekarar 2011]] == Hanyar wasa == An san shi da daidaito da yawan aiki, Alonso an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan tsakiya na ƙarni, wanda aka san shi da tasirinsa a cikin matsayi na kirkira da na karewa.<ref name="bundesliga.com_1">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2014 |title=Xabi Alonso: FC Bayern's indisputable Ballmagnet |url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/liga/news/2014/0000303084.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003081720/http://www.bundesliga.com/en/liga/news/2014/0000303084.php |archive-date=3 October 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014 |publisher=bundesliga.com}}</ref> '''Bayer Leverkusen''' * Bundesliga: 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-172016–17 * DFB-Pokal: 2015-162015–16 * DFL-Supercup: 2016 * [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]]: 2010 * [[Gasar Turai ta UEFA]]: 2008, 2012 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Dan wasan Mutanen Espanya na Shekara: 2003 * Manufar BBC ta Watan: Nuwamba 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Glover |first=Alex |date=12 September 2016 |title=Sadio Mane wins MOTD Goal of the Month – We pick Liverpool's best winners from down the years |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sadio-mane-wins-motd-goal-11875721 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225043229/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sadio-mane-wins-motd-goal-11875721 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |access-date=2 July 2017 |website=[[Liverpool Echo]]}}</ref> * FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2011, 2012; 2nd team: 2014; 3rd team: 2013; <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2015 |title=FIFA FIFPro World XI: the reserve teams – FIFPro World Players' Union |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/fifa-fifpro-world-xi-the-reserve-teams/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414193942/https://fifpro.org/news/fifa-fifpro-world-xi-the-reserve-teams/en/ |archive-date=14 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=FIFPro.org}}</ref> 4th team: 2015; <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2014 |title=FifPro announces reserve Teams of the Year – but Luis Suarez and Arjen Robben won't be laughing while Iker Casillas is somehow named the second best goalkeeper of 2013 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/fifpro-announces-reserve-teams-of-the-year-but-luis-suarez-and-arjen-robben-wont-be-laughing-while-9062047.html#gallery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009001616/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news/fifpro-announces-reserve-teams-year-luis-suarez-and-arjen-robben-won-t-be-laughing-while-iker-casillas-somehow-named-second-best-goalkeeper-2013-9062047.html#gallery |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Independent.co.uk}}</ref> 5th team: 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2016 |title=2015 World XI: the Reserve Teams – FIFPro World Players' Union |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/2015-world-xi-the-reserve-teams-2/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090125/https://fifpro.org/news/2015-world-xi-the-reserve-teams-2/en/ |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=FIFPro.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2017 |title=2016 World 11: the reserve teams – FIFPro World Players' Union |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/2016-world-11-the-reserve-teams/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090134/https://fifpro.org/news/2016-world-11-the-reserve-teams/en/ |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=FIFPro.org}}</ref> * La Liga Mafi kyawun Midfielder: 2011-12 * Kungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA: 2012 * Kungiyar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta kakar wasa: 2013-142013–14 * Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 2014-15 <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2015 |title=2014/15 Team of the Season |url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/watch/galleries/0000320167.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514135204/http://www.bundesliga.com/en/watch/galleries/0000320167.jsp |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |publisher=[[Bundesliga]]}}</ref> * Medal na zinariya na Royal Order of Sporting Merit: 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2011 |title=Las campeones del mundo de fútbol ya tienen la Real Orden del Mérito Deportivo |trans-title=The women's football world champions now have the Royal Order of Sports Merit. |url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20111005/futbol/seleccion-espanola/las-campeones-del-mundo-de-futbol-ya-tienen-la-real-orden-del-merito-deportivo_54226408413.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828090921/https://www.mundodeportivo.com/20111005/futbol/seleccion-espanola/las-campeones-del-mundo-de-futbol-ya-tienen-la-real-orden-del-merito-deportivo_54226408413.html |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=mundodeportivo.com |language=es}}</ref> === Manajan === '''Bayer Leverkusen''' '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kocin Kwallon Kafa na Duniya Mafi Kyawun Shekara: 2024 * VDV Kocin Lokacin (Silver Bench) : 2023-24 * Manajan kwallon kafa na shekara a Jamus: 2024 <ref name="winner 2024">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2024 |title=kicker-Awards: Kroos ist Fußballer des Jahres, Xabi Alonso Trainer des Jahres |trans-title=kicker Awards: Kroos is Footballer of the Year, Xabi Alonso Coach of the Year. |url=https://www.kicker.de/kicker-awards-kroos-ist-fussballer-des-jahres-xabi-alonso-trainer-des-jahres-1042228/artikel#omrss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203190103/https://www.kicker.de/kicker-awards-kroos-ist-fussballer-des-jahres-xabi-alonso-trainer-des-jahres-1042228/artikel#omrss |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=kicker |language=de}}</ref> * Manajan La Liga na Watan: Agusta 2025 <ref name="laliga-alonso">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2025 |title=Xabi Alonso, LALIGA EA SPORTS Coach of the Month for August |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/xabi-alonso-laliga-ea-sports-coach-of-the-month-for-august |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908132608/https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/xabi-alonso-laliga-ea-sports-coach-of-the-month-for-august |archive-date=8 September 2025 |access-date=9 September 2025 |website=Página web oficial de LALIGA {{!}} LALIGA |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa da suka buga wasanni 100 ko fiye da UEFA Champions League * [[Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na maza tare da 100 ko fiye da na kasa da kasa]] == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3r2q4aud71jnbhc7f4t4z85ndisa76p 964691 964690 2026-10-08T10:14:45Z Khaleel767 49732 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1378138801|Xabi Alonso]]" 964691 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Xabier Alonso Olano''' ({{IPA|eu|ˈʃaβi aˈlons̺o oˈlano|lang}} ,{{IPA|es|ˈʃaβj aˈlonso oˈlano|lang}} ; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1981) ƙwararren manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya kuma tsohon [[Ɗan ƙwallo|ɗan wasa]] wanda shine manajan ƙungiyar Premier League [[Chelsea F.C.|ta Chelsea]] . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan [[Mai buga tsakiya|'yan wasan tsakiya]] na zamaninsa, an san shi da ƙarfinsa na wucewa da kuma harbi mai nisa. {{Refn|<ref name="bundesliga.com_1"/><ref name="espn-smith">{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37515638/bayern-munich-midfielder-xabi-alonso-make-good-manager-pep-guardiola |title=Bayern Munich's Xabi Alonso will make a good manager – Pep Guardiola |author1=Smith |publisher=ESPN FC |date=10 March 2017 |access-date=28 March 2019 |first=Jonathan |archive-date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123004311/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37515638/bayern-munich-midfielder-xabi-alonso-make-good-manager-pep-guardiola |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sportreview">{{cite web |last1=Momblano |first1=Luca |date=22 October 2014 |title=Xabi Alonso erede totale di Pep Guardiola |trans-title=Xabi Alonso, the complete heir to Pep Guardiola. |url=https://www.sportreview.it/calcio-oggi/xabi-alonso-erede-totale-pep-guardiola |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707162550/https://www.sportreview.it/calcio-oggi/xabi-alonso-erede-totale-pep-guardiola |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |publisher=Sportreview |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref name="hitc.com">{{cite web | url = https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2015/03/13/ct-gerrard-picks-alonso-as-midfield-partner-claiming-ive-missed/ | title = Gerrard picks Alonso as best midfield partner, claiming: 'I've missed him' | publisher = hitc.com | date = 13 March 2015 | last = Thomas | first = Che | access-date = 13 December 2018 | archive-date = 6 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230406141509/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2015/03/13/ct-gerrard-picks-alonso-as-midfield-partner-claiming-ive-missed/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="GiveMeSport">{{cite web | url=https://www.givemesport.com/greatest-footballers-of-the-decade-2010-2019/ | title = Ranking the 100 greatest footballers of the decade (2010–2020) | date = 8 November 2023 | website = givemesport.com | first = Kobe | last = Tong | access-date = 8 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Churchill |first=Max |date=18 January 2025 |title=The 10 greatest defensive midfielders in football history ranked – Rodri 8th |url=https://www.givemesport.com/greatest-defensive-midfielders-in-football-history-ranked/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=GiveMeSport |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321035324/https://www.givemesport.com/greatest-defensive-midfielders-in-football-history-ranked/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar Alonso a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun manajoji matasa a duniya. Alonso ya fara aikinsa a Real Sociedad, babban ƙungiyar lardin Gipuzkoa. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokacin aro a Eibar, an nada shi a matsayin kyaftin din Real Sociedad kuma ya gama a matsayin na biyu a La Liga a kakar 2002-03. Ya koma [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a shekara ta 2004 don fam miliyan 10.5 kuma ya ƙarshe [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe. &nbsp;Daga baya ya lashe gasar cin [[FA Cup|Kofin FA]] Super Cup, FA Cup da FA Community Shield . Alonso ya koma Real Madrid a shekara ta 2009 a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai fam miliyan 30 kuma ya lashe La Liga, lambobin Copa del Rey guda biyu, da kuma wani gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA. &nbsp;Ya koma [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2014 kuma ya lashe lambobin Bundesliga uku, ciki har da sau biyu na cikin gida a kakar wasa ta biyu, kuma ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Champions League 100 club: Xabi Alonso |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0251-0e99b2382f3a-7aaf0f99afd5-1000--champions-league-100-club-xabi-alonso/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911233226/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0251-0e99b2382f3a-7aaf0f99afd5-1000--champions-league-100-club-xabi-alonso/ |archive-date=11 September 2022 |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Spain|Spain]] wasa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003 kuma ya ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun Turai sau biyu a shekara ta 2008 da 2012, da kuma gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2010. Ya kuma wakilci Spain a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2004 da kuma gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2006. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2012, Alonso ya lashe kofinsa na 100 ga Spain a wasan kusa da na karshe na Euro 2012 da Faransa, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a nasarar 2-0. Alonso ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa bayan gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2014. Wasanni 114 da ya buga ya sa ya zama dan wasa na takwas mafi girma a tarihin Spain. NaAlonso ya horar da tawagar U14 ta Real Madrid kafin a nada shi a matsayin manajan Real Sociedad B a shekarar 2019, inda ya sami ci gaba zuwa Segunda División a kakar wasa ta biyu. An nada Alonso a matsayin kocin Bayer Leverkusen a shekarar 2022 kuma ya kammala wasan da ba a taba cin nasara ba a cikin gida a shekarar 2024, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Bundesliga da kuma DFB-Pokal ta farko tun 1993. Bayan shekaru biyu da rabi tare da kungiyar Jamus, an nada Alonso a matsayin sabon kocin tsohon kulob dinsa na Real Madrid a watan Yunin 2025, amma ya bar kulob din watanni bakwai bayan haka ta hanyar yardar juna. Watanni huɗu bayan barin Real Madrid, Alonso ya amince ya zama kocin [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] tun daga watan Yulin 2026. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Alonso a cikin ƙaramin garin Tolosa, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, a cikin dangin da aka sani da ƙwarewar ƙwallon ƙafa. Mahaifinsa, Periko Alonso, ya lashe La Liga sau biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya tare da Real Sociedad kuma a karo na uku bayan ya koma [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. Ya kuma fito a cikin tawagar kasa, inda ya lashe kwallo 21 a cikin aikinsa. Alonso ya zauna a birnin [[Barcelona]] na shekaru shida na farko na rayuwarsa kuma ya koma San Sebastián bayan haka. A nan ne sha'awarsa ga kwallon kafa ta fara yayin da ya kori yarinta da ya buga a Playa de la Concha (Shell Beach). A kan yashi na Basque, Alonso ya yi abota da wani mazaunin Calle Matia, [[Mikel Arteta]], kuma biyun za su yi yaƙi da juna a cikin nune-nunen fasaha. Ya shiga kwallon kafa kuma mahaifinsa yakan kawo shi da babban ɗan'uwansa, [[Mikel Alonso|Mikel]], zuwa filin horo na Sabadell don yin aiki tare. Alonso ya sami rinjaye daga wasan mahaifinsa, yana jin daɗin wuce kwallon da kyau fiye da harbi a raga.<ref name="GB0">{{Cite web |last=Balague |first=Guillem |date=18 May 2008 |title=Dads and Lads: Periko and Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/drilldown/N159927080518-0840.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701220709/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/drilldown/N159927080518-0840.htm |archive-date=1 July 2008 |access-date=15 August 2008 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Tun yana ƙarami, ya yanke shawarar yin wasa a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya, rawar da ta taimaka masa ya koyi yadda za a rarraba kwallon da kyau. Wannan baiwa daga baya zai zama wani bangare na kulob dinsa da aikin kasa da kasa.<ref name="GB1" /> Alonso da Arteta suna da burin yin wasa tare da juna don Real Sociedad lokacin da suka girma. Kodayake sun halarci makarantu daban-daban, 'yan wasan biyu sun haɗu da karfi a kungiyar matasa ta Antiguoko, suna wasa wasanni a karshen mako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jugadores Relevantes |trans-title=Relevant Players |url=https://antiguoko.org/club-jugadores-relevantes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005202021/http://antiguoko.org/club-jugadores-relevantes/ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |website=Official Website |publisher=Antiguoko KE |language=es}}</ref> Ayyukansu sun ja hankalin 'yan kallo daga manyan bangarorin Mutanen Espanya kuma [[Katalunya|Katalan]] ''Donostiarras'' sun rabu, sun kawo karshen shekaru tara na kishiyar abokantaka, yayin da Alonso ya tafi Real Sociedad kuma Arteta ya koma babbar kungiyar Catalan [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. Alonso ya tafi Real Sociedad, duk da haka, ba wanda ba shi da aboki, kamar yadda babban ɗan'uwansa [[Mikel Alonso|Mikel]], wanda shi ma ya zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa, ya shiga kulob din tare da shi. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Royal Society === Alonso ya ci gaba da sauri ta hanyar matasa da Ƙungiyar ajiya a Real Sociedad (ya lashe Matsayi na huɗu a cikin kakar wasa guda tare da na ƙarshe) kuma ya burge ya isa ya sami damar samun tawagar farko a lokacin da yake da shekaru 18. <ref name="GB0" /> Ya fara buga wasan farko da ya yi da Logroñés a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1999 a wasan Copa del Rey.<ref name="LFCProfile">{{Cite web |title=Xabi Alonso Profile |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/team/squad/alonso/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804215916/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/team/squad/alonso/ |archive-date=4 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]}}</ref> Alonso ya kasa sake fitowa a kakar amma shekara mai zuwa ta kawo karin dama. A farkon kakar 2000-01, Javier Clemente ya tura shi zuwa kungiyar Segunda División Eibar don samun kwarewa. Mahaifin Alonso musamman ya ji cewa tafiyar zuwa ƙaramin kulob din ta inganta shi a matsayin dan wasa.<ref name="GB0" /> Saurin juyawa na manajoji, duk da haka, gami da tsawon watanni biyu tare da Periko Alonso a matsayin mai kula, ya bar Real Sociedad a cikin mummunan yanayi. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, Real Sociedad sun kasance a kasa a gasar kuma sabon manajan su, John Toshack, ya juya ga Alonso mai ban mamaki da fatan juyar da dukiyar kulob din. A cikin wani yunkuri na mamaki, kocin Welsh ya sanya dan shekara 20 ya zama kyaftin din kulob din, matsayin da aka saba rike da shi ta hanyar manyan 'yan wasa. A ƙarshen kakar, Sociedad ta hau daga yankin sakewa kuma ta gama a matsayi na 14.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrados |first=Juan Pedro |date=10 November 2001 |title=Primera División 2000/01 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/span01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127205917/https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/span01.html |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=11 November 2016 |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> Toshack ya yaba wa Alonso, yana mai bayyana cewa ra'ayi da yake da shi a kan tawagar ya kasance na musamman, musamman ga dan wasan daga ƙungiyar matasa.<ref name="GB1" /> A karkashin kulawar John Toshack, kyaftin din Alonso ya nuna sake farfadowa ga Real Sociedad. Toshack ya fahimci damar Alonso kuma ya saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin matashin kyaftin dinsa, yana ƙirƙirar hanyar horo da aka tsara don inganta taɓawa da sarrafawa musamman a gare shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbandonato |first=Paul |date=3 July 2008 |title=It's the Real deal for Toshack |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/footballnation/football-in-wales/2008/07/03/it-s-the-real-deal-for-toshack-91466-21218919/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007142154/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/footballnation/football-in-wales/2008/07/03/it-s-the-real-deal-for-toshack-91466-21218919/ |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=12 August 2008 |publisher=Wales Online ([[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]])}}</ref> Kungiyar ta tabbatar da matsayinta na tsakiyar tebur a kakar 2001-02, ta kammala a matsayi na 13. Alonso ya bayyana a kai a kai a La Liga tare da bayyanar 30 a cikin kakar kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar, ya kammala tare da jimlar kakar uku. Gudanar da Real Sociedad ya sake canzawa a lokacin rani na 2002 tare da isowar Raynald Denoueix, amma Alonso ya ci gaba da zama a cikin tawagar farko a kan ƙarfin wasan kwaikwayon da ya gabata. Shekarar 2002-03 ita ce mafi kyawun wasan league na kulob din tun Lokacin 1981-82, inda suka lashe gasar. Kungiyar Basque ta kammala ta biyu, maki biyu a bayan [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], ta kafa rikodin kulob din don mafi girman maki, kuma ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a karon farko. Alonso ya sami yabo sosai saboda rawar da ya taka a nasarar kulob din kuma mujallar wasanni ta Mutanen Espanya ''Don Balon'' ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Mai kunnawa na Mutanen Espanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diaz |first=Emilio Pla |date=28 January 2004 |title=Spain&nbsp;– Footballer of the Year |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/spanpoy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112164212/https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/spanpoy.html |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=12 August 2008 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Alonso ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙididdigar ƙwallon kulob din, ya zira kwallaye 12 a duk gasa. Ayyukansa sun sami sunan Alonso na kasa kuma Iñaki Sáez, kocin tawagar kwallon kafa ta Spain, ya kira shi zuwa tawagar kwallon kwando ta Spain. Alonso ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2003 a wasan sada zumunci 4-0 da ya yi a kan Ecuador.<ref name="FDB">{{Cite web |title=Xabi Alonso Profile |url=http://footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=550&pn=Xabier_Alonso_Olona |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215152525/http://footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=550&pn=Xabier_Alonso_Olona |archive-date=15 December 2010 |access-date=12 August 2008 |publisher=Football Database}}</ref> Sáez ya yaba wa Alonso, yana cewa, "Yana da kyakkyawan kewayon wucewa daidai [kuma] yana ganin kwallon kafa da haske mai ban mamaki".[and] Shekarar 2003-04 ta kunshi sakamako mai rikitarwa ga Alonso da kulob dinsa na San Sebastián. Alonso ya yi murabus da damar da ya samu don yin wasa a Turai, ya bayyana a duk wasannin kulob din, kuma Real Sociedad ta cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai. Kungiyar ta yi gwagwarmaya a karkashin matsin karin wasannin, duk da haka, kuma Lyon ta kori su daga gasar kuma ta gama 15th a La Liga. Haɗin kyawawan wasan kwaikwayon Alonso da kuma ƙarancin wasan kwaikwayo na kulob din ya sa ya tafi daga Filin wasa na Anoeta ba za a iya gujewa ba. Duk da sha'awar Real Madrid, Alonso ya ci gaba da kasancewa a Real Sociedad. Madrid ta kasa biyan kudin fam miliyan 13 da José Luis Astiazarán, shugaban Real Sociedad, ya sanya a kan Alonso kuma yarjejeniyar ta kai ga rikici.<ref name="Sinnott" /> &nbsp;Alonso yana da wasu damuwa kuma ya mayar da hankali kan aikin kasa da kasa tare da Spain a UEFA Euro 2004. <ref name="FDB" /> Duk da gaskiyar cewa bayyanar Alonso a gasar ta kasance takaice, ya ja hankalin dan wasan kwallon kafa mai ritaya Jan Mølby, wanda ya burge shi da ƙwarewarsa ta wucewa.<ref name="GB1" /> Gidan canjin bazara a Real Sociedad ya ga isowar abokiyar yarinta na Alonso Mikel Arteta . Arteta ya yi farin ciki da yiwuwar yin haɗin gwiwa da Alonso a tsakiyar filin wasa, amma farin cikinsa bai daɗe ba. Ba a zabi Alonso ba don wasannin sada zumunci na Real Sociedad kafin kakar wasa ta bana, yana nuna cewa ana bi da tayin da [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] ke bayarwa da gaske.<ref name="Drop" /> A ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2004, kungiyar Basque ta sanar da cewa sun yi yarjejeniya da ta kai fam miliyan 10.7 tare da Liverpool kuma Alonso ya amince da sharuddan tare da kulob din Merseyside.<ref name="LFCProfile" /> &nbsp;Alonso bai yi nadama game da gaskiyar cewa ba a yi tafiya zuwa Real Madrid ba. Maimakon haka, ya mai da hankali kan haɗuwa da sabon rukunin Mutanen Espanya a Liverpool a ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsohon kocin [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] Rafael Benítez. === Liverpool === ==== 2004-05: Nasarar gasar zakarun Turai ==== Alonso ya isa Liverpool tare da Luis García daga Barcelona, yana nuna farkon sabon zamani a Anfield. Sabon kocin Liverpool Rafael Benítez ya nemi ya sauya kulob din kuma ya sake fasalin tawagar gaba daya, yana burge salon gudanarwarsa da dabarunsa a kan tawagar. Mutanen Espanya na fasaha sune sa hannun farko na Benítez kuma ya ce jaddada kwarewarsu akan ƙarfi ya ba tawagar wani abu daban. Alonso ya fara buga wasan Premier League da Bolton Wanderers a Filin wasa na Reebok a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta 2004. <ref name="LFCProfile" /> Liverpool ta rasa wasan 1-0 amma Alonso ya riga ya sami yabo saboda kwarewarsa daga manema labarai. Wasan Premier League da Fulham ya yi ya nuna karin baiwar Alonso. Liverpool ta rasa 2-0 a rabin lokaci kuma Benítez ya kawo Alonso a matsayin mai maye gurbin bayan hutu. Ya farfado da Liverpool kuma wasan ya gama 2-4 ga kulob din Merseyside. Bugu da ƙari, Alonso ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din daga free-kick don kawo Liverpool gaba da 'yan adawa. [[File:Xabi_Alonso.jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa a [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a shekara ta 2005]] Alonso ya ci gaba da samar da muhimman burin ga kulob din, inda ya zira kwallaye na farko a Anfield a kan [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] a nasarar 2-1 . Alonso ya yi farin ciki da nasarar kuma ya ji yana zaune a Ingila. Wasan Arsenal ya nuna dawowar [[Steven Gerrard]] daga rauni amma haɗin gwiwar Alonso da Kyaftin din kulob din ya tsaya lokacin da Alonso ya sha wahala na farko a Liverpool. Alonso ya karye idon sa bayan da [[Frank Lampard]] ya yi nasara a gida 0-1 a kan [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 kuma an kori Mutanen Espanya daga aiki na watanni uku. Alonso ya dawo cikin tawagar farko a karo na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe na [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] da [[Juventus]]. Alonso bai kasance a cikakkiyar lafiya ba amma, yayin da Steven Gerrard ya ji rauni, ya buga cikakken minti 90 kuma Liverpool ta ci kwallo a 0-0 a Italiya, inda ta doke zakarun Italiya 2-1 a jimillar. Kevin McCarra na ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya ba da shaida ga ƙwarewar Alonso da sadaukarwa ga wasan, yana cewa, "Wannan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai ban mamaki ya ba da shaidar a Stadio Delle Alpi cewa dabarar na iya shawo kan mummunar matsalar jiki".A wasan kusa da na karshe da Chelsea, Alonso ya sami katin rawaya a cikin tsananin 0-0 a Stamford Bridge, wanda ya sa aka dakatar da shi don kafa na biyu. Alonso ya damu da cewa zai rasa wasan kuma ya kalubalanci shawarar alƙalin ba tare da amfani ba. Gerrard ya dawo daga rauni a karo na biyu, duk da haka, kuma kyaftin din ya jagoranci kulob dinsa zuwa nasara 1-0 tare da taimakon burin Luis García, ya cancanci wasan karshe da [[AC Milan|Milan]]. Liverpool ta kammala matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya ta bar abubuwa da yawa da ba za a so ba amma ɗaukakar kakar wasa ta farko har yanzu tana jiran Alonso a cikin hanyar wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai. Kungiyar ta fadi kwallaye uku a bayan Milan amma ta kammala dawowar rabi na biyu. Liverpool, wanda ke bin 3-2, an ba su hukunci kuma an yanke shawarar cewa Alonso zai dauki wuri. Yayinda Dida, sanannen mai tsaron gidan Brazil na Milan, ya sami nasarar adana hukuncin, Alonso ya harbe shi a cikin rufin net, ya kawo ci 3-3. Lokaci na Ƙarin lokaci ya wuce ba tare da wani burin daga kowanne kungiya ba kuma Liverpool ta ci 3-2 a cikin harbi na kisa. An yaba wa Alonso saboda tasirin da ya yi a dawowar tawagar kuma manajan Benítez ya karfafa muhimmancinsa ga kulob din. Alonso ya yi farin ciki da nasarar, yana mai cewa, "Wannan shine mafi kyawun lokaci a cikin sana'ata".An kuma tunatar da dare mai ban mamaki a matsayin 'Miracle of Istanbul'. ==== 2005-06: Wanda ya lashe kofin FA ==== [[File:CK_that_Aronso_kicks.jpg|left|thumb|Alonso yana buga kwallo a [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a shekara ta 2006]] Alonso ya kasance a cikin tawagar farko a kakar 2005-06, ya guje wa raunin da ya lalata kakar wasa ta farko a kulob din. Gidan canjin bazara ya kawo Peter Crouch zuwa Liverpool kuma tsayin dan wasan ya haifar da zargi cewa kulob din zai canza zuwa dabarun kwallon kafa. Crouch ya musanta wannan, yana mai nuna cewa ikon wucewa na Alonso, tare da Gerrard, zai bayyana salon wasan Liverpool. Alonso ya fuskanci karin gasa don matsayinsa a cikin sabon zuwan Mohamed Sissoko. Koyaya, raunin Steven Gerrard da kuma goyon bayan Rafael Benítez na tsarin 4-5-1 sun tabbatar da matsayin Alonso a cikin tawagar. Alonso ya bayyana a duk wasannin Liverpool a Gasar Zakarun Turai amma rinjaye da aka nuna a kakar da ta gabata ya tafi yayin da Benfica ta kawar da kulob din a Zagaye na 16. A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, a wasan FA Cup na uku da aka yi da Luton Town, Alonso ya taimaka wa Liverpool zuwa nasarar dawowa 5-3 bayan ya fadi 3-1 a farkon rabi na biyu. Alonso ya zira kwallaye biyu masu ban sha'awa daga nesa: daya daga yadudduka 45, ɗayan kuma yadudduka 65 daga burin; a bayan layin rabin hanya.<ref name="LFCProfile" /> Sakamakon haka, burin Alonso ya nuna sa'a ga mai sha'awar Liverpool wanda ya lashe £ 25,000 daga fare na £ 200 akan Alonso ya zira kwallaye daga cikin rabin kansa. Alonso ya ji rauni a idon sa a nasarar da ya samu a wasan da ya yi da Portsmouth, inda ya sanya sa ya shiga gasar cin kofin FA a cikin shakku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2006 |title=Portsmouth 1–3 Liverpool |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4957462.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824064755/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4957462.stm |archive-date=24 August 2013 |access-date=1 February 2011 |website=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Koyaya, ya warke sosai don fara wasan da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] kuma Gerrard ya zira kwallaye na uku na Liverpool, ya janye matakin kulob din tare da 'yan adawa. Alonso, har yanzu raunin ya shafa, bai iya gudanar da dukkan minti 90 ba kuma an maye gurbinsa a rabi na biyu. Liverpool ta ci 3-1 a kan penalties ba tare da taimakonsa ba amma Alonso har yanzu ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta FA Cup. ==== 2006–2009 ==== [[File:Xabi_Alonso_(Real_Valladolid-Real_Madrid).jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa a [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2007, Alonso ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar, yana mai cewa, "Na san cewa akwai sha'awa daga wasu kungiyoyi amma koyaushe ra'ayina ne na zauna a nan. Na kasance a nan na tsawon shekaru uku yanzu kuma ina da irin wannan ji na musamman ga kulob din da magoya baya. Na fahimci abin da Liverpool ke nufi ga mutane da yawa. Kungiyar ce ta musamman kuma ba na so in tafi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2007 |title=Alonso commits to five more years at Liverpool |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/jun/08/newsstory.sport |access-date=1 December 2011 |website=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>Shekarar 2007-08 ta fara da kyau ga Mutanen Espanya: rashin Gerrard ya haifar da Alonso yana wasa a cikin matsayi mai ci gaba kuma ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a nasarar 6-0 a kan sababbin 'yan wasan Premier League Derby County. Farawa mai haske ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, duk da haka, yayin da ƙaramin rauni da aka samu a wasan 0-0 da aka yi da Portsmouth ya zama mai tsanani a horo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2007 |title=Bad breaks put Xabi Alonso and Daniel Agger out for six weeks |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/09/20/bad-breaks-put-xabi-alonso-and-daniel-agger-out-for-six-weeks-64375-19818267/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806214302/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/09/20/bad-breaks-put-xabi-alonso-and-daniel-agger-out-for-six-weeks-64375-19818267/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=15 October 2008 |website=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]}}</ref> Raunin metatarsal ya tilasta masa barin horo na makonni shida amma dawowarsa zuwa tawagar farko ya yi sauri kuma raunin da ya samu ya sake dawowa a wasan farko. Ƙuduri da sha'awar Alonso sun zama faduwarsa, kuma daga baya ya yi tunani, "Na kasance ina jin ɗan gajiya a wannan lokacin saboda kawai wasan na farko ne kuma wasan ya yi sauri sosai. Amma a matsayin ɗan wasa ba ku so ku fita, musamman lokacin da ƙungiyar ke cin nasara kuma na zauna a ciki. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Xabi Alonso speaks of his Liverpool injury hell |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/12/19/xabi-alonso-speaks-of-his-liverpool-injury-hell-64375-20268762/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806214318/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/12/19/xabi-alonso-speaks-of-his-liverpool-injury-hell-64375-20268762/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=15 October 2008 |publisher=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]}}</ref> Alonso ya dawo daga rauni a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, amma a cikin watanni masu Luka ya kara fuskantar gasa don matsayi a tsakiyar filin daga Javier Mascherano da Lucas. An tabbatar da rawar da ya taka a wasan tsakiya na Liverpool, duk da haka, yayin da Rafael Benítez ya dauke shi a matsayin "mai wasan kwaikwayo na farko", yana mai cewa Alonso yana da ikon canza wasanni da rushe tsaron 'yan adawa. Alonso ya buga wasan sa na 100 a Liverpool a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 a wasan 1-1 da aka yi da [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassall |first=Paul |date=12 January 2008 |title=Xabi's sweeper dream |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/archivedirs/news/2008/jan/14/N158402080114-1217.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430152622/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/archivedirs/news/2008/jan/14/N158402080114-1217.htm |archive-date=30 April 2008 |access-date=15 December 2008 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Gidan canjin bazara na shekara ta 2008 ya ba da shawarar ƙaura daga Merseyside, yayin da Liverpool ta bi [[Gareth Barry]] na Ingila don maye gurbin Alonso.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2008 |title=Liverpool still want Gareth Barry |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2008/07/29/liverpool-fc-still-want-gareth-barry-64375-21426760/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806214339/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2008/07/29/liverpool-fc-still-want-gareth-barry-64375-21426760/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=6 October 2008 |website=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]}}</ref> A farkon kakar 2008-09, babu Alonso ko Barry da suka koma kulob din amma canjin canjin da aka yi ya bar Mutanen Espanya ba su da tabbas a Liverpool kuma ba su da tabbacin matsayinsa a cikin tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2008 |title=Alonso admits summer sorrow |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_4243844,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201214933/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_4243844,00.html |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=6 October 2008 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> Koyaya, magoya bayan kulob din sun yi abubuwa da yawa don dawo da ruhunsa, suna tallafa masa a ciki da waje da filin wasa, kuma Alonso ya amsa wannan, yana cewa: : [Magoya bayan] ba za su iya yin wani abu ba don nuna mini yadda suke ji...Idan na fita cin abincin rana ko kofi, koyaushe akwai wani wanda zai zo ya ce, 'Za mu ƙaunace ku ku ku zauna'. Ina farin ciki ne kawai cewa, a ƙarshe, babu wani abu da ya fito daga ciki [canjin] saboda ba wani abu ne da na taɓa nema ba. Duk da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin rani, Alonso ya fara kakar wasa ta bana kuma duka takwarorinsa da manema labarai sun yaba da ƙarfin halinsa, suna mai nuna tasirinsa a matsayin wani abu a farkon kulob din a kakar wasa ta 11.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2008 |title=Gerrard tribute to Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/media-watch/gerrard-tribute-to-xabi-alonso |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903132245/http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/media-watch/gerrard-tribute-to-xabi-alonso |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> An kara jaddada muhimmancin Alonso ga tawagar lokacin da ya zira kwallaye guda daya, ta hanyar karkatarwa, a cikin nasarar 0-1 a kan Chelsea, wanda ya sa Liverpool ta zama tawagar farko da ta lashe a Stamford Bridge a cikin shekaru hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2008 |title=Alonso Fires Reds Clear at the Top |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/match/season/2008-2009/oct//681/finalwhistle.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030084318/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/match/season/2008-2009/oct/681/finalwhistle.htm |archive-date=30 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2008 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Binciken kididdiga ya nuna kyakkyawan yanayin Alonso: a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba, adadi daga Opta Sports ya bayyana cewa shi ne dan wasan Premier na farko da ya kammala 1,000 nasara a kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=Jimmy |date=11 December 2008 |title=Xabi's 1,000 passes |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/xabi-s-1-000-passes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151136/http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/xabi-s-1-000-passes |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Goal dinsa na karshe ga Liverpool ya zo ne a nasarar da suka samu a Hull City a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2009, inda ya buga bayan da aka kori shi daga bangon Hull. === Real Madrid === ==== Lokacin 2009-10 ==== [[File:CSKA-Bavaria_(1).jpg|left|thumb|Alonso yana wasa ga [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2014]] Alonso ya kammala tafiyarsa ta £ 30 miliyan zuwa [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 2009. &nbsp;An ba da shawarar cewa bai taɓa so ya bar kulob din Anfield ba, tare da kwangilarsa har zuwa aƙalla 2012, kuma cewa tafiyarsa ta kasance ne saboda bambance-bambance da Benítez.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eaton |first=Paul |date=4 August 2009 |title=Liverpool agree Alonso Deal |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/liverpool-agree-alonso-deal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717183353/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/liverpool-agree-alonso-deal |archive-date=17 July 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref><ref name="BBC-Alonso" /> Tsohon abokin wasan Steven Gerrard ya ce shawarar Alonso ta "ƙazantar da shi", kuma ya ambaci tafiyarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan da ke bayan mummunan tsari na Liverpool a farkon kakar wasa mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2009 |title=Gerrard 'devastated' by Alonso exit |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=693666&sec=england&cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109180917/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=693666&sec=england&cc=5901 |archive-date=9 November 2009 |access-date=4 March 2009 |publisher=[[Soccernet]]}}</ref> Masu karatu na Marca sun sanya Alonso wani ɓangare na tawagar La Liga na kakar, a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya na zaɓa; ɗayan dan wasan Real Madrid da aka nuna shi ne [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] . Alonso ya sami wannan yabo daga ESPN Soccernet . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alvarez, Eduardo |date=17 May 2010 |title=La Liga Team of the Season |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=786445&sec=soccernetawards&root=soccernetawards&cc=3888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520065116/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=786445&sec=soccernetawards&root=soccernetawards&cc=3888 |archive-date=20 May 2010 |access-date=19 May 2010 |website=ESPN Soccernet}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance dan takara a cikin lambar yabo ta LFP da Liga de Fútbol Profesional, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain ta bayar. An zabi Alonso a cikin mafi kyawun dan wasan tsakiya, tare da [[Xavi]] da Javi Martínez . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Finalistas Premios LPF |url=http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=73&Controltype=dn&IDNoticia=5585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603162721/http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=73&Controltype=dn&IDNoticia=5585 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |access-date=15 July 2010 |website=LFP}}</ref> Yawancin 'yan jaridar Mutanen Espanya, da kuma magoya bayan Real Madrid, sun ba Alonso sabon laƙabi a lokacin kakar: La Barba Roja ("The ''Red Beard''"). ==== 2010-14: Nasarar gasar zakarun Turai ==== Lokacin Alonso na biyu a Real Madrid ya fara ne tare da isowar sabon kocin [[José Mourinho]] . An ba shi lambar 14 bayan tashiwar mataimakin kyaftin Guti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irish |first=Ollie |date=3 August 2010 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Takes Raul's No.7 Shirt at Real Madrid, Benzema Moves To No.9, Xabi Alonso Takes No.14 |url=http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/kits/37525/cristiano-ronaldo-takes-rauls-no-7-shirt-at-real-madrid-benzema-moves-to-no-9-xabi-alonso-takes-no-14.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806041418/http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/kits/37525/cristiano-ronaldo-takes-rauls-no-7-shirt-at-real-madrid-benzema-moves-to-no-9-xabi-alonso-takes-no-14.html |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Whoateallthepies.tv}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye guda daya a kakar 2010-11 a kan Real Murcia a Copa del Rey, kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar a karo na farko tun 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid 5-1 Murcia (11 Nov, 2010) |url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/308803/real-murcia-real-madrid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260712020531/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/308803/real-murcia-real-madrid |archive-date=12 July 2026 |access-date=10 July 2026 |website=ESPN India}}</ref> Alonso ya fara kakar wasa ta uku a Madrid ta hanyar zira kwallaye na biyu a wasan 2-2 da Barcelona a Supercopa de España na 2011 a [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona 2-2 Real Madrid (15 August 2011) |url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/330062/barcelona-real-madrid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260711040107/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/330062/barcelona-real-madrid |archive-date=11 July 2026 |access-date=10 July 2026 |website=ESPN India}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, ya buga wasan sa na 100 ga Real Madrid a wasan 0-0 da ya yi da Racing Santander . Alonso ya yi ikirarin lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta farko a cikin aikinsa. A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Alonso ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangila tare da Real Madrid, wanda zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa shekara ta 2016. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2014, Real Madrid ta doke [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] 4-0 a karo na biyu na wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar zakarun Turai don samun damar shiga wasan karshe bayan nasarar da suka samu 5-0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Bayern Munich vs. Real Madrid: Final score 0–4 (0–5 aggregate), Blancos overwhelm Bayern, advance to the final |url=https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2014/4/29/5665552/bayern-munich-vs-real-madrid-2014-uefa-champions-league-final-score-result |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508223138/https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2014/4/29/5665552/bayern-munich-vs-real-madrid-2014-uefa-champions-league-final-score-result |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=30 April 2014 |website=[[SB Nation]]}}</ref> Alonso ya sami katin rawaya bayan ya yi tsalle a kan Bastian Schweinsteiger a rabi na farko; kamar yadda ya riga ya sami biyu kafin wasan, wannan ya fitar da shi daga wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Bayern Munich 0 Real Madrid 4 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27193338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109001807/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27193338 |archive-date=9 January 2016 |access-date=30 April 2014 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya yi ikirarin lambar yabo ta biyu ta UEFA Champions League yayin da Real ta doke [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] 4-1 a karin lokaci. === Bayern Munich === A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Alonso ya koma [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2014 |title=Xabi Alonso completes Bayern switch |url=http://www.fcbayern.de/en/news/news/2014/xabi-alonso-signs-for-bayern-290814.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325115508/http://www.fcbayern.de/en/news/news/2014/xabi-alonso-signs-for-bayern-290814.php |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=29 August 2014 |website=fcbayern.de |publisher=FC Bayern Munich}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2014 |title=Official announcement: Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2014/08/official-announcement-xabi-alonso |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406032024/https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2014/08/official-announcement-xabi-alonso |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=29 August 2014 |website=realmadrid.com}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa washegari, ya fara ne a 1-1 draw a kan Schalke 04 . A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2014, a cikin nasara 0-2 a kan 1. FC Köln, Alonso ya karya rikodin mafi yawan wucewa da aka kammala a wasan Bundesliga, tare da 196.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Garry |date=1 October 2014 |title=5 Incredible Stats That Show How Important Xabi Alonso Is For Bayern Munich |url=http://balls.ie/football/5-incredible-stats-show-important-xabi-alonso-bayern-munich/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511184131/http://balls.ie/football/5-incredible-stats-show-important-xabi-alonso-bayern-munich/ |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=2 October 2014 |website=Balls.ie}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob din a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2014, a cikin nasara 6-0 a kan Werder Bremen. A wasansa na 100 na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2015, an kori Alonso saboda laifin da za a iya lissafawa na biyu a wasan 0-0 da ya yi da Shakhtar Donetsk . A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Bayern guda hudu, duk wadanda suka lashe gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]], wadanda suka rasa nasarar da aka yi da Borussia Dortmund a wasan kusa da na karshe na DFB-Pokal. Har ila yau, shi ne kawai dan wasan da ya rasa yayin da kulob din ya rasa harbi a ƙarshen DFL-Supercup na 2015 zuwa VfL Wolfsburg, mai tsaron gidan Koen Casteels ya cece yunkurinsa. Alonso ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila tare da Bayern a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2015, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa 2017. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Alonso ya tabbatar ta hanyar [[X (kafofin sada zumunta)|Twitter]] da ritayar sa daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙarshen kakar 2016-17. Shi da kyaftin din Bayern [[Philipp Lahm]] sun buga wasan karshe na kwararru a ranar 20 ga Mayu, a cikin nasara 4-1 a gida a kan [[SC Freiburg]] inda ya taimaka wa [[Arjen Robben]]. An maye gurbinsa a minti na 82 ga Franck Ribéry . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arnhold |first=Matthias |date=28 June 2017 |title=Xabi Alonso Olano – Matches and Goals in Bundesliga |url=https://www.rsssf.org/players/xabialonsodata.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224071036/https://www.rsssf.org/players/xabialonsodata.html |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[File:Xabi_Alonso_Euro_2012_vs_France_02.jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa ga [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Spain|Spain]] a Yuro 2012]] === Yuro 2004 === Alonso ya fara kiran tawagar kwallon kafa ta Spain ne daga kocin Iñaki Sáez don wasan sada zumunci da Ecuador a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2003, yana da shekaru 21. Ya fara ne a nasarar 4-0 a Filin wasa na Vicente Calderón . Sáez mai suna Alonso a cikin tawagar UEFA Euro 2004 a Portugal . Ya kasance mai maye gurbin a nasarar da ya samu a kan Rasha, kuma ya fara cin nasara ga masu masaukin baki, a cikin fitowar rukuni. === Kofin Duniya na 2006 === An ambaci Alonso a cikin tawagar Spain don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2006 kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko na gasar, wanda shine burinsa na farko na kasa da kasa, a kan Ukraine a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2006. Bayan Spain ta lashe dukkan wasanninsu na matakin rukuni, 'yan wasan karshe na Faransa sun kawar da su a Zagaye na 16 na gasar. === Yuro na 2008 === Lokacin 2007-08 na Liverpool ya ƙare ba tare da kofin ba amma damar samun girmamawa ta jira Alonso a cikin hanyar gasar Euro 2008. Alonso ya fito ne galibi a matsayin mai maye gurbin amma, tare da manyan 'yan wasa suna hutawa, ya jagoranci Spain a wasan karshe na rukuni da suka yi da Girka, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta wasan. Duk da rawar da ya taka, bai iya samun matsayi na farko a cikin tawagar ba, yana nuna ƙarfin Spain a zurfi. Spain ta ci gaba da lashe gasar kuma ya fito a wasanni hudu daga cikin wasanni shida.<ref name="SpainStats">{{Cite web |title=Xabi Alonso Player Profile Euro 2008 |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/euro2008/player-profiles/0,23132,12024_90026,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402194102/http://www.skysports.com/football/euro2008/player-profiles/0,23132,12024_90026,00.html |archive-date=2 April 2010 |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> Da yake magana da ɗan jaridar Mutanen Espanya Guillem Balagué, ya ce nasarar Spain ta cancanci kuma aikin ƙungiyar 'yan wasan yana da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyar da ba a ci nasara ba a gasar. Alonso ya yi farin ciki da nasarar, yana mai cewa, "Yana da ban mamaki kuma dukkanmu muna tafiya a cikin mafarki. Yana da ban mamaki. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balagué |first=Guillem |date=30 June 2008 |title=Exclusive Interview: Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.guillembalague.com/interview_desp.php?id=14&titulo=Exclusive%20Interview:%20Xabi%20Alonso |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223101615/http://www.guillembalague.com/interview_desp.php?id=14&titulo=Exclusive%20Interview:%20Xabi%20Alonso |archive-date=23 February 2012 |access-date=4 November 2008 |publisher=[[Guillem Balagué]]}}</ref>Alonso ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a nasarar 3-0 a wasan sada zumunci da Denmark a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2008. === Kofin Tarayyar 2009 === A gasar cin kofin FIFA ta 2009 a Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka ta kawar da Spain a wasan kusa da na karshe. A wasan na uku da aka yi da [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|masu masaukin baki]], wasan ya tafi karin lokaci bayan ya gama 2-2; Alonso ya zira kwallaye a minti na 107 don lashe wasan. === Kofin Duniya na 2010 === Alonso ya fara kowane wasa ga Spain a lokacin Gasar 2010, yana wasa tare da [[Sergio Busquets]] da [[Xavi]] a tsakiyar filin wasa kuma yana taimaka wa tawagarsa ta ɗaga [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya]] na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA player Statistics: XABI ALONSO |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=207528/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612172658/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=207528/index.html |archive-date=12 June 2008 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> A minti na 28 na wasan karshe da ya yi da Netherlands, ya sami "Kung fu-style" a kirji daga dan wasan tsakiya na Dutch Nigel de Jong, laifin ya kasance mai rikitarwa tun lokacin da ya zama laifin da ya cancanci ja madaidaiciya, amma alƙalin Howard Webb ya yi mulki kawai ya zama katin rawaya. Wannan ya bar Alonso cikin ciwo da kuma tsoron karyewar haƙarƙari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joyce, Paul |title=Xabi Alonso in broken rib fear |url=http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/186572/Xabi-Alonso-in-broken-rib-fear-/ |access-date=15 July 2010 |publisher=the Daily and Sunday Express}}</ref> Duk da wannan ciwo, ya ci gaba da wasa na wani awa. === Yuro 2012 === === Kofin Duniya na 2014 === Spain ta sake kasancewa cikin wadanda aka fi so don cin nasara a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2014, amma an kawar da su a matakin rukuni. Alonso ya zira kwallaye a minti na 27 na wasan farko da suka yi da Netherlands, kodayake an maye gurbinsa a minti na 62 tare da Spain 2-1 kafin ya rasa 5-1. Spain ta rasa 2-0 ga Chile, inda Alonso ya karbi katin rawaya a rabi na farko kuma an maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci tare da ci 2-0. An fitar da Spain daga gasar amma ta lashe wasan karshe 3-0 a kan Australia kuma ta kammala ta uku a cikin rukuni; Alonso ya buga minti 83 a wasan. Alonso ya sanar da ritayar sa daga kwallon kafa ta kasa da kasa a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2014. === Kasar Basque === [[File:Alonso_Basque.jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa a Kasar Basque a shekarar 2011]] == Hanyar wasa == An san shi da daidaito da yawan aiki, Alonso an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan tsakiya na ƙarni, wanda aka san shi da tasirinsa a cikin matsayi na kirkira da na karewa.<ref name="bundesliga.com_1">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2014 |title=Xabi Alonso: FC Bayern's indisputable Ballmagnet |url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/liga/news/2014/0000303084.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003081720/http://www.bundesliga.com/en/liga/news/2014/0000303084.php |archive-date=3 October 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014 |publisher=bundesliga.com}}</ref> '''Bayer Leverkusen''' * Bundesliga: 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-172016–17 * DFB-Pokal: 2015-162015–16 * DFL-Supercup: 2016 * [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]]: 2010 * [[Gasar Turai ta UEFA]]: 2008, 2012 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Dan wasan Mutanen Espanya na Shekara: 2003 * Manufar BBC ta Watan: Nuwamba 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Glover |first=Alex |date=12 September 2016 |title=Sadio Mane wins MOTD Goal of the Month – We pick Liverpool's best winners from down the years |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sadio-mane-wins-motd-goal-11875721 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225043229/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sadio-mane-wins-motd-goal-11875721 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |access-date=2 July 2017 |website=[[Liverpool Echo]]}}</ref> * FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2011, 2012; 2nd team: 2014; 3rd team: 2013; <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2015 |title=FIFA FIFPro World XI: the reserve teams – FIFPro World Players' Union |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/fifa-fifpro-world-xi-the-reserve-teams/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414193942/https://fifpro.org/news/fifa-fifpro-world-xi-the-reserve-teams/en/ |archive-date=14 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=FIFPro.org}}</ref> 4th team: 2015; <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2014 |title=FifPro announces reserve Teams of the Year – but Luis Suarez and Arjen Robben won't be laughing while Iker Casillas is somehow named the second best goalkeeper of 2013 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/fifpro-announces-reserve-teams-of-the-year-but-luis-suarez-and-arjen-robben-wont-be-laughing-while-9062047.html#gallery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009001616/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news/fifpro-announces-reserve-teams-year-luis-suarez-and-arjen-robben-won-t-be-laughing-while-iker-casillas-somehow-named-second-best-goalkeeper-2013-9062047.html#gallery |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Independent.co.uk}}</ref> 5th team: 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2016 |title=2015 World XI: the Reserve Teams – FIFPro World Players' Union |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/2015-world-xi-the-reserve-teams-2/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090125/https://fifpro.org/news/2015-world-xi-the-reserve-teams-2/en/ |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=FIFPro.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2017 |title=2016 World 11: the reserve teams – FIFPro World Players' Union |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/2016-world-11-the-reserve-teams/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090134/https://fifpro.org/news/2016-world-11-the-reserve-teams/en/ |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=FIFPro.org}}</ref> * La Liga Mafi kyawun Midfielder: 2011-12 * Kungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA: 2012 * Kungiyar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta kakar wasa: 2013-142013–14 * Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 2014-15 <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2015 |title=2014/15 Team of the Season |url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/watch/galleries/0000320167.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514135204/http://www.bundesliga.com/en/watch/galleries/0000320167.jsp |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |publisher=[[Bundesliga]]}}</ref> * Medal na zinariya na Royal Order of Sporting Merit: 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2011 |title=Las campeones del mundo de fútbol ya tienen la Real Orden del Mérito Deportivo |trans-title=The women's football world champions now have the Royal Order of Sports Merit. |url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20111005/futbol/seleccion-espanola/las-campeones-del-mundo-de-futbol-ya-tienen-la-real-orden-del-merito-deportivo_54226408413.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828090921/https://www.mundodeportivo.com/20111005/futbol/seleccion-espanola/las-campeones-del-mundo-de-futbol-ya-tienen-la-real-orden-del-merito-deportivo_54226408413.html |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=mundodeportivo.com |language=es}}</ref> === Manajan === '''Bayer Leverkusen''' '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kocin Kwallon Kafa na Duniya Mafi Kyawun Shekara: 2024 * VDV Kocin Lokacin (Silver Bench) : 2023-24 * Manajan kwallon kafa na shekara a Jamus: 2024 <ref name="winner 2024">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2024 |title=kicker-Awards: Kroos ist Fußballer des Jahres, Xabi Alonso Trainer des Jahres |trans-title=kicker Awards: Kroos is Footballer of the Year, Xabi Alonso Coach of the Year. |url=https://www.kicker.de/kicker-awards-kroos-ist-fussballer-des-jahres-xabi-alonso-trainer-des-jahres-1042228/artikel#omrss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203190103/https://www.kicker.de/kicker-awards-kroos-ist-fussballer-des-jahres-xabi-alonso-trainer-des-jahres-1042228/artikel#omrss |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=kicker |language=de}}</ref> * Manajan La Liga na Watan: Agusta 2025 <ref name="laliga-alonso">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2025 |title=Xabi Alonso, LALIGA EA SPORTS Coach of the Month for August |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/xabi-alonso-laliga-ea-sports-coach-of-the-month-for-august |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908132608/https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/xabi-alonso-laliga-ea-sports-coach-of-the-month-for-august |archive-date=8 September 2025 |access-date=9 September 2025 |website=Página web oficial de LALIGA {{!}} LALIGA |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa da suka buga wasanni 100 ko fiye da UEFA Champions League * [[Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na maza tare da 100 ko fiye da na kasa da kasa]] == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ehrtx7mi4cvjq4qzje40gupd4a43xhc 964692 964691 2026-10-08T10:17:25Z Khaleel767 49732 964692 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Databox}} '''Xabier Alonso Olano''' ({{IPA|eu|ˈʃaβi aˈlons̺o oˈlano|lang}} ,{{IPA|es|ˈʃaβj aˈlonso oˈlano|lang}} ; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1981) ƙwararren manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya kuma tsohon [[Ɗan ƙwallo|ɗan wasa]] wanda shine manajan ƙungiyar Premier League [[Chelsea F.C.|ta Chelsea]] . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan [[Mai buga tsakiya|'yan wasan tsakiya]] na zamaninsa, an san shi da ƙarfinsa na wucewa da kuma harbi mai nisa. {{Refn|<ref name="bundesliga.com_1"/><ref name="espn-smith">{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37515638/bayern-munich-midfielder-xabi-alonso-make-good-manager-pep-guardiola |title=Bayern Munich's Xabi Alonso will make a good manager – Pep Guardiola |author1=Smith |publisher=ESPN FC |date=10 March 2017 |access-date=28 March 2019 |first=Jonathan |archive-date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123004311/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37515638/bayern-munich-midfielder-xabi-alonso-make-good-manager-pep-guardiola |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sportreview">{{cite web |last1=Momblano |first1=Luca |date=22 October 2014 |title=Xabi Alonso erede totale di Pep Guardiola |trans-title=Xabi Alonso, the complete heir to Pep Guardiola. |url=https://www.sportreview.it/calcio-oggi/xabi-alonso-erede-totale-pep-guardiola |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707162550/https://www.sportreview.it/calcio-oggi/xabi-alonso-erede-totale-pep-guardiola |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |publisher=Sportreview |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref name="hitc.com">{{cite web | url = https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2015/03/13/ct-gerrard-picks-alonso-as-midfield-partner-claiming-ive-missed/ | title = Gerrard picks Alonso as best midfield partner, claiming: 'I've missed him' | publisher = hitc.com | date = 13 March 2015 | last = Thomas | first = Che | access-date = 13 December 2018 | archive-date = 6 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230406141509/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2015/03/13/ct-gerrard-picks-alonso-as-midfield-partner-claiming-ive-missed/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="GiveMeSport">{{cite web | url=https://www.givemesport.com/greatest-footballers-of-the-decade-2010-2019/ | title = Ranking the 100 greatest footballers of the decade (2010–2020) | date = 8 November 2023 | website = givemesport.com | first = Kobe | last = Tong | access-date = 8 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Churchill |first=Max |date=18 January 2025 |title=The 10 greatest defensive midfielders in football history ranked – Rodri 8th |url=https://www.givemesport.com/greatest-defensive-midfielders-in-football-history-ranked/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=GiveMeSport |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321035324/https://www.givemesport.com/greatest-defensive-midfielders-in-football-history-ranked/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar Alonso a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun manajoji matasa a duniya. Alonso ya fara aikinsa a Real Sociedad, babban ƙungiyar lardin Gipuzkoa. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokacin aro a Eibar, an nada shi a matsayin kyaftin din Real Sociedad kuma ya gama a matsayin na biyu a La Liga a kakar 2002-03. Ya koma [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a shekara ta 2004 don fam miliyan 10.5 kuma ya ƙarshe [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe. &nbsp;Daga baya ya lashe gasar cin [[FA Cup|Kofin FA]] Super Cup, FA Cup da FA Community Shield . Alonso ya koma Real Madrid a shekara ta 2009 a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai fam miliyan 30 kuma ya lashe La Liga, lambobin Copa del Rey guda biyu, da kuma wani gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA. &nbsp;Ya koma [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2014 kuma ya lashe lambobin Bundesliga uku, ciki har da sau biyu na cikin gida a kakar wasa ta biyu, kuma ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Champions League 100 club: Xabi Alonso |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0251-0e99b2382f3a-7aaf0f99afd5-1000--champions-league-100-club-xabi-alonso/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911233226/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0251-0e99b2382f3a-7aaf0f99afd5-1000--champions-league-100-club-xabi-alonso/ |archive-date=11 September 2022 |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Spain|Spain]] wasa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003 kuma ya ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun Turai sau biyu a shekara ta 2008 da 2012, da kuma gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2010. Ya kuma wakilci Spain a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2004 da kuma gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2006. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2012, Alonso ya lashe kofinsa na 100 ga Spain a wasan kusa da na karshe na Euro 2012 da Faransa, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a nasarar 2-0. Alonso ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa bayan gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2014. Wasanni 114 da ya buga ya sa ya zama dan wasa na takwas mafi girma a tarihin Spain. NaAlonso ya horar da tawagar U14 ta Real Madrid kafin a nada shi a matsayin manajan Real Sociedad B a shekarar 2019, inda ya sami ci gaba zuwa Segunda División a kakar wasa ta biyu. An nada Alonso a matsayin kocin Bayer Leverkusen a shekarar 2022 kuma ya kammala wasan da ba a taba cin nasara ba a cikin gida a shekarar 2024, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Bundesliga da kuma DFB-Pokal ta farko tun 1993. Bayan shekaru biyu da rabi tare da kungiyar Jamus, an nada Alonso a matsayin sabon kocin tsohon kulob dinsa na Real Madrid a watan Yunin 2025, amma ya bar kulob din watanni bakwai bayan haka ta hanyar yardar juna. Watanni huɗu bayan barin Real Madrid, Alonso ya amince ya zama kocin [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] tun daga watan Yulin 2026. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Alonso a cikin ƙaramin garin Tolosa, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, a cikin dangin da aka sani da ƙwarewar ƙwallon ƙafa. Mahaifinsa, Periko Alonso, ya lashe La Liga sau biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya tare da Real Sociedad kuma a karo na uku bayan ya koma [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. Ya kuma fito a cikin tawagar kasa, inda ya lashe kwallo 21 a cikin aikinsa. Alonso ya zauna a birnin [[Barcelona]] na shekaru shida na farko na rayuwarsa kuma ya koma San Sebastián bayan haka. A nan ne sha'awarsa ga kwallon kafa ta fara yayin da ya kori yarinta da ya buga a Playa de la Concha (Shell Beach). A kan yashi na Basque, Alonso ya yi abota da wani mazaunin Calle Matia, [[Mikel Arteta]], kuma biyun za su yi yaƙi da juna a cikin nune-nunen fasaha. Ya shiga kwallon kafa kuma mahaifinsa yakan kawo shi da babban ɗan'uwansa, [[Mikel Alonso|Mikel]], zuwa filin horo na Sabadell don yin aiki tare. Alonso ya sami rinjaye daga wasan mahaifinsa, yana jin daɗin wuce kwallon da kyau fiye da harbi a raga.<ref name="GB0">{{Cite web |last=Balague |first=Guillem |date=18 May 2008 |title=Dads and Lads: Periko and Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/drilldown/N159927080518-0840.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701220709/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/drilldown/N159927080518-0840.htm |archive-date=1 July 2008 |access-date=15 August 2008 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Tun yana ƙarami, ya yanke shawarar yin wasa a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya, rawar da ta taimaka masa ya koyi yadda za a rarraba kwallon da kyau. Wannan baiwa daga baya zai zama wani bangare na kulob dinsa da aikin kasa da kasa.<ref name="GB1" /> Alonso da Arteta suna da burin yin wasa tare da juna don Real Sociedad lokacin da suka girma. Kodayake sun halarci makarantu daban-daban, 'yan wasan biyu sun haɗu da karfi a kungiyar matasa ta Antiguoko, suna wasa wasanni a karshen mako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jugadores Relevantes |trans-title=Relevant Players |url=https://antiguoko.org/club-jugadores-relevantes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005202021/http://antiguoko.org/club-jugadores-relevantes/ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |website=Official Website |publisher=Antiguoko KE |language=es}}</ref> Ayyukansu sun ja hankalin 'yan kallo daga manyan bangarorin Mutanen Espanya kuma [[Katalunya|Katalan]] ''Donostiarras'' sun rabu, sun kawo karshen shekaru tara na kishiyar abokantaka, yayin da Alonso ya tafi Real Sociedad kuma Arteta ya koma babbar kungiyar Catalan [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. Alonso ya tafi Real Sociedad, duk da haka, ba wanda ba shi da aboki, kamar yadda babban ɗan'uwansa [[Mikel Alonso|Mikel]], wanda shi ma ya zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa, ya shiga kulob din tare da shi. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Royal Society === Alonso ya ci gaba da sauri ta hanyar matasa da Ƙungiyar ajiya a Real Sociedad (ya lashe Matsayi na huɗu a cikin kakar wasa guda tare da na ƙarshe) kuma ya burge ya isa ya sami damar samun tawagar farko a lokacin da yake da shekaru 18. <ref name="GB0" /> Ya fara buga wasan farko da ya yi da Logroñés a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1999 a wasan Copa del Rey.<ref name="LFCProfile">{{Cite web |title=Xabi Alonso Profile |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/team/squad/alonso/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804215916/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/team/squad/alonso/ |archive-date=4 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]}}</ref> Alonso ya kasa sake fitowa a kakar amma shekara mai zuwa ta kawo karin dama. A farkon kakar 2000-01, Javier Clemente ya tura shi zuwa kungiyar Segunda División Eibar don samun kwarewa. Mahaifin Alonso musamman ya ji cewa tafiyar zuwa ƙaramin kulob din ta inganta shi a matsayin dan wasa.<ref name="GB0" /> Saurin juyawa na manajoji, duk da haka, gami da tsawon watanni biyu tare da Periko Alonso a matsayin mai kula, ya bar Real Sociedad a cikin mummunan yanayi. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, Real Sociedad sun kasance a kasa a gasar kuma sabon manajan su, John Toshack, ya juya ga Alonso mai ban mamaki da fatan juyar da dukiyar kulob din. A cikin wani yunkuri na mamaki, kocin Welsh ya sanya dan shekara 20 ya zama kyaftin din kulob din, matsayin da aka saba rike da shi ta hanyar manyan 'yan wasa. A ƙarshen kakar, Sociedad ta hau daga yankin sakewa kuma ta gama a matsayi na 14.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrados |first=Juan Pedro |date=10 November 2001 |title=Primera División 2000/01 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/span01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127205917/https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/span01.html |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=11 November 2016 |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> Toshack ya yaba wa Alonso, yana mai bayyana cewa ra'ayi da yake da shi a kan tawagar ya kasance na musamman, musamman ga dan wasan daga ƙungiyar matasa.<ref name="GB1" /> A karkashin kulawar John Toshack, kyaftin din Alonso ya nuna sake farfadowa ga Real Sociedad. Toshack ya fahimci damar Alonso kuma ya saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin matashin kyaftin dinsa, yana ƙirƙirar hanyar horo da aka tsara don inganta taɓawa da sarrafawa musamman a gare shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbandonato |first=Paul |date=3 July 2008 |title=It's the Real deal for Toshack |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/footballnation/football-in-wales/2008/07/03/it-s-the-real-deal-for-toshack-91466-21218919/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007142154/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/footballnation/football-in-wales/2008/07/03/it-s-the-real-deal-for-toshack-91466-21218919/ |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=12 August 2008 |publisher=Wales Online ([[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]])}}</ref> Kungiyar ta tabbatar da matsayinta na tsakiyar tebur a kakar 2001-02, ta kammala a matsayi na 13. Alonso ya bayyana a kai a kai a La Liga tare da bayyanar 30 a cikin kakar kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar, ya kammala tare da jimlar kakar uku. Gudanar da Real Sociedad ya sake canzawa a lokacin rani na 2002 tare da isowar Raynald Denoueix, amma Alonso ya ci gaba da zama a cikin tawagar farko a kan ƙarfin wasan kwaikwayon da ya gabata. Shekarar 2002-03 ita ce mafi kyawun wasan league na kulob din tun Lokacin 1981-82, inda suka lashe gasar. Kungiyar Basque ta kammala ta biyu, maki biyu a bayan [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], ta kafa rikodin kulob din don mafi girman maki, kuma ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a karon farko. Alonso ya sami yabo sosai saboda rawar da ya taka a nasarar kulob din kuma mujallar wasanni ta Mutanen Espanya ''Don Balon'' ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Mai kunnawa na Mutanen Espanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diaz |first=Emilio Pla |date=28 January 2004 |title=Spain&nbsp;– Footballer of the Year |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/spanpoy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112164212/https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/spanpoy.html |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=12 August 2008 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Alonso ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙididdigar ƙwallon kulob din, ya zira kwallaye 12 a duk gasa. Ayyukansa sun sami sunan Alonso na kasa kuma Iñaki Sáez, kocin tawagar kwallon kafa ta Spain, ya kira shi zuwa tawagar kwallon kwando ta Spain. Alonso ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2003 a wasan sada zumunci 4-0 da ya yi a kan Ecuador.<ref name="FDB">{{Cite web |title=Xabi Alonso Profile |url=http://footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=550&pn=Xabier_Alonso_Olona |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215152525/http://footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=550&pn=Xabier_Alonso_Olona |archive-date=15 December 2010 |access-date=12 August 2008 |publisher=Football Database}}</ref> Sáez ya yaba wa Alonso, yana cewa, "Yana da kyakkyawan kewayon wucewa daidai [kuma] yana ganin kwallon kafa da haske mai ban mamaki".[and] Shekarar 2003-04 ta kunshi sakamako mai rikitarwa ga Alonso da kulob dinsa na San Sebastián. Alonso ya yi murabus da damar da ya samu don yin wasa a Turai, ya bayyana a duk wasannin kulob din, kuma Real Sociedad ta cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai. Kungiyar ta yi gwagwarmaya a karkashin matsin karin wasannin, duk da haka, kuma Lyon ta kori su daga gasar kuma ta gama 15th a La Liga. Haɗin kyawawan wasan kwaikwayon Alonso da kuma ƙarancin wasan kwaikwayo na kulob din ya sa ya tafi daga Filin wasa na Anoeta ba za a iya gujewa ba. Duk da sha'awar Real Madrid, Alonso ya ci gaba da kasancewa a Real Sociedad. Madrid ta kasa biyan kudin fam miliyan 13 da José Luis Astiazarán, shugaban Real Sociedad, ya sanya a kan Alonso kuma yarjejeniyar ta kai ga rikici.<ref name="Sinnott" /> &nbsp;Alonso yana da wasu damuwa kuma ya mayar da hankali kan aikin kasa da kasa tare da Spain a UEFA Euro 2004. <ref name="FDB" /> Duk da gaskiyar cewa bayyanar Alonso a gasar ta kasance takaice, ya ja hankalin dan wasan kwallon kafa mai ritaya Jan Mølby, wanda ya burge shi da ƙwarewarsa ta wucewa.<ref name="GB1" /> Gidan canjin bazara a Real Sociedad ya ga isowar abokiyar yarinta na Alonso Mikel Arteta . Arteta ya yi farin ciki da yiwuwar yin haɗin gwiwa da Alonso a tsakiyar filin wasa, amma farin cikinsa bai daɗe ba. Ba a zabi Alonso ba don wasannin sada zumunci na Real Sociedad kafin kakar wasa ta bana, yana nuna cewa ana bi da tayin da [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] ke bayarwa da gaske.<ref name="Drop" /> A ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2004, kungiyar Basque ta sanar da cewa sun yi yarjejeniya da ta kai fam miliyan 10.7 tare da Liverpool kuma Alonso ya amince da sharuddan tare da kulob din Merseyside.<ref name="LFCProfile" /> &nbsp;Alonso bai yi nadama game da gaskiyar cewa ba a yi tafiya zuwa Real Madrid ba. Maimakon haka, ya mai da hankali kan haɗuwa da sabon rukunin Mutanen Espanya a Liverpool a ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsohon kocin [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] Rafael Benítez. === Liverpool === ==== 2004-05: Nasarar gasar zakarun Turai ==== Alonso ya isa Liverpool tare da Luis García daga Barcelona, yana nuna farkon sabon zamani a Anfield. Sabon kocin Liverpool Rafael Benítez ya nemi ya sauya kulob din kuma ya sake fasalin tawagar gaba daya, yana burge salon gudanarwarsa da dabarunsa a kan tawagar. Mutanen Espanya na fasaha sune sa hannun farko na Benítez kuma ya ce jaddada kwarewarsu akan ƙarfi ya ba tawagar wani abu daban. Alonso ya fara buga wasan Premier League da Bolton Wanderers a Filin wasa na Reebok a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta 2004. <ref name="LFCProfile" /> Liverpool ta rasa wasan 1-0 amma Alonso ya riga ya sami yabo saboda kwarewarsa daga manema labarai. Wasan Premier League da Fulham ya yi ya nuna karin baiwar Alonso. Liverpool ta rasa 2-0 a rabin lokaci kuma Benítez ya kawo Alonso a matsayin mai maye gurbin bayan hutu. Ya farfado da Liverpool kuma wasan ya gama 2-4 ga kulob din Merseyside. Bugu da ƙari, Alonso ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din daga free-kick don kawo Liverpool gaba da 'yan adawa. [[File:Xabi_Alonso.jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa a [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a shekara ta 2005]] Alonso ya ci gaba da samar da muhimman burin ga kulob din, inda ya zira kwallaye na farko a Anfield a kan [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] a nasarar 2-1 . Alonso ya yi farin ciki da nasarar kuma ya ji yana zaune a Ingila. Wasan Arsenal ya nuna dawowar [[Steven Gerrard]] daga rauni amma haɗin gwiwar Alonso da Kyaftin din kulob din ya tsaya lokacin da Alonso ya sha wahala na farko a Liverpool. Alonso ya karye idon sa bayan da [[Frank Lampard]] ya yi nasara a gida 0-1 a kan [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 kuma an kori Mutanen Espanya daga aiki na watanni uku. Alonso ya dawo cikin tawagar farko a karo na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe na [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] da [[Juventus]]. Alonso bai kasance a cikakkiyar lafiya ba amma, yayin da Steven Gerrard ya ji rauni, ya buga cikakken minti 90 kuma Liverpool ta ci kwallo a 0-0 a Italiya, inda ta doke zakarun Italiya 2-1 a jimillar. Kevin McCarra na ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya ba da shaida ga ƙwarewar Alonso da sadaukarwa ga wasan, yana cewa, "Wannan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai ban mamaki ya ba da shaidar a Stadio Delle Alpi cewa dabarar na iya shawo kan mummunar matsalar jiki".A wasan kusa da na karshe da Chelsea, Alonso ya sami katin rawaya a cikin tsananin 0-0 a Stamford Bridge, wanda ya sa aka dakatar da shi don kafa na biyu. Alonso ya damu da cewa zai rasa wasan kuma ya kalubalanci shawarar alƙalin ba tare da amfani ba. Gerrard ya dawo daga rauni a karo na biyu, duk da haka, kuma kyaftin din ya jagoranci kulob dinsa zuwa nasara 1-0 tare da taimakon burin Luis García, ya cancanci wasan karshe da [[AC Milan|Milan]]. Liverpool ta kammala matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya ta bar abubuwa da yawa da ba za a so ba amma ɗaukakar kakar wasa ta farko har yanzu tana jiran Alonso a cikin hanyar wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai. Kungiyar ta fadi kwallaye uku a bayan Milan amma ta kammala dawowar rabi na biyu. Liverpool, wanda ke bin 3-2, an ba su hukunci kuma an yanke shawarar cewa Alonso zai dauki wuri. Yayinda Dida, sanannen mai tsaron gidan Brazil na Milan, ya sami nasarar adana hukuncin, Alonso ya harbe shi a cikin rufin net, ya kawo ci 3-3. Lokaci na Ƙarin lokaci ya wuce ba tare da wani burin daga kowanne kungiya ba kuma Liverpool ta ci 3-2 a cikin harbi na kisa. An yaba wa Alonso saboda tasirin da ya yi a dawowar tawagar kuma manajan Benítez ya karfafa muhimmancinsa ga kulob din. Alonso ya yi farin ciki da nasarar, yana mai cewa, "Wannan shine mafi kyawun lokaci a cikin sana'ata".An kuma tunatar da dare mai ban mamaki a matsayin 'Miracle of Istanbul'. ==== 2005-06: Wanda ya lashe kofin FA ==== [[File:CK_that_Aronso_kicks.jpg|left|thumb|Alonso yana buga kwallo a [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a shekara ta 2006]] Alonso ya kasance a cikin tawagar farko a kakar 2005-06, ya guje wa raunin da ya lalata kakar wasa ta farko a kulob din. Gidan canjin bazara ya kawo Peter Crouch zuwa Liverpool kuma tsayin dan wasan ya haifar da zargi cewa kulob din zai canza zuwa dabarun kwallon kafa. Crouch ya musanta wannan, yana mai nuna cewa ikon wucewa na Alonso, tare da Gerrard, zai bayyana salon wasan Liverpool. Alonso ya fuskanci karin gasa don matsayinsa a cikin sabon zuwan Mohamed Sissoko. Koyaya, raunin Steven Gerrard da kuma goyon bayan Rafael Benítez na tsarin 4-5-1 sun tabbatar da matsayin Alonso a cikin tawagar. Alonso ya bayyana a duk wasannin Liverpool a Gasar Zakarun Turai amma rinjaye da aka nuna a kakar da ta gabata ya tafi yayin da Benfica ta kawar da kulob din a Zagaye na 16. A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, a wasan FA Cup na uku da aka yi da Luton Town, Alonso ya taimaka wa Liverpool zuwa nasarar dawowa 5-3 bayan ya fadi 3-1 a farkon rabi na biyu. Alonso ya zira kwallaye biyu masu ban sha'awa daga nesa: daya daga yadudduka 45, ɗayan kuma yadudduka 65 daga burin; a bayan layin rabin hanya.<ref name="LFCProfile" /> Sakamakon haka, burin Alonso ya nuna sa'a ga mai sha'awar Liverpool wanda ya lashe £ 25,000 daga fare na £ 200 akan Alonso ya zira kwallaye daga cikin rabin kansa. Alonso ya ji rauni a idon sa a nasarar da ya samu a wasan da ya yi da Portsmouth, inda ya sanya sa ya shiga gasar cin kofin FA a cikin shakku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2006 |title=Portsmouth 1–3 Liverpool |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4957462.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824064755/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4957462.stm |archive-date=24 August 2013 |access-date=1 February 2011 |website=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Koyaya, ya warke sosai don fara wasan da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] kuma Gerrard ya zira kwallaye na uku na Liverpool, ya janye matakin kulob din tare da 'yan adawa. Alonso, har yanzu raunin ya shafa, bai iya gudanar da dukkan minti 90 ba kuma an maye gurbinsa a rabi na biyu. Liverpool ta ci 3-1 a kan penalties ba tare da taimakonsa ba amma Alonso har yanzu ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta FA Cup. ==== 2006–2009 ==== [[File:Xabi_Alonso_(Real_Valladolid-Real_Madrid).jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa a [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2007, Alonso ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar, yana mai cewa, "Na san cewa akwai sha'awa daga wasu kungiyoyi amma koyaushe ra'ayina ne na zauna a nan. Na kasance a nan na tsawon shekaru uku yanzu kuma ina da irin wannan ji na musamman ga kulob din da magoya baya. Na fahimci abin da Liverpool ke nufi ga mutane da yawa. Kungiyar ce ta musamman kuma ba na so in tafi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2007 |title=Alonso commits to five more years at Liverpool |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/jun/08/newsstory.sport |access-date=1 December 2011 |website=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>Shekarar 2007-08 ta fara da kyau ga Mutanen Espanya: rashin Gerrard ya haifar da Alonso yana wasa a cikin matsayi mai ci gaba kuma ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a nasarar 6-0 a kan sababbin 'yan wasan Premier League Derby County. Farawa mai haske ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, duk da haka, yayin da ƙaramin rauni da aka samu a wasan 0-0 da aka yi da Portsmouth ya zama mai tsanani a horo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2007 |title=Bad breaks put Xabi Alonso and Daniel Agger out for six weeks |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/09/20/bad-breaks-put-xabi-alonso-and-daniel-agger-out-for-six-weeks-64375-19818267/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806214302/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/09/20/bad-breaks-put-xabi-alonso-and-daniel-agger-out-for-six-weeks-64375-19818267/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=15 October 2008 |website=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]}}</ref> Raunin metatarsal ya tilasta masa barin horo na makonni shida amma dawowarsa zuwa tawagar farko ya yi sauri kuma raunin da ya samu ya sake dawowa a wasan farko. Ƙuduri da sha'awar Alonso sun zama faduwarsa, kuma daga baya ya yi tunani, "Na kasance ina jin ɗan gajiya a wannan lokacin saboda kawai wasan na farko ne kuma wasan ya yi sauri sosai. Amma a matsayin ɗan wasa ba ku so ku fita, musamman lokacin da ƙungiyar ke cin nasara kuma na zauna a ciki. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Xabi Alonso speaks of his Liverpool injury hell |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/12/19/xabi-alonso-speaks-of-his-liverpool-injury-hell-64375-20268762/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806214318/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/12/19/xabi-alonso-speaks-of-his-liverpool-injury-hell-64375-20268762/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=15 October 2008 |publisher=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]}}</ref> Alonso ya dawo daga rauni a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, amma a cikin watanni masu Luka ya kara fuskantar gasa don matsayi a tsakiyar filin daga Javier Mascherano da Lucas. An tabbatar da rawar da ya taka a wasan tsakiya na Liverpool, duk da haka, yayin da Rafael Benítez ya dauke shi a matsayin "mai wasan kwaikwayo na farko", yana mai cewa Alonso yana da ikon canza wasanni da rushe tsaron 'yan adawa. Alonso ya buga wasan sa na 100 a Liverpool a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 a wasan 1-1 da aka yi da [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassall |first=Paul |date=12 January 2008 |title=Xabi's sweeper dream |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/archivedirs/news/2008/jan/14/N158402080114-1217.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430152622/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/archivedirs/news/2008/jan/14/N158402080114-1217.htm |archive-date=30 April 2008 |access-date=15 December 2008 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Gidan canjin bazara na shekara ta 2008 ya ba da shawarar ƙaura daga Merseyside, yayin da Liverpool ta bi [[Gareth Barry]] na Ingila don maye gurbin Alonso.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2008 |title=Liverpool still want Gareth Barry |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2008/07/29/liverpool-fc-still-want-gareth-barry-64375-21426760/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806214339/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2008/07/29/liverpool-fc-still-want-gareth-barry-64375-21426760/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=6 October 2008 |website=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]}}</ref> A farkon kakar 2008-09, babu Alonso ko Barry da suka koma kulob din amma canjin canjin da aka yi ya bar Mutanen Espanya ba su da tabbas a Liverpool kuma ba su da tabbacin matsayinsa a cikin tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2008 |title=Alonso admits summer sorrow |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_4243844,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201214933/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_4243844,00.html |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=6 October 2008 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> Koyaya, magoya bayan kulob din sun yi abubuwa da yawa don dawo da ruhunsa, suna tallafa masa a ciki da waje da filin wasa, kuma Alonso ya amsa wannan, yana cewa: : [Magoya bayan] ba za su iya yin wani abu ba don nuna mini yadda suke ji...Idan na fita cin abincin rana ko kofi, koyaushe akwai wani wanda zai zo ya ce, 'Za mu ƙaunace ku ku ku zauna'. Ina farin ciki ne kawai cewa, a ƙarshe, babu wani abu da ya fito daga ciki [canjin] saboda ba wani abu ne da na taɓa nema ba. Duk da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin rani, Alonso ya fara kakar wasa ta bana kuma duka takwarorinsa da manema labarai sun yaba da ƙarfin halinsa, suna mai nuna tasirinsa a matsayin wani abu a farkon kulob din a kakar wasa ta 11.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2008 |title=Gerrard tribute to Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/media-watch/gerrard-tribute-to-xabi-alonso |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903132245/http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/media-watch/gerrard-tribute-to-xabi-alonso |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> An kara jaddada muhimmancin Alonso ga tawagar lokacin da ya zira kwallaye guda daya, ta hanyar karkatarwa, a cikin nasarar 0-1 a kan Chelsea, wanda ya sa Liverpool ta zama tawagar farko da ta lashe a Stamford Bridge a cikin shekaru hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2008 |title=Alonso Fires Reds Clear at the Top |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/match/season/2008-2009/oct//681/finalwhistle.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030084318/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/match/season/2008-2009/oct/681/finalwhistle.htm |archive-date=30 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2008 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Binciken kididdiga ya nuna kyakkyawan yanayin Alonso: a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba, adadi daga Opta Sports ya bayyana cewa shi ne dan wasan Premier na farko da ya kammala 1,000 nasara a kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=Jimmy |date=11 December 2008 |title=Xabi's 1,000 passes |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/xabi-s-1-000-passes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151136/http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/xabi-s-1-000-passes |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Goal dinsa na karshe ga Liverpool ya zo ne a nasarar da suka samu a Hull City a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2009, inda ya buga bayan da aka kori shi daga bangon Hull. === Real Madrid === ==== Lokacin 2009-10 ==== [[File:CSKA-Bavaria_(1).jpg|left|thumb|Alonso yana wasa ga [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2014]] Alonso ya kammala tafiyarsa ta £ 30 miliyan zuwa [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 2009. &nbsp;An ba da shawarar cewa bai taɓa so ya bar kulob din Anfield ba, tare da kwangilarsa har zuwa aƙalla 2012, kuma cewa tafiyarsa ta kasance ne saboda bambance-bambance da Benítez.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eaton |first=Paul |date=4 August 2009 |title=Liverpool agree Alonso Deal |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/liverpool-agree-alonso-deal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717183353/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/liverpool-agree-alonso-deal |archive-date=17 July 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref><ref name="BBC-Alonso" /> Tsohon abokin wasan Steven Gerrard ya ce shawarar Alonso ta "ƙazantar da shi", kuma ya ambaci tafiyarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan da ke bayan mummunan tsari na Liverpool a farkon kakar wasa mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2009 |title=Gerrard 'devastated' by Alonso exit |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=693666&sec=england&cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109180917/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=693666&sec=england&cc=5901 |archive-date=9 November 2009 |access-date=4 March 2009 |publisher=[[Soccernet]]}}</ref> Masu karatu na Marca sun sanya Alonso wani ɓangare na tawagar La Liga na kakar, a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya na zaɓa; ɗayan dan wasan Real Madrid da aka nuna shi ne [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] . Alonso ya sami wannan yabo daga ESPN Soccernet . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alvarez, Eduardo |date=17 May 2010 |title=La Liga Team of the Season |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=786445&sec=soccernetawards&root=soccernetawards&cc=3888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520065116/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=786445&sec=soccernetawards&root=soccernetawards&cc=3888 |archive-date=20 May 2010 |access-date=19 May 2010 |website=ESPN Soccernet}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance dan takara a cikin lambar yabo ta LFP da Liga de Fútbol Profesional, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain ta bayar. An zabi Alonso a cikin mafi kyawun dan wasan tsakiya, tare da [[Xavi]] da Javi Martínez . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Finalistas Premios LPF |url=http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=73&Controltype=dn&IDNoticia=5585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603162721/http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=73&Controltype=dn&IDNoticia=5585 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |access-date=15 July 2010 |website=LFP}}</ref> Yawancin 'yan jaridar Mutanen Espanya, da kuma magoya bayan Real Madrid, sun ba Alonso sabon laƙabi a lokacin kakar: La Barba Roja ("The ''Red Beard''"). ==== 2010-14: Nasarar gasar zakarun Turai ==== Lokacin Alonso na biyu a Real Madrid ya fara ne tare da isowar sabon kocin [[José Mourinho]] . An ba shi lambar 14 bayan tashiwar mataimakin kyaftin Guti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irish |first=Ollie |date=3 August 2010 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Takes Raul's No.7 Shirt at Real Madrid, Benzema Moves To No.9, Xabi Alonso Takes No.14 |url=http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/kits/37525/cristiano-ronaldo-takes-rauls-no-7-shirt-at-real-madrid-benzema-moves-to-no-9-xabi-alonso-takes-no-14.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806041418/http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/kits/37525/cristiano-ronaldo-takes-rauls-no-7-shirt-at-real-madrid-benzema-moves-to-no-9-xabi-alonso-takes-no-14.html |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Whoateallthepies.tv}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye guda daya a kakar 2010-11 a kan Real Murcia a Copa del Rey, kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar a karo na farko tun 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid 5-1 Murcia (11 Nov, 2010) |url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/308803/real-murcia-real-madrid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260712020531/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/308803/real-murcia-real-madrid |archive-date=12 July 2026 |access-date=10 July 2026 |website=ESPN India}}</ref> Alonso ya fara kakar wasa ta uku a Madrid ta hanyar zira kwallaye na biyu a wasan 2-2 da Barcelona a Supercopa de España na 2011 a [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona 2-2 Real Madrid (15 August 2011) |url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/330062/barcelona-real-madrid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260711040107/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/330062/barcelona-real-madrid |archive-date=11 July 2026 |access-date=10 July 2026 |website=ESPN India}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, ya buga wasan sa na 100 ga Real Madrid a wasan 0-0 da ya yi da Racing Santander . Alonso ya yi ikirarin lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta farko a cikin aikinsa. A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Alonso ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangila tare da Real Madrid, wanda zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa shekara ta 2016. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2014, Real Madrid ta doke [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] 4-0 a karo na biyu na wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar zakarun Turai don samun damar shiga wasan karshe bayan nasarar da suka samu 5-0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Bayern Munich vs. Real Madrid: Final score 0–4 (0–5 aggregate), Blancos overwhelm Bayern, advance to the final |url=https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2014/4/29/5665552/bayern-munich-vs-real-madrid-2014-uefa-champions-league-final-score-result |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508223138/https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2014/4/29/5665552/bayern-munich-vs-real-madrid-2014-uefa-champions-league-final-score-result |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=30 April 2014 |website=[[SB Nation]]}}</ref> Alonso ya sami katin rawaya bayan ya yi tsalle a kan Bastian Schweinsteiger a rabi na farko; kamar yadda ya riga ya sami biyu kafin wasan, wannan ya fitar da shi daga wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Bayern Munich 0 Real Madrid 4 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27193338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109001807/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27193338 |archive-date=9 January 2016 |access-date=30 April 2014 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya yi ikirarin lambar yabo ta biyu ta UEFA Champions League yayin da Real ta doke [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] 4-1 a karin lokaci. === Bayern Munich === A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Alonso ya koma [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2014 |title=Xabi Alonso completes Bayern switch |url=http://www.fcbayern.de/en/news/news/2014/xabi-alonso-signs-for-bayern-290814.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325115508/http://www.fcbayern.de/en/news/news/2014/xabi-alonso-signs-for-bayern-290814.php |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=29 August 2014 |website=fcbayern.de |publisher=FC Bayern Munich}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2014 |title=Official announcement: Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2014/08/official-announcement-xabi-alonso |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406032024/https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2014/08/official-announcement-xabi-alonso |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=29 August 2014 |website=realmadrid.com}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa washegari, ya fara ne a 1-1 draw a kan Schalke 04 . A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2014, a cikin nasara 0-2 a kan 1. FC Köln, Alonso ya karya rikodin mafi yawan wucewa da aka kammala a wasan Bundesliga, tare da 196.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Garry |date=1 October 2014 |title=5 Incredible Stats That Show How Important Xabi Alonso Is For Bayern Munich |url=http://balls.ie/football/5-incredible-stats-show-important-xabi-alonso-bayern-munich/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511184131/http://balls.ie/football/5-incredible-stats-show-important-xabi-alonso-bayern-munich/ |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=2 October 2014 |website=Balls.ie}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob din a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2014, a cikin nasara 6-0 a kan Werder Bremen. A wasansa na 100 na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2015, an kori Alonso saboda laifin da za a iya lissafawa na biyu a wasan 0-0 da ya yi da Shakhtar Donetsk . A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Bayern guda hudu, duk wadanda suka lashe gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]], wadanda suka rasa nasarar da aka yi da Borussia Dortmund a wasan kusa da na karshe na DFB-Pokal. Har ila yau, shi ne kawai dan wasan da ya rasa yayin da kulob din ya rasa harbi a ƙarshen DFL-Supercup na 2015 zuwa VfL Wolfsburg, mai tsaron gidan Koen Casteels ya cece yunkurinsa. Alonso ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila tare da Bayern a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2015, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa 2017. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Alonso ya tabbatar ta hanyar [[X (kafofin sada zumunta)|Twitter]] da ritayar sa daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙarshen kakar 2016-17. Shi da kyaftin din Bayern [[Philipp Lahm]] sun buga wasan karshe na kwararru a ranar 20 ga Mayu, a cikin nasara 4-1 a gida a kan [[SC Freiburg]] inda ya taimaka wa [[Arjen Robben]]. An maye gurbinsa a minti na 82 ga Franck Ribéry . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arnhold |first=Matthias |date=28 June 2017 |title=Xabi Alonso Olano – Matches and Goals in Bundesliga |url=https://www.rsssf.org/players/xabialonsodata.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224071036/https://www.rsssf.org/players/xabialonsodata.html |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[File:Xabi_Alonso_Euro_2012_vs_France_02.jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa ga [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Spain|Spain]] a Yuro 2012]] === Yuro 2004 === Alonso ya fara kiran tawagar kwallon kafa ta Spain ne daga kocin Iñaki Sáez don wasan sada zumunci da Ecuador a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2003, yana da shekaru 21. Ya fara ne a nasarar 4-0 a Filin wasa na Vicente Calderón . Sáez mai suna Alonso a cikin tawagar UEFA Euro 2004 a Portugal . Ya kasance mai maye gurbin a nasarar da ya samu a kan Rasha, kuma ya fara cin nasara ga masu masaukin baki, a cikin fitowar rukuni. === Kofin Duniya na 2006 === An ambaci Alonso a cikin tawagar Spain don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2006 kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko na gasar, wanda shine burinsa na farko na kasa da kasa, a kan Ukraine a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2006. Bayan Spain ta lashe dukkan wasanninsu na matakin rukuni, 'yan wasan karshe na Faransa sun kawar da su a Zagaye na 16 na gasar. === Yuro na 2008 === Lokacin 2007-08 na Liverpool ya ƙare ba tare da kofin ba amma damar samun girmamawa ta jira Alonso a cikin hanyar gasar Euro 2008. Alonso ya fito ne galibi a matsayin mai maye gurbin amma, tare da manyan 'yan wasa suna hutawa, ya jagoranci Spain a wasan karshe na rukuni da suka yi da Girka, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta wasan. Duk da rawar da ya taka, bai iya samun matsayi na farko a cikin tawagar ba, yana nuna ƙarfin Spain a zurfi. Spain ta ci gaba da lashe gasar kuma ya fito a wasanni hudu daga cikin wasanni shida.<ref name="SpainStats">{{Cite web |title=Xabi Alonso Player Profile Euro 2008 |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/euro2008/player-profiles/0,23132,12024_90026,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402194102/http://www.skysports.com/football/euro2008/player-profiles/0,23132,12024_90026,00.html |archive-date=2 April 2010 |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> Da yake magana da ɗan jaridar Mutanen Espanya Guillem Balagué, ya ce nasarar Spain ta cancanci kuma aikin ƙungiyar 'yan wasan yana da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyar da ba a ci nasara ba a gasar. Alonso ya yi farin ciki da nasarar, yana mai cewa, "Yana da ban mamaki kuma dukkanmu muna tafiya a cikin mafarki. Yana da ban mamaki. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balagué |first=Guillem |date=30 June 2008 |title=Exclusive Interview: Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.guillembalague.com/interview_desp.php?id=14&titulo=Exclusive%20Interview:%20Xabi%20Alonso |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223101615/http://www.guillembalague.com/interview_desp.php?id=14&titulo=Exclusive%20Interview:%20Xabi%20Alonso |archive-date=23 February 2012 |access-date=4 November 2008 |publisher=[[Guillem Balagué]]}}</ref>Alonso ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a nasarar 3-0 a wasan sada zumunci da Denmark a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2008. === Kofin Tarayyar 2009 === A gasar cin kofin FIFA ta 2009 a Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka ta kawar da Spain a wasan kusa da na karshe. A wasan na uku da aka yi da [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|masu masaukin baki]], wasan ya tafi karin lokaci bayan ya gama 2-2; Alonso ya zira kwallaye a minti na 107 don lashe wasan. === Kofin Duniya na 2010 === Alonso ya fara kowane wasa ga Spain a lokacin Gasar 2010, yana wasa tare da [[Sergio Busquets]] da [[Xavi]] a tsakiyar filin wasa kuma yana taimaka wa tawagarsa ta ɗaga [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya]] na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA player Statistics: XABI ALONSO |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=207528/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612172658/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=207528/index.html |archive-date=12 June 2008 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> A minti na 28 na wasan karshe da ya yi da Netherlands, ya sami "Kung fu-style" a kirji daga dan wasan tsakiya na Dutch Nigel de Jong, laifin ya kasance mai rikitarwa tun lokacin da ya zama laifin da ya cancanci ja madaidaiciya, amma alƙalin Howard Webb ya yi mulki kawai ya zama katin rawaya. Wannan ya bar Alonso cikin ciwo da kuma tsoron karyewar haƙarƙari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joyce, Paul |title=Xabi Alonso in broken rib fear |url=http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/186572/Xabi-Alonso-in-broken-rib-fear-/ |access-date=15 July 2010 |publisher=the Daily and Sunday Express}}</ref> Duk da wannan ciwo, ya ci gaba da wasa na wani awa. === Yuro 2012 === === Kofin Duniya na 2014 === Spain ta sake kasancewa cikin wadanda aka fi so don cin nasara a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2014, amma an kawar da su a matakin rukuni. Alonso ya zira kwallaye a minti na 27 na wasan farko da suka yi da Netherlands, kodayake an maye gurbinsa a minti na 62 tare da Spain 2-1 kafin ya rasa 5-1. Spain ta rasa 2-0 ga Chile, inda Alonso ya karbi katin rawaya a rabi na farko kuma an maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci tare da ci 2-0. An fitar da Spain daga gasar amma ta lashe wasan karshe 3-0 a kan Australia kuma ta kammala ta uku a cikin rukuni; Alonso ya buga minti 83 a wasan. Alonso ya sanar da ritayar sa daga kwallon kafa ta kasa da kasa a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2014. === Kasar Basque === [[File:Alonso_Basque.jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa a Kasar Basque a shekarar 2011]] == Hanyar wasa == An san shi da daidaito da yawan aiki, Alonso an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan tsakiya na ƙarni, wanda aka san shi da tasirinsa a cikin matsayi na kirkira da na karewa.<ref name="bundesliga.com_1">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2014 |title=Xabi Alonso: FC Bayern's indisputable Ballmagnet |url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/liga/news/2014/0000303084.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003081720/http://www.bundesliga.com/en/liga/news/2014/0000303084.php |archive-date=3 October 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014 |publisher=bundesliga.com}}</ref> '''Bayer Leverkusen''' * Bundesliga: 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-172016–17 * DFB-Pokal: 2015-162015–16 * DFL-Supercup: 2016 * [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]]: 2010 * [[Gasar Turai ta UEFA]]: 2008, 2012 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Dan wasan Mutanen Espanya na Shekara: 2003 * Manufar BBC ta Watan: Nuwamba 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Glover |first=Alex |date=12 September 2016 |title=Sadio Mane wins MOTD Goal of the Month – We pick Liverpool's best winners from down the years |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sadio-mane-wins-motd-goal-11875721 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225043229/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sadio-mane-wins-motd-goal-11875721 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |access-date=2 July 2017 |website=[[Liverpool Echo]]}}</ref> * FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2011, 2012; 2nd team: 2014; 3rd team: 2013; <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2015 |title=FIFA FIFPro World XI: the reserve teams – FIFPro World Players' Union |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/fifa-fifpro-world-xi-the-reserve-teams/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414193942/https://fifpro.org/news/fifa-fifpro-world-xi-the-reserve-teams/en/ |archive-date=14 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=FIFPro.org}}</ref> 4th team: 2015; <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2014 |title=FifPro announces reserve Teams of the Year – but Luis Suarez and Arjen Robben won't be laughing while Iker Casillas is somehow named the second best goalkeeper of 2013 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/fifpro-announces-reserve-teams-of-the-year-but-luis-suarez-and-arjen-robben-wont-be-laughing-while-9062047.html#gallery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009001616/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news/fifpro-announces-reserve-teams-year-luis-suarez-and-arjen-robben-won-t-be-laughing-while-iker-casillas-somehow-named-second-best-goalkeeper-2013-9062047.html#gallery |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Independent.co.uk}}</ref> 5th team: 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2016 |title=2015 World XI: the Reserve Teams – FIFPro World Players' Union |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/2015-world-xi-the-reserve-teams-2/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090125/https://fifpro.org/news/2015-world-xi-the-reserve-teams-2/en/ |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=FIFPro.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2017 |title=2016 World 11: the reserve teams – FIFPro World Players' Union |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/2016-world-11-the-reserve-teams/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090134/https://fifpro.org/news/2016-world-11-the-reserve-teams/en/ |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=FIFPro.org}}</ref> * La Liga Mafi kyawun Midfielder: 2011-12 * Kungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA: 2012 * Kungiyar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta kakar wasa: 2013-142013–14 * Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 2014-15 <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2015 |title=2014/15 Team of the Season |url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/watch/galleries/0000320167.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514135204/http://www.bundesliga.com/en/watch/galleries/0000320167.jsp |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |publisher=[[Bundesliga]]}}</ref> * Medal na zinariya na Royal Order of Sporting Merit: 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2011 |title=Las campeones del mundo de fútbol ya tienen la Real Orden del Mérito Deportivo |trans-title=The women's football world champions now have the Royal Order of Sports Merit. |url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20111005/futbol/seleccion-espanola/las-campeones-del-mundo-de-futbol-ya-tienen-la-real-orden-del-merito-deportivo_54226408413.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828090921/https://www.mundodeportivo.com/20111005/futbol/seleccion-espanola/las-campeones-del-mundo-de-futbol-ya-tienen-la-real-orden-del-merito-deportivo_54226408413.html |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=mundodeportivo.com |language=es}}</ref> === Manajan === '''Bayer Leverkusen''' '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kocin Kwallon Kafa na Duniya Mafi Kyawun Shekara: 2024 * VDV Kocin Lokacin (Silver Bench) : 2023-24 * Manajan kwallon kafa na shekara a Jamus: 2024 <ref name="winner 2024">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2024 |title=kicker-Awards: Kroos ist Fußballer des Jahres, Xabi Alonso Trainer des Jahres |trans-title=kicker Awards: Kroos is Footballer of the Year, Xabi Alonso Coach of the Year. |url=https://www.kicker.de/kicker-awards-kroos-ist-fussballer-des-jahres-xabi-alonso-trainer-des-jahres-1042228/artikel#omrss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203190103/https://www.kicker.de/kicker-awards-kroos-ist-fussballer-des-jahres-xabi-alonso-trainer-des-jahres-1042228/artikel#omrss |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=kicker |language=de}}</ref> * Manajan La Liga na Watan: Agusta 2025 <ref name="laliga-alonso">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2025 |title=Xabi Alonso, LALIGA EA SPORTS Coach of the Month for August |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/xabi-alonso-laliga-ea-sports-coach-of-the-month-for-august |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908132608/https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/xabi-alonso-laliga-ea-sports-coach-of-the-month-for-august |archive-date=8 September 2025 |access-date=9 September 2025 |website=Página web oficial de LALIGA {{!}} LALIGA |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa da suka buga wasanni 100 ko fiye da UEFA Champions League * [[Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na maza tare da 100 ko fiye da na kasa da kasa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gfh3io2my17ov76knvbhocgipd88pkn 964693 964692 2026-10-08T10:18:03Z Khaleel767 49732 964693 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Databox}} '''Xabier Alonso Olano''' ({{IPA|eu|ˈʃaβi aˈlons̺o oˈlano|lang}} ,{{IPA|es|ˈʃaβj aˈlonso oˈlano|lang}} ; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1981) ƙwararren manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya kuma tsohon [[Ɗan ƙwallo|ɗan wasa]] wanda shine manajan ƙungiyar Premier League [[Chelsea F.C.|ta Chelsea]] . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan [[Mai buga tsakiya|'yan wasan tsakiya]] na zamaninsa, an san shi da ƙarfinsa na wucewa da kuma harbi mai nisa. {{Refn|<ref name="bundesliga.com_1"/><ref name="espn-smith">{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37515638/bayern-munich-midfielder-xabi-alonso-make-good-manager-pep-guardiola |title=Bayern Munich's Xabi Alonso will make a good manager – Pep Guardiola |author1=Smith |publisher=ESPN FC |date=10 March 2017 |access-date=28 March 2019 |first=Jonathan |archive-date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123004311/https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37515638/bayern-munich-midfielder-xabi-alonso-make-good-manager-pep-guardiola |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Sportreview">{{cite web |last1=Momblano |first1=Luca |date=22 October 2014 |title=Xabi Alonso erede totale di Pep Guardiola |trans-title=Xabi Alonso, the complete heir to Pep Guardiola. |url=https://www.sportreview.it/calcio-oggi/xabi-alonso-erede-totale-pep-guardiola |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707162550/https://www.sportreview.it/calcio-oggi/xabi-alonso-erede-totale-pep-guardiola |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=14 April 2022 |publisher=Sportreview |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref name="hitc.com">{{cite web | url = https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2015/03/13/ct-gerrard-picks-alonso-as-midfield-partner-claiming-ive-missed/ | title = Gerrard picks Alonso as best midfield partner, claiming: 'I've missed him' | publisher = hitc.com | date = 13 March 2015 | last = Thomas | first = Che | access-date = 13 December 2018 | archive-date = 6 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230406141509/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2015/03/13/ct-gerrard-picks-alonso-as-midfield-partner-claiming-ive-missed/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="GiveMeSport">{{cite web | url=https://www.givemesport.com/greatest-footballers-of-the-decade-2010-2019/ | title = Ranking the 100 greatest footballers of the decade (2010–2020) | date = 8 November 2023 | website = givemesport.com | first = Kobe | last = Tong | access-date = 8 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Churchill |first=Max |date=18 January 2025 |title=The 10 greatest defensive midfielders in football history ranked – Rodri 8th |url=https://www.givemesport.com/greatest-defensive-midfielders-in-football-history-ranked/ |access-date=30 September 2025 |website=GiveMeSport |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321035324/https://www.givemesport.com/greatest-defensive-midfielders-in-football-history-ranked/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} A halin yanzu ana ɗaukar Alonso a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun manajoji matasa a duniya. Alonso ya fara aikinsa a Real Sociedad, babban ƙungiyar lardin Gipuzkoa. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokacin aro a Eibar, an nada shi a matsayin kyaftin din Real Sociedad kuma ya gama a matsayin na biyu a La Liga a kakar 2002-03. Ya koma [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a shekara ta 2004 don fam miliyan 10.5 kuma ya ƙarshe [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe. &nbsp;Daga baya ya lashe gasar cin [[FA Cup|Kofin FA]] Super Cup, FA Cup da FA Community Shield . Alonso ya koma Real Madrid a shekara ta 2009 a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai fam miliyan 30 kuma ya lashe La Liga, lambobin Copa del Rey guda biyu, da kuma wani gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA. &nbsp;Ya koma [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2014 kuma ya lashe lambobin Bundesliga uku, ciki har da sau biyu na cikin gida a kakar wasa ta biyu, kuma ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Champions League 100 club: Xabi Alonso |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0251-0e99b2382f3a-7aaf0f99afd5-1000--champions-league-100-club-xabi-alonso/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911233226/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0251-0e99b2382f3a-7aaf0f99afd5-1000--champions-league-100-club-xabi-alonso/ |archive-date=11 September 2022 |access-date=23 May 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Spain|Spain]] wasa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003 kuma ya ci gaba da lashe gasar zakarun Turai sau biyu a shekara ta 2008 da 2012, da kuma gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2010. Ya kuma wakilci Spain a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 2004 da kuma gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2006. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2012, Alonso ya lashe kofinsa na 100 ga Spain a wasan kusa da na karshe na Euro 2012 da Faransa, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a nasarar 2-0. Alonso ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa bayan gasar cin Kofin Duniya na 2014. Wasanni 114 da ya buga ya sa ya zama dan wasa na takwas mafi girma a tarihin Spain. NaAlonso ya horar da tawagar U14 ta Real Madrid kafin a nada shi a matsayin manajan Real Sociedad B a shekarar 2019, inda ya sami ci gaba zuwa Segunda División a kakar wasa ta biyu. An nada Alonso a matsayin kocin Bayer Leverkusen a shekarar 2022 kuma ya kammala wasan da ba a taba cin nasara ba a cikin gida a shekarar 2024, inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko ta Bundesliga da kuma DFB-Pokal ta farko tun 1993. Bayan shekaru biyu da rabi tare da kungiyar Jamus, an nada Alonso a matsayin sabon kocin tsohon kulob dinsa na Real Madrid a watan Yunin 2025, amma ya bar kulob din watanni bakwai bayan haka ta hanyar yardar juna. Watanni huɗu bayan barin Real Madrid, Alonso ya amince ya zama kocin [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] tun daga watan Yulin 2026. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Alonso a cikin ƙaramin garin Tolosa, Gipuzkoa, Basque Country, a cikin dangin da aka sani da ƙwarewar ƙwallon ƙafa. Mahaifinsa, Periko Alonso, ya lashe La Liga sau biyu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya tare da Real Sociedad kuma a karo na uku bayan ya koma [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. Ya kuma fito a cikin tawagar kasa, inda ya lashe kwallo 21 a cikin aikinsa. Alonso ya zauna a birnin [[Barcelona]] na shekaru shida na farko na rayuwarsa kuma ya koma San Sebastián bayan haka. A nan ne sha'awarsa ga kwallon kafa ta fara yayin da ya kori yarinta da ya buga a Playa de la Concha (Shell Beach). A kan yashi na Basque, Alonso ya yi abota da wani mazaunin Calle Matia, [[Mikel Arteta]], kuma biyun za su yi yaƙi da juna a cikin nune-nunen fasaha. Ya shiga kwallon kafa kuma mahaifinsa yakan kawo shi da babban ɗan'uwansa, [[Mikel Alonso|Mikel]], zuwa filin horo na Sabadell don yin aiki tare. Alonso ya sami rinjaye daga wasan mahaifinsa, yana jin daɗin wuce kwallon da kyau fiye da harbi a raga.<ref name="GB0">{{Cite web |last=Balague |first=Guillem |date=18 May 2008 |title=Dads and Lads: Periko and Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/drilldown/N159927080518-0840.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701220709/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/drilldown/N159927080518-0840.htm |archive-date=1 July 2008 |access-date=15 August 2008 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Tun yana ƙarami, ya yanke shawarar yin wasa a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya, rawar da ta taimaka masa ya koyi yadda za a rarraba kwallon da kyau. Wannan baiwa daga baya zai zama wani bangare na kulob dinsa da aikin kasa da kasa.<ref name="GB1" /> Alonso da Arteta suna da burin yin wasa tare da juna don Real Sociedad lokacin da suka girma. Kodayake sun halarci makarantu daban-daban, 'yan wasan biyu sun haɗu da karfi a kungiyar matasa ta Antiguoko, suna wasa wasanni a karshen mako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jugadores Relevantes |trans-title=Relevant Players |url=https://antiguoko.org/club-jugadores-relevantes/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005202021/http://antiguoko.org/club-jugadores-relevantes/ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |access-date=16 July 2017 |website=Official Website |publisher=Antiguoko KE |language=es}}</ref> Ayyukansu sun ja hankalin 'yan kallo daga manyan bangarorin Mutanen Espanya kuma [[Katalunya|Katalan]] ''Donostiarras'' sun rabu, sun kawo karshen shekaru tara na kishiyar abokantaka, yayin da Alonso ya tafi Real Sociedad kuma Arteta ya koma babbar kungiyar Catalan [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. Alonso ya tafi Real Sociedad, duk da haka, ba wanda ba shi da aboki, kamar yadda babban ɗan'uwansa [[Mikel Alonso|Mikel]], wanda shi ma ya zama ƙwararren ɗan wasa, ya shiga kulob din tare da shi. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Royal Society === Alonso ya ci gaba da sauri ta hanyar matasa da Ƙungiyar ajiya a Real Sociedad (ya lashe Matsayi na huɗu a cikin kakar wasa guda tare da na ƙarshe) kuma ya burge ya isa ya sami damar samun tawagar farko a lokacin da yake da shekaru 18. <ref name="GB0" /> Ya fara buga wasan farko da ya yi da Logroñés a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1999 a wasan Copa del Rey.<ref name="LFCProfile">{{Cite web |title=Xabi Alonso Profile |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/team/squad/alonso/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804215916/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/team/squad/alonso/ |archive-date=4 August 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]}}</ref> Alonso ya kasa sake fitowa a kakar amma shekara mai zuwa ta kawo karin dama. A farkon kakar 2000-01, Javier Clemente ya tura shi zuwa kungiyar Segunda División Eibar don samun kwarewa. Mahaifin Alonso musamman ya ji cewa tafiyar zuwa ƙaramin kulob din ta inganta shi a matsayin dan wasa.<ref name="GB0" /> Saurin juyawa na manajoji, duk da haka, gami da tsawon watanni biyu tare da Periko Alonso a matsayin mai kula, ya bar Real Sociedad a cikin mummunan yanayi. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2001, Real Sociedad sun kasance a kasa a gasar kuma sabon manajan su, John Toshack, ya juya ga Alonso mai ban mamaki da fatan juyar da dukiyar kulob din. A cikin wani yunkuri na mamaki, kocin Welsh ya sanya dan shekara 20 ya zama kyaftin din kulob din, matsayin da aka saba rike da shi ta hanyar manyan 'yan wasa. A ƙarshen kakar, Sociedad ta hau daga yankin sakewa kuma ta gama a matsayi na 14.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrados |first=Juan Pedro |date=10 November 2001 |title=Primera División 2000/01 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/span01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127205917/https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/span01.html |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=11 November 2016 |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]}}</ref> Toshack ya yaba wa Alonso, yana mai bayyana cewa ra'ayi da yake da shi a kan tawagar ya kasance na musamman, musamman ga dan wasan daga ƙungiyar matasa.<ref name="GB1" /> A karkashin kulawar John Toshack, kyaftin din Alonso ya nuna sake farfadowa ga Real Sociedad. Toshack ya fahimci damar Alonso kuma ya saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin matashin kyaftin dinsa, yana ƙirƙirar hanyar horo da aka tsara don inganta taɓawa da sarrafawa musamman a gare shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abbandonato |first=Paul |date=3 July 2008 |title=It's the Real deal for Toshack |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/footballnation/football-in-wales/2008/07/03/it-s-the-real-deal-for-toshack-91466-21218919/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007142154/http://www.walesonline.co.uk/footballnation/football-in-wales/2008/07/03/it-s-the-real-deal-for-toshack-91466-21218919/ |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=12 August 2008 |publisher=Wales Online ([[Western Mail (Wales)|Western Mail]])}}</ref> Kungiyar ta tabbatar da matsayinta na tsakiyar tebur a kakar 2001-02, ta kammala a matsayi na 13. Alonso ya bayyana a kai a kai a La Liga tare da bayyanar 30 a cikin kakar kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar, ya kammala tare da jimlar kakar uku. Gudanar da Real Sociedad ya sake canzawa a lokacin rani na 2002 tare da isowar Raynald Denoueix, amma Alonso ya ci gaba da zama a cikin tawagar farko a kan ƙarfin wasan kwaikwayon da ya gabata. Shekarar 2002-03 ita ce mafi kyawun wasan league na kulob din tun Lokacin 1981-82, inda suka lashe gasar. Kungiyar Basque ta kammala ta biyu, maki biyu a bayan [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]], ta kafa rikodin kulob din don mafi girman maki, kuma ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a karon farko. Alonso ya sami yabo sosai saboda rawar da ya taka a nasarar kulob din kuma mujallar wasanni ta Mutanen Espanya ''Don Balon'' ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Mafi Kyawun Mai kunnawa na Mutanen Espanya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diaz |first=Emilio Pla |date=28 January 2004 |title=Spain&nbsp;– Footballer of the Year |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/spanpoy.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112164212/https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/spanpoy.html |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=12 August 2008 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Alonso ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙididdigar ƙwallon kulob din, ya zira kwallaye 12 a duk gasa. Ayyukansa sun sami sunan Alonso na kasa kuma Iñaki Sáez, kocin tawagar kwallon kafa ta Spain, ya kira shi zuwa tawagar kwallon kwando ta Spain. Alonso ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2003 a wasan sada zumunci 4-0 da ya yi a kan Ecuador.<ref name="FDB">{{Cite web |title=Xabi Alonso Profile |url=http://footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=550&pn=Xabier_Alonso_Olona |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215152525/http://footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=550&pn=Xabier_Alonso_Olona |archive-date=15 December 2010 |access-date=12 August 2008 |publisher=Football Database}}</ref> Sáez ya yaba wa Alonso, yana cewa, "Yana da kyakkyawan kewayon wucewa daidai [kuma] yana ganin kwallon kafa da haske mai ban mamaki".[and] Shekarar 2003-04 ta kunshi sakamako mai rikitarwa ga Alonso da kulob dinsa na San Sebastián. Alonso ya yi murabus da damar da ya samu don yin wasa a Turai, ya bayyana a duk wasannin kulob din, kuma Real Sociedad ta cancanci shiga gasar zakarun Turai. Kungiyar ta yi gwagwarmaya a karkashin matsin karin wasannin, duk da haka, kuma Lyon ta kori su daga gasar kuma ta gama 15th a La Liga. Haɗin kyawawan wasan kwaikwayon Alonso da kuma ƙarancin wasan kwaikwayo na kulob din ya sa ya tafi daga Filin wasa na Anoeta ba za a iya gujewa ba. Duk da sha'awar Real Madrid, Alonso ya ci gaba da kasancewa a Real Sociedad. Madrid ta kasa biyan kudin fam miliyan 13 da José Luis Astiazarán, shugaban Real Sociedad, ya sanya a kan Alonso kuma yarjejeniyar ta kai ga rikici.<ref name="Sinnott" /> &nbsp;Alonso yana da wasu damuwa kuma ya mayar da hankali kan aikin kasa da kasa tare da Spain a UEFA Euro 2004. <ref name="FDB" /> Duk da gaskiyar cewa bayyanar Alonso a gasar ta kasance takaice, ya ja hankalin dan wasan kwallon kafa mai ritaya Jan Mølby, wanda ya burge shi da ƙwarewarsa ta wucewa.<ref name="GB1" /> Gidan canjin bazara a Real Sociedad ya ga isowar abokiyar yarinta na Alonso Mikel Arteta . Arteta ya yi farin ciki da yiwuwar yin haɗin gwiwa da Alonso a tsakiyar filin wasa, amma farin cikinsa bai daɗe ba. Ba a zabi Alonso ba don wasannin sada zumunci na Real Sociedad kafin kakar wasa ta bana, yana nuna cewa ana bi da tayin da [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] ke bayarwa da gaske.<ref name="Drop" /> A ranar 20 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2004, kungiyar Basque ta sanar da cewa sun yi yarjejeniya da ta kai fam miliyan 10.7 tare da Liverpool kuma Alonso ya amince da sharuddan tare da kulob din Merseyside.<ref name="LFCProfile" /> &nbsp;Alonso bai yi nadama game da gaskiyar cewa ba a yi tafiya zuwa Real Madrid ba. Maimakon haka, ya mai da hankali kan haɗuwa da sabon rukunin Mutanen Espanya a Liverpool a ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsohon kocin [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] Rafael Benítez. === Liverpool === ==== 2004-05: Nasarar gasar zakarun Turai ==== Alonso ya isa Liverpool tare da Luis García daga Barcelona, yana nuna farkon sabon zamani a Anfield. Sabon kocin Liverpool Rafael Benítez ya nemi ya sauya kulob din kuma ya sake fasalin tawagar gaba daya, yana burge salon gudanarwarsa da dabarunsa a kan tawagar. Mutanen Espanya na fasaha sune sa hannun farko na Benítez kuma ya ce jaddada kwarewarsu akan ƙarfi ya ba tawagar wani abu daban. Alonso ya fara buga wasan Premier League da Bolton Wanderers a Filin wasa na Reebok a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta 2004. <ref name="LFCProfile" /> Liverpool ta rasa wasan 1-0 amma Alonso ya riga ya sami yabo saboda kwarewarsa daga manema labarai. Wasan Premier League da Fulham ya yi ya nuna karin baiwar Alonso. Liverpool ta rasa 2-0 a rabin lokaci kuma Benítez ya kawo Alonso a matsayin mai maye gurbin bayan hutu. Ya farfado da Liverpool kuma wasan ya gama 2-4 ga kulob din Merseyside. Bugu da ƙari, Alonso ya zira kwallaye na farko ga kulob din daga free-kick don kawo Liverpool gaba da 'yan adawa. [[File:Xabi_Alonso.jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa a [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a shekara ta 2005]] Alonso ya ci gaba da samar da muhimman burin ga kulob din, inda ya zira kwallaye na farko a Anfield a kan [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] a nasarar 2-1 . Alonso ya yi farin ciki da nasarar kuma ya ji yana zaune a Ingila. Wasan Arsenal ya nuna dawowar [[Steven Gerrard]] daga rauni amma haɗin gwiwar Alonso da Kyaftin din kulob din ya tsaya lokacin da Alonso ya sha wahala na farko a Liverpool. Alonso ya karye idon sa bayan da [[Frank Lampard]] ya yi nasara a gida 0-1 a kan [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2005 kuma an kori Mutanen Espanya daga aiki na watanni uku. Alonso ya dawo cikin tawagar farko a karo na biyu na wasan kusa da na karshe na [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] da [[Juventus]]. Alonso bai kasance a cikakkiyar lafiya ba amma, yayin da Steven Gerrard ya ji rauni, ya buga cikakken minti 90 kuma Liverpool ta ci kwallo a 0-0 a Italiya, inda ta doke zakarun Italiya 2-1 a jimillar. Kevin McCarra na ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya ba da shaida ga ƙwarewar Alonso da sadaukarwa ga wasan, yana cewa, "Wannan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mai ban mamaki ya ba da shaidar a Stadio Delle Alpi cewa dabarar na iya shawo kan mummunar matsalar jiki".A wasan kusa da na karshe da Chelsea, Alonso ya sami katin rawaya a cikin tsananin 0-0 a Stamford Bridge, wanda ya sa aka dakatar da shi don kafa na biyu. Alonso ya damu da cewa zai rasa wasan kuma ya kalubalanci shawarar alƙalin ba tare da amfani ba. Gerrard ya dawo daga rauni a karo na biyu, duk da haka, kuma kyaftin din ya jagoranci kulob dinsa zuwa nasara 1-0 tare da taimakon burin Luis García, ya cancanci wasan karshe da [[AC Milan|Milan]]. Liverpool ta kammala matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya ta bar abubuwa da yawa da ba za a so ba amma ɗaukakar kakar wasa ta farko har yanzu tana jiran Alonso a cikin hanyar wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai. Kungiyar ta fadi kwallaye uku a bayan Milan amma ta kammala dawowar rabi na biyu. Liverpool, wanda ke bin 3-2, an ba su hukunci kuma an yanke shawarar cewa Alonso zai dauki wuri. Yayinda Dida, sanannen mai tsaron gidan Brazil na Milan, ya sami nasarar adana hukuncin, Alonso ya harbe shi a cikin rufin net, ya kawo ci 3-3. Lokaci na Ƙarin lokaci ya wuce ba tare da wani burin daga kowanne kungiya ba kuma Liverpool ta ci 3-2 a cikin harbi na kisa. An yaba wa Alonso saboda tasirin da ya yi a dawowar tawagar kuma manajan Benítez ya karfafa muhimmancinsa ga kulob din. Alonso ya yi farin ciki da nasarar, yana mai cewa, "Wannan shine mafi kyawun lokaci a cikin sana'ata".An kuma tunatar da dare mai ban mamaki a matsayin 'Miracle of Istanbul'. ==== 2005-06: Wanda ya lashe kofin FA ==== [[File:CK_that_Aronso_kicks.jpg|left|thumb|Alonso yana buga kwallo a [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a shekara ta 2006]] Alonso ya kasance a cikin tawagar farko a kakar 2005-06, ya guje wa raunin da ya lalata kakar wasa ta farko a kulob din. Gidan canjin bazara ya kawo Peter Crouch zuwa Liverpool kuma tsayin dan wasan ya haifar da zargi cewa kulob din zai canza zuwa dabarun kwallon kafa. Crouch ya musanta wannan, yana mai nuna cewa ikon wucewa na Alonso, tare da Gerrard, zai bayyana salon wasan Liverpool. Alonso ya fuskanci karin gasa don matsayinsa a cikin sabon zuwan Mohamed Sissoko. Koyaya, raunin Steven Gerrard da kuma goyon bayan Rafael Benítez na tsarin 4-5-1 sun tabbatar da matsayin Alonso a cikin tawagar. Alonso ya bayyana a duk wasannin Liverpool a Gasar Zakarun Turai amma rinjaye da aka nuna a kakar da ta gabata ya tafi yayin da Benfica ta kawar da kulob din a Zagaye na 16. A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, a wasan FA Cup na uku da aka yi da Luton Town, Alonso ya taimaka wa Liverpool zuwa nasarar dawowa 5-3 bayan ya fadi 3-1 a farkon rabi na biyu. Alonso ya zira kwallaye biyu masu ban sha'awa daga nesa: daya daga yadudduka 45, ɗayan kuma yadudduka 65 daga burin; a bayan layin rabin hanya.<ref name="LFCProfile" /> Sakamakon haka, burin Alonso ya nuna sa'a ga mai sha'awar Liverpool wanda ya lashe £ 25,000 daga fare na £ 200 akan Alonso ya zira kwallaye daga cikin rabin kansa. Alonso ya ji rauni a idon sa a nasarar da ya samu a wasan da ya yi da Portsmouth, inda ya sanya sa ya shiga gasar cin kofin FA a cikin shakku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2006 |title=Portsmouth 1–3 Liverpool |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4957462.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824064755/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/eng_prem/4957462.stm |archive-date=24 August 2013 |access-date=1 February 2011 |website=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> Koyaya, ya warke sosai don fara wasan da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] kuma Gerrard ya zira kwallaye na uku na Liverpool, ya janye matakin kulob din tare da 'yan adawa. Alonso, har yanzu raunin ya shafa, bai iya gudanar da dukkan minti 90 ba kuma an maye gurbinsa a rabi na biyu. Liverpool ta ci 3-1 a kan penalties ba tare da taimakonsa ba amma Alonso har yanzu ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta FA Cup. ==== 2006–2009 ==== [[File:Xabi_Alonso_(Real_Valladolid-Real_Madrid).jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa a [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] a shekarar 2014]] A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2007, Alonso ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar, yana mai cewa, "Na san cewa akwai sha'awa daga wasu kungiyoyi amma koyaushe ra'ayina ne na zauna a nan. Na kasance a nan na tsawon shekaru uku yanzu kuma ina da irin wannan ji na musamman ga kulob din da magoya baya. Na fahimci abin da Liverpool ke nufi ga mutane da yawa. Kungiyar ce ta musamman kuma ba na so in tafi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2007 |title=Alonso commits to five more years at Liverpool |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/jun/08/newsstory.sport |access-date=1 December 2011 |website=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref>Shekarar 2007-08 ta fara da kyau ga Mutanen Espanya: rashin Gerrard ya haifar da Alonso yana wasa a cikin matsayi mai ci gaba kuma ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a nasarar 6-0 a kan sababbin 'yan wasan Premier League Derby County. Farawa mai haske ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, duk da haka, yayin da ƙaramin rauni da aka samu a wasan 0-0 da aka yi da Portsmouth ya zama mai tsanani a horo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2007 |title=Bad breaks put Xabi Alonso and Daniel Agger out for six weeks |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/09/20/bad-breaks-put-xabi-alonso-and-daniel-agger-out-for-six-weeks-64375-19818267/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806214302/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/09/20/bad-breaks-put-xabi-alonso-and-daniel-agger-out-for-six-weeks-64375-19818267/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=15 October 2008 |website=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]}}</ref> Raunin metatarsal ya tilasta masa barin horo na makonni shida amma dawowarsa zuwa tawagar farko ya yi sauri kuma raunin da ya samu ya sake dawowa a wasan farko. Ƙuduri da sha'awar Alonso sun zama faduwarsa, kuma daga baya ya yi tunani, "Na kasance ina jin ɗan gajiya a wannan lokacin saboda kawai wasan na farko ne kuma wasan ya yi sauri sosai. Amma a matsayin ɗan wasa ba ku so ku fita, musamman lokacin da ƙungiyar ke cin nasara kuma na zauna a ciki. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2007 |title=Xabi Alonso speaks of his Liverpool injury hell |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/12/19/xabi-alonso-speaks-of-his-liverpool-injury-hell-64375-20268762/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806214318/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2007/12/19/xabi-alonso-speaks-of-his-liverpool-injury-hell-64375-20268762/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=15 October 2008 |publisher=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]}}</ref> Alonso ya dawo daga rauni a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007, amma a cikin watanni masu Luka ya kara fuskantar gasa don matsayi a tsakiyar filin daga Javier Mascherano da Lucas. An tabbatar da rawar da ya taka a wasan tsakiya na Liverpool, duk da haka, yayin da Rafael Benítez ya dauke shi a matsayin "mai wasan kwaikwayo na farko", yana mai cewa Alonso yana da ikon canza wasanni da rushe tsaron 'yan adawa. Alonso ya buga wasan sa na 100 a Liverpool a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2008 a wasan 1-1 da aka yi da [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hassall |first=Paul |date=12 January 2008 |title=Xabi's sweeper dream |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/archivedirs/news/2008/jan/14/N158402080114-1217.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430152622/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/archivedirs/news/2008/jan/14/N158402080114-1217.htm |archive-date=30 April 2008 |access-date=15 December 2008 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Gidan canjin bazara na shekara ta 2008 ya ba da shawarar ƙaura daga Merseyside, yayin da Liverpool ta bi [[Gareth Barry]] na Ingila don maye gurbin Alonso.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2008 |title=Liverpool still want Gareth Barry |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2008/07/29/liverpool-fc-still-want-gareth-barry-64375-21426760/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806214339/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/sport/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2008/07/29/liverpool-fc-still-want-gareth-barry-64375-21426760/ |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=6 October 2008 |website=[[Liverpool Daily Post]]}}</ref> A farkon kakar 2008-09, babu Alonso ko Barry da suka koma kulob din amma canjin canjin da aka yi ya bar Mutanen Espanya ba su da tabbas a Liverpool kuma ba su da tabbacin matsayinsa a cikin tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2008 |title=Alonso admits summer sorrow |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_4243844,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201214933/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_4243844,00.html |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=6 October 2008 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> Koyaya, magoya bayan kulob din sun yi abubuwa da yawa don dawo da ruhunsa, suna tallafa masa a ciki da waje da filin wasa, kuma Alonso ya amsa wannan, yana cewa: : [Magoya bayan] ba za su iya yin wani abu ba don nuna mini yadda suke ji...Idan na fita cin abincin rana ko kofi, koyaushe akwai wani wanda zai zo ya ce, 'Za mu ƙaunace ku ku ku zauna'. Ina farin ciki ne kawai cewa, a ƙarshe, babu wani abu da ya fito daga ciki [canjin] saboda ba wani abu ne da na taɓa nema ba. Duk da abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin rani, Alonso ya fara kakar wasa ta bana kuma duka takwarorinsa da manema labarai sun yaba da ƙarfin halinsa, suna mai nuna tasirinsa a matsayin wani abu a farkon kulob din a kakar wasa ta 11.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2008 |title=Gerrard tribute to Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/media-watch/gerrard-tribute-to-xabi-alonso |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903132245/http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/media-watch/gerrard-tribute-to-xabi-alonso |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> An kara jaddada muhimmancin Alonso ga tawagar lokacin da ya zira kwallaye guda daya, ta hanyar karkatarwa, a cikin nasarar 0-1 a kan Chelsea, wanda ya sa Liverpool ta zama tawagar farko da ta lashe a Stamford Bridge a cikin shekaru hudu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2008 |title=Alonso Fires Reds Clear at the Top |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/match/season/2008-2009/oct//681/finalwhistle.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030084318/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/match/season/2008-2009/oct/681/finalwhistle.htm |archive-date=30 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2008 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Binciken kididdiga ya nuna kyakkyawan yanayin Alonso: a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba, adadi daga Opta Sports ya bayyana cewa shi ne dan wasan Premier na farko da ya kammala 1,000 nasara a kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=Jimmy |date=11 December 2008 |title=Xabi's 1,000 passes |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/xabi-s-1-000-passes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151136/http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/xabi-s-1-000-passes |archive-date=3 September 2014 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref> Goal dinsa na karshe ga Liverpool ya zo ne a nasarar da suka samu a Hull City a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2009, inda ya buga bayan da aka kori shi daga bangon Hull. === Real Madrid === ==== Lokacin 2009-10 ==== [[File:CSKA-Bavaria_(1).jpg|left|thumb|Alonso yana wasa ga [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] a shekarar 2014]] Alonso ya kammala tafiyarsa ta £ 30 miliyan zuwa [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 2009. &nbsp;An ba da shawarar cewa bai taɓa so ya bar kulob din Anfield ba, tare da kwangilarsa har zuwa aƙalla 2012, kuma cewa tafiyarsa ta kasance ne saboda bambance-bambance da Benítez.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eaton |first=Paul |date=4 August 2009 |title=Liverpool agree Alonso Deal |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/liverpool-agree-alonso-deal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717183353/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/liverpool-agree-alonso-deal |archive-date=17 July 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Liverpool}}</ref><ref name="BBC-Alonso" /> Tsohon abokin wasan Steven Gerrard ya ce shawarar Alonso ta "ƙazantar da shi", kuma ya ambaci tafiyarsa a matsayin daya daga cikin dalilan da ke bayan mummunan tsari na Liverpool a farkon kakar wasa mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2009 |title=Gerrard 'devastated' by Alonso exit |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=693666&sec=england&cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109180917/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story?id=693666&sec=england&cc=5901 |archive-date=9 November 2009 |access-date=4 March 2009 |publisher=[[Soccernet]]}}</ref> Masu karatu na Marca sun sanya Alonso wani ɓangare na tawagar La Liga na kakar, a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na tsakiya na zaɓa; ɗayan dan wasan Real Madrid da aka nuna shi ne [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] . Alonso ya sami wannan yabo daga ESPN Soccernet . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alvarez, Eduardo |date=17 May 2010 |title=La Liga Team of the Season |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=786445&sec=soccernetawards&root=soccernetawards&cc=3888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520065116/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=786445&sec=soccernetawards&root=soccernetawards&cc=3888 |archive-date=20 May 2010 |access-date=19 May 2010 |website=ESPN Soccernet}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance dan takara a cikin lambar yabo ta LFP da Liga de Fútbol Profesional, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain ta bayar. An zabi Alonso a cikin mafi kyawun dan wasan tsakiya, tare da [[Xavi]] da Javi Martínez . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Finalistas Premios LPF |url=http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=73&Controltype=dn&IDNoticia=5585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603162721/http://www.lfp.es/Default.aspx?tabid=73&Controltype=dn&IDNoticia=5585 |archive-date=3 June 2012 |access-date=15 July 2010 |website=LFP}}</ref> Yawancin 'yan jaridar Mutanen Espanya, da kuma magoya bayan Real Madrid, sun ba Alonso sabon laƙabi a lokacin kakar: La Barba Roja ("The ''Red Beard''"). ==== 2010-14: Nasarar gasar zakarun Turai ==== Lokacin Alonso na biyu a Real Madrid ya fara ne tare da isowar sabon kocin [[José Mourinho]] . An ba shi lambar 14 bayan tashiwar mataimakin kyaftin Guti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Irish |first=Ollie |date=3 August 2010 |title=Cristiano Ronaldo Takes Raul's No.7 Shirt at Real Madrid, Benzema Moves To No.9, Xabi Alonso Takes No.14 |url=http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/kits/37525/cristiano-ronaldo-takes-rauls-no-7-shirt-at-real-madrid-benzema-moves-to-no-9-xabi-alonso-takes-no-14.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806041418/http://www.whoateallthepies.tv/kits/37525/cristiano-ronaldo-takes-rauls-no-7-shirt-at-real-madrid-benzema-moves-to-no-9-xabi-alonso-takes-no-14.html |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=1 December 2011 |publisher=Whoateallthepies.tv}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye guda daya a kakar 2010-11 a kan Real Murcia a Copa del Rey, kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar a karo na farko tun 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Real Madrid 5-1 Murcia (11 Nov, 2010) |url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/308803/real-murcia-real-madrid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260712020531/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/308803/real-murcia-real-madrid |archive-date=12 July 2026 |access-date=10 July 2026 |website=ESPN India}}</ref> Alonso ya fara kakar wasa ta uku a Madrid ta hanyar zira kwallaye na biyu a wasan 2-2 da Barcelona a Supercopa de España na 2011 a [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona 2-2 Real Madrid (15 August 2011) |url=https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/330062/barcelona-real-madrid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260711040107/https://www.espn.in/football/match/_/gameId/330062/barcelona-real-madrid |archive-date=11 July 2026 |access-date=10 July 2026 |website=ESPN India}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, ya buga wasan sa na 100 ga Real Madrid a wasan 0-0 da ya yi da Racing Santander . Alonso ya yi ikirarin lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta farko a cikin aikinsa. A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Alonso ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangila tare da Real Madrid, wanda zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa shekara ta 2016. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2014, Real Madrid ta doke [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] 4-0 a karo na biyu na wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar zakarun Turai don samun damar shiga wasan karshe bayan nasarar da suka samu 5-0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Bayern Munich vs. Real Madrid: Final score 0–4 (0–5 aggregate), Blancos overwhelm Bayern, advance to the final |url=https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2014/4/29/5665552/bayern-munich-vs-real-madrid-2014-uefa-champions-league-final-score-result |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240508223138/https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2014/4/29/5665552/bayern-munich-vs-real-madrid-2014-uefa-champions-league-final-score-result |archive-date=8 May 2024 |access-date=30 April 2014 |website=[[SB Nation]]}}</ref> Alonso ya sami katin rawaya bayan ya yi tsalle a kan Bastian Schweinsteiger a rabi na farko; kamar yadda ya riga ya sami biyu kafin wasan, wannan ya fitar da shi daga wasan karshe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2014 |title=Bayern Munich 0 Real Madrid 4 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27193338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109001807/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27193338 |archive-date=9 January 2016 |access-date=30 April 2014 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya yi ikirarin lambar yabo ta biyu ta UEFA Champions League yayin da Real ta doke [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] 4-1 a karin lokaci. === Bayern Munich === A ranar 29 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, Alonso ya koma [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu don kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2014 |title=Xabi Alonso completes Bayern switch |url=http://www.fcbayern.de/en/news/news/2014/xabi-alonso-signs-for-bayern-290814.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325115508/http://www.fcbayern.de/en/news/news/2014/xabi-alonso-signs-for-bayern-290814.php |archive-date=25 March 2016 |access-date=29 August 2014 |website=fcbayern.de |publisher=FC Bayern Munich}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2014 |title=Official announcement: Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2014/08/official-announcement-xabi-alonso |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406032024/https://www.realmadrid.com/en/news/2014/08/official-announcement-xabi-alonso |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=29 August 2014 |website=realmadrid.com}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa washegari, ya fara ne a 1-1 draw a kan Schalke 04 . A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2014, a cikin nasara 0-2 a kan 1. FC Köln, Alonso ya karya rikodin mafi yawan wucewa da aka kammala a wasan Bundesliga, tare da 196.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Garry |date=1 October 2014 |title=5 Incredible Stats That Show How Important Xabi Alonso Is For Bayern Munich |url=http://balls.ie/football/5-incredible-stats-show-important-xabi-alonso-bayern-munich/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511184131/http://balls.ie/football/5-incredible-stats-show-important-xabi-alonso-bayern-munich/ |archive-date=11 May 2015 |access-date=2 October 2014 |website=Balls.ie}}</ref> Ya zira kwallaye na farko a kulob din a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2014, a cikin nasara 6-0 a kan Werder Bremen. A wasansa na 100 na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2015, an kori Alonso saboda laifin da za a iya lissafawa na biyu a wasan 0-0 da ya yi da Shakhtar Donetsk . A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Bayern guda hudu, duk wadanda suka lashe gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]], wadanda suka rasa nasarar da aka yi da Borussia Dortmund a wasan kusa da na karshe na DFB-Pokal. Har ila yau, shi ne kawai dan wasan da ya rasa yayin da kulob din ya rasa harbi a ƙarshen DFL-Supercup na 2015 zuwa VfL Wolfsburg, mai tsaron gidan Koen Casteels ya cece yunkurinsa. Alonso ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila tare da Bayern a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2015, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa 2017. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Alonso ya tabbatar ta hanyar [[X (kafofin sada zumunta)|Twitter]] da ritayar sa daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a ƙarshen kakar 2016-17. Shi da kyaftin din Bayern [[Philipp Lahm]] sun buga wasan karshe na kwararru a ranar 20 ga Mayu, a cikin nasara 4-1 a gida a kan [[SC Freiburg]] inda ya taimaka wa [[Arjen Robben]]. An maye gurbinsa a minti na 82 ga Franck Ribéry . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arnhold |first=Matthias |date=28 June 2017 |title=Xabi Alonso Olano – Matches and Goals in Bundesliga |url=https://www.rsssf.org/players/xabialonsodata.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224071036/https://www.rsssf.org/players/xabialonsodata.html |archive-date=24 February 2025 |access-date=5 July 2017 |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[File:Xabi_Alonso_Euro_2012_vs_France_02.jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa ga [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Spain|Spain]] a Yuro 2012]] === Yuro 2004 === Alonso ya fara kiran tawagar kwallon kafa ta Spain ne daga kocin Iñaki Sáez don wasan sada zumunci da Ecuador a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2003, yana da shekaru 21. Ya fara ne a nasarar 4-0 a Filin wasa na Vicente Calderón . Sáez mai suna Alonso a cikin tawagar UEFA Euro 2004 a Portugal . Ya kasance mai maye gurbin a nasarar da ya samu a kan Rasha, kuma ya fara cin nasara ga masu masaukin baki, a cikin fitowar rukuni. === Kofin Duniya na 2006 === An ambaci Alonso a cikin tawagar Spain don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2006 kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko na gasar, wanda shine burinsa na farko na kasa da kasa, a kan Ukraine a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2006. Bayan Spain ta lashe dukkan wasanninsu na matakin rukuni, 'yan wasan karshe na Faransa sun kawar da su a Zagaye na 16 na gasar. === Yuro na 2008 === Lokacin 2007-08 na Liverpool ya ƙare ba tare da kofin ba amma damar samun girmamawa ta jira Alonso a cikin hanyar gasar Euro 2008. Alonso ya fito ne galibi a matsayin mai maye gurbin amma, tare da manyan 'yan wasa suna hutawa, ya jagoranci Spain a wasan karshe na rukuni da suka yi da Girka, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta wasan. Duk da rawar da ya taka, bai iya samun matsayi na farko a cikin tawagar ba, yana nuna ƙarfin Spain a zurfi. Spain ta ci gaba da lashe gasar kuma ya fito a wasanni hudu daga cikin wasanni shida.<ref name="SpainStats">{{Cite web |title=Xabi Alonso Player Profile Euro 2008 |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/euro2008/player-profiles/0,23132,12024_90026,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402194102/http://www.skysports.com/football/euro2008/player-profiles/0,23132,12024_90026,00.html |archive-date=2 April 2010 |access-date=13 November 2008 |publisher=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> Da yake magana da ɗan jaridar Mutanen Espanya Guillem Balagué, ya ce nasarar Spain ta cancanci kuma aikin ƙungiyar 'yan wasan yana da mahimmanci ga ƙungiyar da ba a ci nasara ba a gasar. Alonso ya yi farin ciki da nasarar, yana mai cewa, "Yana da ban mamaki kuma dukkanmu muna tafiya a cikin mafarki. Yana da ban mamaki. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balagué |first=Guillem |date=30 June 2008 |title=Exclusive Interview: Xabi Alonso |url=http://www.guillembalague.com/interview_desp.php?id=14&titulo=Exclusive%20Interview:%20Xabi%20Alonso |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223101615/http://www.guillembalague.com/interview_desp.php?id=14&titulo=Exclusive%20Interview:%20Xabi%20Alonso |archive-date=23 February 2012 |access-date=4 November 2008 |publisher=[[Guillem Balagué]]}}</ref>Alonso ya zira kwallaye sau biyu a nasarar 3-0 a wasan sada zumunci da Denmark a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 2008. === Kofin Tarayyar 2009 === A gasar cin kofin FIFA ta 2009 a Afirka ta Kudu, Amurka ta kawar da Spain a wasan kusa da na karshe. A wasan na uku da aka yi da [[Tawagar Kwallon kafar Afirka ta Kudu|masu masaukin baki]], wasan ya tafi karin lokaci bayan ya gama 2-2; Alonso ya zira kwallaye a minti na 107 don lashe wasan. === Kofin Duniya na 2010 === Alonso ya fara kowane wasa ga Spain a lokacin Gasar 2010, yana wasa tare da [[Sergio Busquets]] da [[Xavi]] a tsakiyar filin wasa kuma yana taimaka wa tawagarsa ta ɗaga [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya]] na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA player Statistics: XABI ALONSO |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=207528/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612172658/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=207528/index.html |archive-date=12 June 2008 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref> A minti na 28 na wasan karshe da ya yi da Netherlands, ya sami "Kung fu-style" a kirji daga dan wasan tsakiya na Dutch Nigel de Jong, laifin ya kasance mai rikitarwa tun lokacin da ya zama laifin da ya cancanci ja madaidaiciya, amma alƙalin Howard Webb ya yi mulki kawai ya zama katin rawaya. Wannan ya bar Alonso cikin ciwo da kuma tsoron karyewar haƙarƙari.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joyce, Paul |title=Xabi Alonso in broken rib fear |url=http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/186572/Xabi-Alonso-in-broken-rib-fear-/ |access-date=15 July 2010 |publisher=the Daily and Sunday Express}}</ref> Duk da wannan ciwo, ya ci gaba da wasa na wani awa. === Yuro 2012 === === Kofin Duniya na 2014 === Spain ta sake kasancewa cikin wadanda aka fi so don cin nasara a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2014, amma an kawar da su a matakin rukuni. Alonso ya zira kwallaye a minti na 27 na wasan farko da suka yi da Netherlands, kodayake an maye gurbinsa a minti na 62 tare da Spain 2-1 kafin ya rasa 5-1. Spain ta rasa 2-0 ga Chile, inda Alonso ya karbi katin rawaya a rabi na farko kuma an maye gurbinsa a rabin lokaci tare da ci 2-0. An fitar da Spain daga gasar amma ta lashe wasan karshe 3-0 a kan Australia kuma ta kammala ta uku a cikin rukuni; Alonso ya buga minti 83 a wasan. Alonso ya sanar da ritayar sa daga kwallon kafa ta kasa da kasa a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2014. === Kasar Basque === [[File:Alonso_Basque.jpg|thumb|Alonso yana wasa a Kasar Basque a shekarar 2011]] == Hanyar wasa == An san shi da daidaito da yawan aiki, Alonso an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan tsakiya na ƙarni, wanda aka san shi da tasirinsa a cikin matsayi na kirkira da na karewa.<ref name="bundesliga.com_1">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2014 |title=Xabi Alonso: FC Bayern's indisputable Ballmagnet |url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/liga/news/2014/0000303084.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003081720/http://www.bundesliga.com/en/liga/news/2014/0000303084.php |archive-date=3 October 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014 |publisher=bundesliga.com}}</ref> '''Bayer Leverkusen''' * Bundesliga: 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-172016–17 * DFB-Pokal: 2015-162015–16 * DFL-Supercup: 2016 * [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]]: 2010 * [[Gasar Turai ta UEFA]]: 2008, 2012 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Dan wasan Mutanen Espanya na Shekara: 2003 * Manufar BBC ta Watan: Nuwamba 2004 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Glover |first=Alex |date=12 September 2016 |title=Sadio Mane wins MOTD Goal of the Month – We pick Liverpool's best winners from down the years |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sadio-mane-wins-motd-goal-11875721 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225043229/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sadio-mane-wins-motd-goal-11875721 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |access-date=2 July 2017 |website=[[Liverpool Echo]]}}</ref> * FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2011, 2012; 2nd team: 2014; 3rd team: 2013; <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2015 |title=FIFA FIFPro World XI: the reserve teams – FIFPro World Players' Union |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/fifa-fifpro-world-xi-the-reserve-teams/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414193942/https://fifpro.org/news/fifa-fifpro-world-xi-the-reserve-teams/en/ |archive-date=14 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=FIFPro.org}}</ref> 4th team: 2015; <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2014 |title=FifPro announces reserve Teams of the Year – but Luis Suarez and Arjen Robben won't be laughing while Iker Casillas is somehow named the second best goalkeeper of 2013 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/fifpro-announces-reserve-teams-of-the-year-but-luis-suarez-and-arjen-robben-wont-be-laughing-while-9062047.html#gallery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009001616/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/news/fifpro-announces-reserve-teams-year-luis-suarez-and-arjen-robben-won-t-be-laughing-while-iker-casillas-somehow-named-second-best-goalkeeper-2013-9062047.html#gallery |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Independent.co.uk}}</ref> 5th team: 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2016 |title=2015 World XI: the Reserve Teams – FIFPro World Players' Union |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/2015-world-xi-the-reserve-teams-2/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090125/https://fifpro.org/news/2015-world-xi-the-reserve-teams-2/en/ |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=FIFPro.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2017 |title=2016 World 11: the reserve teams – FIFPro World Players' Union |url=https://www.fifpro.org/news/2016-world-11-the-reserve-teams/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409090134/https://fifpro.org/news/2016-world-11-the-reserve-teams/en/ |archive-date=9 April 2019 |access-date=1 October 2017 |publisher=FIFPro.org}}</ref> * La Liga Mafi kyawun Midfielder: 2011-12 * Kungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA: 2012 * Kungiyar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta kakar wasa: 2013-142013–14 * Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 2014-15 <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2015 |title=2014/15 Team of the Season |url=http://www.bundesliga.com/en/watch/galleries/0000320167.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514135204/http://www.bundesliga.com/en/watch/galleries/0000320167.jsp |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=2 July 2017 |publisher=[[Bundesliga]]}}</ref> * Medal na zinariya na Royal Order of Sporting Merit: 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2011 |title=Las campeones del mundo de fútbol ya tienen la Real Orden del Mérito Deportivo |trans-title=The women's football world champions now have the Royal Order of Sports Merit. |url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20111005/futbol/seleccion-espanola/las-campeones-del-mundo-de-futbol-ya-tienen-la-real-orden-del-merito-deportivo_54226408413.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828090921/https://www.mundodeportivo.com/20111005/futbol/seleccion-espanola/las-campeones-del-mundo-de-futbol-ya-tienen-la-real-orden-del-merito-deportivo_54226408413.html |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=30 August 2014 |website=mundodeportivo.com |language=es}}</ref> === Manajan === '''Bayer Leverkusen''' '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kocin Kwallon Kafa na Duniya Mafi Kyawun Shekara: 2024 * VDV Kocin Lokacin (Silver Bench) : 2023-24 * Manajan kwallon kafa na shekara a Jamus: 2024 <ref name="winner 2024">{{Cite web |date=4 August 2024 |title=kicker-Awards: Kroos ist Fußballer des Jahres, Xabi Alonso Trainer des Jahres |trans-title=kicker Awards: Kroos is Footballer of the Year, Xabi Alonso Coach of the Year. |url=https://www.kicker.de/kicker-awards-kroos-ist-fussballer-des-jahres-xabi-alonso-trainer-des-jahres-1042228/artikel#omrss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203190103/https://www.kicker.de/kicker-awards-kroos-ist-fussballer-des-jahres-xabi-alonso-trainer-des-jahres-1042228/artikel#omrss |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=kicker |language=de}}</ref> * Manajan La Liga na Watan: Agusta 2025 <ref name="laliga-alonso">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2025 |title=Xabi Alonso, LALIGA EA SPORTS Coach of the Month for August |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/xabi-alonso-laliga-ea-sports-coach-of-the-month-for-august |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908132608/https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/xabi-alonso-laliga-ea-sports-coach-of-the-month-for-august |archive-date=8 September 2025 |access-date=9 September 2025 |website=Página web oficial de LALIGA {{!}} LALIGA |language=en}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa da suka buga wasanni 100 ko fiye da UEFA Champions League * [[Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na maza tare da 100 ko fiye da na kasa da kasa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9aauy4aumfla1jxv800vsipxz9mbl05 0 178560 964705 2026-10-08T10:35:41Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Darul Arqam Academy''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Makarantar tana yankin Federal Low-Cost, kusa da [[Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe]].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 Satumba 2026 |title=Teachers at Darul Arqam Academy |url=https://www.myjobmag.com/jobs/teachers-at-darul-arqam-academy |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=MyJobMag}}</ref> Makarantar tana ba da ilimin zamani cikin yanayin koyarwa mai ƙunshe da darussan Musu... 964705 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Darul Arqam Academy''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Makarantar tana yankin Federal Low-Cost, kusa da [[Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe]].<ref>{{cite web |date=8 Satumba 2026 |title=Teachers at Darul Arqam Academy |url=https://www.myjobmag.com/jobs/teachers-at-darul-arqam-academy |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=MyJobMag}}</ref> Makarantar tana ba da ilimin zamani cikin yanayin koyarwa mai ƙunshe da darussan Musulunci. An bayyana manufarta da bayar da kyakkyawan ilimi a cikin yanayin Musulunci, tare da taimaka wa ɗalibai wajen gina kyakkyawar tarbiyyar Musulunci.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 Satumba 2026 |title=Teachers at Darul Arqam Academy |url=https://www.myjobmag.com/jobs/teachers-at-darul-arqam-academy |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=MyJobMag}}</ref> == Wuri == Darul Arqam Academy tana [[Federal Low-Cost]], Gombe, a kan hanyar da ta tashi daga Federal Teaching Hospital Road.<ref>{{cite web |date=8 Satumba 2026 |title=Teachers at Darul Arqam Academy |url=https://www.myjobmag.com/jobs/teachers-at-darul-arqam-academy |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=MyJobMag}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pid5i9ek7rlbnztjzkrohte8i0ua0ne 0 178561 964706 2026-10-08T10:38:14Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Iqra Islamic Nursery and Primary School''' makarantar renon yara da firamare ce da ke [[Tumfure]], [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera makarantar a matsayin cibiyar ilimi da ke Tumfure, Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iqra Islamic Nursery and primary school |url=https://www.google.com/maps |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 964706 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iqra Islamic Nursery and Primary School''' makarantar renon yara da firamare ce da ke [[Tumfure]], [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera makarantar a matsayin cibiyar ilimi da ke Tumfure, Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iqra Islamic Nursery and primary school |url=https://www.google.com/maps |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i5m14kq4uk0n53fvtmpxka932klqic1 0 178562 964709 2026-10-08T10:41:53Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Cottage Hospital, Bojude''' asibiti ne da ke [[Bojude]], a [[Karamar Hukumar Kwami]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera asibitin a matsayin cibiyar kiwon lafiya a Bojude Ward, Bojude Town, Kwami.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bojude Cottage Hospital Gombe |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Bojude-Cottage-Hospital-Gombe |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Branches.com.ng}}</ref> Asibitin na daga cikin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da aka ware a ... 964709 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cottage Hospital, Bojude''' asibiti ne da ke [[Bojude]], a [[Karamar Hukumar Kwami]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An jera asibitin a matsayin cibiyar kiwon lafiya a Bojude Ward, Bojude Town, Kwami.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bojude Cottage Hospital Gombe |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Bojude-Cottage-Hospital-Gombe |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Branches.com.ng}}</ref> Asibitin na daga cikin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da aka ware a [[Jihar Gombe]], kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin ''Cottage Hospital Bojude/Kwami LGA'' a cikin jerin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na jihar.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hope-PHC Program Operations Manual Annex |url=https://www.swap.gov.ng/assets/NEW%20HOPE-HEALTH%20ANNEX%20FEB7-CQ-CWlHw.pdf |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Statewide Approach Programme}}</ref> An kafa Cottage Hospital Bojude a shekarar 2007 tare da Cottage Hospital Malam Sidi a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Jihar Gombe, domin samar da hidimomin kiwon lafiya ga al'ummomin yankin.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Effect of Sorting and Arrangement of Patient Health Records in Health Records Department of Cottage Hospitals Bojude and Malam Sidi in Kwami L.G.A. Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajase/article/download/2002/1168 |journal=American Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta kuma ware kuɗaɗe domin haɓaka asibitin daga Cottage Hospital zuwa General Hospital. A kasafin kuɗin jihar na shekarar 2020, an ware naira miliyan 20 domin aikin haɓaka Cottage Hospital Bojude zuwa General Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |year=2020 |title=Gombe State 2020 Budget |url=https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Gombe-State-Approved-2020-Budget.pdf |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} j529x3gpkpxlb5l2afit8xwvfxf4iqp 0 178563 964711 2026-10-08T10:48:16Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Toro Health Clinic''' cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke [[Gwandum]], a [[Karamar Hukumar Shongom]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ana samun cibiyar a kan Gwandum Road.<ref>{{cite web |title=Toro Health Clinic |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/toro-health-clinic-0708-844-2569 |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=AfricaBizInfo}}</ref> An jera Toro Health Clinic cikin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ke [[Jihar Gombe]], inda aka bayyana cewa tana samar da ayyukan kula da lafiya, tare da... 964711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Toro Health Clinic''' cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke [[Gwandum]], a [[Karamar Hukumar Shongom]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ana samun cibiyar a kan Gwandum Road.<ref>{{cite web |title=Toro Health Clinic |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/toro-health-clinic-0708-844-2569 |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=AfricaBizInfo}}</ref> An jera Toro Health Clinic cikin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da ke [[Jihar Gombe]], inda aka bayyana cewa tana samar da ayyukan kula da lafiya, tare da likitocin mata da kuma likitocin da ke kula da cututtuka na gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe Health Services Centres |url=https://www.finelib.com/cities/gombe/health |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Finelib}}</ref> Haka kuma, bayanan cibiyar sun nuna cewa tana da lambar waya '''0708 844 2569'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Toro Health Clinic |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/toro-health-clinic-0708-844-2569 |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=AfricaBizInfo}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2cixqrob6wctz9fh0ksyh7ef1v4jtx5 0 178564 964712 2026-10-08T10:51:44Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Haske Consultant Hospital''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke [[Billiri]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Bayanai daga kundin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun nuna cewa asibitin yana cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Billiri]], kuma an bayyana adireshinsa da ''Haske Clinic, Billiri''.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Hospitals and Medical Centres |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/602246077/Beta-Health-Full-List-of-Hospitals-and-Medical-Centres |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Beta Health}... 964712 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Haske Consultant Hospital''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke [[Billiri]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Bayanai daga kundin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun nuna cewa asibitin yana cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Billiri]], kuma an bayyana adireshinsa da ''Haske Clinic, Billiri''.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Hospitals and Medical Centres |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/602246077/Beta-Health-Full-List-of-Hospitals-and-Medical-Centres |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Beta Health}}</ref> An kuma jera Haske Consultant Hospital a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da [[Gombe State Contributory Healthcare Scheme]] (GoHealth) ta amince da su domin shirin kiwon lafiyarta.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe GoHealth concludes accreditation of health care providers |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/gombe-gohealth-concludes-accreditation-of-health-care-providers/ |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Tribune Online}}</ref> A cikin bayanan asibitocin Najeriya, an ware Haske Consultant Hospital a ƙarƙashin [[Jihar Gombe]], tare da Billiri a matsayin yankin da yake.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wikidata:WikiProject Medicine/Hospitals by country/Nigeria |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Medicine/Hospitals_by_country/Nigeria |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Wikidata}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} rfh66fr5vgcw5xadhd28tofa4wptvob 0 178565 964713 2026-10-08T10:57:52Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Ahajas Memorial Hospital''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Asibitin yana bayan [[Hammadu Kafi Primary School]], kusa da Gombe Southern Bypass.<ref>{{cite web |title=Active Healthcare Facilities – January 2024 |url=https://blog.nigerianbar.org.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ACTIVE-HEALTHCARE-FACILITIES-JANUARY-2024.pdf |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=National Health Insurance Authority}}</ref> An jera Ahajas Memoria... 964713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ahajas Memorial Hospital''' asibiti ne mai zaman kansa da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Asibitin yana bayan [[Hammadu Kafi Primary School]], kusa da Gombe Southern Bypass.<ref>{{cite web |title=Active Healthcare Facilities – January 2024 |url=https://blog.nigerianbar.org.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ACTIVE-HEALTHCARE-FACILITIES-JANUARY-2024.pdf |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=National Health Insurance Authority}}</ref> An jera Ahajas Memorial Hospital a matsayin cibiyar kiwon lafiya mai lambar rajista '''GM/0152/P'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=NHIA Provider Directory |url=https://integratedhealthcareltd.com/provider-directory-nhia/ |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Integrated Health Care HMO}}</ref> Bayanan kamfanin sun nuna cewa an kafa '''AHAJAS Memorial Hospital Ltd''' a Najeriya a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2020, a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa da ke gudanar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{cite web |title=AHAJAS MEMORIAL HOSPITAL LTD |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/ahajas-memorial-hospital-ltd--RC-1662279 |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=B2BHint}}</ref> Haka kuma, an jera asibitin cikin masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na Peramare HMO a Jihar Gombe, tare da adireshin bayan Hammadu Kafi Primary School, Bye Pass, Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peramare HMO Provider List |url=https://peramarehmo.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Peramare-HMO-Provider-List_03.02.2025.pdf |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Peramare HMO}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 51xdcm24vjza4a6h0obuaktph454at0 0 178566 964715 2026-10-08T11:04:46Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Albarka Medical Services''' cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke [[Dukku (Gombe)|Dukku]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Tana kan [[General Hospital Road]] a garin Dukku.<ref>{{cite web |title=Albarka Medical Services |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Medicine/Hospitals_by_country/Nigeria |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Wikidata}}</ref> An jera Albarka Medical Services a cikin bayanan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na [[Jihar Gombe]], inda aka bayyana ta a matsayin... 964715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Albarka Medical Services''' cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke [[Dukku (Gombe)|Dukku]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Tana kan [[General Hospital Road]] a garin Dukku.<ref>{{cite web |title=Albarka Medical Services |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:WikiProject_Medicine/Hospitals_by_country/Nigeria |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Wikidata}}</ref> An jera Albarka Medical Services a cikin bayanan cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na [[Jihar Gombe]], inda aka bayyana ta a matsayin ''Medical Center'' da ke Dukku. Wani kundin masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya ya kuma tabbatar da kasancewar cibiyar a Dukku.<ref>{{cite web |title=Providers: North-Central |url=https://ashmedintegratedhealthservices.com/newsite/providers/ |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Ashmed Integrated Health Services}}</ref> Bayanan wurin kasuwanci na yanzu sun nuna cewa cibiyar tana [[General Hospital Road]], Dukku, kuma tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar kiwon lafiya. An kuma bayar da lambar waya ta cibiyar a matsayin '''0706 596 0197'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Albarka Medical Services |url=https://www.google.com/maps |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> == Wuri == Albarka Medical Services tana a [[Dukku (Gombe)|Dukku]], [[Karamar Hukumar Dukku]], [[Jihar Gombe]]. Adireshin da aka samu shi ne General Hospital Road, Dukku.<ref>{{cite web |title=Albarka Medical Services |url=https://www.google.com/maps |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7l2oxbrx4jt3l6lq1o58ldnlfvnyree 0 178567 964717 2026-10-08T11:07:51Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Professor Abdullahi Mahdi Academy''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Makarantar tana yankin Arawa B, Gombe, kuma tana da sassan [[makarantar renon yara]], firamare da sakandare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Abdullahi Mahdi Academy Nur, Pri & Sec School, Gombe |url=https://pama.aws.com.ng/ |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Professor Abdullahi Mahdi Academy}}</ref> Makarantar tana koyar da darussa a matakan ilimin renon... 964717 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Professor Abdullahi Mahdi Academy''' makaranta ce mai zaman kanta da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Makarantar tana yankin Arawa B, Gombe, kuma tana da sassan [[makarantar renon yara]], firamare da sakandare.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Abdullahi Mahdi Academy Nur, Pri & Sec School, Gombe |url=https://pama.aws.com.ng/ |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Professor Abdullahi Mahdi Academy}}</ref> Makarantar tana koyar da darussa a matakan ilimin renon yara, firamare da sakandare. A matakin firamare, daga cikin darussan da makarantar ta bayyana akwai [[Turanci]], [[Lissafi]], ''Verbal Reasoning'' da ''Quantitative Reasoning''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Abdullahi Mahdi Academy Nur, Pri & Sec School, Gombe |url=https://pama.aws.com.ng/ |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Professor Abdullahi Mahdi Academy}}</ref> An bayyana makarantar a matsayin makaranta da ke Off Jauro Abare Road, Gombe. Wani rahoton [[Bankin Duniya]] ya kuma jera Professor Abdullahi Mahdi Academy a matsayin makaranta a Gombe tare da wannan adireshin.<ref>{{cite report|title=Disability Inclusion in Nigeria: A Rapid Assessment|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/780571593336878236/pdf/Disability-Inclusion-in-Nigeria-A-Rapid-Assessment.pdf|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026}}</ref> A bayanan [[Hukumar Kula da Kamfanoni ta Najeriya]] (CAC) da aka tattara a wani kundin bayanan kamfanoni, an yi rajistar ''Professor Abdullahi Mahdi Academy Ltd'' a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa a ranar 10 ga Yuli 2017, da lambar rajista '''RC-1424064'''. An nuna adireshin shari'a na kamfanin a No. 6, Arawa Quarters, Gombe, Jihar Gombe.<ref>{{cite web |title=PROFESSOR ABDULLAHI MAHDI ACADEMY LTD |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/professor-abdullahi-mahdi-academy-ltd--RC-1424064 |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=B2BHint}}</ref> An kuma samu wani tsohon bayanin rajista mai suna ''Prof. Abdullahi Mahdi Primary & Secondary School Gombe'', wanda aka yi wa rajista a matsayin haɗin gwiwa a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2019, tare da adireshin No. 5, Arawa 'B' Quarters, Gombe. Bayan rajistar ta nuna cewa wannan sunan yana da alaƙa da ayyukan ilimi.<ref>{{cite web |title=PROF. ABDULLAHI MAHDI PRIMARY & SECONDARY SCHOOL GOMBE |url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/prof-abdullahi-mahdi-primary-and-secondary-school-gombe--BN-2936929 |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=B2BHint}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ix6p7jvz5yde8yi8lnecbal2imswims 0 178568 964718 2026-10-08T11:11:19Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''General Hospital Billiri''' babban asibitin gwamnati ne da ke [[Billiri]], [[Karamar Hukumar Billiri]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An kafa asibitin a shekarar 2006, kuma yana daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kula da lafiya a yankin Billiri.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 Agusta 2022 |title=Gombe lawmaker, residents decry general hospital’s poor state, patients sleep on bare floor |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-lawmaker-residents-decry-general-hospitals-poor-state-patients-sleep-on-ba... 964718 wikitext text/x-wiki '''General Hospital Billiri''' babban asibitin gwamnati ne da ke [[Billiri]], [[Karamar Hukumar Billiri]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. An kafa asibitin a shekarar 2006, kuma yana daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kula da lafiya a yankin Billiri.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 Agusta 2022 |title=Gombe lawmaker, residents decry general hospital’s poor state, patients sleep on bare floor |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-lawmaker-residents-decry-general-hospitals-poor-state-patients-sleep-on-bare-floor/ |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Punch}}</ref> Asibitin yana matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta mataki na biyu. An bayyana cewa yana karɓar marasa lafiya daga cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na matakin farko da ke cikin gundumomi daban-daban na Karamar Hukumar Billiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Billiri General Hospital Billiri South, Billiri |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/billiri-general-hospital/ |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=TheHospitalBook}}</ref> Daga cikin sassan da aka ambata a asibitin akwai sashen kula da marasa lafiya ba tare da kwanciya ba, sashen gaggawa, dakin tiyata, dakin ajiye gawawwaki, sassan jinya da kantin magani, dakin gwaje-gwaje, da sassan kula da marasa lafiya maza da mata. Haka kuma akwai sashen kula da yara da sashen kula da ido.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 Agusta 2022 |title=Gombe lawmaker, residents decry general hospital’s poor state, patients sleep on bare floor |url=https://punchng.com/gombe-lawmaker-residents-decry-general-hospitals-poor-state-patients-sleep-on-bare-floor/ |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Punch}}</ref> Bayanan cibiyar sun nuna cewa asibitin yana da gadaje 150, tare da dakunan gwaje-gwaje da kantin magani a cikin harabar asibitin. Daga cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiyar da aka jera akwai kula da mata masu juna biyu, allurar rigakafi, kula da masu fama da HIV/AIDS da tarin fuka, tsara iyali, kula da cututtuka masu yaduwa da marasa yaduwa, kula da gaggawa, lafiyar uwa da jariri, da aikin tiyata.<ref>{{cite web |title=Billiri General Hospital Billiri South, Billiri |url=https://thehospitalbook.com/billiri-general-hospital/ |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=TheHospitalBook}}</ref> Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta ware kuɗaɗe domin gyara da kuma samar da kayan aiki ga asibitin. A kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2024, an ware kuɗi domin aikin gyaran General Hospital Billiri, yayin da wani kasafin ya kuma tanadi kuɗi domin samar da kayan aikin asibitin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State 2024 Approved Budget |url=https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Gombe-State-Approved-2024-Budget-1.pdf |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State 2024 Revised Budget |url=https://irs.gm.gov.ng/docs/budget/Gombe_State_Revised_2024_Budget.pdf |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, an bayyana shirin sake fasalin da inganta General Hospital Billiri tare da ƙoƙarin mayar da shi cibiyar kula da cututtuka ta musamman. Wannan na daga cikin matakan da aka tattauna dangane da bunƙasa ayyukan kiwon lafiya a yankin.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 Oktoba 2026 |title=Gombe Assembly Backs FG Takeover of Billiri, Kaltungo Hospitals |url=https://abcnews.com.ng/gombe-assembly-backs-fg-takeover-of-billiri-kaltungo-hospitals/ |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=ABC News Nigeria}}</ref> == Wuri == General Hospital Billiri yana cikin Billiri, [[Jihar Gombe]]. An kuma jera adireshinsa a matsayin yankin Kalmai, Billiri.<ref>{{cite web |title=General Hospital, Billiri |url=https://www.africabizinfo.com/NG/general-hospital-billiri |accessdate=8 Oktoba 2026 |publisher=AfricaBizInfo}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} b1kd0u8prjmm5ncx46kxjzewcau5dl6